https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=GayeKirkpatrick 2026-07-27T13:24:10Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hum_Saath-Saath_Hain&diff=503269 2026-05-06T23:47:08Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: creating a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1999 film by Sooraj R. Barjatya}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Hum Saath-Saath Hain<br /> | image = Hum Saath-Saath Hain.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]<br /> | producer = {{Unbulleted list|Ajit Kumar Barjatya&lt;br /&gt;Kamal Kumar Barjatya&lt;br /&gt;[[Rajkumar Barjatya]]}}<br /> | writer = Sooraj R. Barjatya<br /> | starring = {{Unbulleted list |[[Salman Khan]]|[[Karisma Kapoor]]|[[Saif Ali Khan]]|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]|[[Sonali Bendre]]|[[Mohnish Bahl]]|[[Neelam Kothari]]}}<br /> | music = [[Raamlaxman]]<br /> | cinematography = {{Unbulleted list | Rajan Kinagi}}<br /> | editing = {{Unbulleted list | Mukhtar Ahmed}}<br /> | studio = [[Rajshri Productions]]&lt;br/&gt;Amber Entertainment<br /> | distributor = Rajshri Productions&lt;br/&gt;[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee International]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|1999|11|05|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 177 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=''Hum Saath Saath Hain'' (1999) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/hum-saath-saath-hain-we-stand-united-1999 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826172555/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/hum-saath-saath-hain-we-stand-united-1999 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR}}10 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20030707-sooraj-barjatya-bollywoods-most-profitable-filmmaker-steps-out-of-the-comfort-zone-792519-2003-07-07 |title=Scene change |date=7 July 2003 |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=22 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|81.71 crore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;box992&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''''' Hum Saath-Saath Hain''''' ({{Translation|We are together}}), also abbreviated as '''''HSSH''''', is a 1999 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[family drama film]] written and directed by [[Sooraj Barjatya]] under the production and distribution of [[Rajshri Productions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/chitchor-to-hum-aapke-hain-koun-rajshri-films-echoed-indias-nostalgia-for-perfect-sanskari-era/1212952/?amp |title=Hum Saath-Saath Hain to Hum Aapke Hain Koun — Rajshri films echoed India's nostalgia for perfect sanskari era |website=The Print |date=13 November 2022 |accessdate=10 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] with [[Mohnish Behl]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]], [[Mahesh Thakur]] with [[Alok Nath]], [[Reema Lagoo]], [[Satish Shah]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]], [[Rajeev Verma]], [[Ajit Vachani]] and [[Himani Shivpuri]] in supporting roles. The story centers on a joint family and its values and togetherness, who grow apart after a misunderstanding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708111728/https://m.photos.timesofindia.com/celebs/bollywood/salman-khan/movie-stills/hum-saath-saath-hai/Salman-Khan-Sonali-Bendre/amp_articleshow/3909318.cms |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/salman-khan/movie-stills/hum-saath-saath-hai/salman-khan-sonali-bendre/articleshow/3909318.cms |title=Salman Khan, Sonali Bendre - Hum Saath-Saath Hain |website=Times of India |archive-date=8 July 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United'' is the third film to feature Salman Khan with Rajshri Productions. [[Principal photography]] took place in Mumbai and various locations in [[Rajasthan]]. The film's cinematography was done by Rajan Kinagi. [[Raamlaxman]] composed its music and lyrics are written by Dev Kohli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/evergreen-90-s-movies-hum-saath-sath-hain-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-hum-aapke-hain-koun-ishq-2023-09-30 |title=Bollywood Movies: 90 के दशक की ये फिल्में हैं सदाबहार, आज भी दर्शकों के दिलों पर कर रही हैं राज |website=Amar Ujala |accessdate=26 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Hum Saath Saath Hain'' was released on 5 November 1999, and eventually became the [[List of Hindi films of 1999|highest-grossing film]] of the year and one of biggest blockbusters of the decade,&lt;ref name=&quot;nett&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Box Office 1999 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&amp;catName=MTk5OQ== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505193650/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&amp;catName=MTk5OQ%3D%3D |archive-date=5 May 2012 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; with a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|81.7|c|lk=on|year=1999|mode=historical}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;box992&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=992|title=Hum Saath Saath Hain – Movie – Box Office India|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011010/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=992|archive-date=18 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It received predominantly positive reviews from critics. It was also the first [[Bollywood]] film to be played in Canadian theatres, with six screenings in [[Toronto]]. The film was also dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and released with the title ''Premanuragam''.&lt;ref name=telugu&gt;{{cite web |title=Premaanuraagam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx7BMxJlwA4 |via=YouTube |publisher=Rajshri Telugu |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424221445/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81J8x1zYszc |archive-date=24 April 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[45th Filmfare Awards]], Bahl received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] nomination.&lt;ref name=&quot;filmfare&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Nominations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119072600/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2000 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[2000 Zee Cine Awards|3rd Zee Cine Awards]], the film earned 12 nominations including [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]] for Salman Khan, and won two awards. Also, at the [[1st IIFA Awards]], the film won the [[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]] for Jayanti Shevale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_pop/home.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Popular Awards Nominees |work=[[Zee Next]] |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114051900/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_pop/home.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=Zee Entertainment Enterprises}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The movie surrounds Ramkishan Chaturvedi, a rich businessman, his wife Mamta, and his four children. Vivek is Ramkishan's first son from his deceased first wife Lakshmi. Despite not being related by blood, Mamta and Vivek share a deep familial bond. Mamta and Ramkishan's three children are named Prem, Sangeeta, and Vinod. During childhood, Vivek was injured while trying to save Prem and Vinod from a probable accident, which leaves his right arm partially paralyzed. Vivek is an idealistic responsible, self-sacrificing character, Prem is sensitive and soft-spoken, and Vinod is energetic and playful. The entire family is fiercely loyal and devoted to one another. <br /> <br /> Nineteen years later, Prem returns home from [[United States|US]] after completing his studies and getting trained in the family business. Sangeeta is happily married to her husband Anand, and they have a daughter, Radhika. Vinod is busy with studies and preparing for his training in the family business. Vivek is still undergoing treatment for his hand and takes care of the family business. At Ramkishan and Mamta's anniversary function, the four siblings gather to wish them with respect.<br /> <br /> Seeing Vivek's love for them, Sadhna, the daughter of Ramkishan's business associate Adarsh, is drawn to him. Adarsh sends a marriage proposal to Ramkishan's family. Though initially hesitant about how his paralysis could impact a spouse, Vivek agrees and marries Sadhna. Prem and Preeti, Ramkishan's friend, Pritam's daughter, have been in love secretly since childhood, and they get engaged. Vinod is secretly in love with Sapna, who is the daughter of Ramkishan's former neighbor in his ancestral village, Dharamraj Bajpai. Prem and Preeti find out about Vinod and Sapna at a family outing during Vivek's and Sadhna's honeymoon at [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], where they both get engaged as well. Ramkishan makes Vivek the managing director of his company.<br /> <br /> A bitter turn comes when Anand's brother Anurag cheats him out of inheritance and share in the family business, and Anand &amp; Sangeeta should look for a separate business and a separate home for themselves, so they decide to shift to Bangalore for the growing computer industry. This incident makes Mamta fear her sons' futures. Influenced by her three friends and Dharamraj, Mamta begins to fear that Vivek, as the eldest and managing director, will eventually sideline Prem and Vinod. Mamta then demands Ramkishan divide the business equally among all their children. Ramkishan disagrees as it will divide the family. <br /> <br /> Heartbroken by Mamta's sudden change in attitude, Vivek voluntarily steps down to maintain peace within the family. He requests Ramkishan to put Prem in charge of the family business and the company as the managing director. Vivek moves back to their ancestral village [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] with a pregnant Sadhna to take care of the new factory. Vinod accompanies them.<br /> <br /> Prem refuses to replace Vivek as head of the family business and the managing director. Vivek convinces him to go along with the plan in the interest of preventing further conflict within the family. Prem tells Mamta that he won't marry and can't replace Vivek and Sadhna like she wants. Eventually, Anurag realizes his mistake and reunites with Anand and Sangeeta.<br /> <br /> Sangeeta asks Mamta to bring back Vivek. Mamta realizes her mistakes and visits Rampur with Ramkishan. In the hospital, Sadhna delivers a baby boy. Vivek and Mamta reconcile. Later, Prem and Vinod marry Preeti and Sapna, respectively. Dharamraj apologizes and realizes that ill manners cannot end the love in the family. Vivek, with his right arm now healed, returns as the managing director of the company and takes charge of the family business again. And they all live happily ever after for Vivek-Sadhna, Prem-Preeti, Anand-Sangeeta, and Vinod-Sapna.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Mohnish Behl]] as Vivek Chaturvedi<br /> *[[Salman Khan]] as Prem Chaturvedi<br /> *[[Saif Ali Khan]] as Vinod Chaturvedi<br /> *[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Sadhna Sharma<br /> *[[Karishma Kapoor]] as Sapna Bajpai<br /> *[[Sonali Bendre]] as Dr. Preeti Shukla<br /> *[[Mahesh Thakur]] as Anand Pandey<br /> *[[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] as Sangeeta Chaturvedi Pandey<br /> *[[Reema Lagoo]] as Mamta Awasthi Chaturvedi<br /> *[[Alok Nath]] as Ramkishan Chaturvedi<br /> *[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Anwar Khan ‘Bhaijaan’<br /> *[[Satish Shah]] as Pritam Shukla<br /> *[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Dharamraj Bajpai<br /> *[[Rajeev Verma|Rajiv Verma]] as Adarsh Sharma<br /> *[[Ajit Vachani]] as Advocate Pranab Awasthi<br /> *[[Himani Shivpuri]] as Neenakshi Awasthi<br /> *[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Durga Devi<br /> *[[Dilip Dhawan]] as Anurag Pandey<br /> *[[Sheela Sharma]] as Jyoti Pandey<br /> *[[Kunickaa Sadanand]] as Shanti Goel<br /> *[[Jayshree T.]] as Krishna Verma<br /> *[[Kalpana Iyer]] as Shobha Gupta<br /> *Huma Khan as Rehana Baig<br /> *[[Jatin Kanakia]] as Dr. Rajiv Sen<br /> *[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Raghuveer Singh<br /> *[[Zoya Afroz]] as Radhika Pandey<br /> *[[Achyut Potdar]] as Asif Ali Baig <br /> *Zaki Mukaddam as Rajeev &quot;Raju&quot; Pandey<br /> *Hardik Tanna as Aditya &quot;Bablu&quot; Pandey<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Development===<br /> ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United'''s concept was conceived by Sooraj Barjatya, who wanted to make a family drama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ffrcNgeiB68 |title=Sooraj Barjatya On Hum Saath Saath Hain and the hurtful memories of Black Buck case |website=Youtube - Bollywood Hungama |date=17 February 2019 |accessdate=20 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/family-entertainer-movie-where-more-than-25-actors-controversial-case-related-to-this-film-80-crores-box-office-collection-with-19-crores-budget-4448431 |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain: More than 25 actors, controversial case, a box office blockbuster and much more |website=NDTV Hindi |accessdate=30 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/sooraj-barjatya-full-family-entertainer-film-hum-saath-saath-hain-breaks-record-on-blackbuck-controversy-made/1901583/amp |title=इस फैमिली एंटरटेनर में थे 25 से ज्यादा सितारे, जुड़ा एक विवाद और ब्लॉकबस्टर हुई फिल्म |website=Zee News |accessdate=29 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is produced under his banner [[Rajshri Productions]], the 48th film under the banner and Barjatya's third film as a director. The film was a modern-day adaptation of the epic [[Ramayana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/ramayan-spin-in-barjatya-land/cid/1721027 |title=Ramayan spin in Barjatya land |author=Sulagana Biswas |website=Telegraph India |accessdate=23 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/adipurush-to-hum-saath-saath-hain-these-films-are-inspired-by-ramayana/2805710/lite/ |title=Adipurush to Hum Saath-Saath-L Hain: These films are inspired by the Ramayana |website=Jansatta - Indian Express |date=12 May 2023 |accessdate=19 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lyricist [[Raghvendra Singh]] worked as an assistant director for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/web-stories/entertainment/bollywood/5-best-movies-by-director-sooraj-barjatya-as-per-imdb-1708524370422 |title=Five best films directed by Sooraj Barjatya, as per the IMDb |website=WION News |accessdate=22 February 2024 |author=Riya Teotia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Casting===<br /> {{Multiple images<br /> | align = right <br /> | direction = horizontal <br /> | footer = The film starred [[Salman Khan]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]] in the lead roles. <br /> | width1 = 154<br /> | image1 = Salman Khan.jpg<br /> | width2 = 140<br /> | image2 = Sonali Bendre graces closing ceremony of IFFI 2017 in Goa (06) (cropped).jpg<br /> | width3 = 145<br /> | image3 = Saif at 2014 Stardust.jpg<br /> | width4 = 144<br /> | image4 = KarismaKapoor05.jpg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Reema Lagoo]] (as Mamta), [[Alok Nath]] (as Ramkishan), [[Himani Shivpuri]] (as Neenakshi), [[Satish Shah]] (as Pritam) and [[Ajit Vachani]] (as Pranab) were cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/kora-kagaz-to-hum-hum-saath-saath-hain-the-archetypal-bad-mother-in-six-bollywood-films/cid/1936997 |title=Kora Kagaz to Hum Saath Saath Hain: The archetypal bad mother in six Bollywood films |website=Telegraph India |accessdate=14 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It marks their second film with Barjatya after ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''. For Salman, Lagoo, Nath, Bahl, and Vachani, it was their third film with Barjatya after ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;1999 facts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jul/29/revisiting-hum-saath-saath-hain-30-lesser-known-facts-about-the-iconic-multistarrer-drama-1107--1.html |title=Revisiting Hum Saath-Saath Hain: 30 lesser-known facts about the iconic multi starrer drama |website=Cinema Express |accessdate=22 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Salman Khan]] was cast as Prem, marking his eighth film with the same character name. Salman at that point, found the character to be &quot;similar to him&quot; in real life.&lt;ref name=&quot;PremPreeti&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HSSH20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/20-years-hum-saath-saath-hain-salman-khans-role-gave-sleepless-nights-sooraj-barjatya/ |title=20 years of Hum Saath Saath Hain: &quot;Salman Khan's role gave me SLEEPLESS nights&quot; - Sooraj Barjatya |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=6 November 2019 |accessdate=10 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Preeti's role, Barjatya first approached [[Raveena Tandon]], who refused the part due to it being a multi-starrer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/not-sonali-bendre-raveena-tandon-was-the-first-choice-for-salman-khans-love-interest-preeti-in-hum-saath-saath-hain/articleshow/82598408.cms |title=Not Sonali Bendre, Raveena Tandon was the first choice for Salman Khan's love interest 'Preeti' in Hum Saath Saath Hain |website=Times of India |date=13 May 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, [[Sonali Bendre]] was cast as Dr. Preeti. It marked Bendre's only film opposite Salman Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;PremPreeti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-blushes-as-he-shoots-with-sonali-bendre-for-hum-saath-saath-hain-in-old-video-watch-101658658175415-amp.html |title=Salman Khan blushes as he shoots with Sonali Bendre in old BTS video from Hum Saath-Saath Hain set. Watch |website=Hindustaan Times |date=24 July 2022 |accessdate=12 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bendre said that she knew exactly what she was &quot;supposed to do&quot; for her character, after the narration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/sonali-bendre-on-sarfarosh-and-hum-saath-saath-hain-omg-it-has-been-25-years-to-my-films-and-ht-city-101706258305782-amp.html |title=Sonali Bendre on Sarfarosh and Hum Saath Saath Hain: It has been 25 years to my films |website=Hindustan Times |date=27 January 2024 |accessdate=28 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vivek's role was first offered to [[Anil Kapoor]] and later to [[Rishi Kapoor]] but after their refusal, [[Mohnish Bahl]] was cast as Vivek. Bahl made it a habit to keep his right hand in his pocket, as per the role's requirement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; Bahl called Vivek's character &quot;an opportunity of a lifetime&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HSSH20&quot; /&gt; Barjatya approached [[Madhuri Dixit]] for Sadhna's role, who declined. [[Manisha Koirala]] was offered the role, who refused due to filming of her film ''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/madhuri-dixit-rejected-hum-saath-saath-hain-due-to-this-scene-with-salman-khan-8546968.html |title=Madhuri Dixit rejected Hum Saath Saath Hain due to this scene with Salman Khan |website=News18 India |accessdate=1 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-salman-khan-saif-ali-khan-tabu-and-karishma-kapoor-starrer-film-hum-saath-saath-hain-completed-22-years-of-release-pr-4846463.html |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain completes 22 year, Madhuri Dixit and Manisha Koirala had rejected the film |website=News18 Hindi |accessdate=11 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finally [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] was cast as Sadhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/then-and-now-hum-saathsaath-hain-8839.html|title=Then and now – Hum Saath-Saath Hain|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807044203/https://www.filmfare.com/features/then-and-now-hum-saathsaath-hain-8839.html|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later, [[Karisma Kapoor]] (as Sapna), [[Saif Ali Khan]] (as Vinod) and [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] (as Sangita) were cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/sonali-bendre-karisma-kapoor-dance-hum-saath-saath-hai-song-indias-best-dancer-season-3-2413578-2023-07-29 |title=Watch - Sonali Bendre and Karisma Kapoor relive 'Hum Saath Saath Hai' days; Tabu reacts |website=India Today |date=29 July 2023 |accessdate=12 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sooraj-barjatya-reveals-how-saif-ali-khan-would-remain-stressed-on-hum-saath-saath-hain-sets-had-to-be-given-sleeping-medicine-8609772/lite/ |title=Sooraj Barjatya reveals Saif Ali Khan was stressed and insecure on Hum Saath Saath Hain sets: He would mug his lines… |website=Indian Express |date=15 May 2023 |accessdate=26 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor called working with Barjatya a &quot;dream come true&quot; experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;HSSH20&quot; /&gt; The makers offered Rishi Kapoor, Anand's role, but he again refused, it was then offered to [[Nitish Bhardwaj]], who refused too. Finally [[Mahesh Thakur]] was cast as Anand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-neelam-kothari-took-15-days-to-except-movie-proposal-in-hum-saath-saath-hain-actress-play-salman-khan-sister-not-easy-5436131.html |title=Neelam Kothari took 15 days to accept the proposal to play Salman Khan's sister in Hum Saath-Saath Hain |website=News18 India - Hindi |accessdate=27 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/throwback-thursday-hum-saath-saath-hain-s-anand-babu-opens-up-about-the-laddoo-scene-mahesh-thakur-shares-hilarious-story-news-339430 |title=Hum Saath-Saath Hain's Anand opens up about the laddoo scene, Mahesh Thakur shares hilarious story |website=Outlook India |date=28 December 2023 |accessdate=18 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Zoya Afroz]] was cast as Sangita and Anand's daughter Radhika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/this-is-how-salman-khans-niece-from-hum-saath-saath-hain-looks-like-after-24-years-7262035.html |title=This is how Salman Khan's niece from Hum Saath Saath Hain looks like after 24 years |website=News18 India |accessdate=11 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also, [[Shakti Kapoor]] (as Anwar), [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] (as Dharamraj), [[Rajeev Verma|Rajiv Verma]] (as Adarsh), [[Sheela Sharma]] (as Jyoti) and [[Dilip Dhawan]] (as Anurag), were cast in other prominent roles.&lt;ref name=&quot; Behind the scenes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/hum-saath-saath-hain-then-and-now-salman-saif-ali-khan-karishma-sonali-bendre-mohnish-behl-tabu |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain: Then and Now - Check out how the star cast has changed in the last 20 years |website=Amar Ujala |accessdate=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Filming===<br /> [[File:Temples at Mandor (4571805346).jpg|thumb|A portion of the film was shot at the [[Mandore|Mandore Gardens]]]]<br /> <br /> The [[principal photography]] commenced in 1998. A major portion of the film was shot at the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hum-saath-saath-hain-lesser-known-facts/photostory/48189185.cms| title=Hum Saath-Saath Hain: Lesser known facts| access-date=21 November 2022 |date=29 July 2021| newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karisma-kapoor-sonali-bendre-tabu-hum-saath-saath-hain-101690869906492-amp.html | title=Karisma Kapoor says Sonali Bendre read books on Hum Saath Saath Hain sets, made her wonder: Why isn't she talking to us | accessdate=21 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The filming of other scenes of the film including the song &quot;Mhare Hiwade Mein Naache Mor&quot; was done in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]. [[Mandore|Mandore Gardens]], [[Mehrangarh|Mehrangarh Fort]], and [[Jaswant Thada]], were some of the locations in Jodhpur where the film was shot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/states/rajasthan-movies-shot-in-rajasthan-bajirao-mastani-bajrangi-bhaijaan-jodha-akbar-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-hit-films-were-shot-in-these-places-of-rajasthan-2008525/amp| title=Famous films shot in Rajasthan: From Hum Saath-Saath Hain to Padmaavat and Jodhaa Akbar| accessdate=10 December 2021 |work=ABP News Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rain sequence of &quot;Mhare Hiwade&quot;, was also shot at [[Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura|Chennakeshava Temple]], [[Somanathapura, Mysuru|Somanathapura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-blackbuck-poaching-case-hum-saath-saath-hain-videos-pictures-1205972-2018-04-06 | title=Check these shooting stills and videos from Sooraj Barjatya's Hum Saath Saath Hain | accessdate=26 December 2022 |work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Post-production===<br /> During the post-production stage of the film, the filmmaker announced a unique campaign for its promotions. The team of ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' and [[Coca-Cola]] launched a nationwide marketing programme called 'Coca-Cola Hum Saath Saath Hain'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://m.rediff.com/business/1999/nov/08cokhum.htm| title=Corporates to sell products 70mmmm style | accessdate=28 November 2022 |date=8 November 1999| newspaper=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The common ad campaign laid equal focus on both the soft drink brand and the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/unique-movie-promotion-gimmicks-14217.amp | title=Unique movie promotion gimmicks | accessdate=29 June 2016 |date=29 September 2022| newspaper=Filmfare}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Barjatyas were quite press-friendly during the making of their previous films, but for ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'', the press screening was restricted to an elite few.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behind the scenes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/09hssh.htm |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain: Behind the scenes |website=Rediff.com |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028013345/https://m.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/09hssh.htm |archive-date=28 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Controversy==<br /> {{main|1998 blackbuck poaching case}}<br /> During the Jodhpur film schedule in 1998, some members of the cast, Salman Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Neelam Kothari, Tabu, and Sonali Bendre, were involved in a case of shooting of an endangered [[1998 blackbuck poaching case|black buck]] on a hunting expedition, on the outskirts of Kankani village in [[Jodhpur district]] of [[Rajasthan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blackbuck case: Sonali, Salman, Saif, Tabu, Neelam charged with poaching |date=25 August 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082557720100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012112000/http://hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082557720100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2007 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;No one killed the Black Bucks&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2013/04/5894|title=No one killed the Black Bucks|website=hardnewsmedia.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210143/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2013/04/5894|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The deer hunter&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-deer-hunter-1185087.html|title=The deer hunter|date=15 November 1998|website=The Independent|access-date=8 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The incident generated significant press coverage and Salman Khan spent a week in Jodhpur jail in 2007, before the court granted him bail.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salman Khan acquitted in Arms Act case&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/salman-khan-acquitted-arms-act-case-062148604.html|title=Salman Khan acquitted in Arms Act case|work=Yahoo!|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, the Jodhpur court convicted him and acquitted the others.&lt;ref name=&quot;5 Years imprisonment&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/20-yrs-on-blackbuck-killing-verdict-live-updates/articleshow/63621241.cms |title=Blackbuck poaching case: Salman Khan gets 5-year jail term |date=5 April 2018 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hum-saath-saath-hain-team-part-ways-after-salman-khans-blackbuck-verdict-1709347.html |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain team parts ways after Salman Khan's blackbuck verdict |date=5 April 2018 |website=News18 |language=en |access-date=26 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Rajasthan High Court issued a notice challenging the acquittal of Sonali Bendre, Tabu and Saif.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/110319/blackbuck-poaching-case-jodhpur-hc-issues-notice-to-saif-tabu-and-so.html |title=Blackbuck poaching case: Jodhpur HC issues notice to Saif, Tabu, Sonali Bendre |date=11 March 2019 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |access-date=22 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Hum Saath-Saath Hain<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | artist = [[Raamlaxman]]<br /> | released = October 1999<br /> | recorded = 1999<br /> | music = <br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | label = [[Saregama]]<br /> | producer = Ajit Kumar Barjatya&lt;br/&gt;Kamal Kumar Barjatya&lt;br/&gt;[[Rajkumar Barjatya]]<br /> | length = 44:16<br /> | prev_title = [[Dulhan Banoo Main Teri]]<br /> | prev_year = 1999<br /> | next_title = Manchala<br /> | next_year = 1999<br /> | misc = {{Singles<br /> | name = Hum Saath-Saath Hain<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | single1 = Mhare Hiwda<br /> | single1date = October 1999<br /> | single2 = Maiyya Yashoda<br /> | single2date = October 1999<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Raamlaxman]] composed the music, teaming up with Sooraj Barjatya for the third and the last time. Raamlakshman had composed as many as 27 tunes, out of which the soundtrack of the film features seven songs and playback singers: <br /> [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] (for [[Karishma Kapoor]]), <br /> [[Alka Yagnik]] (for [[Sonali Bendre]]), <br /> [[Anuradha Paudwal]] (for [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]), <br /> [[Kumar Sanu]] (for [[Salman Khan]]), <br /> [[Udit Narayan]] (for [[Saif Ali Khan]]), <br /> [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] (for [[Mohnish Behl]]), <br /> [[Sonu Nigam]] (for [[Shakti Kapoor]]), <br /> [[Hema Sardesai]] (for [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]), <br /> [[Roop Kumar Rathod]] (for [[Ajit Vachani]]) and <br /> Pratima Rao (for [[Himani Shivpuri]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/the-magic-of-raamlaxman/20210524.htm |title=The magic of Raamlaxman |work=Rediff.com |date=24 May 2021 |access-date=22 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Raamlaxman plagiarised the melody for the song &quot;A B C D&quot; from the Spanish singer [[Jeanette (Spanish singer)|Jeanette]]'s 1974 song &quot;[[Porque te vas]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/the-abcd-song-from-hum-saath-saath-hain-is-actually-stolen-from-a-spanish-song-1276865.html|title=The 'ABCD' Song from 'Hum Saath-Saath Hain' is Actually Stolen from a Spanish Song|website=News18|date=2 August 2016 |access-date=2019-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010222211/http://www.news18.com/news/buzz/the-abcd-song-from-hum-saath-saath-hain-is-actually-stolen-from-a-spanish-song-1276865.html|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The remaining songs on the album include the title track &quot;Hum Saath Saath Hain&quot;, the wedding tracks &quot;Chhote Chhote Bhaiyon Ke&quot; and &quot;Sunoji Dulhan&quot;, &quot;Yeh To Sach Hai Ki Bhagwan Hai&quot;, &quot;Mhare Hiwda&quot; and &quot;Maiyya Yashoda&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/7-longest-bollywood-songs-ever |title=Sunoji Dulhan to The Medley Song: The 7 longest Bollywood songs ever |work=Film Companion |access-date=31 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = <br /> | all_writing = <br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Maiya Yashoda<br /> | length1 = 6:24<br /> | extra1 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] &amp; [[Alka Yagnik]]<br /> | title2 = Mhare Hiwra Mein Nache Mor<br /> | length2 = 6:20<br /> | extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Anuradha Paudwal, [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], Kavita Krishnamurthy &amp; Alka Yagnik<br /> | title3 = Chhote Chhote Bhaiyon Ke<br /> | length3 = 4:19<br /> | extra3 = Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy &amp; Kumar Sanu<br /> | title4 = Hum Saath-Saath Hain<br /> | length4 = 3:58<br /> | extra4 = Hariharan, Anuradha Paudwal, Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy &amp; Alka Yagnik<br /> | title5 = Ye Toh Sach Hai Ke Bhagwan<br /> | length5 = 6:50<br /> | extra5 = Hariharan, Milind Ingle, Santosh &amp; Pratima<br /> | title6 = A B C D E F G H I<br /> | length6 = 4:36<br /> | extra6 = Hariharan, Udit Narayan, [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Hema Sardesai]] &amp; [[Saif Ali Khan]]<br /> | title7 = Sunoji Dulhan Ek Bat Sunoji<br /> | length7 = 12:21<br /> | extra7 = [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], Pratima Rao, Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy &amp; [[Sonu Nigam]]<br /> | total_length = 44:16<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the [[2000 Zee Cine Awards]], Raamlaxman received a nomination for [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]. At the same event, he won the award for [[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_tech/home.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Technical Awards Nominees |work=Zee Next |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114054100/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_tech/home.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Critical reception===<br /> Savera R Someshwar of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' said &quot;..It is time for Barjatya to look out for a new music director. Even the lyrics – barring &quot;Maare Hidwa Ma Naache Mor&quot; and &quot;Mayya Yashoda&quot; – are banal...&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff Review&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Charts and sales===<br /> The music topped the charts on several platforms in India. According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the soundtrack of ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' went on to sell 18 [[lakh]] (1.8{{nbsp}}million) units, becoming the twelfth best-selling album of the year.&lt;ref name=&quot;boi90s&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1990-1999 (Figures in Units)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&amp;catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&amp;catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2010|website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' was released earlier but the music director [[Raamlaxman]] took time to check the soundtrack album for the second time to not make any mistake.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rajshri.com/hssh.html Rajshri Productions: Hum Saath Saath Hain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523095343/http://www.rajshri.com/hssh.html |accessdate=23 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;/&gt; Following all the [[post-production]], [[cinematography]], [[choreography]] and other things were completed, the film finally hit the theatre screens on 5 November 1999 during [[Diwali]]. It became the first Bollywood film to be played in Canadian theatres, with six screenings in [[Toronto]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/20-years-of-hum-saath-saath-hain-6-iconic-scenes| title=20 Yrs Later, Revisiting 6 Iconic Scenes From Hum Saath-Saath Hain| date=5 November 2019| accessdate=29 October 2021| website=The Quint}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eros Entertainment]] released the film on over 60 screens in [[North America]], the biggest opening for any film then.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/02us1.htm |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain gets 60-screen welcome |website=Rediff.com |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110013345/https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/02us1.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was also dubbed in Telugu and released with the title ''Premanuragam''. ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' was later made available on [[Netflix]] and [[Zee5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/80074065?source=35&amp;preventIntent=true |title=WATCH! Salman Khan and Sonali Bendre starrer Hum Saath-Saath Hain on Netflix |website=Netflix | access-date=28 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/hum-saath-saath-hain/0-0-8085 |title=WATCH! Rajshri Productions multi starrer Hum Saath-Saath Hain on Zee5 |website=Zee5 | access-date=29 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Critical reception===<br /> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, &quot;A time-warped patriarchal fantasy, but somehow HSSH glows with Barjatya's conviction. Despite the diabetic sweetness, it has some wonderfully crafted moments. It's maudlin and regressive but he believes in it. And at least partially, he makes you believe in it too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=More family values |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19991115-movie-review-hum-saath-saath-hain-salman-khan-karisma-kapoor-saif-ali-khan-781557-1999-11-14 |access-date=26 February 2015 |work=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227013345/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-hum-saath-saath-hain-salman-khan-karisma-kapoor-saif-ali-khan/1/254891.html |archive-date=27 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Savera R Someshwar of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' stated, &quot;Barjatya's film is pure escapism, very feel-good. While you are ensconced with the moving images, you smile, laugh, feel sad, and maybe even a little angry. ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' is an enjoyable experience, especially if you contain yourself from comparing it to ''Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff Review&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/06hssh.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Hum Saath-Saath Hain|website=Rediff.com |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106013345/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/06hssh.htm |archive-date=6 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alok Kumar of [[PlanetBollywood.com]] wrote, &quot;''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' is repetitive, sickeningly sweet, and sappy. Though, the performances were pretty good from the whole cast. If you're a Barjatya fan, you should watch this, as it's almost guaranteed you will love it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain Movie Review |url=http://www.indolink.com/Film/hssh.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=Planet Bollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530220145/http://www.indolink.com/Film/hssh.html |archive-date=30 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Box office===<br /> ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' became the [[List of Hindi films of 1999|highest-grossing film]] of the year, with a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|81.71|c|year=1999|mode=historical}}. It became one of the biggest blockbusters of the decade.&lt;ref name=&quot;nett&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hum-saath-saath-hain/box-office/|title=Hum Saath-Saath Hain Box Office Collection|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=5 November 1999 |access-date=19 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217070143/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/hum-saath-saath-hain/box-office/}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the top earners of the decade in India and at the foreign box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;box992&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners|title=Box Office India overseas earners|work=Box Office India|access-date=19 May 2010|archive-date=7 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207070143/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; When adjusted for inflation, ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' is still among the highest grossers worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=313&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgQWRqdXN0ZWQ= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204140124/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=313&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgQWRqdXN0ZWQ%3D |archive-date= 4 December 2013 |title=Top Lifetime Inflation Adjusted Grossers Worldwide |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Rediff.com'' termed ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'', a &quot;Super Hit&quot; and the &quot;biggest hit&quot; of 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/03box.htm |title=2000 can only be better! |website=Rediff.com |access-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150721111731/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/03box.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is also among the highest grossing Diwali releases in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/looking-back-at-diwali-releases-that-made-it-big-and-didn-t-news-330279/amp |title=Looking back at Diwali releases that made it big - and didn't |website=Outlook India |date=12 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112013345/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/looking-back-at-diwali-releases-that-made-it-big-and-didn-t-news-330279/amp |archive-date=12 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Accolades==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}<br /> ! Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Recipient<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | [[45th Filmfare Awards|13 February 2000]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br /> | [[Mohnish Behl]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368698.cms |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Winners List |work=Filmfare|access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515210654/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368698.cms |archive-date=15 May 2007 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1st IIFA Awards|24 June 2000]]<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br /> | [[Sooraj Barjatya]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hum Dil De... sweeps IIFA awards |url=http://www.screenindia.com/jun30/film18.htm |website=Screen |accessdate=14 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010220124320/http://www.screenindia.com/jun30/film18.htm |archivedate=20 February 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2000/ | title=The First IIFA Award ceremony 2000 | work=IIFA | accessdate=29 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714224612/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2000/ | archive-date=14 July 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]]<br /> | Jayanti Shevale<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[People's Choice Awards India]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2000<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Best Supporting Actor<br /> | [[Mohnish Behl]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-28 |title=People's Choice Awards format licensed to India |work=Variety |url=http://variety.com/2012/tv/news/people-s-choice-awards-format-licensed-to-india-1118060955/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628072736/http://variety.com/2012/tv/news/people-s-choice-awards-format-licensed-to-india-1118060955/ |archive-date=2017-06-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | [[Saif Ali Khan]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Supporting Actress<br /> | [[Reema Lagoo]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot;|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot;|[[2000 Zee Cine Awards|11 March 2000]]<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br /> | [[Sooraj Barjatya]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;12&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;zee&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2000/winners/ |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Viewers Choice Awards Nominees &amp; Winners |work=Zee Cine Awards |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517024855/https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2000/winners/ |archive-date=17 May 2020 |agency=Zee Entertainment Enterprises}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_tech/01win.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Technical Awards Winners |work=Zee Next |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114080000/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_tech/01win.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor - Male]]<br /> | [[Salman Khan]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]<br /> | [[Mohnish Behl]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]<br /> | [[Neelam Kothari]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]<br /> | [[Saif Ali Khan]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | [[Raamlaxman]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br /> | Jay Borade for &quot;Maiyya Yashoda&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br /> | Mukhtar Ahmed<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Art Direction<br /> | [[Bijon Dasgupta]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br /> | [[Raamlaxman]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Sound Recording<br /> | Narinder Singh<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Re-Recording<br /> | Kuldip Sood<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' remains one of the most popular family drama film of Indian cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/10-bollywood-family-dramas-featuring-an-ensemble-cast-58069.amp |title=10 Bollywood Family Dramas Movies Featuring An Ensemble Cast |website=Filmfare |accessdate=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423220145/https://m.filmfare.com/features/10-bollywood-family-dramas-featuring-an-ensemble-cast-58069.amp |archive-date=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/tabu/movie-stills/hum-saath-saath-hain/articleshow/4525154.cms |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229220145/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/tabu/movie-stills/hum-saath-saath-hain/articleshow/4525154.cms |archive-date=29 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also considered among the best ensemble cast films by ''[[Filmfare]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-movies-with-great-ensemble-casts/18019752 |title=Check Out 8 Multi-Starrer Bollywood Movies That Did Not Waste Any Talent |website=IDiva |date=4 May 2021 |accessdate=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329220145/https://www.idiva.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-movies-with-great-ensemble-casts/18019752 |archive-date=29 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[India Today]]'' added it in its list of &quot;10 evergreen Hindi films&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/quarantine-curation-10-evergreen-hindi-films-you-can-sit-and-watch-with-your-parents-1666410-2020-04-13 |title=10 evergreen Hindi films you can sit and watch with your parents |website=India Today |date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428220145/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/quarantine-curation-10-evergreen-hindi-films-you-can-sit-and-watch-with-your-parents-1666410-2020-04-13 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |accessdate=19 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Indian Express]]'' named it Barjatiya's one of the &quot;most family-friendly&quot; flicks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-warm-family-brand-of-sooraj-barjatya-and-how-it-stood-the-test-of-time-7784984/lite/ |title=From Hum Saath Saath Hain to Vivaah: Sooraj Barjatya's family dramas and how they stood the test of time |website=Indian Express |date=22 February 2022 |accessdate=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010220145/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-warm-family-brand-of-sooraj-barjatya-and-how-it-stood-the-test-of-time-7784984/lite/ |archive-date=10 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is also listed among the best films made on siblings relationship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raksha-bandhan-special-bollywood-movies-to-watch-with-your-siblings-this-rakhi-8912947/lite/ |title=Best Bollywood movies to watch with your siblings |website=Indian Express |date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=28 August 2023| accessdate=10 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828220145/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raksha-bandhan-special-bollywood-movies-to-watch-with-your-siblings-this-rakhi-8912947/lite/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/modern-films-that-define-brothersister-love-15137.amp |title=Modern Bollywood films that define brother-sister love |website=Filmfare |archive-date=18 August 2016 | accessdate=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818220145/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raksha-bandhan-special-bollywood-movies-to-watch-with-your-siblings-this-rakhi-8912947/lite/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Navya Kharbanda of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' termed it a &quot;cinematic masterpiece&quot; and stated, &quot;The film continues to captivate audiences with its themes of family bonds, love, and traditions.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/vibe-of-25-ht-city-turns-25-with-hum-saath-saath-hain-how-is-the-film-still-relevant-actors-share-101708203990244-amp.html |title=Vibe of 25: HT City turns 25 with Hum Saath Saath Hain: How is the film still relevant? |website=Hindustan Times |date=20 February 2024 |accessdate=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225220145/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/vibe-of-25-ht-city-turns-25-with-hum-saath-saath-hain-how-is-the-film-still-relevant-actors-share-101708203990244-amp.html |archive-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aakriti Anand of ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated that the film justified its title &quot;to the fullest&quot; and termed it an &quot;out-and-out family entertainer&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooryavanshi-to-dil-toh-pagal-hai-and-more-25-years-of-bollywoods-best-diwali-releases-bigstory/articleshow/87549728.cms |title=Sooryavanshi To Hum Saath Saath Hain: 25 Years Of Bollywood's Best Diwali Releases- #BigStory |website=Times of India |date=6 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725220145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooryavanshi-to-dil-toh-pagal-hai-and-more-25-years-of-bollywoods-best-diwali-releases-bigstory/amp_articleshow/87549728.cms |archive-date=25 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vibha Maru from ''[[India Today]]'' noted, &quot;The film set a template of how family films are to be made. ''Hum Saath Saath Hain'' was also a rare film that saw so many popular actors together on the big screen; something that is hard to imagine today.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sarfarosh-to-sooryavansham-these-10-films-turn-20-this-year-feel-old-yet-1590386-2019-08-22 |title=Sooryavansham to Hum Saath Saath Hain, these 10 films turn 20 this year. Feel old yet? |website=India Today |date=22 August 2019 |accessdate=19 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025220145/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/sarfarosh-to-sooryavansham-these-10-films-turn-20-this-year-feel-old-yet-1590386-2019-08-22 |archive-date=25 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The songs of the film are highly popular. Songs like &quot;Sunoji Dulhan&quot;, &quot;Mhare Hiwda&quot; and &quot;Maiyya Yashoda&quot; have become synonym with the wedding, monsoon and festive seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/12-of-the-longest-bollywood-songs-that-are-way-over-7-minutes-long/ |title=It's Been 84 Years: 14 Of The Longest Bollywood Songs Ever |website=Scoop Whoop |date=27 April 2021 |accessdate=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/839393/watch-peacocks-have-inspired-the-humans-of-bollywood-to-follow-in-their-footsteps |title=Watch: Our favourite peacock-themed songs from Bollywood! |website=Scroll.in |date=3 June 2017 |accessdate=29 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/web-stories/lifestyle/krishna-janmashtami-2023-from-mere-to-girdhar-gopal-to-maiyya-yashoda-bollywood-songs-for-the-auspicious-occasion-8892.html |title=Krishna Janmashtami 2023: From 'Mere To Girdhar Gopal' to 'Maiyya Yashoda', Bollywood songs for the auspicious occasion |website=Firstpost |accessdate=2 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Actor [[Vicky Kaushal]] admitted to being a fan of the film and said that it is &quot;etched in his mind&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/films-like-hum-aapke-hain-koun-hum-saath-saath-hain-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-etched-mind-says-vicky-kaushal-lack-quintessential-family-films-made/ |title=Films like Hum Aapke Hain Koun, Hum Saath Saath Hain, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham are etched in my mind - says Vicky Kaushal |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 September 2023 |accessdate=21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film also has over 1.9 billion views on [[YouTube]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0CaUqi81mPnhBMFz2SuVWK3TfL_5Bckw |title=Hum Saath Saath Hain (1999) Full Movie |website=Rajshri Productions - YouTube |accessdate=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112220145/https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0CaUqi81mPnhBMFz2SuVWK3TfL_5Bckw |archive-date=12 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Bollywood}}<br /> * [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films]]<br /> * [[List of Hindi films of 1999]]<br /> * [[List of films shot in Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0216817}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|hum-saath-saath-hain}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes|hum_saathsaath_hain_we_stand_united}}<br /> * {{Mojo title|humsaathhain}}<br /> <br /> {{Sooraj Barjatya}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1999 films]]<br /> [[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Raamlaxman]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Sooraj Barjatya]]<br /> [[Category:Indian family films]]<br /> [[Category:Animal cruelty incidents in film]]<br /> [[Category:1999 controversies]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hingoli_Assembly_constituency&diff=502856 2026-05-06T21:13:02Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: creating new post...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Hingoli<br /> | constituency_no = 94<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | map_image = 94-Hingoli.svg<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]<br /> | district = [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = None <br /> | mla = [[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule]] <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | alliance = <br /> | electors =333,588 <br /> }}<br /> '''Hingoli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Hingoli district]]. The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographical scope==<br /> The constituency comprises [[Sengaon Taluka]], parts of [[Hingoli Taluka]], revenue<br /> circles of Malhiwara, Narsi, Hingoli and Hingoli municipal council.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=259, 260|accessdate=2015-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#BB8ED0&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sham Rao || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | Madhaorao || {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Baburao S/o Kondji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Surajmal S/o Narayan<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Narayan Rao Limbaji Rao<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Chandrakant Ramkrishna Patil || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ashatai Marotiappa Tale|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Dagduji Yeshwantrao Galande || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Sahebrao Shankarrao Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Sahebrao Narayanrao Patil Goregaonkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Baliram (Bapu) Kotkar Patil || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Patil Bhaurao Baburao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 74,584 |percentage = 32.55% |change = {{decrease}}15.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rupalitai Rajesh Patil |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 63,658 |percentage = 27.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Dattrao Thorat |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 23,944 |percentage = 10.45% |change = {{increase}}0.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaurao Baburao |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,267 |percentage = 9.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Vitthalrao Shinde |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,336 |percentage = 8.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sumthankar Ramdas Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,918 |percentage = 4.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Alias Bandu Kute |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,287 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Abhijeet Dilip Khandare |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,124 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindrao Namdev Gutthe |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,551 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 665 |percentage = 0.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.40 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,926 |percentage = 4.77% |change = {{decrease}}7.33 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 229,820 |percentage = 68.89% |change = {{increase}}4.73 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 229,155}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 333,588 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.77 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}15.36 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 95,318 |percentage = 47.91% |change = {{decrease}}3.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaurao Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,253 |percentage = 35.81% |change = {{increase}}14.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasim Deshmukh |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 19,856 |percentage = 9.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Vijay Dnyanba Raut |party = Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 4,646 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Asaraji (Pappu) Suresh Chavan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,733 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Mohan Gaikwad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,567 |percentage = 0.79% |change = {{decrease}}4.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{increase}}0.20 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,065 |percentage = 12.10% |change = {{decrease}}17.67 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 200,468 |percentage = 64.16% |change = {{decrease}}2.30 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 198,950}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 312,431 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.99 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 97,045 |percentage = 51.19% |change = {{increase}}17.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaurao Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,599 |percentage = 21.41% |change = {{decrease}}15.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Dilip Baburao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 21,897 |percentage = 11.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Sahebrao Kishan Sirsat |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,731 |percentage = 5.13% |change = {{increase}}3.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Dinkar Pralhadrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 6,397 |percentage = 3.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omprakash Govindrao Kotkar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,616 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tapare Tukaram Kisanrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,028 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Khandare Dhammdipak Baliram |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,066 |percentage = 1.09% |change = {{decrease}}0.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 928 |percentage = 0.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 56,446 |percentage = 29.77% |change = {{increase}}27.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 190,528 |percentage = 66.46% |change = {{increase}}3.08 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 189,591}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 286,671 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.08 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.62 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaurao Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,755 |percentage = 36.57% |change = {{increase}}4.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,810 |percentage = 34.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shebrao Narayanrao Patil Goregaonkar |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 32,400 |percentage = 20.17% |change = {{increase}}18.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandesh Balasaheb Deshmukh |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,619 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adhe Bhagwat Raoji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,307 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{decrease}}19.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandare Vishnu Narayan |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,221 |percentage = 2.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Sattar Khan Saleem Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,783 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,945 |percentage = 2.46% |change = {{decrease}}8.02 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 160,683 |percentage = 63.38% |change = {{decrease}}5.69 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 160,654}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,516 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.63 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.71 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaurao Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,646 |percentage = 31.86% |change = {{decrease}}9.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sahebrao Narayanrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 32,649 |percentage = 21.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Shivaji Gyanbarao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 31,900 |percentage = 20.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baliram Kotkar Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,094 |percentage = 19.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Bheemrao Lakshman |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,288 |percentage = 2.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhise Gautam Dhonduji |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,150 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Naim Shaikh Lal |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,102 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Jagdish Balasaheb |party = Shivrajya Party |votes = 1,860 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,997 |percentage = 10.48% |change = {{increase}}5.25 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 152,754 |percentage = 69.07% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 152,689}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,155 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.45 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.60 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaurao Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,025 |percentage = 41.46% |change = {{increase}}16.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotkar (Patil) Baliram Kaduji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,097 |percentage = 36.23% |change = {{increase}}9.10 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Rajesh Sahebrao (Bhaiya Patil) |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 24,500 |percentage = 21.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,928 |percentage = 5.23% |change = {{increase}}2.95 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 127,563 |percentage = 69.48% |change = {{decrease}}5.99 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 113,434}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,602 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.51 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}14.33 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baliram Kotkar Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,257 |percentage = 27.13% |change = {{decrease}}14.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sahebrao Narayanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,207 |percentage = 24.85% |change = {{decrease}}5.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pole (Naik) Madhavrao Bahenarao |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 25,251 |percentage = 18.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaurao Baburao |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,458 |percentage = 13.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wable Uttamrao Rambhaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,275 |percentage = 3.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshav Dhansing Rathod |party = Janata Dal |votes = 4,955 |percentage = 3.71% |change = {{decrease}}2.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dube Rajendrakumar Krushnakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,423 |percentage = 2.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khillare Chagan Chokhaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,759 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,050 |percentage = 2.28% |change = {{decrease}}8.75 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 137,863 |percentage = 75.47% |change = {{increase}}10.97 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 133,638}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,673 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.42 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}14.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baliram Kotkar Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,966 |percentage = 41.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sahebrao Narayanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,269 |percentage = 30.42% |change = {{decrease}}21.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshav Dhansing Rathod |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 18,976 |percentage = 17.89% |change = {{increase}}16.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Narayan Paturkar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 6,115 |percentage = 5.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Lotu Pundlik |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 1,793 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sk. Aref Sk. Anwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 998 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,697 |percentage = 11.03% |change = {{decrease}}13.58 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 108,674 |percentage = 64.50% |change = {{increase}}7.64 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 106,063}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,479 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.83 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.09 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shebrao Narayanrao Patil Goregaonkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,442 |percentage = 51.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thorat Dattrao Haibatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,085 |percentage = 26.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Galande Dagduji Yeshwantrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,067 |percentage = 8.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingole Suryakant Dnynoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,044 |percentage = 8.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sutar Balwantrao Sitaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,208 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. N. More |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,165 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhos Kishanrao Raghoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 786 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pole Punjabrao Sitaram Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 513 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,357 |percentage = 24.61% |change = {{decrease}}11.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 76,738 |percentage = 56.86% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 74,593}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,968 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.19 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}4.99 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Sahebrao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,652 |percentage = 56.53% |change = {{increase}}16.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangar Sampatrao Gyanbarao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 13,300 |percentage = 20.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjramkar Madhukar Dashrathrao |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 8,181 |percentage = 12.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Ramkrishna Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,529 |percentage = 10.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,352 |percentage = 36.02% |change = {{increase}}35.84 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 66,681 |percentage = 56.42% |change = {{decrease}}8.15 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 64,832}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,195 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.98 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Galande Dagduji Yeshwantrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,723 |percentage = 40.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Sahebrao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,602 |percentage = 40.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tale Ashtai Moratippa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,799 |percentage = 12.87% |change = {{decrease}}32.42 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Dattarao Balajirao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,249 |percentage = 6.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 121 |percentage = 0.18% |change = {{decrease}}8.40 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 71,014 |percentage = 64.57% |change = {{increase}}21.59 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 68,373}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,984 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.99 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.74 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tale Ashatai Marotiappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,706 |percentage = 45.29% |change = {{increase}}7.22 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramkri Shna Patil |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 15,975 |percentage = 36.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karmalkar I. Shantaram |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,911 |percentage = 6.69% |change = {{decrease}}2.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wadhe Digamber Rao Gyanuji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,640 |percentage = 6.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant E. Waghmare |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 989 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghughe Tukaram Wamanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 652 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirke Piraji Yeshwanta |party = Independent politician |votes = 633 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,731 |percentage = 8.58% |change = {{decrease}}2.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 45,463 |percentage = 42.98% |change = {{decrease}}12.50 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 43,506}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,766 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.77 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Sanghata Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Ramkrishna Patil |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 22,520 |percentage = 49.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Lokavarkhe |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,295 |percentage = 38.07% |change = {{decrease}}14.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Karmalkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,984 |percentage = 8.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,634 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,225 |percentage = 11.50% |change = {{decrease}}17.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 52,499 |percentage = 55.48% |change = {{increase}}4.78 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 45,433}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,625 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.00 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Sanghata Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.84 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Rao Limbaji Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,892 |percentage = 52.41% |change = {{decrease}}3.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Ramkrishna Patil |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,012 |percentage = 23.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamrao Madhaorao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,921 |percentage = 20.87% |change = {{decrease}}1.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Jiwanaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,130 |percentage = 2.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,880 |percentage = 28.67% |change = {{increase}}23.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 41,000 |percentage = 50.70% |change = {{decrease}}27.87 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 37,955}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,875 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}35.46 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}24.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao S/o Kondji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,695 |percentage = 28.13% |change = {{increase}}0.74 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Surajmal S/o Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,181 |percentage = 27.61% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao S/o Raghavji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,140 |percentage = 22.49% |change = {{decrease}}1.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balkrishna Shivram |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 21,433 |percentage = 21.77% |change = {{increase}}4.38 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,555 |percentage = 5.64% |change = {{decrease}}2.45 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 98,449 |percentage = 78.57% |change = {{increase}}3.71 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 98,449}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,306 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.65 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}4.48 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hingoli &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sham Rao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,607 |percentage = 23.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaorao |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 15,149 |percentage = 17.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhim Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,560 |percentage = 15.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhvrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,884 |percentage = 13.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suraj Mal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,303 |percentage = 11.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,252 |percentage = 6.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dipaji |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 3,691 |percentage = 4.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Ramkrishna Patil |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,547 |percentage = 4.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dynoba Amruta |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,137 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,047 |percentage = 8.09% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 87,130 |percentage = 37.43% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 87,130}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,397 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coords|19.72|77.15|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Hingoli district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amrit_Bharat_Express&diff=486141 2026-05-04T02:53:20Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Series of express train services of Indian Railways}}<br /> {{About|Amrit Bharat Express services offered by Indian Railways|the trainset|Amrit Bharat (trainset)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | box_width = <br /> | color = FF7220<br /> | name = Amrit Bharat Express<br /> | image = Amrit Bharat trainset.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | caption = An Amrit Bharat Express<br /> | type = [[Express trains in India#Superfast|SuperFast Express Train]]<br /> | status = Operational<br /> | first = {{start date|2023|12|30}}<br /> | website = {{URL|http://indianrail.gov.in}}<br /> | line_used = [[#Services|31 (Operational)&lt;br&gt;04 (To Be Commissioned)]]<br /> | class = {{ubl|Sleeper Class (SL)|General Unreserved (GS)}}<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | catering = <br /> | entertainment = <br /> | otherfacilities = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlet]]<br /> *reading light<br /> *[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]<br /> *[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|bio-vacuum toilet]]<br /> *[[Tap water|sensor-based water taps]]<br /> *[[passenger information system]]}}<br /> | stock = [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}<br /> | speed = {{ubl|{{Cvt|130|km/h}} (maximum)|{{Cvt|160|km/h}} (design)}}<br /> | trainlength = {{Cvt|23.54|m}} (each) and 22 coaches<br /> | maintenance = Locomotives – Zonal various sheds &lt;br&gt; Coaches – Zonal various coaching depots<br /> | electrification = Locomotives – {{25 kV 50 Hz}} via [[overhead line]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Amrit Bharat Express''' is a [[Express trains in India#Superfast|superfast express service]] operated by [[Indian Railways]]. It is a non-air-conditioned, low-cost, [[Sleeping car|sleeper]] and unreserved service connecting cities that are more than {{cvt|800|km}} apart or take more than ten hours to travel with existing services.<br /> <br /> The [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|trainset]] uses a push-pull technology, which consists of two [[locomotive]]s on both the ends (either [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-5]] AD in orange and dark grey paint work).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Two New Amrit Bharat Express Trains To Roll Out From Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/news/two-new-amrit-bharat-express-trains-to-roll-out-from-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=Travel and Leisure Asia |date=27 April 2026 |language=en-IN |quote=Designed for long distances (800 km-plus), they feature a push-pull technology (two locomotives), 22 coaches, and a speed of 110-130 kmph.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The train has a maximum operating speed of {{cvt|110-130|km/h}}. The train has a total of 22 coaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ICF set to produce 50 Amrit Bharat sleeper train sets, says Union Railways Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/icf-set-to-produce-50-amrit-bharat-sleeper-train-sets-says-union-railways-minister/article69084905.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 January 2025 |language=en-IN |quote=The AB train would be a 22-coach train with two engines on the front and back, which could travel at a speed of 130 kmph.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 22 coaches are divided into 20 coaches for passengers and 2 for parcels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Good News For General Class Train Passengers: 50 New Amrit Bharat Express Coming Soon |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/mobility/good-news-for-general-class-train-passengers-50-new-amrit-bharat-express-coming-soon-2830584/jerk-free-journey-2830589 |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |language=en |quote=Of these 20, 10 are sleeper coaches and 10 are general coaches.}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In 2026, 20610 Tiruchchirappali - New Jalpaiguri Amrit Bharat Express pulled by a single Royapuram-based [[WAP-7]] for first time without a push-pull configuration<br /> <br /> The train entered commercial service on 1 January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian Railways plans to introduce 50 new Amrit Bharat Trains this year – Know the ticket price, features and more – ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/indian-railways-plans-to-introduce-50-new-amrit-bharat-trains-this-year-know-the-ticket-price-features-and-more/110953915 |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=ETInfra.com |language=en |quote=On January 1, 2024, the train went into commercial service.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian Railways will introduce 50 new Amrit Bharat trains |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/indian-railways-will-introduce-50-new-amrit-bharat-trains/57048 |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> In July 2023, [[Indian Railways]] announced plans for a non-air-conditioned train with [[Sleeping car|sleeper]] and general facilities for long-distance travel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=3 July 2023|title=Indian Railways To Soon Launch Budget-Friendly Non-AC Vande Sadharn train|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/indian-railways-to-soon-launch-budget-friendly-non-ac-vande-sadharan-train-article-101458003|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trainsets are manufactured by [[Integral Coach Factory|Integral Coach Factory, Chennai]] at the cost of {{INRConvert|65|c}} per trainset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Vaishnaw: 50 Amrit Bharat trains to be manufactured at Integral Coach Factory in 2 yrs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vaishnaw-50-amrit-bharat-trains-to-be-manufactured-at-icf-in-2-yrs-9772430/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 January 2025 |language=en |quote=trains will be manufactured at the Integral Coach Factory (ICF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=18 July 2023 |title=Indian Railways: What is Vande Sadharan Train? What are its similarities with Vande Bharat train?|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/indian-railways/news-indian-railways-what-is-vande-sadharan-train-what-are-its-similarities-with-vande-bharat-train-vande-sadharan-train-amenities-stst-244725|access-date=30 October 2023|work=Zee Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first train was flagged off on 30 December 2023 and entered commercial service on 1 January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=27 December 2023|title=PM Modi to inaugurate 'Amrit Bharat Express' on Dec 30. All you need to know about this 'sleeper Vande Bharat' train|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-amrit-bharat-express-on-dec-30-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-sleeper-vande-bharat-train-101703695894391.html|access-date=28 December 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Production for 200 more such trains are in progress, with 50 under construction and 150 more planned.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=200 Amrit Bharat non-AC trains in production to cater to demand |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/200-amrit-bharat-non-ac-trains-in-production-to-cater-to-demand-436051-2024-07-05 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2025, the Ministry of Railways added twelve major improvements in the train which includes emergency braking system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Vaishnaw: 50 Amrit Bharat trains to be manufactured at Integral Coach Factory in 2 yrs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vaishnaw-50-amrit-bharat-trains-to-be-manufactured-at-icf-in-2-yrs-9772430/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2025 |language=en |quote=The Ministry of Railways has added 12 major improvements on the Amrit Bharat Version 2.0 trains including modular toilets and emergency braking system}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Dheeraj |title=Amrit Bharat 2.0, train to Kashmir, Kavach to be among highlights for Railways in Budget |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/amrit-bharat-train-to-kashmir-kavach-highlights-for-railways-in-budget-9800865/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Services ==<br /> {{As of|2026|04}}, 35 Amrit Bharat Express trains are currently present, out of which 33 Amrit Bharat Express trains are currently operational, providing a total of 60 servcies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Amrit Bharat Express: Modi to flag off Banaras Pune, Ayodhya Mumbai |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pm-modi-to-flag-off-banaras-pune-ayodhya-mumbai-weekly-amrit-bharat-express-on-april-28-3983020 |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |quote=At present, 30 Amrit Bharat trains are offering 60 services, and with the launch of these two new trains, the total number of operational Amrit Bharat Express train services will rise to 64.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PM Modi flags off first-ever Amrit Bharat Express train on two routes, here's all you need to know about these jerk-free trains |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-flag-off-first-ever-amrit-bharat-express-train-on-two-routes-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-these-jerk-free-trains-3351290/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=Financialexpress |date=30 December 2023 |language=en |quote=The newly introduced ‘jerk-free’ express trains are scheduled to operate on two routes—Darbhanga in Bihar to Anand Vihar in Delhi via Ayodhya, as well as from Malda Town in West Bengal to Sir M Visvesvaraya Terminus in Bengaluru. Passengers on these routes can expect a smoother and more comfortable travel experience due to the advanced technology implemented in these trains.