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Punjab FC Reserves and Academy

2026-05-06T08:09:43Z

GavinEspinoza2: added new post w/ sources...

{{Short description|Reserve team and youth system of Punjab FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Punjab Reserves
| image =
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Punjab Football Club Reserves and Academy
| nickname = The Shers
| short name = PFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2020}}
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| ground = [[Tau Devi Lal Athletic Stadium (Panchkula)|Tau Devi Lal Stadium]] [[Guru Nanak Stadium]]
| capacity = 12,000 30,000
| owner = [[RoundGlass Foundation]]
| league = [[Punjab State Super Football League]] (Reserves) Punjab Youth Football League [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]] (Academy)
| season =
| position =
| current =
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}}

'''Punjab FC Reserves and Academy''' are the [[youth system|youth]] teams of [[Punjab FC]], founded in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

==History==
RoundGlass Punjab FC was incorporated after the Roundglass Sports Pvt. Ltd. acquired 100% ownership stake of Punjab FC in 2020. Club's youth section was at first incorporated from [[Minerva Academy FC]] players, known as one of best national football academies for years.

==Honours==
===Reserves===
*'''[[Punjab State Super Football League|Punjab Super League]]'''
**Champions (2): 2022–23<ref>{{cite web|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC Lifts Punjab State Super League 2022 Trophy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundglass-punjab-fc-lifts-punjab-state-super-league-2022-trophy-101669400626505.html|location=Chandigarh|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=The Hindustan Times|date=25 November 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125205503/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundglass-punjab-fc-lifts-punjab-state-super-league-2022-trophy-101669400626505.html|archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>, [[2025–26 Punjab State Super League|2025-26]]
**Runners-up (1): 2024-25

* '''Mastuana Sahib Football Tournament'''
** Champions (3): 2023,2024,2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mastuana Sahib Football Tournament |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWQVmTsSFnI}}</ref>
* '''All India Principal Harbhajan Singh Memorial Cup'''
** Champions (1): 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=[LIVE] 62nd All-India Principal Harbhajan Singh Memorial Football Cup Mahilpur (21 Feb 2025) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3chGSn4QBA}}</ref>
* '''Sarabha Gold Cup Football Tournament'''
** Runners-up (1): 2025

===Academy ===
*'''[[Youth League (India)|AIFF U-17 Elite Youth League]]'''
**Winners (1): [[2024–25 Indian Youth League|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Punjab FC ease past Jamshedpur FC to clinch AIFF U-17 Elite Youth League title|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/punjab-fc-ease-past-jamshedpur-fc-to-clinch-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league-title/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Football Counter|language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514175203/https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/punjab-fc-ease-past-jamshedpur-fc-to-clinch-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league-title/ |archive-date=14 May 2025 }}</ref>
*'''[[Reliance Foundation Development League]]'''
**Winners (1): [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-19 |title=Punjab FC crowned Reliance Foundation Development League 2023-24 champions|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/punjab-fc-crowned-reliance-foundation-development-league-2023-24-champions |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=[[Indian Super League]] |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614180032/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/punjab-fc-crowned-reliance-foundation-development-league-2023-24-champions |archive-date=14 June 2024 }}</ref>
*'''[[Youth League (India)|AIFF Junior League]] (U-15)'''
**Winners (1): 2024-25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab FC secure AIFF U-15 Junior League title 2025 |url=https://ianslive.in/punjab-fc-secure-aiff-u-15-junior-league-title--20250528182250}}</ref>
* '''[[JSW Youth Cup|JSW U-18 Youth Cup]]'''
**Winners (1): 2022<ref>{{cite web|first=SPORTS DESK/NEWS18 SPORTS|last=Mohali, 18:04 IST|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-crowned-inaugural-jsw-youth-cup-champions-4917836.html|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC Crowned Inaugural JSW Youth Cup Champions|date=28 March 2022|access-date=5 April 2022|website=[[News18]]|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329082426/https://www.news18.com/news/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-crowned-inaugural-jsw-youth-cup-champions-4917836.html}}</ref>
* '''[[JSW Youth Cup|JSW U-13 Youth Cup]]'''
**Winners (1): 2023
**Runners-up (1): 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Sudeva FC crowned champions of U13 JSW Youth Cup |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/jsw-youth-cup/sudeva-fc-crowned-champions-u13-jsw-youth-cup/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Bengaluru FC Official Website |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429152647/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/jsw-youth-cup/sudeva-fc-crowned-champions-u13-jsw-youth-cup/ |archive-date=29 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/sudeva-delhi-fc-punjab-fc-penalties-win-jsw-youth-cup-u-13-31137|title=Sudeva Delhi FC win U-13 JSW Youth Cup|date=2 May 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006045013/https://thebridge.in/football/sudeva-delhi-fc-punjab-fc-penalties-win-jsw-youth-cup-u-13-31137|archive-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>
*'''KBN Youth Cup'''
**Winners (1): 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1607365119868276739|title=Many congratulations to the RoundGlass Punjab Football Academy's U-18 team for winning the KBN Football Cup 2022!!🥇🤩|website=Twitter.com (@RGPunjabFC)|date=26 December 2022|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120132531/https://twitter.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1607365119868276739|archive-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
*'''Administrator's Challenge Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/administrators-challenge-cup-from-november-22-18-teams-confirm-participation-564037|title=Chandigarh: Administrator's Challenge Cup from November 22, 18 teams confirm participation|date=20 November 2023|access-date=26 December 2023|work=The Tribune News Service|location=Chandigarh|first1=Deepankar|last1=Sharda|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203134609/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/administrators-challenge-cup-from-november-22-18-teams-confirm-participation-564037}}</ref>

* [[Next Generation Cup|'''Premier League Next Gen Cup''']]
** Third place (1): 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Next Gen Cup 2024: Punjab FC finish 3rd, East Bengal disappoint - Complete Standings of All Eight Teams |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/next-gen-cup-2024-punjab-fc-finish-3rd-east-bengal-disappoint-complete-standings-of-all-eight-te-298661.html |website=myKhel.com}}</ref>

* '''All India Principal Harbhajan Singh Memorial Cup (U-17 Category)'''
** Champions (1): 2023<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Winners/Runners-up of the Tournament |url=https://hssportingclub.com/results-under-17.html |website=HSSportingClub.com}}</ref>
** Runners-up (2): 2024, 2025<ref name=":0" />
*'''Dream Sports Championship (U-17)'''
** Champions (2): 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Sports Championship |url=https://www.dreamsports.group/dream-responsibly/dream-sports-championship}}</ref> 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand, Punjab FC crowned champions of Dream Sports Championship Football 2025 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/jharkhand-punjab-fc-crowned-champions-of-dream-sports-championship-football-2025/ |website=The Tribune}}</ref>
* '''Mastuana Sahib Football Tournament'''
** Runners-up (1): 2025

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Punjab FC]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2019]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Reserve team football in India]]
[[Category:Football academies in India]]

Ravikumar Gowda Ganiga

2026-04-28T15:04:04Z

GavinEspinoza2: added a bio added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravikumar Gowda
| nickname = Ravikumar Gowda Ganiga
| image =
| caption = Ravikumar Gowda Portrait
| birth_name = Puttaswamy Ravikumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ganiga, [[Mandya district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Businessman}}
| children =
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| education = Government Pre University College, [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru]] ([[Pre-university course|PUC]])
| profession =
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mandya Assembly constituency|Mandya]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[M. Srinivas (born 1942)|M. Srinivas]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Siddaramaiah]]
}}
'''Ravikumar Gowda Ganiga''' (born 1980), is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mandya Assembly constituency]] in [[Mandya district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravikumar Gowda (Ganiga) in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/ravikumar-gowda-ganiga-mandya-candidate-s10a189c004/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka polls: Congress' Ravikumar Gowda wins Mandya by 2,019 votes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/karnataka-polls-congress-ravikumar-gowda-wins-mandya-by-2019-votes/articleshow/100212326.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gowda was born in Mandya to L. Puttaswamy. He runs his own business. He completed his pre university course from Government Pre-University College, [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru|Malleshwaram]], Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravikumar Gowda (Ganiga)(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MANDYA(MANDYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8148 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gowda won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Mandya Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 61,411 votes and defeated his nearest rival, B. R. Ramachandra of [[Janata Dal (S)]] by a narrow margin of 2,019 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Mandya Election Results 2023: BJP's Ashok Jayaram to faces fierce battle against Congress and JDS - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/karnataka-mandya-election-results-2023-live-updates-16642961.htm |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Mandya Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Ravikumar Gowda (ganiga) Wins From Mandya |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/mandya-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601907 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikumar, Gowda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]

Atiśa

2026-04-28T02:12:54Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating new details v1

{{short description|Scholar of Madhyamaka Buddhism (982–1054)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Atiśa
| image = Atisha.jpg
| caption = In this twelfth-century Tibetan depiction, Atiśa holds a long, thin palm-leaf manuscript with his left hand and making the gesture of teaching with his right hand. Produced in a [[Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)|Kadam]] monastery in [[Tibet]], currently held in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tibu/ho_1993.479.htm |title=Portrait of Atiśa [Tibet (a Kadampa monastery)] (1993.479) |access-date=11 January 2008 |date=October 2006 |work=Timeline of Art History |publisher=New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–}}</ref>
| alias =
| dharma name = Buddhism
| birth_date = {{circa|982 CE}}
| birth_place = [[Bikrampur]], [[Bengal]]
| death_date = {{circa|1054 CE}}
| death_place = [[Nyêtang]], Tibet
| nationality =
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
| title =
| location =
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[Vikramashila]]
* [[Odantapuri]]
}}
| reincarnation of =
| teachers = [[Jñanasrimitra]]
| students = [[Dromtön]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}
{{Buddhism}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
'''Atiśa''' (c. 982–1054 CE) was a [[Buddhist]] religious teacher and leader from [[Bengal]].<ref name=TBRC>{{cite web |title=Reincarnation |url=http://www.dalailama.com/messages/statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation |website=Dalailama |publisher=The Dalai Lama |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=14 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514084334/http://www.dalailama.com/messages/statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation |url-status=dead}}</ref> He is generally associated with his body of work authored at [[Vikramashila|Vikramaśīla]] Monastery in [[Bihar]].<ref name="Westerhoff2018">{{cite book |author=Jan Westerhoff |title=The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYFZDwAAQBAJ |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873266-2 |page=276}}</ref> He was a major figure in the spread of 11th-century [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism in Asia and traveled to [[Sumatra]] and [[Tibet]]. Atiśa, along with his chief disciple [[Dromtön]], is regarded as the founder of the [[Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)|Kadam school]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/myreincarnation/tibetan-buddhism-glossary.php |title=Tibetan Buddhism from A to Z - My Reincarnation - POV |last=POV |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151141/http://www.pbs.org/pov/myreincarnation/tibetan-buddhism-glossary.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> one of the [[Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)|New Translation]] schools of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. In the 14th century, the Kadam school was supplanted by the [[Gelug]] tradition, which adopted its teachings and absorbed its monasteries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treasuryoflives.org/en/tradition/Kadam |title=Kadam - The Treasury of Lives: A Biographical Encyclopedia of Tibet, Inner Asia and the Himalayan Region |website=The Treasury of Lives |language=en |access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Atiśa was born as Candragarbha in c. 982 CE as the second of three sons to a ruling family in [[Bengal]] most probably in the village of Vajrayogini in [[Vikrampura]], the latter was one of the capitals of the [[Pala Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dipankar Srijnan, Atish |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dipankar_Srijnan,_Atish |website=[[Banglapedia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>[[Maha Bodhi Society]], ''The Maha Bodhi'', Volume 90, p. 238.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ATĪŚA ou ATĪSHA |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/atisa-atisha/ |website=[[Encyclopædia Universalis]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> His father was a king known as Kalyānaśrī and his mother was Prabhavati Sri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atisa Dipamkara |url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Atiśa-Dīpaṃkara/5717 |website=[[The Treasury of Lives]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ATĪŚA ou ATĪSHA |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/atisa-atisha/ |website=[[Encyclopædia Universalis]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> The early part of his life was typical of noblemen of the period, and he was trained in various fields, including art.<ref name=BrillAtisa>{{cite journal |last1=Roesler |first1=Ulrike |title=Atiśa and the Bka' gdams pa Masters |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ENBO/COM-2181.xml}}</ref>

===Studies===
As a young man, he began to study [[Vajrayana|tantra]] in what is now [[Rajgir]], where he was tutored by a monk named Rāhulaguhyavajra. Under Rāhulaguhyavajra, Atiśa was initiated into [[Hevajra]] and taught specific meditations. He then studied for seven years under a master named Avadhūtipā, where he focused on [[yoga]] and engaged in tantric feasts known as [[ganachakra]].<ref name= BrillAtisa />

According to Tibetan sources, Atiśa was ordained into the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] lineage at the age of twenty-eight by the Abbot Śīlarakṣita in [[Bodh Gaya]] and studied almost all Buddhist and non-Buddhist schools of his time, including teachings from [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]], Tantric Hinduism and other practices. He also studied the sixty-four kinds of art, the art of music and the art of logic and accomplished these studies until the age of twenty-two. Among the many Buddhist lineages he studied, practised and transmitted the three main lineages were the ''Lineage of the Profound Action'' transmitted by [[Asanga|Asaṅga]] and [[Vasubandhu]], the ''Lineage of Profound View'' transmitted by [[Nagarjuna]] and [[Candrakīrti]], and the ''Lineage of Profound Experience'' transmitted by [[Tilopa]] and [[Naropa]].<ref>Great Kagyu Masters: The Golden Lineage Treasury by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen, Snow Lion Publications, pages 154-186</ref>{{Sfn|Buswell|2014|p=247}} Atiśa engaged with many notable teachers during this period, including [[Ratnākaraśānti]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ratnākaraśānti |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-buddhism/ratnakarasanti-COM_2051 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online}}</ref> Naropa and [[Jitari]]. He also studied Dharmarakṣita at the monastery of [[Odantapuri]].<ref name= BrillAtisa />

===Vikramaśīla===
Atiśa rose to become a senior scholar at the monastery of [[Vikramashila|Vikramaśīla]] at a time when it had no more than one hundred ordained monks present. Tibetan hagiographies on his life have a tendency to portray him as one of the greatest scholars to stay at Vikramaśīla, who would be noted for his strict adherence to the ethics of Mahayana Buddhism. It was during this period that the King of the Tibetan polity of [[Guge]], Lha bla ma Ye shes 'od began to send missions to Vikramaśīla to invite scholars to visit Guge so that they could teach the "pure form of Buddhism".

Atiśa finally departed Vikramaśīla in 1040 CE. The then abbot of Vikramaśīla, Ratnakara, gave his permission for Atiśa to leave but on the condition that he return in three years.<ref name="BrillAtisa" />
===Teachings in Sumatra and Tibet===
[[File:Mural of Atisha at Ralung Gompa, 1993.jpg|thumb|280px|Mural of Atiśa at [[Ralung Monastery]], 1993.]]
Tibetan sources record that Atiśa spent 12 years in [[Sumatra]] of the [[Srivijaya]] empire, and he returned to India in 1025 CE which was also the same year when [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]] invaded Sumatra.<ref>Atisa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dipamkara Srijnana by Alaka Chattopadhyaya p.91</ref>

Upon his return, he received much attention for his teachings and skills in debate and philosophy. On three separate occasions, Atiśa was acclaimed for defeating non-Buddhist extremists in debate.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} When he came into contact with what he perceived to be a misled or deteriorating form of Buddhism, he would quickly and effectively implement reforms. Soon enough he was appointed to the position of steward, or abbot, at Vikramaśīla which was established by [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Emperor Dharmapala]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} He is also said to have "nourished" [[Odantapuri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chattopadhyaya |first1=Alaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8Ssa5r7MZkC&dq=%22Atisa+also+%22nourished%22+Odantapuri%22&pg=PA126 |title=Atīśa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna in Relation to the History and Religion of Tibet |last2=Atīśa |date=1981 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0928-4 |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref>

Atiśa's return from [[Suvarnabhumi]], where he had been studying with Dharmakīrtiśrī, and his rise to prominence in India coincided with a flourishing of Buddhist culture and the practice of Buddhism in the region, and in many ways Atiśa's influence contributed to these developments. According to the ''[[Blue Annals]]'', a new king of [[Guge]] by the name of [[Yeshe-Ö]] sent his academic followers to learn and translate some of the Sanskrit Buddhist texts.<ref>{{cite book |author=bstan pa'i mgon po |title=Blue Annals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DuVrgEACAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=Lokesh Chandra}}</ref> Among these academics was Naktso, who was eventually sent to Vikramaśīla to study Sanskrit and plead with Atiśa to come teach the Dharma in his homeland.

Travelling with Naktso and Gya Lōtsawa, Atiśa journeyed through Nepal on his way to Tolung, the capital of the Purang Kingdom. (Gya Lōtsawa died before reaching Tolung.) On his way, he is said to have met Marpa Lōtsawa. He spent three years in Tolung and compiled his teachings into his most influential scholarly work, ''[[Bodhipathapradīpa]]'', or ''Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment''. This short text in sixty-seven verses lays out the entire Buddhist path in terms of the three vehicles: Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna, and became the model for subsequent texts in the genre of [[Lamrim]], or the ''Stages of the Path,''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Atisa-Dipamkara/5717 |title=Atisa Dipamkara |website=The Treasury of Lives |language=en |access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> and was specifically the basis for [[Tsongkhapa]]'s Lamrim writings. Here Atiśa met [[Dromtön]], or Dromtonpa, who would become his primary disciple, regarded as both an enforcer of later propagation ethical standards and a holder of Atiśa's tantric lineage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Dromton-Gyelwa-Jungne/4267 |title=Dromton Gyelwa Jungne |website=The Treasury of Lives |language=en |access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

According to [[Jamgon Kongtrul]], when Atiśa discovered the store of Sanskrit texts at Pekar Kordzoling, the library of [[Samye]], "he said that the degree to which the Vajrayana had spread in Tibet was unparalleled, even in India. After saying this, he reverently folded his hands and praised the great dharma kings, translators, and panditas of the previous centuries."{{Sfn|Tulku|Helm|2006|p=74}}

==Legacy==
In 2004, Atiśa was ranked 18th in the [[BBC]]'s poll of the [[Greatest Bengali of all time|greatest Bengalis of all time]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm |title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali' |date=14 April 2004 |access-date=24 February 2018 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011708/https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time' |date=17 April 2004 |access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm |title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 313 |website=The Daily Star |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011711/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Writings ==
{{Unreferenced section|date= March 2022}}
His writings include:

:*''[[Bodhipathapradīpa]]'' ({{bo|w=byang chub lam gyi sgron ma}})
:*Bodhipathapradipapanjikanama (his own commentary on ''Bodhipathapradīpa'' / byang chub lam gyi sgron ma)
:*''Charyasamgrahapradipa'' contains some [[kirtan]] verses composed by Atiśa.
:*''Satyadvayavatara''
:*''Bodhisattvamanyavali''
:*''Madhyamakaratnapradipa''
:*''Mahayanapathasadhanasangraha''
:*''Shiksasamuccaya Abhisamya''
:*''Prajnaparamitapindarthapradipa''
:*''Ekavirasadhana''
:*''Vimalaratnalekha'', a Sanskrit letter to [[Nayapala]], king of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]].

== See also ==
* [[Nyethang Drolma Temple]]
* [[Bikrampur Vihara]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Buswell |first=Robert Jr. |author-link=Robert Buswell Jr. |title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |year=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=9780691157863}}
* Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen, ''Great Kagyu Masters: The Golden Lineage Treasury'', Snow Lion Publications
* Geshe Sonam Rinchen, ''Atiśa's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment'', Snow Lion Publications
* {{cite book |last=Khyentse |first=Dilgo |author-link=Dilgo Khyentse |date=1993 |title='Enlightened Courage |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=[[Snow Lion Publications]] |isbn=1-55939-023-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/enlightenedcoura00rabg}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tulku |first1=Ringu |last2=Helm |first2=Ann |date=2006 |title=The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet |location=Boston |publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]] |isbn=1-59030-286-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Apple |first1=James B. |date=2019 |title=Atisa Dipamkara: Illuminator of the Awakened Mind |location=Boston |publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]] |isbn=978-1611806472}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Atisha}}
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Atiśa}}
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Atisha}}
* [http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/txt3.htm Bibliography of Atisha's works, Item 596] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113104432/http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/txt3.htm |date=13 November 2021 }}, Karl Potter, University of Washington
* [http://kadampa.org/en/buddhism/advice-from-atisha Advice from Atiśa's Heart]
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dipankar_Srijnan,_Atish Atiśa Dipamkara] on Banglapedia
* [http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/original-texts/sutra-texts/lamp-for-the-path-to-enlightenment English Translation of Lamp to the Path of Enlightenment] (by Dr. Alexander Berzin)

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atisa}}
[[Category:982 births]]
[[Category:1054 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Monks of Vikramashila]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Madhyamaka scholars]]
[[Category:Kadampa lamas]]
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:History of Tibetan Buddhism]]
[[Category:Founders of Buddhist sects]]
[[Category:People from the Pala Empire]]

Jhotiwala

2026-04-26T23:06:07Z

GavinEspinoza2: New A Article

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhotiwala
| other_name = ਝੋਟੀਵਾਲਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.72809|74.64431|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 2105
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate = PB04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Jhotiwala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਝੋਟੀਵਾਲਾ) is a village in [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhotiwala · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jhotiwala,+Punjab+151212/@30.7243692,74.6260282,14z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919e1ca623337b5:0xbc218e373794d317!8m2!3d30.7270647!4d74.6444348!16s/g/1tmxtzx8!5m1!1e1 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Jhotiwala · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref> The village has a population of 2105 of which 1087 are males while 1018 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhotiwala 54) Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35524-jhotiwala-54)-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GMS JHOTIWALA {{!}} District Faridkot, Government of Punjab |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/gms-jhoti-wala/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 961 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=50}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Jaswant Singh Gurjar

2026-04-19T17:59:48Z

GavinEspinoza2: New A Biography...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jaswant Singh Gurjar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Girraj Singh Malinga]]
| constituency1 = [[Bari, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bari, Rajasthan]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 = 1998
| term_end1 = 2003
| successor1 = Daljeet Singh
| predecessor1 = Daljeet Singh
| constituency2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|08|15}}
| birth_place = Moroli, [[Dholpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Kamal Singh Gurjar (father)
| party = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]] (2024–present)
| spouse = Kammoda Devi
| partner =
| children = 3
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| education =
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
| district =
}}

'''Jaswant Singh Gurjar''' (born 15 August 1955) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician currently serving as the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|member of the 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bari, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bari, Rajasthan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Rajasthan BSP MLAs join Shiv Sena, say will work for BJP's LS candidates |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-bsp-mlas-join-shiv-sena-say-will-work-for-bjps-ls-candidates-9274372/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2018-10-31 |title=Former BJP MLA Jaswant Singh Gurjar uses foul language, video viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ex-bjp-mla-uses-foul-language-video-viral/articleshow/66437406.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaswant Singh Gurjar |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/jaswant-singh-gurjar-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a078e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He previously served as the Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha]] from 1998 to 2003. He is Member of the [[Shiv Sena]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2023 Rajasthan state elections he won by the margin of twenty-seven thousand four hundred twenty-four votes<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSP's Jaswant Singh Gurjar triumphs; Malinga faces defeat after alleged assault on Dalit Engineer – DalitDesk |url=https://dalitdesk.com/bsps-jaswant-singh-gurjar-triumphs-malinga-faces-defeat-after-alleged-assault-on-dalit-engineer |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaswant Singh Gurjar MLA from Indian state of Rajasthan |url=https://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/47338/Jaswantsingh-Kamalsingh-Gurjar |website=www.indialeader.com}}</ref> and he defeated the (BJP) [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta party's]] candidate Girraj Singh Malinga<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bari Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BSP's Jaswant Singh Gurjar with 106060 defeats BJP's Girraj Singh malinga |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bari-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470691-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> who belonged to Dalit community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politics – DalitDesk |url=https://dalitdesk.com/category/politics |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Jaswant Singh Gurjar was a former BJP MLA (political leader). He was accused of making threatening remarks against his opponent in the 2023 Rajasthan election.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Jaswant Singh}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

2024 Indian bomb hoaxes

2026-04-19T16:27:55Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating initial pg needs work

{{Short description|Series of bomb hoaxes in India in 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2024 Indian bomb hoaxes
| location = Various establishments across India (primarily institutions, airports, aircraft, and hospitals)
| target = Students, commuters, patients, staff, political leaders, among others
| date = April–May 2024
| timezone =
| type = [[Hoax]] [[Bomb threat]]
| perpetrators = Various, unknown
| fatalities = None
| injuries = None
| motive = Unknown
}}

Beginning in late April 2024, a series of hoax bomb threats—communicated via emails and phone calls—were reported across multiple locations in India. Targets included schools, colleges, hotels, hospitals, airports, and aircraft. The majority of threats were directed at institutions in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Three Bengaluru hotels receive hoax bomb threat emails |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/three-bengaluru-hotels-receive-hoax-bomb-threat-emails-again/article68206862.ece |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2024-05-23 |title=Some Delhi colleges receive hoax bomb threats |url=https://www.siasat.com/some-delhi-colleges-receive-hoax-bomb-threats-3031443/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Bomb threats in India: Alarming rise in May 2024; all you need to know |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/bomb-threats-in-india-alarming-rise-in-may-2024-indigo-flight-bomb-threat-bomb-threat-today-delhi-bomb-11716869460556.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Threats ==
{{Location map many|India|width=250
| label1 = 2| coordinates1 = {{coord|22.57|88.35}} 
| label2 = 50+| coordinates2 = {{coord|26.82|75.80}} | position2 = left 
| label3 = 5| coordinates3 = {{coord|19.09|72.86}} | position3 = top 
| label4 = 1| coordinates4 = {{coord|23.29|77.33}} | position4 = left 
| label5 = 1| coordinates5 = {{coord|15.38|73.83}} | position5 = bottom 
| label6 = 7| coordinates6 = {{coord|26.44|80.33}} 
| label7 = 8| coordinates7 = {{coord|12.84|77.66}} | position7 = left 
| label8 = 200+| coordinates8 = {{coord|28.55|77.08}} | position8 = top 
| label9 = 1| coordinates9 = {{coord|17.40|78.47}} | position9 = left 
| label10 = 41| coordinates10 = {{coord|23.01|72.57}} | position10 = left 
| caption = Map of India showing the number of bomb threats received
}}

During late April 2024, a wave of bomb threats targeted multiple airports and facilities across India. [[Kolkata Airport|Kolkata]] and [[Jaipur Airport|Jaipur]] airports received emails claiming that bombs had been planted on their premises. In addition, airports in [[Mumbai]], [[Bhopal]], [[Goa]] (Dabolim), and Kolkata also received hoax bomb threat calls.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=After Mumbai, Bhopal, Goa, Nagpur, Kolkata and Jaipur airports, Delhi's Chacha Nehru Hospital receives bomb threat via email |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/after-mumbai-bhopal-goa-nagpur-kolkata-and-jaipur-airports-delhis-chacha-nehru-hospital-receives-bomb-threat-via-email/articleshow/109721978.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

The following day, more than 30 airports under the jurisdiction of the [[Airports Authority of India|Airports Authority of India (AAI)]] and other agencies received bomb threats via email. The threats were reportedly sent to over 90 email addresses belonging to airports and security organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Naina J. |title=Hoax bomb threat email to Mangaluru International Airport |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/hoax-bomb-threat-email-to-mangaluru-international-airport-3007757 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

On 1 May, over 200 schools in the [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi-NCR]] received identical bomb threat emails around 04:00, prompting mass evacuations and panic among parents. After thorough searches, the threats were deemed hoaxes. An initial investigation by the [[Delhi Police]] Special Cell's Counter-Intelligence Unit (CIU) traced the source to a Russian IP address linked to the email ID 'sawariim@mail.ru'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=Panic in Delhi as over 150 schools get bomb threat emails |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/schools-receive-bomb-threat-9300278/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-02 |title=Links to China, ISI: When bomb hoax at 200 schools in Delhi-NCR led to panic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bomb-hoax-at-200-delhi-ncr-schools-leads-to-panic-keeps-cops-on-toes/articleshow/109765007.cms |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Schools targeted included [[Sanskriti School]] in [[Chanakyapuri]], Mother Mary School in [[Mayur Vihar]], and [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]] branches in [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]] and [[Noida]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-01 |title=Delhi-NCR schools get bomb threat: Here is what we know so far |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-ncr-schools-get-bomb-threat-here-is-what-we-know-so-far-dps-dwarka-dps-noida-amity-school-mother-mary-school-sanskriti-school/articleshow/109745635.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

On 6 May, 41 schools in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, received similar bomb threat emails. On 12 May, Delhi hospitals, including [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], and the Northern Railways’ office were targeted with alarming emails from a Cyprus-based service, beeble.com.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Bomb hoax mailed to 55 schools on anniversary of Jaipur serial blasts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bomb-hoax-mailed-to-55-schools-on-anniversary-of-jaipur-serial-blasts/article68171685.ece |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In mid-May, private hospitals in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] also received hoax threat emails.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Bengaluru hospitals receive bomb threat, police declare it as hoax later |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-hospitals-receive-bomb-threat-police-declare-it-as-hoax-later-101715577767883.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 14 May, the 16th anniversary of the [[Jaipur bombings|2008 Jaipur bombings]], over 55 schools in Jaipur were targeted with similar emails.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title=Bomb hoax mailed to 55 schools on anniversary of Jaipur serial blasts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bomb-hoax-mailed-to-55-schools-on-anniversary-of-jaipur-serial-blasts/article68171685.ece |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

That same day, hospitals and [[Tihar Jail]] in Delhi also received threats from the same Cyprus-based service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Bomb threat calls at Delhi's Lady Shri Ram, Venkateswara College |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/bomb-threat-calls-at-delhis-lady-shri-ram-venkateswara-college-101716466960055.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On 15 May, a bomb threat note was found in the washroom of a Delhi–[[Vadodara]] [[Air India]] flight, sparking panic before being deemed a hoax.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Fake 'bomb' note sparks panic onboard Delhi-Vadodara flight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/fake-bomb-note-sparks-panic-onboard-delhi-vadodara-flight/articleshow/110167036.cms |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

By late May, threats extended to commercial and government sites. On 19 May, [[Mumbai Police]] received a threat call about a bomb at a McDonald’s outlet in [[Dadar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-19 |title=Ahead Of LS Polls, Mumbai Police Receives Threat Call For Bomb Blast At McDonald's Dadar |url=https://www.news18.com/india/mumbai-bomb-threat-ahead-of-lok-sabha-polls-police-receives-threat-call-mcdonalds-dadar-8896432.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=News18}}</ref> On 22 May, the [[North Block]], housing the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)]], received a hoax bomb threat email from an anonymous Gmail ID using a suspected [[VPN]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Block receives bomb threat email turns out to be hoax |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/05/23/del68-dl-bomb-threat-2ndld-north-block.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=The Week}}</ref>

On 23 May, three hotels in Bengaluru, including the Oterra Hotel in [[Electronic City]], received bomb threats via email. The sender, identifying himself as "daudee jiwal", claimed to be the son of a senior [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer and alleged a conspiracy involving the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] and a political family from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He warned that some members of the Bomb Detection and Disposal Squad (BDDS) were under his father’s supervision and advised evacuations by 14:30.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Three hotels in Bengaluru receive bomb threat emails, bomb squad dispatched |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/three-hotels-in-bengaluru-receive-bomb-threat-emails-bomb-squad... |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== October 2024 ===
In early October 2024, at least 30 Indian flights received bomb threats.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Air India, IndiGo: How bomb hoaxes are giving a bad name to India airlines |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2kz84kgj0o |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> During the last two weeks of the month, the aviation sector reported at least 500 hoax bomb threats. As of 14 November, a total of 999 fake threats had been recorded for the year—ten times more than the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian airlines hit by nearly 1,000 hoax bomb threats in 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c05z3v0jp49o |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

Notable incidents included:

* An [[Air India]] flight traveling from Mumbai to New York was diverted to New Delhi after a note was discovered in the lavatory reading: "BOMB THIS FLIGHT." All passengers and crew were safely disembarked following standard operating procedures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2024 |title=Bomb alert Air India flight: Mumbai to New York flight receives bomb threat |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/air-india-mumbai-to-new-york-flight-receives-bomb-threat-11728875354756.html |work=Livemint}}</ref>
* An [[Air India Express]] flight en route to Singapore was escorted by two [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] fighter jets after an email claimed a bomb was on board.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Air India, IndiGo: Hoax bomb threats spark panic for Indian airlines |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c30l4gp6z6mo |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* An [[IndiGo]] flight bound for Lucknow from Dammam, Saudi Arabia, was diverted to Jaipur following a bomb threat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=IndiGo flight from Saudi diverted after receiving bomb threat |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/aviation/indigo-flight-from-saudi-diverted-after-receiving-bomb-threat |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>
* A Delhi–Chicago Air India flight was diverted to Iqaluit, Canada, due to a security threat posted online.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bomb threat forces Air India flight into emergency landing at Iqaluit airport {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10812214/air-india-flight-diverted-to-canada-bomb-threat/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Two IndiGo flights departing from Mumbai—one to Muscat and the other to Jeddah—were moved to an isolated bay after receiving bomb threats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=IndiGo flights from Mumbai to Jeddah, Muscat receive bomb threats |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/indigo-flights-to-jeddah-muscat-receive-bomb-threats-taken-to-isolated-bay |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>
* An [[Akasa Air]] flight bound for Bengaluru was redirected to Delhi due to a bomb threat.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Air India, IndiGo: Hoax bomb threats spark panic for Indian airlines |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c30l4gp6z6mo |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Indian authorities arrested a 17-year-old school dropout who allegedly created a fake social media account to issue bomb threats. He was believed to have targeted four flights.<ref name=":3" />

===December 2024===
On 9 December 2024, over 40 schools in Delhi received bomb threat emails demanding a [[ransom]] of US$30,000. The messages threatened that students would be harmed by multiple small explosives hidden on school premises, leading to widespread panic and evacuations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2024 |title='You all deserve to suffer, lose limbs': Panic grips Delhi as over 40 schools receive bomb threat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/you-all-deserve-to-suffer-and-lose-limbs-bomb-threat-letter-to-over-40-delhi-schools-demands-30000/articleshow/116123854.cms |publisher=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On the same day, six hotels in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] also received bomb threats, causing alarm among guests and staff. Bomb squads and local police were dispatched to the affected locations; however, no explosives were found during search operations. Authorities stated that efforts were underway to trace the IP addresses from which the threat emails originated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2024 |first=Sanjay |last=Yadav |title=Gurugram hotels receive bomb threats, nothing found in search |url=https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&sca_esv=63c7668e472ab9a2&hl=en&sxsrf=ADLYWILuNQ6Z96XRx8SLoBF4RocA0f_0Tw%3A1733801947817&q=India+bomb+threats&oq=India+bomb+threats&aqs=heirloom-srp..0l5 |publisher=The Tribune |access-date=9 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
The bomb threat emails received by schools in Delhi are suspected to have originated from [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]. According to police officials, the IP address of the anonymous sender was traced to the Hungarian capital. Authorities also reported that the emails were sent via ''mail.ru'', a Russian-based email service, and that a formal request had been sent to the provider for further information. Delhi Police stated they were planning to contact law enforcement agencies in Hungary to assist with the investigation. Preliminary findings raised suspicions of a “deeper conspiracy,” possibly involving an ISIS-linked module attempting to disrupt the ongoing [[2024 Indian general election|general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-21 |title=Bomb threat emails sent to 150 schools traced to Budapest; larger conspiracy possibly at play, say police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bomb-threat-emails-sent-to-150-schools-traced-to-budapest-larger-conspiracy-possibly-at-play-say-police/article68201529.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]], requested a detailed report from the state police and directed them to carry out search operations and identify the perpetrators without delay. He urged parents to remain calm and cooperate with the authorities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-01 |title=Bomb threat in Delhi-NCR schools: L-G Saxena seeks report from police; urges parents not to panic |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bomb-threat-in-delhi-ncr-schools-l-g-saxena-seeks-report-from-police-urges-parents-not-to-panic/articleshow/109746867.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Cybercrime officials initiated an investigation after a [[First information report|FIR]] was registered by the [[Kanpur Police]]. Authorities were also examining similarities between the threat emails received by schools in [[Lucknow]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Jaipur]], and [[Delhi]], in an effort to identify patterns and possible connections.<ref name=":0" />

On 29 May, the [[Hyderabad City Police]] arrested a man accused of making hoax bomb threat calls regarding explosives planted at Praja Bhavan and the Nampally Court. According to police reports, the suspect admitted to making the calls while in an intoxicated state, following a domestic dispute with his wife.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2024-05-30 |title=Man arrested over hoax bomb threats in Hyderabad |url=https://www.siasat.com/man-arrested-over-hoax-bomb-threats-in-hyderabad-3034829/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2016 Australian school bomb threats]]
* [[2005 Brisbane bomb hoax]]
* [[2018 Bitcoin bomb threats]]
* [[October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2024 crimes in India]]
[[Category:April 2024 in India]]
[[Category:May 2024 in India]]
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]
[[Category:2024 hoaxes]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in India]]
[[Category:October 2024 in India]]

Veppanatham

2026-04-17T16:24:36Z

GavinEspinoza2: made first info first draft

{{Orphan|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Veppanatham
| other_name = vpm
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|38|55|N|78|46|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = salem
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 636112
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Attur, Kallakurichi
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Veppanatham''' is a village located in [[Salem district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veppanatham Village Population - Attur - Salem, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/634262-veppanatham-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Ponnolinagar village is also under Veppanatham Panchayath.