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{static row numbers}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-numbers-center&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 92%;&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Train name<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Train number<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Operator<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Halts<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Frequency<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Distance<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Travel time<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Speed<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Inaugural run<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}<br /> |- class=&quot;static-row-header&quot;<br /> ! Maximum<br /> ! Average<br /> |-<br /> |[[Darbhanga–Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express|Darbhanga–Anand Vihar Terminal]]<br /> |15557/15558<br /> |[[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]<br /> |18<br /> |Bi-weekly <br /> |{{convert|1137|km}}<br /> |20h 40m <br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|55|km/h}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |30 December 2023<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;PM&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=30 December 2023|access-date=31 December 2023|title=PM Modi flags off 2 new Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains during Ayodhya visit; check routes &amp; other details|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-narendra-modi-ayodhya-amrit-bharat-vande-bharat-trains-flag-off-full-list-of-new-routes-indian-railways/articleshow/106393567.cms?from=mdr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/anand-vihar-terminal-darbhanga-amrit-bharat-express-15558/217757/7322/1005|title=Darbhanga–Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=31 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Malda Town–SMVT Bengaluru Amrit Bharat Express|Malda Town–SMVT Bengaluru]]<br /> |13433/13434<br /> |[[Eastern Railway zone|ER]]<br /> |32<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|2272|km}}<br /> |45h 10m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|50|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;PM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/smvt-bengaluru-malda-town-amrit-bharat-express-13433/217756/12827/441|title=Malda Town–SMVT Bengaluru Amrit Bharat Express|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=31 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Saharsa Amrit Bharat Express|Mumbai LTT–Saharsa]]<br /> |11015/11016<br /> |[[Central Railway zone|CR]]<br /> |22<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1950|km}}<br /> |35h 50m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|54|km/h}}<br /> |24 April 2025<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 April 2025 |title=Saharsa to Mumbai 90 Minutes Faster: Bihar's Second Amrit Bharat Express to Cut Travel Time |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/bihar-to-mumbai-travel-time-cut-second-amrit-bharat-express-to-cut-travel-time-article-151457065 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Zainab |date=21 April 2025 |title=Amrit Bharat Express Train Launches New Route: Saharsa To Mumbai In Just 34 Hours |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mumbai/amrit-bharat-express-train-launches-new-route-saharsa-to-mumbai-in-just-34-hours-4129557.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajendra Nagar Terminal–New Delhi Amrit Bharat Express|Rajendra Nagar Terminal–New Delhi]]<br /> |22361/22362<br /> |[[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]<br /> |08<br /> |Daily<br /> |{{convert|999|km}}<br /> |16h 35m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|60|km/h}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |18 July 2025<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jaiswal |first=Arushi |date=16 July 2025 |title=Patna to Delhi in just 10 hours: New Amrit Bharat Express train to operate from July 20 {{!}} Check route, fare |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/patna-to-delhi-in-just-10-hours-new-amrit-bharat-express-train-to-operate-from-july-20-check-route-fare-2025-07-16-999082 |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=India TV News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=16 July 2025 |title=New Amrit Bharat Express to Connect Patna-Delhi and Darbhanga-Lucknow with Faster Travel Times |url=https://patnapress.com/amrit-bharat-patna-delhi-launch/ |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=Patna Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=15567/15568 बापूधाम मोतिहारी-आनन्द विहार टर्मिनल-बापूधाम मोतिहारी अमृत भारत द्वि-साप्ताहिक एक्सप्रेस का संचलन|url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=1&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=5129&amp;did=175290987893787D88E79DEF215A2951E14B53F22D40B|date=2025-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 July 2025|title=Malda Town to Lucknow Amrit Bharat Express train: Check travel time, ticket price, time table, stoppages|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/malda-lucknow-gomati-nagar-amrit-bharat-train-ticket-timetable-stoppages-10136846/lite/|access-date=21 July 2025|website=The Indian Express|language=en-UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Darbhanga–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow) Amrit Bharat Express|Darbhanga–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow)]]<br /> |15561/15562<br /> |[[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]<br /> |16<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|629|km}}<br /> |14h 35m<br /> |{{convert|110|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|43|km/h}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Malda Town–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow) Amrit Bharat Express|Malda Town–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow)]]<br /> |13435/13436<br /> |[[Eastern Railway zone|ER]]<br /> |23<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|948|km}}<br /> |20h 15m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|47|km/h}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bapudham Motihari – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express|Bapudham Motihari–Anand Vihar Terminal]]<br /> |15567/15568<br /> |[[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]<br /> |16<br /> |Bi-weekly<br /> |{{convert|978|km}}<br /> |22h 10m<br /> |{{convert|110|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|44|km/h}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sitamarhi–Delhi Junction Amrit Bharat Express|Sitamarhi–Delhi Junction]]<br /> |14047/14048<br /> |[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]<br /> |14<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1049|km}}<br /> |24h 25m<br /> |{{convert|110|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|43|km/h}}<br /> |09 August 2025<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/delhi-sitamarhi-amrit-bharat-express-to-be-flagged-off-by-amit-shah-today-check-timings-routes-here-2025-08-08-1002572|title=Delhi-Sitamarhi Amrit Bharat Express to be flagged off by Amit Shah today|work=India TV News|date=8 August 2025 |accessdate=8 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Gaya–Delhi Junction Amrit Bharat Express|Gaya–Delhi Junction]]<br /> |13697/13698<br /> |[[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]<br /> |09<br /> |Bi-weekly<br /> |{{convert|986|km}}<br /> |18h 55m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|52|km/h}}<br /> |22 August 2025<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gaya-delhi-amrit-bharat-express-inaugural-run-on-aug-22/articleshow/123388905.cms|title=Gaya-Delhi Amrit Bharat Express inaugural run on Aug 22|work=Times of India|date=19 August 2025 |accessdate=20 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Erode–Jogbani Amrit Bharat Express|Erode–Jogbani]]<br /> |16601/16602<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |50<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|3129|km}}<br /> |58h 50m<br /> |{{convert|110|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|53|km/h}}<br /> |rowspan=2|15 September 2025<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/southern-railways-first-amrit-bharat-express-to-run-between-erode-and-bihars-jogbani-846134 |title=Southern Railway's first Amrit Bharat Express to run between Erode and Bihar's Jogbani|accessdate=10 September 2025|work=DT Next|date=10 September 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-10 |title=Southern Railway to operate first Amrit Bharat Express in TN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-railway-to-operate-first-amrit-bharat-express-in-tn/articleshow/123793631.cms |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erode – Jogbani Amrit Bharat Express/16601 Time Table/Schedule: Erode to Jogbani SR/Southern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/erode-jogbani-amrit-bharat-express-16601/274321/39/3089 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Saharsa–Chheharta (Amritsar) Amrit Bharat Express|Saharsa–Chheharta (Amritsar)]]<br /> |14627/14628<br /> |[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]<br /> |34<br /> |Weekly <br /> |{{convert|1571|km}}<br /> |38h 20m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|47|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=14627/Saharsa – Chheharta (Amritsar) Amrit Bharat Express – Saharsa to Chheharta NR/Northern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/274498|accessdate=12 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Udhna (Surat)–Brahmapur Amrit Bharat Express|Udhna (Surat)–Brahmapur]]<br /> |19021/19022<br /> |[[Western Railway zone|WR]]<br /> |30<br /> |Tri-Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1710|km}}<br /> |30h 45m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|56|km/h}}<br /> |27 September 2025<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=HTimes |first=PTI |date=24 September 2025 |title=PM Modi to flag off Amrit Bharat Express between Odisha and Gujarat on September 27 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-flag-off-amrit-bharat-express-between-odisha-and-gujarat-on-september-27-101758729608711.html |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chhapra–Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express|Chhapra–Anand Vihar Terminal]]<br /> |15133/15134<br /> |[[North Eastern Railway zone|NER]]<br /> |18<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|949|km}}<br /> |24h 10m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|39|km/h}}<br /> |rowspan=3|29 September 2025<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=15133/Chhapra – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express – Chhapra to Anand Vihar Terminal NER/North Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/274670|accessdate=12 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Madar (Ajmer)–Darbhanga Amrit Bharat Express|[Madar (Ajmer)–Darbhanga]]<br /> |19623/19624<br /> |[[North Western Railway zone|NWR]]<br /> |30<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1710|km}}<br /> |30h 45m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|56|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pocket-friendly Vande Bharat alternative: Bihar to get new Amrit Bharat Express connecting Darbhanga with Ajmer|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/amrit-bharat-express-bihar-rajasthan-abj9x79w|work=Mathrubhumi (English)|date=23 September 2025|access-date=27 September 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muzaffarpur–Charlapalli Amrit Bharat Express|Muzaffarpur–Charlapalli]]<br /> |15293/15294<br /> |[[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]<br /> |23<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1889|km}}<br /> |37h 10m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|56|km/h}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Dheeraj |title=Bihar: Two new Amrit Bharat trains before poll code |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-two-new-amrit-bharat-trains-before-poll-code-10260392/ |website=The Indian Express |date=20 September 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nagercoil–New Jalpaiguri Amrit Bharat Express|Nagercoil–New Jalpaiguri]]<br /> |20604/20603<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |45<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|3102|km}}<br /> |54h 0m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|57|km/h}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |17 January 2026<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Flags Off 4 New Amrit Bharat Trains From West Bengal's Malda; Check Routes &amp; Key Features |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/pm-modi-flags-off-4-new-amrit-bharat-trains-from-west-bengals-malda-check-routes-key-features |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Panvel–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express|Panvel–Alipurduar]]<br /> |11031/11032<br /> |[[Central Railway zone|CR]]<br /> |34<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|2355|km}}<br /> |50h 0m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|47|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharan |first=Prabhat |title=11031/Panvel – Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express – Panvel to Alipur Duar CR/Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-panvel-alipurduar-amrit-bharat-express-11031/287880/1250/449 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharan |first=Prabhat |title=11032/Alipurduar – Panvel Amrit Bharat Express – Alipur Duar to Panvel CR/Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-alipurduar-panvel-amrit-bharat-express-11032/287882/449/1250 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tiruchchirappalli–New Jalpaiguri Amrit Bharat Express|Tiruchchirappalli–New Jalpaiguri]]<br /> |20610/20609<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |40<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|2622|km}}<br /> |47h 15m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|56|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-01-09 |title=Tiruchi–New Jalpaiguri Amrit Bharat Express gets Railway Board nod |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tiruchi-new-jalpaiguri-amrit-bharat-express-gets-railway-board-nod/article70490695.ece |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express|SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar]]<br /> |16597/16598<br /> |[[South Western Railway zone|SWR]]<br /> |44<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|2626|km}}<br /> |49h 35m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|53|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-01-10 |title=Bengaluru to get 3 more trains to West Bengal, including Amrit Bharat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-to-get-3-more-trains-to-west-bengal-including-amrit-bharat/articleshow/126442241.cms |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kamakhya–Rohtak Amrit Bharat Express|Kamakhya–Rohtak]]<br /> |15671/15672<br /> |[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]]<br /> |30<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1940|km}}<br /> |40h 45m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|48|km/h}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |18 January 2026<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=रोहतक को मिली नई रेल की सौगात, अब सप्ताह में एक दिन कामाख्या तक चलेगी अमृत भारत एक्सप्रेस |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/rohtak-rohtak-gets-a-new-rail-gift-amrit-bharat-express-will-run-to-kamakhya-once-a-week-as-a-direct-train-40103905.html |website=www.jagaran.com}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web|title=प्रयागराज को मिली दो अमृत भारत की मिली सौगात, पूर्वोत्तर की राह आसान|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-relief-for-prayagraj-rail-passengers-introduction-of-amrit-bharat-express-trains-201768195383785.html|website=livehindustan.com}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dibrugarh–Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express|Dibrugarh–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow)]]<br /> |15949/15950<br /> |[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]]<br /> |42<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1755|km}}<br /> |40h 30m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|43|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15949/Dibrugarh – Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express – Dibrugarh to Lucknow NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-gomti-nagar-amrit-bharat-express-15949/288036/7288/908 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15950/Gomti Nagar – Dibrugarh Amrit Bharat Express – Lucknow to Dibrugarh NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-gomti-nagar-dibrugarh-amrit-bharat-express-15950/288037/908/7288 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tambaram–Santragachi Amrit Bharat Express|Tambaram–Santragachi]]<br /> |16107/16108<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |28<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1668|km}}<br /> |28h 45m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|58|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-01-10 |title=தமிழகம்-மேற்கு வங்கம் இடையே 3 அம்ரித் பாரத் ரெயில்களை இயக்க ஒப்புதல் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/approval-to-operate-3-amrit-bharat-trains-between-tamil-nadu-and-west-bengal-1199505 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ||[[Howrah–Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express|Howrah–Anand Vihar Terminal]]<br /> |13065/13066<br /> |[[Eastern Railway zone|ER]]<br /> |27<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1440|km}}<br /> |27h 40m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|52|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=13065/Howrah – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express – Howrah to Anand Vihar Terminal ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-howrah-anand-vihar-terminal-amrit-bharat-express-13065/287965/1/7322 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=13066/Anand Vihar Terminal – Howrah Amrit Bharat Express – Anand Vihar Terminal to Howrah ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-anand-vihar-terminal-howrah-amrit-bharat-express-13066/287967/7322/1 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Banaras–Sealdah Amrit Bharat Express|Banaras–Sealdah]]<br /> |22587/22588<br /> |[[North Eastern Railway zone|NER]]<br /> |8<br /> |Tri-Weekly<br /> |{{convert|772|km}}<br /> |11h 50m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|65|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fan |first=Rail |title=22587/Sealdah – Banaras Amrit Bharat Express – Sealdah to Banaras NER/North Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-banaras-amrit-bharat-express-22587/287947/325/12892 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fan |first=Rail |title=22588/Banaras – Sealdah Amrit Bharat Express – Banaras to Sealdah NER/North Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-banaras-sealdah-amrit-bharat-express-22588/287945/12892/325 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tambaram – Thiruvananthapuram Central Amrit Bharat Express|Tambaram–Thiruvananthapuram Central]]<br /> |16121/16122<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |17<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|768|km}}<br /> |14h 30m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|53|km/h}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |23 January 2026<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vikas |title=16121/Tambaram – Thiruvananthapuram Central Amrit Bharat Express – Tambaram to Trivandrum SR/Southern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-tambaram-thiruvananthapuram-central-amrit-bharat-express-16121/289182/780/59 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vikas |title=16122/Thiruvananthapuram Central – Tambaram Amrit Bharat Express – Trivandrum to Tambaram SR/Southern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-thiruvananthapuram-central-tambaram-amrit-bharat-express-16122/289184/59/780 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nagercoil Junction–Mangaluru Junction Amrit Bharat Express|Nagercoil–Mangaluru]]<br /> |16329/16330<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |21<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|693|km}}<br /> |17h 20m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|40|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=16329/Nagercoil – Mangaluru Amrit Bharat Express – Nagercoil to Mangalore SR/Southern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-nagercoil-mangaluru-amrit-bharat-express-16329/289178/801/2931 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=16330/Mangaluru – Nagercoil Amrit Bharat Express – Mangalore to Nagercoil SR/Southern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mangaluru-nagercoil-amrit-bharat-express-16330/289180/2931/801 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Charlapalli – Thiruvananthapuram North Amrit Bharat Express|Charlapalli–Thiruvananthapuram North]]<br /> |17041/17042<br /> |[[South Central Railway zone|SCR]]<br /> |31<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1488|km}}<br /> |31h 30m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|47|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=17041/Charlapalli – Thiruvananthapuram North Amrit Bharat Express – Charlapalli to Kochuveli SCR/South Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-charlapalli-thiruvananthapuram-north-amrit-bharat-express-17041/289186/2257/1009 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=17042/Thiruvananthapuram North – Charlapalli Amrit Bharat Express – Kochuveli to Charlapalli SCR/South Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-thiruvananthapuram-north-charlapalli-amrit-bharat-express-17042/289187/1009/2257 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Podanur–Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express|Podanur–Dhanbad]]<br /> |16619/16620<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |34<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|2182|km}}<br /> |45h 45m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|48|km/h}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |11 March 2026<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM Modi To Flag Off Podanur–Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express, 35 Stops Planned |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/pm-modi-to-flag-off-podanur-dhanbad-amrit-bharat-express-35-stops-planned-10302799 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The Daily Jagran |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nagercoil–Charlapalli Amrit Bharat Express|Nagercoil–Charlapalli]]<br /> |16357/16358<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |30<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1412|km}}<br /> |28h 35m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|49|km/h}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-03-10 |title=New Amrit Bharat Express trains to link Cherlapalli with Nagercoil, Kamakhya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/new-amrit-bharat-express-trains-to-link-cherlapalli-with-nagercoil-kamakhya/article70726763.ece |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kamakhya–Charlapalli Amrit Bharat Express|Kamakhya–Charlapalli]]<br /> |15673/15674<br /> |[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]]<br /> |43<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|2472|km}}<br /> |43h 20m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|49|km/h}}<br /> | 13 March 2026<br /> |&lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2026-03-10 |title=New Amrit Bharat Express to link Telangana with Assam from March 13 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/new-amrit-bharat-express-to-link-telangana-with-assam-from-march-13 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Charlapalli–Shalimar Amrit Bharat Express|Charlapalli–Shalimar]]<br /> |17065/17066<br /> |[[South Central Railway zone|SCR]]<br /> |24<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1546|km}}<br /> |28h 5m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|55|km/h}}<br /> | 7 April 2026<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=17065/Charlapalli – Shalimar Amrit Bharat Express – Charlapalli to Kolkata SCR/South Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-charlapalli-shalimar-amrit-bharat-express-17065/293248/2257/1913 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ||[[Banaras–Hadapsar (Pune) Amrit Bharat Express|Banaras–Hadapsar (Pune)]]<br /> |22589/22590<br /> |[[North Eastern Railway zone|NER]]<br /> |20<br /> |Daily<br /> |{{convert|1710|km}}<br /> |29h 55m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|57|km/h}}<br /> |2 May 2026 <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Amrish Kumar |date=24 April 2026 |title=वाराणसी, प्रयागराज और अयोध्या को तोहफा, मुंबई और पुणे के लिए 2 ट्रेनों को हरी झंडी, पीएम मोदी करेंगे उद्घाटन |url=https://ndtv.in/india/banaras-hadapsar-amrit-bharat-express-train-route-and-ayodhya-mumbai-amrit-bharat-express-train-launch-by-pm-modi-11401841 |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=NDTV India |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=[[Ministry of Railways]] |title=Connecting the City of Dreams to the City of Maryada Purushottam: Mumbai LTT – Ayodhya Cantt Amrit Bharat Express flagged off |url=https://x.com/RailMinIndia/status/1741029194244510166 |website=[[X (social network)|X]]|date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Ayodhya Cantonment Amrit Bharat Express|Mumbai LTT–Ayodhya Cantt.]]<br /> |22111/22112 <br /> |[[Central Railway zone|CR]]<br /> |14<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1500|km}}<br /> |26h 20m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|57|km/h}}<br /> |3 May 2026<br /> '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |-<br /> |[[New Jalpaiguri–Amritsar Amrit Bharat Express|New Jalpaiguri–Amritsar]]<br /> |14663/14664<br /> |[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]]<br /> |23 '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |Weekly<br /> |{{convert|1778|km}}<br /> |42h 15m<br /> |{{convert|130|km/h}}<br /> |{{convert|42|km/h}}<br /> |'''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Sam |title=14663/New Jalpaiguri – Amritsar Amrit Bharat Express – New Jalpaiguri to Amritsar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-amritsar-amrit-bharat-express-14663/293254/444/344 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Tambaram–Mangaluru<br /> |'''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]<br /> |'''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |Weekly<br /> |'''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |'''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |'''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |'''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |'''''(TBC)'''''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Technology==<br /> The train uses a semi-permanent coupler which is used to negate the effect of jerks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Watch: Inside Look Of Amrit Bharat Train Inaugurated By PM Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-inside-look-of-amrit-bharat-train-ahead-of-inauguration-by-pm-modi-4768491 |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en |quote=The train is equipped with latest technology to ensure a jerk-free journey, said railways officials. &quot;The Amrit Bharat trains have a special type of coupler called semi-permanent coupler which negates jerk effect.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Express trains in India#Superfast|Superfast Express trains in India]]<br /> * Amrit Bharat AC Express <br /> * [[Vande Bharat Sleeper Express]]<br /> * [[Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> * [[Namo Bharat Rapid Rail]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commonscatinline}}<br /> {{Navboxes|list=<br /> {{Amrit Bharat Express}}<br /> {{Indian Railways}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> [[Category:Higher-speed rail]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2023]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miraj_Junction%E2%80%93Hazrat_Nizamuddin_Darshan_Superfast_Express&diff=517790 2026-04-30T22:54:03Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: made a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | color = DD0080<br /> | name = Miraj Junction – Hazrat Nizamuddin&lt;br&gt;''AC Darshan Superfast Express''<br /> | image = File:Darshan-pune@jpg.jpg<br /> | caption = Miraj-Hazrat Nizamuddin Darshan Superfast Express standing at Pune Junction.<br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | first = * {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|05|24}} (Inaugural)<br /> * {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|08|04}} (extended upto {{rws|Miraj Junction}})<br /> | last = <br /> | operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br /> | ridership = <br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}} (MRJ)<br /> | stops = 13<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)<br /> | distance = {{convert|1790|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 25 hours 55 minutes<br /> | frequency = Weekly.<br /> | class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = Available<br /> | observation = Large windows<br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = Available<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br /> | electrification = Yes<br /> | trainnumber = 12493 / 12494<br /> | speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, &lt;br/&gt;{{convert|77|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = <br /> | map_state = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 12493 / 12494 '''Miraj–Hazrat Nizamuddin Darshan Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} in India.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-suresh-prabhu-inaugurates-5-new-railway-related-activities-launches-7-pairs-of-express-trains-2215683], ''dnaindia.com'', 23 May 2016&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It operates as train number 12493 from Miraj Junction to Hazrat Nizamuddin and as train number 12494 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] &amp; [[Delhi]].<br /> <br /> ==Coaches==<br /> <br /> 12493/12494 Miraj–Hazrat Nizamuddin Darshan Express has 2 Sleeper, 10 AC 3 tier, 6 AC 2 Tier, 1 AC First Class &amp; 2 End on Generator Coaches. It carries a [[pantry car]].<br /> <br /> An additional benefit of Extension to Miraj aided two additional Sleeper class Coaches and 4 general coaches permanently augmented in the trainset to overcome increased occupancy post extension.<br /> <br /> As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br /> <br /> The train used to run with [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]] coaches of [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]. Now the train runs with the new and Modern [[LHB coach]] coaches.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| Loco<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 1<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 2<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 3<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 4<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 5<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 6<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 7<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 8<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 9<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 10<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 11<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 12<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 13<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 14<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 15<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 16<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 17<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 18<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 19<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 20<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 21<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 22<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 23<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:magenta;&quot;| 24<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||Gen||Gen||S2||S1||B9||B8||B7||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||PC||A5||A4||A3||A2||A1||H1||Gen||Gen||EOG<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * EOG consists of luggage and generator coach<br /> * S consists of sleeper coaches.<br /> * B consists of AC 3 Tier coach<br /> * PC consists of pantry car coach<br /> * A consists of AC 2 Tier coach<br /> * H consists of first-class AC coach<br /> * Gen consists of general coaches<br /> <br /> ==Service==<br /> <br /> 12493 Miraj Junction–Hazrat Nizamuddin Darshan Express covers the distance of {{convert|1790|km|0|abbr=on}} in 25 hours 55 minutes (77.00&amp;nbsp;km/h) and in 24 hours 45 mins as 12494 Hazrat Nizamuddin–Miraj Junction Darshan Express (73.00&amp;nbsp;km/h).<br /> <br /> As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge. The train has maximum speed of 130 kmph.<br /> <br /> * During Miraj - Goa Meter gauge line. Goa Express use to run from Vasco to Miraj on daily basis. And a linking train Miraj - Hazrat Nizamuddin Express well known as 'Super' was operational with Primary Maintenance at Miraj.<br /> <br /> * Post Gauge Conversion of Vasco Miraj line, both the trains were cancelled &amp; Goa SF Exp to Hazrat Nizamuddin was introduced with revised timings. <br /> <br /> * The train created a joint connectivity between the three stations but there was still a demand to revive Miraj - Hazrat Nizamuddin dedicated train to meet the unwavering demand of passengers from the Station.<br /> <br /> * Darshan Express was initially made operational between Pune &amp; Hz Nizamuddin citing single line constrains of Pune Miraj Section.<br /> <br /> * Post Doubling &amp; Electrification of Pune Miraj Line. As planned Darshan express was extended to Miraj for its first run on 21st of August 2023.<br /> <br /> * Currently the train halts at Jejuri, Satara, Karad &amp; Sangli on its route to Miraj.<br /> The train is primarily maintained at Delhi.<br /> <br /> ==Routing==<br /> <br /> The 12493/12494 Miraj–Hazrat Nizamuddin DarshanExpress runs from Miraj Junction via {{rws|Sangli}}, {{rws|Satara}}, {{rws|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}, {{stnlnk|Vapi}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}} to [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traction==<br /> <br /> As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] or [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train up to its destination.<br /> <br /> ==Operation==<br /> <br /> * 12493 Miraj–Hazrat Nizamuddin Darshan Express leaves Miraj Junction every Sunday &amp; arriving Hazrat Nizamuddin the next day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=3262&amp;did=1464092805847EFF4674258DB5980B3259E9D3D8B2CC5.web9|publisher=Western Railways|date=26 May 2016|title=Western Railway }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 12494 Hazrat Nizamuddin–Miraj Darshan Express leaves Hazrat Nizamuddin every Friday &amp; arriving Miraj the next day.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=145559], ''pib.nic.in'', 23 May 2016&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-hazrat-nizamuddin-ac-sf-express-12493/23219/76/748 12493 AC Express] at India Rail Info<br /> *[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/hazrat-nizamuddin-pune-ac-sf-express-12494/23220/748/76 12494 AC Express] at India Rail Info<br /> *[https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Darshan_Express.jpg Darsh]<br /> <br /> [https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Darshan_Express.jpg an Express] route Map.<br /> <br /> {{AC Express}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pune-Hazrat Nizamuddin AC Superfast Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Pune]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:AC Express (Indian Railways) trains]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]<br /> [[Category:Superfast Express trains]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dholpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=496881 2026-04-25T04:21:17Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Dholpur<br /> | map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-79-Dholpur.svg<br /> | mla = [[Shobha Rani Kushwaha]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | district = [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli–Dholpur]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:223263}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 79<br /> }}<br /> '''Dholpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ceomap&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is in [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]] district and is a segment of the [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br /> | Gopal Bhargava<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | Bahadur Singh<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=3| [[Banwari Lal Sharma]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | Jagdish Singh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[Banwari Lal Sharma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | [[Vasundhara Raje]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> | [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> | [[Banwari Lal Sharma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> | Shiv Ram<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> | rowspan=3| [[Banwari Lal Sharma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 (by-poll)<br /> | rowspan=3|[[Shobha Rani Kushwaha]]&lt;ref name=election2018/&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dholpur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Shobharani Kushwah<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:69724}}<br /> |percentage = 39.97<br /> |change = +7.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Ritesh Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:52935}}<br /> |percentage = 30.34<br /> |change = +15.89<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Shivcharan Singh Kushwaha<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:45637}}<br /> |percentage = 26.16<br /> |change = -19.63<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)<br /> |candidate = Nasiruddin Khan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1822}}<br /> |percentage = 1.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1430}}<br /> |percentage = 0.82<br /> |change = -0.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:16789}}<br /> |percentage = 9.63<br /> |change = -3.53<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:174458}}<br /> |percentage = 78.14<br /> |change = +5.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dholpur&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Shobha Rani Kushwaha]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:67349}}<br /> |percentage = 45.79<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Dr. Shiv Charan Singh Kushawah<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:47989}}<br /> |percentage = 32.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Kishan Chand Sharma<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:21253}}<br /> |percentage = 14.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Chand Prakash Sharma Urf C.P. Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6244}}<br /> |percentage = 4.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1335}}<br /> |percentage = 0.91<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:19360}}<br /> |percentage = 13.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:147092}}<br /> |percentage = 72.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2017===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=By-election, 2017: Dholpur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Shobha Rani Kushwaha]]<br /> |votes = 91,548<br /> |percentage = 62.19<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Banwari Lal Sharma<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 52,875<br /> |percentage = 35.92<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Harvilash Jatav<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 919<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | <br /> |votes = 38,673<br /> |percentage = 26.09<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | <br /> |votes = 1,48,250<br /> |percentage = 77.20<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2013===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dholpur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = B L Kushwah<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 49,892<br /> |percentage = 37.86<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Banwari Lal Sharma<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 40,683<br /> |percentage = 30.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Abdul Sagir Khan<br /> |votes = 35,351<br /> |percentage = 26.89<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | <br /> |votes = 9,209<br /> |percentage = 6.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | <br /> |votes = 1,31,990<br /> |percentage = 81.34<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dholpur&lt;ref name=&quot;eci1985&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3389-rajasthan-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=Election Commission of India<br /> |page=234}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 49,174<br /> |percentage = 62.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Banwari Lal<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 26,494<br /> |percentage = 33.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Hukam Singh<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 1,225<br /> |percentage = 1.56<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Munna<br /> |party = ICJ<br /> |votes = 905<br /> |percentage = 1.15<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Shyam Lal<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 522<br /> |percentage = 0.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |candidate = Latoori<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 345<br /> |percentage = 0.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | <br /> |votes = 22,680<br /> |percentage = 28.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | <br /> |votes = 78,665<br /> |percentage = 72.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> *[[Dholpur district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|26.7|77.88|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Dholpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satrucharla_Vijaya_Rama_Raju&diff=533506 2026-04-24T19:33:10Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added new data v1.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Satrucharla Vijaya Rama Raju<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | constituency = [[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram]]<br /> | predecessor = Vyricherla Pradeep Kumar Dev<br /> | successor = [[D. V. G. Sankara Rao]]<br /> | term_start = 1998<br /> | term_end = 1999<br /> | constituency1 = [[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Kishore Chandra Deo|Vyricherla Kishore Chandra Deo]]<br /> | successor1 = Vyricherla Pradeep Kumar Dev<br /> | term_start1 = 1989<br /> | term_end1 = 1996<br /> | party = <br /> }}<br /> '''Satrucharla Vijaya Rama Raju''' Zamindar of China Merangi samsthan (Chinamerangi Fort) (born 4 August 1948, in Chinamerangi, [[Vizianagaram district]], Andhra Pradesh) is a MLC of [[Telugu Desam Party]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He served as member of the [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. He was elected to 9th, 10th and 12th Lok Sabha. And he also served as forest minister in Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3405.htm |title=Members Bioprofile -|access-date= 26 December 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as the [[Cabinet minister|Cabinet Minister]] of Andhra Pradesh in the [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|YS Raja Sekhar Reddy]] Cabinet (Congress Government).<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Setrucharla, Vijaya Ramaraju}}<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]<br /> [[Category:1948 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]<br /> [[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]<br /> <br /> {{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moodar_Koodam&diff=518398 2026-04-24T14:03:21Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: made entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Naveen}}<br /> {{More plot|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Moodar Koodam.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]]<br /> | producer = Naveen<br /> | writer = Naveen<br /> | starring = [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sendrayan]]&lt;br /&gt;Kuberan&lt;br /&gt;[[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaj]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Oviya]]<br /> | music = [[Natarajan Sankaran]]<br /> | cinematography = Tony Chan<br /> | editing = Athiyappan Siva<br /> | studio = [[Naveen (director)|White Shadows Productions]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pandiraj|Pasanga Productions]]<br /> | released = {{film date|2013|9|13|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 155 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Moodar Koodam''''' ({{translation|''Fools Gathering''}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action comedy film]] written, produced and directed by [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]]. The film stars the director himself alongside [[Sendrayan]], Kuberan, and [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaj]] in lead roles. [[Oviya]], [[Anupama Kumar]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Five Star Krishna]], and [[Uday Mahesh]] play other pivotal roles. The film was produced by director Naveen himself under the &quot;White Shadows Productions&quot; banner with [[Pandiraj]] through his Pasanga Productions. The music is by [[Natarajan Sankaran]]. The film was released on 13 September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=September 4, 2013 |title='Moodar Koodam' confirmed on Sep 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/moodar-koodam-confirmed-on-sep-13/articleshow/22280990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260424100430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/moodar-koodam-confirmed-on-sep-13/articleshow/22280990.cms |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Naveen, Sendrayan, Kuberan, and Vellaichami aka White are four men who are trapped in a cycle of poverty. The story begins with a meeting between them in a police station where they are held in connection with a theft case. Disillusioned with society and their place in it, they plan to burgle the mansion of White's treacherous uncle Bhaktavatsalam, whom they believe has left town with his family to go on a pilgrimage. Instead, as the four men plan to break into Bhaktavatsalam's residence, they discover that the family is still inside the house. Thereafter, the criminals take Bhaktavatsalam and his entire family hostage. What follows is a bizarre and comical hostage situation. At one point, the home intruders even force their hostages, including Bhaktavatsalam, his wife Mandothari, and his grown daughter, Karpagavalli to stand upside down on their heads. Soon, a variety of characters congregate to the house, and the four bandits get involved in a quagmire involving moneylenders, enforcers and the mafia.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]] as Naveen<br /> * [[Sendrayan]] as Sendrayan<br /> * Kuberan as Kuberan<br /> * [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaj]] as Vellaichami (White)<br /> * [[Oviya]] as Karpagavalli &quot;Kapuli&quot;<br /> * [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Bhaktavatsalam<br /> * [[Anupama Kumar]] as Mandothari<br /> * [[Uday Mahesh]] as Salim Bhai<br /> * [[Five Star Krishna]] as Naaikaran<br /> * Sindhu Naveen as Farzana<br /> * Baskar as Thakali<br /> * Sanjeevee as Auto Kumar<br /> * Sabeesh as Sabeesh<br /> * Manasa as Subiksha<br /> * Winco Prakash as Kilavar<br /> * Bobby Tejay as Miles<br /> * Aadhira as Veetu Velaikkarar<br /> * Raja Rishi as Vakka<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> Music was composed by newcomer [[Natarajan Sankaran]]. It includes a recreated version of the song &quot;Neeyum Bommai&quot; from ''[[Bommai (1964 film)|Bommai]]'' (1964).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2013-06-01 |title=Audio Beat: Moodar Koodam – Yesudas returns to sing 'Neeyum Bommai' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-moodar-koodam-yesudas-returns-to-sing-neeyum-bommai/article4772160.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123161421/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-moodar-koodam-yesudas-returns-to-sing-neeyum-bommai/article4772160.ece |archive-date=23 November 2025 |access-date=2013-08-28 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The audio launch was held on 29 April 2013 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 April 2013 |title='Moodar Koodam' audio launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/moodar-koodam-audio-launched-news-tamil-ne4p6cgiibb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503232436/http://www.sify.com/movies/moodar-koodam-audio-launched-news-tamil-ne4p6cgiibb.html |archive-date=2013-05-03 |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * &quot;ABCD Ungappan&quot; – Sricharan, Raginisri, [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]]<br /> * &quot;Achamillai&quot; – [[S. P. B. Charan]]<br /> * &quot;Autokumar&quot; – [[Natarajan Sankaran]]<br /> * &quot;Idhu Nalla Naai&quot; – [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]]<br /> * &quot;Kannodu Kangal&quot; – [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br /> * &quot;Moodar Koodam Theme&quot;<br /> * &quot;Neeyum Bommai&quot; – [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> * &quot;Nila Odi Va&quot; – Subhiksha Rich Ray<br /> * &quot;Oru Oorula&quot; – [[S. P. B. Charan]]<br /> * &quot;Vela Vetti&quot; – [[Naresh Iyer]]<br /> ==Critical reception==<br /> ''[[Cinema Vikatan]]'' has given a highly positive feedback (50/100). Many things like cast, dialogue etc. were highly appreciated. The review also quoted that black-humour is very rare in Tamil cinema and the director was appreciated specially for his attempt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 September 2013 |title=மூடர்கூடம் - சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=http://cinema.vikatan.com/articles/news/12/2328 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922005023/http://cinema.vikatan.com/articles/news/12/2328 |archive-date=22 September 2013 |access-date=13 April 2017 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote: &quot; With snappy visuals, hyper-kinetic editing, this is a dark comedy influenced by world cinema while still being rooted to local values&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=Sep 14, 2013 |title=Moodar Koodam Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Moodar-Koodam/movie-review/22572603.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429013724/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Moodar-Koodam/movie-review/22572603.cms |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=13 April 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote: &quot;Comedy and satire are beautifully interwoven in Moodar Koodam with excellent support from all the cast. The only negative in the film is the number of characters and incidents incorporated into the film, creating an overdose of everything&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Review: Moodar Koodam is hilarious |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-moodar-koodam-is-hilarious/20130913.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916004339/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-moodar-koodam-is-hilarious/20130913.htm |archive-date=16 September 2013 |access-date=13 April 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', &quot;A genuinely scripted comedy, there are moments that are genuinely funny. His next film will be awaited with much interest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=14 September 2013 |title=Moodar Koodam: A confederacy of dunces |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/moodar-koodam-a-confederacy-of-dunces/article5128701.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128151058/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/moodar-koodam-a-confederacy-of-dunces/article5128701.ece |archive-date=28 November 2025 |access-date=13 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> The film won the Best Dialogues award at the [[8th Vijay Awards]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-07-08 |title=8th Annual Vijay Awards a grand success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/8th-Annual-Vijay-Awards-a-grand-success/articleshow/37960678.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260424100417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/8th-Annual-Vijay-Awards-a-grand-success/articleshow/37960678.cms |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was nominated in two other categories: Best Debut Director and Best Screenplay.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 black comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 crime comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language crime comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidhu_Prathap_discography&diff=544274 2026-04-24T06:46:34Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added basic post needs work</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Vidhu Prathap]]''' is an Indian playback singer. Renowned for his voice, he has lent his vocals to over 100 film songs, predominantly in [[Malayalam]] cinema, as well as in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vidhu Prathap {{!}} Music Department, Actor, Soundtrack |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1620122/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vidhu Prathap |url=https://events.sulekha.com/vidhu-prathap_tickets_artist_2287 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=events.sulekha.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==As playback singer==<br /> ===2000s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> <br /> !Year<br /> !Song Title<br /> !Film<br /> !Co-Singer(s)<br /> !Music Director/Composer<br /> !Notes<br /> !{{refh}}&lt;ref name=MSI&gt;{{cite web |title=MSI Database Songs Listing: Vidhu Prathap |url=https://en.msidb.org/songs.php?singers=Vidhu%20Prathap&amp;singtype=solo&amp;tag=Search&amp;limit=84&amp;sortorder=1&amp;sorttype=1 |website=en.msidb.org |publisher=MSI |access-date=12 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AllMusic&gt;{{cite web |title=Vidhu Prathap: Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio &amp; More |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/vidhu-prathap-mn0002554046#songs |website=www.allmusic.com |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=12 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |2002<br /> |&quot;Vaaleduthal&quot;<br /> |''[[Meesa Madhavan]]''<br /> |[[Anuradha Sriram]]<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |2003<br /> |&quot;Gujarathi&quot;<br /> |''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]''<br /> |[[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]]<br /> |[[Berny–Ignatius]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2004<br /> |&quot;Kakothi Kavile&quot;<br /> |''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]''<br /> |[[M. G. Sreekumar]]<br /> |[[Alex Paul]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Nadiye Nile Nadiye&quot;<br /> |''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]''<br /> |[[Sujatha Mohan]]<br /> |[[Suresh Peters]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Nee Vaada&quot;<br /> |''[[Rasikan]]''<br /> |[[Biju Narayanan]]<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2005<br /> |&quot;Oridathorida&quot;<br /> |''[[Athbhutha Dweepu]]''<br /> |Jyotsna<br /> |[[M. Jayachandran]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Bunny Bunny&quot;<br /> |''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |Malayalam version<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Mayilin&quot;<br /> |''[[Pandippada]]''<br /> |[[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Afsal]]<br /> |[[Suresh Peters]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Kaatru Veliyidai&quot;<br /> |''[[Thanmathra]]''<br /> | Sheela Mani, Dr. Unnikrishnan, Sunil<br /> |[[Mohan Sithara]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007<br /> |&quot;Athishayan (Kuttappanmaaraya)&quot;<br /> |''[[Athisayan]]''<br /> |Balu<br /> |[[Alphons Joseph]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Mazha Manimukile&quot;<br /> |''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)]]''<br /> |[[Rimi Tomy]]<br /> |[[Alex Paul]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2008<br /> |&quot;Jerusalemile&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Lollipop (2008 film)|Lollipop]]''<br /> |[[Afsal]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Alex Paul]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Kannum Chimmi&quot;<br /> ||[[Rimi Tomy]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2009<br /> |&quot;Manjin Thullikal&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Magadheera|Dheera]]''<br /> |Akhila Anand<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Malayalam version of [[Magadheera]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panchasara Umma (Dheera [2011]) {{!}} പഞ്ചസാര ഉമ്മ (ധീര [2011]) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/s.php?192959&amp;cl=1 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Panchasara Umma&quot;<br /> |[[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Mohajaalakam&quot;<br /> |''[[Arya 2]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |Malayalam version<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Chattambinadu&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Chattambinaadu]]''<br /> |[[Ramesh Babu]], Reju Joseph<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Alex Paul]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Mukkuttichaanthaniyunne&quot;<br /> |[[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===2010s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> <br /> !Year<br /> !Song Title<br /> !Film<br /> !Co-Singer(s)<br /> !Music Director/Composer<br /> !Notes<br /> !{{refh}}&lt;ref name=MSI/&gt;&lt;ref name=AllMusic/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2010<br /> |&quot;Oh Rambho&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[In Ghost House Inn]]''<br /> |[[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Ramesh Babu]], Vipin Xavier<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Alex Paul]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Adavukal&quot;<br /> |M. G. Sreekumar, [[Afsal]], Anitha, Cochin Ibrahim, [[Rimi Tomy]], Sangeetha Prabhu, Sajini Anand, [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]], Sruthi Raj<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2012<br /> |&quot;Parijatha Pookkal&quot;<br /> |''[[Dracula 2012]]''<br /> |<br /> | Babith George Vimal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Veeshum Velichathile&quot;<br /> |''[[Eega|Eecha]]''<br /> |Sahithi<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |Malayalam Dubbed version of [[Eega]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Pattu Pattu&quot;<br /> |''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra:Kottayam Brothers]]''<br /> |[[Rimi Tomy]]<br /> |[[Alex Paul]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |2013<br /> |&quot;Cheru Cheru&quot;<br /> |''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]''<br /> |[[Afsal]], Sricharan<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |2015<br /> | &quot;Ullasa Gayike&quot;<br /> |''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]''<br /> |[[Shaan Rahman]], [[Remya Nambessan]]<br /> |[[Shaan Rahman]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-12-10 |title=Adi Kapyare's single-shot song! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/adi-kapyares-single-shot-song/articleshow/50106667.cms |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2017<br /> |&quot;Tappo Tappo Nenjil Thatti&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]''<br /> |<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Malayalam version<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Minna Minnipole&quot;<br /> |Durga Viswanath<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |2018<br /> |&quot;Ini Raave&quot;<br /> |''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Jakes Bejoy]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===2020s===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> <br /> !Year<br /> !Song Title<br /> !Film<br /> !Co-Singer(s)<br /> !Music Director/Composer<br /> !Notes<br /> !{{refh}}&lt;ref name=MSI/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |2020<br /> | &quot;Kattumundedye&quot;<br /> |''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Gopi Sundar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |2021<br /> |&quot;Ethetho Maunangal&quot;<br /> |''[[Cheraathukal]]''<br /> |[[Nithya Mammen]]<br /> | Shefin Mayan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm1620122|Vidhu Prathap}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Prathap, Vidhu}}<br /> [[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_College_of_Engineering&diff=542661 2026-04-23T23:45:08Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added new post first draft</p> <hr /> <div>'''University College of Engineering''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> * [[University College of Engineering, Arni]], Tamil Nadu, India<br /> * [[University College Of Engineering, Burla]], Odisha, India<br /> * [[University College of Engineering, Kakatiya University]], Telangana, India<br /> * [[University College of Engineering, Kanchipuram]], Tamil Nadu, India<br /> * [[University College of Engineering, Kariavattom]], Kerala, India<br /> * [[University College of Engineering, Nagercoil]], Tamil Nadu, India<br /> * [[University College of Engineering, Osmania University]], Telangana, India<br /> * [[University College of Engineering, Pattukkottai]], Tamil Nadu, India<br /> * University College of Engineering, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[UCE (disambiguation)]]<br /> <br /> {{School disambiguation}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandanavana&diff=520294 2026-04-21T12:54:54Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: made new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Nandanavana<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Karnataka--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluk]]<br /> | parts = [[Kundapura]]<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]] <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 1032<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | registration_plate =KA <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nandanavana''' is a village in the [[Byndoor]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kundapur: At long last, Byndoor officially becomes taluk, to comprise 26 villages |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=493771 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The village was previously part of the [[Kundapur]]a taluk but was transferred to Bydoor taluk in 2018. As of 2011, Nandanavana has a total population of 1032 people consisting of 552 male and 57 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 96.83 hecatres with a population density of 10.658 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 83.53% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.&lt;ref name=&quot;udupi-census&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2011, Nandanavana has an employment rate of over 39.34%, 56.65% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;udupi-census&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The village has a Government Lower Primary school.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-08-11 |title=26 houses damaged in Udupi district |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/26-houses-damaged-in-udupi-district/article28986251.ece |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Udupi]]<br /> * [[Kundapura]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Settlements in Udupi district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]<br /> <br /> {{Udupi-geo-stub}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratipada&diff=526554 2026-04-18T12:23:59Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Creating A Info Nd Citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|First day of the lunar fortnight in the Hindu calendar}}<br /> '''Pratipada''' ({{Langx|sa|प्रतिपदा|translit=Pratipadā}}) or '''Prathama''' ({{Langx|sa|प्रथमा|translit=Prathamā}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Manish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&amp;dq=pratipada+first+lunar+day&amp;pg=PA52-IA3 |title=Fasts and Festivals of India |date=2013 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-076-4 |pages=52 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the [[Sanskrit]] word for 'first', and is the first day in the lunar fortnight (''[[Paksha]]'') of the [[Hindu calendar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Selin |first=Helaine |author-link=Helaine Selin |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]] |date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2 |pages=1801 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each month has two Pratipada days, being the first day of the &quot;bright&quot; (''Shukla'') and of the &quot;dark&quot; (''Krishna'') fortnights respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding Shukla Paksha and Krishna Paksha: Significance and Differences |website=mPanchang |url=https://www.mpanchang.com/articles/astrology/difference-between-shukla-paksha-and-krishna-paksha/ |date=20 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pratipada occurs on the first and the fifteenth day of each month.<br /> <br /> ==Occasions==<br /> * [[Gudi Padwa]], the Marathi name for Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. It is celebrated on the first day of the [[Chaitra]] month to mark the beginning of the New Year according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar. This day is also the first day of Chaitra Navaratri and Ghatasthapana also known as Kalash Sthapana is done on this day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/mumbai-over-700-participate-in-gudi-padwa-celebration-at-goregaon|title = Mumbai: Over 700 participate in Gudi Padwa celebration at Goregaon}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Govardhan Puja]], a North Indian festival, occurs on Pratipada in the month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]].<br /> * [[Bali Pratipada]], a South Indian and Maharashtrian festival, also occurs on Pratipada in the month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]].<br /> * [[Ugadi]], the [[Kannada]]/[[Telugu language|Telugu]] name for Chaitra Shuddha Padyami. It is celebrated on the first day of the Chaitra month to mark the beginning of the New year according to the lunisolar Hindu Shalivahan Shaka calendar.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * {{anl|Dvitiya}}<br /> * {{anl|Lunar phase (Hinduism)}}<br /> <br /> {{Tithi}}<br /> {{hindu-stub}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu calendar]]<br /> [[Category:Days of the Hindu calendar|01]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jabalpur_East_Assembly_constituency&diff=504986 2026-04-14T03:55:58Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: creating a data...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Jabalpur East<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 97<br /> | map_image = 97-Jabalpur East.svg<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | mla = [[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Anchal Sonkar]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Jabalpur East''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;election2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&amp;constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Jabalpur district]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Kunjilal Dharamdas<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |[[Kunji Lal Dubey]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Krishna Awatar <br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Kailash Sonkar<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Maya Devi<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |[[Achhelal Sonkar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Mangal Parag<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Anchal Sonkar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |[[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |[[Anchal Sonkar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur East&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/mp/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 5 May 2024 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:95673}}<br /> |percentage = 55.35<br /> |change = -2.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Anchal Sonkar]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:67932}}<br /> |percentage = 39.3<br /> |change = +4.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Bal Kishan Choudhary<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4286}}<br /> |percentage = 2.48<br /> |change = -1.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Gajendra Sonker Gajju<br /> |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2584}}<br /> |percentage = 1.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1444}}<br /> |percentage = 0.84<br /> |change = -0.53<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:27741}}<br /> |percentage = 16.05<br /> |change = -6.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:172866}}<br /> |percentage = 69.76<br /> |change = +1.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabalpur East&lt;ref name=election2018 name=&quot;election2018-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:90206}}<br /> |percentage = 57.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Anchal Sonkar]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:55070}}<br /> |percentage = 35.19<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Bal Kishan Choudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5935}}<br /> |percentage = 3.79<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2148}}<br /> |percentage = 1.37<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:35136}}<br /> |percentage = 22.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:156504}}<br /> |percentage = 67.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coords|23.199|80.021|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Jabalpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Jabalpur]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deva_Varaprasad&diff=496389 2026-04-04T20:24:06Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Added A Page More To Come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Deva Varaprasad<br /> | office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly &lt;br&gt; Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start = 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | constituency = [[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]]<br /> | year = <br /> | party = [[Janasena Party]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Deva Varaprasad''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Janasena Party]]. He has been elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Razole Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Razole, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JSP's Deva Varaprasad with 95514 defeats YSRCP's Gollapalli Surya Rao |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/razole-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548234-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Razole Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/razole-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917251.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Varaprasad, Deva}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Tech_(India)&diff=491480 2026-04-02T08:01:20Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Creating Basic Details From Scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Largest technology companies in India}}<br /> '''Big Tech''' in India, also known as the '''Indian IT Giants''', are the largest companies in the [[Information technology in India|Indian information technology industry]]. The definition primarily includes [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[HCLTech]], and [[Wipro]], along with one or both of [[Cognizant]] and [[Tech Mahindra]]. They are referred to in the media as &quot;Big Six&quot; or &quot;Big Five&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;ecoti&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mint&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Investors know better when to buy or sell stocks of Big Five IT firms |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-top-newsletter/twichplus26102023.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt; and with [[acronyms]] such as TWITCH&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fersht |first1=Phil |last2=Fleming |first2=Reetika |last3=O'Brien |first3=Melissa |title=Tech Mahindra Becomes the New T in TWITCH |url=https://www.hfsresearch.com/research/tech-mahindra-becomes-new-t-twitch/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=HFS Research|date=1 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and WITCH.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The WITCH Report: 2020 Mid-Year Review |url=https://www.damoconsulting.net/2020/09/04/the-witch-report-2020-mid-year-review/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Damo Consulting}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Choudhary |first1=Lokesh |title=WITCH vs FAANG Saga to Continue in 2023 |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/witch-vs-faang-saga-to-continue-in-2023/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Analytics India Magazine |date=2 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The companies are among the dominant players in the [[global delivery model]], providing [[Information technology consulting|IT consulting]], [[outsourcing]] and [[Offshore custom software development|offshore software development]] to [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]] corporations and government entities. All six companies feature among the [[List of largest employers in India|20 largest employers in India]]. Five of them are part of the [[NIFTY 50]] benchmark index of most valuable publicly listed companies, while the sixth, Cognizant, is part of the [[Nasdaq-100]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> In the 2000s, [[Gartner]] coined the acronym SWITCH, to refer to the six largest Indian IT companies [[Satyam Computer Services|Satyam]], [[Wipro]], [[Infosys]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Cognizant]] and [[HCLTech|HCL]]. This acronym and the term &quot;Big Six&quot; subsequently found wide usage in [[Financial forecast|forecast reports]] of other analysts and news media.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneindia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ecoti&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Big 6 'Switch' to bigger deals, corner 2.4% of global work |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/big-6-switch-to-bigger-deals-corner-2-4-of-global-work/articleshow/3124559.cms |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kripalani |first1=Manjeet |title=India: Zero Hour for India's Tech Companies |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/business/india-zero-hour-for-india-s-tech-companies-a-536209.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Der Spiegel |date=19 February 2008 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=To beat crisis 'switch' firms switch terrain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2008/Nov/12/to-beat-crisis-switch-firms-switch-terrain-6142.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 May 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Indian IT growth outpaces global biggies' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/-indian-it-growth-outpaces-global-biggies-107092701116_1.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=27 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Switching to Big League |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/current/story/switching-to-big-league-13050-2007-10-03 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Business Today |date=3 October 2007 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following Satyam's liquidation and business transfer to [[Tech Mahindra]], the acronym shortened to WITCH,&lt;ref name=&quot;oneindia&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=P. V. |first1=Harikrishnan |title=Satyam saga: SWITCH to WITCH to ITCH |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/01/07/satyam-saga-switch-to-witch-to-itch.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=OneIndia |date=8 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Yugal |last2=Dhingra |first2=Ritika |title=Will Satyam’s Itch “TWITCH” the “WITCH”? |url=https://www.everestgrp.com/will-satyams-itch-twitch-the-witch-sherpas-in-blue-shirts/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Everest Group |date=31 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Flinders |first1=Karl |title=Where is Satyam now? Well, it’s not Satyam for a start |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240210196/Where-is-Satyam-now-well-its-not-Satyam-for-a-start |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Computer Weekly |date=3 December 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; while several outlets started using TWITCH by replacing Satyam with Tech Mahindra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IT Services Exports : From SWITCH to TWITCH |url=https://www.dqindia.com/it-services-exports-from-switch-to-twitch/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=DQ India |agency=DataQuest |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Philipose |first1=Mobis |title=Indian IT’s hiring freeze suggests weak demand will continue |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/KSFosjD3pVnMatNfJC1hXM/Indian-ITs-hiring-freeze-suggests-weak-demand-will-continue.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Mint |date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mahindra Satyam is now Tech Mahindra: Welcome to the TWITCH |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/blog/technology/today-in-tech-infosys-does-hr-matter-welcome-to-twitch-more/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Even after Cognizant shifted its headquarters from India to the United States, analysts have continued to refer to it as an Indian-heritage company, as a large majority of its workforce (about three-fourths) remains in India like its India-based peers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cognizant topples Infosys as No 2 IT firm in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/cognizant-topples-infosys-as-no-2-it-firm-in-india/articleshow/15379682.cms |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last1=Phadnis |first1=Shilpa |title=Infy narrows revenue gap with Cognizant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/infy-narrows-revenue-gap-with-cognizant/articleshow/109575992.cms |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=25 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Bibhu Ranjan |title=Cognizant's strong shows raise bar for Indian IT services firms |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cognizants-strong-shows-raise-bar-for-indian-it-services-firms-115080601193_1.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=Business Standard|date=7 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bardia |first1=Jas |title=TCS’ Krithivasan earns the lowest among top Indian IT CEOs |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/tcs-krithivasan-cognizant-infosys-wipro-thierry-delaporte-it-companies-11715264957743.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=Mint |date=10 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some definitions in the Indian stock market context omit Cognizant from the grouping because it is not listed on the Indian exchanges.&lt;ref name=&quot;mint&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Choudhary |first1=Lokesh |title=The Rise of Indian WITCH and the Fall of US FAANG|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/the-rise-of-indian-witch-and-the-fall-of-us-faang/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Analytics India Magazine |date=16 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members==<br /> The table below lists companies that have been frequently included in the definition, sorted by [[market capitalization]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TOP COMPANIES IN INDIA BY MARKET CAPITALISATION - BSE |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo/marketcap/bse/it-services-consulting.html |publisher=Moneycontrol |access-date=13 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Rank<br /> !Company name<br /> !Market capitalization (July 2025)<br /> !Revenue (for fiscal year 2024–25)<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Tata Consultancy Services]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|1154115|c|0}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|259286|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Infosys]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|659096|c}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|166590|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[HCLTech]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|420360|c}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|119540|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Cognizant]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|US$38 billion<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|US$20 billion<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Wipro]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|279785|c}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|92972|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Tech Mahindra]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|151636|c}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|{{INRconvert|53847|c}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Internet|Companies}}<br /> *Other &quot;Big&quot; industry terms:<br /> ** [[Big Tech|Big Tech United States]]<br /> ** [[Big Four accounting firms]]<br /> ** [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)]]<br /> ** [[Big Three (management consultancies)]]<br /> ** [[BATX]]<br /> * [[List of Indian IT companies]]<br /> * [[Information technology in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Big Tech India}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of companies of India by industry|IT]]<br /> [[Category:Software companies of India| ]]<br /> [[Category:Information technology companies of India|* list]]<br /> [[Category:Information technology consulting]]<br /> [[Category:2000s neologisms]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodh_Gaya&diff=546879 2026-03-30T20:49:17Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: quick improved page per standard format and cleaned formatting based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Historical city in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{stack|<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bodh Gayā<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = &lt;!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --&gt;<br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image_style = <br /> | perrow = 1/2/2/2/1<br /> | image1 = Mahabodhi temple at Bodhgaya in Bihar 21.jpg<br /> | caption1 = The [[Mahabodhi Temple]]<br /> | image2 = Great Buddha Statue, Bodh Gaya.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya)|Great Buddha Statue]]<br /> | image3 = 018 Bodhi Tree (9219396225).jpg<br /> | caption3 = The Bodhi Tree<br /> | image4 = Mountain of Ashram.jpg<br /> | caption4 = Mountain of Ashrams, Vindhya range Bodh Gayā<br /> | image5 = Maitreya - Bodh Gaya ASI Museum - AN - 0216.jpg<br /> | caption5 = Maitreya Buddha at [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI Museum]]<br /> }}<br /> | nickname = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Bihar#India<br /> | pushpin_relief = yes<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|24.6950|N|84.9925|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = (2015){{refn|group=A|name=|Constituents of Bodh Gaya Plannina area are Bodh Gaya [[Nagar Panchayat]], 32 villages in Bodh Gaya [[Community development|CD]] block and 3 villages in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] CD block of Gaya district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://urban.bih.nic.in/News/NE-02-15-04-2015.pdf |script-title=ne:पत्रांक-213: ''राजगीर क्षेत्रीय आयोजना क्षेत्र'' एवं ''बोधगया आयोजना क्षेत्र'' के सीमांकन एवं घोषणा |publisher=Urban Development Housing Dept., Government of Bihar, Patna |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618174436/http://urban.bih.nic.in/News/NE-02-15-04-2015.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | area_blank1_title = City<br /> | area_blank1_km2 = 20.2<br /> | area_blank2_title = [[Regional planning]]<br /> | area_blank2_km2 = 83.78<br /> | population_total = 48,184<br /> | population_as_of = 2018<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_note = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 824231<br /> | registration_plate = BR-02<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = {{reflist|group=A}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox Buddhist term<br /> | title = Bodh Gayā<br /> | sa = <br /> | sa-Latn = <br /> | pi = <br /> | pi-Latn = <br /> | hi = बोधगया<br /> | hi-Latn = Bodhgayā<br /> | bn = বুদ্ধ গয়া<br /> | bn-Latn = <br /> | my = ဗုဒ္ဓဂါယာ<br /> | my-Latn = <br /> | zh = 菩提伽耶<br /> | zh-Latn = Pútíjiāyé<br /> | ja = ブッダガヤ/仏陀伽耶<br /> | ja-Latn = Buddagaya<br /> | jv = <br /> | jv-Latn =<br /> | kaw = <br /> | kaw-Latn = <br /> | km = ពុទ្ធគយា<br /> | km-Latn = Bŭdh Geăyéa<br /> | ko = 부다가야<br /> | ko-Latn = Budagaya<br /> | lo = <br /> | lo-Latn = <br /> | mnw = ဗုဒ္ဓဂါယာ<br /> | mnw-Latn = <br /> | shn = <br /> | shn-Latn = <br /> | si = බුද්ධගයා<br /> | si-Latn = <br /> | ta = புத்தகயை<br /> | ta-Latn = <br /> | th = พุทธคยา / โพธคยา<br /> | th-Latn = Phutthakhaya / Phothakhaya<br /> | bo = བྱང་ཆུབ་སྙིང་པོ་<br /> | bo-Latn = <br /> | vi = Bồ Đề Đạo Tràng<br /> | id = Bodh Gaya<br /> | kannada = <br /> | en = <br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Bodh Gayā''' is a religious site and place of pilgrimage associated with the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] complex, situated in the [[Gaya district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is famous for being the place where [[Gautama Buddha]] is said to have attained [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]] ([[Pali]]: {{transliteration|pi|bodhi}}) under what became known as the [[Bodhi Tree]].&lt;ref name=Madan&gt;{{cite book |title=India through the ages |last=Gopal |first=Madan |year=1991 |page=176 |editor=K.S. Gautam |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since antiquity, Bodh Gayā has remained the object of [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage]] and veneration for [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kinnard |first=Jacob |title=When Is The Buddha Not the Buddha? The Hindu/Buddhist Battle over Bodhgayā and Its Buddha Image |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |pages=817 |issn=0002-7189}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] finds, including sculptures, show that the site was in use by Buddhists since the [[Mauryan|Maurya]] period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fogelin |first1=Lars |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199948239 |page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> For Buddhists, Bodh Gayā is the most important of the four main pilgrimage sites related to the life of Gautama Buddha,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Buddhist Pilgrimage |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/b/buddhist-pilgrimage/ |journal=Asia |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085509/http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/b/buddhist-pilgrimage/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; the other three being [[Kushinagar]], [[Lumbini]], and [[Sarnath]]. In 2002, [[Mahabodhi Temple]], located in Bodh Gayā, became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2002/whc-02-conf202-25e.pdf#decision.23.15 |format=PDF |title=Decisions adopted by the 26th Session of the World Heritage Committee |publisher=[[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Committee]] |page=62 |access-date=10 July 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228043819/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2002/whc-02-conf202-25e.pdf#decision.23.15 |archive-date=28 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{BuddhasHolySites}}<br /> Bodh Gayā is considered the holiest site in Buddhism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/bodgaya.htm |title=Holy Sites of Buddhism: Bodh Gaya – Place of Enlightenment |website=buddhanet.net |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901113827/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/bodgaya.