== Location ==

It is located 77 km towards east from district headquarters Salem 10 km from Thalaivasal and 25 km from Attur and also 16 km from Chinnasalem.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Salem district]]

Osmanabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:13Z

GavinEspinoza2: added basic pg initial version...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Osmanabad
| constituency_no = 242
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 242-Osmanabad.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]
| district = [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Kailas Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| electors = 375,359
}}

'''Osmanabad Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|288 legislative assembly constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Overview==
Osmanabad (constituency number 242) is one of the four Legislative Assembly constituencies located in [[Osmanabad district]]. It covers the entire Kalamb [[tehsil]] and part of Osmanabad tehsil of this district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=271}}</ref> The number of electors in 2009 was 296,247 (male 157,571, female 138,676).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Osmanabad is part of [[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Legislative Assembly constituencies, namely [[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]], [[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]] and [[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]] in Osmanabad district, [[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]] in [[Solapur district]] and [[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]] in [[Latur district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[Udhavrao Patil|Uddhavrao Sahebrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| Kallyan Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Udhavrao Patil|Uddhavrao Sahebrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Vishwasrao Ganpatrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[Udhavrao Patil|Uddhavrao Sahebrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Survase Gautmarao Ramji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="7" | [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Omprakash Raje Nimbalkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan="2" | [[Kailas Patil|Kailas Balasaheb Ghadge Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kailas Patil|Kailas Balasaheb Ghadge Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 130,573 |percentage = 54.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajit Bappasaheb Pingle |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 94,007 |percentage = 38.94% |change = {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pranit Shamrao Dikale |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,117 |percentage = 4.19% |change = {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deodatta Bhagwat More |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,042 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,581 |percentage = 0.65% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,566 |percentage = 15.15% |change = {{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 242,995 |percentage = 64.74% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 241,414}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 375,359 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}13.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kailas Patil|Kailas Balasaheb Ghadge Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 87,488 |percentage = 40.78% |change = {{increase}}4.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Prakash Nimbalkar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 74,021 |percentage = 34.51% |change = {{decrease}}6.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajit Bappasaheb Pingle |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,570 |percentage = 9.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhananjay Gangadhar Shingade |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 15,755 |percentage = 7.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Sahebrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,014 |percentage = 4.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Sandip Manikrao Tambare |party = Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 2,289 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,907 |percentage = 0.89% |change = {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Ajit (Anna) Vishwanath Khot Patil |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,298 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,467 |percentage = 6.28% |change = {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,591 |percentage = 61.24% |change = {{decrease}}4.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 214,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 353,647 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 88,469 |percentage = 40.99% |change = {{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omprakash Bhupalsinha (Pawanraje) Rajenimbalkar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 77,663 |percentage = 35.98% |change = {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dudhgaonkar Patil Sanjay Trimbakrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,081 |percentage = 12.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwas Jagdevrao Shinde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,081 |percentage = 4.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akbarkhan Gulabkhan Pathan |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 4,555 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Ghule Jayram Baliram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,531 |percentage = 1.17% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 621 |percentage = 0.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,806 |percentage = 5.01% |change = {{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,606 |percentage = 66.13% |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 215,841}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 327,533 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Omprakash Raje Nimbalkar]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 100,709 |percentage = 50.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ranajagjitsinha Padmasinha |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 83,735 |percentage = 41.85% |change = {{decrease}}3.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghule Jairam Baliram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,732 |percentage = 1.87% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anant Jagannath Chonde |party = Shivrajya Party |votes = 1,694 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shubhangi Shahu Aakhade |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,367 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,974 |percentage = 8.48% |change = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 200,478 |percentage = 67.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,103}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,247 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.99 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 68,834 |percentage = 45.77% |change = {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawan Raje Bhopalsinh Santajirao Rajenimbalkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 68,350 |percentage = 45.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khalil Saif Sayyad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,765 |percentage = 3.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lomte Pandit Gurunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,762 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Rabbani Shaikh Jilani |party = National Loktantrik Party |votes = 1,620 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Swami Bhimashankar Shivayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,504 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Vishvanathrao Gund |party = Independent politician |votes = 913 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 484 |percentage = 0.32% |change = {{decrease}}13.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,448 |percentage = 68.04% |change = {{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,380}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,101 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 55,848 |percentage = 46.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwas Jagdevrao Shinde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,634 |percentage = 31.86% |change = {{decrease}}16.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borkar Shankar Ambrushi |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 26,281 |percentage = 21.67% |change = {{increase}}8.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,214 |percentage = 14.20% |change = {{decrease}}14.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,952 |percentage = 68.80% |change = {{decrease}}6.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,255}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,533 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,555 |percentage = 47.89% |change = {{decrease}}13.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Vasantrao Shankarrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,616 |percentage = 18.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gore Arvind Janardhan |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,022 |percentage = 16.86% |change = {{decrease}}14.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingle Bharat Laxmanrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 16,863 |percentage = 12.91% |change = {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Garad Netaji Shivajirao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,623 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,939 |percentage = 29.04% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,464 |percentage = 75.15% |change = {{increase}}8.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,626}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,932 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,884 |percentage = 61.35% |change = {{increase}}20.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gore Arvind Janardhan |party = Janata Dal |votes = 34,470 |percentage = 31.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sudhir Keshavrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 7,190 |percentage = 6.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,414 |percentage = 29.73% |change = {{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,845 |percentage = 66.79% |change = {{decrease}}6.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,024}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,957 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]] |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 52,197 |percentage = 56.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Madhukarrao Deorao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,729 |percentage = 41.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Vasantrao Marutrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Devidas Gunaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 818 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,468 |percentage = 15.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,600 |percentage = 73.63% |change = {{increase}}7.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,885}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,116 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 40,320 |percentage = 53.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Nana Saheb Harishchandra |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,321 |percentage = 37.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghure Trimbakrao Sridharrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,093 |percentage = 8.15% |change = {{decrease}}20.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,999 |percentage = 16.06% |change = {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,268 |percentage = 65.76% |change = {{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,734}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,980 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,949 |percentage = 42.53% |change = {{decrease}}20.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balbhimrao Narsing Rao Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,433 |percentage = 29.01% |change = {{decrease}}5.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Maqbool Ahmed Mohemmed Hanif |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,673 |percentage = 15.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vyankatrao Ambadasrao Hambire |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,916 |percentage = 12.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Mahboob Dadamiva |party = Independent politician |votes = 455 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,516 |percentage = 13.51% |change = {{decrease}}15.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,733 |percentage = 68.64% |change = {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,426}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,966 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Survase Gautmarao Ramji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,220 |percentage = 63.17% |change = {{increase}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghogre Balwant Yadavrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,436 |percentage = 34.03% |change = {{decrease}}13.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Rao Raje |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,517 |percentage = 2.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,784 |percentage = 29.14% |change = {{increase}}26.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,091 |percentage = 59.50% |change = {{decrease}}9.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,173}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,275 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}15.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Udhavrao Patil|Uddhavrao Sahebrao Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 24,877 |percentage = 48.01% |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. D. Samudra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,330 |percentage = 45.03% |change = {{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. L. Bansode |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,650 |percentage = 5.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Deshmukh |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 958 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 2.99% |change = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,746 |percentage = 69.25% |change = {{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,815}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,498 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.10 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwasrao Ganpatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,500 |percentage = 48.50% |change = {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsingrao Balbhimrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,490 |percentage = 45.70% |change = {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardhanrao Eknathrao |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,095 |percentage = 5.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,010 |percentage = 2.80% |change = {{decrease}}13.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,689 |percentage = 57.24% |change = {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,085}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,591 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Udhavrao Patil|Uddhavrao Sahebrao Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,127 |percentage = 50.34% |change = {{increase}}26.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phoolchand Ramchand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,928 |percentage = 34.11% |change = {{decrease}}8.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rambhau Raghunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,984 |percentage = 15.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,199 |percentage = 16.23% |change = {{increase}}13.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,039 |percentage = 55.25% |change = {{decrease}}45.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,039}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,989 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}44.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}26.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Osmanabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Udhavrao Patil|Uddhavrao Sahebrao Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,066 |percentage = 24.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kallyan Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,715 |percentage = 22.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prahlad Rao |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 21,844 |percentage = 20.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesh Bapu Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,425 |percentage = 19.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dongre Krishnaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,148 |percentage = 5.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Datoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,819 |percentage = 2.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatry |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,177 |percentage = 2.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskar Rao |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 1,949 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,222 |percentage = 3.09% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,143 |percentage = 50.23% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,143}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,664 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Osmanabad district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.19|76.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bandikui Junction

2026-04-15T05:48:16Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating the details v1

{{Short description|Railway Station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bandikui Junction railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|40px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Bandikui Junction railway station - Platform board.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Railway Station Rd, Bandikui Marg, SH 25, [[Bandikui]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0394|76.5664|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Rajasthan
| map_size = 300
| line = [[Delhi–Ahmedabad line]], [[Bandikui–Bharatpur line]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|222.000|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 6
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 8 [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BKI
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Jaipur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=13|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''Bandikui Junction''' is a major railway station in [[Dausa district]], [[Rajasthan]]. Its code is '''BKI'''. It serves [[Bandikui]] city. The station consists of six platforms. The platforms are well sheltered. It has many facilities including water and sanitation.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bandikui-junction-bki/361| title=BKI/Bandikui Junction | website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

Station is a major railway station at the junction of Agra–Jaipur and [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Delhi–Jaipur]] railway lines in Dausa district of Rajasthan. It is one of the earliest railway stations in northern India and also was the destination of steam locomotives. The first train in Rajasthan ran from Bandikui Junction to [[Agra Fort railway station|Agra Fort]], started in April 1874 by the colonial government in India.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Dausa district]]
[[Category:Jaipur railway division]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}

Madugula Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:48Z

GavinEspinoza2: made new entry basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Madugula
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (27-Madugula highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Madugula Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1951
| constituency_no = 27
| electors = 185,791
| type = SLA
}}

'''Madugula Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Anakapalli district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Madugula, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy wins Madugula with 91869 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/madugula-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548214-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there a total of 185,791 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The four mandals that forms the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Madugula]]
|-
| [[Cheedikada]]
|-
| [[Devarapalli, Anakapalli district|Devarapalli]]
|-
| [[K. Kotapadu mandal|K. Kotapadu]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Madugula Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q59902701,Q59902665,Q59902676,Q11055938"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Bajinki Gangayya Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Donda Sreerama Murty
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Tenneti Viswanadham|Tenneti Viswanatham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. K. Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Boddu Kalavathi
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kuracha Ramunaidu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=5 |[[Reddi Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Karanam Dharmasri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Gavireddi Rama Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
|votes = 91869
|percentage = 55.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Erli Anuradha ]]|votes=63843|percentage=38.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=BBS Srinivas Rao|votes=1784|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=28026|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,65,221|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]
|votes = 78830
|percentage = 50.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gavireddi Ramanaidu]]|votes=62438|percentage=40.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[G. Sanyasi Naidu]]|votes=3745|percentage=2.42}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16396|percentage=10.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]
|votes = 72,299
|percentage = 49.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gavireddi Ramanaidu]]|votes=67,538|percentage=45.89|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,761|percentage=3.24|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=147,160|percentage=84.66|change=+3.00}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gavireddy Rama Naidu]]
|votes = 52,762
|percentage = 37.90
|change = -1.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A Rama Murthy Naidu]]|votes=45,935|percentage=32.99|change=-15.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Pyala Prasad Rao]]|votes=32,051|percentage=23.02|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,827|percentage=4.91|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=139,224|percentage=81.66|change=+5.20}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Karanam Dharmasri]]
|votes = 50,361
|percentage = 48.21
|change = +1.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Satyanarayana Reddy]]|votes=41,624|percentage=21.79|change=-12.61}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,737|percentage=28.36|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=104,455|percentage=76.46|change=+4.71}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Reddi Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 53,407
|percentage = 52.5
|change = {{increase}}0.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Donda Kannababu|votes=47,576|percentage=46.7|change={{increase}}22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Gavireddi Naidu|votes=824|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,831|percentage=5.6|change={{decrease}}21.5}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=104,771|percentage=73.8|change={{decrease}}1.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Reddi Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 51,230
|percentage = 52.4
|change = {{decrease}}3.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kilaparti Suri Apparao|votes=24,139|percentage=24.7|change={{decrease}}19.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Surya Rao Dangeti|votes=14,304|percentage=14.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Boddeda Rama Rao|votes=5,089|percentage=5.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kamireddi Suryanarayana|votes=1,160|percentage=1.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Talari Pedaraju|votes=977|percentage=1.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Ch. V.R. Kondalarao|votes=500|percentage=0.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Eswararao Bobbadi|votes=229|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Boodi Mutyalanaidu|votes=191|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,091|percentage=27.1|change={{increase}}16.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=100,087|percentage=75.0|change={{increase}}2.9}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Reddi Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 18,872
|percentage = 55.8
|change = {{decrease}}13.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kuracha Ramunaidu|votes=38,788|percentage=44.3|change={{increase}}17.6}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,084|percentage=11.0|change={{decrease}}30.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=91,359|percentage=72.1|change={{increase}}9.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Reddi Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 46,104
|percentage = 69.7
|change = {{increase}}15.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kuracha Ramunaidu|votes=17,683|percentage=26.7|change={{decrease}}1.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Karanam Thrinadharao|votes=1,328|percentage=2.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Karanam Thrinadharao|votes=1,328|percentage=2.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pothala Suryanarayana|votes=1,063|percentage=1.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,421|percentage=41.8|change={{increase}}16.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=67,962|percentage=62.6|change={{decrease}}3.9}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Reddi Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 35,439
|percentage = 53.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Boddu Duryanarayana|votes=18,557|percentage=28.2|change={{increase}}0.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Jetti Reddi|votes=7,395|percentage=11.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Puttu Gangayya|votes=4,332|percentage=6.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,882|percentage=25.0|change={{increase}}24.4}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=67,621|percentage=66.5|change={{decrease}}5.3}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kuracha Ramunaidu
|votes = 19,147
|percentage = 28.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Gummala Adinarayana|votes=18,710|percentage=27.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bhumireddy Satyanarayana|votes=12,784|percentage=18.7|change={{decrease}}23.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kalavathi Boddu|votes=11,405|percentage=16.7|change={{decrease}}38.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Donda Varahalu Dora|votes=6,263|percentage=9.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=437|percentage=0.6|change={{decrease}}12.57}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=71,149|percentage=71.8|change={{increase}}11.72}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Boddu Kalavathi
|votes = 26,764
|percentage = 55.55
|change = {{decrease}}15.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bhumireddy Satyanarayana|votes=20,420|percentage=42.38|change={{increase}}13.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=M. Narasimha Murty|votes=998|percentage=2.07|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,344|percentage=13.17|change={{decrease}}28.29}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=48,182|percentage=60.08|change={{decrease}}8.89}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = R. K. Devi
|votes = 34,561
|percentage = 70.73
|change = {{increase}}47.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=S. Bhumireddy|votes=14,304|percentage=29.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,257|percentage=41.46|change={{decrease}}12.61}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=48,865|percentage=68.97|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Tenneti Viswanadham]]
|votes = 26,478
|percentage = 77.03
|change = {{increase}}35.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Donda Sreeramamurty|votes=7,893|percentage=22.96|change={{decrease}}32.95}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,585|percentage=54.07|change={{increase}}39.64}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=34,371|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Praja Socialist Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Donda Sreerama Murty
|votes = 18,862
|percentage = 55.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|candidate=[[Tenneti Viswanadham]]|votes=13,993|percentage=41.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Poolla Rama Rao|votes=879|percentage=2.61|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,869|percentage=14.43|change={{increase}}4.68}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=33,734|percentage=58.32|change={{increase}}16.69}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Praja Socialist Party
|loser = Krishikar Lok Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Madugula<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhojinki Gangayya Naidu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=10,525 |percentage=31.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ilapakurthy Satyanarayana|party=Indian National Congress|votes=7,304|percentage=22.12%|change=22.12%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Palakurthi Chinna Appa Rao|party=Independent politician|votes=5,637|percentage=17.07%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lekkala Jagannathan Naidu|party=Independent politician|votes=2,052|percentage=6.21%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Karri Harasinga Rajoa|party=Independent politician|votes=2,036|percentage=6.17%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chebrolu Venkata Somayajulu|party=Independent politician|votes=1,839|percentage=5.57%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yellapragada Narasingha Rao|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=1,830|percentage=5.54%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mutyam Parvathesam|party=Independent politician|votes=1,802|percentage=5.46%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,221 |percentage=9.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=33,025|percentage=41.63%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,332 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Krishikar Lok Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== See also ===
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.91|82.81|display=title}}
{{Anakapalli district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anakapalli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Abhishek Porel

2026-04-13T11:18:12Z

GavinEspinoza2:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Sources exist|date=July 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2023}}
}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Abishek Porel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|10|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandannagar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| batting = Left-handed
| role = [[Wicket-keeper-batter]]

| club1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| year1 = 2022–present
| club2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| year2 = 2023–present
|
| hidedeliveries = true
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 29
| runs1 = 1,324
| bat avg1 = 32.29
| 100s/50s1 = 1/11
| top score1 = 114
| catches/stumpings1 = 104/9
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 18
| runs2 = 592
| bat avg2 = 39.40
| 100s/50s2 = 1/4
| top score2 = 170[[Not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings2 = 27/4
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 45
| runs3 = 1,181
| bat avg3 = 31.91
| 100s/50s3 = 0/8
| top score3 = 81
| catches/stumpings3 = 14/1

| date = 27 April 2025
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/abishek-porel-1277545 ESPNcricinfo
|family=[[Ishan Porel]] (cousin)}}

'''Abishek Porel''' ({{langx|bn|অভিষেক পোড়েল}}) is an Indian cricketer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abishek Porel Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/abishek-porel-1277545 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121110056/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/abishek-porel-1277545 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> He plays for [[Delhi Capitals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] and for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in domestic cricket. He is a [[wicket-keeper]] [[batsman]] who bats left-handed.<ref name="Abhishek’s century lifts Bengal">{{cite news |title=Abhishek's century lifts Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/abhisheks-century-lifts-bengal/articleshow/107022261.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324114023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/abhisheks-century-lifts-bengal/articleshow/107022261.cms |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="IPL’s emerging stars: Abishek Porel, a rare success story from West Bengal">{{cite news |title=IPL's emerging stars: Abishek Porel, a rare success story from West Bengal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/ipls-emerging-stars-abishek-porel-a-rare-success-story-from-west-bengal-101716257832629.html |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324114349/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/ipls-emerging-stars-abishek-porel-a-rare-success-story-from-west-bengal-101716257832629.html |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="IPL: Meet Abhishek Porel, the pocket-sized dynamo of Delhi Capitals">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=IPL: Meet Abhishek Porel, the pocket-sized dynamo of Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/sports/ipl-meet-abhishek-porel-the-pocket-sized-dynamo-of-delhi-capitals |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=National Herald |date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324114647/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/sports/ipl-meet-abhishek-porel-the-pocket-sized-dynamo-of-delhi-capitals |archive-date=24 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Porel has played in sixteen [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]] to the end of the 2022/23 season. He has dismissed 66 batters with 58 catches and eight stumped. He also played in fourteen T20s to October 2023 (five caught).<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/abhishek-porel-1277545 Abishek Porel], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2304/2304538/2304538.html Abishek Porel], CricketArchive. Retrieved 9 November 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is the cousin of [[India]]n [[Fast bowling|seam bowler]] [[Ishan Porel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhargav |first=Dixit |date=2023-03-29 |title=Abishek Porel brother name: Are Ishan Porel and Abishek Porel related? |url=https://thesportsrush.com/cricket-news-abishek-porel-brother-name-are-ishan-porel-and-abishek-porel-related/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=The SportsRush |language=en}}</ref>

=== Indian Premier League ===
In the 2023 IPL, he was brought in by Delhi Capitals as a replacement for injured [[Rishabh Pant]].<ref name="IPL 2023: Abhishek Porel and Sandeep Warrier named as replacements for Pant, Bumrah">{{cite news |title=IPL 2023: Abhishek Porel and Sandeep Warrier named as replacements for Pant, Bumrah |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/ipl-2023-abhishek-porel-and-sandeep-warrier-named-replacements-pant-bumrah-175354 |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324114222/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/ipl-2023-abhishek-porel-and-sandeep-warrier-named-replacements-pant-bumrah-175354 |archive-date=24 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IPL 2023: Abhishek Porel set to replace Rishabh Pant at Delhi Capitals">{{cite news |title=IPL 2023: Abhishek Porel set to replace Rishabh Pant at Delhi Capitals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2023-abhishek-porel-set-to-replace-rishabh-pant-at-delhi-capitals/articleshow/99095200.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324113728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2023-abhishek-porel-set-to-replace-rishabh-pant-at-delhi-capitals/articleshow/99095200.cms |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref> He made his debut against Gujarat Titans and scored 20 runs off 11 balls and played 4 games, scored a total of 33 runs at an average of 8.25 and strike rate of 106.45.<ref name="IPL 2023, DC v GT: Debutant Abhishek Porel impresses with cameo and sharp glovework for Delhi Capitals">{{cite news |title=IPL 2023, DC v GT: Debutant Abhishek Porel impresses with cameo and sharp glovework for Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/ipl-abhishek-porel-delhi-capitals-vs-gujarat-titans-impressive-debut-2355802-2023-04-04 |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324113629/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/ipl-abhishek-porel-delhi-capitals-vs-gujarat-titans-impressive-debut-2355802-2023-04-04 |archive-date=24 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 2024 IPL, he was retained by Delhi Capitals. He played all 14 league games, scored a total of 327 runs at an average of 32.70 with two 50s. His strike rate was 159.51.

On 31 October 2024, Abhishek was retained by Delhi Capitals as uncapped player for 4 cr. He was one of the 4 players retained by DC.<ref name="IPL 2025 Auction: Delhi Capitals' remaining purse, RTM cards, and available slots">{{cite news |title=IPL 2025 Auction: Delhi Capitals' remaining purse, RTM cards, and available slots |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-auction-delhi-capitals-remaining-purse-right-to-match-cards-slots-remaining/articleshow/115381002.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324114759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-auction-delhi-capitals-remaining-purse-right-to-match-cards-slots-remaining/articleshow/115381002.cms |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

In the 2025 IPL, he played 13 league games, scored a total of 301 runs at an average of 25.08 with one score above 50. His strike rate was 146.82.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi Capitals squad}}
{{Bengal cricket squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porel, Abishek}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:People from Chandannagar]]
[[Category:Cricketers from West Bengal]]

List of gram panchayats in Tamil Nadu

2026-04-10T13:12:07Z

GavinEspinoza2: made the page from scratch - done

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Politics of Tamil Nadu}}

'''Gram Panchayat Councils''' ({{Langx|ta|ஊராட்சி மன்றங்கள்|lit=Village government council|translit=Uratci Manrankal}}) are political divisions of [[Tamil Nadu]] towns that have population of 500 or more.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A handbook for panchayati raj administration (Tamil Nadu) |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Pub. Co |others=G. Palanithurai |isbn=978-81-8069-340-3 |location=New Delhi |pages=6–15 |oclc=86173071}}</ref> They are responsible for running and maintaining the public infrastructure at the local level. As of 2020, there are a total of 12,524 panchayat councils in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/tnsfc/fifth_sfc/gos/fifthsfc_report_190417.pdf |title=Chapter – I Introduction – Tamil Nadu Government Portal |publisher=Fifth State Finance Commission |page=22}}</ref>

== Election of panchayat council ==
The panchayats are further divided into wards according to their population. Members of the Panchayat Councils are elected for a five-year term by the voters in these wards. The chairman is directly elected by the people, while the vice-chairman is elected by the ward members of the panchayat. They are responsible for the execution of tasks and decisions made by the majority of the members in the panchayat council. No political party is allowed to contest for these posts of members and chairman.{{citation needed|date= March 2023}}

Voters in Panchayat areas cast four votes for the following four post: Panchayat Ward Member, Panchayat Chairperson, Panchayat Union Committee Member, and District Ward Member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Provisions, Third State Finance Commission – Govt of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/tnsfc/tsfc/amendment_acts.htm#1 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref> Borough, municipal and corporation electors cast one vote for ward members only.

== Responsibility ==

# Installation of street lights;
# Construction of village roads;
# Supply of drinking water;
# Construction of sewage canal;
# Construction of small bridges;
# Maintenance of village libraries;
# Construction of prefabricated houses;
# Establishment and maintenance of recreational and sports grounds for youth.<ref>{{Cite book |title=தமிழ்நாடு பாடநூல் கழகம், சென்னை |edition=2017 |volume=2 |page=160 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Gram Sabha and Gram Sabha Meeting ==
In the meeting of the villagers, which is convened four times a year in every panchayat councils, the report on the completed project works should be submitted to the public in the presence of the panchayat council chairperson and the government officers about the projects such as education, social development, transportation, public health, employment of the village.{{citation needed|date= March 2023}}

== See also ==

* [[Gram panchayat]]
* [[Block (district subdivision)#India|Block (district subdivision)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Local government in Tamil Nadu]]

Shoba Annamma Eapen

2026-04-05T19:01:07Z

GavinEspinoza2: made a info initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1967)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shoba Annamma Eapen
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = Additional Judge of Kerala High Court
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|01|19}}
| birth_place = Thoppumpady, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| alma_mater = Government Law College, Ernakulam
| profession = Judge, Lawyer
| website =
}}

'''Shoba Annamma Eapen''' (born 19 January 1967) is an Indian judge, who is serving as an Additional Judge of the [[Kerala High Court]] since May 18, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Government Appointment: Justice Shoba Annamma Eapen appointed as Permanent Judge of Kerala High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/central-government-appointment-justice-shoba-annamma-eapen-permanent-judge-kerala-high-court |website=Bar and Bench |access-date=2024-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shoba Annamma Eapen |url=https://khcaa.com/people/shoba-annamma-eapen/ |website=KHC Association |access-date=2024-02-12}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shoba Annamma Eapen was born on 19 January 1967 at [[Thoppumpady]], [[Ernakulam]] District, Kerala.

She completed her schooling at Christava Mahilalayam, Aluva, and St. Teresa's College, Ernakulam. She graduated from [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara|Sacred Heart College]], [[Thevara]], and obtained her law degree from [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]].

== Legal career ==
After enrolling as an advocate on March 9, 1991, Shoba Annamma Eapen began her legal practice. She served as a [[Senior Government Pleader]] in the Kerala High Court from 2011 to 2016. Her extensive experience in the legal field led to her appointment as an Additional Judge of that high court on May 18, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judge Profile |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?cid=5&id=1707 |website=CDJ Law Journal |access-date=2024-02-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eapen, Shoba Annamma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

15th Assam Assembly

2026-04-05T15:04:04Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating first article w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian state legislature since 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 15th Assam Assembly
| before = [[14th Assam Assembly|14th Assembly]]
| after = [[16th Assam Assembly|16th Assembly]]
| image = [[File:Assam Legislative Assembly 202.svg|300px]]
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| body = [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| government = [[Sarma ministry]]
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 1 June 2021
| term_end = present
| website = 
| membership1 = '''126'''
| control1 = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Biswajit Daimary]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Leader of the House]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma ]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Assam Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Debabrata Saikia]]
}}

The '''15th Legislative Assembly of Assam''' constituted on 1 June 2021, after the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]s which were concluded in April 2021, with the results being declared on 2 May 2021. The term of the previous Fourteenth Legislative Assembly of Assam ended on 31 May 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Election 2021: Voting date, time, results, full schedule, seats, opinion poll, parties & CM candidates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/assam-election-2021-voting-date-time-results-full-schedule-seats-opinion-poll-parties-cm-candidates-1775867-2021-03-05 |work=India Today |date=5 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Office bearers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Position
!Portrait
!Name
!colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency
!Office Taken
!Reference
|-
!1
|'''[[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]'''
|[[File:Jitendra Singh receiving a memorandum from a delegation of Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) led by the Member of Parliament, Shri Biswajit Daimary, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|border|center|frameless|110px]]
|[[Biswajit Daimary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|[[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]
|rowspan=2|21 May 2021
|<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP legislator Biswajit Daimary becomes new Assam assembly speaker|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/bjp-legislator-biswajit-daimary-becomes-new-assam-assembly-speaker/articleshow/82831618.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=21 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
!2
|'''[[List of deputy speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly#Deputy speakers of the Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]'''
|[[File:Numal Momin.jpg|border|center|frameless|100px]]
|[[Numal Momin]]
|[[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=MLA Dr. Numal Momin Elected as Deputy Speaker of 15th Assam Legislative Assembly|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/mla-dr-numal-momin-elected-as-deputy-speaker-of-15th-assam-legislative-assembly-539766|publisher=Sentinel Assam|accessdate=25 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
!3
|'''Leader of the House''' '''([[Chief Minister of Assam|Chief Minister]])'''
|[[File:Himanta Biswa Sarma (cropped).jpg|center|frameless|90px]]
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|[[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]
|10 May 2021
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Himanta Biswa Sarma sworn in as Chief Minister of Assam|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/himanta-biswa-sarma-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-assam-121051000395_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
!4
|'''[[Assam Legislative Assembly#Leaders of Opposition|Leader of the Opposition]]'''
|[[File:Leader of the Opposition, Shri Debabrata Saikia in Prime Minister’s Office.jpg|border|center|frameless|100px]]
|[[Debabrata Saikia]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|[[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
|21 May 2021
|<ref name="Assam LoP and Deputy LoP">{{Cite news|last=ANI|title=Congress elects Debabrata Saikia as leader of opposition in Assam Assembly|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/congress-elects-debabrata-saikia-as-leader-of-opposition-in-assam-assembly-121052100077_1.html|accessdate=2025-01-03|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2|5
|rowspan=2|'''[[Assam Legislative Assembly#Deputy Leader of Opposition|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]'''
|[[File:The Minister of Panchayat & Rural Development, Environment & Forest, Assam, Shri Rakibul Hussain addressing at the Public Information Campaign on Bharat Nirman, organized by Press Information Bureau , Guwahati (cropped).jpg|border|center|frameless|100px]]
|[[Rakibul Hussain]]
|[[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
|21 May 2021 – 11 June 2024
|<ref name="Assam LoP and Deputy LoP"/>
|-
|colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-congress-rakibul-hussain-who-won-lok-sabha-polls-with-record-margin-resigns-as-mla/articleshow/110902519.cms|title=Assam: Congress' Rakibul Hussain, who won Lok Sabha polls with record margin, resigns as MLA|work=Economic Times|accessdate=11 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |work=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |title=Assembly Constituency wise vote polled by contesting candidates in FORM-21 |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en}}</ref>

!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
!colspan="2" |Party
!colspan="2" |Alliance
!Remarks
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Sribhumi district|Sribhumi]]
|1
|[[Ratabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratabari]] (SC)
|[[Bijoy Malakar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|2
|[[Patharkandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patharkandi]]
|[[Krishnendu Paul]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Karimganj North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimganj North]]
|[[Kamalakhya Dey Purkayastha]]
|Defected from INC to BJP.
|-
|4
|[[Karimganj South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimganj South]]
|[[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|
|-
|5
|[[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur]]
|[[Abdul Aziz (Indian politician)|Abdul Aziz]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front|rowspan=4}}
|{{party color cell|Others|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan=4 align=left|None
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
|6
|[[Hailakandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hailakandi]]
|[[Zakir Hussain Laskar]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Katlicherra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katlicherra]]
|[[Suzam Uddin Laskar]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Algapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Algapur]]
|[[Nizam Uddin Choudhury]]
|
|-
|rowspan="8"| [[Cachar district|Cachar]]
|9
|[[Silchar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silchar]]
|[[Dipayan Chakraborty]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|10
|[[Sonai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonai]]
|[[Karim Uddin Barbhuiya|Karimuddin Barbhuiya]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|11
|Rowspan=2|[[Dholai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dholai]] (SC)
|[[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|Resigned After Elected As MP
|-
|[[Nihar Ranjan Das]]
|Elected in bypoll
|-
|12
|[[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]]
|[[Mihir Kanti Shome]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Lakhipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lakhipur]]
|[[Kaushik Rai]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Barkhola (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkhola]]
|[[Misbahul Islam Laskar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|15
|[[Katigorah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katigorah]]
|[[Khalil Uddin Mazumder]]
|
|-
|[[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]]
|16
|[[Haflong (Assembly constituency)|Haflong]] (ST)
|[[Nandita Garlosa]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
|17
|[[Bokajan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bokajan]] (ST)
|[[Numal Momin]]
|Deputy Speaker
|-
|18
|[[Howraghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howraghat]] (ST)
|[[Dorsing Ronghang|Darsing Ronghang]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Diphu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Diphu]] (ST)
|[[Bidya Sing Engleng]]
|
|-
|[[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]
|20
|[[Baithalangso (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baithalangso]] (ST)
|[[Rupsing Teron]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[South Salmara district|South Salmara-Mankachar]]
|21
|[[Mankachar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mankachar]]
|[[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1975)|Aminul Islam]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|22
|[[Salmara South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salmara South]]
|[[Wazed Ali Choudhury]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
|23
|[[Dhubri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
|[[Najrul Hoque]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|{{party color cell|Others|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 align=left|None
|
|-
|24
|[[Gauripur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gauripur]]
|[[Nijanur Rahman]]
|
|-
|25
|[[Golakganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golakganj]]
|[[Abdus Sobahan Ali Sarkar|Abdus Sobahun Ali Sarkar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|
|-
|26
|[[Bilasipara West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bilasipara West]]
|[[Hafiz Bashir Ahmed]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|{{party color cell|Others|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan=4 align=left|None
|
|-
|27
|[[Bilasipara East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bilasipara East]]
|[[Samsul Huda]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
|rowspan=2|28
|rowspan=2|[[Gossaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gossaigaon]]
|[[Majendra Narzary]]
|{{party name with color|United People's Party Liberal|rowspan=2}}
|Died on 26 May 2021
|-
|[[Jiron Basumatary]]
|Won in 2021 bypoll
|-
|29
|[[Kokrajhar West]] (ST)
|[[Rabiram Narzary]]
|{{party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|30
|[[Kokrajhar East]] (ST)
|[[Lawrence Islary]]
|{{party name with color|United People's Party Liberal|rowspan=3}}
|{{party color cell|Others|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan=3 align=left|None
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Chirang district|Chirang]]
|Rowspan=2|31
|Rowspan=2|[[Sidli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sidli]] (ST)
|[[Joyanta Basumatary|Jayanta Basumatary]]
|Resigned after getting elected as MP
|-
|[[Nirmal Kumar Brahma]]
|Elected in bypoll
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
|Rowspan=2|32
|Rowspan=2|[[Bongaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bongaigaon]]
|[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|Resigned after getting elected as MP
|-
|[[Diptimayee Choudhury]]
|Elected in Bypoll
|-
|[[Chirang district|Chirang]]
|33
|[[Bijni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijni]]
|[[Ajoy Kumar Ray]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
|34
|[[Abhayapuri North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri North]]
|[[Abdul Batin Khandakar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|35
|[[Abhayapuri South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri South]] (SC)
|[[Pradip Sarkar (politician)|Pradip Sarkar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
|36
|[[Dudhnai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dudhnai]] (ST)
|[[Jadab Sawargiary]]
|
|-
|37
|[[Goalpara East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goalpara East]]
|[[Abul Kalam Rasheed Alam|Abdul Kalam Rasheed Alam]]
|
|-
|38
|[[Goalpara West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goalpara West]]
|[[Abdur Rashid Mandal|Abdur Rasheed Mandal]]
|{{party name with color|Raijor Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|39
|[[Jaleswar (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaleswar]]
|[[Aftabuddin|Aftab Uddin Mollah]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|[[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
|40
|[[Sorbhog (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sorbhog]]
|[[Manoranjan Talukdar]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Bajali district|Bajali]]
|41
|[[Bhabanipur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhabanipur]]
|[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|Elected in 2021 as AIUDF candidate, later resigned and defected to BJP and won the subsequent bypoll
|-
|42
|[[Patacharkuchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patacharkuchi]]
|[[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
|43
|[[Barpeta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]]
|[[Abdur Rahim Ahmed]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|
|-
|44
|[[Jania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jania]]
|[[Rafiqul Islam (Indian politician)|Rafiqul Islam]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|{{party color cell|Others|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 align=left|None
|
|-
|45
|[[Baghbar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghbor]]
|[[Sherman Ali Ahmed]]
|{{party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|Suspended from INC Then Joined Raijor Dal Again Joined Trinamool Congress <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-04 |title=Arrested Assam Congress MLA Sherman Ali suspended from party |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arrested-assam-congress-mla-sherman-ali-ahmed-suspended-from-party/articleshow/86749587.cms |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|46
|[[Sarukhetri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarukhetri]]
|[[Jakir Hussain Sikdar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|
|-
|47
|[[Chenga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chenga]]
|[[Ashraful Hussain]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
|48
|[[Boko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boko]] (SC)
|[[Nandita Das (politician)|Nandita Das]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|49
|[[Chaygaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaygaon]]
|[[Rekibuddin Ahmed]]
|
|-
|50
|[[Palasbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palasbari]]
|[[Hemanga Thakuria]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
|51
|[[Jalukbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalukbari]]
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|'''Chief Minister'''
|-
|52
|[[Dispur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dispur]]
|[[Atul Bora Sr.|Atul Bora]]
|
|-
|53
|[[Gauhati East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gauhati East]]
|[[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]]
|
|-
|54
|[[Gauhati West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gauhati West]]
|[[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
|55
|[[Hajo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajo]]
|[[Suman Haripriya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|56
|[[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
|[[Diganta Kalita]]
|
|-
|57
|[[Rangiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangia]]
|[[Bhabesh Kalita]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Baksa district|Baksa]]
|rowspan=2|58
|rowspan=2|[[Tamulpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamulpur]]
|[[Leho Ram Boro]]
|{{party name with color|United People's Party Liberal|rowspan=2}}
|{{party color cell|Others|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 align=left|None
|Died on 29 May 2021
|-
|[[Jolen Daimary]]
|Won in 2021 bypoll
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
|59
|[[Nalbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalbari]]
|[[Jayanta Malla Baruah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|60
|[[Barkhetry (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkhetry]]
|[[Diganta Barman]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|
|-
|61
|[[Dharmapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharmapur]]
|[[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Baksa district|Baksa]]
|62
|[[Barama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barama]] (ST)
|[[Bhupen Baro]]
|{{party name with color|United People's Party Liberal|rowspan=2}}
|{{party color cell|Others|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 align=left|None
|
|-
|63
|[[Chapaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapaguri]] (ST)
|[[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]]
|
|-
|[[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
|64
|[[Panery (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panery]]
|[[Biswajit Daimary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|'''Speaker'''
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Darrang district|Darrang]]
|65
|[[Kalaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalaigaon]]
|[[Durga Das Boro]]
|{{party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|
|-
|66
|[[Sipajhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sipajhar]]
|[[Paramananda Rajbongshi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|67
|[[Mangaldoi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]] (SC)
|[[Basanta Das]]
|Defected from INC to BJP.
|-
|68
|[[Dalgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dalgaon]]
|[[Mazibur Rahman]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
|69
|[[Udalguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udalguri]] (ST)
|[[Gobinda Chandra Basumatari|Gobinda Chandra Basumatary]]
|{{party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|70
|[[Majbat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majbat]]
|[[Charan Boro]]
|{{party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=12}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
|71
|[[Dhekiajuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhekiajuli]]
|[[Ashok Singhal (politician)|Ashok Singhal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|72
|[[Barchalla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barchalla]]
|[[Ganesh Kumar Limbu]]
|
|-
|73
|[[Tezpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]]
|[[Prithiraj Rava]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|
|-
|74
|[[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]]
|[[Krishna Kamal Tanti]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|75
|[[Sootea (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sootea]]
|[[Padma Hazarika]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
|76
|[[Biswanath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biswanath]]
|[[Promod Borthakur]]
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|77
|Rowspan=2|[[Behali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behali]]
|[[Ranjit Dutta]]
|Resigned as MP
|-
|[[Diganta Ghatowal]]
|Elected In Bypoll
|-
|[[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
|78
|[[Gohpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohpur]]
|[[Utpal Borah]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
|79
|[[Jagiroad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagiroad]] (SC)
|[[Pijush Hazarika]]
|
|-
|80
|[[Morigaon Assembly constituency|Marigaon]]
|[[Rama Kanta Dewri]]
|
|-
|81
|[[Laharighat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Laharighat]]
|[[Asif Mohammad Nazar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|82
|[[Raha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raha]] (SC)
|[[Sashi Kanta Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|shortname=BJP}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Suspended from INC<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2022|title=Assam Congress MLA Sashi Kanta Das who extended support to BJP suspended
|access-date=7 April 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-congress-mla-sashi-kanta-das-who-extended-support-to-bjp-suspended-101641010555121.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|83
|[[Dhing (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhing]]
|[[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1975)|Aminul Islam]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|84
|[[Batadroba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Batadroba]]
|[[Sibamoni Bora]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|85
|[[Rupohihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupohihat]]
|[[Nurul Huda (Assamese politician)|Nurul Huda]]
|
|-
|86
|[[Nowgong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]]
|[[Rupak Sarmah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|87
|[[Barhampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhampur]]
|[[Jitu Goswami]]
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|88
|Rowspan=2|[[Samaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samaguri]]
|[[Rakibul Hussain]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|Resigned after getting elected as MP
|-
|[[Diplu Ranjan Sarmah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|Elected in Bypoll
|-
|89
|[[Kaliabor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]]
|[[Keshab Mahanta]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Hojai district|Hojai]]
|90
|[[Jamunamukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamunamukh]]
|[[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
|{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|91
|[[Hojai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hojai]]
|[[Ramkrishna Ghosh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
|92
|[[Lumding (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lumding]]
|[[Sibu Misra]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
|93
|[[Bokakhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bokakhat]]
|[[Atul Bora]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|
|-
|94
|[[Sarupathar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarupathar]]
|[[Biswajit Phukan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|95
|[[Golaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golaghat]]
|[[Ajanta Neog]]
|
|-
|96
|[[Khumtai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khumtai]]
|[[Mrinal Saikia]]
|
|-
|97
|[[Dergaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dergaon]] (SC)
|[[Bhabendra Nath Bharali]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|
|-
|[[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
|98
|[[Jorhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
|[[Hitendra Nath Goswami]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Majuli district|Majuli]]
|rowspan=2|99
|rowspan=2|[[Majuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majuli]] (ST)
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|Resigned on 28 September 2021
|-
|[[Bhuban Gam]]
|Won in 2022 bypoll
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
|100
|[[Titabar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titabar]]
|[[Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|
|-
|101
|[[Mariani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mariani]]
|[[Rupjyoti Kurmi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|Elected in 2021 as INC candidate, later resigned and defected to BJP and won the subsequent bypoll
|-
|102
|[[Teok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teok]]
|[[Renupoma Rajkhowa]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]]
|103
|[[Amguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amguri]]
|[[Prodip Hazarika]]
|<ref>https://www.facebook.com/share/r/1XRVEhvXZd/</ref>
|-<ref>https://www.facebook.com/share/r/1XRVEhvXZd/</ref>
|-
|104
|[[Nazira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nazira]]
|[[Debabrata Saikia]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Asom Sonmilito Morcha|shortname=ASOM}}
|'''Leader of Opposition'''
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
|105
|[[Mahmara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahmara]]
|[[Jogen Mohan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|106
|[[Sonari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonari]]
|[[Dharmeswar Konwar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]]
|107
|[[Thowra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thowra]]
|[[Sushanta Borgohain]]
|Elected in 2021 as INC candidate, later resigned and defected to BJP and won the subsequent bypoll
|-
|108
|[[Sibsagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sibsagar]]
|[[Akhil Gogoi]]
|{{party name with color|Raijor Dal}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
|109
|[[Bihpuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bihpuria]]
|[[Amiya Kumar Bhuyan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|110
|[[Naoboicha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naoboicha]]
|[[Bharat Narah]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|Short Name = IND}}
|{{party color cell|Others|}}
|None
|
|-
|111
|[[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|[[Manab Deka]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=16}}
|
|-
|112
|[[Dhakuakhana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhakuakhana]] (ST)
|[[Naba Kumar Doley]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
|113
|[[Dhemaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhemaji]] (ST)
|[[Ranoj Pegu]]
|
|-
|114
|[[Jonai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jonai]] (ST)
|[[Bhubon Pegu]]
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
|115
|[[Moran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Moran]]
|[[Chakradhar Gogoi]]
|
|-
|116
|[[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]
|[[Prasanta Phukan]]
|
|-
|117
|[[Lahowal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lahowal]]
|[[Binod Hazarika]]
|
|-
|118
|[[Duliajan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Duliajan]]
|[[Terash Gowalla]]
|
|-
|119
|[[Tingkhong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tingkhong]]
|[[Bimal Bora]]
|
|-
|120
|[[Naharkatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naharkatia]]
|[[Taranga Gogoi]]
|
|-
|121
|[[Chabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chabua]]
|[[Ponakan Baruah]]
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
|122
|[[Tinsukia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tinsukia]]
|[[Sanjoy Kishan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|123
|[[Digboi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Digboi]]
|[[Suren Phukan]]
|
|-
|124
|[[Margherita (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Margherita]]
|[[Bhaskar Sharma]]
|
|-
|125
|[[Doomdooma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Doomdooma]]
|[[Rupesh Gowala]]
|
|-
|126
|[[Sadiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sadiya]]
|[[Bolin Chetia]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Terms of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026| ]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Assam]]

Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar

2026-04-04T04:12:56Z

GavinEspinoza2: Made new bio

{{Short description|Former Minister of State for Revenue of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|01|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bareilly district|Damkhoda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| birth_name = Chhatrapal Singh
| spouse = Ranjana Singh
| children = 2
| grandchildren =
| father =
| relatives =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Farmer]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]]
| office1 = Member of the [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| term_start1 = March 2017
| term_end1 = March 2022
| constituency1 = [[Baheri (Assembly constituency)|Baheri]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ataurrehman]]
| successor1 = [[Ataurrehman]]
}}
'''Chhatrapal Singh''', also known as '''Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar''' ({{IPA|hi|t͡ʃʰət̪ɾəpaːl sɪŋgʱ gə̃gʋaːɾ}}), is an Indian politician currently serving as Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha, and former minister of state for revenue of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="pr1">{{cite web |title=Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar, BJP MLA from Baheri – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/chhatrapal-singh-gangwar/ |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=ourneta.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/chhatrapal-singh-gangwar |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=prsindia.org}}</ref><ref name="pr2">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19837 |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=prsindia.org}}</ref><ref name=Bs>{{cite news |title=छत्रपाल सिंह को योगी मंत्रिमंडल में जगह:कुर्मी वोट बैंक पर मजबूत पकड़ के लिए बनाए गए मंत्री, संतोष गंगवार की भरपाई के लिए BJP का दांव; 2017 में दूसरी बार बने विधायक |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/news/story-of-chhatrapal-singh-gangwar-from-bareillyminister-made-for-a-firm-hold-on-the-kurmi-vote-bank-128967518.html |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2021 |title=UP Cabinet Expansion: Jitin Prasada, Chhatrapal Gangwar, Sangita Balwant Among 7 New Inductees In Adityanath Govt |publisher=[[ABP News]] |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/up-cabinet-expansion-jitin-prasada-chhatrapal-gangwar-sangita-balwant-among-7-new-inductees-in-adityanath-govt-1484426 |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> He was a member of the [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2022 |title=MLA Chhatrapal Gangwar and Mukut Bihari told conspiracy of opponents on rumors of resignation |publisher=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/mla-chhatrapal-gangwar-and-mukut-bihari-told-conspiracy-of-opponents-on-rumors-of-resignation/1069886 |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=SAMANVAY PANDEY |date=16 November 2021 |title=राजस्व मंत्री छत्रपाल गंगवार लोगों से बोले, मैं आपकी फरियाद सुनने नहीं, शिकायतें कम क्यों नहीं हो रही यह जानने आया हूं |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-revenue-minister-chhatrapal-gangwar-said-to-people-i-am-not-came-here-to-listen-your-complaint-22211536.html |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=11 UP ministers of Adityanath govt fail to win their seats in 2022 polls |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/11-up-ministers-of-adityanath-govt-fail-to-win-their-seats-in-2022-polls-122031100069_1.html |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> He represented the [[Baheri Assembly constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="pr1" /><ref name="pr2" /><ref>{{cite news |author=प्राची प्रियम |date=26 September 2021 |title=यूपी: योगी मंत्रिमंडल में मंत्री बन सकते हैं छत्रपाल गंगवार, शाम तक ले सकते हैं शपथ |language=hi |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/bahedi-mla-chhatrapal-gangwar-to-take-oath-as-minister-in-up-cabinet |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Dinesh Rathour |date=26 September 2021 |title=UP cabinet expansion: Chhatrapal Gangwar was once a teacher in Inter College now minister in UP government |language=hi |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-cabinet-expansion-chhatrapal-gangwar-was-once-a-teacher-in-inter-college-now-minister-in-up-government-4672291.html |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806121923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archivedate=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar was born on 20 January 1956 in Damkhoda, [[Bareilly]], India, to a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] family of Ramlal Singh Gangwar.<ref name="pr1" /><ref name="pr2" /> He completed his master's degree in 1979 at [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]], [[Bareilly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhatra Pal Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAHERI(BAREILLY) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1595 |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a member of [[Kurmi]] caste.<ref name=Bs/>

==Political career==

Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar was a [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] member from the [[Baheri Assembly constituency]] from March 2017 to March 2022 (represented it once earlier also).In 2024, [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] announced his name as a Candidate for Lok Sabha for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency]]. He successfully won the election and became the MP.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bareilly-lok-sabha-constituency-sps-praveen-singh-aron-to-take-on-bjps-chhatrapal-singh-gangwar-9290423/ |title=Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency: SP's Praveen Singh Aron to take on BJP's Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 May 2024 |author=Express Web Desk |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|March 2017
|March 2022
|Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|-
|01
|4 June 2024
|Present
|Member, [[18th Lok Sabha]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Baheri Assembly constituency]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangwar, Chhatrapal Singh}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bareilly]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

National Defence Academy (India)

2026-03-29T07:16:16Z

GavinEspinoza2: added references

{{Short description|Training Institute of The Indian Armed Forces}}
{{redirect|National Defence Academy}}
{{distinguish|Indian Military Academy|Officers Training Academy|Indian Naval Academy}}
{{for|the admission test to NDA|National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date = June 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Defence Academy
| image_name = [[File:NDA Insignia (India).svg|220px]]
| caption = National Defence Academy
| motto = सेवा परमो धर्मः
| established = {{start date and age|1949|12|07|df=yes}}
| type = [[Military academies in India|Defence Service]] training institute
| principal = Om Prakash Shukla
| head_label = [[List of Commandants of the National Defence Academy|Commandant]]
| head = [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Anil Jaggi]]
| free_label = Deputy Commandant
| free = [[Air Vice Marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Sartaj Bedi, [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| free_label2 = Principal Director Training
| free2 = [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Milind Mohan Mokashi, [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]]
| city = Khadakwasla, [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|25|20|N|73|45|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| administrative_staff =
| affiliations = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
| officer_in_charge =
| campus = [[Suburban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|7015|acre|km2}}
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| colors = Maroon<ref name=nda-sacred>{{cite web |url=http://nda.nic.in/html/nda-sacred-symbols.html |title=Sacred Symbols |publisher=National Defence Academy |access-date=2011-05-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051838/http://nda.nic.in/html/nda-sacred-symbols.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{Color box|maroon}}
| logo = File:NDA Flag (India).svg
| website = [http://nda.nic.in nda.nic.in]
| native_name = राष्ट्रीय रक्षा अकादमी
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = Service Before Self.
}}

The '''National Defence Academy''' ('''NDA''') is the joint [[Military academy|defence academy]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Here, [[cadets]] of the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy]], and the [[Indian Air Force]] train together before they go on to their respective service academies for further pre-commission training. The NDA is located in Khadakwasla, [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is the first tri-service academy in the world.