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Known as '''Uruvelā''' in the Buddha's time, it is by the bank of the [[Lilajan River|Lilājan River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_12|title=Buddhism and Jainism|first=Arvind Kumar|last=Singh|date=2 July 2017|publisher=Springer, Dordrecht|pages=241–246|via=link.springer.com|doi=10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_12}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first temple at the site was built by [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] [[List of Maurya Emperors|Emperor]] [[Ashoka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056/ |title=Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207044335/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Traditionally, it is believed that the Buddha was born in 563 BCE on the next Baisakhi purnima (second full moon in calendar years that do not themselves start during full moon) in [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]]. As Siddhartha, he renounced his family at the age of 29 in 534 BCE,&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Barua |first=Sukomal |year=2012 |chapter=Buddha Purnima |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Buddha_Purnima |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508210314/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Buddha_Purnima |archive-date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2012/04/22/spe03.asp |title=Spectrum &amp;#124; Sundayobserver.lk – Sri Lanka |publisher=Sundayobserver.lk |date=22 April 2012 |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013224257/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/04/22/spe03.asp |archive-date=13 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and travelled and meditated in search of truth. After practising self-mortification for six years at Uruvela (Buddhagaya) in Gaya, he gave up that practice because it did not give him liberation. Then he discovered the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] of his own and practised it, finally reaching enlightenment: complete freedom from lust ([[Raga (Sanskrit term)|Rāga]]), hatred ([[Dvesha]]), and delusion ([[Mohā]]), also known as the [[Three poisons]].<br /> <br /> At this point, the Buddha was abandoned by the five men who had been his companions in his earlier austerities, as all they saw was an ordinary man; mocking his well-nourished appearance, they said, &quot;Here comes the [[mendicant]] Gautama, who has turned away from asceticism. He is certainly not worth our respect.&quot; When they reminded him of his former vows, the Buddha replied, &quot;Austerities only confuse the mind. In the exhaustion and mental stupor to which they lead, one can no longer understand the ordinary things of life, still less the truth that lies beyond the senses. I have given up extremes of either luxury or asceticism. I have discovered the [[Middle Way]].&quot; This is explained as the path that is neither easy (his former life as a rich prince) nor hard (living in austere conditions, practising self-denial). Hearing this, the five ascetics became the Buddha's first disciples in Deer Park, [[Sarnath]], {{convert|13|km}} northeast of [[Varanasi]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}<br /> <br /> Gautama's disciples began to visit the place during the full moon in the month of [[Vesak|Vaisakh]] (April–May), as per the [[Hindu calendar]]. Over time, the place became known as Bodh Gayā, the day of enlightenment as [[Buddha Purnima]], and the tree as the Bodhi Tree.<br /> <br /> Bodh Gayā's history is documented by many inscriptions and pilgrimage accounts. Foremost among these are the accounts of the Chinese pilgrims [[Faxian]] in the 5th century and [[Xuanzang]] in the 7th century. The area was at the heart of a Buddhist civilisation for centuries, until it was [[Islamic invasion of India|conquered]] by Turkic armies in the 13th century.<br /> <br /> From the 11th to 13th centuries, Bodh Gayā was under the control of local chieftains known as the [[Pithipatis of Magadha]]. One of their rulers, Acarya Buddhasena, has been recorded as making a grant to Sri Lankan monks near the Mahabodhi temple.&lt;ref name=Balogh2021&gt;{{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Daniel |title=Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne |date=2021 |publisher=British Museum Research Publications |pages=40–58 |isbn=9780861592289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0NzgEACAAJ |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191219/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0NzgEACAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 12th century, [[Muslim]] [[Turkic peoples|Turk]] armies led by [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] and [[Bakhtiyar Khilji]] invaded and destroyed Bodh Gayā and nearby regions.&lt;ref name=unescosite1056&gt;{{cite web |title = Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya |url = https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&amp;id_site=1056 |publisher = UNESCO |access-date = 6 January 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129103731/https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&amp;id_site=1056 |archive-date = 29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Contemporary and historic names ==<br /> The place name Bodh Gayā (also known as Bauddha Gyāh, Bodhgayā, Bodhi Gayā, Bodhīmaṇḍa, Boodh Gayā, Buddha Gayā and Budh Gyā)&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; came into use in the 18th century. Historically, it was known as Uruvela, Dharmāranya, Jayapura, Sambodhī ([[File:Sambodhi inscription.jpg|40px]], Saṃ + [[bodhi]], meaning 'Complete Enlightenment' in Ashoka's [[Major Rock Edict|Major Rock Edict No.8]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Juergensmeyer |first1=Mark |last2=Roof |first2=Wade Clark |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781452266565 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA148 |language=en |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191147/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA148 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vajrāsana (the '[[Diamond Throne]]' of the Buddha), or Mahābodhī ('Great Enlightenment').&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/pg_histbg.htm |title=A History of Bodh Gaya by Venerable S. Dhammika |publisher=Buddhanet.net |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202131530/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/pg_histbg.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bodh Gayā's main monastery used to be called the Bodhimanda-vihāra ([[Pali]]); it is now known as the [[Mahabodhi Temple]].<br /> <br /> ==Mahabodhi Temple==<br /> {{Main|Mahabodhi Temple}}<br /> The complex, about {{convert|110|km}} from [[Patna, India|Patna]], at {{Coord|24|41|43|N|84|59|38|E|}},&lt;ref name=&quot;nomination&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/p_dynamic/sites/passfile.cfm?filename=1056rev&amp;filetype=pdf&amp;category=nominations |format=PDF |title=Information Dossier for nomination of Mahabodhi Temple Complex, Bodhgaya as a World Heritage Site |publisher=[[Government of India]] |page=4 |access-date=10 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210120530/https://whc.unesco.org/p_dynamic/sites/passfile.cfm?filename=1056rev&amp;filetype=pdf&amp;category=nominations |archive-date=10 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; contains the Mahabodhi Temple with the [[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|Vajrasana]] or &quot;diamond throne&quot; and the [[Bodhi tree]]. This tree was originally a sapling of the [[Sri Maha Bodhi]] tree in [[Sri Lanka]], itself grown from a what is claimed to be a sapling of the original Bodhi tree.<br /> <br /> In approximately 250 BCE, about 200 years after the Buddha attained Enlightenment, Emperor [[Asoka]] visited Bodh Gayā to establish a monastery and shrine there.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;<br /> <br /> Representations of this early temple are found at [[Sanchi]], on the toraṇas of Stūpa I, dating from around 25 BCE, and on a relief carving from the stupa railing at [[Bharhut|Bhārhut]], from the early [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] period ({{Circa|185|73 BCE}}).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/jchArticles/Part%201.pdf Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, Part I]&quot; by John C. Huntington. ''Orientations'', November 1985 pg 61&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other Buddhist temples==<br /> {{gallery<br /> | Nipponji Temple Complex (47701746).jpg | Nipponji Temple<br /> | Bodhgaya (8716402933).jpg | Bangladesh Buddhist Vihara<br /> | Wat Thai Temple, Bodhgaya.jpg | [[Wat Thai Buddhagaya]]<br /> | Pal Tergar Monastery, Bodhgaya (8717524626).jpg | [[Prayer wheels]] at Tergar Monastery<br /> | Jagannath Temple (Bodhagaya), Bihar.jpg | The Hindu Jagannath temple, located near the Mahabodhi Temple<br /> | A temple complex at Bodhgaya, Bihar.jpg | A Budhhist sculpture from the Chinese Temple complex in Bodh Gayā<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Kittisirimegha of [[Sri Lanka]], a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]], erected with his permission a [[monastery|Sanghārāma]] near the Mahabodhi Temple, chiefly for the use of the Singhalese monks who went to worship the Bodhi tree. The circumstances in connection with the Sanghārāma are given by [[Xuanzang]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Samuel Beal|Beal]], op. cit., 133ff&lt;/ref&gt;{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}} who describes it as he saw it. It was probably here that [[Buddhaghosa]] met the Elder Revata, who persuaded him to come to Ceylon.<br /> <br /> Several Buddhist temples and monasteries have been built by the people of [[Tibet]], [[Mongolia]], [[Nepal]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Vietnam]], [[Sikkim]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Taiwan]], [[Thailand]], [[Bhutan]], and [[China]] in a wide area around the Mahabodhi Temple. These buildings reflect their respective countries' architectural and decorative styles. The statue of the Buddha in the Chinese temple is 200 years old, and was brought from China. Japan's Nippon temple is shaped like a [[pagoda]]. The Myanmar (Burmese) temple is also pagoda-shaped and is reminiscent of [[Bagan]]. The [[Wat Thai Buddhagaya|Thai temple]] has a sloping, curved roof covered with golden tiles and contains a massive bronze statue of the Buddha. Next to the Thai temple is a {{convert|25|m|ft|adj=on}} statue of the Buddha within a garden that has existed for over 100 years.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Sujata Stupa===<br /> [[File:Sujata Stupa.jpg|thumb|Buddhist monks standing in front of the Sujata Stupa]]<br /> Across the [[Phalgu]] river is the [[Sujata Stupa]], in the village of [[Bakraur]]. The stupa was dedicated to the [[milkmaid]] [[Sujata (milkmaid)|Sujata]], who is said to have fed the Buddha milk and [[rice]] as he was sitting under a [[Banyan tree]], ending his seven years of fasting and [[asceticism]] and allowing him to attain [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|illumination]] through the [[Middle Way]].&lt;ref name=prasoon07&gt;{{cite book |last1=Prasoon |first1=Shrikant |title=Knowing Buddha: [life and teachings] |date=2007 |publisher=Hindoology Books |location=[Delhi] |isbn=9788122309638 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us9wbjmvXfgC&amp;pg=PT32 |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191237/https://books.google.com/books?id=Us9wbjmvXfgC&amp;pg=PT32 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Blasi |first1=Abigail |title=Lonely Planet India |date=2017 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781787011991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLU7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1251 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191213/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLU7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1251 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dwivedi06&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Sunita |last2=Lama |first2=Dalai (foreword) |author-link2=14th Dalai Lama |title=Buddhist heritage sites of India |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa &amp; Co. |location=New Delhi |isbn=8129107384}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stupa was built in the 2nd century BCE, as confirmed by finds of black polished wares and [[punch-marked coins]] in the attending monastery.&lt;ref name=DGS&gt;{{cite book |last1=Geary |first1=David |last2=Sayers |first2=Matthew R. |last3=Amar |first3=Abhishek Singh |title=Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on a Contested Buddhist Site: Bodh Gaya Jataka |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136320675 |pages=35–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f56437oiblUC&amp;pg=PA35 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191218/https://books.google.com/books?id=f56437oiblUC&amp;pg=PA35 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sujata Temple===<br /> [[File:Sujata Temple - Bodh Gaya (1).jpg|thumb|Stairway to Sujata Temple, Bakraur]]<br /> The Sujata Temple, in Sujata Village in Bakrour, is a significant historical and religious site associated with the life of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became the Buddha. This temple commemorates the pivotal moment when Sujata, a village woman, offered Siddhartha a bowl of rice milk, providing him with nourishment after years of severe asceticism. This is said to have given Siddhartha the strength to pursue the Middle Path, ultimately leading to his enlightenment. The temple stands near the banks of the Niranjana River, symbolising the site where this transformative event took place. The architecturally modest Sujata Temple attracts pilgrims and tourists. The surrounding village and the serene landscape add to the temple's spiritual ambiance, making it a place of contemplation and homage.<br /> <br /> ==The Great Buddha Statue==<br /> {{main|Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya)}}<br /> An {{convert|80|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of the Buddha, known as The Great Buddha Statue, is in Bodh Gayā. It was unveiled and consecrated on 18 November 1989. The consecration ceremony was attended by the 14th Dalai Lama, who blessed the statue, the first great Buddha ever built in the history of India. Under the slogan &quot;Spread Buddha's rays to the Whole World&quot;, Daijokyo{{clarification needed|date=January 2024}} spent seven years constructing the statue, mobilising 120,000 masons.<br /> <br /> ==Mahabodhi Temple bombings==<br /> {{See also|Bodh Gaya bombings}}<br /> [[File:Pipal tree temple of Bodh Gaya depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|thumb|180px|Illustration of the temple built by [[Asoka]] at Bodh Gayā around the Bodhi tree. Sculpture of the [[Satavahana]] period at [[Sanchi]], 1st century CE.]]<br /> On 7 July 2013, at around 5:15{{nbsp}}a.m., there was a low-intensity [[2013 Bodh Gaya blasts|bomb blast]] in the Mahabodhi Temple complex. This was followed by a series of nine low-intensity blasts that injured two monks, one Tibetan and one Burmese. These blasts were carried out by the Islamist terrorist organisation [[Indian Mujahideen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Deeptiman |title=Ranchi document helps NIA crack Bodh Gaya blast case |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ranchi-document-helps-NIA-crack-Bodh-Gaya-blast-case/articleshow/25281931.cms |access-date=6 November 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106102143/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ranchi-document-helps-NIA-crack-Bodh-Gaya-blast-case/articleshow/25281931.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Patna terror cell&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gaikwad |first=Rahi |title=Patna terror cell behind Bodh Gaya strike too: NIA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/patna-terror-cell-behind-bodh-gaya-strike-too-nia/article5322815.ece |access-date=7 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 November 2013 |author2=Yadav Anumeha |author3=Pandey Devesh |location=Patna, Ranchi, New Delhi |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109171957/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/patna-terror-cell-behind-bodh-gaya-strike-too-nia/article5322815.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Police defused two other bombs, one under the Buddha statue and one near Karmapa Temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Serial Blasts rock Mahabodhi temple in Bodha gaya: terror attack, Center says |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/serial-blasts-rock-mahabodhi-temple-in-bodh-gaya-terror-attack-centre-says/articleshow/20952763.cms |access-date=7 July 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709201724/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Serial-blasts-rock-Mahabodhi-Temple-in-Bodh-Gaya-terror-attack-Centre-says/articleshow/20952763.cms |archive-date=9 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=blast&gt;{{cite news |title=Nine blasts in Bodh Gaya, 2 injured |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nine-blasts-in-bodh-gaya-2-injured/article4891094.ece |access-date=7 July 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710180959/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nine-blasts-in-bodh-gaya-2-injured/article4891094.ece |archive-date=10 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 June 2018, a special [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) court of [[Patna]] sentenced five suspects in the case to life imprisonment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Five sentenced to life imprisonment in Bodh Gaya serial blasts case |url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/bihar/735/five-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-in-bodh-gaya-serial-blasts-case/ |access-date=2 June 2018 |agency=Headlines Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806114437/https://headlinestoday.org/national/bihar/735/five-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-in-bodh-gaya-serial-blasts-case/ |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> At the [[2001 Census of India|2001 census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 November 2008 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bodh Gaya had a population of 30,883. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Bodh Gaya has an average literacy rate of 51%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 63% and female literacy of 38%. 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> {{Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg}}<br /> *Buses have been introduced by the [[BSTDC]] between [[Patna]] and Bodh Gaya via [[Rajgir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BSTDC halts AC Bus Services to Bodhgaya devoid of Passengers |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/bstdc-halts-ac-bus-services-for-bodhgaya-devoid-of-passengers/ |access-date=31 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809172703/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/bstdc-halts-ac-bus-services-for-bodhgaya-devoid-of-passengers/ |archive-date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *A special caravan service called Wonder on Wheel, between Patna and Bodh Gaya, has been introduced by the Bihar Tourism Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bihar launches Tourist Caravan Service called Wonder on Wheel |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/04/bihar-launches-tourist-caravan-called-wonder-on-wheel/ |work=The Biharprabha News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501071627/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/04/bihar-launches-tourist-caravan-called-wonder-on-wheel/ |archive-date=1 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Gaya Airport]] is {{convert|7|km|mi|sigfig=1}} from Bodh Gaya and about {{convert|10|km|mi|sigfig=1}} from [[Gaya Junction railway station]].<br /> *Bodhgaya has restricted the use of [[auto rickshaw]]s, cars, and buses to make the site more peaceful. A permit is required to use cars or buses, and the only taxi available is an [[electric rickshaw]] that is mostly noiseless.<br /> <br /> ==Sister cities==<br /> Bodh Gaya has one official [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister city]]:<br /> *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nara Prefecture]], Japan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Japan visit: Nitish proposes sister-state pact between Nara and Bodh Gaya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/japan-visit-nitish-proposes-sister-state-pact-between-nara-and-bodh-gaya/story-1oVujmOZUl6mUTLCyylslO.html |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 February 2018 |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518112145/https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/japan-visit-nitish-proposes-sister-state-pact-between-nara-and-bodh-gaya/story-1oVujmOZUl6mUTLCyylslO.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Cetiya]]<br /> * [[Bodhgaya inscription of Mahanaman]]<br /> * [[Sri Maha Bodhi]]<br /> * [[Lumbini]]<br /> * [[Sarnath]]<br /> * [[Kusinagar]]<br /> * [[Rajgir]]<br /> * [[Bakraur]]<br /> * [[Kurkihar hoard]]<br /> * [[Buddhist pilgrimage]]<br /> * [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *Kinnard, Jacob N. (1998). When Is The Buddha Not the Buddha? The Hindu/Buddhist Battle over Bodhgayā and Its Buddha Image. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 66 (4), 817–839<br /> *Geary, David; Sayers, Matthew R; Amar, Abhishek Singh (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=U0_gCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Mahabodhi+Society&amp;pg=PP1 Cross-disciplinary perspectives on a contested Buddhist site: Bodh Gaya jataka]. London, New York: Routledge<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Sister project links|voy=yes|d= Q176767}}<br /> *[http://www.buddhanet.net/bodh_gaya/menu.htm Detailed history of Bodhgaya] by Ven. S. Dhammika.<br /> *[http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/bodhgaya.htm Bihar state tourism development corporation (BSTDC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104054226/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/BodhGaya.htm |date=4 January 2007}}<br /> *[https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attractions-g424922-Activities-Bodh_Gaya_Gaya_District_Bihar.html Places to Visit in Bodh Gaya]<br /> *[https://www.indianguidemr.com/2022/12/bodh-gaya-bihar-bodh-gaya-tourism-2022.html Photos of Mahabodhi Temple &amp; Bodhgaya]<br /> {{RBK|31|Bodhgaya}}{{dead link|date=December 2020}}<br /> *[http://www.gayatobodhgaya.com/map.html Bodhgaya Map]<br /> <br /> {{Buddhism topics}}<br /> {{Gautama Buddha}}<br /> {{Magadh Division}}<br /> {{Tourist sites in Bihar}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bodh Gaya| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Gaya district]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places established in the 6th century BC]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajiv_Gandhi_Salai&diff=454115 2026-03-28T14:50:09Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: basic enhance layout per sources and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State highway in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox road<br /> | name = Rajiv Gandhi Salai<br /> | country = IND<br /> | type = SH<br /> | route = 49A<br /> | state = Tamil Nadu<br /> | maint = [[Highways of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Road Development Corporation]]<br /> | marker_image = <br /> | map = Rajiv gandhi salai.svg<br /> | map_notes = Rajiv Gandhi Salai (SH 49A) highlighted in red<br /> | length_mi = <br /> | length_km = 43.7<br /> | length_round = <br /> | length_ref = &lt;ref name=sh&gt;[http://tnhighwaysengineers.com/SH_list.html State Highways of Tamil Nadu]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | established = 29 October 2008<br /> | allocation = [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|TN-SH]]<br /> | direction_a = North<br /> | terminus_a = [[Madhya Kailash Junction]], [[Chennai]]<br /> | junction = TIDEL Park Jn&lt;br&gt;Thoraipakkam&lt;br&gt;Sholinganallur&lt;br&gt;Kelambakkam-Vandalur Road Jn&lt;br&gt;Thiruporur<br /> | direction_b = South<br /> | terminus_b = [[Mahabalipuram]]<br /> | photo =<br /> | photo_alt = Ramanujan IT City at [[Taramani]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''State Highway 49A''' (SH-49A),&lt;ref name=sh/&gt; also known as '''Rajiv Gandhi Salai'''&lt;ref name=tnrdc&gt;[http://itel.tnrdc.com/category/about-it-aorridor/ IT Expressway]&lt;/ref&gt; and '''Rajiv Gandhi IT Expressway''' or just '''IT Expressway''', is a major road connecting [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] state with [[Mahabalipuram]] in [[Chengalpattu district]], in the same state. It is 45&amp;nbsp;km long and was earlier known as the '''Old Mahabalipuram Road (OMR)'''. The road starts from [[Madhya Kailash|Madhya Kailash Temple]] on Sardar Patel Road in South-East Chennai and terminates on [[East Coast Road]] near [[Mahabalipuram]].<br /> <br /> The prestigious [[TIDEL Park]], home to a number of BPO and IT/ITES companies and many other major IT/ITES Companies in the country, is situated along the Rajiv Gandhi Salai. Prominent technical and educational Institutions, national research laboratories are also located along the Corridor.<br /> <br /> Besides, [[State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu|State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Ltd (SIPCOT)]] has developed a [[SIPCOT IT Park|Cyber City]], spread over 2000 acres in [[Siruseri]], abutting the IT Corridor. Many IT/ITES Companies have set up their facilities in the [[SIPCOT IT Park|Cyber City]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tnrdc&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Based on development and growth of OMR road, it was categorized as 2 major zones. Zone-1 is from Madhya Kailash to Sholinganallur and Zone-2 is from Sholinganallur to Kelambakkam.<br /> <br /> ==Toll plazas==<br /> {{stack|[[File:Tidel Park junction panorama.jpg|thumb|A view of the Rajiv Gandhi Salai at [[Thiruvanmiyur]] junction and the [[Chennai MRTS]]]]}}<br /> There are two toll plazas on OMR and three on the roads leading to OMR.<br /> <br /> * Entrance toll plaza at Seevaram ([[Perungudi]])<br /> * Exit plaza at Egattur<br /> * Satellite toll plaza on 200 feet [[Thoraipakkam]]-[[Pallavaram]] radial road<br /> * Satellite toll plaza on [[Sholinganallur]]-[[Medavakkam]] link road<br /> * Satellite toll plaza on Sholinganallur-ECR link road (Kalaignar Karunanidhi Salai)<br /> <br /> == Gallery==<br /> {{cuic|sub=gallery|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{col-begin|width=auto}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=140&gt;<br /> File:OMR Road.jpg|Seen from CIT Campus<br /> File:TNRDC-OMR-Toll-Plaza-Perungudi.jpg|Perungudi Toll Plaza<br /> File:Traffic in IT corridor.JPG|Traffic near TIDEL Park Junction<br /> File:TECCI PARK IN CHENNAI - MARCH 04 2010.JPG|Tecci Park<br /> File:Ascendas IT Park Chennai.JPG|Ascendas IT Park Chennai<br /> File:Fire Junction at IT Corridor.JPG|TIDEL Park<br /> File:IT corridor.JPG|TIDEL Park bus stop<br /> File:IT corridor with bus bay.JPG|TIDEL Park bus stop (alternate view)<br /> File:Ramanujan IT City.jpg|Ramanujan IT City at Taramani, Chennai<br /> File:Service road to TIDEL Park.JPG |Service road to TIDEL Park<br /> File:IT corridor2.JPG |Service road and IT corridor with MRTS line in the background<br /> File:Omr sipcot.jpg |Siruseri SIPCOT<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Transport in Chennai]]<br /> * [[List of tech parks in Chennai]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Rajiv Gandhi Salai}}<br /> * [https://www.fomrra.org The Federation of OMR Residents Associations] <br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150301122014/http://www.tnrdc.com/itel/index.htm &quot;the Road to The future&quot; - IT Corridor (home page)] <br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411150900/http://www.newindpress.com/sunday/sundayitems.asp?id=SEG20070427083137&amp;eTitle=Insight&amp;rLink=0 Newindpress - One for the Road] <br /> * [http://www.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&amp;hl=en&amp;msa=0&amp;msid=112633934511733954372.0004582ec490db88afad9&amp;ll=12.824815,80.220151&amp;spn=0.024521,0.038581&amp;z=15 SIPCOT IT Park map]<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu Highway Network}}<br /> {{Roads of Chennai}}<br /> {{Chennai Topics}}<br /> {{High-technology business districts in Chennai}}<br /> {{Transport in Chennai}}<br /> {{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.975897|80.251018|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:State highways in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Roads in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Information technology industry of Chennai]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aruna_Shanbaug_case&diff=487677 2026-03-24T18:38:43Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Creating A Page Initial Version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian legal case regarding euthanasia}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Aruna Shanbaug<br /> | image = Aruna_Shanbaug.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1948|06|01}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Haldipur]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|05|18|1948|06|01|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | death_cause = [[Pneumonia]]<br /> | occupation = [[Nurse]]<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug''' (1 June 1948 – 18 May 2015) was an Indian nurse who was at the centre of attention in a court case on [[euthanasia]] after spending over 42 years in a [[vegetative state]] as a result of a sexual assault.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-death&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1973, while working as a junior nurse at [[KEM Hospital|King Edward Memorial Hospital]], [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]], Shanbaug was sexually assaulted by a hospital janitor, and remained in a vegetative state afterwards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Review: Ten Minutes To Hell|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/ten-minutes-to-hell/205787|magazine=Outlook India|access-date=24 May 2015|author=Malavika Karlekar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523142405/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/ten-minutes-to-hell/205787|archive-date=23 May 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 January 2011, after Shanbaug had been in this state for 37 years, the [[Supreme Court of India]] responded to a plea for [[euthanasia]] filed by journalist-activist [[Pinki Virani]], setting up a medical panel to examine her. The court rejected the petition on 7 March 2011. However, in its landmark opinion, it allowed [[Euthanasia#Passive and active euthanasia|passive euthanasia]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1516973.ece| title=India joins select nations in legalising &quot;passive euthanasia&quot;| newspaper=The Hindu| date=7 March 2011| access-date=11 March 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311130458/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1516973.ece| archive-date=11 March 2011| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shanbaug died of [[pneumonia]] on 18 May 2015 after being in a persistent vegetative state for nearly 42 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-death&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-death&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> ===Aruna Shanbhaug===<br /> Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug was born on 1 June 1948 to a [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking Brahmin Saraswat Gowd Brahmin family in [[Haldipur]], [[Karnataka]]. She was the eighth among six brothers and three sisters. Her father died when she was 10, after which her brothers Balakrishna and Govinda moved to Mumbai to work at [[Kamala Mills]]. <br /> <br /> Back in the 1960s, it was not common for girls to enroll in the co-education Rural Education Society (RES) in Haldipur after finishing primary schooling where girls and boys studied separately. Shanbaug was one of the 14 girls in a class of 54 students, and the only one out of all her siblings to complete higher education. She borrowed books from seniors at school when she could not afford to buy them.&lt;ref name=&quot;SS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=KEM Hospital celebrates Aruna Shanbaug's 64th birthday| newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/KEM-Hospital-celebrates-Aruna-Shanbaugs-64th-birthday/articleshow/13712413.cms| date=2 June 2012| access-date=18 May 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110140848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/KEM-Hospital-celebrates-Aruna-Shanbaugs-64th-birthday/articleshow/13712413.cms| archive-date=10 January 2017| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=KEM celebrates Aruna Shanbaug's 65th birthday | newspaper=DNA India | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kem-celebrates-aruna-shanbaugs-65th-birthday-1842559 | date=2 June 2013 | access-date=18 May 2015 | archive-date=21 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921214905/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kem-celebrates-aruna-shanbaugs-65th-birthday-1842559 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Shanbaug moved to Mumbai in 1966 with her aunt's son to pursue nursing; she was 17 at the time. She joined [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital]] as a staff nurse after three-and-a-half years, and lived at the nursing hostel, across the road, for several years.<br /> <br /> In the months leading to the attack, Shanbaug informed her family that she wanted their support in marrying Pratap Desai, a neurosurgeon pursuing his MD at KEM. In response, the family voiced their disapproval as Desai did not belong to the same community as the Shanbaugs. During this time, Shanbaug moved to her sister Shanta's house in [[Worli]] to save money for her marriage, and for Desai to start a dispensary of his own.<br /> [[File:KEM HOSPITAL (2).JPG|thumb|[[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]] in Parel, Mumbai (2012)]]<br /> <br /> Shanbaug was in-charge of KEM's Cardiovascular Thoracic Centre, which had an experimental cardiovascular dog surgery laboratory where Sohanlal Valmiki worked as a janitor. She had reported him twice for stealing and not tending to his responsibilities. She allegedly &quot;threatened&quot; to report him a third time a few days before the attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;SS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MH&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sohanlal Valmiki===<br /> Sohanlal Bhartha Valmiki was a janitor at KEM, and worked in the same lab as Shanbaug. His father, Bhartha Valmiki, reportedly also worked at KEM. Valmiki, then 28 years old, was married to Vimla and had a daughter who died when he was imprisoned.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-30 |title=Mail Today special: Inside the world of Aruna Shanbaug's killer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aruna-shanbaug-rapist-and-killer-sohanlal-valmiki-291660-2015-05-30 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-05-21 |title='Valmiki may have spent life in prison' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/valmiki-may-have-spent-life-in-prison/articleshow/47360587.cms |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/sohanlal-bhartha-valmiki-the-man-who-raped-aruna-shanbaug-is-a-forgotten-story-now/story-EPkcDUeRTXcBRfnavimU5L.html|title=Sohanlal Bhartha Valmiki, the man who raped Aruna Shanbaug is a forgotten story now |date=19 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In multiple interviews, he has alluded to a &quot;troubled relationship&quot; with Shanbaug. He claimed that she was always picking on him, choosing Valmiki, who admits to being scared of dogs, to feed the dogs and sweep the cages.&lt;ref name=&quot;assailant&quot; /&gt; According to Valmiki, Shanbaug was friendly with other KEM staff, but did not share a cordial relationship with him, and repeatedly called him ''Mehtar'', a [[Casteism|casteist]] slur. &quot;She would give me extra work of mopping and sweeping floors and I did them silently. I also tried to tell her to change her attitude towards me but she continued,&quot; he recalled. Speaking to ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Valmiki said, &quot;I told the doctor in charge and my supervisor to transfer me, I complained about her but no one listened. Who listens to a ''jamadar'' (sweeper)?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/headlineprint/I-didn-rsquo-t-rape-slapped-her-in-fit-of-rage-Sohanlal-Aruna-rsquo-s-attacker.html |title=I didn't rape, slapped her in fit of rage: Sohanlal, Aruna's attacker |access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-05-30 |title=Everything happened in a fit of rage, says the man who 'attacked' Aruna Shanbaug |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/everything-happened-in-a-fit-of-rage-says-the-man-who-attacked-aruna-shanbaug/story-aSO7xnmpqn5FPwhiQkOB1K.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025103058/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/everything-happened-in-a-fit-of-rage-says-the-man-who-attacked-aruna-shanbaug/story-aSO7xnmpqn5FPwhiQkOB1K.html |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Attack==<br /> On 27 November 1973, Shanbaug, then 25 years old, was sexually assaulted by Sohanlal Valmiki, a janitor on contract at King Edward Memorial Hospital.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;/&gt; The attack occurred while she was changing out of her uniform in the hospital basement at the end of her shift. Medical examination revealed that Valmiki [[strangulation|choked]] her with a dog chain, and [[sodomized]] her after realising that Shanbaug was menstruating.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Valmiki's version of events===<br /> When describing the night of 27 November 1973, Valmiki said &quot;there was an argument and a physical fight&quot; when Shanbaug denied his request for a leave to visit his ill mother-in-law, and &quot;threatened&quot; to report him for &quot;not working and stealing dog food&quot; if he took a leave.&lt;ref name=&quot;assailant&quot; /&gt; Valmiki claimed Shanbaug fainted after he &quot;got livid&quot; and slapped her &quot;in a fit of rage&quot;, after which he panicked and left KEM to go home. He denied raping her and said that it &quot;must have been someone else&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-slapped-her-in-fit-of-rage-didn-t-rape-sodomise-aruna-s-attacker/story-EF3459DIBx4aKjpEH4bNFP.html |title=I slapped her in fit of rage, didn't rape, sodomise: Aruna's attacker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103085836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-slapped-her-in-fit-of-rage-didn-t-rape-sodomise-aruna-s-attacker/story-EF3459DIBx4aKjpEH4bNFP.html |archive-date=2016-01-03 |access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;assailant&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> ===Discovery of Shanbaug's body===<br /> Shanbaug was discovered 12 hours after the attack at 7:45 am by Pramila Kushe, a KEM nurse reporting for her morning shift.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 March 2011 |title=Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug v. Union Of India [2011 (4) SCC 454] (Euthanasia case) |url=http://onelawstreet.com/2011/03/aruna-ramchandra-shanbaug-v-union-of-india-2011-4-scc-454-ethanasia-case/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519121131/http://onelawstreet.com/2011/03/aruna-ramchandra-shanbaug-v-union-of-india-2011-4-scc-454-ethanasia-case/ |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |website=1, Law Street |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;She was sitting, leaning against a stool with a dog-chain around her neck. There was blood around her,&quot; Kushe recalls, &quot;I ran out and brought the matron. As soon as she saw matron Bellimal, her eyes welled up and tears streamed down her face. She tried to say something but could not...only her lips moved. And then, slowly she lost consciousness.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NR&quot;/&gt; She was rushed to the casualty ward by her colleagues. The lack of oxygen supply to her brain resulted in a [[brain stem]] [[contusion]], cervical cord injury, and [[cortical blindness]]. While her eyes could technically &quot;see&quot;, her brain could no longer register images.&lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot; /&gt; Due to severe brain damage, the attending doctors and nurses soon realized that Shanbaug was in persistent [[vegetative state]] with no scope for improvement.&lt;ref name=&quot;MH&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toi2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> When she did not return home on the night of the attack, Shanbaug's sister, who was used to her irregular work schedule, was not immediately concerned. She received a call from KEM the next day informing her that Shanbaug had been attacked.&lt;ref name=&quot;MH&quot; /&gt; On the contrary, [[Mid-Day]] reported that Shanbaug's family only found out about the attack after her friends visited Shanta's home. &quot;I still remember the day,&quot; Shanta's daughter Mangala recalled, &quot;It was 10 am and we had prepared ''[[Idli|idlis]]'' for breakfast, as Aruna liked them. Her friend rushed into the house and said that Aruna isn't feeling well. Only after reaching the hospital did we find out about the actual incident.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url= https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai--did-aruna-shanbaug-s-family-abandon-her--16220177| title= Mumbai: Did Aruna Shanbaug's family abandon her?| date= 19 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Nurse strike===<br /> The attack sparked independent India's first nurse strike, with nurses in Mumbai demanding justice and treatment for Shanbaug and better protection and working conditions for themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindufrontline&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NR&quot; /&gt; In the 1980s, the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (BMC) made two attempts to move Shanbaug outside the KEM Hospital to free the bed she had been occupying for seven years. KEM nurses launched a protest, and the BMC abandoned the plan.&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Criminal proceedings and conviction===<br /> Mumbai police team under Commissioner MS Mugwe launched a manhunt to locate Valmiki; he was apprehended in [[Pune]]. He was charged under Sections 307 (attempted murder) and 397 (robbery) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) for stealing Shanbaug's watch and earrings after the attack. During Mumbai sessions court trial, he was found guilty on both counts and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment (the maximum under the two charges). The judgment said &quot;the accused had gone there with the intention to rape&quot; and yet Valmiki was never charged with rape. The police records and [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) include no mention of rape. According to a ''[[The Times of India]]'' report, the then dean of KEM Dr. Deshpande omitted details of Shanbaug's sodomization to spare her fiancé, Desai, from &quot;public embarrassment&quot;. Desai was also discouraged from being a complainant on her case. Instead, a sub-inspector became the designated complainant as no one else was willing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-20 |title=The rapist who never was: Let's not forget the man who destroyed Aruna Shanbaug's life |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-rapist-who-never-was-let-us-not-forget-the-man-who-destroyed-aruna-shanbaugs-life-2251942.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-18 |title=Aruna Shanbaug: 10 facts about world's oldest comatose patient |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/aruna-shanbaug-10-shocking-facts-about-worlds-oldest-comatose-patient-253451-2015-05-18 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MH&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=Rape in hospitals: Aruna Shanbaug to RG Kar victim; If institutions aren't safe, where do we go? |url=https://www.news9live.com/opinion-analysis/rape-in-hospitals-aruna-shanbaug-to-rg-kar-victim-if-institutions-arent-safe-where-do-we-go-2653507 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815015116/https://www.news9live.com/opinion-analysis/rape-in-hospitals-aruna-shanbaug-to-rg-kar-victim-if-institutions-arent-safe-where-do-we-go-2653507 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The medical examination for Shanbaug used the controversial &quot;[[Virginity test|two-finger-test]]&quot; that entails insertion of two fingers into the vaginal cavity to inspect the hymen of victims of sexual offences. Following the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Nirbhaya gang rape and murder case]], the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], Government of India, issued fresh guidelines for medico-legal care for sexual violence survivors that banned the test. Moreover, until the passage of 2013 [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013|Criminal Law (Amendment) Act]], the definition of rape under IPC's Section 375 did not extend to acts in addition to vaginal penetration. In her book ''Aruna's Story: The True Account of a Rape and its Aftermath'' (1998), journalist and human rights activist [[Pinki Virani]] wrote: &quot;[Valmiki] was not sentenced for rape because he had not committed the rape vaginally; it was anal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2015-05-19 |title=Sohanlal Valmiki: The forgotten rapist who slowly killed Aruna Shanbaug over 42 years |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/sohanlal-valmiki-forgotten-rapist-who-slowly-killed-aruna-shanbaug-over-42-years-32010 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904034236/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/sohanlal-valmiki-forgotten-rapist-who-slowly-killed-aruna-shanbaug-over-42-years-32010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Release and life after===<br /> Valmiki was released from prison after serving six years; he spent one year under trial. For years after, his whereabouts were unknown. <br /> <br /> Pinki Virani attempted to track him down; she believed that Valmiki changed his name after leaving prison but continued to work in a Delhi hospital. Since neither the King Edward Memorial Hospital nor the court that tried Valmiki kept a file photo of him, Virani's search failed.&lt;ref name=&quot;IF&quot;/&gt; Other reports claimed he had subsequently died of [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] or [[tuberculosis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;assailant&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Shortly after Shanbaug's death was announced, however, Valmiki was tracked down by Mumbai-based journalist Dnyanesh Chavan from the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] daily ''Sakal'' to his father-in-law's village of Parpa in western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was found to be still living, married with a family, and working as a labourer and cleaner in a power station.&lt;ref name=&quot;assailant&quot;/&gt; After his release from prison, he returned to his ancestral village of Dadupur in western Uttar Pradesh before moving to Parpa in the late 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;assailant&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Later information==<br /> ===Allegations of familial abandonment===<br /> As of 2011, Shanta had not visited Shanbaug in decades. &quot;I used to go in the afternoons to see her and then come back home [to] work which became very difficult. Once my children got married, I couldn't go,&quot; she said. &quot;I feel sorry for her, but what can I do? If I go now, they'll force me to bring her back. Where will I keep her? I live in someone else's house.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Let her die when she has to: Aruna Shanbaug's sister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/let-her-die-when-she-has-to-aruna-shanbaugs-sister-449867 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contrary to KEM staff's allegations of familial abandonment, Shanta's children Mangala, Savitri and Vinayak said they looked after Shanbaug for more than twelve years after the attack. According to Savitri, they did everything they could to take care of her. &quot;I remember going to the hospital with tiffin boxes. We cleaned her up, washed her and did everything possible till the time we could,&quot; she told Mid-Day. The siblings moved to different parts of Mumbai after marriage, and visiting Shanbaug became difficult. &quot;We lived far off and even our mother wasn't well. We also had our families to take care of, and it was possible to check on Aruna only occasionally. But we never abandoned her. We used to visit her once or twice a month,&quot; Mangala said.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-19 |title=Mumbai: Did Aruna Shanbaug's family abandon her? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai--did-aruna-shanbaug-s-family-abandon-her--16220177 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> When a journalist contacted Balakrishna, Shanbaug's eldest brother, he was informed that Balakrishna had stopped visiting KEM &quot;because of fear of pressure to take his sister home.&quot; Balakrishna died of cancer in 2013; he was living in [[Bengaluru]] at the time of his death. His daughter denies that that the family abandoned Shanbaug. She said her father visited KEM several times until a change in hospital management made it difficult to continue seeing Shanbaug. Balakrishna was preceded in death by Shanbaug's second eldest brother, Govinda, based in [[Ratnagiri]], and a third Sadananda, who worked in [[Honnavar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-24 |title=Sunday Story: A girl called Aruna Shanbaug |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-a-girl-called-aruna/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918000949/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-a-girl-called-aruna/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Anand, her youngest brother and one of her few relatives still living in Haldipur, visited Shanbaug a few times with his wife Bhagirathi between 1981 and 1987. He ran a small restaurant in [[Ghatkopar]] at the time. &quot;Every time, the doctors would ask us to take her. We could not do that. In the end, my husband began dreading going to the hospital,&quot; Bhagirathi told [[The Indian Express]]. Anand died in 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Shanbaug's brothers Gajanana and Prabhakar, who suffered from [[mental disorder]], would stop any vehicle going past Haldipur to enquire if she was in it. &quot;Villagers knew what had happened to Aruna,&quot; Mangala clarified. &quot;They would tell them she was coming in the next vehicle.&quot; The brothers were reportedly homeless, and survived on scraps from stores around the village. Gajanana died in an accident involving a [[Temple car|temple chariot]], while Prabhakar passed away as a result of [[malnutrition]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Shyamala, Shanbaug's younger sister, never saw her after the attack. &quot;We had no means to support her or pay for her hospital expenses. Like me, my sister Shanta, who stayed in Mumbai, an&amp;nbsp;also abandoned Aruna due to financial constraints,&quot; she told [[The Times of India]] after Shanbaug's death in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-05-19 |title=Happy her long ordeal is over, says Aruna Shanbaug's sister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/happy-her-long-ordeal-is-over-says-aruna-shanbaugs-sister/articleshow/47335906.cms |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108192202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Happy-her-long-ordeal-is-over-says-Aruna-Shanbaugs-sister/articleshow/47335906.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> No one from Shanbaug's family lived in Haldipur at the time of her death. Their ancestral property–four houses built next to each other to accommodate Shanbaug's father and three brothers–was deserted. Initially made of dried grass, ''Garave Nivas'' was converted into [[Mangalore tiles|Mangalore-tiled]] ''[[Pucca housing|pucca]]'' house in 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Similarities to 2024 Kolkata rape and murder case===<br /> During a ''[[Sua sponte|suo moto]]'' hearing for the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|2024 murder of a junior doctor]] at Kolkata's [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital|RG Kar Medical College and Hospital]], Supreme Court Chief Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D Y Chandrachud]] made a reference to Shanbaug's attack. &quot;Due to ingrained patriarchal biases, the relatives of patients are more likely to attack the women doctors and they are more susceptible to sexual violence too and Aruna Shanbaug case is a case in point. Gender violence shows [a] lack of safety for women in the system,&quot; he said. Chandrachud also highlighted other instances of violence against medical professionals in West Bengal, Bihar and Hyderabad, calling the lack of safe working conditions for healthcare workers &quot;deeply&quot; concerning.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=Who was Aruna Shanbaug mentioned by the Supreme Court during Kolkata rape-murder case hearing? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/supreme-court-kolkata-rape-murder-case-hearing-aruna-shanbaug-euthanasia-13806612.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=How Aruna Shanbaug's memories echoed in the corridors of Supreme Court |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/how-aruna-shanbaug-s-memories-echoed-in-the-corridors-of-supreme-court-124082100843_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321152415/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/how-aruna-shanbaug-s-memories-echoed-in-the-corridors-of-supreme-court-124082100843_1.html |archive-date=2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Shanbaug's fiancé comes forward===<br /> For years, Desai was referred to as Dr Sundeep Sardesai in media reports and in Virani's book. He revealed his identify for the first time while speaking to [[Mumbai Mirror]] after Shanbaug's death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=I never missed even a single article on Aruna |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/i-never-missed-even-a-single-article-on-aruna/articleshow/47335159.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> As of 2015, Desai is a [[physician]] with his own private practice in [[Dadar]]. He completed his MD from KEM, and joined the hospital as a senior registrar in 1973. He remembers Shanbaug as &quot;very dedicated to her work&quot; as a result of which she was posted to the neurosurgery department within three years of joining KEM–something that otherwise requires several years of experience. He said senior doctors preferred Shanbaug to assist during complex surgeries, and she never refused to help even when doctors called her at night after she had finished her day shift.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Desai found out about the attack the day after. &quot;I could not believe my eyes when I saw her. Aruna, who always had a radiant smile on her face, was lying on bed, unable to recognise anyone. Being a doctor, I immediately knew what her condition was,&quot; he said. The young doctor left KEM in 1974, but continued to visit Shanbaug regularly for the next three years. &quot;Every time, I would try to speak to her,&quot; he told Mumbai Mirror. &quot;But her condition never improved and it became really painful to see her like that.&quot; Desai got married in 1977 after &quot;tremendous pressure from the family.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I don't visit Aruna. I can't see her in pain |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/i-dont-visit-aruna-i-cant-see-her-in-pain/articleshow/16108868.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Desai said he &quot;never missed a single story written about Aruna&quot; and believed that &quot;stigma a rape victims carries with her and the way society perceives her has still not changed&quot; in the last four decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Supreme Court case==<br /> {{See also|Euthanasia in India}}<br /> ===''Aruna Shanbaug v Union of India'' (2011)===<br /> On 17 December 2010, the Supreme Court, while admitting the plea to end the life made by activist-journalist Pinki Virani, sought a report on Shanbaug's medical condition from the hospital in Mumbai and the [[government of Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India court admits plea to end life of rape victim |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8417549.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]], Delhi |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313173950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8417549.stm |archive-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Judges consider comatose rape victim's right to die |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6960935.ece |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629135828/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6960935.ece |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 January 2011, a three-member medical panel was established under the Supreme Court's directive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Team to look into Euthanasia plea|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-25/mumbai/28378869_1_euthanasia-plea-hospital-bed-condition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105005312/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-25/mumbai/28378869_1_euthanasia-plea-hospital-bed-condition|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-05|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2011-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; After examining Shanbaug, the panel concluded that she met &quot;most of the criteria of being in a permanent vegetative state&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Aruna Shanbaug's brain shrivelled after 1973 sexual assault'|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-28/india/28641570_1_aruna-ramachandra-shanbaug-human-brain-pinki-virani|date=28 Feb 2011|access-date=11 March 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701145609/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-28/india/28641570_1_aruna-ramachandra-shanbaug-human-brain-pinki-virani|archive-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 7 March 2011, the Supreme Court, in a landmark judgement, issued a set of broad guidelines legalizing [[passive euthanasia]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12662124|title=India court rejects Aruna Shanbaug euthanasia plea|journal=BBC News|date=7 March 2011|access-date=8 March 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307152311/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12662124| archive-date=7 March 2011 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LA-times&quot;/&gt; These guidelines for passive euthanasia—''i.e.'' the decision to withdraw treatment, nutrition, or water—establish that the decision to discontinue life support must be taken by parents, spouse, or other close relatives, or in the absence of them, by a &quot;next friend&quot;. The decision also requires court approval.<br /> <br /> In its judgement, the court declined to recognize Virani as the &quot;next friend&quot; of Aruna Shanbaug, and instead treated the KEM hospital staff as the &quot;next friend.&quot;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|We do not mean to decry or disparage what Ms. Pinki Virani has done. Rather, we wish to express our appreciation of the splendid social spirit she has shown. We have seen on the internet that she has been espousing many social causes, and we hold her in high esteem. All that we wish to say is that however much her interest in Aruna Shanbaug may be it cannot match the involvement of the KEM hospital staff who have been taking care of Aruna day and night for 38 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;scjudgement&quot;/&gt;{{rp|127–128}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since the KEM Hospital staff wished that Aruna Shanbaug be allowed to live, Virani's petition to withdraw life support was declined. However, the court further stipulated that the KEM hospital staff, with the approval of the Bombay High Court, had the option of withdrawing life support if they changed their mind:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;However, assuming that the KEM hospital staff at some future time changes its mind, in our opinion in such a situation the KEM hospital would have to apply to the Bombay High Court for approval of the decision to withdraw life support.&lt;ref name=&quot;scjudgement&quot;/&gt;{{rp|128}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===''Common Cause v Union of India'' (2018)===<br /> On 25 February 2014, while hearing a PIL filed by NGO [[Common Cause (India)|Common Cause]], a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India said that the prior opinion in the ''Aruna Shanbaug'' case was based on a wrong interpretation of the Constitution Bench's opinion in ''Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab''. The court also determined that the opinion was internally inconsistent because although it held that euthanasia can be allowed only by an act of the legislature, it then proceeded to judicially establish euthanasia guidelines. The court referred the issue to a larger Constitution Bench for resolution, writing:&lt;blockquote&gt;In view of the inconsistent opinions rendered in Aruna Shanbaug (supra) and also considering the important question of law involved which needs to be reflected in the light of social, legal, medical and constitutional perspective, it becomes extremely important to have a clear enunciation of law. Thus, in our cogent opinion, the question of law involved requires careful consideration by a Constitution Bench of this Court for the benefit of humanity as a whole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2014/02/common-cause-a-regd-society-v-union-of-india-2014-5-scc-338-euthanasia-reference-to-constitution-bench/|title = Common Cause (A Regd. Society) v. Union of India – (2014) 5 SCC 338 [Euthanasia reference to Constitution Bench]|date = 24 February 2014|access-date = 18 May 2015|website = 1, Law Street|publisher = Supreme Court of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519074047/http://onelawstreet.com/2014/02/common-cause-a-regd-society-v-union-of-india-2014-5-scc-338-euthanasia-reference-to-constitution-bench/|archive-date = 19 May 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Response===<br /> Following the Supreme Court decision rejecting the plea, the nursing staff at the hospital—who had opposed the petition and had been looking after Shanbaug since she had lapsed into a vegetative state—distributed sweets and cut a cake to celebrate what they termed her &quot;rebirth&quot;. A senior nurse at the hospital later said, &quot;We have to tend to her just like a small child at home. She only keeps aging like any of us, does not create any problems for us. We take turns looking after her and we love to care for her. How can anybody think of taking her life?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;dc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Pinki Virani's lawyer, Shubhangi Tulli, decided not to file an appeal, saying &quot;the two-judge ruling was final till the SC decided to constitute a larger bench to re-examine the issue.&quot; Pinki Virani said, &quot;Because of this woman who has never received justice, no other person in a similar position will have to suffer for more than three and a half decades.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Because of Aruna, no one else will have to suffer |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Thanks-to-Aruna-others-won-t-suffer-Pinki-Virani/Article1-670476.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=7 March 2011 |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310060344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Thanks-to-Aruna-others-won-t-suffer-Pinki-Virani/Article1-670476.aspx |archive-date=10 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> A few days before her death, Shanbaug was diagnosed with [[pneumonia]]. She was moved to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) of the hospital and put on a ventilator. She died the morning of 18 May 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;/&gt; Her funeral was performed by the hospital nurses and other staff members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Funeral of Aruna Shanbaug performed at KEM Hospital in Mumbai|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/last-rites-of-aruna-shanbaug-performed-at-kem-hospital-in-mumbai/|access-date=18 May 2015|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521030937/http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/last-rites-of-aruna-shanbaug-performed-at-kem-hospital-in-mumbai/|archive-date=21 May 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> A non-fiction book about the case titled ''Aruna's Story'' was written by Pinki Virani in 1998. Duttakumar Desai wrote the Marathi play ''Katha Arunachi'' from 1994–1995; it was performed at college level and subsequently staged by [[Vinay Apte]] in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;toipune&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aruna's story is now a play at Sahitya Sangh |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=13717 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=3 April 2002}} {{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A Gujarati fiction novel, ''Jad Chetan'', was written by popular novelist [[Harkisan Mehta]] in 1985 and was based on Shanbaug's case.&lt;ref name=&quot;ES&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Anumol]] played Shanbaug in the 2014 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] ''Maram Peyyumbol''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-13/news-and-interviews/37059300_1_aruna-shanbaug-pinki-virani-passive-euthanasia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234757/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-13/news-and-interviews/37059300_1_aruna-shanbaug-pinki-virani-passive-euthanasia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-02 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Now, a film on rape victim Aruna Shanbaug's life |access-date=2013-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=deepu says |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/gauthami-nair-as-aruna-shanbaug-in-maram-peyyumpol.html |title=Gauthami Nair as Aruna Shanbaug in maram peyyumpol |publisher=Dcbooks.com |access-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063919/http://www.dcbooks.com/gauthami-nair-as-aruna-shanbaug-in-maram-peyyumpol.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A part of the plot of the [[Marathi cinema|marathi]] film ''[[Janiva]]'' mentions the case and its subsequent impact.<br /> <br /> Shanbaug's story was also portrayed in the series ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ES&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2020, the Ullu web series ''KASAK'', which is based on the case, was released. The role of Sheetal, Shanbaug's stand-in, is portrayed by [[Ihana Dhillon]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-19 |title=How India Failed Aruna Shanbaug |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/how-india-failed-aruna-shanbaug/article64931537.ece |website=www.thehinducentre.com |language=en |access-date=2025-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;assailant&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Chatterjee, Pritha |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kem-nurse-aruna-shanbaugs-assailant-is-alive-tired-of-memories-i-want-to-die/99/ |title=Aruna Shanbaug's assailant is alive. I want to seek forgiveness from her and God, he says |newspaper=Indian Express |date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530093751/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kem-nurse-aruna-shanbaugs-assailant-is-alive-tired-of-memories-i-want-to-die/99/ |archive-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=29 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-death&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Aruna Shanbaug: Brain-damaged India nurse dies 42 years after rape|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-32776897|agency=BBC|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518060520/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-32776897|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;dc&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Rebirth for Aruna, say joyous Mumbai hospital staff |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/143798/rebirth-aruna-say-joyous-mumbai.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=7 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628191521/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/143798/rebirth-aruna-say-joyous-mumbai.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=11 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=1973 Sexual Assault Victim Aruna Shanbaug passes away in Mumbai|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/1973-sexual-assault-victim-aruna-shanbaug-passes-away-in-mumbai/|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095941/http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/1973-sexual-assault-victim-aruna-shanbaug-passes-away-in-mumbai/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Shanbaug's death evokes sympathy|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/india/shanbaugs-death-evokes-sympathy.html|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615015852/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/india/shanbaugs-death-evokes-sympathy.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-death&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Raped Indian nurse dies after 42 years in coma|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/18/raped-indian-nurse-dies-after-42-years-in-coma|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519085225/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/18/raped-indian-nurse-dies-after-42-years-in-coma|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;IF&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20907755|title=The rapes that India forgot|date=2013-01-05|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323203138/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20907755|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2015-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;LA-times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-india-euthanasia-20110308,0,1497102.story|title=India's Supreme Court lays out euthanasia guidelines|newspaper=LA Times|date=8 March 2011|access-date=8 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;MH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-25 |title=50 years ago, a nurse was attacked in a Mumbai hospital. What changed, what didn't |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/50-years-ago-a-nurse-was-attacked-in-a-mumbai-hospital-what-changed-what-didnt-9531412/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=2025-06-17 |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010044354/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/50-years-ago-a-nurse-was-attacked-in-a-mumbai-hospital-what-changed-what-didnt-9531412/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;NR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=GOSWAMI |first=SAMYABRATA RAY |date=2011-03-08 |title='She is sleeping... when she awakes, we'll put sugar cubes in her feed to celebrate' Nurses reveal Aruna bond |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/she-is-sleeping-when-she-awakes-we-ll-put-sugar-cubes-in-her-feed-to-celebrate-nurses-reveal-aruna-bond/cid/414960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250617054128/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/she-is-sleeping-when-she-awakes-we-ll-put-sugar-cubes-in-her-feed-to-celebrate-nurses-reveal-aruna-bond/cid/414960 |archive-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;scjudgement&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wr1152009.pdf |title=Supreme Court decision on Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug versus Union of India |publisher=Supreme Court of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110142938/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wr1152009.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;SS&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sunday Story: A girl called Aruna Shanbaug |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-a-girl-called-aruna/ |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918000949/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-a-girl-called-aruna/ | url-status= bot: unknown |access-date=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;toipune&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Pune-Times/Rape-and-Reality/articleshow/13703462.cms<br /> |title = Rape and Reality<br /> |last = Shahane<br /> |first = Devayani<br /> |date = 2002-05-23<br /> |work = Pune Times<br /> |publisher = [[The Times of India]]<br /> |access-date = 2015-01-22<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091202075122/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Pune-Times/Rape-and-Reality/articleshow/13703462.cms<br /> |archive-date = 2 December 2009<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-10/delhi/27217088_1_delhi-hospital-mumbai-hospital-kem-hospital<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305230525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-10/delhi/27217088_1_delhi-hospital-mumbai-hospital-kem-hospital<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=2011-03-05<br /> |title=Aruna is still on our conscience<br /> |last=Virani<br /> |first=Pinki<br /> |date=2003-09-10<br /> |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;toi2&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-07/special-report/27825117_1_child-marriage-caste-medical-report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323124600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-07/special-report/27825117_1_child-marriage-caste-medical-report|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-23|title=Four women India forgot<br /> |last=Kurup<br /> |first=Saira<br /> |date=2006-05-07<br /> |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]<br /> |access-date=2009-10-25}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;hindufrontline&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1513/15130740.htm<br /> |title=A cautionary tale<br /> |last=Surya<br /> |first=Vasantha|date=20 June 1998<br /> |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline Magazine]]<br /> |volume=15|issue=13<br /> |access-date=2015-01-22| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125043328/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1513/15130740.htm| archive-date= 25 November 2009 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| url-status=usurped}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!--<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;chowk&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.chowk.com/articles/4939<br /> |title=Yet Another South Asian Story<br /> |last=Nambiar<br /> |first=Harish<br /> |date=2000-11-20<br /> |work=chowk<br /> |publisher=Chowk (blog)<br /> |access-date=2009-10-25<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211060041/http://chowk.com/articles/4939<br /> |archive-date=2010-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;timeline&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-08/mumbai/28668057_1_aruna-shanbaug-sc-reserves-judgment-kem<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105005318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-08/mumbai/28668057_1_aruna-shanbaug-sc-reserves-judgment-kem<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=2012-11-05<br /> |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]<br /> |title=Aruna Shanbaug: Timeline<br /> |date=2011-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * ''Aruna's Story: the true account of a rape and its aftermath'', by Pinki Virani. Viking, 1998 {{ISBN|0140277625}}<br /> *''Arunachi Goshta'' (Aruna's story) {{in lang|mr}}, by Pinki Virani, 1998, Translator: Meena Karnik. Mehta Publishing House. 1998 {{ISBN|81-8498-142-2}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170110142938/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wr1152009.pdf Court ruling, Aruna Shanbaug vs. Union of India, 7 March 2011] at ''[[Supreme Court of India]]''<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100311011759/http://www.blogher.com/rape-has-left-people-wishing-her-dead-ii-interview-writer-pinki-virani Pinki Virani's Interview - 13 June 2008]<br /> *{{cite news |title=India court admits plea to end life of rape victim|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8417549.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]], Delhi |date=17 December 2009 }}<br /> *{{cite news |title=Aruna Shanbaug case: Supreme Court rejects euthanasia plea|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/aruna-shanbaug-case-supreme-court-rejects-euthanasia-plea-89894 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=7 March 2011}}<br /> <br /> {{Medical ethics cases}}<br /> {{Rape in India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shanbaug, Aruna}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1973 crimes in India]]<br /> [[Category:2011 in case law]]<br /> [[Category:2011 in India]]<br /> [[Category:2015 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Crime in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Health law in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian case law]]<br /> [[Category:Medical controversies in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rape in India]]<br /> [[Category:Violence against women in India]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]<br /> [[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirti_Toran&diff=510057 2026-03-21T23:42:52Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: creating new info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Gateway in Vadnagar, Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Kirti Toran<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | former_names = <br /> | alternate_names = <br /> | status = <br /> | image = Vadnagar's_Kirti_Toran_full_shot_with_beautiful_clouds.JPG<br /> | image_caption = The east ''Torana'' with parts of another visible in background<br /> | image_size = <br /> | location = [[Vadnagar]], [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]]<br /> | address = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | cost = <br /> | floor_area = <br /> | top_floor = <br /> | floor_count = <br /> | embed = <br /> | embedded = <br /> | references = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_label = <br /> | pushpin_relief = <br /> | altitude = <br /> | architectural_style = [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] (Chaulukya)<br /> | structural_system = <br /> | current_tenants = <br /> | height = <br /> | architectural = <br /> | roof = <br /> | observatory = <br /> | other_dimensions = <br /> | elevator_count = <br /> | designations = [[Archeological Survey of India|ASI]] [[Monument of National Importance]] (N-GJ-156)<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | namesake = <br /> | diameter = <br /> | circumference = <br /> | weight = <br /> | material = Red yellow sandstone<br /> | size = <br /> | grounds_area = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | url = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kirti Toran''' are two ''[[torana]]'' (ornamental gateways) located in [[Vadnagar]] in [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]], India. Built in the 12th century, they are examples of [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Maru-Gurjara architecture]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The two toranas belong to the 12th-century are located just north of the walled town. They stand on the bank of the Sharmistha Lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Shushmita |last2=Lakhani |first2=Sunita J. |date= |title=Toran Architecture of Gujarat |url=https://www.academia.edu/22423848 |journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute |publisher=Department of Archaeology &amp; Ancient History Faculty of Arts, The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] |volume=LXI |issue=1-2 (Sept 2009 –Dec 2009) |pages=85–103 |issn=0030-5324 |via=academia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The one to the east is in better condition and has been used as a symbol of Gujarat in recent times. Initially, one ''torana'' was intact while the other was ruined. The ruined one was re-erected in 2007 by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The ''toranas'' might have served as an entrance to a large temple complex, but no remains of such have been found till date.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kirti Toran |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/north-zone/mehsana/kirti-toran--vadnagar.html |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=Gujarat Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; It is the Monument of National Importance protected by the ASI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of State Protected Monuments of Archaeology Department |script-title=gu:પુરાતત્વ ખાતાના રાજ્ય રક્ષિત સ્મારકોની યાદી |url=http://www.sycd.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/List-of-monument.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427193421/http://www.sycd.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/List-of-monument.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-10-27 |publisher=Sports, Youth and Cultural Activities Department, Government of Gujarat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''torana''s were known as ''Narsinh Mehta's Chauri'' and was legendarily attributed to 15th century Gujarati poet [[Narsinh Mehta]].<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> [[File:Vadnagar6.jpg|thumb|left|Carvings of the pillar capital]]<br /> The [[Torana|toranas]], a pair of columns supporting an arch, about {{convert|40|ft}} tall, built in red and yellow [[sandstone]]. Both of them face the east with few houses in between them now. They are among the few surviving examples of the entrance gates, once a regular feature of the [[architecture of Gujarat]] in the [[Chalukya dynasty|Solanki period]] ([[Māru-Gurjara architecture]]). The carving style of them is similar to the pillars of the [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]] at [[Siddhpur]] and the [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun temple]], suggesting they belong to the same period. Perhaps erected after a war victory, the architecture is embellished with carvings of battle and hunting scenes. Their pillars and arches are decorated with [[Lozenge (shape)|lozenges]] at the base and geometric and floral designs (i.e., leaves, creepers and lotus), animal motifs, human figures engaged in various activities, and divine figures in different poses. The pillars feature elements like the Padma, Kani, [[Kirtimukha]]s, Gajathara, Narathara, and sculptured [[Kumbha|Kumbhi]]. The pillar capitals have pointed, carved leaves and support griffins and semi-circular arches. The top bears an image of a seated god [[Kartikeya]] flanked by [[Ganesh]] and [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] (a [[griffin]]), from which spring arches. A number of standing female figures also ornament the top.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-03-15 |title=ASI erects ancient Vadnagar gate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/asi-erects-ancient-vadnagar-gate/articleshow/1764379.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Vadnagar Archaeological Experiential Museum]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{commons}}<br /> [[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century religious buildings and structures in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century religious buildings and structures]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Vadnagar]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth_science&diff=475158 2026-03-19T21:51:09Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Fields of natural science related to Earth}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=August 2025}}<br /> [[File:DirkvdM rocks.jpg|thumb|The rocky side of a mountain creek in [[Costa Rica]]]]<br /> '''Earth science''' or '''geoscience''' includes all fields of [[natural science]] related to planet [[Earth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Earth sciences {{!}} Definition, Topics, &amp; Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Earth-sciences |access-date=2023-08-19 |website= Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the [[biosphere]], [[hydrosphere]]/[[cryosphere]], [[atmosphere]], and [[geosphere]] (or [[lithosphere]]). Earth science can be considered to be a branch of [[planetary science]] but with a much older history.<br /> <br /> == Geology ==<br /> [[File:Layers of sedimentary rock in Makhtesh Ramon (50754).jpg|thumb|Layers of [[sedimentary rock]] in [[Makhtesh Ramon]]]]<br /> <br /> [[Geology]] is broadly the study of Earth's structure, substance, and processes. Geology is largely the study of the [[lithosphere]], or Earth's surface, including the [[Earth's crust]] and [[Rock (geology)|rocks]]. It includes the physical characteristics and processes that occur in the lithosphere as well as how they are affected by [[geothermal energy]]. It incorporates aspects of chemistry, physics, and biology as elements of geology interact. [[Historical geology]] is the application of geology to interpret [[History of Earth|Earth history]] and how it has changed over time.<br /> <br /> [[Geochemistry]] studies the chemical components and processes of the Earth. [[Geophysics]] studies the physical properties of the Earth. [[Paleontology]] studies fossilized biological material in the lithosphere. [[Planetary geology]] studies geoscience as it pertains to extraterrestrial bodies. [[Geomorphology]] studies the origin of landscapes. [[Structural geology]] studies the deformation of rocks to produce mountains and lowlands. Resource geology studies how energy resources can be obtained from minerals. [[Environmental geology]] studies how pollution and contaminants affect soil and rock.{{Sfn|Smith|Pun|2006|pp=14–16}} [[Mineralogy]] is the study of minerals and includes the study of mineral formation, [[crystal structure]], hazards associated with minerals, and the physical and chemical properties of minerals.{{Sfn|Haldar|2020|p=109}} [[Petrology]] is the study of rocks, including the formation and composition of rocks. [[Petrography]] is a branch of petrology that studies the typology and classification of rocks.{{Sfn|Haldar|2020|p=145|pp=}}<br /> <br /> == Earth's interior ==<br /> [[File:Volcano q.jpg|thumb|A [[volcanic]] eruption is the release of stored energy from below Earth's surface.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title =Encyclopedia of Volcanoes|publisher= Academic Press|location= London|date= 2000|isbn=9780080547985}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> {{main|Structure of Earth}}<br /> <br /> [[Plate tectonics]], [[mountain range]]s, [[volcano]]es, and [[earthquake]]s are [[geological]] phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the Earth's crust.