The alumni of NDA include 3 [[Param Vir Chakra]] recipients and 13 [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] recipients. NDA has also produced 32 service chiefs of staff to date. When Lieutenant [[Manoj Mukund Naravane|General Manoj Mukund Naravane]] got promoted to the Chief of Staff of the [[Indian Army|Army]] ([[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]]) in 2019, chiefs of all staffs, i.e. the [[Indian Army|Army]], the [[Indian Navy|Navy]], and the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] were all NDA alumni from the same 61st course.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/for-second-time-in-history-all-three-chiefs-to-be-from-same-nda-course-13193|title=For second time in history, all three Chiefs to be from same NDA course|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=17 December 2019|website=Tribune India|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref Name="NDA">{{cite web|url=http://nda.nic.in/chief-of-staff.html |title=:: Welcome to National Defence Academy::|publisher=nda.nic.in|access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> The 145th course graduated on 30 November 2023, consisting of 188 Army cadets, 38 Naval cadets, 37 Air Force cadets, and 20 cadets from friendly foreign countries.<ref name="battle">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2019 |agency=PTI |title=Cadets Pass Out From National Defence Academy |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1928224 |access-date=2019-12-13 |website=NDTV}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] passed an order in August 2021 that allowed female candidates to appear for the all upcoming NDA entrance examination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2021-08-18|title=Supreme Court allows women to appear for NDA exam|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/supreme-court-allows-women-to-appear-for-nda-exam-11629268208560.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:National Defence Academy 1999 stamp.jpg|thumb|left|A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the National Defence Academy, featuring its ''Sudan Block'']]
At the end of [[World War II]], Field Marshal [[Claude Auchinleck]], then Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, drawing on experiences of the army during the war, led a committee around the world and submitted a report to the [[Government of India]] in December 1946. The committee recommended the establishment of a Joint Services Military Academy, with training modeled on the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point.<ref name="nda-history">{{cite web|url=http://nda.nic.in/html/nda-history.html|title=History Of NDA|website=National Defence Academy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419101915/http://www.nda.nic.in/html/nda-history.html|archive-date=19 April 2012|access-date=2012-08-13|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

After the [[independence of India]] in August 1947, the Chiefs of Staff Committee immediately implemented the recommendations of the Auchinleck report. The committee initiated an action plan in late 1947 to commission a permanent defense academy and began the search for a suitable site. It also decided to set up an interim training academy, known as the ''Joint Services Wing'' (JSW), which was commissioned on 1 January 1949 at the ''Armed Forces Academy'' (now known as the [[Indian Military Academy]]) in [[Dehradun]].{{Sfn|Ramunny|1997|p=88}}<ref name="nda-history" /> Initially, after two years of training at the JSW, Army cadets went on to the Military wing of the ''Armed Forces Academy'' for two years of further pre-commission training, while the Navy and Air Force cadets were sent to [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Britannia Royal Naval College Dartmouth]] and [[Royal Air Force College Cranwell]] in the United Kingdom for further training.<ref name="nda-history" />

In 1941, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], the then [[Viceroy of India]], received a gift of £100,000 from a grateful [[Sudan]]ese Government towards building a war memorial in recognition of the sacrifices of Indian troops in the liberation of Sudan in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] during [[World War II]]. Following [[partition of India|partition]], India's share amounted to £70,000 (Rs 14 Lakh at the time; the remaining £30,000 went to Pakistan).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/sudan-ambassador-visits-historic-block-at-nda/articleshow/57456675.cms|title=Sudan ambassador visits historic block at NDA|date=4 March 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> The Indian Army decided to use these funds to partly cover the cost of construction of the NDA.<ref name=":3" /> The foundation stone for the academy was laid by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 6 October 1949.<ref name=":3" /> Construction started in October 1949. The revised estimated cost for the whole project was Rs 6.45 crores.<ref>Parliament Secretariat (2 March 1954) [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf Parliamentary Debates, House of the People, Official Report (Part Il—Proceedings other than Questions and Answers) VOLUME 1-1954]. Page 14. New Delhi</ref><ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf page 15</ref> The [[National Defence Academy]] was formally commissioned on 7 December 1954, with an inauguration ceremony held on 16 January 1955.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="Bharat">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/maharashtra/travel/pune/national-defence-academy.html |title=National Defence Academy Khadakwasla, Pune, India |publisher=Bharatonline.com |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2021}} The 10th JSW program was transferred from Clement Town, Dehradun, to NDA Khadakwasla. It is the first tri-service academy in the world.

==Campus==
[[File:Sudan Block.jpg|thumb|right|Sudan Block, National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla, Pune]]
[[File:Aerial view of the National Defence Academy, Pune.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the Sudan Block of the academy]]
The NDA campus is located about 17 km southwest of [[Pune]] city, northwest of Khadakwasla Lake, with the [[Sinhagad Fort]] providing a panoramic backdrop.<ref name="nda-history" /> It spans {{convert|7015|acre|km2}} of the {{convert|8022|acre|km2}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/apr/21army.htm|title=Careers in the Army: How you can sign up|last=Kumar|first=Navin|date=21 April 2008|website=Rediff|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> donated by the Government of former Bombay State. While many states had offered land for a permanent place for the academy, Bombay got the honor of donating the most land, including a lake and neighboring hilly terrain.{{Sfn|Ramunny|1997|p=94}} The site was also chosen for its proximity to the [[Arabian Sea]] and other military establishments, an operational air base nearby at [[Lohagaon]], as well as the salubrious climate. The existence of an old combined-forces training center and a disused ''mock'' landing ship, ''HMS Angostura'', on the north bank of the Khadakwasla Lake, which had been used to train troops for amphibious landings, lent additional leverage for the selection of the site.<ref name="nda-history" />
[[File:Sinhagad Panorama.jpg|thumb|View from [[Sinhagad Fort]], a backdrop for NDA|alt=]]
The administrative headquarters of the NDA was named the ''Sudan Block'', in honor of the sacrifices of Indian soldiers in the Sudan theatre during the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]]. It was inaugurated by the then Ambassador of Sudan to India, Rahmatullah Abdulla, on 30 May 1959.<ref name=":3" /> The building is a three-story basalt and granite structure constructed with Jodhpur red sandstone. Its architecture features an exterior design comprising a blend of arches, pillars, and verandahs, topped by a dome. The foyer has white Italian marble flooring and paneling on the interior walls.<ref name=":3" />
NDA has an excellent infrastructure for the all-round training of cadets and a vast array of facilities like spacious and well-maintained classrooms, well-equipped labs, three Olympic-sized swimming pools, gymnasiums, 32 football fields, two polo grounds, a cricket stadium, and several squash and tennis courts.<ref name=":5" /> The academic year is divided into two terms, viz. Spring (January to May) and Autumn (July to December). A cadet must undergo training for a total of six terms before graduating from the NDA.

== Administration ==

===Commandants===
{{main|Commandant of the National Defence Academy}}
The Commandant of the National Defence Academy is the head and in overall charge of the academy. The Commandant is a [[three-star rank]] officer from the three Services in rotation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/outdated-courses-to-rampant-ragging-why-indias-national-defence-academy-needs-urgent-help/264363/|title=Outdated courses to rampant ragging: Why India's National Defence Academy needs urgent help|last=Panag|first=Lt Gen H. S.|date=2019-07-18|website=ThePrint|access-date=2019-12-13|quote="...Lieutenant General or equivalent is appointed as the Commandant."}}</ref> [[Major General]] [[Thakur Mahadeo Singh]], [[Distinguished Service Order (Military)|DSO]] was the first commandant of JSW at IMA. [[Major General]] [[Enaith Habibullah]] was the last head of the JSW and the First Commandant of NDA at Pune.

===Selection procedure of Cadets===
NDA applicants are selected via a written exam conducted twice in a year by the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] , followed by extensive interviews hosted by the [[Services Selection Board]](SSB) covering [[Logical reasoning|general aptitude]], [[psychological testing]], team skills, leadership qualities as well as [[Social skills|physical and social skills]], along with [[medical test]]s. Incoming classes are accepted twice a year for semesters starting in July and January. About 4,00,000 applicants sit for each written exam every year. Typically, about 6,300 of these are invited to interview, and finally, 300-350 are selected to attend the course. The minimum age should be {{frac|16|1|2}} years and maximum age should be {{frac|19|1|2}} years. The number of students who were admitted to the Joint Services Wing of the National Defence Academy during 1953-54 was 572. The total number of applications received in UPSC was 6,061.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55676/1/lsd_01_06_02-03-1954.pdf Page 24</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Applicants who join the Air Force through the flying branch also go through a test called the Computerized Pilot Selection System, or CPSS for short.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPSS (Computerized Pilot Selection System) {{!}} Minerva Academy - SSB Interview & Written Examination Coaching|url=https://www.minervaacademy.com/cpss-computerized-pilot-selection-system|access-date=2022-02-14|website=www.minervaacademy.com}}</ref> Cadets who are accepted and complete the program are sent to their respective training academies for at least one year of training before granting of commission: army cadets go to [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) at [[Dehradun]], air force cadets to [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] (AFA) at [[Dundigal]], Hyderabad, and naval cadets to [[Indian Naval Academy]] (INA) at [[Ezhimala]], Kerala.<ref name=ia-join>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/nda-joining-instruction.pdf|date=4 May 2009|title=MISSION OF NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY|access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>

==Battalions and Squadrons==
A cadet is allotted to one of the 18 Squadrons.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/a-ride-into-military-school.html|title=A ride into military school|last=Mehta|first=Ashok K|date=23 October 2019|website=The Pioneer|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>

*No. 1 Battalion: Alpha Squadron, Bravo Squadron, Charlie Squadron, and Delta Squadron.
*No. 2 Battalion: Echo Squadron, Foxtrot Squadron, Golf Squadron, and Hunter Squadron.
*No. 3 Battalion: India Squadron, Juliet Squadron, Kilo Squadron, and Lima Squadron.
*No. 4 Battalion: Mike Squadron, November Squadron, Oscar Squadron, and Panther Squadron.
*No 5 Battalion: Quebec Squadron, Romeo Squadron

Each squadron has approximately 100 to 120 cadets drawn from junior and senior courses under training in the academy. As the number of cadets joining the NDA increased annually, the Defence Ministry of India sanctioned the raising of 16th, 17th, and 18th squadrons in 2012, with the initial letter of their names being "P", "Q" and "R" respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/with-quebec-&-romeo-nda-squadron-strength-up-to-18/919796/|title=With Quebec & Romeo, NDA squadron strength up to 18|date=4 March 2012|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/new-squadron-wins-honours-in-nda-cross-country-race/914212/0|title=New squadron wins honors in NDA cross country race|date=20 February 2012|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

The prestigious Inter Squadron Championship Trophy is awarded to the best squadron. The champion squadron has the proud tradition of possession of the Champion banner for one term, which is carried during the parade and other sports meets. Each squadron has its nickname, an individual identity with a richly textured history, and a mascot. The rudimentary import of the NDA's motto "Service before Self" is first taught in the environs of the squadron, where a cadet learns the importance of putting the squadron's requirements well above his own.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battalions and Squadrons {{!}} National Defence Academy |url=https://nda.nic.in/site-page-viewer/24 |website=nda.nic.in/}}</ref>

== Academy honour code ==
The cadets in the NDA live by a strict honor code that guides them through their rigorous training schedule. They are trained to live a disciplined life.

== Academy prayer ==
[[File:NDA Prayer.png|thumb|325x325px|NDA Prayer]]
The NDA Prayer is a religion [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]. Rather than praying to the God of any specific religion, the prayer has been modeled to seek blessings for performing duty to the country and remaining morally straight. The prayer also seeks blessings for granting opportunities of service to the country and the men the cadets would go on to lead, and overall to place 'service before self'.

==Curriculum==
===Academics===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-14|title=Naval cadets at NDA to get BTech degree|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/naval-cadets-at-nda-to-get-btech-degree/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The NDA offers only a full-time, residential undergraduate program. Cadets are awarded a ''[[Bachelor of Arts]]'' or a ''[[Bachelor of Science]])'' for Army Cadets and a ''[[Bachelor of Technology]]'' degree for Naval and Air Force Cadets after 3 years of study. Naval cadets complete their fourth year of B.Tech. from [[Indian Naval Academy]], while Air Force cadets complete their fourth year of B.Tech. from the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Indian Air Force Academy]]. Further, the Cadets have a choice of two streams of study. The ''Science'' stream offers studies in [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[mathematics]] and [[computer science]]. The ''[[Humanities]]'' (Liberal Arts) stream offers studies in [[history]], [[economics]], [[political science]], [[geography]] and [[language]]s.

In both streams, academic studies are split into three categories.
* In the ''Compulsory Course'', cadets study [[English language|English]], Foreign Languages ([[Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[French language|French]] or [[Russian language|Russian]]), physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, history, political science, economics and geography. Note that all cadets must take basic classes in all these subjects except foreign languages. Cadets then take advanced classes depending on their chosen stream.
* The ''Foundation Course'' is mandatory and comprises ''Military Studies'' and ''General Studies''. Subjects such as [[military history]], [[military geography]], [[Weapons systems|weapons systems and armaments]], etc., are covered in Military Studies. Subjects such as [[geopolitics]], [[human rights]], [[Laws of Armed Conflict]], and [[environmental science]]s are covered in General Studies.
* The ''Optional Course'' focuses on subjects specific to the cadet's chosen Service.

Cadets spend the first four semesters on the ''Compulsory Course'' and the ''Foundation Course''. They take the ''Optional Course'' during the fifth and sixth semesters. They may transfer to other Service academies for the optional courses.

===Training===
All the cadets joining the NDA after their 10+2 Examination are trained in the academy for three years culminating in graduation with [[Bachelor of Arts|''Bachelor of arts'']] or a [[Bachelor of Science|''Bachelor's of science'']] or BCs (Computer Science) degree of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] & [[University of Delhi]]; the first course to be awarded degrees was the 46th course in 1974.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=NDA cadets conferred with JNU degrees |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nda-cadets-conferred-jnu-degrees-5472780/ |access-date=23 October 2019 |agency=The Indian Express |date=30 November 2018}}</ref> Apart from academic training they are also trained in outdoor skills, like [[Military parade|Drill]], [[Physical training|PT]] and games; apart from one of the foreign languages up to the lower B1 level (according to the international standards).{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Joint service training===

==== Army ====
Cadets are imparted with basic military skills of weapon handling, firing, field engineering, tactics, and map reading. The learning imparted acts as a foundation for the army cadets for their further training at IMA and various service courses. The method of training imparted is both theoretical and practical, which includes classes, lectures, demonstrations, and exercises for further application of acquired knowledge on the ground.
[[File:Army Training Team.jpg|thumb]]

Camp Green Horn<ref name=":2" /> is conducted during the second term for cadets. Camp Rover<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-specials-pics-inside-the-worlds-toughest-military-camp/20110922.htm|title=PICS: Inside the world's toughest military camp|last=Mande|first=Abhishek|date=22 September 2011|website=Rediff|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> is conducted during the fourth term for cadets. In the sixth term Camp Torna,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> "''recalling the first victory of [[Shivaji]], a teenager''"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7KaDAAAQBAJ&q=Camp+Torna&pg=PA30|title=Living Life Loving Life|last=Sawant|first=Brig Chitranjan|date=19 January 2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-399-5|pages=30|language=en}}</ref> is conducted, where practical aspects are reinforced in simulated field conditions. The cadets are provided with opportunities to demonstrate leadership qualities in various tactical situations.

==== Air Force ====
The Air Force Training Team (AFTT)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-national-defence-academy-a-shining-jewel-among-military-training-institutions-1576036|title=National Defence Academy: A shining jewel among military training institutions|last=Chandawarkar|first=Rahul|date=2011-08-15|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> aims at training Air Force cadets in the basics of military aviation through ground training and flying training. Ground training is conducted with the help of modern training aids, aircraft models, and cross-sectional models of aero-engines and instruments, Radio Telephony simulators, Flight simulators, and other methods. Flying training consists of a minimum of eight sorties on the [[Diamond HK36 Super Dimona|Super Dimona]] aircraft. Cadets also get exposure to deflection firing through [[Skeet shooting]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force Service Training - India.com |url=https://www.india.com/education/indian-air-force-service-training-1590469/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> Visits to key Air Force training establishments, Air Force Stations, and civil aviation centers are also undertaken to give cadets first-hand experience of aviation activities. Visits to [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]], Air Wing at Indian Armament Technology, Air Base at Pune, and [[College of Military Engineering, Pune|College of Military Engineering]] are organized to enable the Air Force cadets to appreciate the Air Force aspects. Flying training at the AFTT is fully backed by an Automatic Weather Station, an Air Traffic Control Station, a paved runway, and dispersal for six aircraft.

The AFTT was formed towards the end of 1956. The AFTT aims to introduce the VI Term cadets to gliding and allied professional subjects, which in turn prepares them for their professional training in the Air Force flying establishments. Over the last 60 years, gliding training has evolved into flying training. Five different classes of gliders were acquired by the academy in 1957. They are [[Slingsby T.21|Sedberg T-21B]], Baby Eon, [[EoN Olympia|Eon Olympica]], [[Civil Aviation Department RG-1 Rohini|Rohini]] and [[Hindustan Ardhra|Ardhra gliders]]. All these gliders, except the Baby Eon and Eon Olympics, were utilized in the flying training of the cadets. The Sedberg T-21B was the mainstay of the AFTT in glider flying, with each cadet being permitted a total of 60 training launches, after which 2-3 mandatory Solo Check launches were flown with the Chief Flying Instructor (CFI). Cadets cleared for solo flying flew one solo trip on the glider and were then formally awarded their 'Wings', exactly half the size of the official Indian Air Force wings, which were worn above the left shirt pocket of their formal uniforms. Sandbags were used as ballast in place of the absent instructor.

The cadet who went solo with the lowest number of launches was usually awarded the Best In Gliding Trophy on the Guest Dining-in Night, one night before the Passing Out Parade. The Air Force cadet who stood first in Ground Subjects was awarded the Sqn Ldr Vasudev Memorial Book Prize that same night. The induction of [[Diamond HK36 Super Dimona|Super Dimona]] in 2001 was a watershed moment in the history of AFTT, introducing a huge jump in the quality of training. A [[Aerodrome|"gliderdrome]]" runway was widened to 100’ and extended to 5000’ from earlier dimensions of 50’X 3000’, which is maintained within the premises of the NDA by the AFTT. The Air Force cadets of the academy now learn the basics of flying training at this facility on the [[Diamond HK36 Super Dimona|Diamond Super Dimona HK36]] aircraft.<ref name="Air Force Training Team">{{cite web|url=http://www.nda.nic.in/aftt.html|title=Air Force Training Team|website=www.nda.nic.in|access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2021}}

=== Navy ===

The Naval Training Team (NTT)<ref name=":1" /> is the oldest of the Training Teams at the NDA. The main task of the Naval Training Team is to train V and VI term naval cadets on Specialist Service Subjects both theoretical and practical.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/Army-air-force-cadets-to-get-naval-training-as-well/articleshow/45693899.cms|title=Army, air force cadets to get naval training as well|last=Dighe|first=Sandip|date=31 December 2014|website=Pune Mirror|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref> Naval cadets on completion of their 3 years of training go to [[Indian Naval Academy]] (INA) as their finishing academy for 1 year, where they commence their M.Sc. degree along with cadets of INA who will be doing B.Tech. From 2015, army and air force cadets get naval training as well.<ref name=":6" />

The major emphasis is laid on Navigation, Seamanship, and Communication. A total of 328 theoretical classes are conducted for VI-term naval cadets. Theoretical instructions are imparted in the classroom at NTT and [[Peacock Bay]] by using modern teaching methodology, wherein [[3D modeling|3D models]], [[Computer-assisted instruction|Computer Assisted Instruction]] (CAI), and [[Computer based training|Computer Based Training]] (CBT) packages, scaled-down models are used. Practical instructions are imparted in the Watermanship Training Centre at Peacock Bay during regular periods and club days. TS [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira|Ronnie Pereira]], the in-house scale model of a warship, helps in imparting training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/budding-naval-officers-get-hands-on-experience-at-national-defence-academy/articleshow/58570032.cms|title=Budding naval officers get hands-on experience at National Defence Academy|last=Dighe|first=Sandip|date=8 May 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>

To orient the cadets to the Navy, an orientation visit to Mumbai is conducted before the commencement of service training, during which the cadets visit various classes of ships, submarines, shop floors, repair facilities, etc. As part of the visit, the naval cadets are sent to the NBCD School to acquaint themselves with firefighting and damage control aspects. Further, to inculcate competitive spirit and adventurism amongst the cadets, VI term naval cadets are sent to the Naval Academy, Ezhimala, to take part in the Open Sea Whaler Sailing Expedition and interact with their counterparts at the INA.
[[File:Naval Training Team.jpg|thumb]]

Camp Varuna during the middle of the term to get a first-hand experience on board during sailing, and Camp Varuna II at the end of the term to put the theoretical knowledge acquired at NTT into practical use during the three days' sailing. Watermanship Training Centre includes Yachting, Kayaking, Windsurfing, Rowing, Water-skiing, and Ship Modeling.<ref name=":6" />

== Passing out ==
[[File:NDA Passing Out Parade-6.jpg|thumb|Passing Out Parade at the National Defence Academy on 30 November 2022.]]
On 30th May 2025, 336 cadets passed out of the academy during the [[Passing out (military)|passing-out parade]] of the 148th course of the academy. Among the 336 cadets, 17 were female cadets; it was the first time for female cadets graduating from the National Defence Academy. Former COAS and Governor of Mizoram General [[VK Singh]] was the chief guest for the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=Transformative milestone in NDA's nation-building legacy: First-ever batch of 17 Female Cadets pass out from NDA after completing 148th Course – Spring Term 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2132691 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

==Alumni==
{{main|List of National Defence Academy alumni}}

The first NDA cadet to be commissioned into the Indian Air Force was Chaman Lal Gupta, who was part of the inaugural 1 JSW Course. Initially earmarked for the 57th Pilot Course in Jodhpur, he was rerouted to the 56th Course at Begumpet, making him the first NDA alumnus to wear Air Force blue. His passing out was memorably marked by the gift of a double ostrich egg to his Commandant — a nod to his origins at NDA and his singular place in IAF history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=The Double Ostrich Egg: The Birth of an IAF Officer |url=https://iafhistory.in/2024/11/09/the-double-ostrich-egg-the-birth-of-an-iaf-officer/ |website=IAFHistory |date=9 November 2024 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

Alumni of the academy have led and fought in every major conflict in which India has participated since the academy was established. They have an illustrious record of numerous gallantry awards and achieving 3 [[Param Vir Chakra]]s, 31 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s, 160 [[Vir Chakra]], 12 [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]]s, 40 [[Kirti Chakra]]s and 135 [[Shaurya Chakra]]s.<ref name=rakesh-sharma>{{cite web|url=http://www.nda.nic.in/nda_other_tourist_places.html|title=National Defence Academy, NDA Pune Alumni}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2021}} 11 [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chiefs of Army Staff]], 10 [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chiefs of Naval Staff]] and 4 [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chiefs of Air Staff]] of the Indian Armed Forces have been NDA alumni.<ref name=nda-chiefs>{{cite web |url=http://nda.nic.in/html/nda-chiefs-of-staff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023064322/http://nda.nic.in/html/nda-chiefs-of-staff.html |archive-date=23 October 2007 |url-status=dead |title=National Defence Academy, NDA Pune | Arjuna Award Winners from NDA |access-date=10 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=":4" />

Over the years, specific NDA squadrons have developed reputations for producing a significant number of senior Indian Air Force officers and gallantry awardees. According to one historical analysis, Hunter Squadron has produced more IAF Chiefs than any other, while other squadrons like Alpha and Foxtrot have also yielded high numbers of decorated air warriors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=A Look Back: Which NDA Squadron Contributed Most to the Indian Air Force? |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/08/28/a-look-back-which-nda-squadron-contributed-most-to-the-indian-air-force/ |website=IAFHistory |date=28 August 2022 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

== Param Vir Chakra ==

* [[Gurbachan Singh Salaria|Capt Gurbachan Singh Salaria]]

* [[Arun Khetarpal|2/Lt Arun Khetarpal]]
* [[Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon|FO Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon]]

* [[Manoj Kumar Pandey|Capt Manoj Kumar Pandey]]

== Ashok Chakra ==

* [[Pollur Mutthuswamy Raman|2/Lt Pollur Mutthuswamy Raman]]
* [[Rakesh Sharma|Grp Capt Rakesh Sharma]]
* [[Rakesh Singh Malhan|2/Lt Rakesh Singh Malhan]]
* [[Neelakantan Jayachandran Nair|Col Neelakantan Jayachandran Nair KC]]
* [[Rajiv Kumar Joon|Maj Rajiv Kumar Joon SC]]
* [[Arun Singh Jasrotia|Capt Arun Singh Jasrotia SM]]
* [[Puneet Nath Datt|2/Lt Puneet Nath Datt]]
* [[Sudhir Kumar Walia|Maj Sudhir Kumar Walia SM**]]
* [[Harshan R Nair|Capt Harshan R Nair]]
* [[Dinesh Raghu Raman|Maj Dinesh Raghu Raman]]
* [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan|Maj Sandeep Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Mohit Sharma (soldier)|Maj Mohit Sharma SM]]
* [[Shubhanshu Shukla|Grp Capt Shubhanshu Shukla]]

==Media==
''The Standard Bearers'', a [[Documentary film|documentary]] directed and written by Dipti Bhalla and Kunal Verma, provides an inside look into the history and operations of the NDA. Another documentary film ''My Flag, My Life'' written by Ambarnath Sinha and directed by Nandan Khuhyadi and Sanjay Dabke, provides details about the life of NDA cadets and is intended to create awareness about a career in the armed forces among the young generation.<ref name="ps.c">{{cite web|title='My Flag My Life', a Film insipers Youth to Join the Forces|url=http://www.punesite.com/my-flag-my-life-a-film-to-inspire-youth-to-join-the-forces.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829124749/http://www.punesite.com/my-flag-my-life-a-film-to-inspire-youth-to-join-the-forces.html|archive-date=29 August 2018|access-date=13 August 2012|publisher=punesite.com}}</ref><ref name=toij28>{{cite news|title=Now, a film to inspire youth to join the forces|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Now-a-film-to-inspire-youth-to-join-the-forces/articleshow/4827588.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618064917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-28/pune/28209420_1_film-defence-forces-career-options|url-status=live|archive-date=18 June 2013|access-date=13 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 July 2009}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=August 2021}} Books depicting NDA include the [[fiction]]al "''Boots Belts Berets''" by Tanushree Podder, which is also being adapted into a [[web series]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/boots-belts-berets-to-be-turned-into-web-series-119061201124_1.html|title='Boots Belts Berets' to be turned into web series|date=2019-06-12|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] reported that over 1200 cadets quit NDA in ten years between January 2008 and November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/more-than-1200-cadets-quit-nda-in-last-10-years-due-to-ragging-torture-excessive/306441|title=More Than 1,200 Cadets Quit NDA In Last 10 Years Due To Ragging, Torture, Excessive Punishment: Report|date=5 January 2018|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
* [[Armed Forces Medical College]]
* [[Indian Military Academy]]
* [[Indian Coast Guard Academy]]
* [[Indian National Defence University]]
* [[Indian Naval Academy]]
* [[Military academies in India]]
* [[Sainik School]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6PLszPsPosC&q=national+defence+academy&pg=PA88|title=The Sky was the Limit|last=Ramunny|first=Wing Commander Murkot|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=1997|isbn=8172110847|location=New Delhi|pages=Chapter 7}}
{{refend}}

{{commons category|National Defence Academy}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Defence Academy}}
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:Military academies of India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India)| ]]

Vernacular Press Act, 1878

2026-03-25T17:33:00Z

GavinEspinoza2:

{{Short description|1878 language law in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = Native Press Act, 1878
|legislature = Imperial Legislative Council
|repealed_by = Seditious Publications Act, 1882
|status = repealed
}}
In British India, the '''Vernacular Press Act, 1878''', modelled on the Irish press laws, was enacted to curtail the freedom of the Indian press and prevent the expression of criticism toward British policies—notably, the opposition that had grown with the outset of the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878–80).<ref name=":1" /> There was also strong public opinion against Lytton's policies such as organizing [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi Durbar (1877)]] when India was facing severe famine. The government adopted the Vernacular Press Act, 1878 to regulate the indigenous press in order to manage strong public opinion and seditious writing producing unhappiness among the people of native region with the government.

The act was proposed by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lytton]], then [[Viceroy]] of India, and was unanimously passed by the Viceroy's Council on 14 March 1878. The act excluded English-language publications as it was meant to control seditious writing in 'publications in Oriental languages' everywhere in the country, except for the South. Thus the British totally discriminated against the (non-English language) Indian press.

==Provisions==
The act empowered the government to impose restrictions on the press in the following ways:

# Modelled on the Irish press act, this act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
# From now on the government kept regular track of Vernacular newspapers.
# When a report published in the newspaper was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned.
# The district magistrate was empowered to call upon the printer and publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond with the government undertaking not to cause disaffection against the government or antipathy between persons of different religions, caste, and race. However, later this precensorship power was opposed, and a press commissioner was appointed by the government to supply authentic and accurate news to the press.
# The magistrate’s action was final, and no appeal could be made in a court of law.
# There could be exemptions from the operation of the act by submitting proofs to a government censor.
# Printers and publishers might also be mandated to provide a security deposit. This deposit could be forfeited if they violated the rules. Furthermore, if the violation happened again, their printing equipment could be confiscated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |title=A Brief History of Modern India |publisher=SpectrumBooks |year=2022 |isbn=81-7930-819-7 |edition=28th |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The revolt of 1857 forced the government to curb the freedom of the press.After the revolt enraged English men demanded a clamp down on the press. As vernacular newspaper became assertively nationalist,colonial government began debating measures of strict control{{cn|date=April 2021}}

==Reception==
Because the British government was in a hurry to pass the bill without encouraging any reactions whatever, the bill was not published in the usual papers in Calcutta and the [[North-Western Provinces]] were the slowest in obtaining information. While the ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' in Calcutta had converted itself into an all-English weekly within a week of the passing of the Vernacular Press Act, papers in the north were wondering what the exact provisions of the act were, even after two weeks of its existence. The following years saw the appearance and disappearance of a number of Bengali journals in quick succession, failing to gain support with their poverty of language and thought.<ref name=":0" />

Once publishers learned of the provisions, the repressive measure encountered strong opposition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626266/Vernacular-Press-Act|title=Vernacular Press Act {{!}} 1878, India|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-04-30|language=en}}</ref> All the native associations irrespective of religion, caste and creed denounced the measure and kept their protests alive. All the prominent leaders as Bengal and India condemned the Act as unwarranted and unjustified, and demanded its immediate withdrawal. The newspapers themselves kept criticizing the measure without end. The succeeding administration of [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]] reviewed the developments consequent upon the Act and finally withdrew it (1881). However, the resentment it produced among Indians helped fuel India's growing independence movement. The Indian Association, which is generally considered to be one of the precursors of the [[Indian National Congress]], was one of the Act's biggest critics.<ref name=":1" /> The crucial demand for a judicial trial in case of an accusation of sedition against an editor was never conceded by the government. However, in October 1878 the act was modified in minor respect; the submission of proofs before publication was no longer insisted upon, although the bail-bond remained.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Uma Das|date=1977|title=The Indian Press 1870-1880: A Small World of Journalism|journal=Modern Asian Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=11|issue=2 |pages=222|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015092|s2cid=145382547 }}</ref>

The Act came to be nicknamed “The Gagging Act”. Proceedings were instituted against Som Prakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash and Samachar till its repeal by Ripon.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''History of Indian Journalism'', J.Natarajan, p. 81, 100–102, 108–112.
* ''Mass Media Laws and Regulations'', C.S.Rayadu and S.B.Nageswar Rao, p. 1, 3–6,8-11.
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626266/Vernacular-Press-Act "Vernacular Press Act", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. On line.]

[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]
[[Category:Media law]]
[[Category:1878 in India]]
[[Category:1878 in British law]]

Bhaskar Oru Rascal

2026-03-11T23:20:01Z

GavinEspinoza2:

{{Short description|2018 film by Siddique}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baaskar Oru Rascal
| image = Bhaskar_Oru_Rascal.jpg
| director = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| producer = M. Harshini
| writer = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] [[Ramesh Khanna]] (dialogues)
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Bhaskar The Rascal]]'' |[[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]}}
| starring = [[Arvind Swamy]] [[Amala Paul]] Baby Nainika [[Raaghavan|Master Raghavan]]
| music = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| cinematography = Vijay Ulaganath
| editing = KR Gowrishanker
| studio = Harshini Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2018|05|17|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Movie Release Date May 11th Posters |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2018/04/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-release-date-may-11th-posters-arvind-swamy-amala-paul.html?pid=1331453 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425115638/https://moviegalleri.net/2018/04/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-release-date-may-11th-posters-arvind-swamy-amala-paul.html?pid=1331453 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=moviegalleri.net}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = 
}}

'''''Bhaskar Oru Rascal''''' ({{translation|Bhaskar is a rascal}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHASKAR ORU RASCAL (2018) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/bhaskar-oru-rascal-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529151648/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/bhaskar-oru-rascal-2018 |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=28 May 2018 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed and co-written by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. A remake of his own [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]'' (2015), the film stars [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Amala Paul]], Master Raghavan, and Baby Nainika, while [[Nikesha Patel]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Robo Shankar]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles. This marks Bollywood actor [[Aftab Shivdasani]]'s [[Tamil cinema]] debut. Production began in February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2017 |title=Aftab Shivdasani to make his Tamil debut as Arvind Swami's villain |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aftab-shivadasini-to-make-his-tamil-debut-as-aravind-swamis-villain/articleshow/58495636.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106073436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aftab-shivadasini-to-make-his-tamil-debut-as-aravind-swamis-villain/articleshow/58495636.cms |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bhaskar is a [[Business magnate|business tycoon]] and single parent. His father, M. A. M. Rangasamy, is a retired businessman, and Bhaskar takes over his textile and real estate businesses. Bhaskar deals with all the complicated situations in his profession with rowdyism and is crude and crass. This behaviour earns him the name "Rascal". He has a son named Aakash. Aakash and Shivani study in the same school. Shivani's mother, Anu, is also a single parent. She meets Bhaskar at the school, and they get involved in an altercation. Shivani admires Bhaskar for his authoritative stance and treats him like a father figure for his heroism.

One day, Bhaskar goes with Aakash for a felicitation ceremony, where actress Kalyani is the chief guest. A comedic incident meant that the reporters at the function mistake Bhaskar for Kalyani's love interest. Kalyani's love interest happens to see this news and separates from her. Bhaskar tries to set things right by meeting Kalyani's love interest and settling the misunderstanding, but the latter insults Bhaskar. This leads to Bhaskar thrashing the guy in his office; the press records it.

All these events place Bhaskar in the spotlight for the wrong reasons. Anu does not have a good impression of him but likes Aakash's mild-mannered nature. At school, Akaash's classmates mock him because of his father's recent fiasco. Shivani tries to help Aakash, which leads to her attacking the boy in self-defence. The boy's mother makes an issue of it, but thanks to Bhaskar's timely intervention, he sorts out the matter. Bhaskar encourages Shivani to be outspoken and aggressive, but Anu dislikes it. She argues with Bhaskar, takes Shivani home, and scolds her.

Anu tells Shivani the story of how she lost her husband Sanjay long ago in Kolkata because of her aggressive behaviour when a few thugs misbehaved towards her in the elevator. Sanjay does nothing, irritating Anu. Once he drops her off, he drives back to the place and beats up the thugs. Anu follows and sees this and tries to stop Sanjay, but one of the thugs shoots him and dies. She states she does not want the same fate for Shivani and her.

Meanwhile, Aakash and Shivani plan to get their parents married, so they spend time with their "new parents" - Shivani with Bhaskar and Aakash with Anu. Bhaskar shows interest in Anu, but she remains indifferent and tries to avoid him, even though she tries to understand his good nature.

On Shivani's birthday, a small party is organised. The only guests invited are Aakash and Bhaskar, but a third uninvited guest appears and introduces himself as Sanjay. Anu reveals she still has an untold part of what happened to Sanjay. He was sent to a nearby hospital, but the doctor plans to shift him to another hospital. Anu and her friend follow the ambulance but find that Sanjay is missing, and Anu discovers that Sanjay is a killer and sharpshooter. He had been using her to gain access to a party, had [[Assassination|assassinated]] her friend's father, who is a scientist, and had stolen a research hard disk containing locations of [[plutonium]] mines locations in the country. Anu is shocked because Sanjay not only used her but also seduced her in bed, resulting in her getting pregnant. Anu had moved away from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], gave birth to Shivani, and lived there since then.