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://okfirst.ocs.ou.edu/train/meteorology/EnergyBudget.html|title=Earth's Energy Budget|work=ou.edu|access-date=2007-06-20|archive-date=2008-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194704/http://okfirst.ocs.ou.edu/train/meteorology/EnergyBudget.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beneath the Earth's crust lies the [[Earth's mantle|mantle]] which is heated by the [[radioactive decay]] of [[heavy elements]]. The mantle is not quite solid and consists of [[magma]] which is in a state of semi-perpetual [[wikt:convection|convection]]. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Simison|2007|loc=paragraph 7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;adams tectonics&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|Lambert|2006|pp= 94–95, 100, 102}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|Pun|2006|pp= 13–17, 218, G-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oldroyd tectonics&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Oldroyd|2006|pp= 101,103,104}}&lt;/ref&gt; Areas of the crust where new crust is created are called ''divergent boundaries'', those where it is brought back into the Earth are ''convergent boundaries'' and those where plates slide past each other, but no new lithospheric material is created or destroyed, are referred to as [[transform fault|transform]] (or conservative) boundaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams tectonics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oldroyd tectonics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|Pun|2006|p=331}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Earthquakes]] result from the movement of the lithospheric plates, and they often occur near convergent boundaries where parts of the crust are forced into the earth as part of subduction.&lt;ref name=&quot;smith subduction&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|Pun|2006|pp=325–26, 329}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Plate tectonics might be thought of as the process by which the Earth is resurfaced. As the result of [[seafloor spreading]], new crust and lithosphere is created by the flow of magma from the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] to the near surface, through fissures, where it cools and solidifies. Through [[subduction]], oceanic crust and lithosphere vehemently returns to the convecting mantle.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams tectonics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oldroyd tectonics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|Pun|2006|p=327}}&lt;/ref&gt; Volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material. Crust material that is forced into the [[asthenosphere]] melts, and some portion of the melted material becomes light enough to rise to the surface—giving birth to volcanoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams tectonics&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;smith subduction&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Atmospheric science ==<br /> {{Main|Atmospheric science}}<br /> [[File:Magnetosphere rendition.jpg|thumb|The [[magnetosphere]] shields the surface of Earth from the charged particles of the [[solar wind]].&lt;!---It is compressed on the day (Sun) side due to the force of the arriving particles, and extended on the night side.---&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(''image not to scale.'')]]<br /> <br /> Atmospheric science initially developed in the late-19th century as a means to forecast the weather through [[meteorology]], the study of weather. [[Atmospheric chemistry]] was developed in the 20th century to measure [[air pollution]] and expanded in the 1970s in response to [[acid rain]]. [[Climatology]] studies the [[climate]] and [[climate change]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=John M. |title=Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey |last2=Hobbs |first2=Peter V. |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2006 |isbn=9780080499536 |edition=2nd |pages=1–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[troposphere]], [[stratosphere]], [[mesosphere]], [[thermosphere]], and [[exosphere]] are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. Seventy-five percent of the mass in the atmosphere is located within the troposphere, the lowest layer. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0% [[nitrogen]], 20.9% [[oxygen]], and 0.92% [[argon]], and small amounts of other gases including CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and water vapor.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams atmosphere&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|Lambert|2006|pp=107–08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water vapor and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; cause the Earth's atmosphere to catch and hold the Sun's energy through the [[greenhouse effect]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|American Heritage|p= 770}}&lt;/ref&gt; This makes Earth's surface warm enough for liquid water and life. In addition to trapping heat, the atmosphere also protects living organisms by shielding the Earth's surface from [[cosmic rays]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Parker|first=Eugene|title=Shielding Space|publisher=Scientific American|date=March 2006|url=https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~d76205x/research/Shielding/docs/Parker_06.pdf|access-date=2017-05-24|archive-date=2016-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101094421/http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~d76205x/research/shielding/docs/Parker_06.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Earth's magnetic field|magnetic field]]—created by the internal motions of the core—produces the [[magnetosphere]] which protects Earth's atmosphere from the [[solar wind]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|Lambert|2006|pp= 21–22}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the Earth is [[Age of the earth|4.5 billion]] years old,&lt;ref name=&quot;age earth&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|Pun|2006|p=183}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Did Scientists Calculate the Age of Earth? |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/how-did-scientists-calculate-age-earth |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; it would have lost its atmosphere by now if there were no protective magnetosphere.<br /> <br /> == Earth's magnetic field ==<br /> {{excerpt|Geomagnetism|template=-Electromagnetism}}<br /> <br /> == Hydrology ==<br /> {{Main|Hydrology}}<br /> [[File:Watercyclesummary.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Movement of water through the [[water cycle]]]]<br /> <br /> Hydrology is the study of the hydrosphere and the [[Water cycle|movement of water on Earth]]. It emphasizes the study of how humans use and interact with freshwater supplies. Study of water's movement is closely related to [[geomorphology]] and other branches of Earth science. Applied hydrology involves engineering to maintain aquatic environments and distribute water supplies. Subdisciplines of hydrology include [[oceanography]], [[hydrogeology]], [[ecohydrology]], and [[glaciology]]. Oceanography is the study of oceans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Davie |first1=Tim |title=Fundamentals of Hydrology |last2=Quinn |first2=Nevil Wyndham |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=9780203798942 |edition=3rd |pages=1–2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hydrogeology is the study of [[groundwater]]. It includes the mapping of groundwater supplies and the analysis of groundwater contaminants. Applied hydrogeology seeks to prevent contamination of groundwater and [[mineral spring]]s and make it available as [[drinking water]]. The earliest exploitation of groundwater resources dates back to 3000 BC, and hydrogeology as a science was developed by hydrologists beginning in the 17th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hölting |first1=Bernward |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-56375-5 |title=Hydrogeology |last2=Coldewey |first2=Wilhelm G. |publisher=Springer |year=2019 |isbn=9783662563755 |edition=8th |pages=1–3 |chapter=Introduction |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56375-5 |access-date=2022-08-16 |archive-date=2022-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816062129/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-56375-5 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ecohydrology is the study of ecological systems in the [[hydrosphere]]. It can be divided into the physical study of aquatic ecosystems and the biological study of aquatic organisms. Ecohydrology includes the effects that organisms and aquatic ecosystems have on one another as well as how these ecosystems are affected by humans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Paul J. |title=Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future |last2=Hannah |first2=David M. |last3=Sadler |first3=Jonathan P. |publisher=Wiley |year=2007 |isbn=9780470010174 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Ecohydrology and Hydroecology: An Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt; Glaciology is the study of the cryosphere, including [[glacier]]s and coverage of the Earth by ice and snow. Concerns of glaciology include access to glacial freshwater, mitigation of glacial hazards, obtaining resources that exist beneath frozen land, and addressing the effects of climate change on the cryosphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Peter |title=Glaciers |url=https://archive.org/details/glaciers0000knig/page/1/mode/2up |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=1999 |isbn=9780748740000 |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ecology ==<br /> {{Main|Ecology}}<br /> Ecology is the study of the [[biosphere]]. This includes the study of nature and of how living things interact with the Earth and one another and the consequences of that. It considers how living things use resources such as [[oxygen]], [[water]], and [[nutrient]]s from the Earth to sustain themselves. It also considers how humans and other living creatures cause changes to nature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ricklefs |first1=Robert E. |title=Ecology |last2=Miller |first2=Gary L. |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=2000 |isbn=9780716728290 |edition=4th |pages=3–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Physical geography ==<br /> {{Main|Physical geography}}<br /> Physical geography is the study of [[Earth system science|Earth's systems]] and how they interact with one another as part of a single self-contained system. It incorporates astronomy, mathematical geography, meteorology, climatology, geology, geomorphology, biology, biogeography, pedology, and soils geography. Physical geography is distinct from [[human geography]], which studies the human populations on Earth, though it does include human effects on the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=James F. |title=Fundamentals of Physical Geography |last2=Sack |first2=Dorothy |last3=Gabler |first3=Robert E. |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2014 |isbn=9781285969718 |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Methodology ==<br /> [[Methodology|Methodologies]] vary depending on the nature of the subjects being studied. Studies typically fall into one of three categories: observational, experimental, or theoretical. Earth scientists often conduct sophisticated computer analysis or visit an interesting location to study earth phenomena (e.g., Antarctica or [[hotspot (geology)|hot spot]] island chains).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Merry |date=2022 |title=How do We Study the Earth? |url=https://open.maricopa.edu/physicalgeologymaricopa/chapter/1-3-geoscience-method/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2026 |website=Maricopa Community Colleges}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A foundational idea in Earth science is the notion of [[uniformitarianism]], which states that &quot;ancient geologic features are interpreted by understanding active processes that are readily observed.&quot; In other words, any geologic processes at work in the present have operated in the same ways throughout geologic time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geologic Principles—Uniformitarianism (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/geologic-principles-uniformitarianism.htm |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This enables those who study [[Earth history]] to apply knowledge of how the Earth's processes operate in the present to gain insight into how the planet has evolved and changed throughout long history.<br /> <br /> == Earth's spheres ==<br /> {{Nature timeline}}<br /> In Earth science, it is common to conceptualize the Earth's surface as consisting of several distinct layers, often referred to as spheres: the [[lithosphere]], the [[hydrosphere]], the [[atmosphere]], and the [[biosphere]]. This concept of spheres is a useful tool for understanding the Earth's surface and its various processes&lt;ref name=&quot;wheeling&quot;&gt;[http://www2.cet.edu/ete/hilk4/intro/spheres.html Earth's Spheres] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831022404/http://www2.cet.edu/ete/hilk4/intro/spheres.html |date=August 31, 2007 }}. ©1997–2000. Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA Classroom of the Future. Retrieved November 11, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;; these correspond to [[Rock (geology)|rocks]], [[water]], [[air]] and [[life]]. Also included by some are the [[cryosphere]] (corresponding to [[ice]]) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere and the [[pedosphere]] (corresponding to [[soil]]) as an active and intermixed sphere.<br /> The following [[branches of science|fields of science]] are generally categorized within the Earth sciences:<br /> * [[Geology]] describes the [[Rock (geology)|rocky]] parts of the [[Earth's crust]] (or [[lithosphere]]) and its historic development. Major subdisciplines are [[mineralogy]] and [[petrology]], [[geomorphology]], [[paleontology]], [[stratigraphy]], [[structural geology]], [[engineering geology]], and [[sedimentology]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|Lambert|2006|p=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;smith 5&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Smith|Pun|2006|p=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Physical geography]] focuses on [[geography]] as an Earth science. Physical geography is the study of Earth's seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and oceans. Physical geography can be divided into several branches or related fields, as follows: [[geomorphology]], [[biogeography]], [[environmental geography]], [[palaeogeography]], [[climatology]], [[meteorology]], [[coastal geography]], [[hydrology]], [[ecology]], [[glaciology]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<br /> * [[Geophysics]] and [[geodesy]] investigate the [[figure of the Earth|shape of the Earth]], its reaction to forces and its [[magnetic field|magnetic]] and [[gravity field]]s. Geophysicists explore the [[Inner core|Earth's core]] and [[Earth's mantle|mantle]] as well as the [[Plate tectonics|tectonic]] and [[Seismology|seismic]] activity of the lithosphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;smith 5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WordNet Search – 3.1 |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=geodesy&amp;sub=Search+WordNet&amp;o2=&amp;o0=1&amp;o7=&amp;o5=&amp;o1=1&amp;o6=&amp;o4=&amp;o3=&amp;h=0 |work=princeton.edu |access-date=2010-10-13 |archive-date=2019-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515020616/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=geodesy&amp;sub=Search+WordNet&amp;o2=&amp;o0=1&amp;o7=&amp;o5=&amp;o1=1&amp;o6=&amp;o4=&amp;o3=&amp;h=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Global Positioning Tutorial |url=http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/geodesy/welcome.html |work=noaa.gov |access-date=2007-11-17 |archive-date=2005-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508003103/http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/geodesy/welcome.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Geophysics is commonly used to supplement the work of [[geologist]]s in developing a comprehensive understanding of crustal geology, particularly in mineral and petroleum exploration. [[Seismologist]]s use [[Geophysical survey|geophysics]] to understand plate tectonic movement, as well as predict seismic activity.<br /> * [[Geochemistry]] studies the processes that control the abundance, composition, and distribution of chemical compounds and isotopes in geologic environments. Geochemists use the tools and principles of chemistry to study the Earth's composition, structure, processes, and other physical aspects. Major subdisciplines are [[aqueous geochemistry]], [[cosmochemistry]], [[isotope geochemistry]] and [[biogeochemistry]].<br /> * [[Soil science]] covers the outermost layer of the Earth's crust that is subject to [[soil formation]] processes (or [[pedosphere]]).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041024223548/http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/ped/pedosph.htm Elissa Levine, 2001, The Pedosphere As A Hub] broken link?&lt;/ref&gt; Major subdivisions in this field of study include [[edaphology]] and [[Pedology (soil study)|pedology]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gardiner |first=Duane T |title=Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Why Study Soils? |url=http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209052922/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html |archive-date=2018-02-09 |access-date=2019-01-07 |work=ENV320: Soil Science Lecture Notes |publisher=Texas A&amp;M University-Kingsville}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ecology]] covers the interactions between organisms and their environment. This field of study differentiates the study of Earth from other planets in the [[Solar System]], Earth being the only planet teeming with life.<br /> * [[Hydrology]], [[oceanography]] and [[limnology]] are studies which focus on the movement, distribution, and quality of the water and involve all the components of the hydrologic cycle on the Earth and its atmosphere (or [[hydrosphere]]). &quot;Sub-disciplines of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface water hydrology, hydrogeology, watershed science, forest hydrology, and water chemistry.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Craig |first=Kendall |title=Hydrology of the Watershed |url=http://www.flatheadwatershed.org/watershed/hydrology.shtml |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=2017-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111141342/http://www.flatheadwatershed.org/watershed/hydrology.shtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Glaciology]] covers the [[ice|icy]] parts of the Earth (or [[cryosphere]]).<br /> * [[Atmospheric sciences]] cover the [[gas]]eous parts of the Earth (or [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]]) between the surface and the [[exosphere]] (about 1000&amp;nbsp;km). Major subdisciplines include meteorology, climatology, [[atmospheric chemistry]], and [[atmospheric physics]].<br /> <br /> === Earth science breakup ===<br /> &lt;!--[[List of academic disciplines]] links here--&gt;<br /> {{main|Outline of Earth sciences}}<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ; [[Atmosphere]]<br /> * [[Atmospheric chemistry]]<br /> * [[Geography]]<br /> ** [[Climatology]]<br /> ** [[Meteorology]]<br /> * [[Hydrometeorology]]<br /> * [[Paleoclimatology]]<br /> <br /> ; [[Biosphere]]<br /> * [[Biogeochemistry]]<br /> * [[Biogeography]]<br /> * [[Ecology]]<br /> ** [[Landscape ecology]]<br /> * [[Geoarchaeology]]<br /> * [[Geomicrobiology]]<br /> * [[Paleontology]]<br /> ** [[Palynology]]<br /> ** [[Micropaleontology]]<br /> <br /> ; [[Hydrosphere]]<br /> * [[Hydrology]]<br /> ** [[Hydrogeology]]<br /> * [[Limnology]] (freshwater science)<br /> * [[Oceanography]] (marine science)<br /> ** [[Chemical oceanography]]<br /> ** [[Physical oceanography]]<br /> ** [[Marine biology|Biological oceanography]] (marine biology)<br /> ** [[Marine geology|Geological oceanography]] (marine geology)<br /> *** [[Paleoceanography]]<br /> <br /> ; [[Lithosphere]] ([[geosphere]])<br /> * [[Geology]]<br /> ** [[Economic geology]]<br /> ** [[Engineering geology]]<br /> ** [[Environmental geology]]<br /> ** [[Forensic geology]]<br /> ** [[Historical geology]]<br /> *** [[Quaternary geology]]<br /> ** [[Planetary geology]] and planetary geography<br /> ** [[Sedimentology]]<br /> ** [[Stratigraphy]]<br /> ** [[Structural geology]]<br /> * [[Geography]]<br /> ** [[Human geography]]<br /> ** [[Physical geography]]<br /> * [[Geochemistry]]<br /> * [[Geomorphology]]<br /> * [[Geophysics]]<br /> ** [[Geochronology]]<br /> ** [[Geodynamics]] (see also [[Tectonics]])<br /> ** [[Geomagnetism]]<br /> ** [[Gravimetry]] (also part of [[Geodesy]])<br /> ** [[Seismology]]<br /> * [[Glaciology]]<br /> * [[Hydrogeology]]<br /> * [[Mineralogy]]<br /> ** [[Crystallography]]<br /> ** [[Gemology]]<br /> * [[Petrology]]<br /> ** [[Petrophysics]]<br /> * [[Speleology]]<br /> * [[Volcanology]]<br /> <br /> ; [[Pedosphere]]<br /> * [[Geography]]<br /> * [[Soil science]]<br /> ** [[Edaphology]]<br /> ** [[Pedology]]<br /> <br /> ; Systems<br /> * [[Earth system science]]<br /> * [[Environmental science]]<br /> * [[Geography]]<br /> ** [[Human geography]]<br /> ** [[Physical geography]]<br /> * [[Gaia hypothesis]]<br /> * [[Systems ecology]]<br /> * [[Systems geology]]<br /> <br /> ; Others<br /> * [[Geography]]<br /> ** [[Cartography]]<br /> ** [[Geoinformatics]] <br /> ** [[GIScience]]<br /> ** [[Geostatistics]]<br /> ** [[Geodesy]] and [[Surveying]]<br /> ** [[Remote Sensing]]<br /> ** [[Hydrography]]<br /> * [[Nanogeoscience]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{portal|border=no|Earth sciences|Environment|Ecology|World}}<br /> {{div col|colwidth=24em}}<br /> * [[American Geosciences Institute]]<br /> * [[Earth sciences graphics software]]<br /> * [[Four traditions of geography]]<br /> * [[Glossary of geology terms]]<br /> * [[List of Earth scientists]]<br /> * [[List of geology journals#Geoscience journals|List of geoscience journals]]<br /> * [[List of geoscience organizations]]<br /> * [[List of unsolved problems in geoscience]]<br /> * ''[[Making North America]]''<br /> * [[National Association of Geoscience Teachers]]<br /> * [[Solid-earth science]]<br /> * [[Science tourism]]<br /> * [[Structure of the Earth]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |title=Earth Science: An illustrated guide to science<br /> |first1=Simon<br /> |last1=Adams<br /> |first2=David<br /> |last2=Lambert<br /> |publisher=Chelsea House<br /> |location=New York<br /> |year=2006<br /> |isbn=978-0-8160-6164-8<br /> }}<br /> * {{Cite book<br /> |last=Haldar<br /> |first=S. K.<br /> |title=Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology<br /> |publisher=Elsevier Science<br /> |year=2020<br /> |isbn=9780323851367<br /> |edition=2nd}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |title=American Heritage dictionary of the English language<br /> |edition=4th<br /> |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] Company<br /> |location=Boston<br /> |isbn=978-0-395-82517-4<br /> |year=1992<br /> |ref={{harvid|American Heritage}}<br /> |url-access=registration<br /> |url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tecmech.html<br /> |title=The mechanism behind plate tectonics<br /> |date=2007-02-05<br /> |access-date=2007-11-17<br /> |author=Simison, W. Brian<br /> |ref={{harvid|Simison|2007}}<br /> |archive-date=2007-11-12<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112115037/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tecmech.html<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |title=How Does the Earth Work? Physical Geology ''and the'' Process of Science<br /> |first1=Gary A.<br /> |last1=Smith<br /> |first2=Aurora<br /> |last2=Pun<br /> |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall<br /> |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ<br /> |year=2006<br /> |isbn=978-0-13-034129-7<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |title=Earth Cycles: A historical perspective<br /> |first=David<br /> |last=Oldroyd<br /> |publisher=Greenwood Press<br /> |location=Westport, CT<br /> |year=2006<br /> |isbn=978-0-313-33229-6<br /> }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * Allaby M., 2008. Dictionary of Earth Sciences, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-921194-4}}<br /> * Korvin G., 1998. Fractal Models in the Earth Sciences, Elsvier, {{ISBN|978-0-444-88907-2}}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |url=http://okfirst.mesonet.org/train/meteorology/EnergyBudget.html<br /> |title=Earth's Energy Budget<br /> |date=1996–2004<br /> |access-date=2007-11-17<br /> |publisher=Oklahoma Climatological Survey<br /> |archive-date=2007-11-17<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117111455/http://okfirst.mesonet.org/train/meteorology/EnergyBudget.html<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Earth+science&amp;sub=Search+WordNet&amp;o2=&amp;o0=1&amp;o7=&amp;o5=&amp;o1=1&amp;o6=&amp;o4=&amp;o3=&amp;h=0<br /> |title=WordNet Search 3.0<br /> |access-date=2007-11-10<br /> |work=WordNet a lexical database for the English language<br /> |publisher=Princeton University/Cognitive Science Laboratory<br /> |location=Princeton, NJ<br /> |first=George A.<br /> |last=Miller<br /> |author2=Christiane Fellbaum<br /> |author3=and Randee Tengi<br /> |author4=and Pamela Wakefield<br /> |author5=and Rajesh Poddar<br /> |author6=and Helen Langone<br /> |author7=Benjamin Haskell<br /> |year=2006<br /> |archive-date=2011-01-01<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101042840/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Earth+science&amp;sub=Search+WordNet&amp;o2=&amp;o0=1&amp;o7=&amp;o5=&amp;o1=1&amp;o6=&amp;o4=&amp;o3=&amp;h=0<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/geodesy/welcome.html<br /> |title=NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Geodesy<br /> |date=2005-03-08<br /> |access-date=2007-11-17<br /> |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<br /> |archive-date=2005-05-08<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508003103/http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/geodesy/welcome.html<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |title=Earth Science: Decade by Decade<br /> |first=Christina<br /> |last=Reed<br /> |publisher=Facts on File<br /> |location=New York<br /> |year=2008<br /> |isbn=978-0-8160-5533-3<br /> }}<br /> * Tarbuck E. J., Lutgens F. K., and Tasa D., 2002. Earth Science, Prentice Hall, {{ISBN|978-0-13-035390-0}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Earth sciences}}<br /> * [http://epod.usra.edu/ Earth Science Picture of the Day], a service of [[Universities Space Research Association]], sponsored by [[Goddard Space Flight Center|NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]].<br /> * [http://tierra.rediris.es/Geoethics_Planetary_Protection/ Geoethics in Planetary and Space Exploration].<br /> * [https://geology.buzz/earth-science/ Geology Buzz: Earth Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104092725/https://geology.buzz/earth-science/ |date=2021-11-04 }}<br /> <br /> {{Earth science}}<br /> {{Natural science}}<br /> {{Earth}}<br /> {{Nature}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Earth sciences| ]]<br /> [[Category:Earth|*]]<br /> [[Category:Planetary science]]<br /> [[Category:Science-related lists]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952_Assam_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=467709 2026-03-17T16:25:00Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: brief corrected content for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian state election}}<br /> {{One source|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox election<br /> | election_name = 1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election<br /> | country = India<br /> | type = parliamentary<br /> | ongoing = no<br /> | previous_election = 1946 Assam Provincial Legislative Assembly Election<br /> | previous_year = 1946<br /> | election_date = 27 March 1952<br /> | next_election = 1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election<br /> | next_year = 1957<br /> | seats_for_election = All 105 seats to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | majority_seats = 53<br /> | turnout = 49.42%<br /> | party1 = Indian National Congress<br /> | image1 = File:Bishnuram Medhi.jpg<br /> | leader1 = [[Bishnu Ram Medhi]]<br /> | leader_since1 = <br /> | leaders_seat1 = [[Assam Legislative Council|''M. L. C.'']]<br /> | last_election1 = <br /> | seats_before1 = ''New''<br /> | seats1 = 76<br /> | seat_change1 = ''New''<br /> | popular_vote1 = 10,64,850<br /> | percentage1 = 43.48%<br /> | swing1 = &lt;!-- Opposition --&gt;<br /> | image2 = <br /> | leader2 = <br /> | party2 = <br /> | leader_since2 = <br /> | leaders_seat2 = <br /> | last_election2 = <br /> | seats_before2 = -<br /> | seats2 = <br /> | seat_change2 = <br /> | popular_vote2 = <br /> | percentage2 = <br /> | swing2 = &lt;!-- bottom --&gt;<br /> | title = [[Chief Minister of Assam|CM]]<br /> | before_election = [[Bishnu Ram Medhi]]<br /> | before_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | after_election = [[Bishnu Ram Medhi]]<br /> | after_party = Indian National Congress<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|thumb|Indian administrative divisions, as of 1951]]<br /> <br /> Elections to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] were held on 27 March 1952. This election was officially known as the 1951 Assam Legislative Assembly election, even though through delays, actual voting didn't take place until early 1952.&lt;ref name=&quot;AssamECI1951&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Constituencies==<br /> <br /> Assam Legislative Assembly, 1952 consisted of 81 single-member constituencies and 13 double-member constituencies. A total of 590 nominations were filed out of which 61 were rejected and 74 withdrew their nominations. So a total of 455 candidates contested the first legislative assembly elections in Assam.&lt;ref name=&quot;AssamECI1951&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political parties==<br /> <br /> 9 National parties along with 10 registered unrecognized parties took part in the assembly election. [[Indian National Congress]] contested 92 seats and won 76 of them. [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] candidates won 14 seats while no other party cross double-digit.&lt;ref name=&quot;AssamECI1951&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Results==<br /> &lt;section begin=Results /&gt;{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election&lt;ref name=&quot;AssamECI1951&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_ASSAM.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; |sortable=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=10|[[File:Assam Legislative Assembly (1952-1957).svg|thumb]]<br /> |- style=&quot;background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;!--color--&gt;<br /> ! Political Party !! Flag !! Seats &lt;br /&gt; Contested !! Won !! % of &lt;br /&gt; Seats !! Votes !! Vote %<br /> |- style=&quot;background: #90EE90;&quot;<br /> | {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | [[File:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|70px]]<br /> | 92 || 76 || 72.38 || 10,64,850 || 43.48<br /> |-<br /> | {{party color cell|Socialist Party}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]<br /> |<br /> | 61 || 4 || 3.81 || 3,25,690 || 13.30<br /> |-<br /> | {{party color cell|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]<br /> |<br /> | 40 || 1 || 0.95 || 1,46,792 || 5.99<br /> |-<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Communist Party of India]]<br /> | [[File:CPI-banner.svg|70px]]<br /> | 18 || 1 || 0.95 || 69,431 || 2.84<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Garo National Council]]<br /> |<br /> | 4 || 3 || 2.86 || 14,577 || 0.60<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Khasi-Jaintia Durbar]]<br /> |<br /> | 4 || 1 || 0.95 || 24,248 || 0.99<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[All People's Party (Assam)]]<br /> |<br /> | 3 || 1 || 0.95 || 14,930 || 0.61<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Mizo Union]]<br /> |<br /> | 3 || 3 || 2.86 || 29,104 || 1.19<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Khasi Jaintia Federated State National Conference]]<br /> |<br /> | 1 || 1 || 0.95 || 9,441 || 0.39<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}<br /> |<br /> | 213 || 14 || 13.33 || 6,93,908 || 28.34<br /> |- class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E9E9E9&quot;<br /> ! colspan = 3| Total Seats<br /> ! 105 !! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Voters !! 49,55,390 !! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Turnout !! 24,48,890 (49.42%)<br /> |}&lt;section end=Results /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Constituency<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Ratabari Patharkandi || Baidyanath Mookerjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ramesh Chandra Das Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Patharkandi Karimganj || Maulavi Mahmud Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Badarpur || Maulana Abdul Jalil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Katigora || Barbhuiya, Namwar Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Lakhipur || Dhubi, Raghunandan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chaubey, Ram Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Barkhola || Nath, Raichand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Silchar || Laskar, Mehrab Ali || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Silchar Sonai || Choudhury, Moinul Haque || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sonai || Sinha, Nanda Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Hailakandi Silchar || Hem Chandra Chakravarty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Hailakandi || Abdul Matlib Mazumdar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Katlicherra || Gourishankar Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Shillong || J. J. M. Nicholas-roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jowai || U. Kistobinu Rymbai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nongstoin || Ajra Singh Khongphai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | North Cachar Hills || Hagjer, Joy Bhadra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mikir Hills West || Rongpher, Nihang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mikir Hills East || Terang, Khorsing || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Phulbari || Sangma, Emonsing || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mankachar || Kobad Hussain Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | South Salmara || Md. Sahadatali Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dhubri || Tamizuddin Prodhani || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Golakganj || Santosh Kumar Barua || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gossaigaon || Jatindra Narayan Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Kokrajhar Sidli || Raja Ajit Narayan Deb || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Rupnath Brahma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bilasipara || Md. Umaruddin || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bijni || Swami Krishnananda Brahmachari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | North Salmara || Das, Hareswar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Goalpara || Hakim Chandra Rabha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nath, Khagendranath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sorbhog || Akshoy Kumar Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tarabari || Pahar Khan || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Barpeta West || Mukhtar Ali || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Barpeta North East || Mahadeb Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mahendra Mohan Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Patacharkuchi Barama || Homeswar Deb Chaudhuri || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Baikunthanath Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nalbari South || Prafulla Chandra Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nalbari North || Prabhat Chandra Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Rangiya || Siddhinath Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dharanidhar Basumatari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kamalpur || Mohendranath Deka || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Hajo || Bishnuram Medhi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pub Bangsar Silasundari Ghopa || Radhikaram Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mangaldai || Purandar Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Panery || Davidson Bhabora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dhekiajuli North || Omeo Kumar Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dhekiajuli South || Mohi Kanta Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tezpur North || Biswadev Sarma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tezpur South || Kamla Prasad Agarwalla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sootea || Bijoy Chandra Bhagabati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gohpur || Gahan Chandra Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Laharighat || Mohammed Rofique || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Marigaon Dhing || Bora, Motiram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Das, Beliram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Nowgong Raha || Sarma, Pratap Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Hazarika, Mahendra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jamunamukh || Bara, Bimala Kanta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Samaguri || Barthakur Usha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kaliabar || Bara, Lila Kanta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Rupahihat || Mohammed Idris || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Golaghat East || Barua, Rajendranath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Golaghat West || Pegu, Mal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kheria, Chanoo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dergaon || Rajkhowa, Debeswar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jorhat South || Kuladhar, Chaliha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Jorhat North || Nilmani Phookan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ramnath Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Teok || Harinarayan Baruah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Amguri || Kakoti, Rabin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sibsagar || Gogoi, Girindranath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nazira || Bezbarua, Ananda Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nazira Sonari || Gogoi, Thanuram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sonari || Chetia, Purnanda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bihpuria || Sarveswar Boruwa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|North Lakhimpur || Karka Doley || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Hem Chandra Hazarika || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Moran || Gogoi, Ghana Kanta || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dibrugarh West || Ali, Faiznur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dibrugarh East || Barooah, Ramesh Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tinsukia North || Khaund, Indreswar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tinsukia South || Bhuyan, Jadunath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bordubi || Das, Manik Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jaipur || Barua, Jago Kanta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Doom Dooma || Chowdhury, Harihar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|Digboi || Lohar, Dalbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Khakhlari, Jadav Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[1951–52 elections in India]]<br /> * [[Elections in Assam]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assam elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1952 State Assembly elections in India|Asssam]]<br /> [[Category:State Assembly elections in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:1950s in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:March 1952 in Asia]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Videgha_Mathava&diff=544259 2026-03-13T23:03:58Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added the details with sources.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Founder King of Videha Kingdom}}<br /> {{See also|Yajurveda|Shatapatha Brahmana}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Videgha Mathava<br /> | title = King of Videha<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | era name = <br /> | father = Mathu<br /> | religion = [[Sanatana]]<br /> | dynasty = Mathu<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox deity<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | name = Videgha Mathava<br /> | texts = [[Yajurveda]], [[Shatapatha Brahmana]]<br /> | abode = [[Videha]]<br /> | region = [[Videha]]<br /> | dynasty = Mathu<br /> | deity_of = Mithila<br /> | father = Mathu<br /> | other_names = Videgha Madhava<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Videgha Mathava''' ([[Sanskrit]]: विदेघ माथव, ''videgha māthava''; [[Maithili language|Maithili]]: विदेह माधव, ''videha mādhav'') was the founder and first king of the [[Videha]] kingdom in the ancient [[Indian subcontinent]]. Videha is the ancient name of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<br /> .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological &amp; Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Videgha Mathava previously lived on the banks of the holy [[Sarasvati river]] with his philosophical teacher Gotama Râhûgana. According to [[Shatapatha Brahmana]], Mathava came to Mithila with his teacher and established the kingdom of Videha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=SINGH |first=LAL BABU |title=Champaran and the Coming of the Aryans into Bihar |date=1996 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133296 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=118–125 |jstor=44133296 |issn=2249-1937}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eisenstadt |first=Shmuel Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFGIYBK2hu8C&amp;q=videgha+mathava |title=The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations |date=1986-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-094-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> Videgha Mathava is made of two [[Sanskrit]] words ''Videgha'' and ''Mathava''. According to the commentary of [[Sāyaṇa|Sayana]], ''Mathava'' was the name of a son from the King ''Mathu'' from ''Videgha''. Similarly [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] was a son from the Rishi ''Rahugana''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sarvahitkari |url=https://archive.org/details/sanskrit-vangmaya-ka-brihat-ithas-ix-nyaya-gajanan-shastri-musalgaonkar |title=Sanskrit Vangmaya Ka Brihat Ithas IX Nyaya Gajanan Shastri Musalgaonkar |date=2021-01-18 |pages=9 |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is believed that the name of the kingdom came to be known as ''[[Videha]]'' after the tribal name ''Videgha'' of ''Mathava''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The literary and religious background of vidyapati |url=https://joell.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/103-110-THE-LITERARY-AND-RELIGIOUS-BACKGROUND-OF-VIDYAPATI.pdf |website=JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (JOELL)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Story of Videgha Mathava ==<br /> The story of Videgha Mathava is narrated in [[Yajurveda]]. According to [[Shatapatha Brahmana]], Videgha Mathava migrated from the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati river]] valley to the middle [[Ganges|Ganga]] valley. He travelled towards the east with [[Agni]] (fire) but stopped at the river [[Gandaki River|Sadanira]] (Gandak).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Archeological Survey of India |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/42365.pdf |journal=Archeological Survey of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then Videgha Mathava asked to Lord Agni that where he abided now.{{clarify|date=February 2026}} Lord Agni then said that your abode was at the east of the river [[Gandaki River|Sadanira]]. It is said that Lord Agni ordered Videgha Mathava to establish the new kingdom of &quot;[[Videha]]&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lord [[Agni]] burned away the vegetation on the other side of the river [[Gandaki River|Sadanira]], so that the tribe could settle there. In later times, the Sadanira formed the boundary between the kingdoms of [[Videha]] and [[Kosala|Koshala]] . He had taken his tribe to the plains of the [[Ganges]] which had dense vegetation in the east. This is the theory of Aryanisation of [[Videha|Videha Kingdom]] in the eastern [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mithila (region)]]<br /> [[Category:Kings of Videha]]<br /> {{Improve categories|date=March 2023}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sayapaneni_Nayaks&diff=533742 2026-03-12T06:12:49Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added a article needs work.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Telugu Hindu clan, South India (16th to 19th century)}}<br /> {{Infobox former country<br /> | conventional_long_name = Sayapaneni Nayaks<br /> | common_name = <br /> | capital = <br /> | official_languages = <br /> | languages = <br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | government_type = {{ubli|Governors under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]|(Monarchy)}}<br /> | status = Dynasty<br /> | year_end = 1802<br /> | year_start = 1509<br /> | common_languages = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | p1 = Kakatiya dynasty<br /> | s1 = Golconda Sultanate<br /> | p2 = Musunuri Nayakas<br /> | s2 = <br /> | today = India<br /> | era = [[Medieval India]]<br /> }}<br /> {{APhistory}}The '''Sayapaneni Nayaks''' were a prominent [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] dynasty that significantly shaped the political and military landscape of [[South India]] from the early 16th to the early 19th century. Originating in the [[Telugu states|Andhra]] region, they belonged to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] community and were one of the 37 major Kamma Nayak clans that emerged following the dissolution of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] and gained influence, particularly under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=D'Attilio |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9JOAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=kamma |title=The Last Vijayanagara Kings: Overlordship and Underlordship in South India, 1550-1650 |date=1995 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |pages=50 |language=en |quote=Kamma named Shayappanayadu obtained a piece of land in amaram under [[Krishnadevaraya]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Textures of time : writing history in South India {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/50143515 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en |quote=the Kamma Nayaks thus create their political base under Vijayanagara}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Choudary |first1=Kotta Bhavaiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOU9AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=sayapaneni |title=A Brief History of the Kammas |last2=Caudari |first2=Kotta Bhāvayya |date=1954 |publisher=[[University of California]] |pages=72 |language=en |quote=Dupati Seema was ruled by the Sayapaneni Kamma family}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Their rise commenced in the post [[Musunuri Nayakas]] period, with their prominence establishing itself in central Andhra, specifically in the Dupati Seema ([[Dupadu]]) region near [[Srisailam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=D'Attilio |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9JOAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=dupati |title=The Last Vijayanagara Kings: Overlordship and Underlordship in South India, 1550-1650 |date=1995 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |pages=50 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kotta Bhavaiah Choudary |url=http://archive.org/details/brief-history-of-the-kammas |title=Brief History Of the Kammas |date=1954 |pages=72}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was initiated by a ''[[Jagir]]'' from [[Krishnadevaraya]] of Vijayanagara, who, around 1509 CE, granted administrative control of the Dupadu Region to Shayappanayadu, then a twenty year old from the family.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Subsequent consolidation of this area by his descendants, including Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu, as detailed in the ''Dupadu [[Kaifiyat]]'', is considered as a period of stable governance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Textures of time : writing history in South India, 1600-1800 {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/49616884 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en |quote=The principality is consolidated by Shayappa and by his son and grandson, Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu, whose rule is presented as re-presenting a rather peaceful epoch.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> They consolidated a vast estate encompassing approximately 533 villages across what are now the [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Guntur]], and [[Kurnool]] districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They were instrumental in safeguarding the empire's northern frontier, often collaborating with other influential Kamma clans like the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] and [[Ravella Nayaks]]. Venkatadri’s marriage to Venkatamba, the sister of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu I|Pemmasani Thimma Nayudu]], strengthened their regional ties. Notable leaders such as Sayapaneni Venkatadri Nayudu and Sayapaneni Vengala Nayudu played crucial roles in repelling incursions from the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani]] and later the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]] Sultanates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55404 |title=Journal Of The Andhra Historical Research Society,vol.10,pt.1 To 4 |date=1937}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The decline of the Sayapaneni Nayaks began with the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire after the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565. While they, along with the Ravella and Pemmasani Nayaks, initially continued to resist the expanding [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], particularly the Golconda Sultanate, this resistance gradually waned. A significant blow came in 1652 when [[Gandikota]], the crucial stronghold of the Pemmasani Nayaks, fell to [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], symbolising the establishment of Muslim rule in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=New_delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170000/page/n29/mode/2up |title=Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress |date=1922}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimately, the Dupadu principality, still under Sayapaneni control, was annexed by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in 1802, thereby ending their political autonomy, though descendants of the family remained influential as [[Zamindar|zamindars]] and local elites under British rule.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Origin ===<br /> The Sayapaneni Nayaks, belonged to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] social group, a prominent [[Telugu people|Telugu]] community in [[South India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; After the fall of the [[Musunuri Nayakas]] around 1370 CE, several Kamma clans, including the Sayapanenis, migrated to the newly established [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. They quickly rose to prominence as key figures in the empire’s military and administrative hierarchy, serving under successive dynasties. The rise of the Sayapaneni Nayaks began when [[Krishnadevaraya]] granted a [[Jagir]] at Gudipadu (near [[Srisailam]]) to Shayappanayadu, then a twenty year old from the family, marking the foundation of their principality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> === Extent ===<br /> The Sayapaneni governed Dupatiseema, a strategically crucial area, in alliance with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. They maintained influence through successive dynasties, mainly [[Tuluva dynasty]] and [[Aravidu dynasty]]. Notable rulers included Gangayya Nayudu (reigned c. 1564) and Venkatadri Nayudu (reigned c. 1589), the latter also known as a [[poet]] who authored ''Sakalajanasajivanamu''. Venkatadri’s marriage to Venkatamba, the sister of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu I|Pemmasani Thimma Nayudu]], strengthened their regional ties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu, expanded their territory and consolidated control over the Dupadu Seema, an estate comprising approximately 533 villages spread across present day [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Guntur]], and [[Kurnool]] districts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rule ===<br /> [[File:Battle_of_Talikota_(detail).jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Talikota]]|249x249px]]<br /> The Sayapaneni Nayaks served as loyal military administrators and governors under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], particularly during its zenith and later phases of decline. The Sayapaneni Nayaks formally entered the service of the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Krishnadevaraya, when the emperor granted administrative control of the Dupadu region to a 20 year old [[Nobility|noble]] named Sayappa Nayudu. According to the Dupati [[Kaifiyat]], this transfer of authority marked the beginning of Sayapaneni political ascendancy. Sayappa Nayudu’s descendants, Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu, later expanded and consolidated this territory, establishing the Dupadu principality, which grew to encompass over 533 villages. Their rule is considered as a peaceful and culturally significant era in regional chronicles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Sayapanenis along with the [[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasani]] and [[Ravella Nayaks]], supported the [[Aravidu dynasty]] in the chaotic decades following the [[Battle of Talikota]]. Their local military efforts helped maintain resistance to the advancing Deccan Sultanates, particularly the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda Sultanate]], throughout the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The Sayapaneni's real strength lied in their political pragmatism and adaptability. Guided in part by alliances with [[Niyogi Brahmin|Niyogi Brahmins]], they skilfully shifted allegiances to survive the region’s volatile power shifts. Initially loyal to the Vijayanagara Empire, they later aligned with the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda and, subsequently, with the Asaf Jahi Nizams of Hyderabad after the fall of Vijayanagara. The [[principality]] remained under Sayapaneni control for over two centuries. The Sayapanenis managed to retain partial control of their Jagir by negotiating new allegiances with [[Muslim dynasties]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Textures of time : writing history in South India {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/50143515 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en |quote=Their main strength lies in their capacity to shift allegiances on a pragmatic basis, usually through the mediation of a Niyogi Brahmin...}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Decline ===<br /> The decline of the Sayapaneni Nayaks began with the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire following the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565. Although they had made significant military and political contributions, the disintegration of the empire greatly weakened their influence. Alongside other [[Kamala Harris|Kamma]] warrior clans such as the [[Ravella Nayaks|Ravella]] and [[Pemmasani Nayaks]], the Sayapanenis continued to resist the expanding power of the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], particularly the Golconda Sultanate. However, this resistance gradually diminished over time. A major blow came in 1652 when [[Gandikota]], the key stronghold of the Pemmasani Nayaks, fell to [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], symbolizing the consolidation of Muslim rule in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Eventually, in 1802, the Dupadu principality, under Sayapaneni control, was annexed by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]. This formally ended the Sayapaneni dynasty’s sovereign authority, though descendants of the family remained influential as [[Zamindar|zamindars]] and local elites under British rule.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Musunuri Nayakas]]<br /> * [[Pemmasani Nayaks]]<br /> * [[Ravella Nayaks]]<br /> * [[Nayaka dynasties]]<br /> * [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> {{Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> [[Category:Nayak dynasties]]<br /> [[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1368]]<br /> [[Category:Kakatiya dynasty]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrender_at_Caserta&diff=549780 2026-03-08T02:19:31Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|German and Italian Fascist surrender document during WWII}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox treaty<br /> | name = Surrender at Caserta<br /> | image = File:Caserta surrender - Resa di Caserta - final meeting - 29 April 1945 (1 of 4).jpg<br /> | caption = German delegations (at left) with Allied delegations including a Soviet representative (at right) at the ceremony in [[Caserta]]<br /> | type = [[Surrender (military)|Capitulation]]<br /> | date_signed = 29 April 1945<br /> | location_signed = [[Royal Palace of Caserta]], Italy<br /> | date_effective = 2 May 1945<br /> | signatories = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Victor von Schweinitz]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Eugen Wenner]]&lt;hr&gt;{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[William Duthie Morgan]]<br /> | parties = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}<br /> * {{flag|Italian Social Republic|name=Italian Social Republic}}&lt;hr /&gt;<br /> * {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> * {{flag|United States|1912}}<br /> * {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} <br /> * {{flag|Polish government-in-exile|name=Poland}}}}<br /> | long_name = Instrument of Surrender of all German and Italian Republican forces in Italy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Surrender at Caserta''' ({{langx|it|Resa di Caserta}}, {{IPA|it|ˈreːza di kaˈzɛrta, ˈreːsa -, - kaˈsɛrta|pron}}) of 29 April 1945 was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Italian Social Republic|Italian Fascist]] forces in Italy, ending the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Stafford|first1=David|title=Endgame 1945 : victory, retribution, liberation|date=2008|publisher=Abacus|location=London|isbn=978-0349119120|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/endgame1945victo0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{Main|Operation Sunrise (World War II)}}{{Main|Spring 1945 offensive in Italy}}<br /> <br /> Since March 1945, SS ''Obergruppenführer'' [[Karl Wolff]], the commander of the German occupying forces in Italy, had begun negotiations for the local surrender of Axis forces in Italy. The Allies sent different negotiators, notably OSS agent [[Allen Dulles]] to negotiate the surrender in Switzerland. Wolff believed that a separate peace agreement might break the alliance of [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], and the [[Soviet Union]], as the Allies agreed that they would accept only [[unconditional surrender]] during the [[Casablanca Conference]]. Hearing of the negotiations, the Soviet Union also wanted to send a Soviet representative to be part of the negotiations, but the other Allies refused.<br /> <br /> Owing in part to Allied air attacks, the German forces in Italy had received no supplies from Germany since the first week of April.{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1158}} Since Allied aircraft had destroyed all bridges across the [[Po (river)|Po]] river, the Germans abandoned their heavy weapons and motor vehicles south of it during the [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Allied spring offensive]].{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1156}}{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1159}} What was left of the German infantry along with the RSI forces was mostly wiped out during the fighting.{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1159}} The remaining troops had retreated across the Po using improvised transports and were reorganized by blocking detachments to man the front line and fight on, but without arms their situation was hopeless.{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1159}}<br /> <br /> ==Surrender==<br /> On 26 April, Wolff convinced Marshal [[Rodolfo Graziani]], the Minister of Defence of the [[Italian Social Republic]] and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Army Group Liguria]], to sign a surrender document of the German and RSI forces under his command equivalent to the German surrender document. Graziani signed the surrender document and gave it to Wolff and later endorsed them to Major Wenner. On 29 April, Graziani handed himself on General Crittenberger's US [[IV Corps (United States)|IV Corps]].<br /> <br /> German Commander-in-Chief of [[Army Group C]] [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]] had noted on 28 April that fighting would cease within one or two days regardless of negotiations, the German troops having neither arms nor ammunition left.{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1161}} Further destruction was thus unlikely, Army Group C having decided already on 11 April not to carry out Hitler's [[scorched earth]] policy.{{sfn|Frieser|2007|p=1161}}<br /> <br /> The surrender ceremony was held at Caserta. The German delegations were received by the Allied representatives, then the Allied representatives asked the two officers to present their credentials, Lt. Col. Schweinitz stated that he was acting on behalf of Vietinghoff, while Major Wenner stated that he was acting on behalf of Wolff, Wenner adds that he was also acting on behalf of Graziani. They were then given the surrender document in which the two accepted.<br /> <br /> At 1400, Lt. Col. Schweinitz signed the surrender document on behalf of General Vietinghoff, then Major Wenner signed on behalf of SS ''Obergruppenführer'' Wolff and Marshal Graziani. For the Allies, Lt. Gen. Morgan signed on behalf of Field Marshal Alexander. On 1 May, Graziani ordered the Army Group Liguria to surrender, while all German and RSI forces in Italy surrendered a day after.<br /> <br /> The Soviets were present at the signing event. The Soviet Military Command sent General {{ill|Aleksei Kislenko|ru|Кисленко, Алексей Павлович}} to Caserta to witness the signing ceremony after the Soviets protested the [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|secret negotiations]] between the other Allies and the German and RSI forces in Northern Italy. Polish Lt. Wrajewski was also present to witness the signing ceremony.<br /> <br /> ==Signatories==<br /> * Axis:<br /> ** Lt. Col. Victor von Schweinitz - on behalf of General [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]], as commander of [[Army Group C]]<br /> ** Major Eugen Wenner - on behalf of SS ''Obergruppenführer'' [[Karl Wolff]], as commander of the Supreme SS and Police Leader in Italy and Marshal [[Rodolfo Graziani]], as Minister of Defence of the Italian Social Republic<br /> * Allies:<br /> ** Lt. Gen. [[William Duthie Morgan]] - on behalf of Field Marshal [[Harold Alexander]], as commander of the [[15th Army Group]]<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> {{Gallery<br /> |align=center<br /> | File:Graziani Proxy German.jpg<br /> | Graziani's proxy of surrender (in German)<br /> | alt1=<br /> | File:Vietinghoff Proxy German.jpg<br /> | Vietinghoff's proxy of surrender<br /> | File:Wolff Proxy German.jpg<br /> | Wolff's proxy of surrender<br /> | alt2=<br /> | File:Recording of proxies.jpg<br /> | Recording of proxy for the photostat copies of the Axis commanders in Italy (Vietinghoff, Wolff, and Graziani)<br /> | alt3=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ;Citations<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ;Bibliography<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last1 = Frieser<br /> | first1 = Karl-Heinz<br /> | author-link1 = Karl-Heinz Frieser<br /> | first2 =Klaus<br /> | last2 = Schmider<br /> | first3 =Klaus<br /> | last3 = Schönherr<br /> | first4 = Gerhard<br /> | last4 = Schreiber<br /> | first5 = Kristián<br /> | last5 = Ungváry<br /> | author-link5 = Krisztián Ungváry<br /> | first6 =Bernd<br /> | last6=Wegner<br /> | work = [[Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg]] [Germany and the Second World War]<br /> | volume = VIII<br /> | title = Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten<br /> | trans-title = The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts<br /> | publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt<br /> | location = München<br /> | year = 2007<br /> | isbn = 978-3-421-06235-2<br /> | language = German<br /> | ref = {{harvid|Frieser|2007}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * [https://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/gs9.asp Text of the ''Instrument of Local Surrender of German and Other Forces Under the Command or Control of the German Commander-In-Chief Southwest''] from the Avalon Project<br /> <br /> {{World War II}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Caserta, Surrender of}}<br /> [[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]<br /> [[Category:1945 in Italy]]<br /> [[Category:World War II treaties]]<br /> [[Category:April 1945 in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties concluded in 1945]]<br /> [[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1945]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{WWII-stub}}<br /> {{Treaty-stub}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veer_Surendra_Sai&diff=543925 2026-03-07T06:19:54Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added initial post added tags.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Freedom fighter and revolutionary from Odisha}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Veer Surendra Sai<br /> | succession = Raja of [[Sambalpur State]] ( legal successor/ claimant )<br /> | reign = <br /> | coronation = <br /> | cor-type = <br /> | predecessor = Maharaj Sai<br /> | successor = Mitrabhanu Sai<br /> | suc-type = <br /> | image = Surendra Sai 1986 stamp of India.jpg<br /> | caption = Sai on 1986 stamp of India<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1809|01|23}}<br /> | birth_place = Khinda,[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|British India]], Now [[Odisha]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1884|02|28|1809|01|23|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Asirgarh]], [[Central Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]], now [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | house = House of Chauhans of Sambalpur ( Khinda branch )|<br /> }}<br /> '''Bira Surendra Sai''' (23 January 1809 – 28 February 1884) was an Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter from what is now [[Odisha]]. He fought against [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|the British rule in India]] after they dethroned the rulers of the [[Sambalpur State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcQtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=veer+surendra+sai|title=Veer Surendra Sai|last=Sahu|first=N. K.|date=1985|publisher=Dept. of Culture, Govt. of Orissa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bira Surendra Sai and his associates who were [[Madho Singh (Ghess)|Madho Singh]], Kunjal Singh, Airi Singh, Bairi Singh, Uddant Sai, Ujjal Sai, Khageswar Dao, [[Karunakar Singh]], Salegram Bariha, Gobinda Singh, Pahar Singh, Rajee Ghasia, Kamal Singh, Hati Singh, Salik Ram Bariha, Loknath Panda/Gadtia, Mrutunjaya Panigrahi, Jagabandu Hota, Padmanabha Guru, Trilochan Panigrahi, and many others worked together and separately to counter British colonial expansion in India, preventing the British authorities from assuming control over the majority of Western Odisha region for a significant period of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page66-69.pdf |title = Associates of Veer Surendra Sai|publisher = Orissa Govt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of them were tried and executed by the colonial authorities; Hatte Singh died at the [[Cellular Jail|cellular jail]] (also known as kala pani) in the [[Andamans]]. Lion of Sambalpur Veer Surendra Sai died in [[Asirgarh]] Jail on 28 February 1884.<br /> <br /> == Early life and background ==<br /> Sai was born on 23 January 1809&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://sambalpur.nic.in/ |title=Official Web Site Of Sambalpur District |first= |last= |work=sambalpur.nic.in |quote= Born on 23 January 1809 |accessdate=23 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the small village, Khinda, about 40&amp;nbsp;km to the north of [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]]. He was one of Dharma Singh's seven children, belonging to the ruling clan of [[Sambalpur State]]. He belonged to the branch initiated by Anirudha Sai --- son of Madhekara Sai --- fourth king of [[Chauhan dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mythic Society (Bangalore 2011 p.86 &quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Mythic Society (Bangalore | first=India) | title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore). | publisher=Mythic Society | issue=v. 102 | year=2011 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOmOb85VYmEC | access-date=2020-08-04 | page=86|quote=His father, Dharam Singh was descendant of Anirudha Sai, son of Madhekara Sai, the fourth Chauhan Raja of Sambalpur. Surendra Sai had six brothers, namely Udant, Dhruva, Ujjala, Chhabila, Jajala and Medini. <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sambadenglish.com/veer-surendra-sai-birth-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-freedom-fighter/|title=Veer Surendra Sai Birth Anniversary: Lesser-Known Facts About The Freedom Fighter|publisher=sambadenglish|date=23 January 2022|access-date=15 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pretender to the throne==<br /> Maharaj Sai, the last Maharajah of Sambalpur belonged to the Chauhan dynasty. This dynasty had several members and many branches. In Sambalpur, the Maharajah could only be a male and as Maharaj Sai had no sons, he chose Surendra Sai as his legal successor. Surendra Sai was a descendant of Prince Aniruddha Sai, the brother of Maharajah Madhukar of Sambalpur who ruled many years ago. This claim however was refused by the British as Surendra Sai wished for full independent administration and did not want to be in any way affiliated with the British.<br /> <br /> == Revolt for the throne ==<br /> In 1827 ruler of [[Sambalpur State|Sambalpur]], Raja Maharaja Sai died without an heir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mishra 1983 p.101 &quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Mishra | first=P.K. | title=Political Unrest in Orissa in the 19th Century: Anti-British, Anti-feudal, and Agrarian Risings | publisher=Punthi Pustak | series=Indische Studien | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PUdAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-08-04 | page=101}}&lt;/ref&gt; The British Government installed his widow Rani Mohan Kumari as the ruler of the state. This conflicted the established norms in which only the male rulers were acceptable to the population. As a result, disturbances broke out, and conflict increased between the recognized ruler and other claimants to the throne of Sambalpur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh Law Research Institute 1987 p. 132&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1=Ghosh | first1=S. | last2=Law Research Institute | first2=Calcutta | title=Law Enforcement in Tribal Areas | publisher=Ashish Publishing House | year=1987 | isbn=978-81-7024-100-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETStkm6TcwcC&amp;pg=PA132 | access-date=2020-08-04 | page=132}}&lt;/ref&gt; Surendra Sai being one of the descendants of the ruling clan, had the most prominent claim. In time Rani Mohan Kumari became unpopular. Her land revenue policy did not satisfy the [[Gondi people|Gond]] and [[Binjhal]] tribal zamindars and subjects who suspected loss of power to the British.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dash 1963 p.38 &quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Dash | first=A. | title=Life of Surendra Sai | publisher=Vidyapuri | year=1963 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUnRAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-08-04 | page=38 |quote=The rebellion was mainly centred round the strongholds of the Gonds and Binjhal Zamindars who had a feeling that their powers would be usurped by the British Government.<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The British authorities removed Rani Mohan Kumari from power and put Narayan Singh, a descendant of royal family but born of a low caste, as the king of Sambalpur. The British Government ignored the claim of Surendra Sai for succession. Rebellion broke out in the regime of Narayan Singh. Surendra Sai and his close associates, the Gond zamindars, created many disturbances.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh Law Research Institute 1987 p. 132&quot;/&gt; In an encounter with the British troops Surendra Sai, his brother Udyanta Sai and his uncle Balaram Singh were captured and sent to the [[Hazaribagh]] Jail where Balaram Singh died. King Narayan Singh died in 1849. By virtue of the [[Doctrine of Lapse]], [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] annexed Sambalpur in 1849, as Narayan Singh had no male successor to succeed him. During the uprising of 1857 the sepoys set Surendra Sai and his brother Udyant Sai free. The resistance to British continued in Sambalpur under the leadership of Surendra Sai. He was supported by his brothers, sons, relatives and some [[Zamindar]]s.<br /> <br /> == Uprising ==<br /> Sai began protesting against the British at the age of 18 in 1827. He was arrested for the first time in 1840 and sent to Hazaribagh Jail.&lt;ref name=&quot;Panigrahi 1998 p.84 &quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Panigrahi | first=P.K. | title=Political Elite in Tribal Society | publisher=Commonwealth Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-7169-496-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgHtAAAAIAAJ | access-date=2020-08-04 | page=84|quote=Subsequently, in an encounter with the government troops, Surendra Sai, his brother Udwanta Sai and their uncle Balaram Singh were captured and were sentenced to life imprisonment . They were sent off to the Hazaribagh Jail in 1840 .}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was broken out of Hazaribagh prison by the fighters during 1857 rebellion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Omalley 2007 p. 37&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=O'malley | first=L.S.S. | title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Sambalpur | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-7268-139-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbZc3TjdmxgC&amp;pg=PA37 | language=en | access-date=2020-08-13 | page=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; He moved his operations to the hilly tracts of Odisha and continued resistance until his surrender in 1862 . Before his surrender he spent 17 years in prison at Hazaribagh and after his final arrest served a term of 20 years including his detention of 19 years in the remote [[Asirgarh]] hill fort until he died.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orissa History Congress. Session 1979 p. 10&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Orissa History Congress. Session | title=Proceedings of the Annual Session | publisher=The Congress | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nShuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-08-04 | page=10|quote=Ultimately Surendra Sai with six other political prisoners were removed to Asirgarh fort in April 1866}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dash 1963 p.163 &quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Dash | first=A. | title=Life of Surendra Sai | publisher=Vidyapuri | year=1963 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUnRAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-08-04 | page=163|quote=were not released on the condition that they would remain at Raipur and that Udanta Sai died there and that Surendra Sai became blind (363). From the official records, it would appear that he died a natural death in the fort of Assergarh and that was due to general debility.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Attempts made to suppress him==<br /> The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] collapsed by the end of 1858 and law and order was restored by the British throughout [[India]], but he continued his revolution. The military resources of the British were pulled up against him and the Generals like Major Forster, Capt. L. Smith and others who earned credit in suppressing the rebellion elsewhere in India were brought to Sambalpur to stamp out his revolution. But all attempts failed and Surendra Sai succeeded in foiling strategy of the British for a long time. Major Forster, the reputed general who was vested with full military and civil power and the authorities of a Commissioner to suppress Surendra Sai and his followers, was removed by the British authority in 1861 after three years in Sambalpur. His successor Major Impey could not defeat Sai. The British seized the entire food-stock of the rebels, stopped all resources of the supply of food and other necessaries of life for them. Major Impey abandoned the idea of violent war and cautiously followed the policy of peace and good-will with the approval of the Government of India. Surendra Sai, surrendered with full faith in the honesty and integrity of the British Government. However, after the death of Impey, situations took a sudden change and the British administrators revived their hostility towards him.<br /> <br /> ==Last days==<br /> Sambalpur was brought under the jurisdiction of the newly created Central Provinces on 30 April 1862; Veer Surendra Sai decided to surrender soon after. However, he was said to have been disillusioned and the new setup indulged in reversal of the old liberal policy. The administrators found that the surrender of Veer Surendra Sai did not bring the revolution to an end. They stepped down to organise a conspiracy and made sudden arrest of Veer Surendra Sai and all his relations, friends and followers. Sai and six of his followers were subsequently detained in the [[Asirgarh]] hill fort. Sai spent the last part of his life in captivity. In 1884 on 23 May, Surendra Sai died in the [[Asirgarh]] fort, away from his native land.<br /> <br /> Sambalpur was one of the last patch of land to be occupied by the [[British Empire]] in India, not counting the [[Princely States]]. This was largely due to the efforts of veer Surendra Sai. He was a very good swordsman. People of the region affectionately called him as ''Bira'' (or &quot;Veer&quot; meaning courageous) Surendra Sai.<br /> <br /> ==Recognition==<br /> <br /> *In 2009, The Government of Odisha changed the name of University College of Engineering (the oldest engineering college of the state) to [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology]], [[Burla, India|Burla]] in honour of this great leader.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.vssut.ac.in/institute/history.asp |title = UCE changes to VSSUT |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20121227210906/http://www.vssut.ac.in/institute/history.asp |archive-date = 27 December 2012 |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 2005, Government of India installed a statue of Veer Surendra Sai at the premises of [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050907/asp/jamshedpur/story_5204824.asp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525231623/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050907/asp/jamshedpur/story_5204824.asp |url-status = dead |archive-date = 25 May 2011 |title = Centre okays patriot statue|publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|author=Patnaik, Pramod Kumar |date=6 September 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The [[Veer Surendra Sai Medical College]], ESTD- 1959, located in [[Burla, India|Burla]], Sambalpur, has been named after him.<br /> * Government of India has released a postal stamp in his honour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Veer Surendra Sai|first1=Stamp Record|title=Govt. of India honours Veer Surendra Sai by a stamp|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/V/V.%20S.%20SAI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * On 23 January 2009 people of Odisha as well as [[India]] celebrated the 2nd Birth Centenary of Veer Surendra Sai. On the occasion, 'Paschim Odisha Agrani Sangathan' of [[Bhubaneswar]] brought out a book titled ''Veer Surendra Sai'' edited by Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat and Dr. Prabhas Kumar Singh. Also, another book titled ''Veer Surendra Sai: The Great Revolutionary'' edited by Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat and Sri Sashanka Shekhar Panda has been published by Anusheelan, Sambalpur.<br /> * [[Veer Surendra Sai Stadium]] in [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha, India|Odisha]] is named after him.<br /> * In September 2018 [[Jharsuguda]] became the second city in Odisha to have an [[Veer Surendra Sai Airport|airport]], which was named in honour of Sai.<br /> * VSS (Veer Surendra Sai) Market Complex has been made in his honour at Chhend Colony of [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{Commons category|Surendra Sai}}<br /> * Pasayat, C. (eds.) (2009), ''Veer Surendra Sai'', Bhubaneswar: Paschim Odisha Agrani Sangathan.<br /> * Pasayat, C. and S. S. Panda (eds.) (2009), ''Veer Surendra Sai: The Great Revolutionary'', Sambalpur: Anusheelan.<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sai, Surendra}}<br /> [[Category:1884 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:History of Sambalpur]]<br /> [[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sambalpur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:1809 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jharsuguda district]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Chinese&diff=473133 2026-03-07T01:02:59Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Standard form of Mandarin Chinese}}<br /> {{Redirect|Huayu||Huayu (disambiguation)|and|Standard Chinese (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{pp-semi-indef}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Standard Chinese<br /> | altname = Standard Mandarin<br /> | nativename = {{lang|zh|現代標準漢語}}; {{lang|zh|现代标准汉语}}<br /> | states = [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]]<br /> | speakers_label = Speakers<br /> | ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;over80percent&quot;/&gt;{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=251}}{{sfnp|Liang|2014|p=45}}<br /> | speakers = [[First language|L1]] and [[Second language|L2]]: 80% of China<br /> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br /> | fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]<br /> | fam3 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]<br /> | fam4 = [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]<br /> | fam5 = [[Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)|Beijing Mandarin]]<br /> | fam6 = [[Beijing dialect|Beijingese]]<br /> | ancestor = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan]]<br /> | ancestor2 = [[Old Chinese]]<br /> | ancestor3 = [[Eastern Han Chinese]]<br /> | ancestor4 = [[Middle Chinese]]<br /> | ancestor5 = [[Old Mandarin]]<br /> | ancestor6 = [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Middle Mandarin]]<br /> | ancestor7 = [[Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)|Beijing Mandarin]]<br /> | script = {{ubl|[[Chinese characters]]|[[Mainland Chinese Braille]]|[[Taiwanese Braille]]|[[Two-cell Chinese Braille]]}}<br /> | nation = *China (''de facto'', as ''Putonghua'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Adamson &amp; Feng&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Adamson |first1=Bob |title=Multilingual China: National, Minority and Foreign Languages |date=27 December 2021 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQdSEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-48702-2 |last2=Feng |first2=Anwei |quotation=Despite not being defined as such in the Constitution, ''Putonghua'' enjoys ''de facto'' status of the official language in China and is legislated as the standard form of Chinese. |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021527/https://books.google.com/books?id=GQdSEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Taiwan (''de facto'', as [[Taiwanese Mandarin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |script-title=zh:國家語言整體發展方案—推廣多元國家語言文化傳承及發展|url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/b6cf529e-a421-4f8d-9541-b7b0ef63f9cb |website=www.ey.gov.tw |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=zh-tw }}&lt;/ref&gt;){{efn|Taiwan does not have any legally designated official language. Mandarin is the primary language used in business and education and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. Not designated but meets the legal definition, that is &quot;{{lang|zh|本法所稱國家語言，指臺灣各固有族群使用之自然語言及臺灣手語。}}&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |script-title=zh:國家語言發展法 |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=zh |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221059/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language&quot;)}}<br /> *Singapore (as [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]])<br /> *United Nations (as Chinese)<br /> *[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]<br /> | minority =<br /> | agency = {{ubl|{{Indented plainlist|<br /> *[[China]]:&lt;br&gt;[[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Education]]{{efn|{{ill|National Commission on Language and Script Work|zh|国家语言文字工作委员会}}}}<br /> *[[Taiwan]]:&lt;br&gt;[[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)|Ministry of Education]]<br /> *[[Malaysia]]:&lt;br&gt;[[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education]] and [[Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia|Chinese Language Standardisation Council]]<br /> *[[Singapore]]:&lt;br&gt;[[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Ministry of Education]]&lt;br&gt;[[Promote Mandarin Council]]}}<br /> }}<br /> | isoexception = dialect&lt;!--Putonghua has not been assigned an ISO code--&gt;<br /> | iso6 = {{Ubl|goyu (Guoyu)|huyu (Huayu)|cosc (Putonghua)}}<br /> | notice = IPA<br /> | sign = Signed Chinese&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Tai |first1=James |title=Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook |date=2015 |page=772 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZqnCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA772 |access-date=26 February 2020 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-1-61451-817-4 |last2=Tsay |first2=Jane |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021527/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZqnCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA772#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | glotto = none<br /> | map = Mandarin sphere.svg<br /> | mapcaption = Global distribution of Standard Mandarin speakers<br /> {{legend|#0E0069|Majority native language}}<br /> {{legend|#439DD4|Statutory or de facto national working language}}<br /> {{legend|#9FCEFF|More than 1,000,000 L1 and L2 speakers}}<br /> {{legend|#D5E8FF|More than 500,000 speakers}}<br /> {{legend|#F7D5FF|More than 100,000 speakers}}<br /> | mapscale = 1.2<br /> | module = {{Infobox Chinese<br /> | child = yes<br /> | headercolor = {{Infobox language/family-color|Sino-Tibetan}}<br /> | title = ''Putonghua''<br /> | showflag = stp<br /> | s = {{linktext|普通话}}<br /> | t = {{linktext|普通話}}<br /> | p = Pǔtōnghuà<br /> | j = Pou2 tung1 waa2<br /> | y = Póutūngwá<br /> | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|p|u|3|.