Anu accepts Rangasamy's marriage proposal to Bhaskar to save herself and Shivani from Sanjay but fears putting Bhaskar and Aakash in danger and backs out at the last minute. She decides to move to Canada with Shivani permanently. Sanjay's parents intervene and request Anu to go to Kolkata with them one last time to retrieve the hard disk in Anu's locker. Anu goes to Kolkata with Sanjay to get his hard disk with Bhaskar and the kids. Suddenly, Sanjay's father kidnaps Aakash and Shivani and demands the hard disk from Sanjay, indicating that he has a purpose for it. A fight ensues, resulting in Bhaskar saving everyone and killing Sanjay and his father. Anu and Shivani cancel their Canada trip and reunite with Bhaskar and Aakash. Bhaskar and Anu get married. A few months later, Anu becomes pregnant with Bhaskar.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as Bhaskar
* [[Amala Paul]] as Anu
* Baby Nainika as Shivani, Anu's daughter
* [[Raaghavan|Master Raghavan]] as Aakash, Bhaskar's son
* [[Nikesha Patel]] as Kalyani
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Sanjay, Anu's husband
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Rakkappa aka Rocky
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as M. A. M. Rangasamy, Bhaskar's father
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Sanjay's father
* [[Jennifer Antony]] as Sanjay's mother
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Devadas
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Arnold
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Riyas Ahmed IPS
* [[Narayan Lucky]] as Siddharth
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Registrar
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Parthasarathy from Triplicane
* A. K. Sajan as Scientist Jaswant Malhotra
* Orma Bose as Jaswant's daughter
}}

== Production ==
The success of [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s Malayalam film, ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]'' (2015) prompted the makers to consider making a Tamil version, with [[Ajith Kumar]] linked to the lead role in late 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2015 |title=No Ajith in Bhaskar the Rascal remake: Siddique |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-Ajith-in-Bhaskar-the-Rascal-remake-Siddique/articleshow/49702647.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111113815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-Ajith-in-Bhaskar-the-Rascal-remake-Siddique/articleshow/49702647.cms |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> After the plans failed to materialise, Siddique began discussions with actor [[Rajinikanth]] in early 2016 to play the lead role, but the actor eventually chose not to do the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2017 |title=Rajini in Tamil remake of Bhaskar the Rascal |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rajini-in-Tamil-remake-of-Bhaskar-the-Rascal/articleshow/51068251.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226102300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rajini-in-Tamil-remake-of-Bhaskar-the-Rascal/articleshow/51068251.cms |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In September 2016, Siddique finalised [[Arvind Swamy]] as the male lead and held unsuccessful discussions with [[Nayanthara]] and then [[Sonakshi Sinha]] to star opposite him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Not signed anyone yet for &nbsp;Bhaskar the Rascal &nbsp;remake |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jan/02/not-signed-anyone-yet-for--bhaskar-the-rascal--remake-1555390.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082910/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jan/02/not-signed-anyone-yet-for--bhaskar-the-rascal--remake-1555390.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2016 |title=Arvind Swami and Nayanthara to act in Tamil remake of Bhaskar the Rascal |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arvind-swami-and-nayanthara-to-act-in-tamil-remake-of-bhaskar-the-rascal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082324/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arvind-swami-and-nayanthara-to-act-in-tamil-remake-of-bhaskar-the-rascal.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In early 2017, Siddique selected [[Amala Paul]] and Nainika to play the other lead roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Bhaskar the Rascal's Tamil remake has Baby Nainika with Amala Paul and Arvind Swamy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/27/bhaskar-the-rascals-tamil-remake-has-baby-nainika-with-amala-paul-and-arvind-swamy-1575484.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082806/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/27/bhaskar-the-rascals-tamil-remake-has-baby-nainika-with-amala-paul-and-arvind-swamy-1575484.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Swamy, Amala & Nainika in 'Bhaskar The Rascal' Tamil remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arvind-swamy-amala-nainika-in-bhaskar-the-rascal-tamil-remake-news-malayalam-rc1jO4ebdffah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227192046/http://www.sify.com/movies/arvind-swamy-amala-nainika-in-bhaskar-the-rascal-tamil-remake-news-malayalam-rc1jO4ebdffah.html |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> For the role a young male actor, the makers initially approached Aarav, the son of actor [[Jayam Ravi]], and then Aahil, the son of actor [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], to star in the film. The pair's refusal meant that Raghavan, who had previously appeared in ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016) and ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'' (2017), was added to the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarav or Aahil- who will play Aravind Swamy's son? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aarav-or-aahil--who-will-play-aravind-swamys-son-news-tamil-regjVhciehaeh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409002043/http://www.sify.com/movies/aarav-or-aahil--who-will-play-aravind-swamys-son-news-tamil-regjVhciehaeh.html |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Siddique revealed that he planned to keep the essence of the original Malayalam film, but would incorporate more action scenes for the Tamil version. Comedy actors including [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Ramesh Khanna]] and [[Robo Shankar]] were also drafted in to work on the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2017 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal is more action oriented |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/14/bhaskar-oru-rascal-is-more-action-oriented-1593362.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162714/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/14/bhaskar-oru-rascal-is-more-action-oriented-1593362.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> This is movie is the director's fifth in Tamil after [[Friends (2001 film)|''Friends'']] (2001), ''[[Engal Anna]]'' (2004), ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' (2008). and ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011). The shoot of the film began in [[Kochi]] during early April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2017 |title=IndiaGlitz&nbsp;– Arvind Swamy Amala Paul Baskar oru Rascal film shooting starts in Cochin&nbsp;– Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/arvind-swamy-amala-paul-baskar-oru-rascal-film-shooting-starts-in-cochin-tamil-news-182638.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162540/http://www.indiaglitz.com/arvind-swamy-amala-paul-baskar-oru-rascal-film-shooting-starts-in-cochin-tamil-news-182638.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Earlier the release was planned for October 2017, now the plan is to release in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baskar Oru Rascal (Bhaskar Oru Rascal) Tamil Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date, Trailers&nbsp;– Filmibeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/baskar-oru-rascal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628052709/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/baskar-oru-rascal.html |archive-date=28 June 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2017 |title=Bhaskar The Rascal in Tamil |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200717/bhaskar-the-rascal-in-tamil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720051843/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200717/bhaskar-the-rascal-in-tamil.html |archive-date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Movie Review by Praveena |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-by-praveena-arvind-swamyamala-paulsoorirobo-shankar8951/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519032706/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-by-praveena-arvind-swamyamala-paulsoorirobo-shankar8951/ |archive-date=19 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Movie Review |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review--arvind-swamyamala-paulsoorirobo-shankar--siddique8943/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120446/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review--arvind-swamyamala-paulsoorirobo-shankar--siddique8943/ |archive-date=19 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Amresh Ganesh]] and lyrics were written by [[Pa. Vijay]], Karunakaran, [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], and [[Madhan Karky]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Songs Download: Bhaskar Oru Rascal MP3 Tamil Songs Online Free on |url=https://gaana.com/album/bhaskar-oru-rascal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914060831/https://gaana.com/album/bhaskar-oru-rascal |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=2022-08-23 |publisher=Gaana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal - Amrish, Baby Sreya, Shreya Ghoshal - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Bhaskar-Oru-Rascal-2017/XTydMk1If6g_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914022320/https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Bhaskar-Oru-Rascal-2017/XTydMk1If6g_ |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Soundtrack received positive reviews with a critic calling it "decent work by Amresh".<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2017 |title=Music Review: Bhaskar Oru Rascal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-bhaskar-oru-rascal/articleshow/62305394.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706065546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-bhaskar-oru-rascal/articleshow/62305394.cms |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal Music Review - Top 10 Cinema |url=https://top10cinema.com/article/45175/bhaskar-oru-rascal-music-review |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401095154/https://top10cinema.com/article/45175/bhaskar-oru-rascal-music-review |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Bhaskar Oru Rascal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 April 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:22
| label = Triple V Records
| producer = Amresh Ganesh
| prev_title = [[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Charlie Chaplin 2]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:32%;"
|-
! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Time
|-
| "Amma I Love You" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sreya Jayadeep]] || 4:46
|-
| "Bhaskar Is a Rascal" || Amresh Ganesh || 3:58
|-
| "Thookanangoodu" || Krish, [[Vandana Srinivasan]] || 4:08
|-
| "Ippodhu Yen" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] || 4:20
|-
| "Bhaskar Theme" || Amresh Ganesh || 1:10
|}

==Release==
The film was initially scheduled to be released on January 14 but later got postponed to April 27 however failed to meet the expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Baskar Oru Rascal new release date and reason for postponement |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/baskar-oru-rascal-new-release-date-and-reason-for-postponement.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920160917/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/baskar-oru-rascal-new-release-date-and-reason-for-postponement.html |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Despite May 11 being announced as the release date, it was finally released on May 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Swamy's 'Bhaskar Oru Rascal' postponed to May 11 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arvind-swamy-s-bhaskar-oru-rascal-postponed-to-may-11-news-tamil-sezj5Dcgicdeh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425080638/http://www.sify.com/movies/arvind-swamy-s-bhaskar-oru-rascal-postponed-to-may-11-news-tamil-sezj5Dcgicdeh.html |archive-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=ZEE TAMIL BUYS THIS BIG UPCOMING FILM! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/bhaskar-oru-rascal-satellite-rights-acquired-by-zee-tamil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412080905/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/bhaskar-oru-rascal-satellite-rights-acquired-by-zee-tamil.html |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was also dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] as ''Mawali Raaj'' on [[YouTube]] on 27 December 2019.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mawali Raaj (Bhaskar Oru Rascal) 2019 New Released Full Hindi Dubbed Movie {{!}} Arvind Swamy, Amala |date=27 December 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWQxBZs75K0 |access-date=2022-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206175643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWQxBZs75K0 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
''Indian Express'' wrote "The film's setting, story and characters fall flat, reducing Bhaskar Oru Rascal to a very few enjoyable moments that come far in between."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal movie review: This Arvind Swami film lacks focus and depth |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-aravind-swami-amala-paul-5180269/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602112757/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-aravind-swami-amala-paul-5180269/ |archive-date=2 June 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote "It's nice to see Arvind Swami loosen up on screen, but ‘Bhaskar Oru Rascal’ fails to create an emotional connect."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=18 May 2018 |title='Bhaskar Oru Rascal' review: The story doesn't go where it ought to have |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhaskar-oru-rascal-review-the-story-doesnt-go-where-it-ought-to-have/article23925707.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908014019/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhaskar-oru-rascal-review-the-story-doesnt-go-where-it-ought-to-have/article23925707.ece |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''Hindustan Times'' wrote "Barring moments where one can find relief in comedy, Siddique's Bhaskar Oru Rascal falls flat on its face and emerges as one of the most boring films in recent times."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal movie review: Arvind Swami is the saving grace in this lousy remake |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-arvind-swami-is-the-saving-grace-in-this-lousy-remake/story-mW6uLwb7n3gGk4TWj9fg9K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604170811/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bhaskar-oru-rascal-movie-review-arvind-swami-is-the-saving-grace-in-this-lousy-remake/story-mW6uLwb7n3gGk4TWj9fg9K.html |archive-date=4 June 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> ''Sify'' called it "average entertainer" falls flat in "comedy and sentiments".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaskar Oru Rascal review: Falls flat both in comedy and sentiments |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bhaskar-oru-rascal-review-falls-flat-both-in-comedy-and-sentiments-review-tamil-sfrkWzifiggbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517094710/http://www.sify.com/movies/bhaskar-oru-rascal-review-falls-flat-both-in-comedy-and-sentiments-review-tamil-sfrkWzifiggbf.html |archive-date=17 May 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt7088032}}

{{Siddique (director)}}

[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddique]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2018 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amresh Ganesh]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]

Medical Devices Park, Hyderabad

2026-03-09T18:06:53Z

GavinEspinoza2: small expanded layout for clarity further and updated info

{{Short description|Industrial estate}}
[[File:Medical Devices Park Corridor.jpg|right|355x355px]]

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Medical Devices Park, Hyderabad''' is a [[medical device]]s [[industrial estate]] located in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nations-biggest-medical-devices-park-gets-rolling/articleshow/59198098.cms Nation’s biggest medical devices park gets rolling | Hyderabad News - Times of India]</ref> The largest such Park in India spread over 250 acres.<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-03-14/Fosun-Group-officials-meet-KTR/366192 Fosun Group officials meet KTR]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/industries-commerce-dept-gets-1286-crore/article23264421.ece Industries, Commerce Dept. gets ₹1,286 crore - The Hindu]</ref> The dedicated park's ecosystem supports [[medical technology]] innovation and manufacturing.

==History==
The Park was inaugurated on 17 June 2017 near Hyderabad at Sultanpur in [[Patancheru]] of [[Sangareddy district]] by the Minister for Industries, [[K. T. Rama Rao]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/biggest-medical-devices-park-in-country-inaugurated/article19097575.ece Biggest Medical Devices Park in country inaugurated – TELANGANA – The Hindu]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Hyderabad, India}}

[[Category:2017 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Economy of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Industrial parks in India]]
[[Category:Science parks in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts in India]]
[[Category:Biotechnology]]

Asharikandi Terracotta Craft

2026-03-08T22:38:44Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating the article more to come

{{Short description|Traditional terracotta craft of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Asharikandi Terracotta Craft
| image = Terracotta of Asharikandi, Dhubri, Assam (58).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = An Artisan shaping a [[Hatima Putul]]
| alternative names =
| description = Terracotta craft
| type =
| area = [[Asharikandi]], [[Dhubri district]], [[Assam]]
| country = India
| registered =2024
| material = Clay
| official website =
}}

'''Asharikandi Terracotta Craft''' is a traditional form of clay sculpture and pottery practiced in the village of [[Asharikandi]] in [[Dhubri district]], [[Assam]], India. The craft is widely recognized as one of the largest clusters of terracotta artisans in the state and forms an important component of Assam's traditional handicraft heritage.<ref name="toi2026">{{cite news |title=Assam’s tableau showcases Asharikandi terracotta craft tradition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/assams-tableau-at-republic-day-parade-showcases-asharikandi-terracotta-craft-tradition/articleshow/127532769.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

Artisans of Asharikandi produce a wide range of terracotta objects, including ritual figurines, decorative dolls, household objects, and religious idols. The craft tradition has been practiced for more than a century and has been transmitted across generations within potter families.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web |title=Asharikandi terracotta craft heritage |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/national/assams-republic-day-tableau-to-highlight-asharikandis-terracotta-heritage-11022618 |website=Pratidin Time |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

In 2024, the terracotta craft of Dhubri district received a [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication (GI) tag]], recognizing its cultural significance and unique regional identity.<ref name="gi2024">{{cite web |title=Dhubri terracotta craft receives GI tag |url=https://morungexpress.com/assams-r-day-tableau-highlights-asharikandis-terracotta-heritage-at-kartavya-path |website=The Morung Express |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Aasharikandi.jpg|thumb|Teracotta boat]]

The origins of Asharikandi terracotta craftsmanship can be traced to the early 19th century when potter communities migrated from regions of present-day [[Bangladesh]] (then part of [[Bengal]]) and settled in western Assam.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=History of Asharikandi terracotta village |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/assams-republic-day-tableau-to-showcase-asharikandis-terracotta-legacy-on-kartavya-path |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

These settlers brought with them traditional pottery skills, which gradually adapted to local cultural practices and materials. Over time, the craft developed distinctive Assamese characteristics in form, design, and symbolism.<ref name="heritage" />

Historically, artisans supplied earthen utensils, ritual objects, and decorative sculptures to nearby settlements and local landholding families. The location of Asharikandi near riverine trade routes of the [[Brahmaputra River]] facilitated the distribution of these products across the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asharikandi terracotta craft cluster |url=https://ajmaliasacademy.in/assam-showcases-asharikandi-terracotta-craft-at-republic-day-2026-parade/ |website=Ajmal IAS Academy |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

By the late twentieth century, Asharikandi had become known as a major terracotta craft centre in Assam, with numerous artisan families continuing the tradition.<ref name="toi2026" />

[[File:Documentary on Making Terracotta in Asharikandi Vi.webm|thumb|Documentary on Making Terracotta in Asharikandi Village]]

==Materials and techniques==
The primary material used in Asharikandi terracotta craft is a locally available clay known as '''''Hiramati''''', valued for its fine texture and plasticity.<ref name="toi2026" />

The production process typically involves several stages:

* Preparation and purification of clay
* Hand-moulding or wheel-throwing of forms
* Drying under sunlight
* Firing in traditional kilns

Artisans use both hand modelling techniques and potter's wheels to shape the objects. After firing, the products are sometimes decorated with natural pigments or left in their characteristic reddish-brown terracotta finish.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electric potter's wheel to transform terracotta handicraft in Asharikandi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/electric-potters-wheel-to-transform-terracotta-handicraft-in-asharikandi/articleshow/126845174.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

==Motifs and products==
[[File:Hatima Putul Traditional Terracotta Doll from Asharikandi Village Dhubri Assam 03.jpg|thumb|Hatima Putul is a traditional terracotta doll from Asharikandi Village, Dhubri, Assam]]

Asharikandi artisans produce a variety of terracotta items, including:

* Decorative dolls and figurines (''Putul'' or ''Putola'')
* Religious idols of deities such as [[Ganesha]], [[Durga]], and [[Lakshmi]]
* Animal figures and folk characters
* Household vessels and ritual objects

One of the most iconic creations is the [[Hatima Putul]], a terracotta sculpture depicting a mother holding a child. The design gained national recognition after artisan Sarala Bala Devi received the National Award for Terracotta Craft in 1982 for this work.<ref name="sarala">{{cite web |title=Sarala Bala Devi and the Hatima doll |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/national/assams-republic-day-tableau-to-highlight-asharikandis-terracotta-heritage-11022618 |website=Pratidin Time |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

==Socio-economic significance==
[[File:Terracotta of Asharikandi (Swami Vivekanandan).jpg|thumb|Swami Vivekananda]]

The terracotta craft industry provides livelihood to numerous artisan families in Asharikandi and surrounding villages. Craft production is often organized at the household level, with family members participating in different stages of production.<ref name="toi2026" />

The craft also contributes to the cultural tourism economy of Assam and has attracted attention through exhibitions, government initiatives, and participation in national craft fairs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asharikandi terracotta craft among NE traditions chosen for research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/asharikandi-majuli-masks-among-6-crafts-in-ne-chosen-for-research/articleshow/122938863.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

==Geographical Indication status==
In March 2024, the terracotta craft of Dhubri district was granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.<ref name="gi2024" />

The GI recognition acknowledges the unique techniques, materials, and cultural heritage associated with the Asharikandi terracotta tradition and helps protect it from imitation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asharikandi terracotta craft receives GI recognition |url=https://morungexpress.com/assams-r-day-tableau-highlights-asharikandis-terracotta-heritage-at-kartavya-path |work=Morung Express |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

==Cultural recognition==
Asharikandi terracotta craft has gained national attention through exhibitions, government initiatives, and cultural events. The craft was prominently featured in the Assam tableau during the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] in New Delhi in 2026, highlighting its importance as a symbol of the state's traditional artistry.<ref name="toi2026" />

The inclusion of the craft in national cultural displays has contributed to broader awareness and preservation efforts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asharikandi terracotta craft showcased at Republic Day parade |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/a/assams-r-day-tableau-highlights-asharikandis-terracotta-heritage-riverine-478.htm |work=IANS/NewKerala |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Terracotta of Asharikandi, Dhubri, Assam (54).jpg | Duck shaped terracotta doll
File:Terracotta of Asharikandi (Radha-Krishna).jpg|Radha Krishna
File:Terracotta of Asharikandi, Dhubri, Assam (1).jpg|Artisans shaping clay pot
File:Hatima Putul Traditional Terracotta Doll from Asharikandi Village Dhubri Assam 04.jpg| Hatima Putul, Traditional Terracotta Doll from Asharikandi Village
File:Mahadev Paul (Terracotta Artist).jpg|A Terracotta artist
File:Terracotta of Asharikandi Dhubri Assam 10.jpg|Ganesha
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Terracotta]]
* [[Culture of Assam]]
* [[Dhubri district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Terracotta of Asharikandi}}

[[Category:Terracotta]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Assam]]
[[Category:Dhubri district]]

Haani

2026-03-08T02:49:20Z

GavinEspinoza2: New New Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}{{Infobox film
| name = Haani
| image =
| director = [[Amitoj Maan]]
| producer = {{ubl|Babu Singh Mann|[[Harbhajan Mann]]}}

|screenplay = [[Amitoj Mann]]
| story = Amitoj Mann
| starring = {{ubl|[[Harbhajan Mann]]|
[[Sarbjit Cheema]]|
[[Rupan Bal]]}}
| music = [[Jaidev Kumar]]
| cinematography = Krishna Ramanan
| editing = Sanjay Jaiswal
| studio = Mannerism Films
| distributor =| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|09|06}}
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Haani''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[Romantic Drama film|romantic drama film]] directed by [[Amitoj Maan|Amitoje Mann]] and stars [[Harbhajan Mann]], Mehreen Kaleka, [[Sarbjit Cheema]], [[Anuj Sachdeva]], [[Sonia Mann (actress)|Sonia Mann]] and [[Rupan Bal]].<ref name="punjabiportal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/haani-punjabi-movie-harbhajan-mann|title=Haani - Harbhajan Mann's Upcoming Punjabi Film|publisher=punjabiportal.com|accessdate=2013-08-10|work=punjabiportal.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604050235/http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/haani-punjabi-movie-harbhajan-mann|archive-date=4 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film consists of two story lines set in the years 1964 and 2013. The two story lines are told non-linearly and are interwoven with use of match cuts, reflecting the themes of love and commitment.

==Plot==
Haani is a story of love and commitment. Moving between 1964 and 2013, Haani is the story of the [[Jat people|Jatts]] who are defined by their simplicity, honesty, courage, good looks and above all – for honoring their commitments lifelong, be it for love, friendship or even enmity. Canadian born and bred Harman comes to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] with his best friend Tony and to his shock realizes that he can see and talk to the spirit of his grandfather Ranjit who has not been visible to anyone since his death 50 years ago. Ranjit’s spirit is still here in this world due to his promise to his lover, Sukhaan, that they would leave this world together. As the story unravels, we see that in the year 1964 Ranjit is a farmer and his best friend is Jagir. Ranjit is a widower with a 2 yr old son being taken care of by his maternal grandparents. Ranjit and Sukhaan meet and fall in love with each other. But those were conservative times and love marriages were taboo. A series of incidents later, Ranjit is killed and Sukhaan is forced to marry an army officer by her family and is widowed later. Destiny makes Harman fall in love with Preet – Sukhaan’s granddaughter. They, too, face the same problems. But they have a happy ending helped by Ranjit’s spirit and Sukhaan. Haani narrates the story of Ranjit and Sukhaan whose love reaches beyond the boundaries of death and how their incomplete love story is concluded by their grandchildren - Harman and Preet. A romantic saga spanning two generations, Haani tells the story of love, friendship, and honor immortalized by commitment.

==Cast==
* [[Harbhajan Mann]] as Ranjit Singh
* [[Anuj Sachdeva]] as Harman
* [[Sarbjit Cheema]] as Jagir Singh
* [[Rupan Bal]] as Tony
* Mehreen Kaleka as Sukhaan Kaur
* [[Sonia Mann]] as Preet
* Ashish Duggal as Gurjant Singh
* Gurdev Dhillon as Ramu Ghaint
* Sardar Sohi as Rashpal Singh
* Gursharan Mann as Harinder Singh

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Haani
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jaidev Kumar]]
| cover =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2013}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = Saga Music
| producer =
}}

The film's score and soundtrack were composed by [[Jaidev Kumar]] and was released by Saga Music in 2013. All lyrics were penned by Babu Singh Mann.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length1 = 04:03
| title1 = Jagga
| extra1 = [[Sarbjit Cheema]]
| length2 = 04:35
| title2 = Heer Saleti
| extra2 = Harbhajan Mann
| length3 = 08:47
| title3 = Jaggo
| extra3 = Manpreet Akhtar, Simerjit Kaur, Rani Randip
| length4 = 04:00
| title4 = Teri Meri Jodi
| extra4 = Devi Negi, Shipra Goyal
| length5 = 03:26
| title5 = Teri Meri Jodi (Harbhajan Mann version)
| extra5 = Harbhajan Mann, Simrenjit Kaur
| length6 = 05:29
| title6 = Taang Sajjna de
| extra6 = Shaukat Ali
|length7 = 05:29
| title7 = Taang Sajjna de (Harbhajan Mann version)
| extra7 = Harbhajan Mann
}}

==Accolades==
The annual [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] 2014 for excellence in Punjabi cinema was held on 3 March 2014. Haani was nominated in 11 categories and won 5 awards i: One of the Best Films of 2013, Best Story - Amitoj Mann, Best Lyrics - Babu Singh Maan, Original Background Score - Jaidev Kumar and Best Actor in a negative Role - Ashish Duggal, Best Technical Award.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haani}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1964]]
[[Category:Films set in 2013]]

T.A.Ramalingam Chettiar Higher Secondary School

2026-03-07T08:29:34Z

GavinEspinoza2: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar#Legacy]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Caste system in India

2026-03-05T18:36:45Z

GavinEspinoza2: clean up

{{Short description|Social classification practised in India}}
{{About|socio-political stratification in Indian society|socio-religious Hindu stratification|Varna (Hinduism){{!}}''Varna'' (Hinduism)}}
{{Redirect|Castes in India|the book|Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development{{!}}''Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development''}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Very long|date=March 2026}}
{{pp|reason=restore earlier indef semi per [[WP:GS/Caste]] that was removed while upgrading to a short duration full protection, problematic edits since then|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

In [[India]], social classification based on [[caste]] has its origin in [[Outline of ancient India|ancient times]]. It was transformed by various ruling elites in [[medieval India|medieval]], early-modern, and modern India, especially in the aftermath of the collapse of the [[Mughal Empire]] and the establishment of the [[British Raj]].{{sfnp|de Zwart|2000}}{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=25–27, 392}}{{sfnp|St. John|2012|p=103}}{{sfnp|Sathaye|2015|p=214}} Caste is traditionally associated with [[Hinduism]],<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2019 |title=What is India's caste system? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616 |work=BBC News}}</ref> but is more pervasive in extent: an estimated 98% of contemporary Indians, including Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains, identify with a caste.<ref name=StarrPew/>

Beginning in ancient India, the caste system was originally centered around ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'', with ''[[Brahmin]]s'' (priests) and, to a lesser extent, ''[[Kshatriyas]]'' (rulers and warriors) serving as the elite classes, followed by ''[[Vaishya]]s'' (traders and merchants) and finally ''[[Shudra]]s'' (labourers). Outside of this system are the oppressed, marginalised, and persecuted ''[[Dalit]]s'' (also known as "[[Untouchability|Untouchables]]") and ''[[Adivasi]]s'' (tribals).<ref name=":2"/>{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=9}} Over time, the system became increasingly rigid, and the emergence of ''[[Jāti|jati]]'' led to further entrenchment, introducing thousands of new castes and sub-castes.{{sfnp|Basham, Wonder that was India|1954|p=148}} With the arrival of [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic rule]], [[Caste system among South Asian Muslims|caste-like distinctions]] were formulated in certain [[Islam in India|Muslim communities]], primarily in [[North India]].{{sfnp|de Zwart|2000}}{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=392}}{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=26–27|ps=:What happened in the initial phase of this two-stage sequence was the rise of the royal man of prowess. In this period, both kings and the priests and ascetics with whom men of power were able to associate their rule became a growing focus for the affirmation of a martial and regal form of caste ideal. (...) The other key feature of this period was the reshaping of many apparently casteless forms of devotional faith in a direction which further affirmed these differentiations of rank and community.}} The British Raj furthered the system, through [[Census in British India|census classifications]] and preferential treatment to [[Christianity in India|Christians]] and people belonging to certain castes.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=392}} Social unrest during the 1920s led to a change in this policy towards affirmative action.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |title=The discovery of India |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-670-05801-7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=57764885}}</ref>{{sfnp|Dirks|2001b|pp=215–229}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Sumit |title=Beyond Caste |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-513-3 |pages=38–39 |chapter=The Birth of Caste}}</ref>

Caste-based differences have also been practised in other regions and religions in the [[Indian subcontinent]], like [[Buddhism in Nepal|Nepalese Buddhism]],<ref name="LeVine">{{cite book|title=Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9C1iF3MAYgC |first=Sarah|last=LeVine|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-02554-7|page=21}}</ref> [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Sikhism]].{{sfnp|Cohen|2001|p=21}} It has been challenged by many reformist Hindu movements,{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|p=3}} [[Buddhism]], Sikhism, Christianity,{{sfnp|Cohen|2001|p=21}} and present-day [[Navayana|Neo Buddhism]].<ref name="Omvedt1">{{cite book|title=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvmHAwAAQBAJ |first=Gail|last=Omvedt|publisher=Sage Classics|year=2014|isbn=978-81-321-1028-6|page=252}}</ref> With Indian influences, the caste system is also practiced in [[Bali]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Geoffrey Robinson|title= The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Gfir3Ju70C |year=1995| publisher= Cornell University Press|isbn= 0-8014-8172-4|page=32}}</ref>

After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|achieving independence]] in 1947, India banned discrimination on the basis of caste and enacted many [[affirmative action]] policies for the upliftment of historically [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|marginalised groups]], as enforced through its constitution.<ref name="What is India's caste system">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616|title=What is India's caste system?|date=25 February 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=27 May 2017|language=en-GB|quote=Independent India's constitution banned discrimination on the basis of caste and, in an attempt to correct historical injustices and provide a level playing field to the traditionally disadvantaged, the authorities announced quotas in government jobs and educational institutions for scheduled castes and tribes, the lowest in the caste hierarchy, in 1950.}}</ref> However, the system continues to be practiced in India and caste-based discrimination, segregation, violence, and inequality persist.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2022 |last=Taylor |first=Sarah |title='I would tell the other girls at school that I was Brahmin': The struggle to challenge India's caste system |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-28/struggle-to-challenge-indias-caste-system/101185772 |newspaper=ABC News}}</ref>
{{TOC level|3}}

==Definitions and concepts==
===''Varna'', ''jāti'', and caste===
====''Varna''====
{{Main|Varna (Hinduism)}}

''[[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]'', meaning ''type, order, colour, or class''{{Hairspace}}<ref name="Doniger 1999 186">{{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions |publisher=Merriam-Webster |location=Springfield, MA |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/186 186] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/186 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Stanton |first=Andrea |title=An Encyclopedia of Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa |publisher=Sage Publications |location=US |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7 |pages=12–13}}</ref> are a framework for grouping people into classes, first used in [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic Indian society]]. It is referred to frequently in the ancient Indian texts.{{sfnp|Basham, Wonder that was India|1954|p=148}} There are four classes: the [[Brahmin]]s (priestly class), the [[Kshatriya]]s (rulers, administrators and warriors; also called Rajanyas), the [[Vaishya]]s (artisans, merchants, tradesmen and farmers), and the [[Shudra]]s (labouring classes).{{sfnp|Fowler, Hinduism|1997|pp=19–20}} The ''varna'' categorisation implicitly includes a fifth element, those deemed to be entirely outside its scope, such as [[adivasi|tribal]] people and the [[Dalit|Dalits]] (also known as "[[Untouchability|Untouchables]]").{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=9}}

====''Jati''====
{{Main|Jāti}}

In ancient texts, ''Jati'', meaning ''birth'',{{sfnp|Fowler, Hinduism|1997|p=23}}<ref>From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s ("birth, production; kind"). Cognate with Latin gēns, Ancient Greek γένεσις (génesis), Proto-Germanic *kinþiz (whence English kind). By surface analysis, जन् (jan, root) + -ति (-ti).[1]</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=जाति |date=2025-02-07 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&oldid=83879336 |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en}}</ref> is mentioned less often and clearly distinguished from ''varna''. There are four ''varnas'' but thousands of ''jatis''.{{sfnp|Basham, Wonder that was India|1954|p=148}} The ''jatis'' are complex social groups that lack universally applicable definitions or characteristics and have been more flexible and diverse than was previously often assumed.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=9}}

Certain scholars of caste have considered ''jati'' to have its basis in religion, assuming that the sacred elements of life in India envelop the secular aspects; for example, the anthropologist [[Louis Dumont]] described the ritual rankings that exist within the ''jati'' system as being based on the concepts of religious purity and pollution. This view has been disputed by other scholars who believe it to be a secular social phenomenon driven by the necessities of economics, politics, and at times geography.{{sfnp|Fowler, Hinduism|1997|p=23}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrington |first=Austin |title=Encyclopedia of social theory |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-29046-3 |page=49}}</ref>{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|pp=57–60}}{{sfnp|Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra|2008|pp=87–88}} Jeaneane Fowler says that although some people consider ''jati'' to be occupational segregation, in reality the ''jati'' framework does not preclude or prevent a member of one caste from working in another occupation.{{sfnp|Fowler, Hinduism|1997|p=23}}

A feature of ''jatis'' has been [[endogamy]], in [[Susan Bayly]]'s words, that "both in the past and for many, though not all Indians in more modern times, those born into a given caste would normally expect to find marriage partner" within their ''jati''.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=10}}{{sfnp|Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra|2008|p=87}}

A 2016 study based on the [[DNA analysis]] of unrelated Indians determined that [[Endogamy|endogamous]] jatis originated during the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-16 |title=Genetic study suggests caste began to dictate marriage from Gupta reign |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/genetic-study-suggests-caste-began-to-dictate-marriage-from-gupta-reign/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite news |last=Kalyan |first=Ray |title=Caste originated during Gupta dynasty: Study |date=27 January 2016 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/525390/caste-originated-during-gupta-dynasty.html}}</ref> An earlier 2013 study from Tamil Nadu has suggested older (4–6 Kya) origins of endogamy based upon male lineages.<ref>Population Differentiation of Southern Indian Male Lineages Correlates with Agricultural Expansions Predating the Caste System https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050269</ref><ref>Caste system: an indigenous invention in South India? https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/caste-system-an-indigenous-invention-in-south-india/article4290662.ece</ref>

''Jatis'' have existed in India among Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and tribal people, and there is no clear linear order among them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ingold |first=Tim |title=Companion encyclopedia of anthropology |publisher=Routledge |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-28604-6 |pages=1026–1027}}</ref>

====Caste====
{{Main|Caste}}

The term ''caste'' is derived from the Portuguese and Spanish word ''casta'', meaning "race, lineage, breed" and, originally, "'pure or unmixed (stock or breed)".<ref>{{cite web |date=1989 |title=Caste, n. |url=http://www.oed.com |website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> Originally not an Indian word, it is now widely used in English and in [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], closely translated to ''varna'' and ''jati''.{{sfnp|Corbridge|Harriss|Jeffrey|2013|p=239}}

===Ghurye's 1932 description===

The [[sociology|sociologist]] [[G. S. Ghurye]] wrote in 1932 that, despite much study by many people, {{blockquote|we do not possess a real general definition of caste. It appears to me that any attempt at definition is bound to fail because of the complexity of the phenomenon. On the other hand, much literature on the subject is marred by lack of precision about the use of the term.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=1–2}}}}

Ghurye offered what he thought was a definition that could be applied across India, although he acknowledged that there were regional variations on the general theme. His model definition for caste included the following six characteristics:{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=2–22}}

* Segmentation of society into groups whose membership was determined by birth.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=2–5}}
* A hierarchical system wherein generally the Brahmins were at the head of the hierarchy, but this hierarchy was disputed in some cases. In various linguistic areas, hundreds of castes had a gradation generally acknowledged by everyone.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=6–7}}
* Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse, with minute rules on the kind of food and drink that upper castes could accept from lower castes. There was a great diversity in these rules, and lower castes generally accepted food from upper castes.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=7–10}}
* Segregation, where individual castes lived together, the dominant caste living in the center and other castes living on the periphery.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=10–15}} There were restrictions on the use of water wells or streets by one caste on another: an upper-caste Brahmin might not be permitted to use the street of a lower-caste group, while a caste considered impure might not be permitted to draw water from a well used by members of other castes.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=11–12}}
* Occupation, generally inherited.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=15–16}} Lack of unrestricted choice of profession, caste members restricted their own members from taking up certain professions they considered degrading. This characteristic of caste was missing from large parts of India, stated Ghurye, and in these regions all four castes (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) did agriculture labour or became warriors in large numbers.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=16–17}}
* [[Endogamy]], restrictions on marrying a person outside caste, but in some situations [[hypergamy]] allowed.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=18–19}} Far less rigidity on inter-marriage between different sub-castes than between members of different castes in some regions, while in some, endogamy within a sub-caste was the principal feature of caste-society.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|p=22}}

The above Ghurye's model of caste thereafter attracted scholarly criticism<ref>{{cite book | last=Pradip Bose |editor-last=A.R. Momin | title=The legacy of G.S. Ghurye: a centennial festschrift | publisher=Popular | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-7154-831-6 | pages=65–68}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Berreman |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Berreman |title=Caste as social process|journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology|pages=351–370|volume=23|issue=4|jstor=3629451|year=1967|doi=10.1086/soutjanth.23.4.3629451|s2cid=147334027}}</ref> for relying on the census reports produced by the colonial government,{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=1–2}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Midgley | first=James | title=Colonialism and welfare: social policy and the British imperial legacy | publisher=Edward Elgar | location=United Kingdom | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-85793-243-3 | pages=89–90}}</ref> the "superior, inferior" racist theories of [[Herbert Hope Risley|H. H. Risley]],{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=136–139}} and for fitting his definition to then prevalent orientalist perspectives on caste.{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=117–125}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Hindu Nationalist Sociology of G.S. Ghurye|last=Carol Upadhya|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=51|number=1|date=March 2002|pages=28–57|jstor=23620062}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Pradip |title=The legacy of G.S. Ghurye: a centennial festschrift |publisher=Popular |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-7154-831-6 |editor-last=Momin |editor-first=A.R. |pages=66–67 |quote=[On caste] Ghurye (...) is much influenced by the nineteenth century orientalist historical explanations, which were based basically on three kinds of formulations: the Indo-European or Dravidian theory, the racial theory and the diffusionist theory. (...) At a subsequent stage European social theory, evident in census reports and ethnographic accounts also shape Ghurye's account of the caste system.}}</ref>

Ghurye added, in 1932, that the colonial construction of caste led to the livening up, divisions and lobbying to the British officials for favourable caste classification in India for economic opportunities, and this had added new complexities to the concept of caste.<ref>{{cite book | last=Midgley | first=James | title=Colonialism and welfare: social policy and the British imperial legacy | publisher=Edward Elgar | location=United Kingdom | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-85793-243-3 | pages=86–88}}</ref>{{sfnp|Ghurye|1969|pp=278–279; this is pp. 158–159 in the 1932 edition of Ghurye}} Graham Chapman and others have reiterated the complexity and they note that there are differences between theoretical constructs and the practical reality.{{sfnp|Chapman, Religious vs. Regional Determinism|1993|pp=10–14}}

===Modern perspective on definition===
[[Ronald Inden]], the [[Indology|Indologist]], agrees that there has been no universally accepted definition of "caste". For example, for some early European documenters it was thought to correspond with the endogamous ''varnas'' referred to in ancient Indian scripts, and its meaning corresponds in the sense of ''[[Estates of the realm|estates]]''. To later Europeans of the Raj era it was endogamous ''jatis'', rather than ''varnas'', that represented ''caste'', such as the 2,378 ''jatis'' that colonial administrators classified by occupation in the early 20th century.{{sfnp|Inden|2001|p=59}}

[[Arvind Sharma]], a professor of [[comparative religion]], notes that ''caste'' has been used synonymously to refer to both ''varna'' and ''jati'' but that "serious Indologists now observe considerable caution in this respect" because, while related, the concepts are considered to be distinct.{{sfnp|Sharma|2000|p=132}} In this he agrees with the Indologist [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham|Arthur Basham]], who noted that the Portuguese colonists of India used ''casta'' to describe {{blockquote|... tribes, clans or families. The name stuck and became the usual word for the Hindu social group. In attempting to account for the remarkable proliferation of castes in 18th- and 19th-century India, authorities credulously accepted the traditional view that by a process of intermarriage and subdivision the 3,000 or more castes of modern India had evolved from the four primitive classes, and the term 'caste' was applied indiscriminately to both ''varna'' or class, and ''jati'' or caste proper. This is a false terminology; castes rise and fall in the social scale, and old castes die out and new ones are formed, but the four great classes are stable. There are never more or less than four and for over 2,000 years their order of precedence has not altered."{{sfnp|Basham, Wonder that was India|1954|p=148}}}} The sociologist [[Andre Beteille|André Beteille]] notes that, while ''varna'' mainly played the role of caste in classical Hindu literature, it is ''jati'' that plays that role in present times. ''Varna'' represents a closed collection of social orders whereas ''jati'' is entirely open-ended, thought of as a "natural kind whose members share a common substance." Any number of new ''jatis'' can be added depending on need, such as tribes, sects, denominations, religious or linguistic minorities and nationalities. Thus, "Caste" is not an accurate representation of ''jati'' in English. Better terms would be ethnicity, ethnic identity and ethnic group.{{sfnp|Béteille|1996|pp=15–25}}

===Complexity and flexibility===
Research on caste systems across the Indian subcontinent during the latter 1900s revealed that caste was far more complex and dynamic than previously thought. While British colonial authorities had portrayed it as a uniform, rigid system fundamental to Indian society, studies showed that caste's significance and structure varied considerably between regions. Rather than being a fixed hierarchy, caste functioned as one of several possible forms of social organization and identity. People could maintain multiple community affiliations, with caste sometimes taking precedence and other times being secondary to different social bonds. This flexibility allowed caste to serve as one way of creating social cohesion while leaving room for other types of community ties to flourish.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1 |title=Handbook of Indian History |date=2024-11-21 |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-6207-1 |page=372 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1 |editor-last=Vemsani |editor-first=Lavanya }}</ref>

Sociologist Anne Waldrop observes that while outsiders view the term caste as a static phenomenon of stereotypical tradition-bound India, empirical facts suggest caste has been a radically changing feature. The term means different things to different Indians. In the context of politically active modern India, where job and school quotas are reserved for affirmative action based on castes, the term has become a sensitive and controversial subject.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dalit Politics in India and New Meaning of Caste |first=Anne |last=Waldrop |journal=Forum for Development Studies |volume=31 |issue=2 |year=2004 |doi=10.1080/08039410.2004.9666283 |pages=275–305|s2cid=144352948 }}</ref>

Sociologists such as [[M. N. Srinivas]] and Damle have debated the question of rigidity in caste and believe that there is considerable flexibility and mobility in the caste hierarchies.{{sfnp|Silverberg|1969}}{{sfnp|M. N. Srinivas, Coorgs of South India|1952|p=32}}

=== Contemporary extent and enumeration ===

Between 2019 and 2020, [[Pew Research]] interviewed 29,999 Indian adults, finding that 98% of Indians identified as members of a caste.<ref name=StarrPew>{{cite web | title=Measuring caste in India | date=29 June 2021 | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded/2021/06/29/measuring-caste-in-india/ }}</ref>

==Origins==
{{Infobox
| title=Caste system in 19th century India
| image=
{{image array|perrow=2|width=135|height=100
| image1=Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India (18).jpg |caption1=Hindu musician
| image2=Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India (16).jpg |caption2=Muslim merchant
| image3=Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India (8).jpg |caption3=Sikh chief
| image4=Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India (5).jpg |caption4=Arab soldier
}}
|caption=Pages from ''Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India'' according to Christian Missionaries in February 1837. They include Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Arabs as castes of India.
}}

===Perspectives===
There are at least two perspectives for the origins of the caste system in ancient and medieval India, which focus on either ideological factors or on socio-economic factors.
* The first school of thought focuses on ideological factors that are claimed to drive the caste system and hold that caste is rooted in the four ''varnas''. This perspective was particularly common among scholars during the British colonial era and was articulated by Dumont, who concluded that the system was ideologically perfected several thousand years ago and has remained the primary social reality ever since. This school primarily justifies its theory by citing the ancient law book ''[[Manusmriti]]'' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://velivada.com/2017/05/31/casteist-quotes-verses-manusmriti-law-book-hindus/ | title=Casteist Verses from Manusmriti – Law Book of Hindus | Velivada }}</ref> and has been criticized for disregarding economic, political and historical evidence.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|pp=55–58}}{{sfnp|Gupta|2000|p=181}}
* The second school of thought focuses on socioeconomic factors, claiming that those factors drive the caste system. It believes caste to be rooted in the economic, political and material history of India.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=19–24}} This school, which is common among scholars of the post-colonial era such as [[Gerald Berreman|Berreman]], Marriott, and [[Castes of Mind|Dirks]], describes the caste system as an ever-evolving social reality that can only be properly understood by the study of historical evidence of actual practice and the examination of verifiable circumstances in the economic, political and material history of India.{{sfnp|Gupta|2000|pp=180–183}}{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|pp=56–57}} This school has focused on the historical evidence from ancient and medieval society in India, during the [[Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule between the 12th and 18th centuries]], and the policies of the British colonial government from the 18th century to the mid-20th century.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|pp=38–43}}{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=38–43}}

The first school has focused on religious anthropology and disregarded other historical evidence as secondary or derivative of this tradition.{{sfnp|Gupta|2000|p=184}} The second school has focused on sociological evidence and sought to understand the historical circumstances.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=5–7}} The latter has criticised the former for its caste origin theory, claiming that it has dehistoricized and decontextualised Indian society.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|p=59}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Ganguly | first=Debjani | title=Caste, colonialism and counter-modernity: notes on a postcolonial hermeneutics of caste | publisher=Routledge | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-415-54435-1 | pages=5–10}}</ref>

===Ritual kingship model===

According to Samuel, referencing [[George L. Hart]], central aspects of the later Indian caste system may originate from the ritual kingship system prior to the arrival of Brahmanism, Buddhism and Jainism in India. The system is seen in the South Indian Tamil literature from the [[Sangam period]] (3rd BCE-3rd c.CE). This theory discards the Indo-Aryan ''varna'' model as the basis of caste, and is centred on the ritual power of the king, who was "supported by a group of ritual and magical specialists of low social status," with their ritual occupations being considered 'polluted'. According to Hart, it may be this model that provided the concerns with "pollution" of the members of low status groups. The Hart model for caste origin, writes Samuel, envisions "the ancient Indian society consisting of a majority without internal caste divisions and a minority consisting of a number of small occupationally polluted groups".{{sfnp|Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra|2008|pp=83–89}}

===Vedic ''varnas''===

The ''varnas'' originated in late [[Vedic period|Vedic society]] (c. 1000–500 BCE). The first three groups, [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]] and [[Vaishya]], have parallels with other Indo-European societies, while the addition of the [[Shudra|Shudras]] is probably a Brahmanical invention from northern India.{{sfnp|Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra|2008|pp=86–87}}

The ''varna'' system is propounded in revered Hindu religious texts, and understood as idealised human callings.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=8}}{{sfnp|Thapar|2004|p=63}} The ''[[Purusha Sukta]]'' of the ''[[Rigveda]]'' and ''[[Manusmriti]]''{{'}}s comment on it, being the oft-cited texts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lorenzen |first=David |author-link=David Lorenzen |title=Who invented Hinduism: essays on religion in History |publisher=Yoda Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-902272-6-1 |pages=147–149}}</ref> Counter to these textual classifications, many revered Hindu texts and doctrines question and disagree with this system of social classification.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=9}}

Scholars have questioned the ''varna'' verse in the ''Rigveda'', noting that the ''varna'' therein is mentioned only once. The ''Purusha Sukta'' verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the ''Rigveda'', probably as a [[Origin myth|charter myth]]. Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, professors of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, "there is no evidence in the ''Rigveda'' for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the ''varna'' system seems to be embryonic in the ''Rigveda'' and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jamison| first=Stephanie | title=The Rigveda: the earliest religious poetry of India | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-937018-4 |pages=57–58|display-authors=etal}}</ref> In contrast to the lack of details about ''varna'' system in the ''Rigveda'', the ''Manusmriti'' includes an extensive and highly schematic commentary on the ''varna'' system, but it too provides "models rather than descriptions".<ref>{{cite book | last=Ingold | first=Tim | title=Companion encyclopedia of anthropology | publisher=Routledge | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-415-28604-6 | page=1026}}</ref> Susan Bayly summarises that ''Manusmriti'' and other scriptures helped elevate Brahmins in the social hierarchy and these were a factor in the making of the ''varna'' system, but the ancient texts did not in some way "create the phenomenon of caste" in India.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=29}}

===''Jatis''===
Jeaneane Fowler, a professor of philosophy and religious studies, states that it is impossible to determine how and why the ''jatis'' came into existence.{{sfnp|Fowler, Hinduism|1997|pp=23–24}} Susan Bayly, on the other hand, suggests that the ''jati'' system emerged because it offered a source of advantage in an era of pre-Independence poverty, lack of institutional human rights, volatile political environment, and economic insecurity.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=263–264}}{{Clarify|reason=The sentence says that the jatis emerged only in the modern period!|date=December 2016}}