|t|ong|1|.|h|ua|4}}<br /> | myr = Pǔtūnghwà<br /> | w = {{tonesup|P'u3-t'ung1-hua4}}<br /> | l = Common speech<br /> | altname = ''Guoyu''<br /> | s2 = {{linktext|国语}}<br /> | t2 = {{linktext|國語}}<br /> | p2 = Guóyǔ<br /> | mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|g|uo|2|.|yu|3}}<br /> | w2 = {{tonesup|Kuo2-yü3}}<br /> | myr2 = Gwóyǔ<br /> | l2 = [[National language]]<br /> | altname3 = ''Huayu''<br /> | s3 = {{linktext|华语}}<br /> | t3 = {{linktext|華語}}<br /> | p3 = Huáyǔ<br /> | mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|h|ua|2|.|yu|3}}<br /> | w3 = {{tonesup|Hua2-yü3}}<br /> | myr3 = Hwáyǔ<br /> | l3 = Chinese language<br /> | bpmf = ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ<br /> | tp = Pǔ-tong-huà<br /> | tp2 = Guó-yǔ<br /> | bpmf2 = ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄩˇ<br /> | bpmf3 = ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄩˇ<br /> | tp3 = Huá-yǔ<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Standard Chinese''' ({{lang-zh|s=现代标准汉语|t=現代標準漢語|p=Xiàndài biāozhǔn hànyǔ}}), often colloquially called '''Mandarin Chinese''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Weng, Jeffrey 2018 611–633&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Weng |first=Jeffrey |title=What is Mandarin? The social project of language standardization in early Republican China |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=611–633 |year=2018 |doi=10.1017/S0021911818000487 |quote=in common usage, 'Mandarin' or 'Mandarin Chinese' usually refers to China's standard spoken language. In fact, I would argue that this is the predominant meaning of the word |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the modern [[Standard language|standardized]] form of the [[Mandarin Chinese]] language. It is the national [[lingua franca]] of [[Languages of China|China]], one of the official languages of the [[United Nations languages|United Nations]] and of [[Languages of Singapore|Singapore]], and one of the national languages of [[Languages of Taiwan|Taiwan]]. It is largely based on the [[Beijing dialect]]. Standard Chinese is a [[pluricentric language]] with local standards in mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore that mainly differ in their [[lexicon]].{{sfnp|Bradley|1992|p=307}} <br /> <br /> Like other [[Sinitic languages]], Standard Chinese is a [[tone (linguistics)|tonal language]] with [[topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]] organization and [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO) word order. Compared with southern varieties, the language has fewer vowels, final consonants and tones, but more initial consonants. It is an [[analytic language]], albeit with many [[compound word]]s.<br /> <br /> {{Toclimit|3}}<br /> <br /> == Naming ==<br /> ===In English===<br /> Among linguists, Standard Chinese has been referred to as '''Standard Northern Mandarin'''&lt;ref name=&quot;John Rohsenow 2004&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Rohsenow |first=John S. |title=Language Policy in the People's Republic of China |date=2004 |pages=22, 24 |editor-last=Zhou |editor-first=Minglang |chapter=Fifty Years of Script and Written Language Reform in the P.R.C. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XDdBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-8039-5 |quote=accurately represent and express the sounds of standard Northern Mandarin (Putonghua) [...]. Central to the [[promotion of Putonghua|promotion of ''Putonghua'']] as a national language with a standard pronunciation as well as to assisting literacy in the non-[[Phonemic orthography|phonetic writing system]] of Chinese characters was the development of a [[pinyin|system of phonetic symbols]] with which to convey the pronunciation of spoken words and written characters in '''standard northern Mandarin'''.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yunyun Ran 2016&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Ran |first1=Yunyun |title=Proceedings of the second workshop &quot;Chinese Accents and Accented Chinese&quot; (2nd CAAC) 2016, at the Nordic Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 26-27 October 2015 |date=2016 |page=4 |editor-last=Sloos |editor-first=Marjoleine |editor-last2=Weijer |editor-first2=Jeroen van de |url=http://chineseaccents.yolasite.com/resources/CAAC2015%20RYY%26JW%20Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211200335/http://chineseaccents.yolasite.com/resources/CAAC2015%20RYY%26JW%20Final.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-11 |chapter=On L2 English Intonation Patterns by Mandarin and Shanghainese Speakers: A Pilot Study |quote=We recorded a number of English sentences spoken by speakers with Mandarin Chinese (standard northern Mandarin) as their first language and by Chinese speakers with [[Shanghainese]] as their first language, [...] |last2=Weijer |first2=Jeroen van de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;David Bradley 2008&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Bradley |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |date=2008 |page=500 (e-book) |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |chapter=Chapter 5: East and Southeast Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&amp;pg=PT500 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79640-2 |quote=As a result of the spread of standard northern Mandarin and major regional varieties of provincial capitals since 1950, many of the smaller ''tuyu'' [土語] are disappearing by being absorbed into larger regional ''fangyan'' [方言], which of course may be a sub-variety of Mandarin or something else. |author-link=David Bradley (linguist) |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930023006/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&amp;pg=PT500#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; or '''Standard Beijing Mandarin'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff Siegel 2003&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Siegel |first=Jeff |title=The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition |date=2003 |page=201 |editor-last=Doughty |editor-first=Catherine J. |editor-last2=Long |editor-first2=Michael H. |chapter=Chapter 8: Social Context |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLoVScagwYC&amp;pg=PA201 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing, U.K. |isbn=978-1-4051-5188-7 |quote=Escure [Geneviève Escure, 1997] goes on to analyse second dialect texts of '''Putonghua''' ('''standard Beijing Mandarin Chinese''') produced by speakers of other [[varieties of Chinese]], [in] [[Wuhan]] and [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]]. |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLoVScagwYC&amp;pg=PA201#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ying-Chuan Chen2013&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis|title=Becoming Taiwanese: Negotiating Language, Culture and Identity|first=Ying-Chuan|last=Chen|publisher=[[University of Ottawa]]|date=2013|page=300|url=https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/24934/5/Chen_Ying-Chuan_2013_thesis.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219134255/https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/24934/5/Chen_Ying-Chuan_2013_thesis.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-19|quote=[...] a consistent gender pattern found across all the age [[Cohort (statistics)|cohort]]s is that women were more concerned about their teachers' bad Mandarin pronunciation, and implied that it was an inferior form of Mandarin, which signified their aspiration to speak '''standard Beijing Mandarin''', the good version of the language.}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is colloquially referred to as simply '''Mandarin''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Weng, Jeffrey 2018 611–633&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Weng |first=Jeffrey |title=What is Mandarin? The social project of language standardization in early Republican China |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=611–633 |year=2018 |doi=10.1017/S0021911818000487 |quote=in common usage, 'Mandarin' or 'Mandarin Chinese' usually refers to China's standard spoken language. In fact, I would argue that this is the predominant meaning of the word |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; though this term may also refer to the [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin dialect group]] as a whole, or the late imperial [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|form used as a lingua franca]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Robert M Sanders 1987&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sanders |first=Robert M. |title=The Four Languages of &quot;Mandarin&quot; |date=1987 |work=Sino-Platonic Papers |issue=4 |url=http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp004_mandarin_chinese.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307022502/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp004_mandarin_chinese.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=136}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Mandarin |work=Oxford Dictionary |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/mandarin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703095204/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mandarin |archive-date=3 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Weng, Jeffrey 2018 611–633&quot; /&gt; &quot;Mandarin&quot; is a translation of ''Guanhua'' ({{zhi|s=官话|t=官話|first=t|l=bureaucrat speech}}),{{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}} which referred to the late imperial lingua franca.{{sfnp|Mair|1991|pp=11–12}} The term '''Modern Standard Mandarin''' is used to distinguish it from older forms.{{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}}{{sfnp|Coblin|2000|p=537}}<br /> <br /> ===In Chinese===<br /> Among linguists, the language is referred to as Modern Standard Chinese ({{lang-zh|s=现代标准汉语|t=現代標準漢語|p=Xiàndài biāozhǔn hànyǔ}}) or Modern Standard Mandarin ({{lang-zh|s=现代标准官话|t=現代標準官話|p=Xiàndài biāozhǔn guānhuà}}). For both terms, the word Modern ({{lang-zh|s=现代|t=現代|p=Xiàndài|labels=no}}) is sometimes omitted. <br /> <br /> ====''Guoyu''====<br /> The word ''Guoyu'' ({{zhi|t=國語|s=国语|l=national language}}){{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}} was initially used during the late [[Qing dynasty]] to refer to the [[Manchu language]]. The 1655 ''[[Memoir of Qing Dynasty]], Volume: Emperor [[Nurhaci]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|清太祖實錄}}) says: &quot;(In 1631) as Manchu ministers do not comprehend the Han language, each ministry shall create a new position to be filled up by [[Han people|Han]] official who can comprehend the national language.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=张杰 |title=清文化与满族精神 |date=2012 |editor-last=张杰 |url=http://www.xjass.cn/mzwh/content/2011-04/08/content_192291.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105000708/http://www.xjass.cn/mzwh/content/2011-04/08/content_192291.htm |archive-date=2020-11-05 |chapter=论清代满族语言文字在东北的兴废与影响 |publisher=辽宁民族出版社 |language=zh |quote=[天聪五年, 1631年] 满大臣不解汉语，故每部设启心郎一员，以通晓国语之汉员为之，职正三品，每遇议事，座在其中参预之。}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the sense of ''Guoyu'' as a specific language variety promoted for general use by the citizenry was originally borrowed from Japan in the early 20th century. In 1902, the Japanese Diet had formed the [[National Language Research Council]] to standardize a form of the Japanese language dubbed {{tlit|ja|kokugo}} ({{lang|ja|国語}}).{{sfnp|Tam|2020|p=76}} Reformers in the Qing bureaucracy took inspiration and borrowed the term into Chinese, and in 1909 the Qing education ministry officially proclaimed [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|imperial Mandarin]] to be the national language.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=133–134}}<br /> <br /> In Taiwan, ''Guoyu'' is the colloquial term for Standard Chinese. In 2017 and 2018, the Taiwanese government introduced two laws explicitly recognizing the indigenous [[Formosan languages]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Sponsored by [[Council of Indigenous Peoples]] |title=原住民族語言發展法 |date=2017-06-14 |trans-title=Indigenous Languages Development Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |publisher=[[Laws &amp; Regulations Database of The Republic of China]], the Ministry of Justice |quote=Indigenous languages are national languages. To carry out historical justice, promote the preservation and development of indigenous languages, and secure indigenous language usage and heritage, this act is enacted according to... [原住民族語言為國家語言，為實現歷史正義，促進原住民族語言之保存與發展，保障原住民族語言之使用及傳承，依...] |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123845/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang Baijian2018&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Wang |first=Baojian |author-mask=Wang Baojian (王保鍵) |year=2018 |work=Journal of Civil Service |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=89, 92–96 |script-title=zh:客家基本法之制定與發展：兼論 2018 年修法重點 |url=https://ws.exam.gov.tw/001/Upload/15/attachment/12083/38483/882416282671.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105103333/https://ws.exam.gov.tw/001/Upload/15/attachment/12083/38483/882416282671.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Sponsored by [[Hakka Affairs Council]] |title=客家基本法 |date=2018-01-31 |trans-title=Hakka Basic Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |publisher=[[Laws &amp; Regulations Database of The Republic of China]], the Ministry of Justice |quote=Hakka language is one of the national languages, equal to the languages of other ethnic groups. The people shall be given guarantee on their right to study in Hakka language and use it in enjoying public services and partaking of the dissemination of resources. [客語為國家語言之一，與各族群語言平等。人民以客語作為學習語言、接近使用公共服務及傳播資源等權利，應予保障。] |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124007/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang Baijian2018&quot; /&gt; as &quot;Languages of the nation&quot; ({{lang|zh-Hant|國家語言}}) alongside Standard Chinese. Since then, there have been efforts to redefine ''Guoyu'' as encompassing all &quot;languages of the nation&quot;, rather than exclusively referring to Standard Chinese.<br /> <br /> ====''Putonghua''====<br /> The term ''Putonghua'' ({{zhi|t=普通話|s=普通话|l=common tongue}}){{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}} dates back to 1906 in writings by [[Zhu Wenxiong]] to differentiate the standard vernacular Mandarin from [[Literary Chinese]] and other [[varieties of Chinese]].<br /> <br /> Use of the term ''Putonghua'' ('common tongue') deliberately avoids calling the dialect a 'national language', in order to mitigate the impression of coercing minority groups to adopt the language of the majority. Such concerns were first raised by the early Communist leader [[Qu Qiubai]] in 1931. His concern echoed within the Communist Party, which adopted the term ''Putonghua'' in 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Cao |first=Dehe |author-mask=Cao Dehe (曹德和) |year=2011 |publisher=Tribune of Social Sciences |issue=10 |script-title=zh:恢复&quot;国语名&quot;称的建议为何不被接受_──《国家通用语言文字法》学习中的探讨和思考 |language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Yuan, Zhongrui. (2008) &quot;[http://www.china-language.gov.cn/63/2008_3_10/1_63_3387_0_1205124588468.html 国语、普通话、华语] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426051531/http://www.china-language.gov.cn/63/2008_3_10/1_63_3387_0_1205124588468.html |date=26 April 2009 }} (Guoyu, Putonghua, Huayu)&quot;. ''China Language'' National Language Committee, People's Republic of China&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1949, usage of the word ''Guoyu'' was phased out in the PRC, only surviving in established compound nouns, e.g. '[[Mandopop]]' ({{zhi|p=Guóyǔ liúxíng yīnyuè|s=国语流行音乐}}), or 'Chinese cinema' ({{zhi|p=Guóyǔ diànyǐng|s=国语电影}}).<br /> <br /> Since 2000, the Chinese government has used the term &quot;Countrywide common spoken and written language&quot; ({{zhi|s=国家通用语言文字}}), while also making provisions for the use and protection of [[Chinese ethnic minorities|ethnic minority]] languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;进一步贯彻实施国家通用语言文字法铸牢中华民族共同体意识&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=进一步贯彻实施国家通用语言文字法铸牢中华民族共同体意识 |url=http://npc.people.com.cn/n1/2020/1116/c14576-31932918.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=人民日报}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term is derived from the title of a 2000 law which defines ''Putonghua'' as the &quot;Countrywide Common Spoken and Written Language&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;进一步贯彻实施国家通用语言文字法铸牢中华民族共同体意识&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====''Huayu''====<br /> Until the mid-1960s, ''Huayu'' ({{zhi|t=華語|s=华语}}) referred to all the language varieties used among the [[Zhonghua minzu|Chinese nation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Xu2018&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Xu |first=Weixian |pages=36–41 |year=2018 |author-mask=Xu Weixian (許維賢) |trans-title=Chinese films in Malaysia: local and overseas styles and auteur theory |script-title=zh:華語電影在後馬來西亞：土腔風格、華夷風與作者論 |publisher=Lianjing chuban |language=zh |isbn=978-957-08-5098-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, [[Cinema of Hong Kong|Cantonese]], [[Cinema of China|Mandarin]], and [[Hokkien films]] produced in Hong Kong were imported into Malaysia and collectively known as &quot;''Huayu'' cinema&quot; until the mid-1960s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Xu2018&quot; /&gt; Gradually, the term has been re-appropriated to refer specifically to Standard Chinese. The term is mostly used in [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kane |first=Daniel |title=The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage |pages=22–23, 93 |year=2006 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-0-8048-3853-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====''Hanyu'' and ''Zhongwen''====<br /> Among Chinese people, ''Hanyu'' ({{zhi|t=漢語|s=汉语|l=Han language}}) refers to all spoken [[varieties of Chinese]]. ''Zhongwen'' ({{zhi|c=中文|l=Chinese script}}){{sfnp|Mair|1991|pp=11}} refers to written Chinese. Among foreigners, the term ''Hanyu'' is most commonly used in textbooks and Standard Chinese education, such as in the [[Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi]] (HSK) test.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{Main|History of Standard Chinese}}<br /> <br /> The [[Chinese language]] has had considerable dialectal variation throughout its history, including [[prestige dialect]]s and [[linguae francae]] used throughout the territory controlled by the dynastic states of China. For example, [[Confucius]] is thought to have used a dialect known as ''[[Yayan (language)|yayan]]'' rather than regional dialects; during the [[Han dynasty]], texts also referred to {{transliteration|zh|tōngyǔ}} ({{zhi|t={{linktext|通語}}|l=common language}}). The [[rime book]]s that were written starting in the [[Northern and Southern dynasties|Northern and Southern period]] may have reflected standard systems of pronunciation. However, these standard dialects were mostly used by the educated elite, whose pronunciation may still have possessed great variation. For these elites, the Chinese language was unified in [[Literary Chinese]], a form that was primarily written, as opposed to spoken.<br /> <br /> === Late empire ===<br /> {{main|Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Fourmont-Zhongguo-Guanhua.png|thumb|right|''Zhongguo Guanhua'' ({{zhi|s=中国官话|t=中國官話|first=t}}), or {{lang|la|Medii Regni Communis Loquela}} ('Middle Kingdom's Common Speech'), used on the [[book frontispiece|frontispiece]] of an early Chinese grammar published by [[Étienne Fourmont]] (with [[Arcadio Huang]]) in 1742&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Fourmont|first=Étienne|title=Linguæ Sinarum Mandarinicæ Hieroglyphicæ Grammatica Duplex|trans-title=Grammar of the Mandarin Chinese Hieroglyphics|language=la|author-link=Étienne Fourmont|year=1742|url=https://archive.org/details/b30448955/page/n7/mode/2up|location=Paris|publisher=Hippolyte-Louis Guérin}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> The term ''Guanhua'' ({{zhi|t=官話|s=官话|first=t|l=official speech}}) was used during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties to refer to [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|the lingua franca]] spoken within the imperial courts. The term &quot;Mandarin&quot; is borrowed directly from the Portuguese word {{lang|pt|mandarim}}, in turn derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{transliteration|sa|[[mantri]]n}} ('minister')—and was initially used to refer to Chinese [[scholar-official]]s. The Portuguese then began referring to ''Guanhua'' as &quot;the language of the mandarins&quot;.{{sfnp|Coblin|2000|p=537}}<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|text=The Chinese have different languages in different provinces, to such an extent that they cannot understand each other.... [They] also have another language which is like a universal and common language; this is the official language of the mandarins and of the court; it is among them like Latin among ourselves.... Two of our fathers [Michele Ruggieri and Matteo Ricci] have been learning this mandarin language...|author=[[Alessandro Valignano]]|source={{lang|es|Historia del Principio y Progresso de la Compañia de Jesus en las Indias Orientales}} (1542–1564)&lt;ref&gt;Translation quoted in {{harvp|Coblin|2000|p=539}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> During the 17th century, the state had set up [[orthoepy]] academies ({{zhi|t=正音書院|p=zhèngyīn shūyuàn}}) in an attempt to conform the speech of bureaucrats to the standard. These attempts had little success: as late as the 19th century, the emperor had difficulty understanding some of his ministers in court, who did not always follow a standard pronunciation.<br /> <br /> Before the 19th century, the lingua franca was based on the [[Nanjing dialect]], but later the [[Beijing dialect]] became increasingly influential, despite the mix of officials and commoners speaking various dialects in the capital, [[Beijing]].{{sfnp|Coblin|2000|pp=549–550}} By some accounts, as late as 1900 the position of the Nanjing dialect was considered by some to be above that of Beijing; the [[postal romanization]] standards established in 1906 included spellings that reflected elements of Nanjing pronunciation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Richard |first1=Louis |title=Comprehensive geography of the Chinese empire and dependencies |year=1908 |url=http://archive.org/details/lrichardscompreh00rich |access-date=2024-03-06 |place=Shanghai |publisher=Tusewei Press |last2=Kennelly |first2=M. |page=iv}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sense of ''Guoyu'' as a specific language variety promoted for general use by the citizenry was originally borrowed from Japan; in 1902 the Japanese Diet had formed the [[National Language Research Council]] to standardize a form of the Japanese language dubbed {{tlit|ja|kokugo}} ({{lang|ja|国語}}).{{sfnp|Tam|2020|p=76}} Reformers in the Qing bureaucracy took inspiration and borrowed the term into Chinese, and in 1909 the Qing education ministry officially proclaimed [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|imperial Mandarin]] as ''Guoyu'' ({{zhi|s=国语|t=國語}}), the 'national language'.<br /> <br /> === Republican era ===<br /> [[File:Madarin in Chinese Mainland EN.PNG|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Distribution of Mandarin subgroups in mainland China, as of 1987]]<br /> <br /> After the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] was established in 1912, there was more success in promoting a common national language. A [[Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation]] was convened with delegates from the entire country.{{sfnp|Chen|1999|pp=16–17}} A ''Dictionary of National Pronunciation'' ({{zhi|s=国音字典|t=國音字典|first=t}}) was published in 1919, defining a [[Old National Pronunciation|hybrid pronunciation]] that did not match any existing speech.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=134}}{{sfnp|Chen|1999|p=18}} Meanwhile, despite the lack of a workable standardized pronunciation, colloquial literature in [[written vernacular Chinese]] continued to develop.{{sfnp|Ramsey|1987|p=10}}<br /> <br /> Gradually, the members of the National Language Commission came to settle upon the Beijing dialect, which became the major source of standard national pronunciation due to its prestigious status. In 1932, the commission published the ''Vocabulary of National Pronunciation for Everyday Use'' ({{zhi|s=国音常用字汇|t=國音常用字彙|first=t}}), with little fanfare or official announcement. This dictionary was similar to the previous published one except that it normalized the pronunciations for all characters into the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect. Elements from other dialects continue to exist in the standard language, but as exceptions rather than the rule.{{sfnp|Ramsey|1987|p=15}}<br /> <br /> Following the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) continued standardisation efforts on the mainland, and in 1955 officially began using ''Putonghua'' ({{zhi|s=普通话|t=普通話|l=common speech}}) instead of ''Guoyu'', which remains the name used in [[Taiwan]]. The forms of Standard Chinese used in China and Taiwan have diverged somewhat since the end of the Civil War, especially in newer vocabulary, and a little in pronunciation.{{sfnp|Bradley|1992|pp=313–314}}<br /> <br /> In 1956, the PRC officially defined Standard Chinese as &quot;the standard form of Modern Chinese with the Beijing phonological system as its norm of pronunciation, and Northern dialects as its base dialect, and looking to exemplary modern works in [[written vernacular Chinese]] for its grammatical norms.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |date=31 October 2000 |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |access-date=27 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=live |publisher=Gov.cn |trans-quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.|script-quote=zh:普通话就是现代汉民族共同语，是全国各民族通用的语言。普通话以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作语法规范}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Chen|1999|p=24}} According to the official definition, Standard Chinese uses:<br /> * The [[phonology]] of the Beijing dialect, if not always with each phoneme having the precise [[phonetic]] values as those heard in Beijing.<br /> * The [[vocabulary]] of [[Mandarin dialects]] in general, excepting what are deemed to be [[slang]] and regionalisms. The vocabulary of all Chinese varieties, especially in more technical fields like science, law, and government, is very similar—akin to the profusion of [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] vocabulary in European languages. This means that much of the vocabulary of Standard Chinese is shared with all varieties of Chinese. Much of the [[colloquialism|colloquial]] vocabulary of the Beijing dialect is not considered part of Standard Chinese, and may not be understood by people outside Beijing.{{sfnp|Chen|1999|pp=37–38}}<br /> * The [[grammar]] and idioms of exemplary modern [[Chinese literature]], a form known as [[written vernacular Chinese]]. Written vernacular Chinese is loosely based upon a synthesis of predominantly northern grammar and vocabulary, with southern and Literary elements. This distinguishes Standard Chinese from the dialect heard on the streets of Beijing.<br /> <br /> Proficiency in the new standard was initially limited, even among Mandarin speakers, but increased over the following decades.{{sfnp|Chen|1999|pp=27–28}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto&quot;<br /> |+ Percentage of population of China proficient in Standard Chinese{{sfnp|Chen|1999|p=28}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ! Early 1950s<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1984<br /> |-<br /> ! Comprehension<br /> ! Comprehension<br /> ! Speaking<br /> |-<br /> ! Mandarin-speaking areas<br /> | 54 || 91 || 54<br /> |-<br /> ! non-Mandarin areas<br /> | 11 || 77 || 40<br /> |-<br /> ! whole country<br /> | 41 || 90 || 50<br /> |}<br /> <br /> A 2007 survey conducted by the Chinese Ministry of Education indicated that 53.06% of the population were able to effectively communicate using Standard Chinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=More than half of Chinese can speak Mandarin |date=7 March 2007 |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/education/201946.htm |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]] |access-date=10 November 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204232341/http://www.china.org.cn/english/education/201946.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2020, this figure had risen to over 80%.&lt;ref name=&quot;over80percent&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Over 80 percent of Chinese population speak Mandarin |surname1=Zhao |given1=E'nuo |surname2=Wu |given2=Yue |work=People's Daily |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/1016/c90000-9769716.html |date=16 October 2020 |access-date=2021-12-22 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021445/http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/1016/c90000-9769716.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Status ==<br /> In both mainland China and Taiwan, Standard Chinese is used in most official contexts, as well as the media and educational system, contributing to its proliferation. As a result, it is now spoken by most people in both countries, though often with some regional or personal variation in vocabulary and pronunciation.<br /> <br /> In overseas Chinese communities outside Asia where Cantonese once dominated, such as the [[Manhattan Chinatown|Chinatown in Manhattan]], the use of Standard Chinese, which is the primary lingua franca of more recent [[Chinese immigrants]], is rapidly increasing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Semple |first=Kirk |title=In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin |date=21 October 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/nyregion/22chinese.html |access-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714084739/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/nyregion/22chinese.html |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mainland China ===<br /> [[File:Map of sinitic languages cropped-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Distribution of the [[varieties of Chinese|Chinese dialect groups]] as of 1987, including Mandarin (light brown)]]<br /> While Standard Chinese was made China's official language in the early 20th century, local languages continue to be the main form of everyday communication in much of the country. The language policy adopted by the Chinese government promotes the use of Standard Chinese while also making allowances for the use and preservation of local varieties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Spolsky |first=Bernard |title=Language management in the People's Republic of China |date=December 2014 |work=Linguistic Society of America |volume=90 |pages=168 |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/02e_90.4Spolsky.pdf |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930023014/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/02e_90.4Spolsky.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; From an official point of view, Standard Chinese serves as a [[lingua franca]] to facilitate communication between speakers of mutually unintelligible [[varieties of Chinese]] and [[Languages of China|non-Sinitic languages]]. The name ''Putonghua'', or 'common speech', reinforces this idea. However, due to Standard Chinese being a &quot;public&quot; lingua franca, other Chinese varieties and even non-Sinitic languages have shown signs of losing ground to the standard dialect. In many areas, especially in southern China, it is commonly used for practical reasons, as linguistic diversity is so great that residents of neighboring cities may have difficulties communicating with each other without a lingua franca.<br /> <br /> According to the Chinese government, their language policy been largely successful, with over 80% of the Chinese population able to speak Standard Chinese as of 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;over80percent&quot; /&gt; The Chinese government's current goal is to have 85% of the country's population speak Standard Chinese by 2025, and virtually the entire country by 2035.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=China says 85% of citizens will use Mandarin by 2025 |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-85-citizens-mandarin-2025-81485477 |access-date=2021-12-22 |language=en|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211201112223/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-85-citizens-mandarin-2025-81485477|archive-date=2021-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout the country, Standard Chinese has heavily influenced local languages through [[diglossia]], replacing them entirely in some cases, especially among younger people in urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Zuo |first=Xinyi |title=Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2020) |date=2020-12-16 |pages=56–59 |chapter=Effects of Ways of Communication on the Preservation of Shanghai Dialect |chapter-url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ichess-20/125949177 |publisher=Atlantis Press |language=en |doi=10.2991/assehr.k.201214.465 |isbn=978-94-6239-301-1 |s2cid=234515573 |doi-access=free |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930023038/https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ichess-20/125949177 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chinese government is keen to promote ''Putonghua'' as the national lingua franca: under the [[Chinese language law|National Common Language and Writing Law]], the government is required to promote its use. Officially, the Chinese government has not stated its intent to replace regional varieties with Standard Chinese. However, regulations enacted by local governments to implement the national law have included measures to control the use of spoken dialects and [[traditional characters]] in writing.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} For example, the [[Guangdong National Language Regulations]] enacted in 2012 generally require broadcasts in the province to be in Standard Chinese, with programs and channels able to broadcast in other varieties if approved by the national or provincial government. Government employees, including teachers, conference holders, broadcasters, and TV staff are required to use Standard Chinese.&lt;ref name=&quot;phxtvonline&quot;&gt;{{Citation |date=18 December 2011 |script-title=zh:广东省国家通用语言文字规定 |trans-title=Full Text of Guangdong National Language Regulations |language=zh |work=news.ifeng.com |url=http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/detail_2011_12/18/11402971_0.shtml |access-date=6 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |url=http://www.worldjournal.com/view/aChinanews/16824746/article-廣東限制粵語廣播恐爆抗議潮?instance=top_rec |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209120433/http://www.worldjournal.com/view/aChinanews/16824746/article-%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E6%81%90%E7%88%86%E6%8A%97%E8%AD%B0%E6%BD%AE?instance=top_rec |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2013 |website=worldjournal.com |language=zh |script-title=zh:廣東限制粵語廣播恐爆抗議潮 |trans-title=Protests Worries As Guangdong Pushes New Language Bill |access-date=6 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, public signage is to be written using [[simplified characters]], with exceptions for historical sites, pre-registered logos, or when approved by the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;phxtvonline&quot; /&gt; Public brands, seals, documents, websites, signs, and trade names are not to use traditional characters or [[character variants]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20111218/00178_008.html |work=Oriental Daily (Hong Kong) |language=zh |script-title=zh:廣東廢粵語滅繁體 |trans-title=Guangdong Limits Use of Cantonese Language and Traditional Chinese Characters |access-date=6 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=http://club.dayoo.com/view-171298550-1-1.html |date=17 December 2011 |work=Guangzhou Daily |language=zh |script-title=zh:粤语将何去何从？广东省国家通用语言文字规定明年实行 |trans-title=Guangdong National Language Regulations Puts Cantonese Language in the Crosshairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101204458/http://club.dayoo.com/view-171298550-1-1.html |archive-date=1 January 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |date=18 December 2011 |script-title=zh:粵嚴令媒體推普限制粵方言 |trans-title=Guangdong's Strict New Media Laws Oppresses Cantonese |language=zh |work=Sing Tao Daily |url=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/粵嚴令媒體-推普限制粵方言-220939679.html |access-date=6 January 2012 |via=Yahoo News Hong Kong}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Chinese speakers who are older or from rural areas cannot speak Standard Chinese fluently or at all, though most are able to understand it. Meanwhile, those from urban areas—as well as younger speakers, who have received their education primarily in Standard Chinese—are almost all fluent in it, with some being unable to speak their local dialect.<br /> <br /> The Chinese government has disseminated [[public service announcement]]s promoting the use of ''Putonghua'' on television and the radio, as well as on public buses. The standardization campaign has been challenged by local dialectical and ethnic populations, who fear the loss of their cultural identity and native dialect. In the summer of 2010, reports of a planned increase in the use of the ''Putonghua'' on local television in [[Guangdong]] led to demonstrations on the streets by thousands of [[Cantonese]]-speaking citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Luo |first=Chris |title=One-third of Chinese do not speak Putonghua, says Education Ministry |date=2014-09-23 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1598040/3-10-chinese-citizens-do-not-speak-putonghua-says-education |access-date=2017-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602081902/http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1598040/3-10-chinese-citizens-do-not-speak-putonghua-says-education |archive-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |place=Hong Kong}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the use of Standard Chinese is encouraged as the common working language in predominantly [[Han Chinese|Han]] areas on the mainland, the PRC has been more sensitive to the status of non-Sinitic minority languages, and has generally not discouraged their social use outside of education.<br /> <br /> === Hong Kong and Macau ===<br /> In [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], which are [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of the PRC, there is [[diglossia]] between [[Cantonese]] ({{zhi|t=口語|j=hau2 jyu5|l=spoken language}}) as the primary spoken language, alongside a [[Hong Kong written Chinese|local variety of written vernacular Chinese]] ({{zhi|t=書面語|j=syu1 min6 jyu5|l=written language}}) used as the primary written language.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Lee |first=Siu-lun |title=The Learning and Teaching of Cantonese as a Second Language |year=2023 |place=Abingdon/New York |publisher=Routledge |language=en |isbn=978-1-000-88989-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Written Cantonese]] may also be used in informal settings such as advertisements, magazines, popular literature, and comics. Mixture of formal and informal written Chinese occurs to various degrees.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Shi |first=Dingxu |title=Hong Kong written Chinese: Language change induced by language contact |date=2006-10-12 |journal=Journal of Asian Pacific Communication |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=299–318 |url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/japc.16.2.09shi |language=en |doi=10.1075/japc.16.2.09shi |s2cid=143191355 |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930023013/https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/japc.16.2.09shi |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; After the [[handover of Hong Kong]] from the United Kingdom and [[handover of Macau]] from Portugal, their governments use Standard Chinese to communicate with the PRC's [[Central People's Government]]. There has been significant effort to promote use of Standard Chinese in Hong Kong since the handover,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Standing Committee on Language Education &amp; Research |title=Putonghua promotion stepped up |date=25 March 2006 |url=http://archive.news.gov.hk/isd/ebulletin/en/category/atschool/060325/html/060325en02002.htm |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721092538/http://archive.news.gov.hk/isd/ebulletin/en/category/atschool/060325/html/060325en02002.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the training of police&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Online training to boost Chinese skills |url=http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/692/0110_e.htm |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721092725/http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/692/0110_e.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=live |publisher=Hong Kong Police Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; and teachers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Hong Kong LegCo |title=Panel on Education working reports |date=19 April 1999 |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/panels/ed/papers/ed1904_4.htm |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721092708/http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/panels/ed/papers/ed1904_4.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=live |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Taiwan ===<br /> {{main|Taiwanese Mandarin}}<br /> <br /> Standard Chinese is the official language of [[Taiwan]]. Standard Chinese started being widely spoken in Taiwan following the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]] in 1949, with the relocation of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) to the island along with an [[Waishengren|influx of refugees]] from the mainland. The Standard Chinese used in Taiwan differs very little from that of mainland China, with differences largely being in technical vocabulary introduced after 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Yao |first=Qian |title=Analysis of Computer Terminology Translation Differences between Taiwan and Mainland China |date=September 2014 |journal=Advanced Materials Research |volume=1030-1032 |pages=1650–1652 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1030-1032.1650 |s2cid=136508776}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to 1949, the varieties most commonly spoken by Taiwan's Han population were [[Taiwanese Hokkien]], as well as [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] to a lesser extent. Much of the [[Taiwanese Aboriginal]] population spoke their native [[Formosan languages]]. During the period of [[martial law]] between 1949 and 1987, the Taiwanese government revived the [[Mandarin Promotion Council]], discouraging or in some cases forbidding the use of Hokkien and other non-standard varieties. This resulted in Standard Chinese replacing Hokkien as the country's lingua franca,{{sfnp|Scott|Tiun|2007|p=57}} and ultimately, a political backlash in the 1990s. Starting in the 2000s during the administration of President [[Chen Shui-Bian]], the Taiwanese government began making efforts to recognize the country's other languages. They began being taught in schools, and their use increased in media, though Standard Chinese remains the country's lingua franca.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Hubbs |first=Elizabeth |title=Taiwan language-in-education policy: social, cultural and practical implications |work=Arizona Working Papers in SLA &amp; Teaching |volume=20 |pages=76–95 |url=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/AZSLAT/article/download/21223/20804 |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930023013/https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/AZSLAT/article/download/21223/20804 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chen often used Hokkien in his speeches; later Taiwanese President [[Lee Teng-hui]] also openly spoke Hokkien. In an amendment to the Enforcement Rules of the Passport Act ({{lang|zh-tw|護照條例施行細則}}) passed on 9 August 2019, Taiwan's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] announced that romanized spellings of names in [[Hoklo]], Hakka and Aboriginal languages may be used in Taiwanese passports. Previously, only Mandarin names could be romanized.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jason Pan |title=NTU professors' language rule draws groups' ire |date=16 August 2019 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/08/16/2003720563 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817081519/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/08/16/2003720563 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Singapore ===<br /> {{Main|Singaporean Mandarin}}<br /> <br /> Mandarin is one of the four official languages of Singapore, along with English, [[Malay language|Malay]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Historically, it was seldom used by the [[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese Singaporean community]], which primarily spoke the Southern Chinese languages of [[Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], Cantonese, or [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} [[Standard Singaporean Mandarin]] is nearly identical to the standards of China and Taiwan, with minor vocabulary differences. It is the Mandarin variant used in education, media, and official settings. Meanwhile, a colloquial form called Singdarin is used in informal daily life and is heavily influenced in terms of both grammar and vocabulary by local languages such as Cantonese, Hokkien, and Malay. Instances of code-switching with English, Hokkien, Cantonese, Malay, or a combination thereof are also common.<br /> <br /> In Singapore, the government has heavily promoted a &quot;[[Speak Mandarin Campaign]]&quot; since the late 1970s, with the use of other Chinese varieties in broadcast media being prohibited and their use in any context officially discouraged until recently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=New Hokkien drama aimed at seniors to be launched on Sep 9 |date=1 September 2016 |work=[[Channel News Asia]] |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-hokkien-drama-aimed-at-seniors-to-be-launched-on-sep-9/3091668.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219200949/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-hokkien-drama-aimed-at-seniors-to-be-launched-on-sep-9/3091668.html |archive-date=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; This has led to some resentment amongst the older generations, as Singapore's migrant Chinese community is made up almost entirely of people of south Chinese descent. [[Lee Kuan Yew]], the initiator of the campaign, admitted that to most Chinese Singaporeans, Mandarin was a &quot;stepmother tongue&quot; rather than a true mother language. Nevertheless, he saw the need for a unified language among the Chinese community not biased in favor of any existing group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yew 2000&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Yew |first=Lee Kuan |title=From Third World to First: The Singapore Story: 1965-2000 |date=2000-10-03 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-06-019776-6 |ol=7275961M}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Malaysia===<br /> {{Main|Malaysian Mandarin}}<br /> <br /> In Malaysia, Mandarin has been adopted by local Chinese-language schools as the medium of instruction with the standard shared with Singaporean Chinese. Together influenced by the Singaporean Speak Mandarin Campaign and Chinese culture revival movement in the 1980s, Malaysian Chinese started their own promotion of Mandarin too, and similar to Singapore, but to a lesser extent, experienced language shift from other Chinese variants to Mandarin. Today, Mandarin functions as lingua franca among Malaysian Chinese, while Hokkien and Cantonese are still retained in the northern part and central part of Peninsular Malaysia respectively.<br /> <br /> ===Myanmar===<br /> {{See also|Chinese people in Myanmar}}<br /> In some regions controlled by [[List of insurgent groups in Myanmar|insurgent groups]] in northern Myanmar, Mandarin serves as the lingua franca.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |author=Aung Thein Kha |title=In Myanmar's Remote Mongla Region, Mandarin Supplants The Burmese Language |date=17 September 2019 |work=[[Radio Free Asia]] |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/in-myanmars-remote-mongla-region-09172019141648.html |access-date=31 May 2020 |last2=Gerin |first2=Roseanne |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505202706/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/in-myanmars-remote-mongla-region-09172019141648.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> [[File:Yangzhou-Highschool-Speak-Putonghua-3388.jpg|thumb|A poster outside a high school in [[Yangzhou]] urges people to &quot;Speak Putonghua to welcome guests from all around, use the language of the civilized to give your sincere feelings&quot;.]]<br /> <br /> In both mainland China and Taiwan, Standard Chinese is taught by immersion starting in elementary school. After the second grade, the entire educational system is in Standard Chinese, except for local language classes that have been taught for a few hours each week in Taiwan starting in the mid-1990s.<br /> <br /> With an increase in internal [[migration in China]], the official [[Putonghua Proficiency Test]] (PSC) has become popular. Employers often require a level of Standard Chinese proficiency from applicants depending on the position, and many university graduates on the mainland take the PSC before looking for a job.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> {{Main|Standard Chinese phonology}}<br /> <br /> The pronunciation of Standard Chinese is defined as that of the [[Beijing dialect]].{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=138}}<br /> The usual unit of analysis is the syllable, consisting of an optional initial [[consonant]], an optional medial [[semivowel|glide]], a main vowel and an optional coda, and further distinguished by a [[tone (linguistics)|tone]].{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=138–139}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto&quot;<br /> |+ Initial consonants with pinyin spellings{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=139}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ! Dental [[sibilant]]<br /> ! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br /> ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]s<br /> | {{IPA link|m}} {{grapheme|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} {{grapheme|n}} || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Plosive|Stops]] and&lt;br/&gt;[[affricates]]<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}} {{grapheme|b}} || {{IPA link|t}} {{grapheme|d}} || {{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|t͡s}} {{grapheme|z}} || {{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂ}} {{grapheme|zh}} || {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} {{grapheme|j}} || {{IPA link|k}} {{grapheme|g}}<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{grapheme|p}} || {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{grapheme|t}} || {{IPA link|t͡sʰ}} {{grapheme|c}} || {{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂʰ}} {{grapheme|ch}} || {{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}} {{grapheme|q}} || {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{grapheme|k}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fricative]]s<br /> | {{IPA link|f}} {{grapheme|f}} || || {{IPA link|s̪|s}} {{grapheme|s}} || {{IPA link|ʂ}} {{grapheme|sh}} || {{IPA link|ɕ}} {{grapheme|x}} || {{IPA link|x}} {{grapheme|h}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Approximant]]s<br /> | {{IPA link|w}} {{grapheme|w}} || {{IPA link|l̪|l}} {{grapheme|l}} || || {{IPA link|ɻ}}~{{IPA link|ʐ}} {{grapheme|r}} || {{IPA link|j}} {{grapheme|y}} ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The palatal initials {{IPA|[tɕ]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}} and {{IPA|[ɕ]}} pose a classic problem of [[phonemic]] analysis. Since they occur only before high front vowels, they are in [[complementary distribution]] with three other series, the dental sibilants, retroflexes and velars, which never occur in this position.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=140–141}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto&quot;<br /> |+ Syllable finals with pinyin spellings{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|p=110}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ɹ̩}} {{angle bracket|''i''}} || {{IPA|ɤ}} {{angle bracket|''e''}} || {{IPA|a}} {{angle bracket|''a''}} || {{IPA|ei}} {{angle bracket|''ei''}} || {{IPA|ai}} {{angle bracket|''ai''}} || {{IPA|ou}} {{angle bracket|''ou''}} || {{IPA|au}} {{angle bracket|''ao''}} || {{IPA|ən}} {{angle bracket|''en''}} || {{IPA|an}} {{angle bracket|''an''}} || {{IPA|əŋ}} {{angle bracket|''eng''}} || {{IPA|aŋ}} {{angle bracket|''ang''}} || {{IPA|ɚ}} {{angle bracket|''er''}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|i}} {{angle bracket|''i''}} || {{IPA|ie}} {{angle bracket|''ie''}} || {{IPA|ia}} {{angle bracket|''ia''}} || || || {{IPA|iou}} {{angle bracket|''iu''}} || {{IPA|iau}} {{angle bracket|''iao''}} || {{IPA|in}} {{angle bracket|''in''}} || {{IPA|ien}} {{angle bracket|''ian''}} || {{IPA|iŋ}} {{angle bracket|''ing''}} || {{IPA|iaŋ}} {{angle bracket|''iang''}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|u}} {{angle bracket|''u''}} || {{IPA|uo}} {{angle bracket|''uo''}} || {{IPA|ua}} {{angle bracket|''ua''}} || {{IPA|uei}} {{angle bracket|''ui''}} || {{IPA|uai}} {{angle bracket|''uai''}} || || || {{IPA|uən}} {{angle bracket|''un''}} || {{IPA|uan}} {{angle bracket|''uan''}} || {{IPA|uŋ}} {{angle bracket|''ong''}} || {{IPA|uaŋ}} {{angle bracket|''uang''}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|y}} {{angle bracket|''ü''}} || {{IPA|ye}} {{angle bracket|''üe''}} || || || || || || {{IPA|yn}} {{angle bracket|''un''}} || {{IPA|yen}} {{angle bracket|''uan''}} || {{IPA|iuŋ}} {{angle bracket|''iong''}} || ||<br /> |}<br /> The {{IPA|[ɹ̩]}} final, which occurs only after dental sibilant and retroflex initials, is a syllabic [[approximant consonant|approximant]], prolonging the initial.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=142}}{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|p=111}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Pinyin Tone Chart.svg|right|thumb|upright=0.6|Relative pitch contours of the four full tones]]<br /> The [[rhotacized vowel]] {{IPA|[ɚ]}} forms a complete syllable.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=143–144}}<br /> A reduced form of this syllable occurs as a sub-syllabic suffix, spelled ''-r'' in pinyin and often with a [[diminutive]] connotation. The suffix modifies the coda of the base syllable in a rhotacizing process called ''[[erhua]]''.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=144–145}}<br /> <br /> Each full syllable is pronounced with a phonemically distinctive pitch contour. There are four tonal categories, marked in pinyin with diacritics, as in the words {{transliteration|zh|mā}} ({{zhi|s=妈|t=媽|first=t}}; 'mother'), {{transliteration|zh|má}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|麻}}; 'hemp'), {{transliteration|zh|mǎ}} ({{zhi|s=马|t=馬|first=t}}; 'horse') and {{transliteration|zh|mà}} ({{zhi|s=骂|t=罵|first=t}}; 'curse').{{sfnp|Duanmu|2007|p=225}} The tonal categories also have secondary characteristics. For example, the third tone is long and [[murmured voice|murmured]], whereas the fourth tone is relatively short.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=147}}{{sfnp|Duanmu|2007|p=236}} Statistically, vowels and tones are of similar importance in the language.{{efn|&quot;A word pronounced in a wrong tone or inaccurate tone sounds as puzzling as if one said 'bud' in English, meaning 'not good' or 'the thing one sleeps in.{{' &quot;}}{{sfnp|Chao|1948|p=24}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | surname1 = Surendran | given1 = Dinoj | surname2 = Levow | given2 = Gina-Anne | chapter-url = http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~dinoj/research/fltonemandarin.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416214008/http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~dinoj/research/fltonemandarin.pdf |archivedate=2007-04-16 | chapter = The functional load of tone in Mandarin is as high as that of vowels | pages = 99–102 | title = Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody 2004 | editor1-given = Bernard | editor1-surname = Bel | editor2-given = Isabelle | editor2-surname = Marlien | publisher = SProSIG | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-2-9518233-1-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are also weak syllables, including grammatical particles such as the interrogative ''ma'' ({{lang-zh|s=吗|t=嗎|first=t|labels=no}}) and certain syllables in polysyllabic words. These syllables are short, with their pitch determined by the preceding syllable.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=148}} Such syllables are commonly described as being in the neutral tone.<br /> <br /> === Regional accents ===<br /> It is common for Standard Chinese to be spoken with the speaker's regional accent, depending on factors such as age, level of education, and the need and frequency to speak in official or formal situations.<br /> <br /> Due to evolution and standardization, Mandarin, although based on the Beijing dialect, is no longer synonymous with it. Part of this was due to the standardization to reflect a greater vocabulary scheme and a more archaic and &quot;proper-sounding&quot; pronunciation and vocabulary.<br /> <br /> Distinctive features of the Beijing dialect are more extensive use of ''erhua'' in vocabulary items that are left unadorned in descriptions of the standard such as the ''[[Xiandai Hanyu Cidian]]'', as well as more neutral tones.{{sfnp|Chen|1999|pp=39–40}} An example of standard versus Beijing dialect would be the standard {{transliteration|zh|mén}} (door) and Beijing {{transliteration|zh|ménr}}.<br /> <br /> While the Standard Chinese spoken in Taiwan is nearly identical to that of mainland China, the colloquial form has been heavily influenced by other local languages, especially Taiwanese Hokkien. Notable differences include: the merger of [[retroflex]] sounds (zh, ch, sh, r) with the [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] series (z, c, s), frequent mergers of the &quot;neutral tone&quot; with a word's original tone, and absence of ''[[erhua]]'' (rhoticization).{{sfnp|Chen|1999|p=47}} [[Code-switching]] between Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien is common, as the majority of the population continues to also speak the latter as a native language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Chiu |first=Miao-chin |title=Code-switching and Identity Constructions in Taiwan TV Commercials |date=April 2012 |work=Monumenta Taiwanica |volume=5 |url=http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/bitstream/20.500.12235/12992/1/ntnulib_ja_B0601_0005_027.pdf |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807182654/http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/bitstream/20.500.12235/12992/1/ntnulib_ja_B0601_0005_027.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The stereotypical &quot;southern Chinese&quot; accent does not distinguish between [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] and [[alveolar consonant]]s, pronouncing pinyin ''zh'' [tʂ], ''ch'' [tʂʰ], and ''sh'' [ʂ] in the same way as ''z'' [ts], ''c'' [tsʰ], and ''s'' [s] respectively.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=140}} Southern-accented Standard Chinese may also interchange ''l'' and ''n'', final ''n'' and ''ng'', and vowels ''i'' and ''ü'' [y]. Attitudes towards southern accents, particularly the Cantonese accent, range from disdain to admiration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Blum |first=Susan D. |title=China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom |pages=160–161 |year=2002 |editor-last=Blum |editor-first=Susan Debra |editor-last2=Jensen |editor-first2=Lionel M |chapter=Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity in Kunming |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2577-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Grammar ==<br /> {{main|Chinese grammar}}<br /> <br /> Chinese is a strongly [[analytic language]], having almost no [[inflectional morpheme]]s, and relying on word order and [[grammatical particle|particle]]s to express relationships between the parts of a sentence.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=159}}<br /> Nouns are not marked for [[grammatical case|case]] and rarely marked for [[grammatical number|number]].{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|pp=11–12}}<br /> Verbs are not marked for [[agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] or [[grammatical tense]], but [[grammatical aspect|aspect]] is marked using post-verbal particles.{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|pp=12–13}}<br /> <br /> The basic word order is [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO), as in English.{{sfnp|Lin|1981|p=19}}<br /> Nouns are generally preceded by any modifiers ([[adjective]]s, [[possessive]]s and [[relative clause]]s), and verbs also generally follow any modifiers ([[adverb]]s, [[auxiliary verb]]s and prepositional phrases).{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|pp=24–26}}<br /> <br /> {{fs interlinear|lang1=zh|lang2=zh-Latn-pinyin|indent=3<br /> |他 为/為 他的 朋友 做了 这个/這個 工作。<br /> |Tā wèi tā-de péngyǒu zuò-le zhè-ge gōngzuò.<br /> |He for he-GEN friend do-PERF this-CL job<br /> |'He did this job for his friends.'{{sfnp|Lin|1981|p=169}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The predicate can be an intransitive verb, a transitive verb followed by a direct object, a [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] (linking verb) {{transliteration|zh|shì}} ({{lang|zh|是}}) followed by a noun phrase, etc.{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|p=141}}<br /> <br /> In predicative use, Chinese adjectives function as [[stative verb]]s, forming complete predicates in their own right without a copula.{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|pp=141–143}} For example,<br /> {{fs interlinear|lang1=zh|lang2=zh-Latn-pinyin|indent=3<br /> |我 不 累。<br /> |Wǒ bú lèi.<br /> |I not tired<br /> |'I am not tired.'<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Chinese additionally differs from English in that it forms another kind of sentence by [[Topic-prominent language|stating a topic and following it by a comment]].{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|pp=15–16}} To do this in English, speakers generally flag the topic of a sentence by prefacing it with &quot;as for&quot;. For example:<br /> {{fs interlinear|lang1=zh|lang2=zh-Latn-pinyin|indent=3<br /> |妈妈/媽媽 给/給 我们/我們 的 钱/錢, 我 已经/已經 买了/買了 糖果。<br /> |Māma gěi wǒmen de qián, wǒ yǐjīng mǎi-le tángguǒ(r)<br /> |Mom give us REL money I already buy-PERF candy<br /> |'As for the money that Mom gave us, I have already bought candy with it.'<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The time when something happens can be given by an explicit term such as &quot;yesterday&quot;, by relative terms such as &quot;formerly&quot;, etc.{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|pp=320–320}}<br /> <br /> As in many east Asian languages, [[Chinese classifier|classifier]]s or measure words are required when using [[numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]s, [[demonstrative]]s and similar quantifiers.{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|p=104}}<br /> There are many different classifiers in the language, and each noun generally has a particular classifier associated with it.{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|p=105}}<br /> {{fs interlinear|lang1=zh|lang2=zh-Latn-pinyin|indent=3<br /> |一顶 帽子, 三本 书/書, 那支 笔/筆<br /> |yī-dǐng màozi, sān-běn shū, nèi-zhī bǐ<br /> |one-top hat three-volume book that-branch pen<br /> |'a hat, three books, that pen'<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The general classifier ''ge'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|个}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|個}}) is gradually replacing specific classifiers.{{sfnp|Li|Thompson|1981|p=112}}<br /> <br /> In [[word formation]], the language allows for [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]] and for [[reduplication]].<br /> <br /> == Vocabulary ==<br /> Many [[Chinese honorifics|honorifics]] used in imperial China are also used in daily conversation in modern Mandarin, such as {{transliteration|zh|jiàn}} ({{linktext|賤|lang=zh-Hant}}; {{lang|zh-Hans|贱}}; '[my] humble') and {{transliteration|zh|guì}} ({{linktext|貴|lang=zh-Hant}}; {{lang|zh-Hans|贵}}; '[your] honorable').<br /> <br /> Although Chinese speakers make a clear distinction between Standard Chinese and the Beijing dialect, there are aspects of Beijing dialect that have made it into the official standard. Standard Chinese has a [[T–V distinction]] between the polite and informal &quot;you&quot; that comes from the Beijing dialect, although its use is quite diminished in daily speech. It also distinguishes between &quot;{{transliteration|zh|zánmen}}&quot; ('we', including the listener) and &quot;{{transliteration|zh|wǒmen}}&quot; ('we', not including the listener). In practice, neither distinction is commonly used by most Chinese, at least outside the Beijing area.<br /> <br /> The following samples are some phrases from the Beijing dialect which are not yet accepted into Standard Chinese:{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}<br /> * {{lang|zh|倍儿}} {{transliteration|zh|bèir}} means 'very much'; {{lang|zh|拌蒜}} {{transliteration|zh|bànsuàn}} means 'stagger'; {{lang|zh|不吝}} {{transliteration|zh|bù lìn}} means 'do not worry about'; {{lang|zh|撮}} {{transliteration|zh|cuō}} means 'eat'; {{lang|zh|出溜}} {{transliteration|zh|chūliū}} means 'slip'; {{lang|zh|(大)老爷儿们儿}} {{transliteration|zh|dà lǎoyermenr}} means 'man, male'.<br /> <br /> The following samples are some phrases from Beijing dialect which have become accepted as Standard Chinese:{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}<br /> * {{lang|zh|二把刀}} {{transliteration|zh|èr bǎ dāo}} means 'not very skillful'; {{lang|zh|哥们儿}} {{transliteration|zh|gēménr}} means 'good male friend', 'buddy'; {{lang|zh|抠门儿}} {{transliteration|zh|kōu ménr}} means 'frugal' or 'stingy'.<br /> <br /> == Writing system ==<br /> {{Main|Written vernacular Chinese|Modern Chinese characters}}<br /> <br /> Standard Chinese is written with characters corresponding to syllables of the language, most of which represent a morpheme.<br /> In most cases, these characters come from those used in [[Classical Chinese]] to write cognate morphemes of late [[Old Chinese]], though their pronunciation, and often meaning, has shifted dramatically over two millennia.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=74}}<br /> However, there are several words, many of them heavily used, which have no classical counterpart or whose etymology is obscure.<br /> Two strategies have been used to write such words:{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=74–75}}<br /> * An unrelated character with the same or similar pronunciation might be used, especially if its original sense was no longer common. For example, the [[demonstrative pronoun]]s {{transliteration|zh|zhè}} 'this' and {{transliteration|zh|nà}} 'that' have no counterparts in Classical Chinese, which used {{lang|zh|此}} {{transliteration|zh|cǐ}} and {{lang|zh|彼}} {{transliteration|zh|bǐ}} respectively. Hence the character {{lang|zh-Hant|這}} (later simplified as {{lang|zh-Hans|这}}) for {{transliteration|zh|zhè}} 'to meet' was borrowed to write {{transliteration|zh|zhè}} 'this', and the character {{lang|zh|那}} for {{transliteration|zh|nà}}, the name of a country and later a rare surname, was borrowed to write {{transliteration|zh|nà}} 'that'.<br /> * A new character, usually a phono-semantic or semantic compound, might be created. For example, {{transliteration|zh|gǎn}} 'pursue', 'overtake', is written with a new character {{lang|zh|趕}}, composed of the signific {{lang|zh|走}} {{transliteration|zh|zǒu}} 'run' and the phonetic {{lang|zh|旱}} {{transliteration|zh|hàn}} 'drought'.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=76}} This method was used to represent many [[Chemical elements in East Asian languages#Chinese|elements in the periodic table]].<br /> <br /> The PRC, as well as several other governments and institutions, has promulgated a set of simplified character forms. Under this system, the forms of the words {{transliteration|zh|zhèlǐ}} ('here') and {{transliteration|zh|nàlǐ}} ('there') changed from {{lang|zh-Hant|這裏/這裡}} and {{lang|zh-Hant|那裏/那裡}} to {{lang|zh-Hans|这里}} and {{lang|zh-Hans|那里}}, among many other changes.<br /> <br /> Chinese characters were traditionally read from top to bottom, right to left, but in modern usage it is more common to read from left to right.<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! English<br /> ! Traditional characters<br /> ! Simplified characters<br /> ! Pinyin<br /> |-<br /> | Hello!<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{lang|zh|[[wikt:你好|你好]]！}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Nǐ hǎo!}}<br /> |-<br /> | What is your name?<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|你叫什麼名字？}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|你叫什么名字？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?}}<br /> |-<br /> | My name is...<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{lang|zh|我叫...}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Wǒ jiào}} ...<br /> |-<br /> | How are you?<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|你好嗎？/ 你怎麼樣？}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|你好吗？/ 你怎么样？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Nǐ hǎo ma? / Nǐ zěnmeyàng?}}<br /> |-<br /> | I am fine, how about you?<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{lang|zh|我很好，你呢？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne?}}<br /> |-<br /> | I don't want it / I don't want to<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{lang|zh|我不要。}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Wǒ bú yào.}}<br /> |-<br /> | Thank you!<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|[[wikt:謝謝|謝謝]]！}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|[[wikt:谢谢|谢谢]]！}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Xièxie}}<br /> |-<br /> | Welcome! / You're welcome! (Literally: No need to thank me!) / Don't mention it! (Literally: Don't be so polite!)<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|歡迎！/ 不用謝！/ 不客氣！}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|欢迎！/ 不用谢！/ 不客气！}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Huānyíng! / Búyòng xiè! / Bú kèqì!}}<br /> |-<br /> | Yes. / Correct.<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|[[wikt:是|是]]。 / [[wikt:對|對]]。/ 嗯。}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|是。 / [[wikt:对|对]]。/ 嗯。}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Shì. / Duì. / M.}}<br /> |-<br /> | No. / Incorrect.<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|[[wikt:不是|不是]]。/ 不對。/ 不。}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|不是。/ 不对。/ 不。}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Búshì. / Bú duì. / Bù.}}<br /> |-<br /> | When?<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|什麼時候？}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|什么时候？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Shénme shíhou?}}<br /> |-<br /> | How much money?<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|多少錢？}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|多少钱？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Duōshǎo qián?}}<br /> |-<br /> | Can you speak a little slower?<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|您能說得再慢些嗎？}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|您能说得再慢些吗？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Nín néng shuō de zài mànxiē ma?}}<br /> |-<br /> | Good morning! / Good morning!<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{lang|zh|早上好！ / 早安！}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Zǎoshang hǎo! / Zǎo'ān!}}<br /> |-<br /> | Goodbye!<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|[[wikt:再見|再見]]！}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|[[wikt:再见|再见]]！}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Zàijiàn!}}<br /> |-<br /> | How do you get to the airport?<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|去機場怎麼走？}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|去机场怎么走？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Qù jīchǎng zěnme zǒu?}}<br /> |-<br /> | I want to fly to London on the eighteenth<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|我想18號坐飛機到倫敦。}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|我想18号坐飞机到伦敦。}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Wǒ xiǎng shíbā hào zuò fēijī dào Lúndūn.}}<br /> |-<br /> | How much will it cost to get to Munich?<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|到慕尼黑要多少錢？}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|到慕尼黑要多少钱？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Dào Mùníhēi yào duōshǎo qián?}}<br /> |-<br /> | I don't speak Chinese very well.<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|我的漢語說得不太好。}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|我的汉语说得不太好。}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Wǒ de Hànyǔ shuō de bú tài hǎo.}}<br /> |-<br /> | Do you speak English?<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|你會說英語嗎？}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|你会说英语吗？}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Nǐ huì shuō Yīngyǔ ma?}}<br /> |-<br /> | I have no money.<br /> | {{lang|zh-hant|我沒有錢。}}<br /> | {{lang|zh-hans|我没有钱。}}<br /> | {{transliteration|zh|Wǒ méiyǒu qián.}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Article 1 of the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'' in Standard Chinese:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Chinese, Mandarin (Simplified) |work=unicode.org |url=https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_cmn_hans.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119003226/http://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_cmn_hans.html |archive-date=19 January 2022 |url-status=dead }}{{pb}}{{Citation |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Chinese, Mandarin (Simplified) |work=unicode.org |url=https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_cmn_hans.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119003226/http://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_cmn_hans.html |archive-date=19 January 2022 |url-status=dead }}{{pb}}{{Citation |last=Nations |first=United |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |work=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|{{lang|zh-Hans|人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心，并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。}}{{pb}}<br /> {{lang|zh-Hant|人人生而自由，在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心，並應以兄弟關係的精神相對待。}}{{pb}}<br /> {{transliteration|zh|Rén rén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé/hàn quánlì shàng yīlǜ píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé/hàn liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén xiāng duìdài.}}{{pb}}<br /> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Chinese speech synthesis]]<br /> * [[Comparison of national standards of Chinese]]<br /> * [[Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines]]<br /> * [[Protection of the varieties of Chinese]]<br /> * [[Chinese language law]]<br /> * [[Yayan (Old Chinese)]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> === Works cited ===<br /> {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Adelaar | given = K. Alexander<br /> | chapter = Contact languages in Indonesia and Malaysia other than Malay<br /> | pages = 695–711<br /> | editor1-surname = Wurm | editor1-given = Stephen A. | editor1-link = Stephen Wurm<br /> | editor2-surname = Mühlhäusler | editor2-given = Peter<br /> | editor3-surname = Tryon | editor3-given = Darrell T.<br /> | title = Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol II: Texts<br /> | publisher = de Gruyter Mouton | year = 1996<br /> | isbn = 978-3-11-081972-4<br /> | doi = 10.1515/9783110819724<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Bradley | given = David | author-link = David Bradley (linguist)<br /> | chapter = Chinese as a pluricentric language | pages = 305–324<br /> | title = Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations<br /> | editor-given = Michael G. | editor-surname = Clyne<br /> | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-3-11-012855-0<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | title = Mandarin Primer: an Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese<br /> | surname = Chao | given = Yuen Ren | author-link = Yuen Ren Chao<br /> | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 1948<br /> | isbn = 978-0-674-73288-9<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Chen<br /> | given = Ping<br /> | title = Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics<br /> | location = New York<br /> | publisher = Cambridge University Press<br /> | year = 1999<br /> | isbn = 978-0-521-64572-0<br /> | postscript = .<br /> | url-access = registration<br /> | url = https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Coblin | given = W. South | author-link = Weldon South Coblin<br /> | title = A brief history of Mandarin<br /> | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 120 | number = 4 | year = 2000<br /> | pages = 537–552 | jstor = 606615<br /> | postscript = . | doi=10.2307/606615<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | title = The phonology of standard Chinese<br /> | given = San | surname = Duanmu<br /> | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition = 2nd | year = 2007<br /> | isbn = 978-0-19-921579-9<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | title = Standard Chinese (Beijing)<br /> | surname1 = Lee | given1 = Wai-Sum | surname2 = Zee | given2 = Eric<br /> | journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 109–112<br /> | year = 2003<br /> | doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001208<br /> | postscript = .<br /> | doi-access = free}}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | given1 = Charles N. | surname1 = Li<br /> | given2 = Sandra A. | surname2 = Thompson | author-link = Sandra Thompson (linguist)<br /> | title = Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar<br /> | location = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1981<br /> | isbn = 978-0-520-06610-6<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Li | first = Yuming<br /> | title = Language Planning in China | year = 2015<br /> | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | isbn = 978-1-61451-558-6<br /> | series = Language Policies and Practices in China | location = Berlin}}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | given = Sihua | surname = Liang<br /> | title = Language Attitudes and Identities in Multilingual China: A Linguistic Ethnography<br /> | publisher = Springer International | year = 2014<br /> | isbn = 978-3-319-12618-0<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | given = Helen T. | surname = Lin<br /> | title = Essential Grammar for Modern Chinese<br /> | location = Boston | publisher = Cheng &amp; Tsui | year = 1981<br /> | isbn = 978-0-917056-10-9<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Mair<br /> | given = Victor H.<br /> | author-link = Victor H. Mair<br /> | title = What Is a Chinese &quot;Dialect/Topolect&quot;? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic terms<br /> | url = http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp029_chinese_dialect.pdf<br /> | journal = Sino-Platonic Papers<br /> | volume = 29<br /> | year = 1991<br /> | pages = 1–31<br /> | postscript = .<br /> | access-date = 15 April 2018<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180510155608/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp029_chinese_dialect.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 10 May 2018<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Mair<br /> | given = Victor H.<br /> | author-mask = 3<br /> | author-link = Victor H. Mair<br /> | chapter = The Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is &quot;Chinese&quot;?<br /> | chapter-url = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Monographs/Breaking%20Down%20the%20Barriers/ISCLB-35-Mair%20130419.pdf<br /> | title = Breaking Down the Barriers: Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond<br /> | place = Beijing<br /> | publisher = Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica<br /> | year = 2013<br /> | pages = 735–754<br /> | editor-given1 = Guangshun<br /> | editor-surname1 = Cao<br /> | editor-given2 = Redouane<br /> | editor-surname2 = Djamouri<br /> | editor-given3 = Hilary<br /> | editor-surname3 = Chappell<br /> | editor-given4 = Thekla<br /> | editor-surname4 = Wiebusch<br /> | postscript = .<br /> | access-date = 15 April 2018<br /> | archive-date = 16 April 2018<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012634/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Monographs/Breaking%20Down%20the%20Barriers/ISCLB-35-Mair%20130419.pdf<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Norman | given = Jerry | author-link = Jerry Norman (sinologist)<br /> | title = Chinese<br /> | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press<br /> | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-521-29653-3<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Ramsey | given = S. Robert |author-link=S. Robert Ramsey<br /> | title = The languages of China<br /> | location = Princeton, NJ | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1987<br /> | isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Scott | given1 = Mandy<br /> | surname2 = Tiun | given2 = Hak-khiam<br /> | title = Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan<br /> | journal = Language Policy | year = 2007 | volume = 6 | issue = 1<br /> | pages = 53–72<br /> | doi = 10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5 | s2cid = 145009251<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Tam | given = Gina Anne<br /> | title = Dialect and Nationalism in China, 1860–1960<br /> | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2020<br /> | isbn = 978-1-108-77640-0<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname = Wang | given = Xiaomei<br /> | title = Mandarin Spread in Malaysia<br /> | publisher = The University of Malaya Press | year = 2012<br /> | isbn = 978-983-100-958-1<br /> | postscript = .<br /> }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Chao |first=Yuen Ren |title=A Grammar of Spoken Chinese |year=1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofspokenc0000chao |edition=2nd |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-00219-7 |url-access=registration}}<br /> * Hsia, T., ''China's Language Reforms'', Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, (New Haven), 1956.<br /> * Ladefoged, Peter; &amp; Maddieson, Ian (1996). ''The sounds of the world's languages''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-631-19814-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|978-0-631-19815-4}} (pbk).<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |title=Places of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates |journal=Journal of Phonetics |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=267–278 |year=1984 |doi=10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6 |last2=Wu |first2=Zhongji |doi-access=free}}<br /> * Lehmann, W. P. (ed.), ''Language &amp; Linguistics in the People's Republic of China'', University of Texas Press, (Austin), 1975.<br /> * {{cite JIPA |last1=Le |first1=Wai-Sum |last2=Zee |first2=Eric |title=Standard Chinese (Beijing) |printdate=2003 June |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=109-112 |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001208 }}<br /> * Lin, Y., ''Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage'', The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.<br /> * Milsky, C., &quot;New Developments in Language Reform&quot;, ''The China Quarterly'', No. 53, (January–March 1973), pp.&amp;nbsp;98–133.<br /> * Seybolt, P. J. and Chiang, G. K. (eds.), ''Language Reform in China: Documents and Commentary'', M. E. Sharpe (White Plains), 1979. {{ISBN|978-0-87332-081-8}}.<br /> * Simon, W., ''A Beginners' Chinese-English Dictionary of the National Language (Gwoyeu): Fourth Revised Edition'', Lund Humphries (London), 1975.<br /> * {{Citation |last=Weng |first=Jeffrey |title=What Is Mandarin? The Social Project of Language Standardization in Early Republican China |date=2018 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=611–633 |doi=10.1017/S0021911818000487 |s2cid=166176089 |ref=none |doi-access=free}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{InterWiki |code = zh }}<br /> * {{Wikibooks inline|Chinese (Mandarin)}}<br /> * {{wikivoyage inline|Chinese phrasebook - Traditional|Standard Chinese}}<br /> * Video {{Citation |title=A History of Mandarin: China's Search for a Common Language |date=2018-02-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Wjy0WfKhQc |publisher=[[NYU Shanghai]]}} - Talk by David Moser&lt;!--This is an officially-hosted YouTube video--&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Chinese language}}<br /> {{Languages of China}}<br /> {{Languages of Hong Kong}}<br /> {{Languages of Macau}}<br /> {{Languages of Taiwan}}<br /> {{Languages of Malaysia}}<br /> {{Languages of Singapore}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Standard Chinese| ]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of China]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Taiwan]]<br /> [[Category:Chinese languages in Singapore]]<br /> [[Category:Standard languages|Chinese]]<br /> [[Category:Chinese language reform]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith&diff=473936 2026-03-06T22:36:49Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|University in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith<br /> | native_name = Kashi Vidyapith<br /> | image_name = Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith logo.png<br /> | image_size = <br /> | motto = [[IAST]]: ''Vidhya'mritamaśnute''<br /> | motto_lang = <br /> | mottoeng = Knowledge imparts immortality<br /> | former_name = Kashi Vidyapith<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|10 February 1921}}<br /> | closed = <br /> | type = [[State University]]<br /> | affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<br /> | accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] B++<br /> | chancellor = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | vice_chancellor = Anand Kumar Tyagi<br /> | faculty = <br /> | administrative_staff = <br /> | students = <br /> | undergrad = <br /> | postgrad = <br /> | doctoral = <br /> | other = <br /> | city = Varanasi<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | nickname = Vidyapith<br /> | website = {{URL|https://mgkvpexam.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith''' is a public university located in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Established on 10 February 1921 as '''Kashi Vidyapith''' and later renamed, it is administered under the state legislature of the government of Uttar Pradesh. It got University status in 1974 as [[Deemed to be University]] and [[State University (India)|State University]] status in 2009 by The Uttar Pradesh State Universities (Amendment) Act, 2008 (act no. 6 of 2009). The university has more than 400+ affiliated colleges spread over six districts. It is one of the largest [[State university (India)|state universities]] in Uttar Pradesh, with hundreds of thousands of students, both rural and urban. It offers a range of professional and academic courses in arts, science, commerce, agriculture science, law, computing and management.