According to social anthropologist Dipankar Gupta, guilds developed during the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] period and crystallised into ''jatis'' in post-Mauryan times with the emergence of feudalism in India,{{sfnp|Gupta|2000|p=212}} which finally crystallised during the 7th–12th centuries.{{sfnp|Gupta|2000|p=218}} However, other scholars dispute when and how ''jatis'' developed in Indian history. Barbara Metcalf and Thomas Metcalf, both professors of History, write, "One of the surprising arguments of fresh scholarship, based on inscriptional and other contemporaneous evidence, is that until relatively recent centuries, social organisation in much of the subcontinent was little touched by the four ''varnas''. Nor were ''jati'' the building blocks of society."<ref>{{cite book | last=Barbara Metcalf, Thomas Metcalf | title=A concise history of modern India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 | page=24}}</ref>

According to Basham, ancient Indian literature refers often to ''varnas'', but hardly if ever to ''jatis'' as a system of groups within the ''varnas''. He concludes that "If caste is defined as a system of group within the class, which are normally endogamous, commensal and craft-exclusive, we have no real evidence of its existence until comparatively late times."{{sfnp|Basham, Wonder that was India|1954|p=148}}

===Untouchable outcastes and the varna system===
The Vedic texts neither mention the concept of untouchable people nor any practice of untouchability. The rituals in the Vedas ask the noble or king to eat with the commoner from the same vessel. Later Vedic texts ridicule some professions, but the concept of untouchability is not found in them.{{sfnp|Gupta|2000|pp=190–191}}<ref>{{cite journal|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|year=2002|volume=6|issue=3|pages=244, 243–274|title=Rules of untouchability in ancient and medieval law books: Householders, competence, and inauspiciousness|last=Mikael Aktor|doi=10.1007/s11407-002-0002-z|s2cid=144957341}}</ref>

The post-Vedic texts, particularly ''[[Manusmriti]]'' mentions outcastes and suggests that they be ostracised. Recent scholarship states that the discussion of outcastes in post-Vedic texts is different from the system widely discussed in colonial era Indian literature, and in Dumont's structural theory on caste system in India. [[Patrick Olivelle]], a professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions and credited with modern translations of Vedic literature, Dharma-sutras and [[Dharmaśāstra|Dharma-sastras]], states that ancient and medieval Indian texts do not support the ritual pollution, purity-impurity premise implicit in the Dumont theory. According to Olivelle, purity-impurity is discussed in the Dharma-sastra texts, but only in the context of the individual's moral, ritual and biological pollution (eating certain kinds of food such as meat, going to bathroom). Olivelle writes in his review of post-Vedic ''Sutra'' and ''Shastra'' texts, "we see no instance when a term of pure/impure is used with reference to a group of individuals or a ''varna'' or caste". The only mention of impurity in the ''Shastra'' texts from the 1st millennium is about people who commit grievous sins and thereby fall out of their ''varna''. These, writes Olivelle, are called "fallen people" and considered impure in the medieval Indian texts. The texts declare that these sinful, fallen people be ostracised.<ref name="Olivelle 2008 240–241">{{cite book | last=Olivelle | first=Patrick | title=''Chapter 9. Caste and Purity'' in Collected essays | publisher=Firenze University Press | location=Firenze, Italy | year=2008 | isbn=978-88-8453-729-4 | pages=240–241}}</ref> Olivelle adds that the overwhelming focus in matters relating to purity/impurity in the Dharma-sastra texts concerns "individuals irrespective of their ''varna'' affiliation" and all four ''varnas'' could attain purity or impurity by the content of their character, ethical intent, actions, innocence or ignorance (acts by children), stipulations, and ritualistic behaviours.<ref>{{cite book | last=Olivelle | first=Patrick | title=''Chapter 9. Caste and Purity'' in Collected essays | publisher=Firenze University Press | location=Firenze, Italy | year=2008 | isbn=978-88-8453-729-4 | pages=240–245}}</ref>

Dumont, in his later publications, acknowledged that ancient varna hierarchy was not based on purity-impurity ranking principle, and that the Vedic literature is devoid of the untouchability concept.{{sfnp|Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus|1980|pp=66, 68, 73, 193}}

==History==

===Early history===

The existence of ''jati'' and the precursor of caste has been found in the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (3300 BCE - 1700 BCE). Sociologist S C. Malik writes Indus Valley Civilization saw "perpetuation of caste status by birth" and "caste-class patterns" were found in Indian society since this period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Indian Civilization: A Framework of Enquiry|page=76|last=Subhash Chandra Malik|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Eltsov | first=P.A. | title=From Harappa to Hastinapura: A Study of the Earliest South Asian City and Civilization | publisher=Brill | series=American School of Prehistoric Research monograph series | year=2008 | isbn=978-90-04-16060-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pn0MAQAAMAAJ | page=14}}</ref> Charles Maisels finds caste stratification to have arisen from occupational groups upon the devolution from urban Indus Valley society.<ref>{{cite book | last=Maisels | first=C.K. | title=Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-134-83730-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C|page=252}}</ref> [[Romila Thapar]] finds possibility of a caste as pre-Vedic element, and notes that Jati pre-dated Vedic varna. Thapar further notes that ''Jatis'' were derived from clans of Indus Valley Civilisation which saw emergence of different occupations that were inherited and became hierarchically organised with unequal access to resources with stringent marriage regulations and rituals becoming rigid system over a period of time.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bandhu | first1=P. | last2=Jacob | first2=T.G. | title=Encountering The Adivasi Question: South Indian Narratives | publisher=Studera Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-93-85883-92-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254| page=254}}</ref> Archaeologist [[Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|M.K. Dhavalikar]] has also supported existence of caste system in Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>{{cite book | last=Dhavalikar | first=M.K. | title=Indian Protohistory | publisher=Books & Books | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-85016-52-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQFuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2022-11-01 | page=68-70|author-link=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar}}</ref>

===Early Vedic period (1500-1000 BCE)===
During the early [[Vedic period]] in northern India, when the [[Rigveda]] was composed (1500-1200 BC), there were only two {{transliteration|sa|varnas}} in the Vedic society: {{transliteration|sa|[[arya]] varna}} and {{transliteration|sa|[[dasa]] varna}}. The distinction originally arose from tribal divisions.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|p=18}} The Vedic people were [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European-speaking]] tribes who [[Indo-European migrations|migrated]] over a period of several centuries into northern South Asia from the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria-Margiana]],{{sfnp|Narasimhan et al.|2019}} and mixed with the "indigenous Dravidic-speaking populations," but regarded themselves as superior.{{sfnp|Bamshad et al.|2001}} The Vedic tribes regarded themselves as {{transliteration|sa|arya}} (the noble ones) and the rival tribes were called ''dasa'', ''dasyu'' and ''pani''. The ''dasas'' were frequent allies of the Aryan tribes, and they were probably assimilated into the Aryan society, giving rise to a class distinction.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|p=18}} Many ''dasas'' were, however, in a servile position, giving rise to the eventual meaning of ''dasa'' as servant or slave.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|pp=22–23}}

The ''Rigvedic'' society was not distinguished by occupations. Many husbandmen and artisans practised a number of crafts. The chariot-maker ({{transliteration|sa|rathakara}}) and metal worker ({{transliteration|sa|karmara}}) enjoyed positions of importance and no stigma was attached to them. Similar observations hold for carpenters, tanners, weavers and others.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|pp=27–28}}

Towards the end of the [[Atharvaveda]] period, new class distinctions emerged. The erstwhile ''dasas'' are renamed Shudras, probably to distinguish them from the new meaning of ''dasa'' as slave. The {{transliteration|sa|aryas}} are renamed ''vis'' or Vaishya (meaning the members of the tribe) and the new elite classes of ''Brahmins'' (priests) and ''Kshatriyas'' (warriors) are designated as new ''varnas''. The Shudras were not only the erstwhile ''dasas'' but also included the aboriginal tribes that were assimilated into the Aryan society as it expanded into Gangetic settlements.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|pp=29–31}} This class-distinction is still reflected in the fact that the upper castes have a relatively higher steppe ancestry than the lower castes.{{sfnp|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}{{sfnp|Bamshad et al.|2001}}{{sfnp|Reich et al.|2009}}

There is no evidence of restrictions regarding food and marriage during the Vedic period.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|p=40}} According to Moorjani et al. (2013), co-authored by Reich, extensive admixture took place between 2200 BCE and 100 CE (4200 to 1900 before present), whereafter India shifted to "a region in which mixture was rare."{{sfnp|Moorjani et al.|2013}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2020|p=203}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2020a|p=22}} In southern India, endogamy may have set in a 1000 years earlier.{{refn|group=note|name="Bronkhorst_South_India"}}

===Later Vedic period (1000–600 BC)===
In an early Upanishad, Shudra is referred to as ''Pūşan'' or nourisher, suggesting that Shudras were the tillers of the soil.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|p=44}} But soon afterwards, Shudras are not counted among the tax-payers and they are said to be given away along with the land when it is gifted.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|pp=46–47}} The majority of the artisans were also reduced to the position of Shudras, but there is no contempt indicated for their work.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|p=48}} The Brahmins and the Kshatriyas are given a special position in the rituals, distinguishing them from both the Vaishyas and the Shudras.{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|p=58}} The Vaishya is said to be "oppressed at will" and the Shudra "beaten at will."{{sfnp|Sharma|1958|pp=59–60}}

===Second urbanisation (500–200 BC)===
Knowledge of this period is supplemented by [[Pali language|Pali]] Buddhist texts. Whereas the Brahmanical texts speak of the four-fold ''varna'' system, the Buddhist texts present an alternative picture of the society, stratified along the lines of ''jati'', ''kula'' and occupation. It is likely that the ''varna'' system, while being a part of the Brahmanical ideology, was not practically operative in the society.{{sfnp|Chakravarti|1985|p=358}} In the Buddhist texts, Brahmin and Kshatriya are described as ''jatis'' rather than ''varnas''. They were in fact the ''jatis'' of high rank. The ''jatis'' of low rank were mentioned as ''[[chandala]]'' and occupational classes like bamboo weavers, hunters, chariot-makers and sweepers. The concept of ''kulas'' was broadly similar. Along with Brahmins and Kshatriyas, a class called {{transliteration|sa|gahapatis}} (literally householders, but effectively propertied classes) was also included among high ''kulas''.{{sfnp|Chakravarti|1985|p=357}} The people of high {{transliteration|sa|kulas}} were engaged in occupations of high rank, ''viz''., agriculture, trade, cattle-keeping, computing, accounting and writing, and those of low {{transliteration|sa|kulas}} were engaged in low-ranked occupations such as basket-weaving and sweeping. The {{transliteration|sa|gahapatis}} were an economic class of land-holding agriculturists, who employed ''dasa-kammakaras'' (slaves and hired labourers) to work on the land. The {{transliteration|sa|gahapatis}} were the primary taxpayers of the state. This class was apparently not defined by birth, but by individual economic growth.{{sfnp|Chakravarti|1985|p=359}}

While there was an alignment between ''kulas'' and occupations at least at the high and low ends, there was no strict linkage between class/caste and occupation, especially among those in the middle range. Many occupations listed such as accounting and writing were not linked to ''jatis''.{{sfnp|Chakravarti|2003|pp=47, 49}}
Peter Masefield, in his review of caste in India, states that anyone could in principle perform any profession. The texts state that the Brahmin took food from anyone, suggesting that strictures of commensality were as yet unknown.{{sfnp|Masefield|1986|p=148}} The ''[[Nikaya]]'' texts also imply that endogamy was not mandated.{{sfnp|Masefield|1986|p=149}}


The contestations of the period are also evident from the texts describing dialogues of Buddha with the Brahmins. The Brahmins maintain their divinely ordained superiority and assert their right to draw service from the lower orders. Buddha responds by pointing out the basic facts of biological birth common to all men and asserts that the ability to draw service is obtained economically, not by divine right. Using the example of the northwest of the subcontinent, Buddha points out that {{transliteration|sa|aryas}} could become {{transliteration|sa|dasas}} and vice versa. This form of social mobility was endorsed by Buddha.{{sfnp|Chakravarti|2003|pp=45–46}}

===Early Hinduism (200 BC–320 AD) and Classical period (320–650 AD)===
{{See also|Dharmaśāstra|Hindu synthesis}}

According to Moorjani et al. (2013), endogamy set in after 100 CE.{{sfnp|Moorjani et al.|2013}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2020|p=203}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2020a|p=22}} According to Basu et al. (2016), admixture between populations was "rapidly replaced by endogamy [...] among upper castes and Indo-European speakers predominantly[...] almost simultaneously, possibly by decree of the rulers, in upper-caste populations of all geographical regions, about 70 generations before present, probably during the reign (319–550 CE) of the ardent Hindu Gupta rulers."{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2020a|p=22}}{{sfnp|Basu et al.|2016}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2020|p=2020-203}} [[Johannes Bronkhorst]], referring to Basu et al. (2016) and Moorjani et al. (2013) states that "it seems safe to conclude that a shift to endogamy took place during the first half of the first millennium CE, at least in northern India,"{{refn|group=note|name="Bronkhorst_South_India"|{{harvnb|Bronkhorst|2020|p=203, note 65}} notes that Moorjani et al. (2013) "leaves us with the suspicion that endogamy had been adopted in the Dravidian south a full thousand years before the north, thus suggesting that something like a "caste system existed there already before and independently of Brahmanical influences."}} due to the growing influence of Brahmanism.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2020|p=203}} This shift is attested in the [[Manusmriti]] (1st to 3rd century CE), which "explicitly forbade intermarriage across castes."<ref>Tia Ghose (2013), [https://www.livescience.com/38751-genetic-study-reveals-caste-system-origins.html ''Genetic Study Reveals Origin of India's Caste System''], Live Science</ref>

The [[Mahabharata]], estimated to have been completed by the end of the fourth century CE, discusses the ''varna'' system in section 12.181, presenting two models. The first model describes ''varna'' as a colour-based system, through a character named Bhrigu, "Brahmins ''varna'' was white, Kshatriyas was red, Vaishyas was yellow, and the Shudras' black". This description is questioned by Bharadvaja who says that colors are seen among all the ''varnas'', that desire, anger, fear, greed, grief, anxiety, hunger and toil prevails over all human beings, that bile and blood flow from all human bodies, so what distinguishes the ''varnas'', he asks. The Mahabharata then declares, "There is no distinction of ''varnas''. This whole universe is [[Brahman]]. It was created formerly by [[Brahma]], came to be classified by acts."{{sfnp|Hiltebeitel|2011|pp=529–531}} The epic then recites a behavioural model for ''varna'', that those who were inclined to anger, pleasures and boldness attained the Kshatriya ''varna''; those who were inclined to cattle rearing and living off the plough attained the Vaishya ''varna''; those who were fond of violence, covetousness and impurity attained the Shudra ''varna''. The Brahmin class is modeled in the epic as the archetype default state of man dedicated to truth, austerity and pure conduct.{{sfnp|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=532}} In the Mahabharata and pre-medieval era Hindu texts, according to Hiltebeitel, "it is important to recognise, in theory, ''varna'' is nongenealogical. The four ''varnas'' are not lineages, but categories".{{sfnp|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=594}}

===Late classical and early medieval period (650 to 1400)===
Scholars have tried to locate historical evidence for the existence and nature of ''varna'' and ''jati'' in documents and inscriptions of medieval India. Supporting evidence has been elusive and contradictory evidence has emerged.{{sfnp|Talbot, Precolonial India|2001|pp=50–51}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Orr | first=Leslie | title=Donors, devotees, and daughters of God temple women in medieval Tamilnadu | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-19-509962-1 | pages=30–31}}</ref>

''Varna'' is rarely mentioned in the extensive medieval era records of [[Andhra Pradesh]], for example. This has led Cynthia Talbot, a professor of History and Asian Studies, to question whether ''varna'' was socially significant in the daily lives of this region. Most mentions of ''varna'' in the Andhra inscriptions come from Brahmins. Two rare temple donor records from warrior families of the 14th century claim to be Shudras. One states that Shudras are the bravest, the other states that Shudras are the purest.{{sfnp|Talbot, Precolonial India|2001|pp=50–51}} Richard Eaton, a professor of history, writes, "anyone could become a warrior regardless of social origins, nor do the ''jati''—another pillar of alleged traditional Indian society—appear as features of people's identity. Occupations were fluid." Evidence shows, according to Eaton, that Shudras were part of the nobility, and many "father and sons had different professions, suggesting that social status was earned, not inherited" in the Hindu [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] population in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region between the 11th and 14th centuries.<ref>{{cite book | last=Eaton | first=Richard | title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-521-51442-2 | pages=15–16}}</ref>

In the [[Tamil Nadu]] region of India, studied by Leslie Orr, a professor of religion, "Chola period inscriptions challenge our ideas about the structuring of (south Indian) society in general. In contrast to what Brahmanical legal texts may lead us to expect, we do not find that caste is the organising principle of society or that boundaries between different social groups are sharply demarcated."<ref>{{cite book | last=Orr | first=Leslie | title=Donors, devotees, and daughters of God temple women in medieval Tamilnadu | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-19-509962-1 | page=30}}</ref> In Tamil Nadu, during ancient and medieval period, the [[Vellalar]] were the elite caste and major patrons of literature.<ref>[[The New Cambridge History of India]]: Vijayanagara by [[Burton Stein]] p.134</ref><ref>The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel by Kanakalatha Mukund p.166</ref><ref>Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the making of the Indo-Islamic World by André Wink p.321</ref>

For the Northern Indian region, Susan Bayly writes, "until well into the colonial period, much of the subcontinent was still populated by people for whom the formal distinctions of caste were of only limited importance; even in parts of the so-called Hindu heartland of Gangetic upper India, the institutions and beliefs which are now often described as the elements of traditional caste were only just taking shape as recently as the early eighteenth century—that is, when the Mughal era was collapsing and western power was expanding into the subcontinent."{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=3–4}}

For western India, [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]] suggests open status social groups dominated Rajput history during the medieval period. He states, "The omnipresence of cognatic kinship and caste in North India is a relatively new phenomenon that only became dominant in the early Mughal and British periods respectively. Historically speaking, the alliance and the open status group, whether war band or religious sect, dominated medieval and early modern Indian history in a way descent and caste did not."<ref>{{cite book | last=Kolff | first=Dirk | title=Naukar, Rajput, and sepoy: the ethnohistory of the military labour market in Hindustan, 1450–1850 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 | pages=198–199}}</ref>

[[Ādi purāṇa|Adi Purana]], an 8th-century text of Jainism by [[Jinasena]], is the first mention of ''varna'' and ''jati'' in [[Jain literature]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jaini | first=Padmanabh | title=The Jaina path of purification | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 | pages=294, 285–295}}</ref> Jinasena does not trace the origin of ''varna'' system to Rigveda or to Purusha, but to the [[Jadabharata|Bharata]] legend. According to this legend, Bharata performed an "[[ahimsa]]-test" (test of non-violence), and during that test all those who refused to harm any living beings were called as the priestly ''varna'' in ancient India, and Bharata called them ''[[dvija]]'', twice born.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jaini | first=Padmanabh | title=The Jaina path of purification | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 | page=289}}</ref> Jinasena states that those who are committed to the principle of non-harming and non-violence to all living beings are ''deva-Brahmaṇas'', divine Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jaini | first=Padmanabh | title=The Jaina path of purification | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 | page=290}}</ref> The [[Ādi purāṇa]] (9th c.) also discusses the relationship between varna and jati.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/caste-tales-they-dont-tell-us/article67294100.ece|title=Caste tales they don't tell us|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 September 2023 |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt }}</ref> According to [[Padmanabh Jaini]], a professor of Indic studies, in Jainism and Buddhism, the Adi Purana text states "there is only one ''jati'' called ''manusyajati'' or the human caste, but [[division of labour|divisions]] arise on account of their different professions".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jaini | first=Padmanabh | title=Collected papers on Jaina studies | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-208-1691-6 | page=340}}</ref> The caste of Kshatriya arose, according to Jainism texts, when [[Rishabha]] procured weapons to serve the society and assumed the powers of a king, while Vaishya and Shudra castes arose from different means of livelihood they specialised in.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jaini | first=Padmanabh | title=Collected papers on Jaina studies | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-208-1691-6 | pages=340–341}}</ref>

===Medieval era, Islamic Sultanates and Mughal empire period (1000 to 1750)===
Early and mid 20th century Muslim historians, such as Hashimi in 1927 and Qureshi in 1962, proposed that "caste system was established before the arrival of Islam", and it and "a nomadic savage lifestyle" in the northwest Indian subcontinent were the primary cause why [[Sind Division|Sindhi]] non-Muslims "embraced Islam in flocks" when Arab Muslim armies invaded the region.<ref>{{cite book | last=Maclean | first=Derryl | title=Religion and society in Arab Sind | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | location=Netherlands | year=1997 | isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 | pages=30–31}}</ref> According to this hypothesis, the mass conversions occurred from the lower caste Hindus and Mahayana Buddhists who had become "corroded from within by the infiltration of Hindu beliefs and practices". This theory is now widely believed to be baseless and false.<ref name="Eaton 1993 117–122">{{cite book | last=Eaton | first=Richard | title=The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204–1760 | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-520-08077-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/117 117–122] | url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/117 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Maclean | first=Derryl | title=Religion and society in Arab Sind | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | location=Netherlands | year=1997 | isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 | pages=31–34, 49–50}}</ref>

Derryl MacLein, a professor of social history and Islamic studies, states that historical evidence does not support this theory; that whatever evidence is available suggests that Muslim institutions in north-west India legitimised and continued any inequalities that existed; and that neither Buddhists nor "lower caste" Hindus converted to Islam because they viewed Islam to lack a caste system.<ref>{{cite book | last=Maclean | first=Derryl | title=Religion and society in Arab Sind | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | location=Netherlands | year=1997 | isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 | pages=31–32, 49}}</ref> Conversions to Islam were rare, states MacLein, and conversions attested by historical evidence confirms that the few who did convert were Brahmin Hindus (theoretically, the upper caste).<ref>{{cite book | last=Maclean | first=Derryl | title=Religion and society in Arab Sind | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | location=Netherlands | year=1997 | isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 | pages=32–33, 49–50}}</ref> MacLein asserts that the caste and conversion theories about Indian society during the Islamic era are not based on historical evidence or verifiable sources, but rather on the personal assumptions of Muslim historians about the nature of Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism in the northwest Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book | last=Maclean | first=Derryl | title=Religion and society in Arab Sind | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | location=Netherlands | year=1997 | isbn=978-90-04-08551-0 | pages=33–34, 49–50}}</ref>

Richard Eaton, a professor of history at Berkley, asserts that the presumption of a rigid Hindu caste system and the oppression of lower castes in pre-Islamic era in India is the cause of "mass conversion to Islam" during the medieval era. This claim has the problem that "no evidence can be found in support of the theory, and it is profoundly illogical".<ref name="Eaton 1993 117–122"/>

[[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]], a professor of Medieval History and Muslim India, writes that the speculative hypotheses about the caste system in Hindu states during the medieval Delhi Sultanate period (~1200 to 1500), and the existence of a caste system, as being responsible for Hindu weakness in resisting the plunder by Islamic armies, is appealing at first sight, but "they do not withstand closer scrutiny and historical evidence".<ref name="Jackson 2003 14–15">{{cite book | last=Jackson | first=Peter | title=The Delhi Sultanate: a political and military history | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 | pages=14–15}}</ref> Jackson states that, contrary to the theoretical model of caste where only Kshatriyas could be warriors and soldiers, historical evidence confirms that Hindu warriors and soldiers during the medieval era included members of other castes such as Vaishyas and Shudras.<ref name="Jackson 2003 14–15"/> "Further," writes Jackson, "there is no evidence that there ever was a widespread conversion to Islam at the turn of twelfth century" by Hindus of lower caste.<ref name="Jackson 2003 14–15"/> Jamal Malik, a professor of Islamic studies, extends this observation further, and states that "at no time in history did Hindus of low caste convert ''en masse'' to Islam".<ref name="Malik 2008 157">{{cite book | last=Malik | first=Jamal | title=Islam in South Asia a short history | publisher=Brill | year=2008 | isbn=978-90-04-16859-6 | page=157}}</ref>

[[Jamal Malik]] states that caste as a social stratification is a well-studied Indian system, yet evidence also suggests that hierarchical concepts, class consciousness and social stratification had already occurred in Islam before Islam arrived in India.<ref name="Malik 2008 157"/> The concept of caste, or '''qaum''<nowiki/>' in Islamic literature, is mentioned by a few Islamic historians of medieval India, states Malik, but these mentions relate to the fragmentation of the Muslim society in India.<ref>{{cite book | last=Malik | first=Jamal | title=Islam in South Asia a short history | publisher=Brill | year=2008 | isbn=978-90-04-16859-6 | pages=152–157, 221}}</ref> Zia al-Din al-Barani of [[Delhi Sultanate]] in his ''Fatawa-ye Jahandari'' and Abu al-Fadl from Akbar's court of [[Mughal Empire]] are the few Islamic court historians who mention caste. [[Ziauddin Barani|Zia al-Din al-Barani]]'s discussion, however, is not about non-Muslim castes, rather a declaration of the supremacy of ''Ashraf'' caste over ''Ardhal'' caste among the Muslims, justifying it in Quranic text, with "aristocratic birth and superior genealogy being the most important traits of a human".<ref>{{cite book | last=Malik | first=Jamal | title=Islam in South Asia a short history | publisher=Brill | year=2008 | isbn=978-90-04-16859-6 | pages=149–153|quote="Islamic norms permit hierarchical structure, i.e., equality in islam is only in relation to God, rather than between men. Early Muslims and Muslim conquerors in India reproduced social segregation among Muslims and the conquered religious groups. (...) The writings of Abu al-Fadl at Akbar's court mention caste. (...) The courtier and historian Zia al-Din al-Barani not only avowedly detested Hindus, in his Fatawa-ye Jahandari, he also vehemently stood for ashraf supremacy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Cook | first=Michael | title=The new Cambridge history of Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-521-84443-7 | page=481}}</ref>

[[Irfan Habib]], an Indian historian, states that [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu al-Fazl]]'s ''Ain-i Akbari'' provides a historical record and census of the [[Jat]] peasant caste of Hindus in northern India, where the tax-collecting noble classes ([[Zamindars]]), the armed cavalry and infantry (warrior class) doubling up as the farming peasants (working class), were all of the same Jat caste in the 16th century. These occupationally diverse members from one caste served each other, writes Habib, either because of their reaction to taxation pressure of Muslim rulers or because they belonged to the same caste.<ref>{{cite book | last=Habib | first=Irfan | title=Essays in Indian history: towards a Marxist perception, with the economic history of Medieval India: a survey | publisher=Anthem Press | location=London | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-84331-061-7 | pages=250–251}}</ref> Peasant social stratification and caste lineages were, states Habib, tools for tax revenue collection in areas under the Islamic rule.<ref name="Habib2002tax">{{cite book | last=Habib | first=Irfan | title=Essays in Indian history: towards a Marxist perception, with the economic history of Medieval India: a survey | publisher=Anthem Press | location=London | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-84331-061-7 | pages=150–152}}</ref>

The origin of caste system of modern form, in the Bengal region of India, may be traceable to this period, states Richard Eaton.<ref name="Eaton 1993 103">{{cite book | last=Eaton | first=Richard | title=The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204–1760 | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-520-08077-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/103 103] | url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/103 }}</ref> The medieval era Islamic Sultanates in India utilised social stratification to rule and collect tax revenue from non-Muslims.<ref name="eaton1993tax">{{cite book | last=Eaton | first=Richard | title=The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204–1760 | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-520-08077-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/102 102–103, 224–226] | url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/102 }}</ref> Eaton states that, "Looking at Bengal's Hindu society as a whole, it seems likely that the caste system—far from being the ancient and unchanging essence of Indian civilisation as supposed by generations of Orientalists—emerged into something resembling its modern form only in the period 1200–1500".<ref name="Eaton 1993 103"/>

===Later-Mughal period (1700 to 1850)===
Susan Bayly, an anthropologist, notes that "caste is not and never has been a fixed fact of Indian life" and the caste system as we know it today, as a "ritualised scheme of social stratification," developed in two stages during the post-Mughal period, in 18th and early 19th century. Three sets of value played an important role in this development: priestly hierarchy, kingship, and armed ascetics.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=25–28}}

With the Islamic Mughal empire falling apart in the 18th century, regional post-Mughal ruling elites and new dynasties from diverse religious, geographical and linguistic background attempted to assert their power in different parts of India.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=29–30}} Bayly states that these obscure post-Mughal elites associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, deploying the symbols of caste and kinship to divide their populace and consolidate their power. Additionally, in this fluid, stateless environment, some of the previously casteless segments of society grouped themselves into caste groups.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=26–27|ps=:What happened in the initial phase of this two-stage sequence was the rise of the royal man of prowess. In this period, both kings and the priests and ascetics with whom men of power were able to associate their rule became a growing focus for the affirmation of a martial and regal form of caste ideal. (...) The other key feature of this period was the reshaping of many apparently casteless forms of devotional faith in a direction which further affirmed these differentiations of rank and community.}} However, in the 18th century, writes Bayly, India-wide networks of merchants, armed ascetics and armed tribal people often ignored these ideologies of caste.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=30}} Most people did not treat caste norms as given absolutes writes Bayly, but challenged, negotiated and adapted these norms to their circumstances. Communities teamed in different regions of India, into "collective classing" to mold the social stratification in order to maximise assets and protect themselves from loss.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=30–31}} The "caste, class, community" structure that formed became valuable in a time when state apparatus was fragmenting, was unreliable and fluid, when rights and life were unpredictable.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=31}}

In this environment, states [[Polly O'Hanlon|Rosalind O'Hanlon]], a professor of Indian history, the newly arrived East India Company colonial officials, attempted to gain commercial interests in India by balancing Hindu and Muslim conflicting interests, and by aligning with regional rulers and large assemblies of military monks. The East India Company officials adopted constitutional laws segregated by religion and caste.<ref name="Peers 2012 104–108">{{cite book | last=Peers | first=Douglas | title=India and the British empire | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-19-925988-5 | pages=104–108}}</ref> The legal code and colonial administrative practice was largely divided into Muslim law and Hindu law, the latter including laws for Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. In this transitory phase, Brahmins together with scribes, ascetics and merchants who accepted Hindu social and spiritual codes, became the deferred-to-authority on Hindu texts, law and administration of Hindu matters.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|p=27}}{{efn|Sweetman notes that the Brahmin had a strong influence on the British understanding of India, thereby also influencing the methods of British rule and western understandings of Hinduism, and gaining a stronger position in Indian society.{{sfnp|Sweetman|2004|p=13}}}}

While legal codes and state administration were emerging in India, with the rising power of the European powers, Dirks states that the late 18th-century British writings on India say little about caste system in India, and predominantly discuss territorial conquest, alliances, warfare and diplomacy in India.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|p=28}} Colin Mackenzie, a British social historian of this time, collected vast numbers of texts on Indian religions, culture, traditions and local histories from south India and Deccan region, but his collection and writings have very little on caste system in 18th-century India.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|pp=29–30}}

===During British rule (1857 to 1947)===
Although the ''varnas'' and ''jatis'' have pre-modern origins, the caste system as it exists today is the result of developments during the post-Mughal period and the [[British Raj|British colonial period]], which made caste organisation a central mechanism of administration.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=25–27, 392}}{{sfnp|Sathaye|2015|p=214}}{{sfnp|St. John|2012|p=10|ps=3}}

====Basis====
''Jati'' were the basis of caste ethnology during the British colonial era. In the 1881 census and thereafter, colonial ethnographers used caste (''jati'') headings to count and classify people in what was then [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] (now India, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]).{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=125–126}} The 1891 census included 60 sub-groups each subdivided into six occupational and racial categories, and the number increased in subsequent censuses.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|pp=212–217}} The colonial era census caste tables, states Susan Bayly, "ranked, standardised and cross-referenced jati listings for Indians on principles similar to zoology and botanical classifications, aiming to establish who was superior to whom by virtue of their supposed purity, occupational origins and collective moral worth". While bureaucratic colonial officials completed reports on their zoological classification of Indian people, some British officials criticised these exercises as being little more than a caricature of the reality of caste system in India. The colonial officials used the census-determined jatis to decide which group of people were qualified for which jobs in the colonial government, and people of which jatis were to be excluded as unreliable.{{sfnp|Bayly|2001|pp=125–127}} These census caste classifications, states Gloria Raheja, a professor of anthropology, were also used by colonial officials over the late 19th century and early 20th century, to formulate land tax rates, as well as to frequently target some social groups as "criminal" castes and castes prone to "rebellion".<ref>{{cite book | last=Raheja | first=Gloria | title=Colonial subjects: essays on the practical history of anthropology (editors: Peter Pels and Oscar Salemink) | publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2000 | isbn=978-0-472-08746-4 | pages=120–122}}</ref>

The population then comprised about 200 million people, across five major religions, and over 500,000 agrarian villages, each with a population between 100 and 1,000 people of various age groups, which were variously divided into numerous castes. This ideological scheme was theoretically composed of around 3,000 castes, which in turn was claimed to be composed of 90,000 local endogamous sub-groups.{{sfnp|de Zwart|2000}}{{sfnp|Stokes|1973}}<ref name=ldj1>{{cite book |title=Identity and Identification in India (see review of sociology journal articles starting page 42)|first=Laura |last=Dudley-Jenkins |isbn=978-0-415-56062-7 |publisher=Routledge |date=October 2009}}</ref><ref name=bates95>{{cite journal|title=Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry |first=Crispin |last=Bates |journal=Edinburgh Papers in South Asian Studies |issue=3 |year=1995 |url=http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38426/WP03_BATES_RaceCaste_and_Tribe.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614132128/http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38426/WP03_BATES_RaceCaste_and_Tribe.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

The strict [[Social class in the United Kingdom|British class system]] may have influenced the British preoccupation with the Indian caste system as well as the British perception of pre-colonial Indian castes. British society's own similarly rigid class system provided the British with a template for understanding Indian society and castes.<ref name="ghuman">{{cite book|last=Ghuman|first=Paul|title=British Untouchables: A Study of Dalit Identity and Education|date=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNahAgAAQBAJ&q=british+class+system+india+caste&pg=PA18|isbn=978-1-4094-9431-7}}</ref> The British, coming from a society rigidly divided by class, attempted to equate India's castes with British [[social class]]es.<ref name="jha">{{cite book|last=Jha|first=Pravin Kumar|title=Indian Politics in Comparative Perspective|publisher=Pearson Education India|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8OuIjo6KOAC&q=indian+caste+system+%22equatE%22&pg=PA102|isbn=978-81-317-9887-4|year=2012}}</ref><ref name="jt">{{cite book|last=JT|title=Origin of Caste in India|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrSEAwAAQBAJ&q=british+class+system+india+origin&pg=PA18|isbn=978-1-4828-1914-4}}</ref> According to [[David Cannadine]], Indian castes merged with the traditional British class system during the British Raj.<ref name="malesevic">{{cite book|last1=Malešević|first1=Siniša|last2=Haugaard|first2=Mark|title=Ernest Gellner and Contemporary Social Thought|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yL81fd7VIGoC&q=british+class+system+india+caste&pg=PA67|isbn=978-0-521-88291-0}}</ref><ref name="cannadine">{{cite book |last=Cannadine |first=David |author-link=David Cannadine |url=https://archive.org/details/ornamentalism00davi |title=Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515794-9 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

====Sanskritisation====
{{main|Sanskritisation}}{{see also|De-Sanskritisation}}
Sanskritisation is often aimed to claim the ''Varna'' status of Brahmin or Kshatriyas, the two prestigious Varna of the Vedic-age Varna system. One of the main examples of that is various non-elite pastoral communities like [[Ahir]], [[Gopa (caste)|Gopa]], [[Ahar caste|Ahar]], Goala etc. who adopted the [[Yadav]] word as part of a Sanskritisation effort to gain upward mobility in society during the late 19th century to early 20th century.<ref name="socialesAnthropology2001">{{cite book|last1=Jassal|first1=Smita Tewari|author2=École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author3=University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology|title=Contributions to Indian sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA0tAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Mouton|pages=319–351|chapter=Caste in the Colonial State: Mallahs in the census}} Quote: "The movement, which had a wide interregional spread, attempted to submerge regional names such as Goala, Ahir, Ahar, Gopa, etc., in favour of the generic term Yadava (Rao 1979). Hence a number of pastoralist castes were subsumed under Yadava, in accordance with decisions taken by the regional and national level caste sabhas. The Yadavas became the first among the shudras to gain the right to wear the janeu, a case of successful sanskritisation which continues till date. As a prominent agriculturist caste in the region, despite belonging to the shudra varna, the Yadavas claimed Kshatriya status tracing descent from the Yadu dynasty. The caste's efforts matched those of census officials, for whom standardisation of overlapping names was a matter of policy. The success of the Yadava movement also lies in the fact that, among the jaati sabhas, the Yadava sabha was probably the strongest, its journal, ''Ahir Samachar'', having an all-India spread. These factors strengthened local efforts, such as in Bhojpur, where the Yadavas, locally known as Ahirs, refused to do ''[[begar]]'', or forced labour, for the landlords and simultaneously prohibited liquor consumption, child marriages, and so on."</ref><ref name=Mandelbaum1970p443>{{cite book |title=Society in India |volume=2 |first=David Goodman |last=Mandelbaum |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 |page=443 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot2003-p210-211">{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC&pg=PA210|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12786-8|pages=210–211|language=en}} Quote: "In his typology of low caste movements, (M. S. A.) Rao distinguishes five categories. The first is characterised by 'withdrawal and self-organisation'. ... The second one, illustrated by the Yadavs, is based on the claim of 'higher ''varna'' status' and fits with Sanskritisation pattern. ..."</ref><ref name="LeshnikSontheimer1975">{{cite book|last1=Leshnik|first1=Lawrence S.|last2=Sontheimer|first2=Günther-Dietz|title=Pastoralists and nomads in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rEKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA218|year=1975|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|page=218|isbn=978-3-447-01552-3}} Quote: "The Ahir and allied cowherd castes (whether actually pastoralists or cultivators, as in the Punjab) have recently organized a pan-Indian caste association with political as well as social reformist goals using the epic designation of Yadava (or Jadava) Vanshi Kshatriya, ie the warrior caste descending from the Yadava lineage of the Mahabharata fame."</ref> Similar attempts were made by communities which were historically classed as non-elite tillers like [[Kurmi]]<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p197>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=196 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC}}</ref> and various communities like [[Koeri]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=Political Awakening, Caste Movement and Congress Behaviour |date=2000 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=954–957 |jstor=44148171 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Murao, Nai etc. from the late 19th century onwards through their caste organisations by claiming higher social status.<ref name="c812">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=J. |title=Caste, State and Society: Degrees of Democracy in North India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-000-19606-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfn1DwAAQBAJ |access-date=2024-10-05 |page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=197,199 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC}}</ref> The spread of Sanskritisation under British rule saw a significant boost. The attempts at Sanskritisation by the lower-castes before British rule were resisted by the upper-castes.<ref name="e868">{{cite book | last=Vijayan | first=P.K. | title=Gender and Hindu Nationalism: Understanding Masculine Hegemony | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Studies in South Asian Politics | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-317-23576-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsuqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144 | page=144}}</ref>

According to Jaffrelot, the formation of Caste associations was a by-product of enumeration of caste in censuses undertaken by the British regime. [[Herbert Hope Risley]], a colonial administrator who served as the census commissioner, decided to categorise castes in their local context and rank them accordingly into a Varna. This led to the creation of advocacy groups that sought upward mobility of their social and Varna status through sanskritisation. The Castes such as [[Kurmis]], [[Gadariya]]s, [[Kachhi (caste)|Kachi]], [[Jatav]]s,<ref name="d902">{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=O.M. |title=The Politics of Untouchability: Social Mobility and Social Change in a City of India |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-231-03230-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5oBAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2024-10-05 |pages=68–74}}</ref> [[Lodh]]s and [[Ahirs]] underwent sanskritisation in order to claim Kshatriya status.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003-p210-211"/>{{rp|147–148}} [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalwar]] caste is traditionally involved into distillation and selling of liquor, but around the start of the 20th century, various organisations related to the caste sought to redefine the image of their community through this process.<ref name="bayly">{{cite book |title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor2-first=Gordon |editor2-last=Johnson |editor3-first=Anil |editor3-last=Seal |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 |first=Christopher A. |last=Bayly |author-link=Christopher Bayly |chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India |page=[https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 63] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 |url=https://archive.org/details/localityprovince0000unse/page/63 |language=en}}</ref>

====Race science====
Colonial administrator [[Herbert Hope Risley]], an exponent of [[Scientific racism|race science]], used the ratio of the width of a [[nose]] to its height to divide Indians into Aryan and Dravidian races, as well as seven castes.{{sfnp|Trautmann|1997|p=203}}

====Enforcement====
[[File:Charles Shepherd and Arthur Robertson01.jpg|thumb|From the 1850s, photography was used in Indian subcontinent by the British for anthropological purposes, helping classify the different castes, tribes and native trades. Included in this collection were Hindu, Muslim and Buddhist ([[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]) people classified by castes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Online Collection (The Riddell Gifts)|publisher=National Galleries of Scotland|year=1985|url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/}}</ref> Above is an 1860s photograph of [[Rajput]]s, classified as a high Hindu caste.]]

=====Jobs for forward castes=====
The role of the British Raj on the caste system in India is controversial.{{sfnp|Stokes|1980|pp=38–43}} The caste system became legally rigid during the Raj, when the British started to enumerate castes during their [[Census of India prior to independence|ten-year census]] and meticulously codified the system.{{sfnp|Stokes|1973}}{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|pp=198–225}} Between 1860 and 1920, the British incorporated the caste system into their system of governance, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to the upper castes.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001b|pp=215–229}}

=====Targeting criminal castes and their isolation=====
Starting with the 19th century, the British colonial government passed a series of laws that applied to Indians based on their religion and caste identification.<ref>{{cite book | last=Parker |first=K. |editor-last=Larson |editor-first=Gerald | title=Religion and personal law in secular India a call to judgment | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-253-21480-5 | pages=184–189}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=S Nigam | year=1990| title=Disciplining and Policing the "Criminals by Birth", Part 1: The Making of a Colonial Stereotype – The Criminal Tribes and Castes of North India|journal= Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume= 27|issue = 2|pages=131–164|doi=10.1177/001946469002700201| s2cid=144018398}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=S Nigam | year=1990| title=Disciplining and Policing the "Criminals by Birth", Part 2: The Development of a Disciplinary System, 1871–1900|journal = Indian Economic & Social History Review| volume = 27| issue = 3| pages = 257–287| doi=10.1177/001946469002700302| s2cid=145441031}}</ref> These colonial era laws and their provisions used the term "Tribes", which included castes within their scope. This terminology was preferred for various reasons, including Muslim sensitivities that considered castes by definition Hindu, and preferred ''Tribes'', a more generic term that included Muslims.<ref name="Stern2001">{{cite book | last=Stern | first=Robert | title=Democracy and dictatorship in South Asia | publisher=Praeger | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-275-97041-3 | pages=53–54}}</ref>

The British colonial government, for instance, enacted the [[Criminal Tribes Act]] of 1871. This law declared that all those who belonged to certain castes were born with criminal tendencies.<ref name="Cole2001"/> Ramnarayan Rawat, a professor of History and specialising in social exclusion in the Indian subcontinent, states that the criminal-by-birth castes under this Act included initially [[Ahir]]s, [[Gurjar]]s and [[Jat people|Jats]], but its enforcement expanded by the late 19th century to include most Shudras and untouchables, such as [[Chamar]]s,<ref name="Rawat2011">{{cite book | last=Rawat | first=Ramnarayan | title=Reconsidering untouchability: Chamars and Dalit history in North India | publisher=Indiana University Press | location=Bloomington | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-253-22262-6 | pages=26–27}}</ref> as well as [[Sannyasa|Sannyasis]] and hill tribes.<ref name="Cole2001">{{cite book | last=Cole | first=Simon | title=Suspect identities: a history of fingerprinting and criminal identification | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, MA | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-674-01002-4 | pages=67–72|quote=" [British] amateur ethnographers believed that Indian castes, because of their strictures against intermarriage, represented pure racial types, and they concocted the notion of '''racially inferior criminal castes''' or 'criminal tribes', inbred ethnic groups predisposed to criminal behavior by both cultural tradition and hereditary disposition"}}</ref> Castes suspected of rebelling against colonial laws and seeking self-rule for India, such as the previously ruling families [[Kallar (caste)|Kallars]] and the [[Mukkulathor|Maravars]] in south India and non-loyal castes in north India such as Ahirs, Gurjars and Jats, were called "predatory and barbarian" and added to the criminal castes list.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|pp=176–188}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Schwarz | first=Henry | title=Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India: acting like a thief | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | location=US| year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4051-2057-9 | pages=69–78}}</ref> Some caste groups were targeted using the Criminal Tribes Act even when there were no reports of any violence or criminal activity, but where their forefathers were known to have rebelled against Mughal or British authorities,<ref>{{cite book | last=Schwarz | first=Henry | title=Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India: acting like a thief | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | location=US | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4051-2057-9 | pages=71–74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Birinder P. Singh | title=Criminal tribes of Punjab: a social-anthropological inquiry | publisher=Routledge | location=New York | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-415-55147-2 | pages=liv–lvi, Introduction}}</ref> or these castes were demanding labour rights and disrupting colonial tax collecting authorities.<ref>{{cite book | last=Chaturvedi | first=Vinayak | title=Peasant pasts history and memory in western India | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley| year=2007 | isbn=978-0-520-25076-5 | pages=122–126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzPlZSOjCpsC |quote=" In 1911, the entire [[Thakera|Dharala]] [a Rajput caste] population of nearly 250,000 individuals in Kheda district was declared a criminal tribe under Act IIII of 1911, the Criminal Tribes Act."}}</ref>

The colonial government prepared a list of criminal castes, and all members registered in these castes by caste-census were restricted in terms of regions they could visit, move about in or people with whom they could socialise.<ref name="Cole2001"/> In certain regions of colonial India, entire caste groups were presumed guilty by birth, arrested, children separated from their parents, and held in penal colonies or quarantined without conviction or due process.<ref name="Schwarz2010"/><ref name="Karade2008"/><ref name="Brown2014">{{cite book | last=Brown | first=Mark | title=Penal power and colonial rule | publisher=Routledge | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-415-45213-7 | pages=176, 107, 165–188|quote="[The] criminal tribes are destined by the usage of '''caste''' to commit crime and whose dependents will be offenders against the law, until the whole tribe is exterminated or accounted for..."}}</ref> This practice became controversial and did not enjoy the support of all British colonial officials. In a few cases this decades-long practice was reversed at the start of the 20th century with the proclamation that people "could not be incarcerated indefinitely on the presumption of [inherited] bad character".<ref name="Schwarz2010">{{cite book | last=Schwarz | first=Henry | title=Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India: acting like a thief | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | location=US | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4051-2057-9 | pages=99–101}}</ref> The criminal-by-birth laws against targeted castes was enforced until the mid-20th century, with an expansion of criminal castes list in west and south India through the 1900s to 1930s.<ref name="Karade2008">{{cite book | last=Karade | first=Jagan | title=Development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India | publisher=Cambridge Scholars | location=Newcastle, UK | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4438-1027-2 | pages=25, 23–28}}</ref><ref name="Terry1995">{{cite book | last=Rachel Tolen |editor1=Jennifer Terry |editor2=Jacqueline Urla | title=Deviant bodies | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-253-20975-7 | pages=84–88}}</ref> Hundreds of Hindu communities were brought under the Criminal Tribes Act. By 1931, the colonial government included 237 criminal castes and tribes under the act in the [[Madras Presidency]] alone.<ref name="Terry1995"/>

While the notion of hereditary criminals conformed to orientalist stereotypes and the prevailing [[Scientific racism|racial theories]] during the colonial era, the social impact of its enforcement was profiling, division and isolation of many communities of Hindus as criminals-by-birth.<ref name="Rawat2011"/><ref name="Brown2014"/><ref name="Yang1985">{{cite book | last=Yang | first=A. | title=Crime and criminality in British India | publisher=University of Arizona Press | location=US | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8165-0951-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/crimecriminality00yang/page/112 112–127] | url=https://archive.org/details/crimecriminality00yang/page/112 }}</ref>{{efn|Karade states, "the caste quarantine list was abolished by independent India in 1947 and criminal tribes law was formally repealed in 1952 by its first parliament".<ref name="Karade2008"/>}}

=====Religion and caste segregated human rights=====
Eleanor Nesbitt, a professor of History and Religions in India, states that the colonial government hardened the caste-driven divisions in India not only through its caste census, but with a series of laws in the early 20th century.<ref name="Nesbitt2005c">{{cite book | last=Nesbitt | first=Eleanor | title=Sikhism a very short introduction | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford; New York | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-19-280601-7 | pages=119–120}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Guilhem Cassan |title= Law and Identity Manipulation: Evidence from Colonial Punjab | url = http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/IMG/pdf/JobMarket-1paper-CASSAN-PSE.pdf | publisher=London School of Economics and Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquee (LEA-INRA), Paris|year=2011 | pages=2–3}}</ref> Colonial officials, for instance, enacted laws such as the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900|Land Alienation Act]] in 1900 and Punjab Pre-Emption Act in 1913, listing castes that could legally own land and denying equivalent property rights to other census-determined castes. These acts prohibited the inter-generational and intra-generational transfer of land from land-owning castes to any non-agricultural castes, thereby preventing economic mobility of property and creating consequent caste barriers in India.<ref name="Nesbitt2005c"/><ref name="Ballantyne2007"/>

[[Khushwant Singh]], a Sikh historian, and [[Tony Ballantyne (historian)|Tony Ballantyne]], a professor of history, state that these colonial-era laws helped create and erect barriers within land-owning and landless castes in northwest India.<ref name="Ballantyne2007">{{cite book | last=Ballantyne | first=Tony | title=Textures of the Sikh past: new historical perspectives | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-19-568663-0 | pages=134–142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | title=A history of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New Delhi | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-19-567309-8 | pages=155–156}}</ref> Caste-based discrimination and denial of human rights by the colonial state had similar impact elsewhere in India.<ref name="Debin2011">{{cite book | author1=Debin Ma|author2=Jan Luiten Van Zanden | title=Law and long-term economic change a Eurasian perspective (Anand Swamy) | publisher=Stanford University Press | location=Stanford, California | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-8047-7273-0 | pages=149–150}}</ref><ref name="Nair2011">{{cite book | last=Nair | first=Neeti | title=Changing homelands | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, MA | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-674-05779-1 | pages=85–86}}</ref><ref name="Guha2013">{{cite book | last=Guha | first=Sumit | title=Beyond Caste | publisher=Brill Academic | location=Leiden, Netherlands | year=2013 | isbn=978-90-04-24918-9 | pages=199–200}}</ref>

=====Social identity=====
[[Nicholas Dirks]] has argued that Indian caste as we know it today is a "modern phenomenon,"{{efn|{{harvtxt|Dirks|2001a|p=5}}: "Rather, I will argue that caste (again, as we know it today) is a modern phenomenon, that it is, specifically, the product of an historical encounter between India and Western colonial rule. By this I do not mean to imply that it was simply invented by the too clever British, now credited with so many imperial patents that what began as colonial critique has turned into another form of imperial adulation. But I ''am'' suggesting that it was under the British that 'caste' became a single term capable of expressing, organising, and above all 'systematising' India's diverse forms of social identity, community, and organisation. This was achieved through an identifiable (if contested) ideological canon as the result of a concrete encounter with colonial modernity during two hundred years of British domination. In short, colonialism made caste what it is today."}} as caste was "fundamentally transformed by British colonial rule."{{efn|{{harvtxt|Dirks, Scandal of Empire|2006|p=27}}: "The institution of caste, for example, a social formation that has been seen as not only basic to India but part of its ancient constitution, was fundamentally transformed by British colonial rule."}} According to Dirks, before colonial rule, caste affiliation was quite loose and fluid, but colonial rule enforced caste affiliation rigorously, and constructed a much more strict hierarchy than existed previously, with some castes being criminalised and others being given preferential treatment.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001a|p={{page needed|date=June 2015}}}}{{sfnp|Dirks, Scandal of Empire|2006|p=27}}

De Zwart notes that the caste system used to be thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu life, but that contemporary scholars argue instead that the system was constructed by the colonial authorities. He says that "jobs and education opportunities were allotted based on caste, and people rallied and adopted a caste system that maximized their opportunity". De Zwart also notes that post-colonial affirmative action only reinforced the "British colonial project that ex hypothesi constructed the caste system".{{sfnp|de Zwart|2000|p=235}}

Sweetman notes that the European conception of caste dismissed former political configurations and insisted upon an "essentially religious character" of India. During the colonial period, caste was defined as a religious system and was divorced from political powers. This made it possible for the colonial rulers to portray India as a society characterised by spiritual harmony in contrast to the former Indian states which they criticised as "despotic and epiphenomenal",{{sfnp|Sweetman|2004|pp=14–15}}{{efn|Sweetman cites Dirks (1993), ''The Hollow Crown'', University of Michigan Press, p.xxvii}} with the colonial powers providing the necessary "benevolent, paternalistic rule by a more 'advanced' nation".{{sfnp|Sweetman|2004|p=14}}

====Further development====
Assumptions about the caste system in Indian society, along with its nature, evolved during colonial rule.{{sfnp|Stokes|1980|pp=38–43}}{{efn|For example, some Britons believed Indians would shun train travel because tradition-bound South Asians were too caught up in caste and religion, and that they would not sit or stand in the same coaches out of concern for close proximity to a member of higher or lower or shunned caste. After the launch of train services, Indians of all castes, classes and gender enthusiastically adopted train travel without any concern for so-called caste stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Engines of change: the railroads that made India|first=Ian |last=Kerr |year=2007 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |isbn=978-0-275-98564-6 |pages=89–99}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=White colonization and labour in 19th century India |first=David |last=Arnold |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=XI |issue=2 |date=January 1983 |pages=133–157 |doi=10.1080/03086538308582635}}</ref>}} Corbridge concludes that British policies towards India's numerous [[Princely states|princely sovereign states]], as well as enumeration of the population into rigid categories during the 10-year census, particularly with the 1901 and 1911 census, contributed towards the hardening of caste identities.{{sfnp|Corbridge|Harriss|2000|pp=8, 243}}

Social unrest during 1920s led to a change in this policy.{{sfnp|Dirks|2001b|pp=215–229}} From then on, the colonial administration began a policy of [[positive discrimination]] by reserving a certain percentage of government jobs for the lower castes.<ref>The Economist (29 June 2013), [https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/06/affirmative-action Affirmative Action], India Reservations</ref>

In the round table conference held in [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table Conference (September–December 1931)|August 1932]], upon the request of Ambedkar, the then [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Britain]], [[Ramsay MacDonald]] made a [[Communal Award]] which awarded a provision for separate representation for the Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, [[Anglo-Indians]], Europeans and Dalits. These depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from special constituencies in which voters belonging to the depressed classes only could vote. Gandhi went on a hunger strike against this provision claiming that such an arrangement would split the Hindu community into two groups. Years later, Ambedkar wrote that Gandhi's fast was a form of coercion.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |author-link=Gail Omvedt |year=2012 |title=A Part That Parted |journal=Outlook India |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281929 |access-date=12 August 2012}}</ref> This agreement, which saw Gandhi end his hunger strike and Ambedkar drop his demand for a separate electorate, was called the [[Poona Pact]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lv3fDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|title=Motivating Thoughts of Ambedkar|last=Sharma|first=Mahesh Dutt|date=27 May 2017|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5186-937-5|language=en}}</ref>

After India achieved independence, the policy of caste-based reservation of jobs was formalised with lists of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].

====Other theories and observations====
Smelser and Lipset propose in their review of Hutton's study of caste system in colonial India the theory that individual mobility across caste lines may have been minimal in India because it was ritualistic. They state that this may be because the colonial social stratification worked with the pre-existing ritual caste system.{{sfnp|Smelser|Lipset|2005|pp=8–15, 160–174}}

The emergence of a caste system in the modern form, during the early period of British colonial rule in the 18th and 19th centuries, was not uniform in South Asia. Claude Markovits, a French historian of colonial India, writes that Hindu society in north and west India (Sindh), in the late 18th century and much of the 19th century, lacked a proper caste system, their religious identities were fluid (a combination of Saivism, Vaisnavism, Sikhism), and the Brahmins were not the widespread priestly group (but the ''Bawas'' were).<ref>{{cite book | last=Markovits | first=Claude | title=The global world of Indian merchants, 1750–1947 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-521-08940-1 | pages=48–49}}</ref> Markovits writes, "if religion was not a structuring factor, neither was caste" among the Hindu merchants group of northwest India.<ref>{{cite book | last=Markovits | first=Claude | title=The global world of Indian merchants, 1750–1947 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-521-08940-1 | page=251}}</ref>

===Contemporary India===
[[File:Dharnaeithflag.jpg|thumb|The massive [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]]]]

====Caste politics====
{{Main|Caste politics| Mandal Commission}}
Societal stratification, and the inequality that comes with it, still exists in India,<ref name="lcweb2"/><ref name="ifad"/> and has been thoroughly criticised.<ref name="Gopal"/> Government policies aim at reducing this inequality by [[Reservation in India|reservation]]{{nbsp}}{{endash}}{{nbsp}}a quota system benefitting backward classes. The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the untouchables under the designation of Scheduled Castes, and certain economically backward castes as [[Other Backward Class]].<ref name="Gosal">{{cite journal|last=Gosal|first=R. P. S.|date=September 1987|title=Distribution of scheduled caste population in India|journal=Social Science Information|volume=26|issue=3|pages=493–511|doi=10.1177/053901887026003002|s2cid=145669048}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities Volume 3|page=1277|publisher=Routledge|first=Carl|last=Skutsch|year=2005}}</ref>

Some, such as sociologist [[Arvind Shah]], have argued that reservation paradoxically creates an incentive to perpetuate social stratification.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shah |first=A. M. |date=2007 |title=Caste in the 21st Century: From System to Elements |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=42 |issue=44 |pages=109–116 |jstor=40276753}}</ref> Others, however, maintain that reservation on the basis of caste is necessary in order to prevent the monopolization of public sector jobs by members of the upper castes.<ref name="thewire.in">{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-bench-reservation |title=Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication |website=The Wire|date=18 May 2020}}</ref> These individuals also point out that reservation in India is not aimed primarily at eradicating poverty, but at ensuring adequate representation of all caste groups.<ref name="thewire.in"/>

====Marriage====
{{Main|Inter-caste marriages in India}}
A majority of marriages in India are still [[endogamous]]; intercaste and interreligious marriages are found mostly among those who are "economically, educationally, culturally advanced and urban oriented".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3138/jcfs.44.2.193|title=Exploring the Myth of Mixed Marriages in India: Evidence from a Nation-wide Survey|year=2013|last1=Goli|first1=Srinivas|last2=Singh|first2=Deepti|last3=Sekher|first3=T. V.|journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies|volume=44|issue=2|pages=193–206|jstor=43613088 |ssrn=2307111 }}</ref> A study in 2005 found that inter-caste marriages had nearly doubled between 1981 and 2005, reaching a level of 6.1%.

Opposition to intercaste marriage remains widespread, with [[Pew Research|Pew]] polling indicating that over 3 in 5 Indians agree that it is "very important" to stop both men and women from marrying outside of their castes.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/attitudes-about-caste/ |title=RELIGION IN INDIA: TOLERANCE AND SEGREGATION - 4. Attitudes about caste |website=Pew Research Center |date=29 June 2021}}</ref> The polling indicated, furthermore, that Christians and Buddhists were relatively more accepting of intercaste marriages compared to Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.<ref name="pewresearch.org"/> [[Honour killing]]s related to disapproval of intercaste marriages remain frequent, with ''Outlook India'' noting, "Evidence, an NGO, revealed in November 2019 that as many as 195 known cases of honour killings were reported from Tamil Nadu alone in the past five years."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-love-in-the-crosshairs-honour-killings-still-continue-in-india/305349 |title=Love In The Crosshairs: Honour Killings Still Continue In India |website=Outlook|date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

The Government of India provides financial incentives to intercaste couples under the Dr. Ambedkar Scheme for Social Integration through Inter-Caste Marriages. Various state governments such as those of Odisha, Haryana, Punjab, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra also have similar schemes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtras-helping-hand-for-inter-caste-marriages/article25914302.ece |title=Maharashtra's helping hand for inter-caste marriages |work=The Hindu |date=4 January 2019|last=Deshpande |first=Alok }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/112460/inter-caste-marriage-incentives-financial-aid-government/ |title=₹50K to ₹5 Lakh: Here's How Much States Incentivise Inter-Caste Marriage |website=The Better India |date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

====Caste-related violence====
{{Main|Caste-related violence in India}}

Independent India has witnessed caste-related violence. According to a 2005 UN report, approximately 31,440 cases of violent acts committed against Dalits were reported in 1996.<ref>"[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-report-slams-india-for-caste-discrimination-1.693195 UN report slams India for caste discrimination]". CBC News. 2 March 2007.</ref><ref name=undp1>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2004_dl_sheth.pdf|title=Caste, Ethnicity and Exclusion in South Asia: The Role of Affirmative Action Policies in Building Inclusive Societies}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2015}} The UN report claimed 1.33 cases of violent acts per 10,000 Dalit people. For context, the UN reported between 40 and 55 cases of violent acts per 10,000 people in developed countries in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crime statistics, 87 major countries|publisher=UN ODC|year=2007|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/United-Nations-Surveys-on-Crime-Trends-and-the-Operations-of-Criminal-Justice-Systems.html}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Crimes and Crime Rates by Type of Offense: 1980 to 2009|publisher=Census – US|year=2010|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0306.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020121607/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0306.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> One example of such violence is the [[Khairlanji massacre]] of 2006.

The [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]] of India aims to prevent and punish atrocities and discrimination against members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Examples of crimes punishable under the Act include "forcing victims to eat or drink obnoxious substances; dumping excreta, sewage, carcasses into their homes or compounds; [[land grabbing]]; humiliation; sexual abuse". The [[National Crime Records Bureau]] includes statistics of crimes reported under the law as part of it annual reports.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/caste/ugly-reality-caste-violence-discrimination-urban-india |work=The Wire |date=11 December 2017 |first=Ashwini |last=Deshpande |title=The Ugly Reality of Caste Violence and Discrimination in Urban India}}</ref> There has been a growth in total number of crimes reported under the Act in recent years but conviction rates have been low. Crimes against members of Scheduled Caste communities grew by 7.3% and against Scheduled Tribes by 26.5% in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ncrb-data-caste-violence-south-india-reveals-alarmingly-low-conviction-rates-110980 |title=NCRB data on caste violence in south India reveals alarmingly low conviction rates |date=22 October 2019 |work=The News Minute |first=Theja |last=Ram}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/crimes-against-scst-communities-rose-2019-142706 |title=Crimes against SC/ST communities rose in 2019 |date=3 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |agency=PTI}}</ref>

===Indian diaspora===
Caste persists within the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]].

In the [[United States]], Dalit people report experiencing discrimination and violence.<ref>{{cite web|title=The US isn't safe from the trauma of caste bias|first=Tinku|last=Ray|publisher=[[WGBH (FM)|WGBH News]]|date=8 March 2019|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-03-08/us-isn-t-safe-trauma-caste-bias|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721033210/https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-03-08/us-isn-t-safe-trauma-caste-bias|archive-date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Silicon Valley Has a Caste Discrimination Problem|first=David|last=Gilbert|publisher=[[Vice News]]|date=5 August 2020|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/silicon-valley-has-a-caste-discrimination-problem/}}</ref> In 2020 the [[California Department of Fair Employment and Housing]] initiated a lawsuit against [[Cisco]] and two of its employees for alleged discrimination against an Indian engineer because he was from a lower caste than them. According to a 2018 survey by civil rights group Equality Labs cited in the lawsuit, 67% of Dalits in the US "reported being treated unfairly at their workplace because of their caste".<ref>{{cite web|title=California sues Cisco for alleged discrimination against employee because of caste |first=Rishi |last=Iyengar |publisher=[[CNN Business]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/01/tech/cisco-lawsuit-caste-discrimination/index.html |date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=California sues Cisco over discrimination against dalit employee |publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/07/01/california-sues-cisco-over-discrimination-against-dalit-employee.html |date=1 July 2020}}</ref> In 2023, [[Seattle]] became the first US city to ban caste discrimination.<ref name=BharathAP>{{cite web | title=Seattle becomes first U.S. City to ban caste discrimination | website=[[Associated Press News]] | date=22 February 2023 | url=https://apnews.com/article/seattle-religion-discrimination-077737f6a251db30b6bca3edd4a83844 }}</ref>

The [[Government of the United Kingdom]] ran a public consultation on ways to ensure legal protection against caste discrimination from March 2017 to September 2017. Based on the consultation the government decided that "the best way to provide the necessary protection against unlawful discrimination because of caste is by relying on emerging case law as developed by courts and tribunals".<ref>{{cite web|title=UK decides against separate law to counter caste discrimination in Indian community|publisher=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/latest/887758/uk-decides-against-separate-law-to-counter-caste-discrimination-in-indian-community|date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Britain backs off anti-caste discrimination legislation|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/britain-backs-off-anti-caste-discrimination-legislation/article24497401.ece|date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/caste-in-great-britain-and-equality-law-a-public-consulation|title=Caste in Great Britain and equality law: a public consultation|website=GOV.UK|date=28 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Affirmative action==
{{Main|Reservation in India}}
{{Politics of India}}
Article 15 of the [[Constitution of India]] prohibits discrimination based on caste and Article 17 declared the practice of untouchability to be illegal.<ref name="C2011">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|title=Constitution of India|publisher=Ministry of Law, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> In 1955, India enacted the Untouchability (Offences) Act (renamed in 1976, as the Protection of Civil Rights Act). It extended the reach of law, from intent to mandatory enforcement. The [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]] was passed in India in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-16.htm|title=India: (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989; No. 33 of 1989|year=1989|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>
* The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was established to investigate, monitor, advise, and evaluate the socio-economic progress of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncst.nic.in/index.asp?langid=1 |title=About NCST |year=2011 |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114013721/http://ncst.nic.in/index.asp?langid=1 |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref>
* A reservation system for people classified as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has existed for over 50 years. The presence of privately owned free market corporations in India is limited and public sector jobs have dominated the percentage of jobs in its economy. A 2000 report estimated that most jobs in India were in companies owned by the government or agencies of the government.<ref>Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India. Delhi: Oxford University
Press, 1984, 84–85</ref> The reservation system implemented by India over 50 years, has been partly successful, because of all jobs, nationwide, in 1995, 17.2 percent of the jobs were held by those in the lowest castes.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
* The Indian government classifies government jobs in four groups. The Group A jobs are senior most, high paying positions in the government, while Group D are junior most, lowest paying positions. In Group D jobs, the percentage of positions held by lowest caste classified people is 30% greater than their demographic percentage. In all jobs classified as Group C positions, the percentage of jobs held by lowest caste people is about the same as their demographic population distribution. In Group A and B jobs, the percentage of positions held by lowest caste classified people is 30% lower than their demographic percentage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc/sts-fail-to-break-caste-ceiling-no-sc-in-149-top-government-officers-40-pc-do-menial-jobs/articleshow/16278743.cms|title=SC/STs fail to break caste ceiling: No SC in 149 top government officers, 40 pc do menial jobs|date=6 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|last=Varma|first=Subodh}}</ref>
* The presence of lowest caste people in highest paying, senior-most position jobs in India has increased by ten-fold, from 1.18 percent of all jobs in 1959 to 10.12 percent of all jobs in 1995.<ref>"Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law", p. 257, by David Keane</ref>

===Recognition===
The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the untouchables under the designation of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]], and certain economically backward Shudra castes as [[Other Backward Class]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Ashwini |date=May 2015 |title=Chapter 12: Caste and diversity in India |url=https://Bharatpedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |website=Bharatpedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en |doi=10.4337/9781783478545.00021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as Dalit in contemporary literature. In 2001, Dalits comprised 16.2 percent of India's total population.<ref name="censtat01">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/scst.aspx|title=Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population: Census 2001|year=2004|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> Of the one billion Hindus in India, it is estimated that Hindu [[Forward caste]] comprises 26%, [[Other Backward Class]] comprises 43%, Hindu Scheduled Castes (Dalits) comprises 22% and Hindu Scheduled Tribes (Adivasis) comprises 9%.<ref name="Sachar 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.teindia.nic.in/Files/Reports/CCR/Sachar%20Committee%20Report.pdf|title=Sachar Committee Report (2004–2005)|last=Sachar|first=Rajinder|author-link=Rajinder Sachar|year=2006|publisher=Government of India|access-date=27 September 2008|page=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402143832/http://www.teindia.nic.in/Files/Reports/CCR/Sachar%20Committee%20Report.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>

In addition to taking affirmative action for people of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, India has expanded its effort to include people from poor, backward castes in its economic and social mainstream. In 1990, the government reservation of 27% for Backward Classes on the basis of the [[Mandal Commission]]'s recommendations. Since then, India has reserved 27 percent of job opportunities in government-owned enterprises and agencies for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs). The 27 percent reservation is in addition to 22.5 percent set aside for India's lowest castes for the last 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/annual.pdf|title=Annual Report, 2007–2008|year=2009|publisher=National Commission for Backward Classes, Government of India}}</ref>

===Mandal commission===
The Mandal Commission was established in 1979 to "identify the socially or educationally backward" and to consider the question of [[Reservation in India|seat reservations and quotas]] for people to redress caste discrimination.<ref name="Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya, Amit. {{cite web|url=http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|title=Who are the OBCs?|access-date=19 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html |archive-date=27 June 2006}} ''Times of India'', 8 April 2006.</ref> In 1980, the commission's report affirmed the [[affirmative action]] practice under Indian law, whereby additional members of lower castes—the other backward classes—were given exclusive access to another 27 percent of government jobs and slots in public universities, in addition to the 23 percent already reserved for the Dalits and Tribals. When [[V. P. Singh]]'s administration tried to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission in 1990, [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|massive protests]] were held in the country. Many alleged that the politicians were trying to cash in on caste-based reservations for purely pragmatic electoral purposes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

===Other Backward Classes (OBC)===
There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070526112503/http://in.news.yahoo.com/060524/43/64i2a.html What is India's population of other backward classes?],''Yahoo News''.</ref>

The reservation system has led to widespread protests, such as the [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]], with many complaining of [[reverse discrimination]] against the Forward Castes (the castes that do not qualify for the reservation).{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

In May 2011, the government approved a poverty, religion and caste census to identify poverty in different social backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/caste-religion-poverty-census-gets-cabinet-nod-106959|title=Caste, religion, poverty census gets Cabinet nod|date=19 May 2011|publisher=NDTV|access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref> The census would also help the government to re-examine and possibly undo some of the policies which were formed in haste such as the Mandal Commission in order to bring more objectivity to the policies with respect to contemporary realities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1718/17180910.htm|title=Caste and the Census|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Critics of the reservation system believe that there is actually no social stigma at all associated with belonging to a backward caste and that because of the huge constitutional incentives in the form of educational and job reservations, a large number of people will falsely identify with a backward caste to receive the benefits. This would not only result in a marked inflation of the backward castes' numbers, but also lead to enormous administrative and judicial resources being devoted to social unrest and litigation when such dubious caste declarations are challenged.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/caste-in-doubt/619760/|title=Caste in doubt|date=17 May 2010|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>

In 20th century India, the upper-class (''Ashraf'') Muslims dominated the government jobs and parliamentary representation. As a result, there have been campaigns to include the Muslim untouchable and lower castes among the groups eligible for [[reservation in India|affirmative action in India]] under ''SC and STs provision act''{{Hairspace}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Sep04-Print-Edition/011509200449.htm |title=On reservation for Muslims |last=Asghar Ali Engineer |work=The Milli Gazette |publisher=Pharos |access-date=1 September 2004 }}</ref> and have been given additional reservation based on the [[Sachar Committee]] report.

===Effects of government aid===
In a 2008 study, Desai et al. focussed on education attainments of children and young adults aged 6–29, from lowest caste and tribal populations of India. They completed a national survey of over 100,000 households for each of the four survey years between 1983 and 2000.<ref name="desai2008">{{cite journal|date=May 2008|title=Changing Educational Inequalities in India in the Context of Affirmative Action|journal=Demography|volume=45|issue=2|pages=245–270|doi=10.1353/dem.0.0001|pmc=2474466|pmid=18613480|last=Desai and Kulkarni}}</ref> They found a significant increase in lower caste children in their odds of completing primary school. The number of Dalit children who completed either middle-, high- or college-level education increased three times faster than the national average, and the total number were statistically same for both lower and upper castes. However, the same study found that in 2000, the percentage of Dalit males never enrolled in a school was still more than twice the percentage of upper caste males never enrolled in schools. Moreover, only 1.67% of Dalit females were college graduates compared to 9.09% of upper caste females. The number of Dalit girls in India who attended school doubled in the same period, but was still lower than the national average. Other poor caste groups as well as ethnic groups such as Muslims in India have also made improvements over the 16-year period, but their improvement lagged behind that of Dalits and Adivasis. The net percentage school attainment for Dalits and Muslims were statistically the same in 1999.

A 2007 nationwide survey of India by the [[World Bank]] found that over 80 percent of children of historically discriminated castes were attending schools. The fastest increase in school attendance by Dalit community children occurred during the recent periods of India's economic growth.<ref name="wb1">{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDIA/2132853-1191444019328/21497941/SankarProgressinElementaryEducationusingNSS.pdf|title=What is the progress in elementary education participation in India during the last two decades?|last=Shankar|first=Deepa|year=2007|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref>

A study by Darshan Singh presents data on health and other indicators of socio-economic change in India's historically discriminated castes. He claims:<ref name="review1">{{cite journal|last=Singh |first=Darshan |year=2009 |title=Development of Scheduled Castes in India – A Review|url=http://www.nird.org.in/NIRD_Docs/OctLevel209.pdf |journal=Journal of Rural Development |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=529–542 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211051046/http://www.nird.org.in/NIRD_Docs/OctLevel209.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>
* In 2001, the literacy rates in India's lowest castes was 55 percent, compared to a national average of 63 percent.
* The childhood vaccination levels in India's lowest castes was 40 percent in 2001, compared to a national average of 44 percent.
* Access to drinking water within household or near the household in India's lowest castes was 80 percent in 2001, compared to a national average of 83 percent.
* The poverty level in India's lowest castes dropped from 49 percent to 39 percent between 1995 and 2005, compared to a national average change from 35 to 27 percent.

The life expectancy of various caste groups in modern India has been raised; but the [[International Institute for Population Sciences]] report suggests that poverty, not caste, is the bigger differentiation in life expectancy in modern India.<ref name="mr1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iipsindia.org/pdf/RB-13%20file%20for%20uploading.pdf|title=Life Expectancy at Birth Among Social and Economic Groups in India|date=November 2010|publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences|last=Mohanty and Ram|access-date=14 January 2012|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821152410/http://iipsindia.org/pdf/RB-13%20file%20for%20uploading.pdf}}</ref>

==Influence on other religions==
While identified with Hinduism, caste systems are found in other religions on the Indian subcontinent, including other religions such as Buddhists, Christians and Muslims.<ref name="barth">{{cite book |last=Barth |first=Fredrik |editor-first=E. R. |editor-last=Leach |title=Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon, and North-West Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-521-09664-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlU7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA113 |page=113}}</ref><ref name="mills40">{{cite book |title=Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism: The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism |first=Martin A. |last=Mills |year=2002 |pages=40–41 |isbn=978-0-7007-1470-4 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name="ballhatchet1998">{{cite book|title=Caste, Class and Catholicism in India 1789–1914 |first=Kenneth |last=Ballhatchet |year=1998 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=978-0-7007-1095-9|page=111}}</ref>

===Muslims===
{{Main|Caste system among South Asian Muslims}}

Caste system has been observed among Muslims in India.<ref name="barth"/> They practice [[endogamy]], [[hypergamy]], hereditary occupations, avoid social mixing and have been stratified.{{sfnp|Chaudhary|2013|p=149}} There is some controversy<ref>{{cite journal |first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |date=13 May 1967 |jstor=4357934 |title=The Ashraf and Ajlaf Categories in Indo-Muslim Society |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=2 |issue=19 |pages=887–891 }}</ref> if these characteristics make them social groups or castes of Islam. Some scholars assert that the Muslim castes are not as acute in their discrimination as those of the Hindus,<ref>{{cite book |title=Muslim Communities of South Asia: Culture and Society |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1976 |editor-last=Madan |editor-first=T. N. |page=114}}</ref> while critics assert that the discrimination in South Asian Muslim society is worse.<ref name="Ambedkar_Pakistan"/>

From the earliest days of Islam's arrival in South Asia, Arab, Persian and Afghan Muslims have been recognised as an upper caste. Some upper caste Hindus who converted to Islam became part of the governing groups, who along with these foreign groups came to be known as ''Ashrafs'' (or nobles).{{sfnp|Chaudhary|2013|p=149}} Below them are the middle caste Muslims called ''Ajlafs'', and the lowest status Muslims of the ''Arzals''.{{sfnp|Chaudhary|2013|pp=149–150}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Imtiaz|title=Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India|publisher=Manohar|year=1978 |pages=210–211}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Social Stratification Among Muslims in India |first=Zarina |last=Bhatty |title=Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar |editor-first=M. N. |editor-last=Srinivas |publisher=Viking |year=1996|pages=249–253}}</ref> Anti-caste activists like Ambedkar called the ''Arzal'' caste among Muslims as the equivalent of Hindu untouchables,<ref name="Ambedkar_Pakistan">{{Cite book|last=Ambedkar |first=Bhimrao |author-link=B. R. Ambedkar |title=Pakistan or the Partition of India |publisher=Thackers Publishers }}</ref> as did the British ethnographer [[Herbert Hope Risley]].<ref>{{cite book|last=H. H. Risley|author-link=H. H. Risley|title=Ethnographic Appendices, in GOI, Census of India, 1901 (see tables on Ajlaf and Arzal, and Risley discussion of these Muslim castes versus Hindu castes)|volume=1|publisher=Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|year=1903|pages=45–62|isbn=978-1-246-03552-0 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/410.html}}</ref>

In [[Bengal]], some Muslims refer to the social stratification within their society as ''qaum'' (or Quoms),<ref name="barth"/> a term that is found among Muslims elsewhere in India, as well as in Pakistan and Afghanistan. ''Qaums'' have patrilineal heredity, with ranked occupations and endogamy. Membership in a ''qaum'' is inherited by birth.<ref name="jamalmalik"/> Barth identifies the origin of the stratification from the historical segregation between ''pak'' (pure) and ''paleed'' (impure)—defined by the family's social or religious status, occupation and involvement in sexual crimes. There is history of skin color defining ''Pak''/''Paleed'', but that does not have historical roots, and was adopted by outsiders through analogy with the Hindu Caste system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barth |first=Fredrik |title=Political Leadership among Swat Pathans |year=1995 |publisher=London School of Economics/Berg |isbn=978-0-485-19619-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalleaders00bart/page/16 16–21] |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalleaders00bart/page/16 }}</ref>

Endogamy is very common in the form of arranged consanguineous marriages among Muslims in India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shami |last2=Grant |last3=Bittles |year=1994 |title=Consanguineous marriage within social/occupational class boundaries in Pakistan |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1017/s0021932000021088|pmid=8200883 |s2cid=26240331 }}</ref> Malik states that the lack of religious sanction makes ''qaum'' a "quasi-caste", and something that is found in Islam outside South Asia as well.<ref name="jamalmalik">{{cite book |last=Malik |first=Jamal |title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History |year=2008 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-16859-6 |pages=152–153}}</ref>

===Sikh===
The Sikh literature mentions ''Varna'' as ''Varan'', and ''Jati'' as ''Zat'' or ''Zat-biradari''. Eleanor Nesbitt, a professor of Religion and author of books on Sikhism, states that the ''Varan'' is described as a class system, while ''Zat'' has some caste system features in Sikh literature.<ref name="Nesbitt2005b">{{cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor |title=Sikhism a very short introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-280601-7 |location=Oxford; New York |pages=116–117}}</ref> In theory, Sikh literature does not recognise caste hierarchy or differences, but, in practice, states Nesbitt, widespread endogamy practices among Sikhs have been prevalent in modern times, and poorer Sikhs of disadvantaged castes continue to gather in their own places of worship. Most Sikh families, writes Nesbitt, continue to check the caste of any prospective marriage partner for their children. She notes that all Gurus of Sikhs married within their ''Zat'', and they did not condemn or break with the convention of endogamous marriages for their own children or Sikhs in general.<ref name="Nesbitt2005c"/>

Although the [[Sikh Gurus]] criticised the hierarchy of the caste system, one does exist in [[Sikh]] community. According to Sunrinder S, Jodhka, Sikhs belonging to the landowning dominant castes have not shed all their prejudices against the Dalits. While Dalits would be allowed entry into the village [[Gurdwara|gurudwaras]] they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar (the communal meal). Therefore, wherever they could mobilise resources, the Dalits of Punjab have tried to construct their own gurudwaras and other local level institutions in order to attain a certain degree of cultural autonomy.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jodhka |first=Surinder S. |title=Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=11 May 2002 |volume=37 |issue=19 |page=1822 |jstor=4412102 }}</ref>

In 1953, the Government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader, [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]], to include Sikh castes of the converted untouchables in the list of scheduled castes. In the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]], 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low-caste Sikhs.<ref name="apnaorg.com">{{Cite web |title=The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community – A Historical Perspective|url=http://apnaorg.com/research-papers/harish-puri/ |website=apnaorg.com}}</ref><ref name="Harish K. Puri 2004">{{cite book|title=Dalits in Regional Context |page=214 |first=Harish K. |last=Puri |isbn=978-81-7033-871-0 |year=2004|publisher=Rawat Publications }}</ref>

===Jains===
Caste system in [[Jainism]] has existed for centuries, primarily in terms of endogamy, although, per [[Paul Dundas]], in modern times the system does not play a significant role.<ref name="Dundas 2002 p.">{{cite book | last=Dundas | first=Paul | title=The Jains | publisher=Routledge | location=London; New York | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-415-26606-2 | pages=147–149}}</ref> This is contradicted by Carrithers and Humphreys who describe the major Jain castes in [[Rajasthan]] with their social rank.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carrithers|first1=M|last2=Humphrey|first2=C|title=The assembly of listeners: Jains in society|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-0-521-36505-5|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8czr_HzzwC&q=jainism+caste+endogamy&pg=PR11}}</ref>

===Christians===
{{Main|Caste system among Indian Christians}}

Social stratification is found among the Christians in India based on caste as well as by their denomination and location. The caste distinction is based on their caste at the time that they or their ancestors converted to Christianity. Since the 16th century, they typically do not intermarry, and sit separately during prayers in Church.<ref name="britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christian-caste Christian Castes] Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref>

The earliest conception of caste among Indian Christians comes from Kerala, called [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (or "Syrian Christians"). [[Duncan B. Forrester|Duncan Forrester]] observes that "Nowhere else in India is there a large and ancient Christian community which has in time immemorial been accorded a high status in the caste hierarchy. ... Syrian Christian community operates very much as a caste and is properly regarded as a caste or at least a very caste-like group." Amidst the Hindu society, the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala had inserted themselves within the Indian caste society by the observance of caste rules and were regarded by the Hindus as a caste occupying a high place within their caste hierarchy.<ref name="Amaladass">{{cite book |last=Amaladass |first=Anand |title=Hindu-Christian dialogue: perspectives and encounters |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-208-1158-4 |editor-last=Coward |editor-first=Harold |pages=14–20 |chapter=Dialogue between Hindus and the St. Thomas Christians |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eHgNyNimoAC |orig-date=1989}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bayly|2004|pp=243–253}}{{sfnp|Forrester|1980|pp=98, 102}} Their traditional belief that their ancestors were high-caste Hindus such as [[Nambudiri]]s and [[Nairs]], who were [[evangelism|evangelised]] by [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], has also supported their upper-caste status.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Christopher J. |date=December 1977 |title=Indian Christians: Pollution and Origins |journal=Man |series=New |volume=12 |issue=3/4 |pages=528–529}}</ref> With the arrival of European missionaries and their evangelistic mission among the lower castes in Kerala, two new groups of Christians, the [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]] and Protestant [[Dalit Christian]]s, were formed but they continued to be considered as lower castes by higher ranked communities, including the Saint Thomas Christians.<ref name="Amaladass"/>{{better source needed|date=December 2023}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width:45%; text-align:center;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px"
|- style="background: #E9E9E9"
|+ Table 1. Distribution of Population by Religion and Caste Categories<ref name="Sachar 2006"/>
! Religion/Caste !! [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs]] !! [[Adivasi|STs]] !! [[Other Backward Class|OBCs]] !! [[Forward Caste|Forward Caste/Others]]
|-
| [[Hinduism]] || 22.2% || 9% || 42.8% || 26%
|-
| [[Islam]] || 0.8% || 0.5% || 39.2% || 59.5%
|-
| [[Christianity]] || 9.0% || 32.8% || 24.8% || 33.3%
|-
| [[Sikhism]] || 30.7% || 0.9% || 22.4% || 46.1%
|-
| [[Jainism]] || 0.0% || 2.6% || 3.0% || 94.3%
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || 89.5% || 7.4% || 0.4% || 2.7%
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] || 0.0% || 15.9% || 13.7% || 70.4%
|-
| Others || 2.6% || 82.5% || 6.25 || 8.7%
|-
| '''Total''' || '''19.7%''' || '''8.5%''' || '''41.1%''' || '''30.8%'''
|}

===Distribution===
Table 1 is the distribution of population of each Religion by Caste Categories, obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|National Sample Survey Organisation]] 55th (1999–2000) and 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey.<ref name="Sachar 2006"/> The [[Other Backward Class]] (OBCs) were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the [[Mandal Commission]] report of 1980, a figure which had shrunk to 41% by 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation's survey took place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/obcs-form-41-of-population-survey/articleshow/2328117.cms|title=OBCs form 41% of population: Survey | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=September 2007 }}</ref>

==Criticism==

There has been criticism of the caste system from both within and outside of India.<ref>[http://aad.english.ucsb.edu/docs/georgesept62001.html India's caste system discriminates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420014042/http://aad.english.ucsb.edu/docs/georgesept62001.html |date=20 April 2006 }}.</ref> Since the 1980s, caste has become a major controversy in the [[politics of India]].<ref name="caste_aditya_nigam">{{cite web|title=Caste Politics in India |last=Aditya Nigam |url=http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/castepolitics_india.htm |access-date=11 December 2006 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828053452/http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/castepolitics_india.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 }}</ref>

===Indian social reformers===
[[File:Hindu children of high caste, Bombay, India.jpg|thumb|A 1922 stereograph of Hindu children of high caste, Bombay. This was part of Underwood & Underwood stereoscope journey of colonial world. This and related collections became controversial for staging extreme effects and constructing identities of various colonised nations. Christopher Pinney remarks such imaging was a part of surveillance and imposed identities upon Indians that were resented.<ref>{{cite news |title=Visual history tells us about repressed histories |first=Trisha |last=Gupta |date=20 September 2008 |work=Tehelka |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main40.asp?filename=hub200908Visualhistory.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911095309/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main40.asp?filename=hub200908Visualhistory.asp |archive-date=11 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Camera Indica: The Social Life of Indian Photographs |first=Christopher |last=Pinney |year=1998|isbn=978-0-226-66866-6 |publisher=University Of Chicago Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Face of China: Photography's Role in Shaping Image, 1860–1920 |journal=Getty Research Journal |first=Sarah |last=Fraser |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=39–52|doi=10.1086/grj.2.23005407 |s2cid=192880526 }}</ref>]]
The caste system has been criticised by many Indian social reformers.