<br /> <br /> ==Foundation==<br /> Babu [[Shiv Prasad Gupta]] and [[Bhagwan Das]] established the university in Varanasi, on 10 February 1921, during the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] of the freedom struggle. Originally named Kashi Vidyapith, the university was renamed Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith in 1995. It was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mgkvp.ac.in/|title=MGKVP-Welcome to M.G. Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=10 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810213258/http://www.mgkvp.ac.in/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kashi Vidyapith was the action field of the Indian National Movement &amp; a pilgrimage for the Socialists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mgkvp.ac.in/|title=Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi.|website=www.mgkvp.ac.in|access-date=2020-01-07|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108161903/https://www.mgkvp.ac.in/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Alumni==<br /> {{alumni|date=September 2017}}<br /> Alumni of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith include:<br /> * [[Naheed Abidi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Elets Online&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2014/09/eminent-sanskrit-scholar-calls-on-pm/ | title=Elets Online | publisher=Elets Online | date=2014 | access-date=1 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; scholar and writer<br /> * [[Ramakrishna Hegde]], former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]<br /> * [[B. V. Keskar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Second Lok Sabha – Members' Bioprofile: BV Keskar|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/790.htm|access-date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; former Union Minister of India<br /> * [[G. Sanjeeva Reddy]], Ex. MP, President [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]]<br /> * [[Kalraj Mishra]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile: Kalraj Mishra|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4721&amp;lastls=16|website=164.100.47.194|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; former [[Governor of Rajasthan]]<br /> * [[Rajaram (politician)|Rajaram]], former national vice-president of BSP<br /> * [[Anant Maral Shastri]], freedom fighter, writer and scholar<br /> * [[Bhola Paswan Shastri]], former [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]<br /> * [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], former [[Prime Minister of India]]<br /> * [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]], former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Kamlapati Tripathi]], former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Nivaan Sen]], Indian Actor And Producer <br /> * [[Gopi Sonkar]], Indian field hockey player&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=वाराणसीः लॉकडाउन में फल और सब्‍जी बेच रहे हैं राष्‍ट्रीय स्तर के खिलाड़ी|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/national-level-players-selling-fruits-and-vegetables-in-varanasi-amid-lockdown/articleshow/75915303.cms|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Banaras Hindu University]]<br /> *[[Gujarat Vidyapith]]<br /> *[[Rajasthan Vidyapeeth]]<br /> *[[Sardar Patel University]]<br /> *[[List of educational institutions in Varanasi]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official website|https://mgkvponline.org.in/}}<br /> <br /> {{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Varanasi}}<br /> {{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|25|19|16|N|82|59|22|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith| ]]<br /> [[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Varanasi]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1921]]<br /> [[Category:1921 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Drama schools in India]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_national_futsal_team&diff=477271 2026-03-06T15:46:44Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: creating some pg needs work - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the men's team|the women's team|India women's national futsal team}}{{Short description|Men's national futsal team representing India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox National futsal team<br /> |Name = India<br /> |Badge = Indian Football 2020.svg<br /> |Badge_size = 200px<br /> |Nickname = Futsal Tigers<br /> |Association = [[All India Football Federation]]<br /> |Confederation = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asia)&lt;br&gt;[[South Asian Football Federation|SAFF]] (South Asia)<br /> |Coach = Reza Kordi<br /> |Captain = [[Nikhil Mali]]<br /> |Most caps = Nikhil Mali (16)<br /> |Top scorer = Nikhil Mali (9)<br /> |Home Stadium = <br /> |FIFA Trigramme = IND<br /> |FIFA Rank = {{FIFA Futsal World Ranking|IND}}<br /> |FIFA max = 133&lt;ref&gt;[https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/6371c7172bf2d465/original/Men-s-Futsal-World-Ranking.pdf FIFA Men's Futsal Ranking]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |FIFA max date = 12 December 2025<br /> |FIFA min = 135<br /> |FIFA min date = 6 May 2024<br /> |First game = {{futsal|BHR}} 3–0 {{futsal-rt|IND}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Isa Town]], Bahrain; 12 August 2023)<br /> |Largest win = {{futsal|BHU}} 3–11 {{futsal-rt|IND}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Bangkok]], Thailand; 22 January 2026)<br /> |Largest loss = {{futsal|IND}} 1–10 {{futsal-rt|AUS}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Ardiya]], Kuwait; 22 September 2025)<br /> |World cup apps = 0<br /> |World cup first = <br /> |World cup best = <br /> |Regional name = [[AFC Futsal Asian Cup]]<br /> |Regional cup apps = 0<br /> |Regional cup first = <br /> |Regional cup best = <br /> |2ndRegional name = [[SAFF Futsal Championship]] <br /> |2ndRegional cup apps = 1<br /> |2ndRegional cup first = [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship|2026]] <br /> |2ndRegional cup best = 2nd ([[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship|2026]])<br /> |pattern_la1 = _ind2425h<br /> |pattern_b1 = _ind2425h<br /> |pattern_ra1 = _ind2425h<br /> |pattern_sh1 = _ind2425h<br /> |pattern_so1 =<br /> |leftarm1 = 00A9FF<br /> |body1 = 00A9FF<br /> |rightarm1 = 00A9FF<br /> |shorts1 = 00A9FF<br /> |socks1 = 00A9FF<br /> |pattern_la2 = _ind2425a<br /> |pattern_b2 = _ind2425a<br /> |pattern_ra2 = _ind24a<br /> |pattern_sh2 = _ind2425a<br /> |pattern_so2 = <br /> |leftarm2 = FF6607<br /> |body2 = FF6607<br /> |rightarm2 = FF6607<br /> |shorts2 = FF6607<br /> |socks2 = FF6607<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''India national futsal team''' represents [[India]] in international [[futsal]] competitions. The team is controlled by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) under the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC).<br /> <br /> India made its debut against [[Bahrain national futsal team|Bahrain]] in an [[Exhibition game|international friendly]] on 12 August 2023, losing 3–0. The [[2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification]] was their first international competition which was held in October 2023.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Formation, debut and first tournament ===<br /> On 10 December 2019, the then [[All India Football Federation#Administration|AIFF Executive Committee]] decided that a futsal club competition would be part of their calendar from [[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21 season]] onwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;aiff1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Futsal club championship to kick-off from 2020 season |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-club-championship-to-kick-off-from-2020-season |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=the-aiff.com |date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105193815/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-club-championship-to-kick-off-from-2020-season |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[ Futsal Club Championship|club championship]], that was conceptualized in 2019, was held for the [[2021–22 Futsal Club Championship|first time]] in November 2021 and followed by the [[2022–23 Futsal Club Championship|second edition]] in February 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Inaugural edition of Futsal Championship to kick-off in New Delhi on November 5 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/inaugural-edition-of-futsal-championship-to-kick-off-in-new-delhi-on-november-520211014221904/ |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=Asian News International |date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311054518/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/inaugural-edition-of-futsal-championship-to-kick-off-in-new-delhi-on-november-520211014221904/ |archive-date=11 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hero Futsal Club Championship 2022-23 |website=the-aiff.com |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=63&amp;month=0&amp;year=2023 |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201113804/https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=63&amp;month=0&amp;year=2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the performance of the players in Futsal Club Championship, AIFF scouts selected a 31 members squad for the national team camp for creating the India national futsal team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Federation names 31 probables for National Futsal camp |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/federation-names-31-probables-for-national-futsal-camp |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603190718/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/federation-names-31-probables-for-national-futsal-camp |archive-date=3 June 2023 |date=30 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;matches&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Soumo |title=A new beginning: Coach Joshuah Vaz and boys look to 'punch above the weight' in international futsal |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/a-new-beginning-coach-joshuah-vaz-and-boys-look-to-punch-above-the-weight-in-international-futsal |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811213038/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/a-new-beginning-coach-joshuah-vaz-and-boys-look-to-punch-above-the-weight-in-international-futsal |archive-date=11 August 2023 |date=9 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Victor Hermans]] as futsal advisor in May 2023, and [[Joshuah Vaz]] as [[head coach]] in July 2023, were appointed to guide the team for India's first participation in major tournament, the [[2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification|qualification]] competition for the [[2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Joshua appointed AIFF's Futsal head coach for AFC Asian Cup |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Joshua-appointed-AIFF%E2%80%99s-Futsal-head-coach-for-AFC-Asian-Cup/207198 |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=Herald Goa |date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709155327/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Joshua-appointed-AIFF%E2%80%99s-Futsal-head-coach-for-AFC-Asian-Cup/207198 |archive-date=9 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rawat |first1=Akhil |title=Boost for futsal in India as Dutch legend Vic Hermans joins as consultant |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/boost-for-futsal-in-india-as-dutch-legend-vic-hermans-joins-as-consultant |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509195457/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/boost-for-futsal-in-india-as-dutch-legend-vic-hermans-joins-as-consultant |archive-date=9 May 2023 |date=20 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2023, the AIFF announced that India would play two international friendlies against [[Bahrain national futsal team|Bahrain]] as a preparation for the AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification. A fourteen-member squad of the first ever India national team was announced.&lt;ref name=&quot;first ever team&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian Futsal Team to make international debut against Bahrain |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-futsal-team-to-make-international-debut-against-bahrain |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807142142/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-futsal-team-to-make-international-debut-against-bahrain |archive-date=7 August 2023 |date=6 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team made its debut in a 3–0 loss against Bahrain at [[Khalifa Sports City Stadium|Khalifa Sports City Hall]] in [[Isa Town]] on 12 August 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India go down to Bahrain on international futsal debut |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-go-down-to-bahrain-on-international-futsal-debut |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814061213/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-go-down-to-bahrain-on-international-futsal-debut |archive-date=14 August 2023 |date=12 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the second match on 14 August, India was defeated again by Bahrain with a bigger scoreline of 4–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India lose second international futsal friendly against Bahrain |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-lose-second-international-futsal-friendly-against-bahrain |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815042310/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-lose-second-international-futsal-friendly-against-bahrain |archive-date=15 August 2023 |date=14 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> India was drawn in [[2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification#Group E|Group E]] of the Asian Cup qualification where they faced [[Tajikistan national futsal team|Tajikistan]], [[Myanmar national futsal team|Myanmar]] and [[Palestine national futsal team|Palestine]], from 2 to 13 October 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;first ever team&quot;/&gt; In the first match against Tajikistan, India lost 3–6 to the host. David Laltlansanga scored all the goals, thus becoming the first ever goalscorer, as well as scoring the first ever hat-trick for the national team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India bow to experienced Tajikistan despite David's deliveries |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-bow-to-experienced-tajikistan-despite-davids-deliveries |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009173643/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-bow-to-experienced-tajikistan-despite-davids-deliveries |archive-date=9 October 2023 |date=7 October 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; India again suffered loss in the next two matches, 2–5 to Myanmar and 5–6 to Palestine, thus failing to qualify for the 2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup. K. Roluahpuia and [[Nikhil Mali]] scored twice each, while Laltlansanga scored six goals in this qualifying edition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fighting India beaten by Myanmar, suffer second successive AFC Futsal Asian Cup Qualifiers loss |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/fighting-india-beaten-by-myanmar-suffer-second-successive-afc-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers-loss |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009174846/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/fighting-india-beaten-by-myanmar-suffer-second-successive-afc-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers-loss |archive-date=9 October 2023 |date=9 October 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India go down to Palestine in a futsal cliff-hanger |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-go-down-to-palestine-in-a-futsal-cliff-hanger |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205009/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-go-down-to-palestine-in-a-futsal-cliff-hanger |archive-date=13 October 2023 |date=11 October 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2025–present ===<br /> In March 2025, the AIFF announced that India will be participating in the [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=AIFF Futsal Committee proposes men's and women's club championships in June |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/index.php/article/aiff-futsal-committee-proposes-mens-and-womens-club-championships-in-june |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918154623/https://www.the-aiff.com/index.php/article/aiff-futsal-committee-proposes-mens-and-womens-club-championships-in-june |archive-date=18 September 2025 |date=25 Mar 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; India was drawn in [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification#Group A|Group A]] along with [[Kuwait national futsal team|Kuwait]], [[Australia national futsal team|Australia]] and [[Mongolia national futsal team|Mongolia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India draw Kuwait, Australia, Mongolia in AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualifiers |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-draw-kuwait-australia-mongolia-in-afc-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918161722/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-draw-kuwait-australia-mongolia-in-afc-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers |archive-date=18 September 2025 |date=26 June 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] Reza Kordi was appointed head coach of the national team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India has great potential, says futsal men's national team head coach Reza Kordi |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-has-great-potential-says-futsal-mens-national-team-head-coach-reza-kordi |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918160813/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-has-great-potential-says-futsal-mens-national-team-head-coach-reza-kordi |archive-date=18 September 2025 |date=2 September 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a preparation for the qualifiers, India played two international friendlies against [[Lebanon national futsal team|Lebanon]], both of which they lost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian men's futsal team suffer defeat against Lebanon in preparatory friendly |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-mens-futsal-team-suffer-defeat-against-lebanon-in-preparatory-friendly |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916095228/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-mens-futsal-team-suffer-defeat-against-lebanon-in-preparatory-friendly |archive-date=16 September 2025 |date=13 September 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Futsal Tigers suffer second friendly defeat against Lebanon |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-suffer-second-friendly-defeat-against-lebanon |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918171414/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-suffer-second-friendly-defeat-against-lebanon |archive-date=18 September 2025|date=16 September 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the qualifiers, India lost the first match against Kuwait by 1–4; in the second match against Australia on 22 September 2025, India registered its worst defeat of 1–10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Futsal Tigers lose lead and match against Kuwait in Asian Cup Qualifiers |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-lose-lead-and-match-against-kuwait-in-asian-cup-qualifiers |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921072224/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-lose-lead-and-match-against-kuwait-in-asian-cup-qualifiers |archive-date=21 September 2025 |date=20 September 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Futsal Tigers suffer drubbing at the hands of Australia |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-suffer-drubbing-at-the-hands-of-australia |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924200348/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-suffer-drubbing-at-the-hands-of-australia |archive-date=24 September 2025 |date=22 September 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in the third match India finally registered its first ever win, a 3–0 victory against Mongolia. With just 3 points, India failed to qualify for the [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-trounce-mongolia-to-get-historic-first-win-on-futsal-court |title=India trounce Mongolia to get historic first win on futsal court |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924185313/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-trounce-mongolia-to-get-historic-first-win-on-futsal-court |archive-date=24 September 2025 |date=24 September 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2025, at the [[South Asian Football Federation]] (SAFF) Congress in [[Kathmandu]], it was proposed that a [[SAFF Futsal Championship]] would be held annually. On 5 October 2025, SAFF announced that the first ever SAFF Futsal Championship for both men and women would be held from 13 to 26 January 2026, in Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=SAFF charts ambitious roadmap to uplift regional football |url=https://kathmandupost.com/football/2025/05/25/saff-charts-ambitious-roadmap-to-uplift-regional-football |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |date=25 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525073758/https://kathmandupost.com/football/2025/05/25/saff-charts-ambitious-roadmap-to-uplift-regional-football |archive-date=25 May 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SAFF to Launch Inaugural Futsal Championship in January 2026 |url=https://saffederation.org/saff-to-launch-inaugural-futsal-championship-in-january-2026/ |publisher=[[South Asian Football Federation]] |access-date=23 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006003406/https://saffederation.org/saff-to-launch-inaugural-futsal-championship-in-january-2026/ |archive-date=6 October 2025 |date=5 October 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament was in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAFF schedule &amp; squad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian squads for SAFF Men's and Women's Futsal Championships announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-squads-announced-for-saff-mens-and-womens-futsal-championships |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=23 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123105918/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-squads-announced-for-saff-mens-and-womens-futsal-championships |archive-date=23 January 2026 |date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; With 3 wins, 2 draws and 1 loss, India finished as runners-up. Out of the 3 wins, India's 11–3 victory against [[Bhutan national futsal team|Bhutan]] is their biggest ever win.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India thrash Pakistan to clinch silver in SAFF Futsal Championship 2026 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-thrash-pakistan-to-clinch-silver-in-saff-futsal-championship-2026 |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=26 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126144839/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-thrash-pakistan-to-clinch-silver-in-saff-futsal-championship-2026 |archive-date=26 January 2026 |date=26 January 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SAFF Futsal Championship 2026, India vs Bhutan |url=https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/M15-MS.pdf |publisher=[[South Asian Football Federation]] |access-date=26 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126141309/https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/M15-MS.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2026 |date=22 January 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Coaching staff ==<br /> Following is the current coaching staff.&lt;ref name=&quot;team2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian men's futsal team to play two friendlies against Lebanon in Beirut |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-mens-futsal-team-to-play-two-friendlies-against-lebanon-in-beirut |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=12 September 2025 |date=12 September 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align&quot;| Head coach<br /> | {{flagicon|IRN}} Reza Kordi<br /> |-<br /> | Assistant coach<br /> | {{flagicon|SGP}} Hassan Khodabandehloo bin Abolfazl<br /> |-<br /> | Goalkeeping coach<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} Veerababu Sivaneni<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Players ==<br /> ===Current squad===<br /> Following 14 players were named in the squad for the [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SAFF schedule &amp; squad&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{nat fs g start}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=Aleef Rahman Mollah|age={{birth date and age|2001|4|18|df=y}}|caps=|goals=|club=Goal Hunterz|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=GK|name=Ozen Vivian Silva|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Ambelim|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Lalsangkima|age=|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=Lalsawmpuia|age=|caps=0|goals=0|club=India|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Anmol Adhikari|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Goal Hunterz|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=K. Roluahpuia|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Seaon D'Souza|age=|caps=|goals=|club=Golazo|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=MF|name=[[Nikhil Mali]]|other=[[captain (association football)|captain]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|11|11|df=y}}|caps=16|goals=9|club=[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=H. Lalrinzuala|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=Vincent Laltluangzela|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Hafis A. M.|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Jonathan Lalrawngbawla]]|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Palash Barber|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=Tijo Job|age=|caps=|goals=|club=India|clubnat=IND}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> === Recent callups ===<br /> The following footballers were part of national selection in the past twelve months, but are not part of the current call-up.<br /> {{nat fs r start}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=5|pos=GK|name=Vishal Dube|age={{birth date and age|2000|01|04|df=y}}|caps=|goals=|club=Thlangtiang|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{futsal|MNG}}, September 2025}}<br /> {{nat fs break}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=3|pos=DF|name=Aman Shah|age=|caps=3|goals=0|club=Juggernaut|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{futsal|MNG}}, September 2025}}<br /> {{nat fs break|background=#900020}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=12|pos=MF|name=Bijoy Gusai|age=|caps=5|goals= 0|club=Goal Hunterz|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{futsal|MNG}}, September 2025}}<br /> {{nat fs break|background=#900020}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=9|pos=FW|name=David Laltlansanga|age={{birth date and age|1999|11|15|df=y}}|caps=10|goals=8|club=[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{futsal|MNG}}, September 2025}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Fredsan Marshall]]|age={{birth date and age|1994|12|26|df=y}}|caps=|goals=|club=Ambelim|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{futsal|MNG}}, September 2025}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Jonathan Lalrawngbawla]]|age={{birth date and age|1997|10|13|df=y}}|caps=|goals=|club=Thlangtiang |clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{futsal|MNG}}, September 2025}}<br /> {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=Mahip Adhikari|age={{birth date and age|1998|11|13|df=y}}|caps=|goals=|club=Goal Hunterz|clubnat=IND|latest=vs {{futsal|MNG}}, September 2025}}<br /> {{nat fs end}}<br /> <br /> == Results and fixtures ==<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|'''W'''&lt;small&gt;in&lt;/small&gt;|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|'''D'''&lt;small&gt;raw&lt;/small&gt;|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|'''L'''&lt;small&gt;oss&lt;/small&gt;|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixture|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = BHRvIND1<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|8|12|df=y}}<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:30|5:30}}<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> | score = 3–0<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230814061213/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-go-down-to-bahrain-on-international-futsal-debut<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|BHR}}<br /> | goals1 = *Jassam Saleh {{goal|19}}<br /> *Ali Saleh {{goal|}}<br /> *Mohamed Al-Sandi {{goal|}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | location = [[Isa Town]], Bahrain<br /> | stadium = [[Khalifa Sports City Stadium]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = BHRvIND2<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|8|14|df=y}}<br /> | time = {{UTZ|20:30|5:30}}<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> | score = 4–0<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230815042310/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-lose-second-international-futsal-friendly-against-bahrain<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|BHR}}<br /> | goals1 = *Saleh Ahmed Mukhallaf {{goal|4}}<br /> *Salman Maula {{goal|15}}<br /> *Ammar Hasan Ali Myhad {{goal|38}}<br /> *[[Nikhil Mali]] {{goal|38|o.g.}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | location = [[Isa Town]], Bahrain<br /> | stadium = [[Khalifa Sports City Stadium]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = TJKvIND<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|10|7|df=y}}<br /> | time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification#Group E|2024 AFC Futsal Qual]]<br /> | score = 6–3<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009173643/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-bow-to-experienced-tajikistan-despite-davids-deliveries<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|TJK}}<br /> | goals1 =<br /> *Kuziev Umed {{goal|2}} <br /> *Sardorov Favazai {{goal|14||35}}<br /> *Sharipov Muhamadjon {{goal|31}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = *David Laltlansanga {{goal|6||14||17}}<br /> | location = [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan<br /> | stadium = Dushanbe Indoor Hall<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = INDvMYA<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|10|9|df=y}}<br /> | time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification#Group E|2024 AFC Futsal Qual]]<br /> | score = 2–5<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009174846/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/fighting-india-beaten-by-myanmar-suffer-second-successive-afc-futsal-asian-cup-qualifiers-loss<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|IND}}<br /> | goals1 =<br /> *K. Roluahpuia {{goal|11}}<br /> *David Laltlansanga {{goal|39}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|MYA}}<br /> | goals2 =<br /> *T.P. Aung {{goal|3}}<br /> *M.T. Aung {{goal|13||40}}<br /> *David Laltlansanga {{goal|19|o.g.}}<br /> *H.M. Tun {{goal|40}}<br /> | location = [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan<br /> | stadium = Dushanbe Indoor Hall<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = PLEvIND<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|10|11|df=y}}<br /> | time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}<br /> | round = [[2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification#Group E|2024 AFC Futsal Qual]]<br /> | score = 6–5<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205009/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-go-down-to-palestine-in-a-futsal-cliff-hanger<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|PLE}}<br /> | goals1 =<br /> *Mousa Harara {{goal|3}}<br /> *Zaher Alsamahi {{goal|6}}<br /> *Ahmed Mohammed {{goal|20||34}}<br /> *Ahmad Massriea {{goal|23}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *David Laltlansanga {{goal|6||16}}<br /> *[[Nikhil Mali|Mali]] {{goal|14||16}}<br /> *K. Roluahpuia {{goal|28}}<br /> | location = [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan<br /> | stadium = Dushanbe Indoor Hall<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = LBNvIND1<br /> | date = {{Start date|2025|9|13|df=y}}<br /> | time = 21:30 IST<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> | score = 7–2<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20250916095228/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-mens-futsal-team-suffer-defeat-against-lebanon-in-preparatory-friendly<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|LBN}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *Mario Abou Jaoude {{goal|5}}<br /> *Hassan Maatouk {{goal|11||29}}<br /> *Steve Koukezian {{goal|14||27}}<br /> *Majd Hamouch {{goal|17}}<br /> *Mohamad Osman {{goal|36}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *Seaon D'Souza {{goal|31}}<br /> *Mahip Adhikari {{goal|38}}<br /> | location = [[Beirut]], Lebanon<br /> | stadium = Al Sadaka Sporting Complex<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = LBNvIND2<br /> | date = {{Start date|2025|9|15|df=y}}<br /> | time = 21:30 IST<br /> | round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> | score = 7–4<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20250918171414/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-suffer-second-friendly-defeat-against-lebanon<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|LBN}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *Mustafa Rhayem {{goal|1||23}}<br /> *Majd Hamouch {{goal|3}}<br /> *Steve Koukezian {{goal|13}}<br /> *Ali Hamam {{goal|28}}<br /> *Mario Abou Jaoude {{goal|29}}<br /> *Mohamad Kobeissi {{goal|38}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *David Laltlansanga {{goal|8}}<br /> *[[Fredsan Marshall|Marshall]] {{goal|19}}<br /> *[[Nikhil Mali|Mali]] {{goal|20}}<br /> *Aman Shah {{goal|30}}<br /> | location = [[Beirut]], Lebanon<br /> | stadium = Al Sadaka Sporting Complex<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = KUWvIND<br /> | date = {{Start date|2025|9|20|df=y}}<br /> | time = 22:30 IST<br /> | round = [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification|2026 AFC Futsal Qual]]<br /> | score = 4–1<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20250921072224/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-lose-lead-and-match-against-kuwait-in-asian-cup-qualifiers<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|KUW}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *Saleh Al Fadhel {{goal|10}}<br /> *Abdulaziz AlSarraj {{goal|18}}<br /> *Mohammed Al Ajmi {{goal|27}}<br /> *Abduellteif Al Basi {{goal|37}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *David Laltlansanga {{goal|9}}<br /> | location = [[Ardiya]], Kuwait<br /> | stadium = Qushaian Al-Mutairi Hall<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = INDvAUS<br /> | date = {{Start date|2025|9|22|df=y}}<br /> | time = 18:30 IST<br /> | round = [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification|2026 AFC Futsal Qual]]<br /> | score = 1–10<br /> | report = https://www.the-aiff.com/article/futsal-tigers-suffer-drubbing-at-the-hands-of-australia<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = *Seaon D'Souza {{goal|15}}<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|AUS}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *Scott Rogan {{goal|5||32}}<br /> *Michael Kouta {{goal|5}}<br /> *Corey Sewell {{goal|11||32}}<br /> *Tyler Garner {{goal|17}}<br /> *Jordan Guerreiro {{goal|18||35}}<br /> *Wayde Giovenali {{goal|20}}<br /> *Ethan De Melo {{goal|21}}<br /> | location = [[Ardiya]], Kuwait<br /> | stadium = Qushaian Al-Mutairi Hall<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | id = MNGvIND<br /> | date = {{Start date|2025|9|24|df=y}}<br /> | time = 18:30 IST<br /> | round = [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification|2026 AFC Futsal Qual]]<br /> | score = 0–3<br /> | report = https://web.archive.org/web/20250924185313/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-trounce-mongolia-to-get-historic-first-win-on-futsal-court<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|MNG}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *Seaon D'Souza {{goal|17||33}}<br /> *Anmol Adhikari {{goal|35}}<br /> | location = [[Ardiya]], Kuwait<br /> | stadium = Qushaian Al-Mutairi Hall<br /> | attendance = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2026|1|14|df=y}}<br /> | time = 15:00 IST<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *Anmol Adhikari {{futsal goal|12|}}<br /> *Lalsawmpuia {{futsal goal|20|}}<br /> *K Roluahpuia {{futsal goal|27|||36|}}<br /> | score = 4–4<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|BAN}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *Md Moin Ahmed {{futsal goal|9|||31|}}<br /> *[[Rahbar Khan|Md Rahbar Wahed Khan]] {{futsal goal|12|16|||37|}}<br /> | stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]], [[Bangkok]]<br /> | location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand<br /> | attendance = 70<br /> | referee = [[Chris Sinclair]] ([[The Football Association|England]])<br /> | report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/MATCH_REPORT-2-India-Futsal-vs-Bangladesh-Futsal.pdf<br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2026|1|18|df=y}}<br /> | time = 12:30 IST<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|IND}}<br /> | score = 3–3<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|NEP}}<br /> | goals1 =*Laltluangzela {{futsal goal|6}}<br /> *Anmol Adhikari {{futsal goal|39}}<br /> *Nikhil Rajendra Mali {{futsal goal|40}} <br /> | goals2 = *Bikrant Narsing Rana {{futsal goal|5}}<br /> *Amit Lama {{futsal goal|25}}<br /> *Bijay Shrestha {{futsal goal|40}}<br /> | stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]] <br /> | location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand<br /> | attendance = 56<br /> | referee = Ali Ahmadi ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])<br /> | report =https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/MATCH_REPORT-7-India-Futsal-vs-Nepal-Futsal.pdf <br /> | result= D<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2026|1|20|df=y}}<br /> | time = 15:00 IST<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|MDV}}<br /> | score = 5–0<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *Mohamed Imran {{futsal goal|12|||30}}<br /> *Abdulla Shafiu {{futsal goal|22}}<br /> *[[Ali Shamal Abdulla]] {{futsal goal|24}}<br /> *Ahmed Hameed {{futsal goal|40}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]] <br /> | location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand<br /> | attendance = 50<br /> | referee = Ali Hafizi ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])<br /> | report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/M11-MS.pdf<br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2026|1|22|df=y}}<br /> | time = 17:30 IST<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|BHU}}<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *Jigme Tshultrim {{futsal goal|11}}<br /> *Jetsuen Dorji {{futsal goal|15}}<br /> *[[Nima Wangdi]] {{futsal goal|35}}<br /> | score = 3–11<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *Jonathan Lalrawngbawla {{futsal goal|4}}<br /> *Jignam Seltob Dorji {{futsal goal|6||o.g.}}<br /> *Laltluangzela {{futsal goal|9|||39}}<br /> *Lalsawmpuia {{futsal goal|15}}<br /> *Anmol Adhikari {{futsal goal|17|||32}}<br /> *Seon D'Souza {{futsal goal|34}}<br /> *Nikhil Mali {{futsal goal|40|||40|||40}}<br /> | stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand<br /> | attendance = 50<br /> | referee = Mohammad Javed Ehtesham ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]]) <br /> | report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/M15-MS.pdf<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2026|1|24|df=y}}<br /> | time = 17:30 IST<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|SRI}}<br /> | goals1 = Mohamed Kursheeth {{futsal goal|19|}}<br /> | score = 1–4<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|IND}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *Seon D'Souza {{futsal goal|3|||20|}}<br /> *Lalsawmpuia {{futsal goal|10}}<br /> *[[Nikhil Mali]] {{futsal goal|12|}}<br /> | stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]<br /> | attendance = 19<br /> | referee = Chonlakan Luangsa-Ard ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br /> | report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/MATCH_REPORT-18-Sri-Lanka-Futsal-vs-India-Futsal.pdf<br /> | result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> | format = 1<br /> | round = [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship|2026 SAFF Championship]]<br /> | date = {{Start date|2026|1|26|df=y}}<br /> | time = 17:30 IST<br /> | team1 = {{futsal-rt|IND}}<br /> | goals1 = *Laltluangzela {{futsal goal|6}}<br /> *Lalsawmpuia {{futsal goal|25|||40}}<br /> *[[Nikhil Mali]] {{futsal goal|32|}}<br /> | score = 4–1<br /> | team2 = {{futsal|PAK}}<br /> | goals2 = *Ali Agha {{futsal goal|19|}}<br /> | stadium = [[Nonthaburi Province Stadium|Nonthaburi Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand<br /> | attendance = 135<br /> | referee = Chris Sinclair ([[New Zealand Football|New Zealand]])<br /> | report = https://saffederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/MATCH_REPORT-21-India-Futsal-vs-Pakistan-Futsal-1.pdf<br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Competitive record ==<br /> === FIFA Futsal World Cup ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=70% style=&quot;text-align: center;font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> !colspan=9|[[FIFA Futsal World Cup]] record<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;| Year<br /> ! style=&quot;width:70px;&quot;| Result<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| Position<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| {{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| {{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| {{Abbr|T|Tied}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| {{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| {{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| {{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1989 FIFA Futsal World Championship|1989]]–[[2020 FIFA Futsal World Cup|2020]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''Did not exist''<br /> |-<br /> ! {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup|2024]]<br /> | colspan=8| ''Did not qualify''<br /> |-<br /> ! Total || 0/10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === AFC Futsal Asian Cup ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot; width=70% style=&quot;text-align: center;font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=9| [[AFC Futsal Asian Cup]] record<br /> ! style=&quot;width:1%;&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|<br /> !colspan=6 | Qualification record<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;| Year<br /> ! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;| Result<br /> ! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;| Position<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|T|Tied}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|T|Tied}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30px;&quot;| {{Abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1999 AFC Futsal Championship|1999]]–[[2022 AFC Futsal Asian Cup|2022]]<br /> | colspan=8| ''Did not exist''<br /> | colspan=6| ''Did not exist''<br /> |-<br /> ! {{Flagicon|THA}} [[2024 AFC Futsal Asian Cup|2024]]<br /> | colspan=8 rowspan=2| ''Did not qualify''<br /> | 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 10 || 17<br /> |-<br /> ! {{Flagicon|IDN}} [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup|2026]]<br /> | 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 5 || 14<br /> |-<br /> ! Total || 0/18 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 15 || 31<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===SAFF Futsal Championship===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; width=900px;&quot;<br /> !colspan=9|[[SAFF Futsal Championship ]] records <br /> |-<br /> ! width=150 |Host/Year<br /> ! width=150 |Round<br /> ! width=50 |Position<br /> ! width=50 |GP<br /> ! width=50 |W<br /> ! width=50 |D<br /> ! width=50 |L<br /> ! width=50 |GF<br /> ! width=50 |GA<br /> |-style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;<br /> |{{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship |2026]]||'''Runners-up'''||'''2nd'''||'''6'''||'''3'''||'''2'''||'''1'''||'''26'''||'''17''' <br /> |-<br /> !'''Total'''||'''Runners-up'''||'''2nd'''||'''6'''||'''3'''||'''2'''||'''1'''||'''26'''||'''17'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Overall competitive record ===<br /> {{updated|24 September 2025}} (''excluding friendlies &amp; minor tournaments'')<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Competition<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Pld<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| W<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| D<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| L<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| GF<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| GA<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| GD<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Win%<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;| [[AFC Futsal Asian Cup]] qualification <br /> {{WDL|6|1|0|5|for=15|against=31|diff=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[SAFF Futsal Championship]]<br /> {{WDL|6|3|2|1|for=26|against=17|diff=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> !Total<br /> {{WDLtot|12|4|2|6|for=41|against=48|diff=yes}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Head-to-head record ==<br /> {{updated|26 January 2025}} vs {{futsal|PAK}}<br /> The following table shows India's head-to-head records. ''(includes all matches)''<br /> <br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Positive record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Neutral record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{legend2|#FFDACC|Negative record|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! {{abbr|Pld|Played}}<br /> ! {{abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! {{abbr|D|Drawn}}<br /> ! {{abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! {{abbr|GF|Goals for}}<br /> ! {{abbr|GA|Goals against}}<br /> ! {{abbr|GD|Goal difference}}<br /> ! Win %<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFDACC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|AUS}}<br /> {{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=1|against=10|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFDACC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|BHR}}<br /> {{WDL|2|0|0|2|for=0|against=7|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|BAN}}<br /> {{WDL|1|0|1|0|for=4|against=4|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|BHU}}<br /> {{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=11|against=3|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFDACC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|KUW}}<br /> {{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=1|against=4|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFDACC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|LBN}}<br /> {{WDL|2|0|0|2|for=6|against=14|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFDACC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|MDV}}<br /> {{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=0|against=5|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|MGL}}<br /> {{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=3|against=0|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFDACC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|MYA}}<br /> {{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=2|against=5|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|NEP}}<br /> {{WDL|1|0|1|0|for=3|against=3|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|PAK}}<br /> {{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=4|against=1|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFDACC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|PLE}}<br /> {{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=5|against=6|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|SRI}}<br /> {{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=4|against=1|diff=yes}}<br /> |- bgcolor=#FFDACC<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | {{futsal|TJK}}<br /> {{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=3|against=6|diff=yes}}<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> ! Total<br /> {{WDLtot|16|4|2|10|for=47|against=69|diff=yes}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Futsal Club Championship]]<br /> * [[Futsal Association of India]]<br /> * [[Football in India]]<br /> * [[History of Indian football]]<br /> * [[India national football team]]<br /> * [[India women's national football team]]<br /> * [[Sport in India]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Asia|India|Sports|Association football}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{Futsal in India}}<br /> {{India national football team}}<br /> {{AFC futsal teams}}<br /> {{National sports teams of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:India men's national football teams|Futsal]]<br /> [[Category:India national futsal teams| ]]<br /> [[Category:All India Football Federation national teams|Futsal]]<br /> [[Category:2023 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:National sports teams established in 2023]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nag_Ashwin&diff=447896 2026-03-05T06:41:46Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: revised</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (born 1986)|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nag Ashwin<br /> | image = Nag Ashwin by Gage Skidmore.jpg<br /> | alt = Nag Ashwin<br /> | caption = Ashwin at [[San Diego Comic-Con]] in 2023<br /> | birth_name = Singireddy Nag Ashwin Reddy<br /> | birth_place = India<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|04|23|df=yes}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]<br /> | occupation = [[Film director]], screenwriter<br /> | years_active = 2008–present<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Priyanka Dutt]]|2015}}<br /> | children = 1<br /> | relatives = [[C. Aswani Dutt]] (Father-in-law) &lt;br/&gt; [[Swapna Dutt]] (Sister-in-law)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Singireddy Nag Ashwin Reddy''' (born 23 April 1986),&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Nag Ashwin Birthday Special: రెండే… కానీ ప్రతిభలో మేటి! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/nag-ashwin-birthday-special-158234.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title= From Airport Pickups to Cinematic Stardom: Nag Ashwin’s Journey| url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/nag-ashwin-airport-pick-viral-1396575 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=[[Tupaki (English)|Tupaki]] |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=55th IFFI: Indian Panorama announces List of Films to be screened |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2067711 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |quote=In the mainstream section, the director of Kalki 2898 AD is referred as Singireddy Nag Ashwin.}}&lt;/ref&gt; popularly known as '''Nag Ashwin''', is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is the recipient of a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]], and a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]]. A graduate of the [[New York Film Academy]], Ashwin began his career as an [[assistant director]] to [[Sekhar Kammula]]. He made his directorial debut in 2015 with the [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] film ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'', which earned him the [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Nandi Award for Best Debut Director]].<br /> <br /> He gained widespread acclaim for directing ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018), a [[Biographical film|biopic]] of actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], which became the highest-grossing female-led [[South Indian film]] and won him the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] as well as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu]]. In 2024, Ashwin ventured into big-budget cinema with the science fiction film ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Early life ==<br /> Nag Ashwin was born on 23 April 1986 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family to Jayaram and Jayanthi Reddy, who are both doctors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2015 |title=PIX: Venkatesh, Mahesh Babu at Nag Ashwin-Priyanka's wedding reception |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-venkatesh-mahesh-babu-at-nag-ashwin-priyankas-wedding-reception/20151208.htm |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has a younger sister, Nikhila, who is also a doctor. Ashwin's mother hails from [[Visakhapatnam]] and runs J. J. Hospital, along with his father, in [[Hyderabad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. L. Jayanthi Reddy |url=https://www.jjhospital.org/jayanthi |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=JJ Hospital}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Ashwin studied in [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]], Hyderabad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=9 February 2015 |title=An eye for story |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/an-eye-for-story/article6874716.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625014600/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/an-eye-for-story/article6874716.ece |archive-date=25 June 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was classmates and friends with [[Rana Daggubati]] since class one.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-13 |title=Rana Happy on Deverakonda's Achievement |url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/rana-daggubati-happy-on-vijay-deverakonda-achievement/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He got his [[bachelor's degree]] in Mass Communication from [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]. He then did a film direction course at the [[New York Film Academy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 December 2020 |title=Nag Ashwin to Tharun Bhascker, 7 Telugu directors who studied abroad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nag-ashwin-tharun-bhascker-7-telugu-directors-who-studied-abroad-140276|access-date=4 January 2021 |website=The News Minute|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225073020/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nag-ashwin-tharun-bhascker-7-telugu-directors-who-studied-abroad-140276|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> [[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu presenting the ‘Ramineni Awards 2018’ to Film Director, Shri Nag Ashwin Reddy, instituted by Dr. Ramineni Foundation, in Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh.JPG|thumb|Ashwin (third from right) receiving an award from [[Venkaiah Naidu]] (third from left), the [[Vice President of India]] in 2018]]<br /> Nag Ashwin began his career in the film industry as an assistant director, working on the 2008 film ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nenu Meeku Telusa – Full Cast &amp; Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1296409/fullcredits |website=IMDB|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926034911/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1296409/fullcredits/|url-status=live}} {{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later worked as [[assistant director]] to [[Sekhar Kammula]] in [[Leader (2010 film)|''Leader'']] (2010) and [[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|''Life Is Beautiful'']] (2012) and acted in minor roles in all three films.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=This film came at the right time |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/this-film-came-at-the-right-time/article6902995.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 February 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191639/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/this-film-came-at-the-right-time/article6902995.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ashwin made his directorial debut with ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015), a film backed by [[Vyjayanthi Movies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=22 March 2015 |title=Yevade Subramanyam Review Roundup: Critics have Mixed Opinions on Nag Ashwin's Work |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/yevade-subramanyam-review-roundup-critics-have-mixed-opinions-nag-ashwins-work-626949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815015600/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/yevade-subramanyam-review-roundup-critics-have-mixed-opinions-nag-ashwins-work-626949 |archive-date=15 August 2015 |website=[[International Business Times]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plot centers around Subramanyam (played by [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]), a corporate professional who embarks on a journey of self-discovery. The film also stars [[Malvika Nair]], [[Vijay Deverakonda]], and [[Ritu Varma]]. It was notable for its extensive filming at [[Everest base camps|Everest Base Camps]] in [[Nepal]], making it the first Indian film to be shot at that location.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2 December 2014 |title=Yevade Subramanyam, the first Telugu film shot in Everest |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Yevade-Subramanyam-the-first-Telugu-film-shot-in-Everest/articleshow/45346986.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231062355/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Yevade-Subramanyam-the-first-Telugu-film-shot-in-Everest/articleshow/45346986.cms |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=14 January 2015 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Released on 21 March 2015, ''Yevade Subramanyam'' received mostly positive reviews. Critics praised Nani's performance and the film's message-oriented script but criticized the slow-paced narration.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; The film was commercially successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-03-22 |title=4 Years of ‘Yevade Subramanyam’: Interesting trivia that you probably didn’t know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/4-years-of-yevade-subramanyam-interesting-trivia-that-you-probably-didnt-know/photostory/68516741.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-19 |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2015 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2015/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=T2BLive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2016, Nag Ashwin announced his next film would be a [[Biographical film|biopic]] of the Indian actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], titled ''[[Mahanati]]''. He spent six months researching her life, reading articles and books, and interviewing journalists and actors who knew her. Backed by Vyjayanthi Movies, [[principal photography]] began in May 2017 and concluded by March 2018. ''Mahanati'' was released on 9 May 2018 to critical and commercial acclaim, winning several awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 May 2016 |title=Nag Ashwin's next a biopic on legendary actress Savitri |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nag-ashwins-next-a-biopic-on-legendary-actress-savitri-2821617/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012139/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nag-ashwins-next-a-biopic-on-legendary-actress-savitri-2821617/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 July 2017 |title=Dulquer surrenders to his role: Nag Ashwin |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-surrenders-to-his-role-nag-ashwin/articleshow/59808971.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109132158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-surrenders-to-his-role-nag-ashwin/articleshow/59808971.cms |archive-date=9 November 2017 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was showcased in the [[Indian Panorama]] Mainstream section at the [[49th International Film Festival of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=IFFI 2018 Announces Official Selection for Indian Panorama Film Section |url=https://iffigoa.org/indian-panorama-iffi-2018/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926112638/https://iffigoa.org/indian-panorama-iffi-2018/ |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=30 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and received the &quot;Equality in Cinema Award&quot; at the 2018 [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]. At the [[66th National Film Awards]], it won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]], among other accolades.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 August 2019 |title=66th National Film Awards winners' list: 'Andhadhun', 'KGF', 'Padmaavat' win the prestigious award – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-national-film-awards-andhadhun-kgf-padmaavat-win-the-prestigious-award/articleshow/70604186.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809183208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-national-film-awards-andhadhun-kgf-padmaavat-win-the-prestigious-award/articleshow/70604186.cms |archive-date=9 August 2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=66th National Film Awards: Full winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809130404/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |newspaper=India Today |agency=Ist}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nag Ashwin received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu]] at the [[66th Filmfare Awards South]].&lt;ref name=&quot;filmfare20191222&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2020, Ashwin announced a [[science fiction action film]] to mark the 50th anniversary of Vyjayanthi Movies. [[Prabhas]] was announced as the lead actor, with the [[working title]] ''Project K''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-29 |title=Prabhas 21: Director Nag Ashwin Presents 'Heroes Behind the Screen' in New Update for Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-21-director-nag-ashwin-presents-heroes-behind-the-screen-in-new-update-for-film-3360812.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, production was delayed by a year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Filming began in July 2021 at [[Ramoji Film City]], in [[Hyderabad]], on a {{INR}}600 crore budget, making it the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] to date.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=K |first1=Janani |date=24 July 2021 |title=Prabhas gives first clap for Amitabh Bachchan as Nag Ashwin's sci-fi film goes on floors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-gives-first-clap-for-amitabh-bachchan-as-nag-ashwin-s-sci-fi-film-goes-on-floors-1832087-2021-07-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724084040/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-gives-first-clap-for-amitabh-bachchan-as-nag-ashwin-s-sci-fi-film-goes-on-floors-1832087-2021-07-24 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cast includes [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Kamal Haasan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 July 2020 |title=Prabhas and Deepika Padukone to star in Nag Ashwin's film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-and-deepika-padukone-to-star-in-nag-ashwin-film-6512530/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608175541/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-and-deepika-padukone-to-star-in-nag-ashwin-film-6512530/ |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film, later titled ''Kalki 2898 AD'', was the first Indian film presented at [[San Diego Comic-Con]]'s Hall H on 20 July 2023. Released worldwide on 27 June 2024, the film received positive reviews from critics and audiences. [[Collider (website)|''Collider'']] praised the film as a &quot;unique sci-fi epic&quot; with strong performances by Prabhas and Bachchan and an impressive screenplay by Ashwin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ewing |first=Jeff |date=2024-06-28 |title='Kalki 2898 AD' Review: This Ambitious Sci-Fi Epic Builds a World Worth Seeing |url=https://collider.com/kalki-2898-ad-review/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Collider |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' called it &quot;terrific, cathartic fun&quot; and anticipated more editions in the &quot;Kalki Cinematic Universe,&quot; applauding Ashwin's work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bunbury |first=Stephanie |date=2024-07-01 |title=‘Kalki 2898 AD’ Review: Prabhas Epic Is Terrific, Cathartic Fun |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/kalki-2898-ad-review-prabhas-1235998344/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> In December 2015, Nag Ashwin married [[Priyanka Dutt]], the second daughter of producer [[C. Aswani Dutt]] of [[Vyjayanthi Movies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PIX: Venkatesh, Mahesh Babu at Nag Ashwin-Priyanka's wedding reception |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-venkatesh-mahesh-babu-at-nag-ashwin-priyankas-wedding-reception/20151208.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114100549/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-venkatesh-mahesh-babu-at-nag-ashwin-priyankas-wedding-reception/20151208.htm |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple has a son, Rishi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=It's a boy for Nag Ashwin &amp; Priyanka! – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-a-boy-for-nag-ashwin-priyanka/articleshow/55313121.cms|access-date=14 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419232308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-a-boy-for-nag-ashwin-priyanka/articleshow/55313121.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography ==<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> {{table alignment}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Directed features<br /> |-Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 ||''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 ||''[[Mahanati]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''<br /> |Anthology film; Segment: ''xLife''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2021 |title=Pitta Kathalu teaser: Netflix's first Telugu film looks intriguing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pitta-kathalu-teaser-netflix-telugu-film-7153994/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302121308/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pitta-kathalu-teaser-netflix-telugu-film-7153994/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2021 |title=NetFilx Pitta Kathalu : తెలుగులో మొదటిసారిగా నలుగురు హీరోయిన్స్‌తో నెట్‌ఫ్లిక్స్ అలాంటీ వెబ్ సిరీస్.. టీజర్ విడుదల.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/shruthi-haasan-eesha-rebba-amala-paul-lakshmi-manchu-netfilx-pitta-kathalu-official-teaser-released-sr-730706.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128161625/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/shruthi-haasan-eesha-rebba-amala-paul-lakshmi-manchu-netfilx-pitta-kathalu-official-teaser-released-sr-730706.html |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=News18 Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{tba}}<br /> |{{pending film|Kalki 2898 AD : Part 2}}<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-24 |title=Kalki 2 starts, Amitabh Bachchan and Kamal Haasan reunite after nearly 40 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-kamal-haasan-reunite-kalki-2-sequel-hyderabad-2873372-2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+Other works<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> !Credited as<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Assistant director &amp; actor<br /> |Barmani's assistant<br /> | credited as Ashwin<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]''<br /> |Motorcycle rider <br /> |Special appearance in &quot;Hey CM&quot; song<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUGL11TXg40&amp;t=7144s |title=Leader Telugu Full Movie {{!}} Rana Daggubati {{!}} Sekhar Kammula {{!}} Mickey J Meyer |date=7 April 2021 |time=1:59:04 |access-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222193633/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUGL11TXg40&amp;t=7144s |archive-date=22 February 2024 |url-status=live |via=YouTube |work=TVNXT Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''<br /> |Gold phase guy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''<br /> |Producer<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title='Mahanati' director Nah Ashwin turns producer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nag-ashwins-first-telugu-production-jaathi-ratnalu-stars-priyadarshi-rahul-ramakrishna-and-naveen-polishetty/article29784534.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425072139/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nag-ashwins-first-telugu-production-jaathi-ratnalu-stars-priyadarshi-rahul-ramakrishna-and-naveen-polishetty/article29784534.ece |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=24 October 2019 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {{table alignment}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col1center col4center&quot;<br /> |+ {{sronly|List of film credits as assistant director}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Credit<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Network<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2024 || ''[[Bujji and Bhairava|Bujji &amp; Bhairava]]''|| Creator/Director ||[[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rahul |date=2024-05-30 |title=‘Bujji &amp; Bhairava’ Trailer Enters the Retro-Futuristic World of ‘Kalki 2898 AD' |url=https://collider.com/kalki-2898-ad-prequel-trailer/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ {{sronly|List of awards and nominations received by Nag Ashwin}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Work<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Awards<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Category <br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Result<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''<br /> |[[Nandi Awards]]<br /> |[[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best Debut Director]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-11-14/AP-Government-announces-Nandi-Awards/339340 |title=2015 Nandi Awards |website=The Hans India|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625115658/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-11-14/AP-Government-announces-Nandi-Awards/339340|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th SIIMA Awards]]<br /> |[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SIIMA 2016 Telugu movie nominations revealed; 'Baahubali,' 'Srimanthudu' lead the list5 |website=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2016-telugu-movie-nominations-revealed-baahubali-srimanthudu-lead-list-680040|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526120833/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2016-telugu-movie-nominations-revealed-baahubali-srimanthudu-lead-list-680040|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |''[[Mahanati]]''<br /> |[[66th Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;filmfare20191222&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[66th National Film Awards]]<br /> |[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film – Telugu]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]]<br /> |Best Director <br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |website=[[Indian Express]] |date=17 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]<br /> |Best Director <br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html |title=Tollywood's first and biggest Awards event of the Year on Zee Telugu. |website=Zee News |date=25 January 2019|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209204146/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ramineni Foundation Awards]] <br /> |Best Director <br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Tollywood's first and biggest Awards event of the Year on Zee Telugu. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html|access-date=26 November 2019 |website=Zee News|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209204146/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards of 2024]]<br /> |Best Feature Film (Gold)<br /> |{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards 2024 full list of winners: Kalki 2898 AD wins best film, Allu Arjun wins best actor|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-kalki-2898-ad-wins-best-film-allu-arjun-wins-best-actor-101748511071615.html|access-date=2026-01-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Director<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[70th Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> |Best Director<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominations for The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) {{!}} Filmfare.com|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/nominations-for-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81365.html|access-date=2026-02-23|website=www.filmfare.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|13th SIIMA Awards]]<br /> |Best Director<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06|title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/|access-date=2025-09-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name}}<br /> * {{Twitter|nagashwin7}}<br /> <br /> {{Nag Ashwin}}<br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestTeluguDirector}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ashwin, Nag}}<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:New York Film Academy alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Nandi Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Action film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian science fiction film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian fantasy film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:1986 births]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uthiripookkal&diff=542899 2026-03-04T04:47:03Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added the data with sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1979 film by Mahendran}}<br /> {{For|the TV series|Uthiripookkal (TV series)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Uthiripookkal poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]<br /> | screenplay = Mahendran<br /> | based_on = {{based on|&quot;Chitrannai&quot;|[[Pudhumaipithan]]}}<br /> | producer = Radha Balakrishnan<br /> | starring = [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]]&lt;br /&gt;Ashwini&lt;br /&gt;[[Madhu Malini]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]<br /> | editing = [[B. Lenin]]<br /> | music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | studio = Dimple Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|1979|10|19|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 114–143 minutes{{efn|While the runtime is listed as 143 minutes in ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'',{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=433}} the version screened at the 1979/1980 [[International Film Festival of India]] was 114 minutes long.&lt;ref name=&quot;panorama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=da Cunha |editor-first=Uma |title=Indian Cinema '79/'80 |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/142_IPCatalogue1979-80.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813162754/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/142_IPCatalogue1979-80.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |pages=133–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Uthiripookkal''''' ({{translation|Unstrung Flowers}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], written and directed by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]. Based on the short story &quot;Chitrannai&quot; ({{Translation|Stepmother}}) by [[Pudhumaipithan]], it stars [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]], Ashwini and [[Madhu Malini]]. The film focuses on a sadistic man who makes life miserable for everyone in his village, including his wife and children.<br /> <br /> While adapting the short story, Mahendran made substantial changes to the screenplay, especially with the treatment of the lead character. The film was produced by his friend Radha Balakrishnan, photographed by [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]] and edited by [[B. Lenin]] in his debut, with music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. It is the acting debut for many, including Ashwini, [[Charuhasan]], Bhoopathy, and Charulatha. The film was shot primarily at Palapatti near Mettupalayam and Vellipalayam.<br /> <br /> ''Uthiripookkal'' was released on 19 October 1979. The film was a critical and commercial success, running for 175 days in theatres. Mahendran won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Director]] and [[S. Janaki]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]. In 2013, [[News18]] included the film in its list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time. Although no print of ''Uthiripookkal'' is known to survive, the film is still available on home video.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N. |date=20 March 2011 |title=The chronicler of Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-chronicler-of-Kollywood/articleshow/7745961.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919121207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-chronicler-of-Kollywood/articleshow/7745961.cms |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=11 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Pasidi Moggalu'' (1980).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pasidi Moggalu (1980) |url=http://www.aptalkies.com/movie.php?id=5258&amp;title=Pasidi%20Moggalu%20(1980) |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725052642/http://www.aptalkies.com/movie.php?id=5258&amp;title=Pasidi%20Moggalu%20(1980) |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=AP Talkies}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Sundaravadivelu is a rich but sadistic villager. He is also the manager of the local school, and manages it authoritatively without respecting anyone; he siphons the school's money for his own wants. Sundaravadivelu lives with his chronically ill wife Lakshmi and their two children: son Raja and daughter Bhavani. Lakshmi's father Thambusamy, a [[pensioner]], lives in the same village with his second daughter Shenbagam. Sundaravadivelu, who has lent money to Thambusamy, keeps demanding it back and also insults him on several occasions. Shenbagam falls in love with Prakash, a new teacher in the school. Sundaravadivelu does not approve of their relationship as he wants to marry Shenbagam, citing Lakshmi's chronic illness. He puts the proposal before his father-in-law and offers to write off his debt if he agrees. However, Thambusamy does not agree and Sundaravadivelu vents his anger on his wife.<br /> <br /> Bhavani falls sick, and Lakshmi takes her to the recently appointed village health inspector. When they meet, they realise that they had been neighbours some years back and had met when he had come to meet her father to seek her hand in marriage. By then, Lakshmi was already engaged to Sundaravadivelu, hence the health inspector left in disappointment. Recollecting this, he tries to help her. When Thambusamy, unable to tolerate the harassment of his son-in-law, plans to leave the village, the health inspector offers money to settle the loan. When Sundaravadivelu learns this, he alleges an extramarital affair between his wife and the health inspector. With the help of the village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]], he throws Lakshmi out of his house, keeping the children with himself. The health inspector leaves the village to avoid causing further strain in Lakshmi's life, while Lakshmi goes to her father's place. Unable to withstand separation from her children, she dies.<br /> <br /> Sundaravadivelu marries another woman and neglects his children, who keep visiting Shenbagam for food and care. Prakash meets Thambusamy and proposes to marry Shenbagam; Thambusamy readily accepts, and the marriage is fixed. Prakash tells Sundaravadivelu that the school's management has learnt about his mismanagement and has decided to take action against him. Shenbagam visits Sundaravadivelu to seek custody of his children so she can take care of them. Sundaravadivelu, who is jealous of her new status and enraged that she rejected his marriage proposal, degrades her modesty by undressing her forcibly and proudly declares that he is the first person to see her nude; he further taunts Shenbagam by saying that whenever her husband sees her, she would be reminded of this incident. Sundaravadivelu's wife witnesses this and disowns him. The villagers too learn of this; angered, they corner Sundaravadivelu, take him to the river and ask him to choose his way of death. Sundaravadivelu, remorseful over turning the peaceful villagers into a vengeful mob, shares a tender moment with his children, then drowns himself in the river.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Sundaravadivelu{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=351}}<br /> * Ashwini as Lakshmi{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=351}}<br /> * [[Madhu Malini]] as Shenbagam{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=353}}<br /> * [[Sundar Raj|Sundar]] as Prakash{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=353}}<br /> &lt;!-- * Premi as Premi --&gt;<br /> * [[Sarath Babu]] as the health inspector{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=352}}<br /> * [[Charuhasan]] as Thambuswamy{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=352}}<br /> * [[Anju (actress)|Baby Anju]] as Bhavani{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=352}}<br /> * [[Master Haja Sheriff]] as Raja{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=352}}<br /> * Charulatha as Sundaravadivelu's second wife{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=352}}<br /> * [[Samikannu]] as Karuppiah{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=352}}<br /> * Bhoopathy as Sundaravadivelu's brother&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=உதிரிப்பூக்கள்... வருடங்கள் கடந்தோடினாலும் உதிராத வாசம்! #38YearsOfUthiriPookal |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/105264-an-article-about-38-years-of-uthiri-pookal-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812160736/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/105264-an-article-about-38-years-of-uthiri-pookal-movie |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[C. T. Rajakantham]] as Sundaravadivelu's mother{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=353}}<br /> * Venkatraman as Venkatraman{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=352}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> After the success of his directorial debut ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' (1978), [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] was flooded with further directorial offers by producers. But he decided to make his next film with newcomers instead of stars. The film would be ''Uthiripookkal'', an adaptation of the short story &quot;Chitrannai&quot; by [[Pudhumaipithan]], which Mahendran read when he was in school and according to him it had impacted his life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=15 December 2013 |title=Flashbacks of a director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flashbacks-of-a-director/article5459812.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216131932/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flashbacks-of-a-director/article5459812.ece |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=12 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; While reading the short story, Mahendran was completely attracted by the plot and made many changes into the screenplay according to his own wish. The character Sundaravadivelu was shown in the film as less sympathetic than the short story version, and the child character Raja, who was killed off in the short story, was changed to live on in the film.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |pp=127–128}}<br /> <br /> The title ''Uthiripookkal'' was suggested by composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=22 May 2019 |title=Rewind with Raja: The man who sought greatness |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2019/may/22/rewind-with-raja-the-man-who-sought-greatness-11740.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824162830/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2019/may/22/rewind-with-raja-the-man-who-sought-greatness-11740.html |archive-date=24 August 2019 |access-date=24 August 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]] handled the cinematography,{{Sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=129}} while [[B. Lenin]] made his debut as editor with the film.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=129}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=11 August 2017 |title=Making the right cut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary-film-editor-and-director-b-lenin-on-what-constitutes-film-editing/article19472013.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190813164105/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary-film-editor-and-director-b-lenin-on-what-constitutes-film-editing/article19472013.ece |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahendran himself produced the film under the banner Dimple Creations, named after his daughter and he had chosen his friend Radha Balakrishnan to handle production duties.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |pp=128–131}} Mahendran requested Balakrishnan to pay royalties to Pudhumaipithan's family to which Balakrishnan initially hesitated as he found the screenplay of ''Uthiripookkal'' to be very different from &quot;Chittranai&quot; but later relented.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=133}}<br /> <br /> === Casting and filming ===<br /> Mahendran cast [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Sundaravadivelu at the last minute.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=133}} Debutant Ashwini from Bangalore was chosen to portray Sundaravadivelu's first wife Lakshmi,{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=129}} and her voice was dubbed by Anuraatha Rajkrishna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=10 August 2019 |title=Pitch perfect: the voice behind your favourite Kollywood stars |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pitch-perfect-the-voice-behind-your-favourite-kollywood-stars/article28975402.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191016070910/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pitch-perfect-the-voice-behind-your-favourite-kollywood-stars/article28975402.ece |archive-date=16 October 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other newcomer actors were [[Kamal Haasan]]'s brother [[Charuhasan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=5 March 2019 |title=Kamal Haasan won't win in politics because of his Brahmin origins: Brother Charuhasan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/mar/05/kamal-haasan-wont-win-in-politics-because-of-his-brahmin-origins-brother-charuhasan-1946727.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027180359/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/mar/05/kamal-haasan-wont-win-in-politics-because-of-his-brahmin-origins-brother-charuhasan-1946727.html |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]'s son Bhoopathy, and Charulatha.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=133}}{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=162}} The film was launched with the song recording of &quot;Azhagiya Kanne&quot;.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=131}} It was shot primarily at Palapatti near Mettupalayam and Vellipalayam.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=133}} The filming was completed within 30 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 July 2014 |title=மகேந்திரன் 25 |trans-title=Mahendran 25 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/42648.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003619/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/42648.html |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Themes ==<br /> ''Uthiripookkal'' deals with [[Domestic violence in India|domestic violence]], sadism,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=2 April 2019 |title=J Mahendran: The Director Who Compelled Us to Think |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/j-mahendran-the-director-who-made-movies-that-moved-men-to-pause-and-ponder-2086025.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405204308/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/j-mahendran-the-director-who-made-movies-that-moved-men-to-pause-and-ponder-2086025.html |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Feminism in India|feminism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thenewsminute&quot; /&gt; According to Ram Chander of ''[[Film Companion]]'', the character of Sundaravadivelu &quot;represents the filth in the hearts of all men and the climax is a call to destroy that demon so that we can move on as a society. Seen this way, ''Uthiripookkal'' is much more than just the tale of a solitary sadist and how he meets his end.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chander |first=Ram |date=19 June 2017 |title=5 Filmmaking Tropes of Mahendran |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/5-filmmaking-tropes-of-mahendran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162011/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/5-filmmaking-tropes-of-mahendran |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uthiri Pookal {{sic|nolink=y|(1987)}} |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Uthiri-Pookal-songs-T0000514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190813153502/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Uthiri-Pookal-songs-T0000514 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 August 1979 |title=Uthiripookkal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uthiripookkal/RtKCntcHjrA_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211045102/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uthiripookkal/RtKCntcHjrA_ |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Naan Paada&quot; is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]].{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=146}} The flute portions in &quot;Azhagiya Kanne&quot; were performed by Sudhakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=28 March 2023 |title=Flautist Sudhakar, who collaborated with Ilaiyaraaja on many memorable songs, no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/flautist-sudhakar-who-collaborated-with-ilaiyaraaja-on-many-memorable-songs-no-more/article66670957.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118171121/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/flautist-sudhakar-who-collaborated-with-ilaiyaraaja-on-many-memorable-songs-no-more/article66670957.ece |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Azhagiya Kanne<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]<br /> | extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]<br /> | length1 = 4:52<br /> | title2 = Naan Paada<br /> | lyrics2 = [[M. G. Vallabhan]]<br /> | extra2 = S. Janaki<br /> | length2 = 4:56<br /> | title3 = Kalyanam Paaru<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]<br /> | extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br /> | length3 = 4:31<br /> | title4 = Poda Poda<br /> | lyrics4 = Muthulingam<br /> | extra4 = S. Janaki<br /> | length4 = 3:51<br /> | title5 = Yae Intha Poongathu<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Gangai Amaran]]<br /> | extra5 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | length5 = 2:40<br /> | total_length = 20:50 &lt;!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Uthiripookkal'' was released on 19 October 1979.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=344}} The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 4 November 1979, rated the film 60 out of 100.{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |pp=351–355}} It is among the magazine's highest-rated films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 January 2019 |title=உதிரிப்பூக்கள், 16 வயதினிலே, மூன்றாம் பிறை... அன்றும் இன்றும்.. திறமைக்கு மரியாதை #VikatanReviews #VikatanAwards |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/146246-top-rated-movies-in-ananda-vikatan-from-1970s-appappoclassics-vikatanawards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328111853/https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/146246-top-rated-movies-in-ananda-vikatan-from-1970s-appappoclassics-vikatanawards.html |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kausikan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Mahendran for adapting &quot;Chitrannai&quot; beautifully for the screen and portraying every frame as a painter while also praising the performances of actors and cinematography.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=கௌசிகன் |date=4 November 1979 |title=உதிரிப் பூக்கள் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-11-04/kalki1979-11-04.pdf |access-date=10 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–62 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 20 October, &quot;[''Uthiripookkal''] is a celluloid poem. It is for the Tamil people to decide whether they want meaningful films or just movies.&quot;{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |pp=356–357}} ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote on 26 October, &quot;This colour movie is bound to change the fate of [the] Tamil film industry provided the producers take the cue.&quot;{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |pp=358–359}}<br /> <br /> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised Mahendran for adapting a short story and making a film with quality and for handling scenes with realism. He also appreciated natural dialogues, actors for living as characters instead of acting, Ilaiyaraaja's music, Ashok Kumar's cinematography and concluded calling it flowers that do not fall in the mind and spread fragrance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=28 October 1979 |title=உதிரிப்பூக்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_12/4.jp2/full/1000,1332/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250527120554/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_12/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1332/0/default.jpg |archive-date=27 May 2025 |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a commercial success, running for 175 days in theatres and becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=Thinnai |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn |Mahendran |2013 |p=136}} Mahendran won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Director]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=486 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[S. Janaki]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thenewsminute&quot; /&gt; The film was screened at the 1979/1980 [[International Film Festival of India]] as part of its Indian Panorama section.&lt;ref name=&quot;panorama&quot; /&gt;{{efn|Indian Panorama is a flagship component of the IFFI under which the best of contemporary Indian films are selected for the promotion of film art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Panorama |url=https://dff.nic.in/IndianPanorama.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505210755/https://dff.nic.in/IndianPanorama.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2019 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> ''Uthiripookkal'' is considered a landmark film in Tamil cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=11 August 2013 |title=Second coming? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/second-coming/article5010825.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234036/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/second-coming/article5010825.ece |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350330100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123192603/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350330100.htm |archive-date=23 November 2007 |access-date=6 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=28 November 2003 |title=A tale rooted in the soil |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/11/28/stories/2003112801480200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050227174724/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/11/28/stories/2003112801480200.htm |archive-date=27 February 2005 |access-date=30 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After watching the film, many people who also read the source material thronged bookstores to read it again because of the differences between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=17 October 2019 |title=When novel idea works in cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/when-novel-idea-works-in-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103031755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/when-novel-idea-works-in-cinema/ |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2002 interview with ''The Hindu'', director [[Mani Ratnam]] remarked &quot;If I get anywhere near what Mahendran did in [''Uthiripookkal''], I’ll be a happy man.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=12 April 2002 |title=Cannes is not my goal |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201050100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204055046/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201050100.htm |archive-date=4 February 2007 |access-date=27 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, &quot;1979 was the year of ''Uthiripookkal''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ninaithale Inikkum |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ninaithale-inikkum/movie-review/23629252.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628215540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ninaithale-inikkum/movie-review/23629252.cms |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, ''IBNLive'' (later known as ''[[News18]]'') included the film in its list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190813155555/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065-1.html |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filmmakers like [[AR Murugadoss]] and [[Pa. Ranjith]] have recognised the film as one of their favourites.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzyTQVOxkLA |title=My All Time Favourite Film {{!}} AR Murugadoss {{!}} First Person |date=29 March 2020 |language=ta |publisher=[[Film Companion South]] |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/LzyTQVOxkLA |archive-date=22 April 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Additional citation needed|reason=Where is the source for Ranjith?|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;hindu3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sreelalitha |first=W. |date=6 September 2007 |title=The magic of Mahendran |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/09/06/stories/2007090650500400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223105954/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/09/06/stories/2007090650500400.htm |archive-date=23 December 2007 |access-date=6 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;thenewsminute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=1 March 2020 |title=Revisiting Mahendran's 1979 classic 'Uthiripookkal', a critical and commercial hit |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-mahendran-s-1979-classic-uthiripookkal-critical-and-commercial-hit-119251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908061953/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-mahendran-s-1979-classic-uthiripookkal-critical-and-commercial-hit-119251 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Mahendran |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |orig-date=2004}}<br /> *{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> {{Mahendran (filmmaker)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1970s feminist films]]<br /> [[Category:1979 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1979 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1979 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about domestic violence]]<br /> [[Category:Films about women in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian feminist films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogi_Duniya&diff=546291 2026-03-03T21:38:45Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added basic article with sources.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2018 Kannada-language film}}<br /> {{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Yogi Duniya<br /> | image = Yogi Duniya poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Official poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = Hari<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = TP Siddaraju<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|*[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] <br /> *[[Hitha Chandrashekar]]<br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | music = [[Bharath B. J.]]<br /> | studio = &lt;!-- or: | production_companies = --&gt;<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|3|23}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Yogi Duniya''''' is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language drama film directed by Hari and starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and [[Hitha Chandrashekar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-was-so-intrigued-by-my-role-in-yogi-duniya-that-i-juggled-working-on-the-film-and-a-dance-reality-show-hitha/articleshow/63268932.cms|title=I was so intrigued by my role in Yogi Duniya that I juggled working on the film and a dance reality show: Hitha |website=The Times of India|date=13 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Yogi<br /> *[[Hitha Chandrashekar]] as Sheela<br /> *[[Vasishta N. Simha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/659866/vasishta-juggles-many-projects.html|title=Vasishta juggles many projects|date=16 February 2018|website=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film was awarded an 'A' (Adult) certificate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/explore-the-world-of-betting-rackets-with-yogi-duniya/articleshow/63415062.cms | title=Explore the world of betting rackets with Yogi Duniya | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | first=Prathibha | last=Joy | date=23 March 2018 | access-date=10 February 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was initially titled ''Duniya 2'' although the film had no connection to ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'' (2007).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-subject-of-yogi-duniya-drew-us-to-it-says-producer-tp-siddaraju/articleshow/63396860.cms|title=The subject of Yogi Duniya drew us to it, says producer TP Siddaraju |website=The Times of India|date=22 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/mar/22/yogis-duniya-is-nothing-like-suris-5144.html|title='Yogi's Duniya is nothing like Suri's'|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=22 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film highlights cricket betting rackets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-loved-yogi-duniya-for-its-story-and-characterization/articleshow/63344875.cms|title=I loved Yogi Duniya for its story and characterization |website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is set in Majestic in Bangalore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-duniya-explores-the-betting-culture-in-majestic/articleshow/63146163.cms|title=Yogi Duniya explores the betting culture in Majestic |website=The Times of India|date=4 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that &quot;A simple story line with no frills attached, ''Yogi Duniya'' attempts to make you think about life, your choices, your purpose and your destiny. It's worth a trip to the theatre, if you are looking for a wake-up call&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/yogi-duniya/movie-review/63429977.cms|title=Yogi Duniya Movie Review {2.5/5}: It's worth a trip to the theatre, if you are looking for a wake-up call|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Chitraloka]]'' said that &quot;''Yogi Duniya'' is not just any underworld fight fest. It is a film with a heart. It is one of the best roles of his career for Yogesh and one of the better films of the year in Kannada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/17234-yogi-duniya-movie-review-chitraloka-rating-3-5.html|title=Yogi Duniya Movie Review, Chitraloka Rating 3/5 - chitraloka.com &amp;#124; Kannada Movie News, Reviews &amp;#124; Image|website=www.chitraloka.com|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127090450/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/17234-yogi-duniya-movie-review-chitraloka-rating-3-5.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 films]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithavum_Kanyakayum&diff=525655 2026-03-03T20:44:27Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Creating A Post Basic Info!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Pithavum Kanyakayum&lt;br&gt;''(''Daddy, You Bastard'')''<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt =<br /> | director = [[Rupesh Paul]]&lt;br&gt;N. K. Sajiv Menon<br /> | producer = N. K. Sajiv Menon<br /> | story = [[Indu Menon]]<br /> | screenplay = Rupesh Paul<br /> | starring = [[M. G. Sasi]]&lt;br /&gt;Krupa&lt;br&gt;Sasi Kalinga<br /> | music = Sandeep Jayaraj<br /> | cinematography = Subhash V. K.&lt;ref&gt;K. Pradeep (10 June 2010). [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/frames-of-excellence/article451624.ece &quot;Frames of excellence&quot;]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 10 October 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Famous Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|10|04}}<br /> | runtime = 90 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> '''''Pithavum Kanyakayum''''' (Malayalam: പിതാവും കന്യകയും; literally meaning ''Father and Virgin''), officially titled in English as '''''Daddy, You Bastard''''', is a 2013 [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[Rupesh Paul]] and N. K. Sajiv Menon. The story is about a middle-aged man who spends the night with a girl who happens to be his daughter's classmate. Short story writer [[Indu Menon]] has written the story while her husband, Rupesh Paul, has written the script and dialogue for the film. The cast include [[M. G. Sasi]], director of the award-winning film ''[[Atayalangal]]'', Krupa and Sasi Kalinga. The film premiered in the Marche du Film section of [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/three-state-films-for-cannes/article420601.ece &quot;Three State films for Cannes&quot;]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 3 May 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218144957/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article266513.ece &quot;Three Malayali directors to premiere films at the Cannes&quot;]. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. 3 May 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; It released in theatres on 4 October 2013.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Balachandran, a middle-aged government servant attempts to be daring for the first time in his life. He does just this; he borrows his friend's flat for a night and decides to spend the night there with his lover. His lover is his daughter's friend Agnes, who is a higher secondary school student. Balachandran is guilt-ridden and fearful but he cannot resist this girl who is attractive to the core. Balachandran is an artist who has lost his libido due to his tumultuous married life; but Agnes is a phenomenon, whom no one can turn down. Agnes keep her word; she comes and she conquers. She brushes aside the weak protestations that Balachandran comes up with and decides to drink and enjoy the night to its full. They prepare for the big moment, and just before a kiss, Agnes whispers her big secret to Balachandran, that she is the last virgin in her class. Balachandran is shocked, his daughter Ammu is in Agnes' class. There, that night, the bouquet of vodka and the perfume of jasmine flowers mingle with that of blood.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cinando.com/DefaultController.aspx?PageId=FicheFilm&amp;IdC=20492&amp;IdF=91856 &quot;DADDY, YOU BASTARD (PITHAVUM KANYAKAYUM)&quot;]. Cinando.com. Retrieved 10 October 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[M. G. Sasi]] as Balachandran<br /> * Kripa as Agnes<br /> * Sasi Kalinga<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Rupesh Paul}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Rupesh Paul]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Indian films]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Centre_Kolkata&diff=545856 2026-03-03T10:01:32Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added new post v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Trade centre of West Bengal}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox venue<br /> | name = World Trade Center Kolkata&lt;br&gt;''বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য কেন্দ্র, কলকাতা''<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | logo_image = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_upright = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_upright = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | image_map = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata##Location in West Bengal##Location in India<br /> | fullname = <br /> | former_names = <br /> | address = <br /> | city = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Kolkata (Greater)]]<br /> | country = <br /> | location = [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake Sector V]]<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|41.07|N|88|26|11.91|E}}<br /> | elevation = &lt;!-- {{cvt|...|ft|m}} or {{cvt|...|m|ft}} --&gt;<br /> | public_transit = <br /> | parking = <br /> | owner = <br /> | operator = <br /> | designation = <br /> | type = Commercial<br /> | event = <br /> | seating_type = <br /> | suites = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | record_attendance = <br /> | dimensions = <br /> | field_shape = <br /> | acreage = 10.5 acres<br /> | surface = {{Bulleted_list|{{small|'''Phase 1'''}}&lt;br&gt;{{convert|350000|ft2|m2}}|{{small|'''Total Planned'''}}&lt;br&gt;{{convert|3500000|ft2|m2}}}}<br /> | scoreboard = <br /> | screens = <br /> | current_use = <br /> | production = <br /> | broke_ground = <br /> | built = <br /> | opened = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | renovated = <br /> | expanded = <br /> | closed = <br /> | demolished = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | cost = {{INRConvert|1500.00|c}} (Expected)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=WTCA join hands with Merlin Group to develop World Trade Centre in Kolkata - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/commercial/wtca-join-hands-with-merlin-group-to-develop-world-trade-centre-in-kolkata/98870870 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | architect = <br /> | builder = Merlin Group<br /> | project_manager = <br /> | structural_engineer = <br /> | services_engineer = <br /> | general_contractor = <br /> | main_contractors = <br /> | tenants = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | embedded = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''World Trade Centre Kolkata''' is an under-construction commercial building in the [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Biddhannagar]], [[Kolkata]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=North 24 Parganas district|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It will consist of multiple towers. The location is close to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Iconic twin towers may come up in Rajarhat - Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-06/kolkata/41130641_1_financial-hub-hidco-action-area-ii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810132003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-06/kolkata/41130641_1_financial-hub-hidco-action-area-ii |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> ===1990 proposal===<br /> The first WTC was proposed in 1990 in a 223- Acre plot in [[East Kolkata]] with corporate offices, residential space, shopping centers and golf courses. But the project did not succeed since it would cover up the East Kolkata wetlands which were protected by court order.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mou-for-world-trade-centre-in-city-inked/articleshow/98892406.cms | title=MoU for World Trade Centre in city inked | newspaper=The Times of India | date=22 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2013 proposal ===<br /> The Chief Minister of West Bengal in 2013 had shown keen interest in establishing a World Trade Centre (WTC) in Kolkata. For this, Pawan Dhoot, Managing Director, Dhoot Group, invited Eric Dahl, CEO of World Trade Center's Association (WTCA), the largest international trade association and the government ministers and officials in Kolkata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The ground work related to the project never really started under the Dhoot led consortium.<br /> <br /> === 2023 proposal===<br /> Merlin Group later in 2023 announced their partnership with the World Trade Centers Association to develop the World Trade Center in Kolkata which would cover an area of 3.5 million square feet. The project’s License Agreement was signed by Scott Wang, Vice President of the World Trade Centers Association (WTCA) Asia Pacific region, and Merlin Group’s Chairman, Sushil Mohta, and Managing Director, Saket Mohta. Approximately ₹1,500 crore investment proposal was initialized by the company for the implementation of the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Sobia |date=2023-03-21 |title=Merlin Group to develop a World Trade Centre in Kolkata |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/merlin-group-to-develop-a-world-trade-centre-in-kolkata/articleshow/98866669.cms |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Kolkata |date=2023-03-21 |title=World Trade Centre to come up in Kolkata at an estimated investment of ₹1,500 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/world-trade-centre-to-come-up-in-kolkata-at-an-estimated-investment-of-1500-crore/article66645858.ece |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]], during the industry enclave meet in Mumbai, was approached by the promoters of World Trade Centre Mumbai with a proposal to erect a similar structure in [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://aitcofficial.org/aitc/kolkata-to-get-indias-tallest-world-trade-centre/ |title=Kolkata to get India`s Tallest World Trade Centre|date=2013-10-29|access-date=2023-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhoot Group to develop first World Trade Center |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/policy-updates-and-economic-news/Dhoot-Group-to-develop-first-World-Trade-Center-/10981 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> Merlin Group initialized the development of World Trade Centre project in a 10.5 Acre plot in the Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (NDITA) area, Salt Lake Sector V, Kolkata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=WTCA join hands with Merlin Group to develop World Trade Centre in Kolkata - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/commercial/wtca-join-hands-with-merlin-group-to-develop-world-trade-centre-in-kolkata/98870870 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Bidhannagar Sector V Kolkata unfinished tower.jpg|left|thumb|[[Videocon Group|Videocon Group's]] abandoned project in Salt Lake Sector V to be developed as World Trade Center]]<br /> The company accessed the prime land which once belonged to Kitchen Appliances India Ltd, a Videocon group entity, through insolvency resolution. Aryan Mining was the successful resolution applicant for KAIL. The owners of Aryan Mining, are related to the Mohta family of the Merlin Group by marriage. Hence, both the firms decided to join hands for completion of the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Telegraph india epaper Calcutta |url=https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/imageview/428313/22652792/71.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=epaper.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Completion ==<br /> Phase I of the entire project is planned to be completed by 2nd half of 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of world trade centers]]<br /> *[[List of tallest buildings in Kolkata]]<br /> *[[List of tallest buildings in India]]<br /> <br /> {{Kolkata topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed skyscrapers in India]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Minds_-_A_Birla_School&diff=460639 2026-02-22T14:38:06Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more footnotes needed|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Notability|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Promotional|date=June 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Birla Open Minds International school<br /> | image = Open-Minds-Hyderabad-logo.jpg<br /> | established = 2013<br /> | fundingtype = Private<br /> | schooltype = [[International school]]<br /> | city = [[Hyderabad]]<br /> | state = [[Telangana]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.433968|N|78.267622|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}<br /> | campus = Urban<br /> | enrollment = 0<br /> | staff = 100<br /> | classrooms = 25<br /> | avg_class_size = 25<br /> | gender = Co-educational<br /> | grades = L.K.G. to Standard XI<br /> | campus_size = 10 acres<br /> | principal = Syamali Choudhry<br /> | director = Ms.Sharmila Reddy<br /> | affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]<br /> [[Cambridge Assessment International Education]]<br /> | website = [http://www.openminds-hyderabad.com/ Official site]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Open Minds – A Birla School''', [[Hyderabad]] is managed by DSR Educational Society. The motto of the DSR group is to create a positive and inspiring space for the students. The school provides both [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] CBSE and [[Cambridge Assessment International Education]] CAIE syllabus for the primary, middle and secondary grade students.<br /> <br /> ==Exams==<br /> The academic year starts mid-June and ends in early April and is divided into three quarters. Examinations are held at the end of every quarter and every month. Regular assignments and Quarterly reports are given to all students and parent-teacher meetings are held to enable parents and teachers to interact.<br /> <br /> ==Campus features and facilities==<br /> The campus of the school occupies 10 acres. Open Minds offers a wide variety of sports facilities.<br /> <br /> ==School ceremonies and traditions==<br /> * '''Investiture Ceremony '''<br /> At the beginning of every academic year, the newly elected School Student Cabinet and class leaders, house leaders take the oath of office in a colourful yet solemn [[Investiture]] ceremony. The School Pupil Leaders for Boys and Girls make their maiden speech on this occasion. The investiture ceremony for the 2017–2018 academic year took place on 7 July 2017.<br /> <br /> * '''Independence Day'''<br /> Independence day is celebrated very grandly. There are inter-house cultural competitions and each house is given a topic to perform- usually related to the theme &quot;India&quot; and then the winners are declared. This is the day for the Cabinet to show off their abilities.<br /> <br /> * '''Teachers' Day'''<br /> 5 September of every year is celebrated as Teachers' Day all over India in the memory of former President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. In what is probably the most festive celebration of the year, students show their appreciation to their teachers. Sports and games are held for the teachers and prizes are given away. Every classroom has an individual celebration for about an hour before the whole school assembles to celebrate the event. The organization of the event in its entirety is taken up by the School Cabinet and the Class Leaders.<br /> <br /> * '''Children's Day'''<br /> 14 November of every year, the Children's Day marking the birth day of the first Prime minister of the Independent India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pundit Jawarhar Lal Nehru]] is celebrated by the school with fun filled acts performed by the staff of the school itself. Prize distribution to the students won in literary and cultural competitions held though the year are awarded.<br /> <br /> *'''Christmas Celebrations'''<br /> Every year by mid December, Christmas celebrations are carried on in the school premises where students enact a play describing the birth of Jesus Christ.<br /> <br /> *'''Republic Day'''<br /> On 26 January, the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day Celebrations]] are done in the school with the flag hoisting and a march past drill by the House Leaders, Class Leaders and the school cabinet itself along with the NCC contingent of the school.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Education in India]]<br /> *[[List of schools in India]]<br /> *[[Delhi Public School]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.openminds-hyderabad.com Official website]<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/avenues/open-minds-school-launched.html |title=Open minds school launched |work=The Pioneer |publisher=dailypioneer.com|date= |accessdate=2013-12-06}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2017-01-05/Open-Minds-shine-in-carrom/272163 |title=Open Minds shine in carrom |publisher=Thehansindia.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-05}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|School|Education}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Private schools in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:2013 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]<br /> <br /> {{Telangana-school-stub}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitin_Arjun_Pawar&diff=522286 2026-02-21T17:28:40Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> '''Nitin Arjun Pawar''' (born 1969)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from the [[Kalwan Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community in [[Nashik district|Nashik District]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Kalwan Election Results 2019 Live Updates (कळवण): Nitin Arjun A. T. Pawar of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kalwan-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359069.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Pawar is from [[Kalwan taluka|Kalwan]], Nashik District, Maharashtra. He is the son of [[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]]. He completed his B.A. in 1991 [[KTHM College, Nashik]] which is affiliated with [[Pune University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nitin Arjun Pawar(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- KALWAN (ST)(NASHIK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7905 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Pawar first became an MLA winning the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] in the Kalwan Assembly constituency representing the Nationalist Congress Party. He polled 86,877 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]], by a margin of 6,596 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalwan Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Kalwan Assembly Election Latest News &amp; Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/maharashtra-election/kalwan-assembly-election-result-2019-117.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalwan (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos , Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kalwan-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He retained his seat in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election again defeating Jiva Pandu Gavit, by a margin of 8,432 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalwan Election Result 2024 LIVE: Nitinbhau Arjun (A.T.) Pawar of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kalwan-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130062.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Electoral performance ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Election !! Constituency !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||{{Won}}||50.40%||[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||46.84%||&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalwan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalwan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13117.htm |access-date=22 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222073520/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13117.htm |archive-date=22 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]||[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||{{Won}}||45.03%||[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||41.61%||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Nitin Arjun}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:People from Nashik district]]<br /> {{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konaseema_district&diff=455366 2026-02-21T10:24:04Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: minor adjust details for clarity and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|District in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{pp-move|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Konaseema district<br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> |size = 250<br /> |photo1a = Draksharama temple entrance 02.JPG<br /> |photo1b = Crop fields in Yeditha village.jpg<br /> |photo2a = Gummileru Jain Temple close view2.jpg<br /> |photo2b = Amalapuram LandMark.jpg<br /> |photo3a = Sunaet at antharvedi beach.jpg<br /> }}<br /> | image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Bhimeswara temple at [[Draksharama]], Crop fields in Yeditha, Street of [[Amalapuram]], [[Antarvedi]] Beach, [[Gummileru]] Jain Temple<br /> | image_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Region<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Amalapuram]]<br /> | leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District collector]]<br /> | leader_name = Mahesh Kumar IAS<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of Police]]<br /> | leader_name1 = P Sridhar IPS&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=P Sridhar IPS posted as SP- BR Ambedkar Konaseema District, AP {{!}} Indian Bureaucracy is an Exclusive News Portal |url=https://indianbureaucracy.com/p-sridhar-ips-posted-as-sp-br-ambedkar-konaseema-district-ap/ |date=19 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name2 = [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|01]]<br /> | leader_title3 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name3 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|07]]<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- No native name per [[BP:NOINDICSCRIPTS]] --&gt;<br /> | total_type = Total<br /> | area_total_km2 = 2081.2<br /> | population_total = 1719093<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;/&gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset = +05:30<br /> | website = {{URL|https://konaseema.ap.gov.in/}}<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|16.6|82.0|display=title,inline}}<br /> | founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | established_title = Formed<br /> | established_date = 4 April 2022<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 8<br /> | mapframe-wikidata = yes<br /> | map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining district<br /> | official_name = Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Konaseema district''' (officially '''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district''') is a [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|district]] in [[Konaseema]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is situated between the tributaries of the [[Godavari River]] in the [[Coastal Andhra]]. It was carved out of [[East Godavari district (1925–2022)|East Godavari district]] on 4 April 2022 by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Amalapuram]] is the district headquarters and the largest city in this district. The district shares boundaries with [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] and [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] districts.<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district is situated in the delta of the Godavari River.This district also known as the Andhra kerala. The land in this region is considered highly fertile, and its economy is primarily based on agriculture,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1843|author=Charles Alfred Browne|editor=Alfred Radford Symonds|title=An Introduction to the Geography and History of India, and the Countries Adjacent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJxeAAAAcAAJ|page=188|publisher=P.R. Hunt}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially with a focus on rice and coconut cultivation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ONE DISTRICT ONE PRODUCT {{!}} Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema District {{!}} India |url=https://konaseema.ap.gov.in/one-district-one-product/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangrove forests are present in the northeast of the district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Konaseema {{!}} PDF {{!}} Agriculture {{!}} Nature |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/81950871/Konaseema |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Scribd |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from the [[Ramachandrapuram revenue division]], the district lies between the two branches of the [[Godavari River]]. The Godavari divides into two components, namely ''Gautami'' and ''Vasishtha'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GRMB |url=https://grmb.gov.in/grmb/basin |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=grmb.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; forming an island which is called [[Konaseema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Konaseema - A Top Story of the Green Land popular for its Natural Beauty |url=http://www.inkakinada.com/topstories/konaseema-east-godavari-ap |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=inkakinada.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This district is surrounded to the north by [[East Godavari district]], south by [[Bay of Bengal|the Bay of Bengal]], east by [[Kakinada district]] and west by [[West Godavari district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=Map of the Konaseema district |url=https://konaseema.ap.gov.in/map-of-district/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> On 26 January 2022 the [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Andhra Pradesh Cabinet]] made a significant decision to create 13 new districts, and among them, the proposal for the Konaseema district was approved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet clears the formation of 13 new districts |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/andhra-pradesh-cabinet-clears-the-formation-of-13-new-districts/article65220461.ece |access-date= |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Jagan govt carves out 13 new districts in Andhra, names one after TDP founder |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jagan-govt-carves-out-13-new-districts-in-andhra-names-one-after-tdp-founder-101643224669403.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 4 April 2022 the chief minister [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] virtually inaugurated all 13 new districts, officially establishing Konaseema district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 5 April 2022|title=Explained: The 13 new districts of Andhra Pradesh, and why they have been created |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-13-new-districts-andhra-pradesh-7853931/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=Andhra Pradesh now has 26 districts with the addition of 13 new districts on April 4 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/andhra-pradesh-now-has-26-districts-with-the-addition-of-13-new-districts/article65396198.ece |access-date= |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, on 18 May 2022, the government initiated discussions about renaming Konaseema district in honour of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], leading to violent protests on 24 May 2022, during which protesters set ablaze the home of [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|transport minister]] [[Pinipe Viswarup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Andhra minister's home set afire in protest over renaming district after BR Ambedkar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-pradesh-protest-renaming-district-ambedkar-amalapuram-jagan-reddy-1953619-2022-05-24 |access-date= |website=India Today |date=24 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How the Decision to Name a District After Ambedkar Led to Violent Protests in Coastal Andhra |url=https://thewire.in/caste/konaseema-violence-ambedkar-andhra |access-date= |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, on 24 June 2022, the Andhra Pradesh Cabinet endorsed the gazette notification issued on May 18, officially approving the renaming of the district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amalapuram burns over renaming district after Ambedkar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/may/25/amalapuram-burns-over-renaming-district-after-ambedkar-2457655.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express|date=25 May 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jonathan |first=P. Samuel |date=2022-06-24 |title=Cabinet resolves to name Konaseema district after B.R. Ambedkar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cabinet-resolves-to-name-konaseema-district-after-br-ambedkar/article65561396.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=Andhra Pradesh renames newly created Konaseema district after BR Ambedkar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/andhra-pradesh-konaseema-district-br-ambedkar-7989161/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, on 2 August 2022, Konaseema district was officially renamed to Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district. The change took effect on that date, as announced in the gazette notification by the [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> The notification stated:&lt;blockquote&gt;the Governor of Andhra Pradesh, in the interests of public, after having published proposals in that regard as required under sub-section (5) of Section 3 of the Andhra Pradesh Districts (formation) Act, 1974 (Act No.7 of 1974), and having taken into consideration the objections and suggestions received thereon all persons in the areas concerned and likely to be affected thereby, do hereby notify to change the existing name of the Konaseema district as Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette Notification |url=https://apegazette.cgg.gov.in/uploadGazette_view?filePath=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwOi8vYXBlZ2F6ZXR0ZS5jZ2cuZ292LmluL3NlYXJjaEFsbEdhemV0dGVzIiwiaWF0IjoxNjk5NzUyOTkxLCJzdWIiOiIvVXBsb2Fkcy9BUEdBWkVUVEUvZ2F6ZXR0ZXMvMTY1OTQ2MDE5OTUyNS5wZGYifQ.-RGWwR3MwTRADKQWJ3OiU0AnKGv6l5rqtjLW2TbdyZ4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> <br /> There is one parliamentary and six assembly constituencies in the Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district. The parliamentary constituency is [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]], and the assembly constituencies are listed below.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !width=&quot;50px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|Constituency number<br /> !Name<br /> !style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|Reserved for&lt;br/&gt;([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br /> !Parliament<br /> |-<br /> |42<br /> |[[Ramachandrapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ramachandrapuram]]<br /> |None<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]]<br /> |-<br /> |43<br /> |[[Mummidivaram (Assembly constituency)|Mummidivaram]]<br /> |None<br /> |-<br /> |44 <br /> |[[Amalapuram (Assembly constituency)|Amalapuram]]<br /> |[[Dalit|SC]]<br /> |-<br /> |45<br /> |[[Razole (Assembly constituency)|Razole]]<br /> |[[Dalit|SC]]<br /> |-<br /> |46<br /> |[[Gannavaram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Gannavaram]]<br /> |[[Dalit|SC]]<br /> |-<br /> |47<br /> |[[Kothapeta (Assembly constituency)|Kothapeta]]<br /> |None<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Administrative divisions ==<br /> [[File:Konaseema.png|alt=Konaseema District|thumb|Satellite view of Dr B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district|277x277px]]<br /> <br /> The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: [[Amalapuram revenue division|Amalapuram]], [[Kothapeta revenue division|Kothapeta]] and [[Ramachandrapuram revenue division|Ramachandrapuram]], each of which is further subdivided into a total of 19 [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|mandals]], with each mandal being headed by a sub-collector.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MANDALS {{!}} Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema District {{!}} India |url=https://konaseema.ap.gov.in/about-district/administrative-setup/mandals/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mandals ===<br /> The list of 19 mandals in Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 August 2022 |title=G.O. on naming Konaseema district after Dr. B.R. Ambedkar issued |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/go-on-naming-konaseema-district-after-dr-br-ambedkar-issued/article65721215.ece |access-date=13 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AP cabinet approves two new revenue divisions |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070422/ap-cabinet-approves-2-new-revenue-divisions.html |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=7 April 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> # [[Amalapuram revenue division]]<br /> ## [[Allavaram mandal|Allavaram]]<br /> ## [[Amalapuram mandal|Amalapuram]]<br /> ## [[I. Polavaram mandal|I. Polavaram]]<br /> ## [[Katrenikona mandal|Katrenikona]]<br /> ## [[Malikipuram mandal|Malikipuram]]<br /> ## [[Mamidikuduru mandal|Mamidikuduru]]<br /> ## [[Mummidivaram mandal|Mummidivaram]]<br /> ## [[Razole mandal|Razole]]<br /> ## [[Sakhinetipalle mandal|Sakhinetipalle]]<br /> ## [[Uppalaguptam mandal|Uppalaguptam]]<br /> # [[Kothapeta revenue division]]<br /> ## [[Ainavilli mandal|Ainavilli]]<br /> ## [[Alamuru mandal|Alumuru]]<br /> ## [[Ambajipeta mandal|Ambajipeta]]<br /> ## [[Atreyapuram mandal|Atreyapuram]]<br /> ## [[Kothapeta mandal|Kothapeta]]<br /> ## [[P. Gannavaram mandal|P. Gannavaram]]<br /> ## [[Ravulapalem mandal|Ravulapalem]]<br /> # [[Ramachandrapuram revenue division]]<br /> ## [[K. Gangavaram mandal]]<br /> ## [[Ramachandrapuram mandal, East Godavari district|Ramachandrapuram]]<br /> {{Div end}}<br /> <br /> == Cities and towns ==<br /> The district underwent reorganization in 2022, resulting in the presence of one Grade 1 municipality,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Grade {{!}} Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/first-grade |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=cdma.ap.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; two Grade 2 municipalities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Second Grade {{!}} Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/second-grade |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=cdma.ap.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; and one Nagar Panchayat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nagarpanchayats {{!}} Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/nagarpanchayats |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=cdma.ap.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Largest towns and villages in Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district<br /> |-<br /> ! Rank !! Name !! Revenue division <br /> !Civil Status!! Population<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || [[Amalapuram]] || [[Amalapuram revenue division|Amalapuram]] <br /> |Municipality Grade - 1 || 53,231<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || [[Ramachandrapuram, Konaseema district|Ramachandrapuram]] || [[Ramachandrapuram revenue division|Ramachandrapuram]] <br /> |Municipality Grade - 2 || 43,657<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || [[Mummidivaram]] || [[Amalapuram revenue division|Amalapuram]] <br /> |Nagar Panchayat || 25,355<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || [[Kothapeta, Konaseema|Kothapeta]] || [[Kothapeta revenue division|Kothapeta]] <br /> |Gram Panchayat|| 24,539<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || [[Razole, Konaseema district|Razole]] || [[Amalapuram revenue division|Amalapuram]] <br /> |Gram Panchayat|| 13,597<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || [[Bandarulanka]] || [[Amalapuram revenue division|Amalapuram]] <br /> |Gram Panchayat|| 11,470<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || [[Alamuru]]|| [[Kothapeta revenue division|Kothapeta]] <br /> |Gram Panchayat|| 9,723<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || [[P. Gannavaram]] || [[Kothapeta revenue division|Kothapeta]] <br /> |Gram Panchayat|| 9,459<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Konaseema district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.39}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|1.04}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.16}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of religions<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district had a population of 1,719,093, of which 164,421 (9.56%) lived in urban areas. Konaseema district had a sex ratio of 994 females per 1000 males.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – East Godavari |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/158/download/282/DH_2011_2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST_GODAVARI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |pages=85–90}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprised 427,130 (24.85%) and 13,481 (0.78%).&lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema District {{!}} India |url=https://konaseema.ap.gov.in/demography/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.41% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> [[File:Prabhala theerdham festival in Konaseema.jpg|thumb|277x277px|Prabhala Teerdham festival in Konaseema]]<br /> The region has a diverse folk culture with their regional gods. In the heart of the Godavari Delta, Konaseema is one of the only two regions in India, apart from [[Kerala]], where a large community still practices traditional [[Śrauta|Shrauta]] rituals. These traditions have largely fallen out of use in the rest of India, making it a favoured destination for scholars seeking to understand ancient Vedic culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Knipe |first=David M. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199397686.001.0001 |title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition |date=2015-04-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199397686.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-939768-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the [[Dalit]]s, like in most of [[Coastal Andhra]], are [[Christians]] - both Catholic and Protestant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=When the Caregiver Is Also a Survivor |date=2020-03-03 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d5f8.10 |work=Touched |pages=76–92 |publisher=1517 Media |doi=10.2307/j.ctvp7d5f8.10 |s2cid=240764530 |access-date=2022-06-06|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sankranti]] is observed as the major festival in the Konaseema region. The people of Konaseema commemorate the 400-year-old tradition of ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Prabhala Teertham''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' on Kanuma, the third day of the Sankranti festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-01-23 |title=Prabhala Theertham: A colourful combo of nature &amp; people |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/prabhala-theertham-a-colourful-combo-of-nature-people-778738 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This unique celebration is set to gain national attention as a tableau representing the Konaseema festival will feature in the Republic Day parade in [[New Delhi]] on January 26.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-01-25 |title=Tableau on Konaseema festival in Republic Day parade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/tableau-on-konaseema-festival-in-r-day-parade/articleshow/97295557.cms |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tourism ==<br /> Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district boasts numerous tourist attractions, including the picturesque [[Antarvedi]], Chirra Yanam, and [[Odalarevu]] beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-03-06 |title=Student feared drowned at Antarvedi beach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/student-feared-drowned-at-antarvedi-beach/article34006364.ece |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunrise Beach - Tourist attraction - Chirra Yanam - Andhra Pradesh {{!}} Yappe.in |url=https://yappe.in/andhra-pradesh/chirra-yanam/sunrise-beach/1147898 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=yappe.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TOURISM {{!}} Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema District {{!}} India |url=https://konaseema.ap.gov.in/tourism-2/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A notable 2nd-century CE Buddhist archaeological site can be found in [[Adurru]] village.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ADURRU (BUDDA STHUPAS) {{!}} Welcome to East Godavari District Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/tourist-place/adurru/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the [[Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation]] operates resorts in [[Dindi, East Godavari district|Dindi]], providing tourists with the opportunity to indulge in the scenic beauty of the Konaseema backwaters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-01-05 |title=In the lap of Godavari, all the time to sit and stare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-lap-of-godavari-all-the-time-to-sit-and-stare/article2777546.ece |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the district's religious landmarks, Sri Vighneswara Swamy Devasthanam in [[Ainavilli]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SRI SIDDI VINAYAKA SWAMI TEMPLE (SRI VIGNESWARA SWAMI TEMPLE), AINAVILLI {{!}} Welcome to East Godavari District Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/temples/sri-siddi-vinayaka-swami-temple-sri-vigneswara-swami-temple-ainavilli/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lord Venkateshwara Temple in [[Appanapalle|Appanapalli]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SRI BALA BALAJI DEVASTHANAM, APPANAPALLI {{!}} Welcome to East Godavari District Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/temples/sri-bala-balaji-devasthanam-appanapalli/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Antarvedi|Lakshmi Narasimha Temple]] in [[Antarvedi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=T. Appala |date=2023-02-01 |title=Antarvedi Kalyanotsav, procession of chariot enthrals devotees in Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/antarvedi-kalyanotsav-procession-of-chariot-enthrals-devotees-in-konaseema-district-of-andhra-pradesh/article66458680.ece |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Bhimeswara Swamy Temple in [[Draksharamam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LORD BHIMESWARA SWAMI TEMPLE, DRAKSHARAMA {{!}} Welcome to East Godavari District Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/temples/lord-bhimeswara-swami-temple-draksharama/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; are renowned for their cultural and historical significance.<br /> <br /> {{Gallery<br /> |title=Tourist attractions in Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district<br /> |width=160 | height=170<br /> |align=center<br /> |footer=<br /> |File:Antarvedi Beach view 02.jpg <br /> |Antarvedi beach, [[Antarvedi]]<br /> <br /> |File:FRESH RIVER.jpg<br /> |Godavari River backwaters near [[Dindi, Konaseema district|Dindi]]<br /> <br /> |File:Draksharama temple, Draksharamam.jpg<br /> |[[Draksharama|Bhimeswara Swamy temple]] in [[Draksharamam]]<br /> <br /> |File:Buddhist Stupa Aduru.jpg<br /> |Buddhist Stupa in [[Adurru]]<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Transportation ==<br /> <br /> === Road ===<br /> Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district has efficient connectivity through state and national highways, namely [[National Highway 216 (India)|NH216]], [[National Highway 216A (India)|NH216A]], and NH216E, which diverge from NH16 and pass through the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-28 |title=APROADS |url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&amp;oId=33 |access-date=2024-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&amp;oId=33 |archive-date=28 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-16 |title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.11.2018 1/31 |url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924 |access-date=2024-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416164908/http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924 |archive-date=16 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] has bus depots in Amalapuram, Ravulapalem, and Ramachandrapuram,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contact Numbers And Mail IDs Of Depot Managers |url=https://www.apsrtc.ap.gov.in/Depots.php |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.apsrtc.ap.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; operating bus services to villages within the district and connecting to various towns and cities in Andhra Pradesh and [[Telangana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APSRTC Official Website for Online Bus Ticket Booking - APSRTConline.in |url=https://www.apsrtconline.in/oprs-web/guest/home.do?h=1 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.apsrtconline.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Railway ===<br /> <br /> The district is currently served by four railway stations. [[Dwarapudi railway station]] and [[Kesavaram railway station]] on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line|Howrah-Chennai main line]], and [[Kotipalli railway station]] and Ramachandrapuram railway station&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CG |first=Karthik |title=Ramachandrapuram Railway Station Map/Atlas SCR/South Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/ramachandrapuram-rbcs/9408 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the Kakinada - Kotipalli line. Additionally, the Kakinada - Kotipalli - Narsapur railway line is currently under construction, including the development of a bridge over the Godavari river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kotipalli-Narasapur railway line project work in Andhra Pradesh on track |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/jan/09/kotipalli-narasapur-railway-line-project-work-on-track-1922692.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203082735/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/jan/09/kotipalli-narasapur-railway-line-project-work-on-track-1922692.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon completion, this railway line will include a stop at the district headquarters, [[Amalapuram railway station]], enhancing connectivity in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-27 |title=త్వరలోనే కోనసీమకు రైలు కూత |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/comming-soonly-kotipalli-narsapuram-railway-line-317807 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=T. Appala |date=2022-02-13 |title='Release State share to complete Kotipalli-Narsapur railway project', demands BJP MP GVL |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-must-release-its-share-to-complete-kotipalli-narsapur-railway-project-gvl/article65046017.ece |access-date=2022-04-13 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the major railway stations in proximity to the district are [[Rajahmundry railway station]] and [[Narasapur railway station]].<br /> <br /> === Air ===<br /> The district lacks airport, with the closest domestic options being [[Rajahmundry Airport]] at a distance of {{Convert|75.5|km|mi}} and [[Vijayawada Airport]] at {{Convert|170|km|mi}} from the district headquarters, Amalapuram. For international travel, the nearest airports are [[Visakhapatnam Airport]], situated {{Convert|219|km|mi}} away, and [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], located {{Convert|474|km|mi}} away.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Airports Near Me - Amalapuram, India {{!}} Travelmath |url=https://www.travelmath.com/nearest-airport/Amalapuram,+India |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.travelmath.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Airport Near Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India, Nearest Airports |url=https://airport.globefeed.com/India_Nearest_Airport_Result.asp?lat=16.5833333&amp;lng=82.0166667&amp;place=Amalapuram,%20Andhra%20Pradesh,%20India&amp;sr=gp |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=airport.globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Konaseema district protest]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Konaseema district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q110714859}}<br /> <br /> {{Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Konaseema district| ]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Football_League_(India)&diff=463837 2026-02-12T10:02:07Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: slightly expanded layout to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former nationwide league competition featuring association football clubs from India}}<br /> {{other uses|NFL (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox football league<br /> | image = [[File:National Football League (India).png|260px]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | confed = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|1996}}<br /> | folded = {{end date and age|2007}} (reformed as the [[I-League]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/about-us/history-of-i-league/ |title=History of I-League |publisher=AIFF |website=i-league.org |access-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614150349/https://i-league.org/about-us/history-of-i-league/ |archive-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | chairman = <br /> | teams = 12 (from [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]] to [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]])&lt;br/&gt;10 (from [[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05]] to [[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07]])<br /> | levels = 1<br /> | domest_cup = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]<br /> | champions = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] (2nd title)<br /> | season = [[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07]]<br /> | most successful club = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]&lt;br/&gt;[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] &lt;br/&gt;(3 titles each)<br /> | relegation = [[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League Second Division]]<br /> | confed_cup = [[AFC Champions League]]&lt;br/&gt;[[AFC Cup]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''National Football League''' ('''NFL''') was the men's highest level of the [[Indian football league system#Men's|Indian football league system]] from 1996 to 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Departments' League — A solution to many problems|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/sports/features/english-news-1.916067|website=englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi|location=Kochi|date=8 March 2016|first=M. M. Jafar|last=Khan|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804042211/https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/sports/features/english-news-1.916067}}&lt;/ref&gt; Founded by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) in 1996, the NFL was the first football league in India to be organized on a national scale. The AIFF then added a second division in 1997 and a third division was soon added by the governing body in 2006. The NFL was eventually replaced by the [[I-League]] for the [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]] season in order to professionalize the sport in India.<br /> <br /> As well as league competition, clubs in the NFL would also participate in the main domestic cup competition, the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]. The NFL champions would also participate in the [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]] against the Federation Cup champion. NFL players could also participate in the state-based [[Santosh Trophy]] competition.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The National Football League was founded by the All India Football Federation, the governing body for [[football in India]], in 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifde&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=National Football League |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027034504/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim of the league was to promote the development of the sport in the country. [[JCT F.C.|JCT Mills]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] won the [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|inaugural season]] of the league. Then [[India national football team|Indian international]] [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] was the league's top goalscorer with 14 goals.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=NFL Champions and Goalscorers |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/nflroll.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220719/http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflroll.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; To supplement the Premier Division, the AIFF began the [[National Football League Second Division (India)|second division]] of the NFL in 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifde2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=NFL Division 2 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081440/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tollygunge Agragami F.C.|Tollygunge Agragami]] of [[Kolkata]] were the inaugural second division champions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifde2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, in order to help promote the development of young Indian players, the AIFF launched the under-19 league.&lt;ref name=&quot;u19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=NFL Under-19 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflj.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802071920/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflj.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The inaugural season of the under-19 league would see [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] crowned champions.&lt;ref name=&quot;u19&quot;/&gt; Only three seasons of the [[National Football League (Under-19)|under-19 league]] were held in 2001, 2002–03, and 2004–05.&lt;ref name=&quot;u19&quot;/&gt; The AIFF also fielded the [[India national under-16 football team|India under-16]] side in the league when held.&lt;ref name=&quot;u19&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to the [[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07]] season, the AIFF launched a [[National Football League Third Division (India)|third division]], which was essentially just the qualifiers for the second division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NFL Division Three |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html |website=RSSSF |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609201305/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india07.html#nfl2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After the season concluded, the AIFF announced that the NFL would be disbanded and replaced with a new fully-professional league, the I-League for the 2007–08 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=AIFF's I-League to have 10 teams |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/nov/21aiff.htm |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=Rediff |date=21 November 2007 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808071300/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/nov/21aiff.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] finished as the final NFL champions.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifde&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sponsorship==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Period<br /> ! Sponsor<br /> ! Industry<br /> ! Tournament<br /> |-<br /> |1996–1998<br /> |{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Philips]]<br /> |[[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]<br /> |[[Philips]] National Football League<br /> |-<br /> |1998–2001<br /> |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[The Coca-Cola Company]]<br /> |[[Drink|Beverage]]<br /> |[[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] National Football League <br /> |-<br /> |2001–2002<br /> |{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Group]]<br /> |[[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]<br /> |[[Tata Group|Tata]] National Football League<br /> |-<br /> |2002–2003<br /> |{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]],<br /> [[Bharat Petroleum|BPCL]], [[Hindustan Petroleum|HPCL]], [[Indian Oil Corporation|IOC]], [[GAIL]], IBP, [[Kochi Refineries|Cochin Refineries Ltd.]] and Chennai Refineries Ltd.<br /> |[[Public sector undertakings in India|Public sector enterprises]]<br /> |[[Petroleum industry|Oil]] [[Public sector undertakings in India|PSU]] National Football League<br /> |-<br /> |2003–2004<br /> |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[The Coca-Cola Company]]<br /> |[[Drink|Beverage]]<br /> |[[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] National Football League <br /> |-<br /> |2004–2007<br /> |{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]<br /> |[[Petroleum industry|Petroleum]]<br /> |[[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] National Football League&lt;br /&gt;(2004–2005)<br /> <br /> [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] Cup&lt;br /&gt;(2005–2007)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Clubs==<br /> '''Played in NFL Premier Division'''<br /> <br /> * [[Air India FC|Air India]]<br /> * [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]<br /> * [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> * [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]<br /> * [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> * [[Fransa-Pax FC|Fransa-Pax]]<br /> * [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]<br /> * [[Indian Bank Recreational Club|Indian Bank]]<br /> * [[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]]<br /> * [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]<br /> * [[Kerala Police FC|Kerala Police]]<br /> * [[FC Kochin|Kochin]]<br /> * [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]<br /> * [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> * [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> * [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]<br /> * [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]<br /> * [[SC de Goa|Sporting Goa]]<br /> * [[SBI Kerala (football team)|State Bank of Travancore]]<br /> * [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]<br /> * [[CD Vasco da Gama|Vasco]]<br /> <br /> ==Champions==<br /> ===Premier Division===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Season<br /> ! Champions&lt;br/&gt;(number of titles)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiachamp.html|title=India — List of National Champions|author=Atsushi Fujioka &amp; Arunava Chaudhuri|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026112338/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiachamp.html|archive-date=26 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Runners-up<br /> ! Third place<br /> ! Leading goalscorer(s)<br /> ! Goals<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|{{nowrap|[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]]}}<br /> | '''[[JCT F.C.|JCT Mills]]'''<br /> | [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] (JCT Mills)<br /> | align=center|14<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1997–98]]<br /> | '''[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]'''<br /> | [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raman Vijayan]] (Kochin)<br /> | align=center|10<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[1998–99 National Football League (India)|1998–99]]<br /> | '''[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]'''<br /> | [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | {{flagicon|GHA}} Philip Mensah (Churchill Brothers)<br /> | align=center|11<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–00]]<br /> | '''[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (2)<br /> | [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]<br /> | {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Igor Shkvyrin]] (Mohun Bagan)<br /> | align=center|11<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]]<br /> | '''[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]'''<br /> | [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[José Ramirez Barreto]] (Mohun Bagan)<br /> | align=center|14<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]]<br /> | '''[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (3)<br /> | [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]<br /> | {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Yusif Yakubu]] (Churchill Brothers)<br /> | align=center|18<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]]<br /> | '''[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]''' (2)<br /> | [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]<br /> | [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]<br /> | {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Yusif Yakubu]] (Churchill Brothers)<br /> | align=center|21<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]]<br /> | '''[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]''' (3)<br /> | [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]<br /> | [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]]<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cristiano Júnior]] (East Bengal)<br /> | align=center|15<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05]]<br /> | '''[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]'''<br /> | [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]<br /> | [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]] (Sporting Goa)<br /> | align=center|21<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[2005–06 National Football League (India)|2005–06]]<br /> | '''[[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]]'''<br /> | [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ranti Martins]] (Dempo)<br /> | align=center|13<br /> |-<br /> | align=center|[[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07]]<br /> | '''[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]''' (2)<br /> | [[JCT F.C.|JCT Mills]]<br /> | [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]]<br /> | {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]] (Churchill Brothers)<br /> | align=center|18<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Second Division===<br /> {{main|National Football League Second Division (India)}}<br /> <br /> ===Third Division===<br /> {{main|National Football League Third Division (India)}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Indian football champions]]<br /> * [[Indian football league system]]<br /> * [[Indian Super League]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{I-League Champions}}<br /> {{National Football League (India)}}<br /> {{I-League seasons}}<br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{Sports leagues of India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:National Football League (India)| ]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct football leagues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports leagues established in 1996]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2007]]<br /> [[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Former top-level association football leagues in Asia|India]]<br /> [[Category:Football leagues in India]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudip_Chattopadhyay&diff=537923 2026-02-12T02:57:43Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added initial data and citations.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian biologist and biotechnologist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Sudip Chattopadhyay<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|8|1}}<br /> | birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | fields = {{ublist | [[Developmental biology]] }}<br /> | workplaces = {{ublist | National Institute of Plant Genome Research | [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]] }}<br /> | alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Burdwan]] | [[University of Kalyani]] | [[Rajabazar Science College]]/ [[Calcutta University]] | [[Bose Institute]] | [[University of Michigan]] | [[Yale University]] | [[Purdue University]] }}<br /> | doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | Sudhamoy Ghosh }}<br /> | doctoral_students = <br /> | known_for = Studies in [[signal transduction]] in plants<br /> | awards = {{ublist| 2005&amp;nbsp;[[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }} <br /> }}<br /> '''Sudip Chattopadhyay''' (born 1 August 1960) is an Indian developmental biologist, biotechnologist and the dean of research and consultancy at the [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]]. Known for his studies on the ''molecular basis of light-controlled plant growth and development'', Chattopadhyay is a J. C. Bose National Fellow of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] (SERB) and an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> [[File:Kalyani University.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kalyani University]] administrative building]]<br /> Born on 1 August 1960&lt;ref name=&quot;Fellow profile – Sudip Chattopadhyay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chattopadhyay,_Prof._Sudip |title=Fellow profile – Sudip Chattopadhyay |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], Sudip Chattopadhyay completed a BSc honors degree in chemistry from the [[University of Burdwan]] and obtained an MSc in biochemistry from the [[University of Kalyani]] in 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow – Sudip Chattopadhyay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P09-1479 |title=Indian fellow – Sudip Chattopadhyay |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, he did his doctoral studies on the role of [[regulatory genes]] involved in [[carbohydrate metabolism]] at the [[Bose Institute]] under the guidance of Sudhamoy Ghosh which earned him a PhD from the [[University of Calcutta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidwan – Profile Page&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/42674 |title=Vidwan – Profile Page |date=2017-12-17 |website=vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moving to the US in 1993, he joined the [[University of Michigan]] as a research associate but later shifted to [[Yale University]] and [[Purdue University]] where he completed the post-doctoral work. Returning to India in 2000, he joined the National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi as a professor. He was holding the grade of staff scientist IV when he joined the [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]] in 2009 as a professor where he serves as a professor at the department of biotechnology and as the dean of research and consultancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nitdgp.ac.in/deans.php |title=Deans |date=2017-12-17 |website=www.nitdgp.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chattopadhyay resides in [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake City]], a satellite town in West Bengal.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASI fellows&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> [[File:Transcription Factors.svg|thumb|235px|[[Transcription factor]]s]]<br /> During his post-doctoral years in the US, Chattopadhyay worked on the ''regulatory switch of seedling development in plant'' and propounded the theory that the first [[transcription factor]] of light signaling pathways which interacted with [[COP1]] was ''HY5''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow – Sudip Chattopadhyay&quot; /&gt; Later, he studied the role of light in plant growth and development and its molecular basis. The team led by him was successful in synthesizing Z-box binding transcription factors such as ZBF1, ZBF2 and ZBF3 and regulatory proteins like SHW1 and EHY5, all of which have significant role in plant development from seedling stage to flowering. They have also been successful in demonstrating the correlation between Z-box binding factors and other transcription factors namely HY5, HYH, COP1 and SPA1. Their work has resulted in the generation of ''ZBF1 over-expresser [[genetically modified tomato|transgenic tomato]] plants'' and investigations are on regarding the biotechnological potential of the findings in crop development.