====Basava====
[[Basava]] (1105–1167) championed devotional worship that rejected temple worship and rituals, and replaced it with personalised direct worship of Shiva through practices such as individually worn icons and symbols like a small linga. This approach brought Shiva's presence to everyone and at all times, without gender, class or caste discrimination. His teachings and verses such as Káyakavé Kailása (Work is the path to Kailash (bliss, heaven), or Work is Worship) became popular.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Michael |first=R. Blake |date=December 1982 |title=Work as Worship in Vīraśaiva Tradition |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=50 |number=4 |pages=605–606 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/L.4.605 |jstor=1462945 }}</ref>

====Jyotirao Phule====
[[Jyotirao Phule]] (1827–1890) vehemently criticised any explanations that the caste system was natural and ordained by the ''Creator'' in Hindu texts. If ''Brahma'' wanted castes, argued Phule, he would have ordained the same for other creatures. There are no castes in species of animals or birds, so why should there be one among human animals.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} In his criticism Phule added, "Brahmins cannot claim superior status because of caste, because they hardly bothered with these when wining and dining with Europeans."{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} Professions did not make castes, and castes did not decide one's profession. If someone does a job that is dirty, it does not make them inferior; in the same way that no mother is inferior because she cleans the excreta of her baby. Ritual occupation or tasks, argued Phule, do not make any human being superior or inferior.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Political Thought: Themes and Thinkers|last=Singh and Roy|publisher=Pearson|year=2011|pages=82–90|isbn=978-81-317-5851-9}}</ref>

====Vivekananda====
[[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] similarly criticised caste as one of the many human institutions that bars the power of free thought and action of an individual. Caste or no caste, creed or no creed, any man, or class, or caste, or nation, or institution that bars the power of free thought and bars action of an individual is devilish, and must go down. Liberty of thought and action, asserted Vivekananda, is the only condition of life, of growth and of well-being.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (8 vols., Calcutta)|year=1952|last=Swami Vivekananda|volume=V|pages=25–30|publisher=Advaita Ashrama |isbn=978-81-85301-46-4}}</ref>

====B. R. Ambedkar====
[[B. R. Ambedkar]], who was born in a caste classified as untouchable, became a leader of human rights campaigns in India, a prolific writer, and a key person in drafting modern India's constitution in the 1940s. He wrote extensively on discrimination, trauma and what he saw as the tragic effects of the caste system in India.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} He believed that the caste system originated in the practice of endogamy and that it spread through imitation by other groups. He wrote that initially, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras existed as classes whose choice of occupation was not restricted by birth and in which exogamy was prevalent. Brahmins then began to practise endogamy and enclosed themselves, hence Ambedkar defines caste as "enclosed class". He believed that traditions such as [[sati (practice)|sati]], enforced widowhood and child marriage developed from the need to reinforce endogamy and Shastras were used to glorify these practices so that they are observed without being questioned. Later, other caste groups imitated these customs. However, although Ambedkar uses the approach of psychologist Gabriel Tarde to indicate how the caste system spread, he also explains that Brahmins or Manu cannot be blamed for the origin of the caste system and discredits theories that trace the origin of the caste system in races.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |editor-last=Pritchett |editor-first=Frances |title=Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis, and Development |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_castes.html |website=columbia.edu}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=November 2017}}

====KK Sarachandra Bose====
[[File:KK-Sarachandra-Bose.jpg|thumb|upright|Activist KK Sarachandra Bose]]
In 2014 KK Sarachandra Bose went on a 40-day ''Bharat Yatra'' (Indian journey) of almost {{convert|14000|km|mi}} from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to [[Delhi]] along with over 30 volunteers to campaign for the end of the caste system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Activist Sarachandra on tour against caste system in country|date=21 June 2014|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/activist-sarachandra-on-tour-against-caste-system-in-country.html|access-date=2 August 2021|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|language=en}}</ref> Bose also believes that using the term 'caste' conflicts with the 1948 UN [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dubai-based lawyer on mission to eradicate India's caste system|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/dubai-based-lawyer-on-mission-to-eradicate-indias-caste-system-1.1349292|date=19 June 2014|access-date=2 August 2021|website=[[Gulf News]]|language=en|first=Pamela|last=Raghunath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dubai lawyer's India tour against casteism reaches Odisha|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/dubai-lawyers-india-tour-against-casteism-reaches-odisha-600686/|access-date=2 August 2021|date=25 June 2014|language=en-US|website=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref> He urged the [[government of India]] for [[Constitutional amendment|constitutional reform]] to remove all references to the caste system by December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2014|title=NRI activist wants Centre to banish caste system|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nri-activist-wants-centre-to-banish-caste-system-697862.html|access-date=2 August 2021|website=[[News18 India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRI on 'Bharat Yatra' Comes Calling|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/jun/12/nri-on-bharat-yatra-comes-calling-623947.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029025524/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/jun/12/NRI-on-Bharat-Yatra-Comes-Calling-623947.html|date=12 June 2014|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=2 August 2021|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Caste politics==
{{See also|Caste politics}}
Political parties in India have indulged in caste-based [[votebank]] politics. Parties including [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), the [[Samajwadi Party]] and the [[Janata Dal]] claim to represent the backward castes, and rely on OBC support, often in alliance with Dalit and Muslim support, to win elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/116.htm|title=Caste-Based Parties|publisher=Country Studies US|access-date=12 December 2006}}</ref> The Hindu right has courted controversy over its own caste-based appeals, for example in 2020 when [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MP (Member of Parliament) [[Pragya Singh Thakur]] came under fire for comments she made about [[Shudra]]s during an address to a caste body called the 'Kshatriya Mahasabha'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/caste/pragya-singh-thakur-shudras-ignorant|title=Shudras 'Feel Bad' About Being Called Shudras Because They Are 'Ignorant': BJP's Pragya Thakur|publisher=The Wire|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>

==Economic inequality==
A 1995 study notes that the caste system in India is a system of exploitation of poor low-ranking groups by more prosperous high-ranking groups.<ref name="lcweb2">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India – A Country Study, US Library of Congress, 1995, Chapter 5].</ref> A report published in 2001 note that in India 36.3% of people own no land at all, 60.6% own about 15% of the land, with a very wealthy 3.1% owning 15% of the land.<ref name="ifad">[http://www.ifad.org/poverty/chapter3.pdf Rural Poverty Report 2001 – The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033221/http://www.ifad.org/poverty/chapter3.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, Chapter 3, p. 77. IFAD, 2001.</ref> Haque also reports that over 90 percent of both scheduled castes (low-ranking groups) and all other castes (high-ranking groups) either do not own land or own land area capable of producing less than $1000 per year of food and income per household. However, over 99 percent of India's farms are less than 10 hectares, and 99.9 percent of the farms are less than 20 hectares, regardless of the farmer or landowner's caste. Indian government has, in addition, vigorously pursued agricultural land ceiling laws which prohibit anyone from owning land greater than mandated limits. India has used this law to forcibly acquire land from some, then redistribute tens of millions of acres to the landless and poor of the low-caste. Haque suggests that Indian lawmakers need to reform and modernise the nation's land laws and rely less on blind adherence to land ceilings and tenancy reform.<ref>{{cite web|title=Improving land access to India's rural poor|author=Hanstad|publisher=The World Bank|year=2005|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDIA/Resources/Hanstad.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Improving the Rural Poors' Acces tp Land in India|author=Haque|publisher=DARPG, Government of India|year=2006|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:vxY1IPEXqzAJ:indiagovernance.gov.in/download.php%3Ffilename%3Dfiles/improving-rural-poor-access-to-land-t-haque.pdf+IMPROVING+THE+RURAL+POORS'+ACCESS+TO+LAND+IN+INDIA&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESidX9QY5wysZgM5_jhc4UmHrhL5HbDo2OqqV7M1-f6tGCWkDktMCC3ukXgu7vitDprhfsbzorTjIy2TcwPJ8OG3rNozW939xqne-Cq0XGO_7aC_-vlFtdZSzWENCUQgziiO_bk6&sig=AHIEtbSF9z4Tlo5TR6OBVX2pdAC-JS7LLQ}}</ref>

In a 2011 study, Aiyar also notes that such qualitative theories of economic exploitation and consequent land redistribution within India between 1950 and 1990 had no effect on the quality of life and poverty reduction. Instead, economic reforms since the 1990s and resultant opportunities for non-agricultural jobs have reduced poverty and increased per capita income for all segments of Indian society.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Elephant That Became a Tiger, 20 Years of Economic Reform in India |first=Swaminathan S. Anklesaria |last=Aiyar |date=July 2011 |url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/dpa/dpa13.pdf}}</ref> For specific evidence, Aiyar mentions the following: {{blockquote|Critics believe that the economic liberalisation has benefited just a small elite and left behind the poor, especially the lowest Hindu caste of dalits. But a recent authoritative survey revealed striking improvements in living standards of dalits in the last two decades. Television ownership was up from zero to 45 percent; cellphone ownership up from zero to 36 percent; two-wheeler ownership (of motorcycles, scooters, mopeds) up from zero to 12.3 percent; children eating yesterday's leftovers down from 95.9 percent to 16.2 percent ... Dalits running their own businesses up from 6 percent to 37 percent; and proportion working as agricultural labourers down from 46.1 percent to 20.5 percent.}}

Cassan has studied the differential effect within two segments of India's Dalit community. He finds India's overall economic growth has produced the fastest and more significant socio-economic changes. Cassan further concludes that legal and social program initiatives are no longer India's primary constraint in further advancement of India's historically discriminated castes; further advancement are likely to come from improvements in the supply of quality schools in rural and urban India, along with India's economic growth.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Impact of Positive Discrimination in Education in India: Evidence from a Natural Experiment |first=Guilhem |last=Cassan |publisher=Paris School of Economics and Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquee |date=September 2011 |url=http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.com/cassan-guilhem/stuff/area_restriction_removal.pdf}}</ref>

==Apartheid and discrimination==
The maltreatment of Dalits in India has been described by [[Anand Teltumbde]], Gopal Guru and others as "India's hidden apartheid".<ref name="Gopal">Gopal Guru, with Shiraz Sidhva. [http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_09/uk/doss22.htm India's "hidden apartheid"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111213049/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_09/uk/doss22.htm |date=11 January 2007 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-1-84813-448-5|title=The Persistence of Caste: India's Hidden Apartheid and the Khairlanji Murders|last=Teltumbde|first=Anand|year=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref name=hav1>William A. Haviland, ''Anthropology: The Human Challenge'', 13th edition, Thomson Wadsworth, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-495-81084-1}}, p. 536 (see note 9).</ref> Critics of the accusations point to substantial improvements in the position of Dalits in post-independence India, consequent to the strict implementation of the rights and privileges enshrined in the Constitution of India, as implemented by the Protection of Civil rights Act, 1955.<ref>The Constitution of India by P.M. Bakshi, Universal Law Publishing Co, {{ISBN|81-7534-500-4}}.</ref> They also argue that the practice has disappeared in urban public life.{{sfnp|Mendelsohn|Vicziany|1998|p={{Page needed|date=September 2010}}}}

Recent research by Naveen Bharathi, Deepak Malghan and Andaleeb Rahman found that "the extent of intra-village segregation in Karnataka is greater than the local black-white segregation in the American South that continues to influence residential patterns to this day." They claim that this finding agrees with previous ethnographic research that found that residential space in rural India is segregated along caste lines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/iit/bharathi-malghan-rahman|title=How Wide is the "Sink of Localism" in India?|date=22 November 2020|website=Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.0435-3684.1999.00046.x |title=Hindu cosmology and the orinetation and segregation of social groups in villages in Northwestern India |date=2003 |last1=Singh |first1=Jai Pal |last2=Khan |first2=Mumtaz |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography |volume=81 |pages=19–39 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0435-3684.1999.00046.x|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00045605209352092 |title=Rural Settlement types in the Uttar Pradesh (United Provinces of Agra and Oudh) |date=2008 |last=Ahmad |first=Enayat |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=223–246 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045605209352092|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

An investigation by [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] and the [[Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting]] found that the prison manuals in multiple states had not been updated since the British Raj and were being used to enforce a caste-based segregation of labour within prisons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/segregation-labour-manus-caste-law-governs-indian-prison-system |title=From Segregation to Labour, Manu's Caste Law Governs the Indian Prison System |last=Sukanya |first=Shanta |date=December 10, 2020}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in October 2024 that such practices were a violation of [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India]]. It took note of specific rules in prison manuals of several states that enable such practices and struck them down.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |title=Supreme Court strikes down rules enabling caste discrimination in prisons |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/supreme-court-strikes-down-rules-caste-discrimination-prisons |website=Bar and Bench |date=3 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

Sociologists Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman and Angela Bodino, while critical of caste system, conclude that modern India does not practice [[social apartheid|apartheid]] since there is no state-sanctioned discrimination.<ref name="Reilley et al.">Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman, Angela Bodino, Racism: A Global Reader P21, M.E. Sharpe, 2003 {{ISBN|0-7656-1060-4}}.</ref> They write that casteism in India is presently "not apartheid. In fact, untouchables, as well as tribal people and members of the lowest castes in India benefit from broad affirmative action programmes and are enjoying greater political power."<ref>[http://www.leftjustified.com/leftjust/lib/sc/ht/wtp/india.html Excerpts from The Constitution of India].</ref>

A hypothesis that caste amounts to race has been rejected by some scholars.<ref name="npr">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/racism/010828.caste.html |title=An Untouchable Subject? |publisher=Npr.org |date=29 August 2001 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=B. R. |last=Ambedkar |title=The Annihilation of Caste |page=49 |series=Writings and Speeches |volume=1 |publisher=Education Department, Government of Maharashtra |year=1979|title-link=The Annihilation of Caste }}</ref>{{sfnp|Beteille|2001}} Ambedkar, for example, wrote that "The [[Brahmin]] of Punjab is racially of the same stock as the [[Chamar]] of Punjab. The Caste system does not demarcate racial division. The Caste system is a social division of people of the same race."<ref>{{cite book |first=B. R. |last=Ambedkar |title=The Annihilation of Caste |chapter=5. Caste cannot preserve a nonexistent "racial purity" |title-link=The Annihilation of Caste }}</ref> Various sociologists, anthropologists and historians have rejected the racial origins and racial emphasis of caste and consider the idea to be one that has purely political and economic undertones. Beteille writes that "the Scheduled Castes of India taken together are no more a race than are the Brahmins taken together. Every social group cannot be regarded as a race simply because we want to protect it against prejudice and discrimination",{{sfnp|Beteille|2001}} and that the 2001 Durban conference on racism hosted by the U.N. is "turning its back on established scientific opinion".{{sfnp|Beteille|2001}}{{Better source needed|date=May 2019}}

==In popular culture==

=== In literature ===
[[Mulk Raj Anand]]'s debut novel, ''[[Untouchable (novel)|Untouchable]]'' (1935), is based on the theme of untouchability. The debut novel of [[Arundhati Roy]], ''[[The God of Small Things]]'' (1997), also has themes surrounding the caste system across religions. A lawyer named Sabu Thomas filed a petition to have the book published without the last chapter, which had graphic description of sexual acts between members of different castes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19970630-the-god-of-small-things-petition-adds-a-new-chapter-to-the-arundhati-roy-story-832645-1997-06-29|title=The God of Small Things: Petition adds a new chapter to the Arundhati Roy story|first=Binoo K.|last=John|date=30 June 1997|website=India Today}}</ref> Thomas claimed the alleged obscenity in the last chapter deeply hurts the Syrian Christian community, the basis of the novel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iype |first=George |title=Obscenity case slammed against Arundhati Roy |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/aug/07arun.htm |access-date=10 May 2019 |website=rediff.com}}</ref>

=== In film ===
{{See also|Category:Films about the caste system in India}}
The Hindi film ''[[Achhut Kannya]]'' (''Untouchable Maiden'', 1936), starring [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Devika Rani]], was an early reformist film.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbNVEAAAQBAJ |title=The Bollywood pocketbook of iconic dates |date=2022 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-91028-34-3 |location=Gurgaon |pages=Chapter 5 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> Since then, there are a variety of films focusing on caste discrimination and the depiction of inter-caste relations, such as [[Sujata (1959 film)|''Sujata'']] (1959) and ''[[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]'' (1974).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Amarjit |first=Singh |date=2021 |title=Caste and Cinema: A Sociological Analysis of Caste Representation in Indian Cinema |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350955675 |journal=International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=39–45 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> The largest swell of caste-focused films with lower-caste representation occurred from the 1960s until 1990, during the peak of [[parallel cinema]]. However, since the 1990s, there is a substantial disparity in caste representation in film due to the rise of upper-caste protagonists, casting, and participation in the industry. This can be traced to the beginning of the film industry, which was pioneered by a Brahmin, [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]; since then, while Dalits tried to enter the industry, they were often cast in side roles or as villains.<ref name=":0"/>

In the 21st century, there are several critically acclaimed regional films known for strong caste representation. ''[[Sairat]]'' (2016) and ''[[Fandry]]'' (2013) are both Marathi-language films about inter-caste romance and discrimination and are respected for their Dalit direction and honest depiction of lower-caste experiences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Edachira |first=Manju |date=2020 |title=Anti-caste Aesthetics and Dalit Interventions in Indian Cinema |url=https://www.academia.edu/44130326 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=55 |issue=38 |pages=47–53 |via=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Akshaya |date=2021 |title=Re-Visioning Caste in Indian Cinema |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/836709/pdf |journal=Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=362–391 |doi=10.5325/soundings.104.4.0362 |s2cid=243971704 |via=Project Muse|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018) is a Tamil film on caste violence, and ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016) is an action film starring [[Rajinikanth]], both directed by Dalit filmmaker [[Pa. Ranjith]].<ref name=":1"/>

Unlike regional films, Hindi films are still dominated by upper-caste filmmakers and stories, even when they attempt to discuss caste discrimination. ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]'' (2019) is a crime thriller that stars a Brahmin hero who helps Dalit villagers by investigating the murder of two Dalit girls, and works to erase caste discrimination in the police system. It was a box-office hit but is criticized for its upper-caste casting and victimization of Dalits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=Bidisha |last2=Bhattacharjee |first2=Partha |last3=Tripathi |first3=Priyanka |date=2021 |title=Gendered and Casteist Body: Cast(e)ing and Castigating the Female Body in select Bollywood Films |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2675&context=jiws |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=57–67 |via=Virtual Commons}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Glossary of the study of the caste system in India]]
* ''[[Aggañña Sutta]]''
* [[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]
* [[Inter-caste marriages in India]]
* [[Balinese caste system]]
* [[Caste systems in Africa]]
* [[Caste system in Sri Lanka]]
* [[Caste discrimination in the United States]]
* [[Manual scavenging]] – a caste-based activity in India, officially abolished but still ongoing
* [[Social class in Cambodia]]
* [[Gadjo]]
* [[Caste Census]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
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* {{citation |last=Sathaye |first=Adheesh A. |title=Crossing the Lines of Caste: Visvamitra and the Construction of Brahmin Power in Hindu Mythology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FlMCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 |date=17 April 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-027312-5 }}
* {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |author-link=Arvind Sharma |year=2000 |title=Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564441-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C }}
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* {{citation |last=Silverberg |first=James |date=November 1969 |title=Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: An Interdisciplinary Symposium |journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=443–444 |jstor=2775721 }}
* {{citation |last1=Smelser|title=Social Structure & Mobility in Economic Development|first1=Neil |first2=Seymour |last2=Lipset|year=2005|publisher=Aldine Transaction |isbn=978-0-202-30799-2}}
* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Brian K. |title=Varna and Jati |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Lindsay |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |year=2005 |publisher=MacMillan Reference US |isbn=978-0-02-865734-9 |edition=2nd |ref={{sfnref|Smith, Varna and Jati|2005}}}}
* {{citation |last=Srinivas |first=Mysore N. |title=Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India |location=Oxford |year=1952 |author-link=M. N. Srinivas |ref={{sfnref|M. N. Srinivas, Coorgs of South India|1952}}}}
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* {{citation |last=Stokes |title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India|first=Eric |author-link=Eric Thomas Stokes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-521-29770-7}}
* {{citation |last=Sweetman |first=Will |title=The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism |journal=New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |date=December 2004 |pages=12–38 |url=http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec04/6_2_3.pdf |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=7 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207044659/http://nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec04/6_2_3.pdf }}

* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Precolonial India in practice society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513661-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofGLngEACAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Precolonial India|2001}} }}
* {{citation |last=Thapar |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA63 }}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imtiaz |title=Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India |publisher=Manohar |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-8364-0050-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/castesocialstrat0000ahma}}
* {{cite book |last=Ambedkar |first=Bhimrao |author-link=B. R. Ambedkar |title=Pakistan or the Partition of India |publisher=AMS Press |year=1945 |isbn=978-0-404-54801-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Anthony |first=David W. |year=2007 |title=The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Ansari |first=Ghaus |title=Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Culture Contact |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Cultural Society |year=1960 |asin=B001I50VJG}}
* {{cite book |last=Bayly |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Alan Bayly |title=Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/rulerstownsmenba0000bayl |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-521-22932-6}}
* Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, [[University of California Press]], 1999.
* Acharya [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, [[Delhi]].
* [[Arvind Narayan Das]], Agrarian movements in India : studies on 20th century Bihar (Library of Peasant Studies), Routledge, [[London]], 1982.
* Atal, Yogesh (1968). "The Changing Frontiers of Caste" Delhi, National Publishing House.
* Atal, Yogesh (2006). "Changing Indian Society" Chapter on Varna and Jati. Jaipur, Rawat Publications.
* {{cite book |last=Béteille |first=André |author-link=Andre Beteille |title=Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village |publisher=University of California Press |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-520-02053-5}}
* Duiker/Spielvogel. ''The Essential World History Vol I: to 1800''. 2nd Edition 2005.
* [[Duncan B. Forrester|Forrester, Duncan B.]], 'Indian Christians' Attitudes to Caste in the Nineteenth Century,' in ''Indian Church History Review'' 8, no. 2 (1974): 131–147.
* [[Duncan B. Forrester|Forrester, Duncan B.]], 'Christian Theology in a Hindu Context,' in ''South Asian Review'' 8, no. 4 (1975): 343–358.
* [[Duncan B. Forrester|Forrester, Duncan B.]], 'Indian Christians' Attitudes to Caste in the Twentieth Century,' in ''Indian Church History Review'' 9, no. 1 (1975): 3–22.
* Fárek, M., Jalki, D., Pathan, S., & Shah, P. (2017). Western Foundations of the Caste System. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |author-link=Dipankar Gupta |title=Caste in Question: Identity or Hierarchy? |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7619-3324-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghurye |first=G. S. |author-link=G. S. Ghurye |year=1961 |title=Caste, Class and Occupation |url=https://archive.org/details/casteclassoccupa0000ghur |url-access=registration |publisher=Popular Book Depot, Bombay}}
* Jain, Meenakshi, Congress Party, 1967–77: Role of Caste in Indian Politics (Vikas, 1991), {{ISBN|0-7069-5319-3|}}.
* {{cite book |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2003 |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes |publisher=C. Hurst & Co.}}
* {{Cite journal |title='A Fist Is Stronger than Five Fingers': Caste and Dominance in Rural North India |first=Craig |last=Jeffrey |journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers |series=New Series |volume=26 |year=2001 |pages=217–236 |jstor=3650669 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/1475-5661.00016 |bibcode=2001TrIBG..26..217J}}
* {{cite book |first=Shridhar Venkatesh |last=Ketkar |title=The History of Caste in India: Evidence of the Laws of Manu on the Social Conditions in India During the 3rd Century A.D., Interpreted and Examined |publisher=Rawat Publications |year=1979 |orig-date=1909 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1 |lccn=79912160}}
* {{cite book |first=Pandurang Vaman |last=Kane |author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane |title=History of Dharmasastra: (ancient and mediaeval, religious and civil law) |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1962–1975}}
* {{cite book |first=K. S. |last=Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=Growth of Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Medieval India |year=1995}}
* {{citation |last=Lee |first=Alexander |title=From Hierarchy to Ethnicity: The Politics of Caste in Twentieth-Century India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzQTEAAAQBAJ |year=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48990-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=T. N. |last=Madan |author-link=Triloki Nath Madan |title=Caste |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98395/caste |access-date=15 February 2013}}
* Milner, Murray Jr. (1994). ''Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture'', New York: Oxford University Press.
* {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |pages=188–197 |publisher=Princeton |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-691-08953-9}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Caste System of India |first=Mason |last=Olcott |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=9 |date=December 1944 |pages=648–657 |jstor=2085128 |issue=6 |doi=10.2307/2085128}}
* {{cite book |first=Robin J. |last=Moore |title=Sir Charles Wood's Indian Policy 1853–66 |publisher=Manchester University Press}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Raj |first1=Papia |first2=Aditya |last2=Raj |year=2004 |title=Caste Variation in Reproductive Health of Women in Eastern Region of India: A Study Based on NFHS Data |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=326–346 |doi=10.1177/0038022920040302 |s2cid=157709103}}
* Ranganayakamma (2001). ''For the solution of the "Caste" question, Buddha is not enough, Ambedkar is not enough either, Marx is a must'', Hyderabad : Sweet Home Publications.
*
* Rosas, Paul. "Caste and Class in India," ''Science and Society,'' vol. 7, no. 2 (Spring 1943), pp. 141–167. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40399524 In JSTOR].
* {{cite book |last=Srinivas |first=Mysore N. |title=Caste in Modern India and Other Essays |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1994 |orig-date=1962 |author-link=M. N. Srinivas}}
* {{cite book |first=Mysore N. |last=Srinivas |author-link=M. N. Srinivas |title=Social Change in Modern India |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1995}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bapuji |first1=Hari |last2=Chrispal |first2=Snehanjali |last3=Attri |first3=Pardeep Singh |last4=Ertug |first4=Gokhan |last5=Soundararajan |first5=Vivek |title=An Integrative Review of Management Research on Caste: Broadening Our Horizons |journal=Academy of Management Annals |volume=18 |issue=2 |year=2024 |pages=506–549 |doi=10.5465/annals.2022.0208 |url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2022.0208 |url-access=subscription}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Indian caste system}}
* [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/india0207/ Hidden Apartheid Caste Discrimination against India's "Untouchables"]

{{Reservation in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Social class}}
{{Asia in topic|Caste system in}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste System In India}}
[[Category:Caste system in India| ]]
[[Category:Social class in India| ]]
[[Category:Human rights by issue]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Modern human genetic history]]

Takatak 2

2026-03-04T09:36:09Z

GavinEspinoza2: made new post w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Takatak 2
| image = Takatak 2 film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Milind Kavde
| writer = Milind Kavde
| based_on =
| producer = Om Prakash Bhatt Naresh Choudhary Aditya Joshi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Prathamesh Parab]]
*Akshay Kelkar
*Ajinkya Raut
*Bhoomika Kadam
*Pranali Bhalerao
}}
| cinematography = Hazrat Sheikh Wali
| editing = Guru Patil
| music = [[Varun Likhate]]
| studio = [[Reliance Entertainment]] Purple Bull Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|08|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
}}

'''''Takatak 2''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Milind Kavde. It is the sequel for the 2019 film ''[[Takatak (film)|Takatak]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-takatak-sequel-announcement-zws-70-2447366/ |title='टकाटक'च्या यशानंतर आता 'टकाटक २' |date=18 April 2021|work=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205180938/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-takatak-sequel-announcement-zws-70-2447366/ |archive-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> The film stars [[Prathamesh Parab]], Akshay Kelkar, Ajinkya Raut, Bhoomika Kadam and Pranali Bhalerao.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/prathamesh-parabs-takatak-2-gets-a-new-release-date-film-to-hit-the-theatres-on-august-18/articleshow/92974404.cms |title=Prathamesh Parab's 'Takatak 2' gets a new release date, film to hit the theatres on August 18 |date=19 July 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=5 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722164052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/prathamesh-parabs-takatak-2-gets-a-new-release-date-film-to-hit-the-theatres-on-august-18/articleshow/92974404.cms |archive-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> The popular song "[[Hridayi Vasant Phulatana]]" in the 1988 Marathi comedy drama film ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'' was adapted with the [[Hridayi Vasant Phultana (2022 song)|same title]], featuring Iranian-German actress [[Elnaaz Norouzi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-16 |title='Takatak 2' new song: Elnaaz channels her inner 'Marathi mulgi' in the evergreen chartbuster 'Hridayi Vasant Phultana'- Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-2-new-song-elnaaz-channels-her-inner-marathi-mulgi-in-the-evergreen-chartbuster-hridayi-vasant-phultana-watch/articleshow/93577652.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 18 August 2022 coinciding [[Janmastami]].<ref name=":0" /> The film grossed over {{INRConvert|2.11|c}} in the first weekend of release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-23 |title='Takatak 2' weekend box office collection: Prathamesh Parab starrer earns Rs 2.11 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-2-weekend-box-office-collection-prathamesh-parab-starrer-earns-rs-2-11-crore/articleshow/93716450.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=March 2024}}

==Cast==
*[[Prathamesh Parab]] as Ganya
*Akshay Kelkar as Chandu
*Ajinkya Raut as Sharya
*Bhumika Kadamb as Mini
*Pranali Bhalerao as Kamakshi
*Komal Bodkhe as Ankita
*Mayuri Aawhad as Reena
*Tushar Mane as Kartik
*[[Bharat Ganeshpure]] Chandu's father
*Smita Dongre as Ganya's mother
*Swapnil Rajshekhar as Desai
*Kiran Mane as Chandu's father
*Sushant Divekar as Gabalya
*Pankaj Vishnu as Prof. Jondhale
*Rushi Machche as Santosh
*Akshay Jadhav as Dinesh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2022-08-19 |title='TAKATAK 2′ (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 19 August, 2022 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/takatak-2-marathi-review-19-august-2022/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Production==
Muhurat shot and formal launch was done on 15 April 2021 in Goa, India. Principal photography began that day, as informed by the makers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-2-prathamesh-parab-gives-a-glimpse-of-mahurat-pooja-as-he-kick-starts-shooting-of-his-upcoming-sequel/articleshow/82079820.cms |title='Takatak 2': Prathamesh Parab gives a glimpse of Mahurat pooja as he kick-starts shooting of his upcoming sequel |date=15 April 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=5 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514113018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-2-prathamesh-parab-gives-a-glimpse-of-mahurat-pooja-as-he-kick-starts-shooting-of-his-upcoming-sequel/articleshow/82079820.cms |archive-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> On 22 April 2021, first schedule Complete.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmmaker-milind-kavde-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-takatak-2-in-goa-shares-a-group-with-the-star-cast/articleshow/82195191.cms |title=Filmmaker Milind Kavde wraps up the first schedule of 'Takatak 2' in Goa; shares a group photo with the star cast |date=22 April 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325045602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmmaker-milind-kavde-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-takatak-2-in-goa-shares-a-group-with-the-star-cast/articleshow/82195191.cms |archive-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> On 6 July 2021, entire shooting of the film has been wrapped up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/first-all-shooting-parabs-upcoming-movie-takatak-2-over-a603/ |title=प्रथमेश परबचा आगामी सिनेमा 'टकाटक २'चे शूटिंग पूर्ण |date=6 July 2021|work=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205164716/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/first-all-shooting-parabs-upcoming-movie-takatak-2-over-a603/ |archive-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was theatrically released on 18 August 2022 all over Maharashtra.<ref name=":0" />
==Critical reception==
A reviewer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote"You can question the content of the film, but the Takatak franchise seems to have cracked the formula for commercial success. If sex sells, then Tatatak 2 sells it with a side of heartfelt stories and lovable characters".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/takatak-2/amp_movie_review/93642239.cms |title=Takatak 2 Movie Review: If sex sells, then Tatatak 2 sells it with a side of heartfelt stories |date=18 August 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=5 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424051513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/takatak-2/amp_movie_review/93642239.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Lokmat]]'' says "This film is not just a thriller, it tries to say something. Youngsters must watch this movie, but others should also watch it once".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/takatak-2-marathi-movie-review-prathamesh-parabs-takatak-comedy-read-this-review-before-watching-the-movie-a603/ |title=Takatak 2 Marathi Movie Review : प्रथमेश परबची 'टकाटक' कॉमेडी, सिनेमा पाहण्यापूर्वी वाचा हा रिव्ह्यू |date=18 August 2022|work= [[Lokmat]] |language=mr|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205154034/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/takatak-2-marathi-movie-review-prathamesh-parabs-takatak-comedy-read-this-review-before-watching-the-movie-a603/ |archive-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Takatak 2
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Varun Likhte
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:48
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2021
| year = 2022
| next_title =
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|VNQ3b9Gx-Iw| Takatak 2- Full Album}}
}}
}}

The songs are composed by Varun Likhte and the lyrics are penned by Jai Atre. The first song titled "Ghe Takatak De Takatak" was released on 26 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-marathi-film-takatak-2-title-song-released-1083471 |title=TakaTak 2 : 'घे टकाटक, दे टकाटक', बहुचर्चित 'टकाटक 2'चं धम्माल टायटल साँग प्रदर्शित! |date=16 July 2022|work=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205170720/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-marathi-film-takatak-2-title-song-released-1083471 |archive-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> and second song titled "[[Hridayi Vasant Phultana (2022 song)|Hridayi Vasant Phultana]]" was released on 16 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/takatak-2-new-song-hrudai-vasant-phultana-is-out-141660628934170.html |title=Takatak 2: 'हृदयी वसंत फुलताना...' या गाण्याचे नवे व्हर्जन ऐकलेत का? |date=16 August 2022|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=mr|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205170327/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/takatak-2-new-song-hrudai-vasant-phultana-is-out-141660628934170.html |archive-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Artist(s)
|total_length = 10:48
| title1= Ghe Takatak De Takatak
| extra1 =Harwardhan Wavare, Mugdha Karhade
| length1 = 2:39
| title2 = Lagin Ghayee
| extra2 = Anand Shinde, Kavita Ram
| length2 = 4:08
| title3 = Ghe Takatak De Takatak (extended version )
| extra3 = Harshwardhan Wavare, Mugdha Karhade
| length3 = 4:01
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21093606}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2020s Marathi-language comedy drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bhor]]
[[Category:Teen sex comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

Thalai Koduthaan Thambi

2026-03-04T05:01:48Z

GavinEspinoza2: made initial data more to come - done

{{short description|1959 film by T. R. Sundaram}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thalai Koduthaan Thambi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| screenplay = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| starring = [[S. S. Rajendran]] [[R. S. Manohar]] [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] [[Malini (Tamil actress)|''Miss'' Malini]]
| cinematography = C. A. S. Mani
| editing = L. Balu
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| released = {{Film date|1959}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thalai Koduthaan Thambi''''' ({{translation|Younger brother gave his head}}) is 1959 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical fiction|historical]] [[action drama film]], directed and produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] of [[Modern Theatres]],<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=21 November 2015 |title=Thalai Koduthaan Thambi (1959) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/column-on-thalai-koduthaan-thambi/article7903785.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127003930/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/column-on-thalai-koduthaan-thambi/article7903785.ece |archive-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> and written by [[Murasoli Maran]]. Music was by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]. It stars [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[R. S. Manohar]] and Malini.

== Plot ==
The film is about a princess, who falls in love with a commoner from another kingdom. The Kings, however object to her marrying a common man. The princess feigns her suicide and [[Elopement|elopes]] with her lover to his kingdom.<ref name="thehindu" />

Upon reaching it, the princess is shocked when she discovers that the man is already married and has a child too. The husband loses both his arms in an accident and hands over his first born son with his first wife, to a friend. The princess also delivers a son, who grows up with her.<ref name="thehindu" />

On her death bed, the princess reveals the truth about her husband and about the existence of a stepbrother. The enraged son vows to kill the man who duped his mother. In the course of events, the two brothers end up in the same prison, and when they meet they are unaware of their real identities. What happens to the brothers as they find out about their real identities forms the rest of the film.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Cast ==
Cast according to the opening credits of the film
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[S. S. Rajendran]] as Indrajith
* [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] as Inbasakaran
* [[R. S. Manohar|S. Manohar]] as Vijayan
* T. K. Ramachandran as Naganathan
* V. R. Rajagopal as Manmadhan
;Male support cast
* Narayana Pillai, Sethupathi, K. V. Srinivasan, Kittan, Thirupathisami, Santhanam M. A. Ganapathi and V. P. S. Mani.
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[Malini (Tamil actress)|''Miss'' Malini]] as Poongodi
* [[Tambaram Lalitha|''Tambaram'' Lalitha]] as Shanthavalli
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Radhi
* P. S. Gnanam as Punidhai
* K. V. Shanthi
* ''Baby'' Uma as Poongodi's daughter
{{col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neelamegam|first=G.|title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1|publisher=Manivasagar Publishers|year=2014|location=Chennai|pages=170|language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Kadhai Kadhaiyam Kaaranamaam" || A. L. Raghavan & Jikki || rowspan=6|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:21
|-
| "Thalai Kodutthaan Thambi" || rowspan=3|N. L. Ganasaraswathi, S. C. Krishnan & Seerkazhi Govindarajan || 06:12
|-
| "Panneeril Thalai Muzhugi" || 06:03
|-
| "Anaivarum Karuthudan" || 06:12
|-
| "Bham Bham...Kaalaiyil Raajaa Aanaaraam" || K. Jamuna Rani & S. C. Krishnan || 03:30
|-
| "Ondru Seraa Iru Dhuruvam" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:18
|-
| "Thaen Venduma Illai Naan Venduma" || Jikki || rowspan=2|[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]|| 03:23
|-
| "Thulli Thulli Alaigal Ellaam" || A. M. Rajah & P. Suseela || 03:37
|-
| "Vaada Vetthalai Vadhanga Vetthalai" || A. L. Raghavan & K. Jamuna Rani || rowspan=2|[[Suratha]]|| 02:49
|-
| "Vachchirukken Naan" || K. Jamuna Rani || 3:00
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Modern Theatres}}
{{T. R. Sundaram}}

[[Category:1950s action drama films]]
[[Category:1950s historical action films]]
[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 action films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about princesses]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Sundaram]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Veer (1995 film)

2026-03-04T00:04:11Z

GavinEspinoza2: reworked lead per standard format after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veer
| image = Veer1995.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Kanti Shah]]
| producer = Surekha Gawli
| writer = Kanti Shah
| screenplay = Mangesh Kulkarni
| story =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Gautami]] [[Jaya Pradha]] [[Armaan Kohli]]
| music = Dilip Sen Sameer Sen
| cinematography =
| editing = Jeetendra Chawda
| studio = Jockey Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1995|9|1}}
| runtime = 124 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Veer''''' is a 1995 Indian [[action film]] directed by [[Kanti Shah]] and produced by Surekha Gawli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VEER (1995)|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e3616a3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118154707/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e3616a3|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-18|website=BFI}}</ref> It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Jaya Pradha]], [[Gautami]] and [[Armaan Kohli]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/veer-7913/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728132841/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/veer-7913/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=28 July 2018 |title=Movie overview |date=2018-07-28 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FilmiClub|title=Veer (1995)|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/veer-1995-hindi-movie|access-date=2022-01-18|website=FilmiClub}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revolves around the life of Veer (Dharmendra), a patriotic person who fights against the underworld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veer - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2938|access-date=2022-01-18|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Veer / Ram (Double Role)
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Rani
*[[Armaan Kohli]] as Arjun
*[[Gautami]] as Rekha Singh, Commissioner Randhir's daughter
*[[Kader Khan]] as Shyam / Advocate Vishwanath (Double Role)
*[[Mukesh Khanna]] as Tiger
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Police Commissioner Randhir Singh
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Inspector Amar Mukhtar
*[[Deepak Shirke]] as Chikoo Tandia
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Khaali Chua
*[[Ishrat Ali (actor)|Ishrat Ali]] as Shabbir Lukka
*[[Brownie Parasher]] as Gomes
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Narayan Mathur

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by duo of Sameer Sen and Dilip Sen while lyrics are penned by Faiz Anwar, Rani Malik, Poonam, Shyam Anuragi and Maya Govind.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)

|-

| 1

| "Balle Balle"

| [[Sudesh Bhosle]], Bali Brahmbhatt, Sameer Sen - Dilip Sen

| Maya Govind

|-

|2

| "Dhoom Dhadaka"

| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]

| Poonam

|-

| 3

| "Gore Gore Gaal Mere"

| Sameer Sen - Dilip Sen, Poornima

| [[Maya Govind]]

|-

| 4

| "Tere Hain Hum"

| Kumar Sanu, [[Alka Yagnik]]

| Rani Malik

|-

| 5

| "Take It Easy"

| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Pradeep Lad

| Shyam Anuragi

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=1027867}}

[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kanti Shah]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ranga (S.S.L.C)

2026-03-03T21:46:51Z

GavinEspinoza2: added some details initial version

{{short description|2004 film by Yogaraj Bhatt}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Ranga (S.S.L.C)
|image = Ranga SSLC.jpg
| caption = [[VCD]] [[Optical disk packaging|cover]]
|director = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
|producer = N. Kumar
|story = [[Duniya Soori|Soori]]
|screenplay = Soori
|starring = [[Sudeep]] [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
|music = [[Sandeep Chowta]]
|cinematography = [[Krishna (cinematographer)|Krishna]]
|editing = Nagendra Urs
|country = [[India]]
|language = Kannada
|studio = Sri Lakshmi Films
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|04|23|[[India]]}}<ref name=sify>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/preview-ranga-s-s-l-c-news-kannada-kkfvNLdgbbisi.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140626131517/http://www.sify.com/movies/preview-ranga-s-s-l-c-news-kannada-kkfvNLdgbbisi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 26, 2014|title=Preview: Ranga (S.S.L.C)|website=[[Sify]]|date=Feb 13, 2004}}</ref>
|budget =
|gross =
}}

'''''Ranga (S.S.L.C)''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Masala film]] directed by [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and produced by N. Kumar. It stars [[Sudeep]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/12/stories/2004041201060200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121220456/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/12/stories/2004041201060200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-21|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-04-12|title=It's Ranga S.S.L.C. now!}}</ref> The film was an average success at the box office and was later dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Ranga Dada'' in 2013. The Music was composed by [[Sandeep Chowta]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/this-day-that-year-yogaraj-bhats-ranga-s-s-l-c-completes-17-years-of-its-release/articleshow/82201331.cms | title=This Day, That Year: Yogaraj Bhat's 'Ranga (S.S.L.C)' completes 17 years of its release - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=February 2025}}

Ranga, a [[autorickshaw]] [[Driving|driver]], attempts to clear his [[SSLC]] [[exams]], but in vain. His ongoing rivalry with Bomb Naga, who thinks that Ranga killed his son, takes a toll on his life.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sudeep]] as Ranga, an Auto-rikshaw driver
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Padma
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Kunta Naga
* [[Bank Janardhan]] as Pandu, Padma's father
* [[Umashree]] as Paru, Ranga's mother
* Myna Chandru as Japan, Ranga's sidekick
* [[Nagashekar]]
* [[Duniya Vijay|Vijay]] as Kariya, Naga's right-hand henchman (uncredited)
}}
==Production==
The film was launched on 23 January 2004. This was the 23rd film produced by Kumar.<ref name=sify />
==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ranga SSLC
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = March 23 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[ Feature Film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:36
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
| producer = [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| prev_title = [[Company (2002 film)|Company]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Super (2005 film)|Super]]
| next_year = 2005
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|9CiBgAPa2WI|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The music is scored by [[Sandeep Chowta]] and was well received. All the songs' lyrics were written by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000071|title=Ranga SSLC Songs - Kannada Movie Songs - Raaga.com|work=Raaga.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sudeep-sings-for-ranga-sslc-news-kannada-kkfvMbajbjhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116105903/http://www.sify.com/movies/sudeep-sings-for-ranga-sslc-news-kannada-kkfvMbajbjhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2014|title=Sudeep sings for Ranga SSLC|website=[[Sify]]|date=May 5, 2004  }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song title !! Singers
|-
|"Dove Dove Duniya Kano" || [[Sudeep]]
|-
|"Manase Manase" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|"Oora Kannu" || [[Raju Ananthaswamy]], [[Sonu Kakkar]]
|-
|"Chitte Chitte" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Shamita Malnad]]
|-
|"Bhoomi Yake Thiruguthaithe" || [[Sudeep]], [[Raju Ananthaswamy]], [[Shamita Malnad]]
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "Overall, ''Ranga (SSLC)'' is perfect masala entertainer in all aspect; for all class!".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_ranga_sslc.asp | title=Ranga (SSLC) film review - starring Sudeep & Ramya - directed by Yogaraj Bhat }}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo'' wrote that "Overall a good pastime".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040615142851/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/rangasslc.html ''indiainfo'' film review]</ref> S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' praised the acting of Sudeep, Divya, Umashree, Soori's dialogues, Chowta's music and Krishna's cinematography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr252004/mr2.asp|title=Ranga SSLC|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=21 March 2025|date=25 April 2004|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231152707/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr252004/mr2.asp|archive-date=31 December 2004}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="infobox" style="width: 22.7em; text-align: left; font-size: 85%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #eef;"
|-
| colspan="3" |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #d9e8ff; text-align: center;" | Awards and nominations
|- style="background-color:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;" | Award
| style="background:#cceecc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px" | Wins
| style="background:#eecccc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px" | Nominations
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|0}}
|}
|- style="background-color:#d9e8ff"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''Totals'''
|-
| {{won|Awards won}}
| colspan="2" width=50 {{won|1}}
|-
| {{nom|Nominations}}
| colspan="2" width=50 {{nom|0}}
|}
'''[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] :-'''
* Best Female Dubbing Artist - Deepa<ref name="KSFAW">{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/awards/2940-2004-05-state-awards-list.html|title=2004-05 State Awards List|publisher=chitraloka.com|date=21 September 2005 |access-date=16 May 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105821/http://www.chitraloka.com/awards/2940-2004-05-state-awards-list.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0420854|Ranga (S.S.L.C)}}

{{Yogaraj Bhat}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yogaraj Bhat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2004 comedy-drama films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Aanandhapuram Diaries

2026-03-03T09:37:40Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating basic pg more to come

{{Short description|2024 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aanandhapuram Diaries
| image = Aanandhapuram Diaries.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jaya Jose Raj
| producer = Sasi Gopalan Nair
| screenplay = Jaya Jose Raj
| story = Sasi Gopalan Nair
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Jaya Jose Raj
}}
| starring = [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| music = {{Ubl
| [[Shaan Rahman]]
| Albert Vijayan
| Jackson Vijayan
}}
| cinematography = Sajith Purushan
| editing = {{Ubl| Appu Bhattathiri
| Shaijas K. M.}}
| studio = Neil Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|3|1|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Aanandhapuram Diaries''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language drama film written and directed by Jaya Jose Raj. The film stars [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] alongside [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Roshan Abdul Rahoof]], [[Maala Parvathi]], and [[Manoj K. Jayan]] in pivotal roles.