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow – Sudip Chattopadhyay&quot; /&gt; His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online article repository of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] has listed 22 of them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Browse by Fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Chattopadhyay=3ASudip=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has mentored several doctoral scholars and has delivered invited or plenary speeches at seminars and conferences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plant development and cell signaling&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/web/Plant%20symposium%20flyer.pdf |title=Plant development and cell signaling |date=2015 |website=Presidency University |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honors ==<br /> Chattopadhyay, who holds the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]], received the Merit Award of [[Kalyani University]] in 1986 for academic excellence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow – Sudip Chattopadhyay&quot; /&gt; The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;NASI Year Book 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he became a member of [[Guha Research Conference]] in 2007, the same year as he received the Ramanna fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow – Sudip Chattopadhyay&quot; /&gt; He received the elected fellowships of the two academies in 2009, those of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/R |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2017-12-17 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA Year Book 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; A year later, the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology elected him as a fellow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow – Sudip Chattopadhyay&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Selected bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Babu Rajendra Prasad |first=V. |last2=Gupta |first2=Nisha |last3=Nandi |first3=Ashis |last4=Chattopadhyay |first4=Sudip |title=HY1 genetically interacts with GBF1 and regulates the activity of the Z-box containing promoters in light signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana |journal=Mechanisms of Development |volume=129 |issue=9–12 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.mod.2012.06.004|pmid=22766018 |year=2012 |doi-access=free }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Mallappa |first=Chandrashekara |last2=Singh |first2=Aparna |last3=Ram |first3=Hathi |last4=Chattopadhyay |first4=Sudip |date=2008-12-19 |title=GBF1, a Transcription Factor of Blue Light Signaling in Arabidopsis, Is Degraded in the Dark by a Proteasome-mediated Pathway Independent of COP1 and SPA1 |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=283 |issue=51 |pages=35772–35782 |doi=10.1074/jbc.m803437200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=18930926|doi-access=free }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Mallappa |first=Chandrashekara |last2=Yadav |first2=Vandana |last3=Negi |first3=Prem |last4=Chattopadhyay |first4=Sudip |date=2006-08-04 |title=A Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor, G-box-binding Factor 1, Regulates Blue Light-mediated Photomorphogenic Growth in Arabidopsis |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=281 |issue=31 |pages=22190–22199 |doi=10.1074/jbc.m601172200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=16638747|doi-access=free }}<br /> * Maurya JP, Sethi V, Gangappa SN, Gupta N, Chattopadhyay S. Interaction of MYC2 and GBF1 results in functional antagonism in blue light-mediated Arabidopsis seedling development. Plant J. 2015 Aug;83(3):439-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12899<br /> * Abbas N, Maurya JP, Senapati D, Gangappa SN, Chattopadhyay S. Arabidopsis CAM7 and HY5 physically interact and directly bind to the HY5 promoter to regulate its expression and thereby promote photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell. 2014 Mar;26(3):1036-52. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.122515<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Arabidopsis thaliana]]<br /> * [[Photomorphogenesis]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{portal|India|Biology}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|2}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Cite web |url=http://www.nitdgp.ac.in/bt/index.php#ChildVerticalTab3 |title=Department of Biotechnology - List of Faculties |date=2017-12-17 |website=www.nitdgp.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-17}}<br /> <br /> {{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Sudip}}<br /> [[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:1960 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biochemists]]<br /> [[Category:Developmental biologists]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:University of Burdwan alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Kalyani alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Yale University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Purdue University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonal_Vengurlekar&diff=536615 2026-02-12T02:48:55Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added some data more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sonal Vengurlekar<br /> | image = Sonal vengurlekar photo.jpg<br /> | caption = Vengurlekar in 2022<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | years_active = 2006–present<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]}}<br /> | known_for = ''[[The Buddy Project]]'' &lt;br/&gt; ''[[Shastri Sisters]]'' &lt;br/&gt; ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'' &lt;br/&gt; ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed (TV series)|Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]'' &lt;br/&gt; ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sonal Vengurlekar''' is an Indian television actress who appears in [[Hindi]] television. She is known for playing Rukmini Sharma in ''[[The Buddy Project]]'' (2013-2014), Devyani Shastri in ''[[Shastri Sisters]]'' (2014–2015), Survi Barve and Khushi Dharmadhikari in ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'' (2015–2017), Mandira Rajput in ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed (TV series)|Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]'' (2017–2018), and Anjali Hinduja in ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' (2022–2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhanu Uday, Sonal Vengulkar to celebrate Dussehra in Lucknow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhanu-uday-sonal-vengulkar-to-celebrate-dussehra-in-lucknow/articleshow/60874730.cms |access-date=28 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006060741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhanu-uday-sonal-vengulkar-to-celebrate-dussehra-in-lucknow/articleshow/60874730.cms |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> In 2018, Vengurlekar accused photographer and casting director, Raja Bajaj, father of TV actress Sheena Bajaj, of sexually harassing her during her struggling days. She has also been a very vocal supporter of the [[Me Too movement (India)|Me Too movement]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sonal-vengurlekar-i-was-sexually-harassed-by-photographer-raja-bajaj-when-i-started-out/articleshow/66334646.cms|title=#MeToo: I was sexually harassed by photographer Raja Bajaj when I started out, says Sonal Vengurlekar|website=The Times of India|date=24 October 2018 |access-date=27 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> In 2012, she ventured into the television industry. Sonal started her career in the television industry with the serial She was seen in ''[[Dil Dosti Dance]]'' and ''[[Buddy Project]]''.<br /> <br /> In the year 2014, Sonal gained stardom on television from the serial ''[[Shastri Sisters]]''. She also worked in ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]''. Sonal was seen in ''[[Yeh Teri Galiyan]]'' and ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' as Nandini and Riya, in the year 2019.<br /> <br /> From 2020 to 2021, she portrayed Jaya Gupta in [[Star Bharat]]'s ''[[Gupta Brothers]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=3 October 2020|title=We all have a comic side, believes actress Sonal Vengurlekar|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/we-all-have-a-comic-side-believes-actress-sonal-vengurlekar-150387|access-date=7 March 2022|work=[[The Tribune]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, she was cast as Sanya Dubash in [[StarPlus]]' popular show ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 August 2021|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein: Sonal Vengurlekar to enter the show as Armaan's love interest|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-yeh-hai-chahatein-sonal-vengurlekar-to-enter-the-show-as-armaan-s-love-interest-hot-news-1474834|access-date=7 March 2022|work=ABP Live|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, she joined as Savitri in [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''. Then she was as Kiran in ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''. Later she was seen portraying Anjali in ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''.<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Serial <br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | ''[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]''<br /> | Dr. Ahana<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2011–2012<br /> | ''[[R. K. Laxman Ki Duniya]]''<br /> | Various<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2012–2013<br /> | ''[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar|Alaxmi – Humari Super Bahu]]''<br /> | Hiral<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> | ''[[Dil Dosti Dance]]''<br /> | Ruhi Sonkari<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2013–2014<br /> | ''[[The Buddy Project |The Buddy Project 2]]'' <br /> | Rukmini Sharma<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 July 2012 |title='The Buddy Project' loosely based on 'Chak De! India' |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/buddy-project-loosely-based-chak-india-072725329.html |access-date=13 December 2012 |publisher=Yahoo!}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014–2015<br /> | ''[[Shastri Sisters]]'' <br /> | Devyani Shastri<br /> |<br /> |{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2015<br /> |''[[Police Factory]]''<br /> |Priya Devgan<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 September 2015 |title=New TV show 'Police Factory' is a blend of humour and suspense |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/New-TV-show-Police-Factory-is-a-blend-of-humour-and-suspense/articleshow/49102892.cms |access-date=27 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Survi Barve<br /> |Guest appearance<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2015–2016<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016–2017<br /> | Khushi Dharmadhikari<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2015 |title=Watch: Promo of Zee TV's brand new show 'Yeh Vaada Raha' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/watch-promo-of-zee-tv%E2%80%99s-brand-new-show-yeh-vaada-raha_1651949.html |website=Zee News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''<br /> | Survi Barve<br /> |Guest appearance<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> | ''[[Dev (TV series)|Dev]]''<br /> | Pranali Saluja<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2017–2018<br /> | ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed (TV series)|Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]'' <br /> | Mandira Singh Rajput<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''We met at the wrong time''<br /> | Herself<br /> |Short film<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019<br /> |''[[Yeh Teri Galiyan]]'' <br /> | Nandini Mazumdar<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''<br /> | Riya<br /> |Episode 49: &quot;Qatil Naag Ka Tattoo&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |''[[Gupta Brothers]]'' <br /> | Jaya Gupta<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=Sonal Vengurlekar: The new dramatic track in 'Gupta Brothers' will bring out the mature side of Jaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sonal-vengurlekar-the-new-dramatic-track-in-gupta-brothers-will-bring-out-the-mature-side-of-jaya/articleshow/78927577.cms |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''<br /> | Sanya Dubash Thakur<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 August 2021 |title=Sonal Vengurlekar Shares The Reason Why She Experimented With Her Looks In Yeh Hai Chahatein - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/sonal-vengurlekar-shares-the-reason-why-she-experimented-with-her-looks-in-yeh-hai-chahatein-exclusive/611fa5570ecaf427ca7a0245 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=SpotBoye |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2022<br /> |''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''<br /> |Savitri<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''<br /> | Kiran Kapoor<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2022–2023<br /> | ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''<br /> | Anjali Hinduja <br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Sonal Vengurlekar and Niya Sharma join Kundali Bhagya |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sonal-vengurlekar-and-niya-sharma-join-kundali-bhagya-408197 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=The Tribune India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> | ''[[Doree (TV series)|Doree]]''<br /> | Pavitra<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 April 2024 |title=Sonal Vengurlekar To Be Introduced Opposite Amar Upadhyay In Doree |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sonal-vengurlekar-to-be-introduced-opposite-amar-upadhyay-in-doree/articleshow/109569818.cms |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2025<br /> |''Lekar Hum Deewana Dil''<br /> |Rati<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jamai No. 1]]''<br /> |Saili Deshpande<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Sonal Vengurlekar}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|5684665}}<br /> * {{Instagram|sonal_1206}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vengurlekar, Sonal}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gundar_River&diff=457200 2026-02-10T21:50:25Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added page based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|River in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{One source|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{No footnotes|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ta|date=February 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> '''Gundar River''' flows through [[Madurai]], [[Virudhunagar]] and [[Ramanathapuram]] districts of the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The origin of Gundar is Sathuragiri hills, and it flows through Tirumangalam, Kamuthi and ends itself into [[Gulf of Mannar]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/general.html#rivers {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218204159/http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/general.html#rivers |date=18 February 2014 }}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of rivers of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> <br /> {{ Tirunelveli district}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|9|10|N|78|29|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Tirunelveli district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-river-stub}}<br /> {{Tirunelveli-geo-stub}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Bank_Archives_and_Museum&diff=537544 2026-01-31T05:42:14Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added new data from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Museum and archive in Kolkata, India}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox museum<br /> | name = State Bank Archives and Museum<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|2007|05|13|df=y}}<br /> | location = 11th Floor, Block ‘B’, Samriddhi Bhawan, [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Strand Road]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700001<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|22.569|N|88.343|E|display=title,inline}}<br /> | type = <br /> | owner = [[Government of India]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://sbi.co.in/web/sbi-am}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''State Bank Archives and Museum''' is an initiative to document and preserve the [[List of oldest banks in India|history of banking]] in the Indian subcontinent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SBI Archive and Museum |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/museum/SBI-Archive-and-Museum/12396 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=map.sahapedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Learn About The Transition Of Banking In India At SBI Archive And Museum {{!}} LBB |url=https://lbb.in/kolkata/sbi-archive-and-museum-9332de/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=LBB, Kolkata |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The archive and museum opened on 13 May 2007 in the [[State Bank of India]] (SBI) headquarters in [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About - SBI AM |url=https://sbi.co.in/web/sbi-am/about |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=sbi.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Archive ==<br /> The SBI Archive houses historical records, documents, photographs, manuscripts, and other valuable materials pertaining to the history of banking in the Indian subcontinent. This diverse collection primarily covers the history of the bank between 1806-1955 and consists of more than 25000 records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Archive - State Bank Archives and Museum |url=https://www.sbiam.org/archive |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.sbiam.org |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701055848/https://www.sbiam.org/archive |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Museum ==<br /> [[File:SBI Museum C5.jpg|thumb|State Bank Archives and Museum, Kolkata]]<br /> [[File:SBI Museum M3.jpg|thumb|Staircase leading to the balcony, State Bank Archives and Museum, Kolkata]]<br /> [[File:SBI Museum C14.jpg|thumb|Exhibits at State Bank Archives and Museum, Kolkata]]<br /> <br /> The SBI Museum has original documents, memorabilia, statues, artefacts, [[diorama]]s and murals on public display. The museum also provides a peek into the personal finances of influential Bengali Renaissance figures such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], and [[theosophist]] [[Annie Besant]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-07 |title=SBI MUSEUM: A peek into the evolution of Indian banking |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/SBI-MUSEUM-A-peek-into-the-evolution-of-Indian-banking/article20468064.ece |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the entrance of the museum is a statue of Tagore's grandfather [[Dwarkanath Tagore]], a prominent industrialist of his time and one of the earliest contributors towards the growth of the Bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Exhibits include:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Museum - State Bank Archives and Museum |url=https://www.sbiam.org/museum |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.sbiam.org |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701055849/https://www.sbiam.org/museum |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Complaint registers of the [[Bank of Bengal]]<br /> * 1889 Notes of the Banks of Bengal<br /> * Bombay and Madras Account opening forms and ledgers of eminent personalities<br /> * Pass Books<br /> * Instruments of Banking<br /> * Important Agreements<br /> * Scrolls of fidelity and secrecy<br /> * Some relics of the former Bank of Bengal building in Calcutta<br /> * Illustrations of buildings<br /> * Leaflets and journals<br /> * Weights and measures, swords and pistols, seals and insignia, trophies, etc.<br /> * Old publications of the Bank<br /> <br /> == Library ==<br /> The SBI Library has around 5000 rare books and journals relevant to Indian economic history. The diverse collection includes past banking acts, laws, regulations, reports and commentaries which not only reflect the commercial ambitions of the English [[East India Company]] but also highlight the origins and economic trajectory of the State Bank of India. The library also comprises various biographies, memories and letters of prominent individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Library - State Bank Archives and Museum |url=https://www.sbiam.org/library |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.sbiam.org |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701055848/https://www.sbiam.org/library |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[RBI Monetary Museum]]<br /> * [[Indian Institute for Research in Numismatic Studies|Money Museum, Nasik]]<br /> * [[State Bank of India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> &lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> # Kumar, Dharma; Raychaudhury, Tapan; Desai, Meghnad. (Eds.). (1983). ''The Cambridge economic history of India: C.1751-c.1970 volume 2''. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521228022<br /> # Tripathi, Dwijendra. (2004). ''The Oxford History of Indian Business''. India: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195659689<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{Official website|https://sbi.co.in/web/sbi-am}}<br /> <br /> {{SBI}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Museums in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:2007 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Museums established in 2007]]<br /> [[Category:Archives in India]]<br /> [[Category:Bank museums]]<br /> [[Category:State Bank of India]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pumao&diff=527163 2026-01-21T08:27:32Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Creating Initial Pg Nd Citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Pumao<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.8222|95.2078|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Tirap district|Tirap]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 511<br /> | population_total = 4934<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br /> | postal_code = 792131<br /> | registration_plate = AR-13<br /> | website = <br /> | iso_code = <br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Pumao''' is an urban locality in [[Tirap district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. As per the 2011 Census of India, Pumao has a total population of 4,934 people including 2,454 males and 2,480 females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pumao Population, Tirap, Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Arunachal_Pradesh/Tirap/Pumao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029204650/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Arunachal_Pradesh/Tirap/Pumao |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 October 2017 |website=indiagrowing.com |access-date=17 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=District / Circle-Wise Population of Arunachal Pradesh As Per 2011 Census |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/state_wise_dips/STATE%20PROFILE%20OF%20ARUNACHAL%20%20PRADESH,%202015_14316.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/jLBaR |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=Development Commissioner {{!}} Ministry of Micro, Small, &amp; Medium Enterprises {{!}} Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pumao is militancy affected area with both militants and security forces' frequent actions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=One Villager Killed, Others Injured as Army Tries to Catch Ultras in Arunachal Pradesh Village |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/one-villager-killed-others-injured-as-army-tries-to-catch-ultras-in-arunachal-pradesh-village-2623403.html |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=News18 |publisher=[[CNN-News18]] |date=16 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 February 2022 |title=Ultras abduct two construction workers in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ultras-abduct-two-construction-workers-in-arunachal-pradesh/article38368221.ece |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |publisher= |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kalantri |first1=Rishu |title=Arunachal: NSCN (K-YA) militants kidnap Pumao village president |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/arunachal-pradesh/2022/05/12/arunachal-nscn-k-ya-militants-kidnap-pumao-village-president/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=EastMojo |date=12 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Tirap district]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relationship_of_the_Cholas_with_the_Chinese&diff=448349 2025-12-18T16:13:03Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Page updated with additional details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=December 2025}}<br /> [[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|The [[Chola Empire]] during the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] in 1030 CE]]<br /> The [[Cholas]] are one of the [[Three Crowned Kings|three major]] Tamil kingdoms that ruled over the ancient [[Tamilakam]] region of India. <br /> <br /> The first records of a relationship between the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and Cholas dates back to second century BC. As per [[Ban Gu]]'s work ''[[Book of Han]]'' (''Ch'ien Han Shu''), a Chinese ambassador was sent to the Chola Empire. He has also mentioned that he had seen many unprecedented objects which are unseen at China, at the city of ''kuvangtche''. Berend, an acoustics expert, annotates that the city named by Ban Gu is analogous with the acity of [[Kanchi]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{citation|title=Numismatics of Tamils|work=Nadana kaasinaathan}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During the reign of the [[later Cholas]] such as [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1016–1033 CE) and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (in 1077 CE), commercial and political diplomats were sent to China.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|quote=The Chola monarchs sent embassies, partly diplomatic &amp;amp; commercial, to China which reached that country in 1016, 1033, 1077|author=K.A. Nilakanta Shastri|title=A history of South India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|title=Indian History till 1200 AD|publisher=[[Annamalai University]]|chapter=Trade and Coinage|page=425}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Chinese coins have been found during excavations in parts of central Tamil Nadu such as Olayakkunnam and Thaalikkottai, which were part of the earlier Chola Empire.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|title=Chinese Coins From Tanjore vol. I, Part I|publisher=Sino-Indian Studies|date=October 1944}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Relationship of the Tamils with the Chinese]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Chola dynasty topics}}<br /> [[Category:Chola Empire]]<br /> [[Category:History of the foreign relations of India]]<br /> [[Category:China–India relations]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Telly_Awards&diff=472462 2025-12-17T20:49:27Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Annual award}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Indian Television Academy Awards}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = Indian Telly Awards<br /> | image = IndianTellyLogo.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 200 px<br /> | caption = <br /> | awarded_for = Excellence in Hindi Television<br /> | presenter = <br /> | country = {{IND}}<br /> | year = {{Date and age|2001}}<br /> | website = {{URL|indiantellyawards.com/|Indian Telly Awards}}<br /> | network = [[Star Plus]] {{small|(2001–04)}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]] {{small|(2005–09)}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Colors TV]] {{small|(2010–14)}}&lt;br/&gt;[[&amp;TV]] {{small|(2015–18)}}&lt;br/&gt; [[ZEE5]] {{small|(2019–present)}}<br /> | previous_awards = Indian Telly Awards 2025<br /> | previous_date = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Indian Telly Awards''' is an annual awards ceremony that honors excellence of [[Hindi]]-language television. It was conceptualised and created by [[Anil Wanvari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2003/nov/69244.htm|title=An interview with Anil Wanvari|publisher=Mid-Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> For the first three years, The Indian Telly Awards were aired on Indian Hindi general entertainment channel [[Star Plus]] (2001–2003).<br /> From 2004 to 2009, [[Set india|Sony Entertainment Television]] was the home of The Indian Telly Awards with the channel commissioning Indiantelevision.com to produce it and acquiring the content to air on its channel Sony. Since its 10th edition, the awards ceremony moved to Viacom 18 Hindi general entertainment channel [[Colors TV]]. [[&amp;TV]] took over the broadcasting rights, starting the fourteenth edition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Hina Khan bags Best Actor award in negative role for Komolika at ZEE5 Indian Telly Awards 2019- Watch her winning speech |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-hina-khan-bags-best-actor-award-in-negative-role-for-komolika-at-zee5-indian-telly-awards-2019-watch-her-winning-speech-2731732 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian Telly Awards were first presented on 6 July 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/11/23/stories/2004112301441700.htm|title=TV entertainment proves bigger than Bollywood|work=Business Line}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> TV and film actor [[Alyy Khan]] hosted the first awards, held at the [[Oberoi Trident]] hotel in [[Mumbai]]. Actors [[Bhakti Barve]] and [[Jatin Kanakia]] received [[Posthumous recognition|posthumous]] awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/07telly1.htm|title=The Indian Telly Awards|work=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2001 and 2003, the awards were hosted by television Actor [[Ram Kapoor]] &amp; his wife [[Gautami Kapoor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=Rupali Ganguly to Harshad Chopra, celebs win big at Indian Telly Awards 2023. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/photo/rupali-ganguly-to-harshad-chopra-celebs-win-big-at-indian-telly-awards-2023-see-pics-2365039-2023-04-26 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Television actors [[Ram Kapoor]] and [[Roshni Chopra]] hosted the 2007 awards. In 2008 the awards were anchored by [[Cyrus Broacha]] and [[Mini Mathur]]. The 2009 awards were hosted by [[Vishal Malhotra]] and [[Mona Singh]]. In 2010, the Awards were hosted by [[Ronit Roy]] and [[Meghna Malik]]. The [[11th Indian Telly Awards]], held in the year 2012, were hosted by [[Ronit Roy]] &amp; [[Ram Kapoor]] and co-hosted by [[Manish Paul]] &amp; [[Roshni Chopra]]. In the year 2013, 12th Indian Telly Awards were once again hosted by [[Ronit Roy]] and [[Ram Kapoor]] and co-hosted by [[Rashmi Desai]], [[Kavita Kaushik]].<br /> <br /> ==Popular awards==<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actor]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actress]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Show]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Jodi]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Supporting Actor]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Supporting Actress]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Negative Actor]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Negative Actress]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Child Artist Female]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Child Artist Male]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite TV Personality of the Year]]<br /> <br /> ==Jury awards==<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Television Personality of the Year]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role]]<br /> * Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Comic Role]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face – Male]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face – Female]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Child Artiste – Male]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Child Artiste – Female]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Drama Series]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Game Show]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Reality Show]]<br /> * [[Indian Telly Award for Best Anchor]]<br /> <br /> ==Technical awards==<br /> * These awards are given for specific skills which help enhance – or set new standards of technical quality of a TV programme, be it in the area of cinematography, editing, costume or what have you. An individual or team from a production house/post production house which has excelled in this specific aspect during the specific period can be nominated.<br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * TC 1 -Special/Visual Effects for Television<br /> * TC 2 – Art Direction (Fiction)<br /> * TC 3 – Art Direction (Non-Fiction)<br /> * TC 4 – Videography (Best TV Cameraman – Fiction)<br /> * TC 5 – Videography (Best TV Cameraman – Non – Fiction)<br /> * TC 6 – Costumes for a TV Programme<br /> * TC 7 – Make Up Artist<br /> * TC 8 – Stylist<br /> * TC 9 – TV Show Packaging (Fiction)<br /> * TC 10 – TV Show Packaging (Non-Fiction) On an Entertainment Channel<br /> * TC 11 – TV Channel Packaging (Including Channel Ids &amp; Generic Promos)<br /> * TC 12 – Editor (Fiction)<br /> * TC 13 – Editor (Non-Fiction)<br /> * TC 14 – Background Music for a TV Programme (Fiction)<br /> * TC 15 – TV Lyricist<br /> * TC 16 – Music Director<br /> * TC 17 – Title Singer for a TV Show<br /> * TC 18 – Director (Soap &amp; Drama)<br /> * TC 19 – Director (Sitcom)<br /> * TC 20 – Director (Thriller)<br /> * TC 21 – Director (Non- Fiction)<br /> * TC 22 – Screenplay Writer (Drama Series &amp; Soap)<br /> * TC 23 – Dialogue Writer (Drama Series &amp; Soap)<br /> * TC 24 – Sitcom/Comedy Writer<br /> * TC 25 – Story Writer<br /> * TC 26 – Scriptwriter (Non Fiction)<br /> * TC 27 – Choreographer<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Programming awards==<br /> * Programming awards will be presented to television software producers and channel executives for programmes of various genres.<br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * PR 1 -Edutainment / Science / Knowledge Based Show<br /> * PR 2 -Entertainment News Show on an Entertainment Channel<br /> * PR 3 -Public Service Programme<br /> * PR 4 -Lifestyle &amp; Fashion Show<br /> * PR 5 -Talk Show on an Entertainment Channel<br /> * PR 6 -Cookery show<br /> * PR 7 -Sports Show<br /> * PR 8 -Travel Show<br /> * PR 9 -Health &amp; Fitness Show<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == See also==<br /> <br /> * [[List of Asian television awards]]<br /> * [[11th Indian Telly Awards]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.indiantellyawards.com/ Indian Telly Awards Official website]<br /> * [http://www.indiantelevision.com/ IndianTelevision.com website]<br /> * {{IMDb title|0902986}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Telly Awards}}<br /> {{Television Awards in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Telly Awards| ]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television awards]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi television awards]]<br /> [[Category:2001 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Awards established in 2001]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irantam_Tiruvantati&diff=504680 2025-12-16T05:16:40Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: creating a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tamil Hindu work of literature}}<br /> {{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=[[Bhoothath Alvar|Bhutath Alvar]]|language=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|caption=A Vision of Vishnu (Vaikuntha Darshana). circa 1710 and circa 1715, Brooklyn Museum.|image=File:Brooklyn Museum - A Vision of Vishnu (Vaikuntha Darshana).jpg|verses=100|period=9th–10th century CE|name=''Irantam Tiruvantati''|previous=Mutal Tiruvantati|next=Munram Tiruvantati}}{{Italic title}}<br /> The '''''Irantam Tiruvantati''''' ({{Langx|ta|இரண்டாம் திருவந்தாதி|lit=Second and sacred hymn|translit=Iraṇțam Tiruvanṭāṭī}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=Shantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CY9eAAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mudal+thiruvandhadi&amp;pg=PT70 |title=Sri Venkateshwara |date=2014-01-07 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-445-6 |page=70 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]] work of literature composed by [[Bhoothath Alvar|Bhutath Alvar]], one of the twelve [[Alvars]] of [[Sri Vaishnavism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBEiXtey-9UC&amp;dq=periyalvar+tirumoli&amp;pg=PA219 |title=Vaiṣṇavī: Women and the Worship of Krishna |date=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1437-0 |page=219 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Comprising 100 verses&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pārttacārati |first=Intirā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWFkAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=irantam+tiruvantati |title=Vaisnavisam in Tamil Literature Between the 7th and 9th Centuries |date=2002 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |page=37 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the poetic meter called the ''[[antati]]'', it is part of the compendium of hymns called the ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Kasturi |first1=Geeta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAvzBgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=poigai+alvar+divya+prabandha&amp;pg=PA68 |title=Understanding The Elemental Hindu Works |last2=N.V |first2=Kasturi |date=2013-02-06 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-291-31296-6 |page=68 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is dedicated to the preserver deity, [[Vishnu]].<br /> <br /> == Legend ==<br /> According to Sri Vaishnava legend, [[Poigai Alvar]] once travelled to offer his veneration to [[Vishnu]] at the [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal temple]] at [[Tirukoilur]]. He met other two Alvars, [[Pey Alvar|Pey]], and [[Bhoothath Alvar|Bhutath]], whom he did not know, but who had also chosen to coincidentally visit the temple during the same period. During an ensuing rainstorm, Poigai found some accommodation at a [[mandapa]]m, and was asked by Pey if he could share some space in his room. Observing that there was a single bed present in the mandapam, Poigai remarked that it would be most convenient for an individual to lie down upon the bed, but two to be seated. During this very moment, Bhutath arrived, and expressed the desire to share the mandapam with the other two poet-saints. The trio decided that it would be most proper for an individual to lie down, two people to be seated, but the fact that there were three of them meant that it would be most suitable for all of them to stand. Thus, the three poet-saints stood all night, and during the dawn, they felt the presence of a fourth entity in their midst. The force collided against them, and overwhelmed them so much that each of them composed hymns regarding their experience, in the form of an antati. The entity is proclaimed to be [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]]. The ''Irantam Tiruvantati'' is stated to be the hymns composed by Bhutath Alvar, using his love for the deity as his lamp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=M. S. Purnalingam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&amp;q=tirumalisai&amp;pg=PA183 |title=Tamil Literature |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0955-6 |page=185 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nammalwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMWUAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Mutual+Tiruvant%C4%81ti&amp;pg=PT133 |title=A Hundred Measures of Time: Tiruviruttam |date=2014-05-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-714-1 |page=133 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Hymns ==<br /> {{Vaishnavism}}<br /> The first hymn of the ''Irantam Tiruvantati'' describes the poet-saint's thoughts when Perumal overwhelmed him with his presence:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Katherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tf5QDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=irandam+tiruvantati&amp;pg=PT37 |title=Her Voice, Her Faith: Women Speak On World Religions |date=2018-03-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97965-1 |page=37 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRtREAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=irantam+tiruvantati+in+tamil&amp;pg=PA204 |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |date=2007-06-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-028756-6 |page=204 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Blockquote|text=With love as the lamp,&lt;br /&gt;passion as the ghee,&lt;br /&gt;a mind melting with joy&lt;br /&gt;as the wick,&lt;br /&gt;with my soul dissolving&lt;br /&gt;I lit the blazing flame of wisdom&lt;br /&gt;for Narayana.&lt;br /&gt;I, who desire the wisdom of Tamil.|title=''Irantam Tiruvantati''|source=Hymn 1}}<br /> <br /> The author also references Vishnu and [[Lakshmi]] residing in their celestial abode, [[Vaikuntha]], in this work:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Makarand Joshi |url=https://archive.org/details/thesacredbookoffourthousand01nalayiradivyaprabandhamsriramabharati2000 |title=The Sacred Book Of Four Thousand 01 Nalayira Divya Prabandham Sri Rama Bharati 2000 |page=637}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=The lord of gods in heaven is light-effulgent. Those who worship his ocean- reclining form, strewing fresh flowers at his feet will be counted as devotees, worthy of entering his fabled celestial city.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In that city, under a canopy of pearls, gems and diamonds, and strings of fresh flowers, the lord is seated with the lotus-dame Lakshmi, borne on his right. I worship his feet.|title=''Irantam Tirumatal''|source=Hymns 3-4}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * ''[[Mutal Tiruvantati]]''<br /> * ''[[Munram Tiruvantati]]''<br /> * ''[[Nanmukan Tiruvantati]]''<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> {{Tamil literature}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://acharya.org/dp/v3/3/02-itvant30/2182-ita-ta.pdf Irantam Tiruvantati text (Tamil)]<br /> <br /> [[iarchive:sri-bhutat-azhwar-irandam-thiruvandhadhi-eng-tamil-n-raja-gopalan-2002/mode/2up|Irantam Tiruvantati text and commentary (Tamil and English) - N. Rajagopalan]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]<br /> [[Category:Vaishnava texts]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language literature]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rida_Khan&diff=448939 2025-11-07T22:15:39Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Updated and refined page content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rida Khan<br /> | honorific-suffix = <br /> |image =<br /> | office1 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1 June 2013 <br /> | term_end1 = 31 May 2018<br /> |constituency1 = Reserved seat for women<br /> |nationality = Pakistani<br /> |party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]<br /> |father = [[Mushahid Ullah Khan]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Wasim |first1=Amir |title=For PML-N, only family seems to matter |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1414042/for-pml-n-only-family-seems-to-matter |accessdate=14 June 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=14 June 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |relatives = [[Afnan Ullah Khan]] (brother)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rida Khan''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|ردا خان}}}}) is a Pakistani politician who was a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from June 2013 to May 2018. <br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> <br /> She was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] on reserved seats for women from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=PML-N secures most reserved seats for women in NA - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/555511/pml-n-secures-most-reserved-seats-for-women-in-na/|accessdate=7 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=28 May 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304195047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/555511/pml-n-secures-most-reserved-seats-for-women-in-na/|archivedate=4 March 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Women, minority seats allotted|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1014677|accessdate=7 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=29 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205110/https://www.dawn.com/news/1014677|archivedate=7 March 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rido}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Pakistani women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{MuslimN-MNA-stub}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atong_language_(Sino-Tibetan)&diff=466890 2025-11-01T05:14:30Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: update information further and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in South Asia}}<br /> {{About|the Sino-Tibetan language|the Niger-Congo language|Atong language (Cameroon)}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Atong<br /> | nativename = A.tong<br /> | states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]<br /> | region = [[Meghalaya|Meghalaya, India]] and adjacent areas in Bangladesh<br /> | speakers = 10,000, 4,600 in India<br /> | date = no date<br /> | ref = e16<br /> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br /> | fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]<br /> | fam3 = [[Sal languages|Sal]]<br /> | fam4 = [[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]]<br /> | fam5 = [[Koch languages|Koch]]<br /> | script = [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Bengali-Assamese script|Bengali-Assamese]]<br /> | iso3 = aot<br /> | glotto = aton1241<br /> | glottorefname = Atong (India)<br /> | map2 = Lang Status 40-SE.svg<br /> | mapcaption2 = {{center|Atong is classified as Severely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''A.tong''' is one of the Garo dialect [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan (or Tibeto-Burman) language]] which is also related to [[Koch (language)|Koch]], [[Rabha]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]] other than Garo language.&lt;ref&gt;Jacquesson, François. 2006. La réconstruction du passé: le cas des langues boro-garo. ''Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris'' 101(1), 273-303&lt;/ref&gt; It is spoken in the South Garo Hills and West Khasi Hills districts of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[Northeast India]], southern [[Kamrup district]] in [[Assam]], and adjacent areas in [[Bangladesh]]. The spelling &quot;A.tong&quot; is based on the way the speakers themselves pronounce the name of their language. There is no glottal stop in the name and it is not a tonal language.<br /> <br /> A reference grammar of the language has been published by Seino van Breugel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breugel2014&quot;&gt;van Breugel, Seino. 2014. ''A grammar of Atong''. Leiden, Boston: Brill. [http://www.brill.com/grammar-atong]&lt;/ref&gt; A dictionary with Atong–English and English-A.tong sections, as well as semantic word lists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;van Breugel, Seino. 2021. ''A dictionary of Atong: A Tibeto-Burman language of Northeast India and Bangladesh''. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter Mouton.&lt;/ref&gt; was published in 2021, two years after the publication of an analysis of A.tong stories.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breugel2019&quot;&gt;van Breugel, Seino. 2019. Atong Texts: Glossed, translated and annotated narratives in a Tibeto-Burman language of Meghalaya, Northeast India. Leiden, Boston: Brill.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, a book of stories in A.tong&lt;ref&gt;van Breugel, Seino. 2009a. ''Atong morot balgaba golpho''. Tura: Tura Book Room.&lt;/ref&gt; and an Atong-English dictionary&lt;ref&gt;Breugel, Seino van. 2009b. Atong-English Dictionary, 1st edn. Tura: Tura Book Room.&lt;/ref&gt; were published by and sold at the Tura Book Room in Tura, Meghalaya, India. It is not certain if those books are still available there. The A.tong spelling system used in those books is explained in the A.tong Spelling Guide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Breugel2015&quot;&gt;van Breugel, Seino. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/15882391/Atong_Spelling_Guide Atong spelling guide]&lt;/ref&gt; available online.<br /> <br /> Atong has been classified as an endangered language by [[Ethnologue]]. Atong's situation is most probably due to the influence of Standard Garo, a prestige language in the State of Meghalaya. Many parents are not teaching Atong to their children anymore. However, there are still places in South Garo Hills and West Khasi Hills where Atong is still spoken and also transmitted to the younger generation.<br /> <br /> ==Sociolinguistics==<br /> There is no current estimate of the number of speakers available; according to the [[Linguistic Survey of India]], it was spoken by approximately 15,000 people in the 1920s. Since the Atong are considered a subdivision of the Garos, they are not counted as a separate ethnic or linguistic community by the Indian government.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}<br /> <br /> Almost all Atong speakers are [[Multilingualism|bilingual]] in [[Garo language|Garo]] to a greater or lesser extent, and Garo is seen as the more [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestigious]] language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breugel2014&quot; /&gt; Because there is a Bible translation in Garo, but not in Atong, it is the language used in all churches and most Atong speakers are Christians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=van Bruegel |first=Seino |url=https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Sino-Tibetan/Atong%2C%20A%20Grammar%20of%20%28van%20Breugel%29.pdf |title=A Grammar of Atong |date= |publisher=La Trobe University |year=2008 |pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garo is also the language of education in schools in the Atong-speaking area, although some schools provide education in English.<br /> <br /> ===Mutual intelligibility with Garo===<br /> In India, the Atongs are considered to belong to the Garo Tribe,&lt;ref name=&quot;Burling2004&quot;&gt;Burling, Robbins. 2004. ''The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo). Vol. I: Grammar''. New Delhi: Bibliophile South Asian in association with Promilla &amp; Co., Publishers.[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/spobooks/bbv9808.0001.001/1:5/--language-of-the-modhupur-mandi-garo-volume-1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext]&lt;/ref&gt; however, they speak a distinct language,&lt;ref name=&quot;Burling2004&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Breugel2019&quot; /&gt; which, however, has no official status of its own. The Atong people are members of the Garo [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]], whose official Scheduled tribe language is Garo. Garo has a standardised form of speech used in education, administration, the press and literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breugel2014&quot; /&gt; Linguistically speaking, Atong and Standard Garo may be different [[language]]s, given that they have different [[phonology|sound systems]], [[vocabulary]] and [[grammar]]. However, due to the fact that most Atongs are bilingual in Standard Garo to various degrees, intelligibility is one-way: Atong speakers understand Standard Garo but speakers of Standard Garo may not understand Atong.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breugel2014&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> The [[phonemes]] of Atong are given in [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) in Table 1. That table also presents how the phonemes are written in the Atong alphabet used for everyday writing by people who are not linguists. As we can see in the table, the glottal stop can be written with either a bullet or an apostrophe. The bullet {{angbr|•}} was used by missionaries to write the glottal stop in Garo when the writing system for that language was created in the 1800s. The apostrophe has since been adopted to write the glottal stop as it is available on all computer keyboards. The vowel phoneme {{IPA|/ə/}} is written {{angbr|y}} in the [[orthography]], as it is in [[Khasi language|Khasi]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]]. It was the Welsh Presbyterians that developed the Khasi writing system and used the letter {{angbr|y}} to write the phoneme {{IPA|/ə/}} in Khasi.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ The relationship between the phonemes of Atong and the way they are written in the Latin orthography and in the Bengali script<br /> !Phoneme<br /> !Letter<br /> !Bengali<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |<br /> !Phoneme<br /> !Letter<br /> !Bengali<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |<br /> !Phoneme<br /> !Letter<br /> !Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|pʰ}}|| ph<br /> |ভ|| {{IPA|m}}|| m<br /> |ম|| {{IPA|i}}|| i<br /> |ই ি<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|tʰ}}|| th<br /> |থ|| {{IPA|n}}|| n<br /> |ন|| {{IPA|e}}|| e<br /> |এ ে<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|kʰ}}|| kh<br /> |খ|| {{IPA|ŋ}}|| ng<br /> |ঙ ং|| {{IPA|a}}|| a<br /> |আ া<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|p}}|| p<br /> |প|| {{IPA|r}}|| r<br /> |র|| {{IPA|o}}|| o<br /> |ও ো<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|t}}|| t<br /> |ত|| {{IPA|l}}|| l<br /> |ল|| {{IPA|u}}|| u<br /> |উ ু<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|k}}|| k<br /> |ক|| {{IPA|s}}|| s<br /> |স|| {{IPA|ə}}|| y<br /> |এঃ েঃ<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|b}}|| b<br /> |ব|| {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}|| ch<br /> |চ|| {{IPA|iː}}|| ii<br /> |ঈ ী<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|d}}|| d<br /> |দ|| {{IPA|d͡ʑ}}|| j<br /> |জ|| {{IPA|eː}}|| ee<br /> |এঽ েঽ<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ɡ}}|| g<br /> |গ|| {{IPA|h}}|| h<br /> |হ|| {{IPA|oː}}|| oo<br /> |ওঽ োঽ<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|w}}|| w<br /> |ৱ|| {{IPA|j}}|| i<br /> |য়|| {{IPA|aː}}|| aa<br /> |আঽ াঽ<br /> |-<br /> | {{IPA|ʔ}}|| • or ʼ<br /> |ʼ|| ||<br /> ||| ||<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The [[consonant]] phoneme {{IPA|/s/}} has [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and non-aspirated pronunciations [sʰ ~ s]. The aspirated [[allophone]] {{IPA|[sʰ]}}, occurs at the beginning of a [[syllable]], while the unaspirated {{IPA|[s]}} occurs the end of a syllable. Both phonemes are written with the letter {{angbr|s}}. Aspirated {{IPA|/s/}} also occurs in other Asian languages such as [[Burmese language|Burmese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]].<br /> <br /> === Glottalization ===<br /> <br /> [[Glottalization]] in Atong is a feature that operates on the level of the syllable, and that manifests itself as a glottal stop at the end of the syllable. Glottalization only affects open syllables and syllables ending in a continuant or a vowel. In the following examples, glottalized syllables are indicated by a following bullet. The pronunciation is given between square brackets where the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʔ}} represents the glottal stop and the full stop represents the syllable boundary.<br /> <br /> In the examples below, the following abbreviations are used: COS 'change of state', CUST 'customary aspect', INCOM 'incompletive aspect', NEG 'negative',<br /> <br /> If the glottalized continuant is followed by a consonant, the glottalized phoneme is not released, i.e. ''man' -khu-cha'' {{IPA|[manʔ.kʰutɕa]}} (be.able-INCOM-NEG)'is not yet possible'.<br /> <br /> If the glottalized continuant is followed by a vowel, it is released and the release repeats the continuant so that it can be said to act like the onset of the following syllable, e.g. ''man' -ok'' {{IPA|[manʔ.nok]}} (be.able-COS) 'was able'.<br /> <br /> In a glottalized syllable with final {{IPA|/l/}} the glottal stop usually precedes the oral closure of the {{IPA|[l]}} when followed by another vowel, e.g. ''mel' -a'' {{IPA|[meʔ.la]}} (be.fat-CUST)'is fat'. This phenomenon also happens, but less frequently, with syllables ending in {{IPA|/m/}}, e.g. ''nom' -a'' {{IPA|[noʔ.ma ~ nomʔ.ma]}} (be.soft-CUST) 'is soft'.<br /> <br /> === Vowels ===<br /> <br /> Atong has six [[Vowel|vowel qualities]] occurring in the native vocabulary as well as in [[loanword]]s: {{IPA|/i e a ə o u/}}. In addition, there are four long vowels which are only found in loanwords from English and Indic languages. These are usually pronounced longer than the indigenous vowels: /iː/ {{IPA|[iː ~ i]}}, /eː/ {{IPA|[eː ~ e]}}, /aː/ {{IPA|[aː ~ a]}} and /oː/ {{IPA|[oː ~ o]}}. In the orthography, long vowels are represented by double letters. Note that /uː/ and /əː/ are not attested.<br /> <br /> Examples of [[minimal pair]]s and near minimal pairs are given in the table below.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Minimal and near-minimal pairs of words with and without long vowels<br /> |-<br /> !With short vowels !! English translation<br /> !With long vowels !!English translation<br /> |-<br /> | ''tin''|| 'corrugated iron || ''tiin baji'' || 'three o'clock'<br /> |-<br /> | ''pel-''|| 'to copulate' || ''peel dong'ok'' || 'failed'<br /> |-<br /> | ''mat''|| 'wild animal' || ''aat baji'' || 'eight o'clock'<br /> |-<br /> | ''ret''|| 'children's game' || ''reel'' || 'rails, train'<br /> |-<br /> | ''ba'-''|| 'to be born, give birth' || ''baaa''||'the sound a cow makes'<br /> |}<br /> The difference between the loan and the indigenous words is a matter of vowel quality. In closed syllables, where Atong vowels would be pronounced lowered and more retracted, the loan vowels will have the same quality as the Atong vowels in open syllables. Not all loan words that have long vowels in the source language have long vowels in Atong, and not all loans that can be pronounced with a long vowel in Atong have a long vowel in the source language.<br /> <br /> ===Syllable structure===<br /> The canonical syllable structure of Atong is (C)V(C), where C stands for any consonant and V for any vowel. This structure can be maintained if words like ''mai'' 'rice', ''askui'' 'star' and ''chokhoi'' 'fishing basket' are analysed as containing a vowel and a final glide (see [[glide (linguistics)]]). The glide, presented by the letter i, is the coda of the syllable rather than an element of the nucleus. In phonemic writing the words would look like this: /maj/, /askuj/, /t͡ɕokʰoj/.<br /> <br /> There are two glides in the language: /w/ and /j/. The glide /w/ occurs in both syllable initial and syllable final position, e.g. ''wak'' 'pig' and ''saw'' 'rotten, fermented' respectively. The glide /j/ occurs only syllable finally, e.g. ''tyi'' /təj/ 'water'. Traditional words with the structure CVVC do not exist, e.g. *''gaut'' or *''main'' (where the asterisk [*] indicates the non-existence of these words).<br /> <br /> If a [[diphthong]] is defined as ''two vowels that can occur in the nucleus of a syllable'', then Atong has no diphthongs. There are words that are written with two adjacent vowel [[graphemes]] or letters, e.g. ''mai'' 'rice', ''askui'' 'star', and ''chokhoi'' 'fishing basket'. However, the letter ''i'' in these words represents a consonant phoneme, viz. the off glide /j/ (see Table 1). The writing system uses the letter ''i'' in this way because the letters ''j'' and ''y'' are both used to represent other phonemes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breugel2015&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Examples ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Atong (Latin/Roman alphabet)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> !English&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ashtangayoga.info/sanskrit/transliteration/transliteration-tool |title=Transliteration Tool |website=Ashtanga Yoga |publisher=AYI |access-date=October 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Nang' jama / chola bykphyl''<br /> |Your shirt is inside out<br /> |-<br /> |''Na'a angna tangka hyn'chawama?''<br /> |Won't you give me any money?<br /> |-<br /> |''Ningba ytykyi takwa ga'nima?''<br /> |Will it be good if we do it like this?<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Atong has many loanwords from [[Assamese language]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]] and English. These loanwords can all easily be spelled in Atong orthography using the [[Latin script]] (also called the Roman script). Example of loans from English are: ''redio'' (from the English word 'radio'), ''rens'' (from the English word 'wrench'), ''skul'' (from the English word 'school'), ''miting'' (from the English word 'meeting'). Other examples of loanwords are ''chola'' (from Assamese: {{Lang|as|চোলা}} /sʊla/ 'jacket, tunic, coat') and ''jama'' (from Assamese {{Lang|as|জামা}} /jāmā/ 'coat, shirt, blouse jacket').<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * Atongmorot, educational YouTube Channel [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHfiZwqyWC7HfZUAQ1RH1ew]<br /> *[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&amp;morpho=0&amp;basename=new100\stb\bga&amp;limit=-1 Atong basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]<br /> *[https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary Atong-English Dictionary]<br /> *[https://www.academia.edu/487053/Atongmorot_Balgaba_Golpho Atongmorot Balgaba Golpho]<br /> *[https://www.academia.edu/15882391/Atong_Spelling_Guide Atong Spelling Guide]<br /> <br /> {{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br /> {{Sal languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Northeast India}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Endangered languages of India]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of India]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Sal languages]]<br /> [[Category:Non-tonal languages in tonal families]]<br /> [[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]<br /> [[Category:Severely endangered languages]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepika_Singh_v._Central_Administrative_Tribunal&diff=495995 2025-10-26T04:41:00Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: Added Some Biography V1...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Case Law}}<br /> {{Infobox court case<br /> | name = Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal<br /> | court = [[Supreme Court of India]]<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | imagelink = <br /> | imagealt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | full name = Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal {{Abbr|&amp;|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}<br /> | date decided = 16 August 2022<br /> | citations = {{URL|1=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2021/12450/12450_2021_3_28_37306_Judgement_16-Aug-2022.pdf|2={{Abbr|C.A. No|Civil Appeal Number}} 5308/2022}}<br /> | ECLI = <br /> | transcripts = <br /> | judges = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}; and [[A. S. Bopanna]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}<br /> | number of judges = 2<br /> | decision by = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] and [[A. S. Bopanna]]<br /> | appealed to = <br /> | opinions = Atypical families are deserving of equal protection under law and benefits available under social welfare legislation.<br /> }}<br /> '''Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal {{Abbr|&amp;|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}''' '''(2022)''' is a [[List of landmark court decisions in India|landmark decision]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] that widens the definition of 'family' under Indian law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Schmall |first1=Emily |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=2022-08-30 |title=India's Supreme Court Widens Definition of 'Family' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/world/asia/india-supreme-court-same-sex.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Deepika Singh, who worked as a nurse at a government medical institute, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) in Chandigarh, was denied her application for maternity leave after she gave birth. The employer stated they denied her maternity leave because she had previously taken maternity leave to care for her husband's children from a previous marriage. The two children belonged to her husband's first marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=L. I. |date=2022-08-17 |title=SC: Woman's Right to Maternity Leave can't be Denied for having Availed Child Care Leave Earlier for Non-Biological Kids |url=https://www.lawinsider.in/news/sc-womans-right-to-maternity-leave-cant-be-denied-for-having-availed-child-care-leave-earlier-for-non-biological-kids |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=Law Insider India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her request for an allowance under the 2013 Central Civil Service Rules' provisions for maternity leave was denied by the Central Administrative Tribunal and the Punjab and Haryana High Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Judgment ==<br /> The Supreme Court held that a woman's statutory right to take maternity leave cannot be restricted because she previously used child care leave for her non-biological children.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While ruling in favor of the petitioner, Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|Chandrachud]] and Justice [[A. S. Bopanna|Bopanna]] noted that the predominant understanding of the concept of a &quot;family&quot; both in the law and in society ignores both, the many circumstances which may lead to a change in one‟s familial structure, and the fact that many families do not conform to this expectation to begin with.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|litigants=Deepika Singh versus Central Administrative Tribunal &amp; Ors.|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion=Civil Appeal No 5308 of 2022|date=16 August 2022|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2021/12450/12450_2021_3_28_37306_Judgement_16-Aug-2022.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Blockquote|text=Familial relationships may take the form of domestic, unmarried partnerships or queer relationships. A household may be a single parent household for any number of reasons, including the death of a spouse, separation, or divorce. Similarly, the guardians and caretakers (who traditionally occupy the roles of the &quot;mother&quot; and the &quot;father&quot;) of children may change with remarriage, adoption, or fostering. These manifestations of love and of families may not be typical but they are as real as their traditional counterparts.|author=Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]] and Justice [[A. S. Bopanna]]|source=Paragraph 26, Page Number 19-20}}Further, the Justices note that such atypical families are deserving of equal protection under law guaranteed in the [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14 of the Indian Constitution]] and benefits available under social welfare legislation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Significance ==<br /> The ruling expands the definition of “family” in Indian law to include unmarried partnerships, queer relationships, and single-parent families.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[LGBT rights in India]]<br /> * [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]<br /> * [[Right to Privacy verdict|Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) vs Union Of India (2017)]]<br /> * [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014)]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}{{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=expanded}}<br /> [[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights case law]]<br /> [[Category:2022 in LGBTQ history]]<br /> [[Category:Indian family law]]<br /> [[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2022]]<br /> [[Category:2022 in Indian case law]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sujit_Bose&diff=476250 2025-09-28T21:17:57Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added references</p> <hr /> <div>'''Sujit Bose''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> * [[Sujit Bose (cricketer)]]<br /> * [[Sujit Bose (politician)]]<br /> <br /> {{hndis|Bose, Sujit}}</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonamukhi&diff=536634 2025-08-21T16:37:23Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: added some article needs work.</p> <hr /> <div>{{for|the plant called sonamukhi in Ayurvedic medicine|senna (plant)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sonamukhi<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = town<br /> | image_skyline = Sonamukhi railway station 02.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = [[Sonamukhi railway station]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.3|N|87.42|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura District|Bankura]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]<br /> | governing_body = Sonamukhi Municipality<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sonamukhi City|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Sonamukhi.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 11.65<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 66<br /> | population_total = 29,085&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801734-sonamukhi-west-bengal.html|title = Sonamukhi Municipality City Population Census 2011-2021 &amp;#124; West Bengal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 722207<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 91 3244<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sonamukhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonamukhi]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Sonamukhi.htm}}<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sonamukhi''' is a town and a municipality in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> It is famous for its Silk Saari and also Kali and Karthik puja .<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=360| height=370| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|23|7|30|N|87|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bishnupur subdivision in Bankura district'''&lt;br/&gt;M: Municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: ancient/ temple centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|23|10|25|N|87|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhara| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Bhara]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|30|55|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Chatra| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Chatra, Bankura]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|23|9|0|N|87|37|55|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Indas| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Indas]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|26|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Joypur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Joypur, Bankura]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|22|55|22|N|87|36|36|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Jayrambati| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Jayrambati]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|31|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Patrasayer| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Patrasayer]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|23|10|10|N|87|19|25|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Radhanagar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagar, Bankura]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|23|9|15|N|87|16|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Ajodhya| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Ajodhya, Bankura]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|87|40|21|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Laugram| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Laugram]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|23|6|40|N|87|18|51|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Joykrishnapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Joykrishnapur]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|23|3|50|N|87|19|12|E}}| label-pos11=right |label11=Bishnupur| numbered11=M| mark-title11 =[[Bishnupur, Bankura]] (M)| shape-color11=#800000<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|23|17|30|N|87|25|12|E}}| label-pos12=left |label12=Sonamukhi| numbered12=M| mark-title12 =Sonamukhi (M)|shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|10|N|87|35|37|E}}| label-pos13=right |label13=Kotulpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13 =[[Kotulpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|14|N|87|17|57|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Dharapat| numbered14=T| mark-title14= [[Dharapat]] (T) |shape-color14=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|23|7|25|N|87|21|18|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15=Dihar| numbered15=T| mark-title15= [[Dihar]] (T) |shape-color15=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|14|N|87|43|20|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Akui| numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Akui]] (T) |shape-color16=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|22|57|48|N|87|29|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Baital| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Baital, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color17=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|50|N|87|33|6|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Balsi|labela18= Purbapara| numbered18=T| mark-title18= [[Balsi Purbapara]] (T) |shape-color18=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Dwadashbari| numbered19=T| mark-title19= [[Dwadashbari]] (T) |shape-color19=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|23|2|15|N|87|27|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Gokulnagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Gokulnagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|36|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Gumut| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Gumut, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|23|16|28|N|87|31|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Hadal Narayanpur| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Hadal Narayanpur]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|23|0|41|N|87|29|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Maynapur| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Maynapur]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|36|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Patit Dommahal| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Patit Dommahal]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|23|19|29|N|87|24|58|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Madanmohanpur| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Madanmohanpur]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|23.2888|87.5548}}| label26=Damodar River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=50| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|23.0968|87.4558}}| label27=Dwarakeswar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=-10| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|23.0982|87.5086}}| label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=25| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Sonamukhi is located at {{Coord|23.3|N|87.42|E|format=dms}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Sonamukhi.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sonamukhi]&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of {{Convert|66|m|abbr=on}}.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Sonamukhi Babupara Rashtola west bengal.jpg|thumb|Sonamukhi Babupara Rashtola]]<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> The map alongside shows the Bishnupur subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area has fertile low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a predominantly rural area with 90.06% of the population living in rural areas and only 8.94% living in the urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was a part of the core area of [[Mallabhum]].&lt;ref&gt;O'Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', pp. 21–46, 1995 reprint, first published 1908, Government of West Bengal&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Sonamukhi is a town of religious importance. There are many old temples throughout the town and a Mosque near Sonamukhi police station. Sonamukhi is the birthplace of Haranath Thakur and ''KusumKumari Devi''. Sonamukhi also famous for temples made by terracotta art. one can find many temples showing a great form of terracotta, like Sridhar temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kusumahara.com/pg_hh_birth_n_childhood.aspx|title=Haranath's History: Birth &amp; Childhood test}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are the reincarnation of Gouranga also known as [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. This place is considered equal importance among devotees as that of places like [[Vrindavan]] and [[Nabadwip]] respective birthplace of Krishna and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. This place is also noted for ancient Godashiv puja, which is located on Godashivtala (Satyapirtala). Besides the temple of &quot;Kusumharanath&quot; there other temples such as ''Manohar Das Thakur'' etc. Adjacent to the temple of Kusumharanath there is ''Ananta Kunda'' which water is sacred.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801734-sonamukhi-west-bengal.html|title = Sonamukhi Municipality City Population Census 2011-2021 &amp;#124; West Bengal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sonamukhi had a population of 29,085. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Sonamukhi has an average literacy rate of 86.25%, higher than state average of 76.26%.: male literacy is 92.22%, and female literacy is 79.90%. In Sonamukhi, 8.21% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ==Civic administration==<br /> ===Police station===<br /> Sonamukhi police station has jurisdiction over Sonamukhi municipality and [[Sonamukhi (community development block)|Sonamukhi]] CD block. The area covered is 380&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with a population of 142,305.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://bankurapolice.org/sonamukhi/ |title = Sonamukhi PS | publisher= Bankura District Police | access-date = 14 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===CD block HQ===<br /> The headquarters of [[Sonamukhi (community development block)|Sonamukhi]] CD block are located at Sonamukhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> In September 2005, South Eastern Railway began passenger services on the {{Convert|41|km|abbr=on}} Bankura-Sonamukhi broad gauge section, being the first phase of the [[Bankura Damodar Railway|Bankura-Damodar River Railway]] project. BDR project reduced the distance from Bankura to [[Howrah]] via [[Masagram]], providing alternate connectivity to Howrah through [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] via [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/09/21/stories/2005092102931900.htm Hindu Business Line 21 September 2005]&lt;/ref&gt; Work up to Masagram including [[Sonamukhi railway station]] is completed and inaugurated on 16 April 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,423&amp;dcd=335&amp;did=13660181525886AF52292F42E677C808839196DFCB5D7.web91 |title=South Eastern Railway |access-date=3 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055318/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,423&amp;dcd=335&amp;did=13660181525886AF52292F42E677C808839196DFCB5D7.web91 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)|State Highway 8]] running from Santaldih (in Purulia district) to Majhdia (in Nadia district) passes through Sonamukhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> [[Sonamukhi College]] was established in 1966. Affiliated with [[Bankura University]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, Sanskrit, English, political science, history, philosophy, economics, geography, accountancy, physics, chemistry, mathematics, botany, zoology, computer science and general courses in arts, science and commerce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://sonamukhicollegebankura.com/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160529083955/http://www.sonamukhicollegebankura.com/ | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 29 May 2016 |title = Sonamukhi College |publisher= SC | access-date = 4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.collegeadmission.in/SonamukhiCollege/Sonamukhi_College.shtml|title = Sonamukhi College |publisher= College Admission| access-date = 4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sonamukhi BJ High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1887. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 13 computers, a library with 1,100 books and a playground.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19132500301/sonamukhi-b-j-h-s.html |title = Sonamukhi BJ HS |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sonamukhi Girls High School is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 1887. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 13 computers, a library with 435 books and a playground.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19132500201/sonamukhi-girls-h-s.html |title = Sonamukhi Girls HS |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sonamukhi BC Boys High School is a Bengali-medium boys only institution established in 1962. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has a library with 2,359 books.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19132501401/sonamukhi-b-c-boys-h-s.html |title = Sonamukhi BC Boys HS |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The famous Primary school here is the Kumarbrata Memorial KG School. Which has produced many students who won state and national awards.<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> Sonamukhi Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Sonamukhi, is the major government medical facility in the Sonamukhi CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Dhulai (Gopikantapur) (with 6 beds), Panchal (with 6 beds), Kundu Pushkarini (with 10 beds) and Sitaljhore (with 6 beds).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal|access-date = 10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/districts/bankura.htm Map of Bankura district]<br /> <br /> {{Bankura District}}<br /> {{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br /> {{Bankura topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Bankura district]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]</div>

GayeKirkpatrick https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oachira_Temple&diff=454514 2025-08-01T00:00:06Z

<p>GayeKirkpatrick: further corrected details per sources and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Oachira Temple<br /> | image = ഓച്ചിറആൽത്തറ.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Kerala<br /> | map_caption = Location in Kerala<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|9.1360|76.5102|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | native_name = Oachira Parabrahma Temple<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Kerala]]<br /> | district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]<br /> | location = [[Oachira]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = It has no deity or idol but is dedicated to [[Parabrahma]]. Believed to be Lord [[Shiva]].<br /> | festivals= [[Oachirakali]], Panthrandu Vilakku, Eruvathiyetam Onam<br /> | architecture = It has no Sanctum Sanctorum.&lt;ref&gt;The Indian Encyclopaedia: Kamli-Kyouk Phyu<br /> edited by Subodh Kapoor Page 4046&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity = <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | established = <br /> | creator = [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Oachira Temple''' is an ancient temple located in [[Oachira]] in [[Kollam district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. According to the [[Puranas]], this temple is one of the famous sacred places of [[Kerala]] and [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerala.nic.in/alappuzha/fest.html |title=Fairs and Festivals |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502224808/http://www.kerala.nic.in/kollam/fest.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oachira is on the border of Kollam and [[Allappuzha District|Allappuzha]] districts, next to the National Highway 66. This temple is known &quot;DakshinaKashi&quot;(SouthaKashi).This very ancient pilgrimage center is centered on the [[Parabrahma|ParaBrahma]] temple (that is dedicated to the [[Para Brahman]] (or Param Brahman) or Ohmkaram, the Universal [[Consciousness]]), and covers thirty-six acres of land.<br /> <br /> Every year the Oachira Vrischikam Festival is celebrated during December and January. ''[[Oachirakali]]'' is a famous ritual performed here during June and it involves mock-fighting in muddy water by traditional martial art experts. And &quot;Irupathattam onam&quot; (28 days after Onam) is also celebrated. It is the festival of cattle. In this festival, huge &quot;Eduppu kala&quot; (gigantic idols of bull made of cloth&amp;hay) are made. They are then pulled on giant wheels to the Oachira Temple from the site where they are made. Normally there are around 50 such structures. It is the biggest festival in [[Onattukara|&quot;Onattu Kara&quot;]], which is an area of a few square miles. ''Oachirakkali'' was actually a war exercise performed annually by soldiers of [[Kayamkulam]] Raja. Nearby, about 108 Kalaries were in 52 karas up to the beginning of the 20th century. Soldiers belonging to the above Karas met together at Oachira in the [[Malayalam]] month of ''Mithuna'' every year and performed war-like exercises. This is what is called [[Oachirakali|Oachirakkali]].<br /> <br /> Ward and Conner, two British officials entrusted to survey of [[Travancore]] in the beginning of the 19th century, made their observations about Oachira in their report. In the report it was made clear that there was a very old and damaged [[temple]] on the eastern side of the ''Padanilam''. It was also disclosed that there was a large reservoir at the center of the vast ground on which the temple stands, (which was now known as Kallukettuchira), and which is outside the temple compound today.<br /> <br /> ==Toponymy==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=October 2012}}<br /> There are many beliefs as to why this place is called Oachira. Some people believe that the place name came from the word ''Omkarachira'' and some others believe that the name is originated from the name ''Oymanchira''. Also there are strong beliefs that the name derived from ''Uvachanchira'' as Uvachan means Lord [[Shiva|Siva]] as per belief. All these assumptions are based on myths.<br /> <br /> The real reason for arriving at the name of Oachira is possibly different. For that, we should understand the observations made by the two British officials, Ward and Conner, who conducted a survey in the erstwhile Travancore during the beginning of the 19th century. In their survey report, it was mentioned that there was a large reservoir at the center of the large ground called Padanilam. This reservoir (tank/pond/chira) was at the center of the Padanilam. This chira was used by the soldiers in olden days for bathing and for supplying water to the horses used in the war exercises. This ''chira'' might have been known in olden days as ''Onattuchira'', as the place belonged to the [[Kayamkulam]] Raja who was also called the ''Odanattu Raja'' or simply ''Onattu Rajah''. The Headquarters of Kayamkulam Raja was at that time at [[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha|Krishnapuram]], very near to the Padanilam (which is hardly 1&amp;nbsp;km away from Oachira). So it is believed that the word ''Onattuchira'' was gradually accepted as the place name and as time passed by further, that word was corrupted into ''Oachira''. This is quite a plausible explanation as there are so many examples in known history about the transformation of place names.<br /> <br /> The Oachira Temple is unique in the sense that it does not have covered structures for temples. People worship the [[Para Brahman]] (the original formless power lord shiva) under neatly preserved trees.<br /> <br /> == Films ==<br /> Malayalam film ''[[Padamudra (film)|Padamudra]]'', directed by [[R. Sukumaran]] and starring [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role, contains a reference to the beliefs of Ochira. The song ' ''Omkaramoorthy Ochirayil'' ' is very popular in this movie&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 21, 2017|title=Malayalam anchor threatened after he names TV show about a temple as 'god of vagabonds'|work=Thenewsminute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-anchor-threatened-after-he-names-tv-show-about-temple-god-vagabonds-68760}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Temples of Kerala]]<br /> * [[Chettikulangara Devi Temple]]<br /> * [[Padanilam Parabrahma Temple]]<br /> * [[Kayamkulam]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{commons category|Oachira Temple}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu temples in Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Kollam district]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]</div>

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