== Plot ==
After facing rough times in life, Nandini, a resilient and tough woman returns to Law College to finish her education. She finds solace in new friendships. Unknowingly she gets into dangerous conflicts that threaten the social fabric of society.

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name="OMR" />
{{Cast listing|
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Nandini
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] as Professor Paul Durairaj
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Advocate Easwar
* [[Roshan Abdul Rahoof]] as Adithyan
* Shikha Santhosh as Rebecca
* Abhishek Udayakumar as Hari
* [[Siddharth Sivakumar|Siddharth Siva]] as Professor Veerendren
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Usman
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Judge Azees
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Special public prosecutor
* [[Remya Suresh]] as Malini's mother
* [[Sooraj Thelakkad]] as Sajju
* Sanjana Sajan as Malini
* Murali Vidhyadharan as Principal
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in September 2023, with filming already underway in [[Kalpetta]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Meena All Set For Her Malayalam Debut In Anandapuram Diaries |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-meena-all-set-for-her-malayalam-debut-in-anandapuram-diaries-8576291.html |work=News18 |date=13 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meena returns to Malayalam in Jaya Jose Raj's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meena-returns-to-malayalam-in-jaya-jose-rajs-next/articleshow/103751920.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 September 2023}}</ref> On 26 October 2023, it was reported that the filming had been completed<ref>{{cite news |title=Filming of Meena-starrer Anandapuram Diaries wraps up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Oct/26/filming-of-meena-starrer-anandapuram-diaries-wraps-up-48979.html |work=Cinema Express |date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> in [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite news |title=It's a wrap for 'Anandapuram Diaries', starring Meena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-anandapuram-diaries-starring-meena/articleshow/104755790.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 October 2023}}</ref> The film is directed by Jaya Jose Raj, who made his feature film debut with ''Idam'' (2019).<ref>{{cite news |title=Meena to headline new Malayalam film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Sep/05/meena-to-headline-new-malayalam-film-47342.html |work=Cinema Express |date=6 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The story of the film is written by Sasi Gopalan Nair, who also produced the film under the banner Neil Productions.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's A Wrap For Meena's Upcoming Malayalam Film Anandapuram Diaries |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-meenas-upcoming-malayalam-film-anandapuram-diaries-8637396.html |work=News18 |date=28 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110061843/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/its-a-wrap-for-meenas-upcoming-malayalam-film-anandapuram-diaries-8637396.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='ഇതിലും മികച്ച രീതിയിൽ ഇത് ചിത്രീകരിക്കാൻ കഴിയില്ല'; ആനന്ദപുരം ഡയറീസിനെ പ്രശംസിച്ച് ജസ്റ്റിസ് കമാൽ പാഷ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!entertainment/aanandhapuram-diaries-movie-review-justice-kamal-pasha-kls24030302898 |work=[[ETV Bharat News]] |date=3 March 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aanandhapuram Diaries
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shaan Rahman]], Albert Vijayan, Jackson Vijayan''' Score:''' [[Rahul Raj]]
| cover =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:17
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|xT8JULENQMM|Aanandhapuram Diaries – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The songs were composed by [[Shaan Rahman]], Albert Vijayan, and Jackson Vijayan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aanandhapuram Diaries |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/search/song/Aanandhapuram%20Diaries |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aaru Nee Kanmani
| length1 = 4:35
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed|Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| music1 = Albert Vijayan
| title2 = Ankam Vettan Munnil
| length2 = 3:01
| lyrics2 = [[Manu Manjith]]
| extra2 = [[Yazin Nizar]], Mithun Jayaraj
| music2 = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| title3 = Innee Jeevitham
| length3 = 3:14
| lyrics3 = Sinan Abraham
| extra3 = Jackson Vijayan
| music3 = Jackson Vijayan
| title4 = Kannilooorumoru Neermani
| length4 = 2:39
| lyrics4 = Manu Manjith
| extra4 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| music4 = Shaan Rahman
| title5 = Panchami Raavil Pothinkal
| length5 = 3:36
| lyrics5 = Manu Manjith
| extra5 = [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]], [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| music5 = Shaan Rahman
| title6 = Pottuthottorungi Ninnu
| length6 = 3:19
| lyrics6 = Manu Manjith, Suresh Mathew (Choottu)
| extra6 = Sujatha, Sooraj Santhosh
| music6 = Shaan Rahman & Suresh Mathew (Choottu)
| title7 = Sathyameva Jayathe
| length7 = 2:53
| lyrics7 = Manu Manjith
| extra7 = Rani Sajeev, Dakshina Indu Mithun, Ashwin Vijay, Sreejith Subramanian
| music7 = Shaan Rahman
| total_length = 23:17
}}

== Release ==
''Aanandhapuram Diaries'' was released theatrically on 1 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title='ആനന്ദപുരം ഡയറീസ്' ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക്; സ്ട്രീമിംഗ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു - Aanandhapuram Diaries movie ott release date announced manorama max sun nxt Meena Sagar T Srikant manoj k - Asianet News Malayalam |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/aanandhapuram-diaries-movie-ott-release-date-announced-manorama-max-sun-nxt-meena-sagar-t-srikant-manoj-k-jayan-skkok7 |work=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Malayalam]] |date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=29 September 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929160701/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/aanandhapuram-diaries-movie-ott-release-date-announced-manorama-max-sun-nxt-meena-sagar-t-srikant-manoj-k-jayan-skkok7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[ManoramaMAX]] and the film began streaming on the platform from 4 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title='Aanandhapuram Diaries' OTT release: When and where to watch Meena's feel-good drama movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aanandhapuram-diaries-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-meenas-feel-good-drama-movie/articleshow/113797517.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anandapuram Diaries OTT: ആനന്ദപുരം ഡയറീസ് ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/anandapuram-diaries-ott-release-date-platform-7189094 |work=[[Indian Express Malayalam]] |date=30 September 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "A Heartwarming Tale Of A Woman's Determination And Resilience".<ref>{{cite news |title=Aanandhapuram Diaries: A Heartwarming Tale Of A Woman's Determination And Resilience |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/aanandhapuram-diaries-a-heartwarming-tale-of-a-womans-determination-and-resilience-review-108153783 |work=Times Now |date=2 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205173623/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/aanandhapuram-diaries-a-heartwarming-tale-of-a-womans-determination-and-resilience-review-108153783 |url-status=live }}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "While the filmmaker deserves praise for discussing a social menace, it seemed a bit forced. Also, the film struggles to stay focused on one theme."<ref name="OMR">{{cite news |title=Meena's comeback Malayalam movie is engaging but struggles to stay focused {{!}} 'Aanandhapuram Diaries' review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/03/01/meena-malayalam-movie-jaya-jose-raj-aanandhapuram-diaries-review.html |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=1 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Shashtipoorthi

2026-03-03T09:29:40Z

GavinEspinoza2: made new post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language film by Pavan Prabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shashtipoorthi
| image = Shashtipoorthi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pavan Prabha
| screenplay =
| writer = Pavan Prabha
| producer = Rupesh Kumar Choudhary
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
* Rupesh Kumar Choudhary
* [[Akanksha Singh]]
}}
| cinematography = Raam
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| music = [[Ilayaraja]]
| studio = Maai Aaie Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|05|30}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shashtipoorthi''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Pavan Prabha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-05-30 |title='Shashtipoorthi' review: A heartfelt family drama rooted in values and emotions |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/shashtipoorthi-review-a-heartfelt-family-drama-rooted-in-values-and-emotions-975567 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]], Rupesh Kumar Choudhary, [[Aakanksha Singh]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-05-21 |title=Aakanksha Singh returns to Telugu cinema with 'Shashtipoorthi' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aakanksha-singh-returns-to-telugu-cinema-with-shashtipoorthi/article69600608.ece |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The film was released on 30 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-05-06 |title='Shashtipoorthi' promises a musical & nostalgic ride; releasing on May 30 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/shashtipoorthi-promises-a-musical-nostalgic-ride-releasing-on-may-30-968765 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="మే 30న రాజేంద్ర ప్రసాద్ షష్టిపూర్తి">{{cite news |title=మే 30న రాజేంద్ర ప్రసాద్ షష్టిపూర్తి |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/shashtipoorthi-set-for-release-on-may-30th-om-62704.html |accessdate=7 May 2025 |publisher=Chitrajyothy |date=6 May 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507081738/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/shashtipoorthi-set-for-release-on-may-30th-om-62704.html |archivedate=7 May 2025 |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=July 2025}}

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Diwakar
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Bhuvana
* Rupesh Kumar Choudhary as Sri Ram
* [[Aakanksha Singh]] as Janaki
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]]
* Chalaki Chanti
* [[Chakrapani Ananda]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Muralidhar Goud]]
* Anil
* Jabardasth Ram
* Latha
* Swetha
* Ruhi
* Sanjay Swarup
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha
}}

==Music==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| total_length =
| all_music = [[Ilayaraja]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Iru Kannulu Kannulu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Charan]], [[Vibhavari Apte Joshi]]
| lyrics1 = Rahman
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Yedo Yejanmalodo
| extra2 = [[Ananya Bhat]]
| lyrics2 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length2 = 5:33
| title3 = Veyi Venuvulu
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Vibhavari Apte Joshi
| lyrics3 = Chaitanya Prasad
| length3 = 6:18
| title4 = Rathrantha Rache
| extra4 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Nithyasree Venkatramanan
| title5 = Ottu Petti Raaja
| length5 = 4:53
| lyrics5 = Rehman
| extra5 = S. P. Charan
| lyrics4 = Chaitanya Prasad
| length4 = 5:36
}}

== Release and reception ==
Shashtipoorthi was released on 30 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-06 |title=Shashtipoorthi makers set a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/06/shashtipoorthi-makers-set-a-release-date |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 praising the music and cinematography, while criticizing the narration, and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashtipoorthi Movie Review: A relatable relationship drama, held back by a plodding screenplay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shashtipoorthi/movie-review/121552032.cms |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated it 1.5 out of 5, stating, "a <bdi>technically strong melodrama marred by its outdated sensibilities</bdi>".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-06-01 |title=Shashtipoorthi movie review: A technically strong melodrama marred by its outdated sensibilities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jun/01/shashtipoorthi-movie-review-a-technically-strong-melodrama-marred-by-its-outdated-sensibilities |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the movie 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=‘Shashtipoorthi’ review: A heartfelt family drama rooted in values and emotions |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/shashtipoorthi-review-a-heartfelt-family-drama-rooted-in-values-and-emotions-975567 |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=30 May 2025 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36599929}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]

Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Girinagar

2026-03-02T02:02:54Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating some pg basic info

{{Cleanup school|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Girinagar
| image =
| caption = The School's Official Logo
| region = Girinagar
| city = [[Kochi]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|9.957919|76.300140|region:IN_type:edu_scale:2000_source:wikimapia|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = Private recognized, Higher and Senior Secondary School (from Kindergarten)
| motto = Aano Bhadrah Kratavo Yantu Vishwatah
| motto_translation = Let Noble thoughts come to us from every side
| established = 
| founded =
| opened = 1977
| founder = Dr. Kulapati M. Munshi
| sister_school = Bhavan's Vidya Mandir (Elamakkara); [[Bhavans Varuna Vidhyalaya]] ([[Thrikkakara]]); [[Bhavan's Adarsha Vidyalaya]] ([[Kakkanad]]); [[Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Eroor]]; Bhavan's Munshi Vidyashram (Thiruvankulam)
| school_board = CBSE
| director = Sri. E Ramankutty
| principal = Mrs. Sreejyothi N
| staff = 113 (32 non-teaching staff)
| teaching_staff = 82
| enrollment = 1800
| language = English
| campus_size = 1.7 acres
| houses = Ahimsa (Non-Violence) Dharmam (Virtue) Jnanam (Knowledge) Sathyam (Truth) Sevanam (Service) Shanthi (Peace) Thyagam (Sacrifice) Vinayam (Kind-Heartedness)
| song = Bhavan's Anthem (Jai Jai Vidya)
| publication = Bhavana, Toolika
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] (Central Board of Secondary Education), India
| website = {{URL|http://www.bhavansgirinagar.ac.in}}
}}
[[File:Main Block BVM Girinagar April 9 2024.jpg|thumb|alt=School Main Block on a sunny day|Main Block BVM Girinagar]]

'''Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Girinagar''' (B.V.M. (G)) is a Senior Secondary School (Std. I–XII) affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), New Delhi. It is a part of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, a group of educational institutions and is situated in Girinagar, Ernakulam ([[Kochi]]), [[Kerala]], India.

== History ==
Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Girinagar was founded in 1977 on {{convert|1.7|acre|m2}} of land donated by the Cochin Shipyard in the heart of Kochi City.

The school functions under the purview of the Kochi Kendra of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, which runs 7 schools in Kochi. Apart from the main subjects taught, the school also has [[basketball]] and [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC) coaching after school timings, which generally runs on Mondays–Tuesdays 3:00–5:00 PM.  The school got the Best School Award 2011 in India. The school has nearly 2000 students and 100 teachers.

== Timings ==

The school has three terms for Classes 1–5—first term is June–August, second term September–December, third term January–March.

For classes 6–10 it has two terms—first term June–Early October (starting 2012–13, May–September), second term Mid-October–March (starting 2012–13, October–March). The school opens at the beginning of June for Class I to VIII, XI and May for Classes IX–X and XII), and closes in March.

The summer vacation lasts from April beginning to May end for Class 1–8 and Class 11. For Class 9, 10, and 12, April alone is the month of vacation and May marks the beginning of their classes.

The school timing is from 8.30am to 3pm for classes 1 to 12 and functions from Monday to Friday.

== Academics ==
The school is open from Grade 1 to Grade 12 [1st standard to 12th standard] and the age group is from 6 years to 17 years. The school is divided into Primary [1–5], Secondary [6–10] and Senior Secondary [11–12] classes. Apart from the main subjects taught at school, the school also has basketball, volleyball, cricket and NCC coachings after school timings.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Sriram Venkitaraman]] IAS bureaucrat, doctor
* [[Dijo Jose Antony]], film director
* [[Divyaa Unni]]
* [[Vidhya Unni]]

== Facilities ==
* 51 classrooms equipped with '''Senses Boards'''
* Fully air-conditioned computer lab
* Junior science, Science and ATL labs
* Library
* Music, Dance, Tabla, Keyboard, Jazz, Yoga, Sports, NCC, karate, Drawing, Work Experience and Art and Craft room
* Air conditioned Audio-visual room
* Courts for cricket, football, basketball, tennis, badminton and martial arts
* Canteen Facility (provides Indian Lunch at afternoon for every student at a very low cost)
* Four Language Rooms
* Fully Air conditioned Auditorium
* Resource Room to aid students with learning disabilities

== An Add-On Facility: The "INTERACTIVE PANEL BOARD" ==
Intelligent Interactive Panels for classrooms.
[[File:Interactive Panel in 6B Class.jpg|thumb|alt=Interactive Panel in a classroom|Interactive Panel]]
The education sector is not an exception to its skyrocketing advancements in the field of technology. The school classrooms now have become highly digitalized, incorporating technology and teaching. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan is always at the forefront to experiment, filter, and accept novel ideas with the changing scenario. As the school has reopened after two years of online classes, it has reached a step ahead by opting for a senses board in all the classrooms, from Std 1 to 12. This new initiative enables visual stimulation and helps the students to understand even complicated concepts into bite-sized ones that are easy to memorize. The major attraction is that as it is a touch screen, the conventional method of using chalk has been replaced by a stylus to write on the smart board.

<ref>https://www.bhavansgirinagar.ac.in/Facility/INTERACTIVE%20PANEL%20BOARD</ref>

==Launching of the School Website==

The school website was formally launched in June 2012.
The website URL is: {{URL|http://www.bhavansgirinagar.ac.in}}

== The PEACE Programme ==
The school has a yearly exchange programme called the PEACE (Programme for Educational and Cultural Exchange) with the students of [[The Judd School]] and [[Tunbridge Wells Girls' Grammar School]], [[Kent]], [[England]]. This is an exchange programme in which 28 students and five teachers are hosted by students and teachers of one of the member schools for approximately 3 weeks in an academic year; the next year, the students and teachers who hosted during the previous year travel to be hosted by those who visited them the prior year. This program was started in the year 1995 and has been very successful. The programme has been halted since the COVID-19 pandemic.

== Subjects and Periods ==

The school has eight periods of 40 minutes each in a day.

==Academics==

===CLASS I to X===

=== All subjects and languages are to be studied compulsorily unless said below. ===
* For '''Class I–V''', there are four, five or six main Subjects—[[Maths]], [[General Science]], [[Social Science]] (only for class 3rd–5th), [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] (3rd Language, Compulsory) and [[Malayalam]] or [[Sanskrit]] (either of them—2nd language, from 2nd standard onwards). '''For Std.I, Malayalam language is compulsory.'''
* For '''Class VI–VIII''', there are five or six main subjects—[[Maths]], [[Science]], (further divided into [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Biology]]), [[Social Science]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]] or [[Sanskrit]].
* For '''Class IX and X''', everything is the same as Class VI–VIII except for Hindi becoming optional along with Sanskrit and Malayalam.

===CLASS XI and XII===
'''GROUP 1'''
* A: Bio-Mathematics—English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics.
* B: Computer-Maths—English, Computer Science (Practicals and Theory), Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics
* C: Bio-Info - English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Informatics Practices.
'''GROUP 2'''
* A: Commerce-Maths—Business Studies, Accountancy, Economics, Mathematics and English.
* B: Commerce-Info—English, Business Studies, Accountancy, Economics, Informatics Practices.
'''GROUP 3'''
* A: Humanities-Maths—History, Psychology, Economics, Mathematics and English.
* B: Humanities-Info—History, Psychology, Economics, Informatics Practices and English.

AI has also been provided as an additional skill subject, accessible to any group.
Students can choose any one from these 5 sets.
<ref>https://www.bhavansgirinagar.ac.in/Senior-Secondary</ref>

==Co-Curricular Studies==

Co-curricular studies have been given utmost importance in the school. The school promotes al types of extra-curricular activities through periods given especially for them. '''All students must study all these fields compulsorily, unless otherwise indicated.''' Most of these fields apply only to Students of Class I-VIII, but some of these apply to everyone (i.e. Class I to XII). They are indicated below.
* '''Computer Science Courses''' [both Theory and Practicals] (Std. III to X): Is compulsory for everyone to study. Can opt for the same in Classes XI and XII.
* '''Work Experience Classes''' (Std. I to X): Is compulsory for everyone to study. Teaches in Craft, Art, Glass Painting, and Model Making etc.
* '''Life Skills classes''' is compulsory for all classes from Std. I to Std. VIII.
* '''Art Education classes''', also referred to as Art Training classes, are held for every class from I to XII, is compulsory. They teach Music (Indian and Western), [[Indian dance|Dance]] (Indian), [[Yoga]] (Exercises), Organ (Keyboard), [[Tabla]], [[Mridangam]], [[Painting|Drawing and Painting]], Jazz (Drums). Students must compulsorily opt any '''ONE''' of these as their Art Education subject.
* '''Physical Training classes''' for [[association football|football]], [[cricket]], [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[chess]] and [[table tennis]] are held for all classes and is NOT compulsory. Instead, students can opt for [[martial arts]] training classes (karate, judo, taekwondo).
* '''Library''' is a period for Std. I to XII when they are taken to the School Library and can read titles mainly on fiction, from the 1,00,000+ titles available.
* '''House Activity''' is a class held for VI to VIII, when the children are divided into houses Ahimsa (Non-Violence), Dharmam (Justice), Jnanam (Knowledge), Satyam (Truth), Sevanam (Service), Shanthi (Peace), Thyagam (Sacrifice), and Vinayam (Kindness). The period poses competitions and activities among each house, to find which house is top. It is a compulsory period.
* '''Club Activity''' is a class held for Classes VI-VIII, during which children are divided into clubs, namely: Science Club, Consumer Club, Social Service (or Sanskriti) Club, Integrity Club, Reading and Quiz Club, Health and Wellness Club etc. Students can opt for any one Club and this period is compulsory.
* '''GK / Culture Course classes''' are held for Std. I-VIII and is compulsory. A "Cultural Course" class is held along with this class which embarks Religious values into students.
* '''Work Education periods''' given below.

=== Work Education Initiative ===

Work Education course was embarked as a Co-Curricular, yet an assessed kind of activity in the school from the academic year 2011-2012 onward. Unlike the first year when it was introduced on a temporary basis, from the academic year 2012-2013 onward, specially trained staff for the job have been employed on a part-time basis in the school. This is a '''compulsory''' period for the students of '''Classes VI, VII, VIII, IX and X''', the classes being for 2 hours (approx.) on the '''First, Third and Fifth Saturdays''' of a month. The course teaches the following subjects for students of these classes, out of which ANY ONE section mus be opted for the entire academic year, by the student.
* '''Food and Nutrition''' : [[Cookery]] classes, special know-how about nutrition classes etc., by Doctors and Diaticians.
* '''Art and Craft''' : Metal embossing, [[Glass painting]], Nib painting, Pot painting, [[Tie and dye]], [[Collage]].
* '''Elements of Dress Designing''' : [[Tailoring]], [[Stitch (textile arts)|Stitching]], [[Embroidery]], [[Knitting]].
* '''Creativity and Improvement''' : Making useful products out of waste products.
* '''Photography and Animation''' ''(Only for Class 9 and 10)'': Teaches modern [[Photography]] techniques, and [[2D animation|2-D Animation]] (Std. IX) and [[3D Animation|3-D Animation]] (Std. X).
* '''Home Management''' : Interior designing and decorating, [[flower arrangement]], beautician course, jewellery designing.
* '''Health Education''' : Sports and Games, Safety, First Aid, Traffic rules etc.

== Cultural Fests ==
* Magnum Opus is the school's annual cultural fest, held by XIth Graders. It is an inter-school contest involving competitions. It is conducted by the students of the XIth standard. The fest develops leadership skills of the students.
* The school has an Annual Day: and is usually conducted in January.
* A Sports Day is organized in November/December/January of every year.

== Awards and recognitions ==
* BVM Girinagar was declared International School Award 2010 by the British Council.
* Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan India won Best Teacher Award (2010), Best Student Award (2010, 2013 and 2014) and Best School Award (2011–2012).

== Heads of the school ==

===Principals===
* Smt. N.Vijayalakshmi, Principal (1980–2004)
* Smt. Nirmala Venkateshwaran, Principal (2004–2015)
* Smt. Sunitha, Principal (2015–2017)
* Smt. Girija TS, Principal [2018-2022]
* Smt. Kalyani NP, Principal [2022- 2023]
* Smt. Sreejyothi N, Principal [2023–Present]

<ref>https://www.bhavansgirinagar.ac.in/Departments</ref>

===Heads of the management===
* CA Venugopal C Govind, FCA (Chairman)
* CA G Gopinathan (Vice-Chairman)
* Prof. Ambat Vijayakumar (Vice-Chairman)
* CA K Sankaranarayanan (HON.Secretary)
* CA K T Mohanan (HON.Treasurer)
* Shri. E Ramankutty (Director)
<ref>https://www.bhavansgirinagar.ac.in/Management-Committee</ref>

===Office Bearers===
* '''Senior Head Boy:''' A Senior Head Boy for the school (often called School Captain) is selected from among students of Std XII. Although a practice for the teachers to nominate a candidate whom they consider suitable for the post after consultation with the Principal and Vice Principal of the school, in 2012, the rule was changed to voting where students of Std XII voted under secret ballot to elect their Captain. However, this invited much criticism from teachers towards the end of the year, and nomination process continued until 2016; until the process of voting under secret ballot which was discontinued in the past, began again, this time from students of Class VI and upward.
* '''Senior Head Girl:''' Same as mentioned for Senior Head Boy.
* '''Junior Head Boy:''' A Junior Head Boy for the school (often abbreviated as Junior School Captain) is selected from among students of Std X. By practice, teachers of the school nominate a candidate whom they consider suitable for the post after consultation with the Principal and Vice Principal of the school.
* '''Junior Head Girl:''' Same as mentioned for Junior Head Boy.
* '''Sports Captain:''' Sports Captain is nominated by the Physical Education (PE) Department teachers after due discussions and deliberations among themselves, and also with the Principal and Vice Principal. The office-bearer is from Std XII.
* '''Games Captain:''' Same as mentioned for Sports Captain.
Besides, all Houses are headed by '''Captains''' (Class 10), '''Vice Captains''' (Class 9) and '''Prefects''' (Class 8).

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Ernakulam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://education.kerala.gov.in Website of the Government of Kerala]
* [http://cbse.nic.in Website of the CBSE—the organization that controls the school]

[[Category:Private schools in Kochi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1977]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]

Thomson Andrews

2026-02-12T21:20:37Z

GavinEspinoza2: enhanced references for accuracy for clarity

{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=August 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Copy edit|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Thomson Andrews
| image = Thomson_Andrews_Bollywood_Singer.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| landscape = 
| alt = Thomson Andrews
| caption = Thomson Andrews
| birth_name = Thomson Roger Andrews
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|09|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mumbai
| genre = [[Indian pop|Indipop]], [[contemporary R&B]], [[funk]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[jazz]], [[Gospel Music|gospel]], [[Hip Hop Music|hip hop]], pop, [[rhythm and blues]], [[neo soul]]
| instrument = Vocals
| occupation = Singer, performer, songwriter, actor, tv host
| years_active = 2010–present
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Zee Music Company]], [[Times Music]], [[Saregama]], [[Sony Music India]]
| associated_acts = {{!}} associated_acts = [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)]], [[MTV Unplugged (Indian TV program)]], [[The Remix (TV series)]], [[Music of Bollywood]], [[A R Rahman]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Pritam]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Throan Of Art]], [[Throan Of Art Music]], [[Salim Sulaiman]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Vishal Shekhar]].
| website = {{URL|thomsonandrews.com}}
}}

'''Thomson Andrews''' (born September 25, 1987, in Mumbai, India) is an Indian [[contemporary R&B]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Of Rhythm and Blues |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-of-rhythm-and-blues-2008949 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=DNA India | first=Simi | last=Kuriakose | date=8 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 May 2014 |title=Introducing India's newest R&B artist, Thomson Andrews! |url=https://urbanasian.com/music/2014/05/introducing-indias-newest-rb-artist-thomson-andrews/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref> pop, [[funk]] and [[Soul music|soul]] singer-songwriter,<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomson Andrews – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/c/ThomsonAndrewsOfficial |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=We're No Strangers (Official Music Video) {{!}} Thomson Andrews | date=7 March 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BShVJv77JA |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=Exclusive Release: Thomson Andrews's Funky New Single 'I Got Your Money' – |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/exclusive-release-thomson-andrewss-funky-new-single-i-got-your-money/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=My Site |language=en-US}}</ref> performer,<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=The Sheer Adrenaline Rush You Get Performing on a Stage is The Best Feeling as an Artist |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/music/sheer-adrenaline-rush-you-get-performing-stage-best-feeling-artist-150661 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> recording artist, actor, TV host,<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=Thomson Andrews On Working With Jassie Gill, Javed Ali & Hardy Sandhu In A Music Travel Show: "All These People Have Shared Life's Journeys..." |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/thomson-andrews-on-working-with-jassie-gill-javed-ali-hardy-sandhu-in-a-music-travel-show-all-these-people-have-shared-lifes-journeys/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Royal Stag Hungama Music Bus {{!}} Javed Ali {{!}} Harrdy Sandhu {{!}} Jeet Ganguly {{!}}Jassie Babbal {{!}}Indian Ocean | date=July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcovhd60_Lw |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I truly believe the show has impacted many people: Thomson Andrews on debuting as an anchor on 'Royal Stag Hungama Music Bus' |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/interviews/200706-i-truly-believe-the-show-has-impacted |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> and contemporary [[List of Indian playback singers|Indian Bollywood Playback singer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=#BigInterview! Indian playback singer Thomson Andrews: My turning point as a singer was when Maestro A R Rahman's team called me to sing with him onstage – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/singer-of-the-week/biginterview-indian-playback-singer-thomson-andrews-my-turning-point-as-a-singer-was-when-maestro-a-r-rahmans-team-called-me-to-sing-with-him-on-the-stage/articleshow/83477294.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Times of India |date=13 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Andrews began his career with [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] and [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning music composer [[A. R. Rahman]] in 2010, and to date has sung in numerous [[Bollywood]] and South Indian films.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rumani Song {{!}} Akaash Vani {{!}} Kartik Aaryan, Nushrat Bharucha{{!}}Thomson, Shalmali, Hitesh S, Luv Ranjan | date=26 December 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUbHep0bUWs |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Shehar Mera | date=15 May 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khy1inlDbPg |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Vinchu Chaavla {{!}} विंचू चावला {{!}} Zombivli {{!}} Amey Wagh {{!}} Vaidehi Parashurami {{!}} Aditya Sarpotdar {{!}} Lalit | date=20 January 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XqWxCcfxws |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Amarakaaviyam – Saridhaana Saridhaana Video {{!}} Sathya, Mia {{!}} Ghibran | date=19 November 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7YAquohdnc |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Un Parvayil | date=24 February 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5xdMlWWWDY |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Run Raja Run Full length Video Song {{!}} Rajadhi Rajan {{!}}Sharwanand {{!}} Seerath Kapoor | date=16 September 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSSXkL-w6NI&list=RDjSSXkL-w6NI |language=en |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> He is known for his involvement in music projects such as [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio]] (India), [[MTV Unplugged (Indian TV program)|MTV Unplugged]] (India) and has been featured on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] alongside composers such as [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar Ehsaan Loy]], [[Pritam]], [[Ranjit Barot]] and singers [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]], [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]], and [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]].

Andrews has collaborated with Indian music and film composers and directors such as [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Mira Nair]], [[Vishal–Shekhar|Vishal Shekhar]], [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Sulaiman]], [[Ajay–Atul|Ajay Atul]], [[Hitesh Sonik]], [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Leslie Lewis]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Amaal Mallik|Amaal Malik]], and [[Sohail Sen]]. He also toured with singer [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] for three years as a supporting performer<ref>{{Citation |title=Bollywood Music Icons & Thomson Andrews {{!}} Live Performance Reel | date=17 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MN6RPEH0V5Q |language=en |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> and singer [[Mohit Chauhan]] for two years. In 2017, Andrews performed for Amazon Prime India on a music and dance reality TV show called [[The Remix (TV series)|The Remix]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomson Andrews |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5481440/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=IMDb}}</ref> on which he was the finalist, along with his DJ partner NSG. Subsequently, Andrews was hired by [[American Idol]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Thomson Andrews is CRAZY! #IdolInTheMaking |date=2 June 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4byALrzN5I |language=en |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> to promote the show among Indian audiences<ref>{{Citation |title=American Idol {{!}} Thomson Andrews {{!}} Zee Café |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/null |language=en |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> via the Indian Broadcasting Channel [[Zee Café|ZeeCafe]].

Andrews has sung for Netflix films<ref>{{cite web |title="Never imagined I would get an opportunity to sing for Netflix": Thomson Andrews |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/201128-never-imagined-i-would-get-opportunity-sing |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>—''[[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]]'', ''[[The Christmas Chronicles 2]]'', [[Ludo (film)|''Ludo'']], Netflix animated series [[Centaurworld]], [[List of Money Heist episodes|Money Heist Season 5]] promo song Jaldi Aao,<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomson Andrews: I was not aware Jaldi Aao was a Money Heist song until I went to record it! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/thomson-andrews-i-wasnt-aware-this-was-a-money-heist-song-until-i-went-to-the-studio-to-record-it/693194a4f7391 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> and on the background score of the film [[Brahmāstra (film)|''Brahmāstra'']],<ref>{{cite web |title=Musician Thomson Andrews is bringing a musical revolution in the industry with his Pop, RnB renditions in Bollywood films and ad jingles |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/mar/12/musician-thomson-andrews-is-bringinga-musical-revolution-in-the-industry-withhis-pop-rnb-renditio-39562.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=11 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> directed by [[Ayan Mukerji]]. Thomson's singles and remixes are released across major Indian record labels such as "Uff Teri Ada",<ref>{{Citation |title=Uff Teri Ada – The Remix (Remix By Nsg) | date=16 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6m650wT5Jw&list=RDEMUyRhO5nnYS8Zthrw-KhdHw |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> "Suit Suit Karda",<ref>{{Citation |title=Suit + Gal Ban Gayi – The Remix (Remix By Nsg) | date=16 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xO0jkEgVlKA&list=RDEMUyRhO5nnYS8Zthrw-KhdHw&index=7 |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> "Hare Ram"<ref>{{Citation |title=Hare Ram – The Remix Full Audio | date=19 May 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpELoWm5dy0&list=RDEMUyRhO5nnYS8Zthrw-KhdHw&index=4 |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> on [[T-Series (company)|Tseries]], "Rockstar Live"<ref>{{Citation |title=Rockstar Live – Official Music Video| date=22 December 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZmlyeAb5XI |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> on [[Zee Music Company]], and Happy Nagar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/song/happy-nagar |title=Happy Nagar MP3 Song Download by Thomson Andrews (Happy Nagar)| Listen Happy Nagar Song Free Online |publisher=Gaana.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Happy Nagar I Thomson Andrews I Tushar Mishra I Sukanti RoyI Anushree GuptaI Latest Hindi Songs 2020 | date=27 February 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHJRAfMau2Q |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Happy Nagar' Sung By Thomson Andrews {{!}} Hindi Video Songs – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-happy-nagar-sung-by-thomson-andrews/videoshow/74389283.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> on [[Times Music]].

Andrews has sung on numerous Hindi dubbed [[Disney]] productions,<ref>{{cite web |title=Singing for animated movies is a challenge: Thomson Andrews |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/191209-singing-animated-movies-challenge-thomson |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> including from the [[Winnie the Pooh (franchise)|Winnie The Pooh]] franchise, ''[[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]]'' TV series, and films ''[[Encanto]]'', ''[[The Jungle Book 2]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Debarati Palit |title=Breaking boundaries |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/art-culture/breaking-boundaries-43428 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |date=28 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> 2019's ''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]'' and ''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Aladdin]]'', 2017's [[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and the Beast]], as well as ''[[Toy Story (franchise)|Toy Story]]'', [[Frozen (franchise)|Frozen]], ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' and [[Marvel Studios]]'s ''[[Hawkeye (miniseries)|Hawkeye]]'' series on [[Disney+]]. He is the dub voice of 'Wembley' on [[Apple TV+]]'s comedy puppet series ''[[Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock]]'' and Gonger on ''[[Sesame Street]]''.

He has been certified as a Performing Vocalist by [[Trinity College Of Music]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Kajal |date=28 February 2017 |title=Creating a new age sound |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/creating-a-new-age-sound/article17381981.ece |access-date=2022-03-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> London, and has briefly trained in [[Hindustani classical singing]].<ref>{{cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=7 February 2017 |title=One man, many talents |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/070217/one-man-many-talents.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Apart from live performances, he also sings on and arranges voicings for films playback songs & background scores. Andrews has sung film songs and ad jingles in several Indian languages such as Hindi, Tamil,<ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2017 |title=Bollywood Singer Thomson Andrews Sings For Kollywood |url=https://urbanasian.com/music/2017/02/bollywood-singer-thomson-andrews-sings-for-kollywood/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref> Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Tulu, Marathi, and Bengali. He has also done several international ad jingles for products in Kenya, Tanzania, Nigeria, the West Indies, and more. He also sings in foreign languages such as Swahili, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish, and more.

His debut neo-soul single ''' People Ain't Things'' was mastered by Grammy Award winning mastering engineer Reuben Cohen from Lurssen Mastering in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], California. His music has featured on national television networks like MTV Indies, VH1 India, and 9xO, as well as the radio station Radio One (India).<ref>{{Citation |title=One with Indie Ft. Thomson Andrews with Erica l Drive With Erica l Radio One International lMusic | date=8 September 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVKk15XF1TQ |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> Thomson performed for [[Vogue India]]'s Women Empowerment initiative ''#VogueEmpower'' in 2014. Besides his solo accolades, projects, motown, R&B, funk music tribute concerts, and collaborations, he is part of a popular Indian a cappella ensemble called Raaga Trippin', with whom he performs live shows and creates original and cover songs.

In 2020, Andrews' musical influences<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=4 July 2014 |title='R&B music soulful, not aggressive' |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/r-b-music-soulful-not-aggressive-114070400250_1.html |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> and songwriting skills include the genres of pop, R&B, funk, neo-soul, blues, soul, jazz, gospel, hip-hop, opera, rock and roll, and Sufi. He also mentors new musicians via his indie music Label Throan Of Art Music,<ref>{{cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=Seasoned Singer-Composer Thomson Andrews on Turning Entrepreneur with Throan of Art – |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/thomson-andrew-throan-of-art-label/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=My Site |language=en-US}}</ref> guiding them with professional singing tips onstage and in the recording studio.
[[File: Thomson Andrews with Sunidhi Chauhan.jpg|thumb|Thomson Andrews performing with Sunidhi Chauhan at a Live concert]]

==Early life==
Andrews' involvement in music began when he first participated in school competitions. As a [[Roman Catholic]], he also participated in his church choir. His family had roots in [[gospel music]] and its related genres such as [[blues]], [[soul music|soul]], and [[R&B]]. Andrews was born in Mumbai to a liberal South Indian family,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jain |first=Tarun |date=1 June 2018 |title=Andrew Thomson's musical journey – A story of passion and love for the art |url=https://www.qnaindia.com/thomsons-musical-journey-a-story-of-passion-and-love-for-the-art/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=QNA India |language=en-US}}</ref> with a father from [[Kerala]] and a mother from [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |title='I have a Deep Connect with Tamil Language' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/jul/07/i-have-a-deep-connect-with-tamil-language-632722.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 July 2014 }}</ref>

In 2005, he won a gospel talent show at the age of seventeen. He continued working while pursuing his college education as a science major. Andrews did not pursue a full-time music occupation. Instead, he began a corporate career and worked for four years, gaining experience in auditing, human resources, inventory, and contact centres among. To pursue his musical ambitions, Andrews switched to teaching Western music. He then started doing shows and concert performances.

==Career==
Andrews began his music career performing at the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) awards show with [[A. R. Rahman]], his choir conductor Celeste Cordo, and his mentor [[Clinton Cerejo]]. Subsequently, he worked with ad composer Rupert Fernandes who used his voice on ad jingles for products like [[Nestlé]], [[HCL Technologies|HCL]], and [[Volkswagen]]. After the IPL, he continued working with A. R. Rahman on film projects, songs, and background scores with Clinton Cerejo and [[Suzanne D'Mello]].

Andrews has lent his voice to movie songs as an additional vocalist for music directors and has sung on projects and jingles for various ad jingle composers in the advertising industry. His credits for singing and vocal arrangements are mentioned in [[Bollywood]] film productions from 2014 to 2015 including ''[[Dhoom]]'' ''3, [[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]], [[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (soundtrack)|Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]], [[Bang Bang!|Bang Bang]], Happy New Year, Hasee Toh Phasee, Byomkesh Bakshi,'' and ''Bombay Velvet''. He sang playback songs "Bach Ke Bakshi" for the 2015 movie ''Byomkesh Bakshi'' for music director [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]; "Shehar Mera" for the movie [[One by Two (2014 film)|''One By Two'']] for music directors [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]; and "Rumani," a duet with [[Shalmali Kholgade]] in the movie ''[[Akaash Vani]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Rumani |date=25 December 2012 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0bOIhDMXrH9YzX7Ws1ZINI |language=en |access-date=2022-03-16}}</ref> for music director Hitesh Sonik. Apart from Bollywood films, he has also sung playback songs in South Indian films for music director [[M. Ghibran]]: "Saridhaana Saridhaana" for the Tamil movie ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2017 |title=Thomson Andrews goes to Kollywood again – Bollywood News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thomson-andrews-croons-for-kollywood-again-hindi-news-178726 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> "Rajadhi Rajanappa" song for the Telugu film ''[[Run Raja Run]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Indie R&B singer makes debut in K-Town – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/indie-rb-singer-makes-debut-in-k-town/articleshow/37522905.cms |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The Times of India |date=13 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> "O Pagol Mon" for the Bengali movie ''Dashami'' and "Kanna Muche" for the [[Tulu language|Tulu]] Film ''Aamait Asal Eemait Kusal''.

Throughout his journey as a full-time vocalist, Andrews has been associated with international music projects. He has sung on the background score of the Oscar-nominated Hollywood film ''[[127 Hours]]'' for A. R. Rahman and has lent additional vocals on the song [[Satyameva Jayathe (song)|"Satyameva Jayathe" (song)]] from the international album ''[[SuperHeavy]]'' for A. R. Rahman, involving [[Mick Jagger]], [[Joss Stone]], and [[Damian Marley]]. He has also worked with Indian Hollywood filmmaker [[Mira Nair]] along with music director [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] on songs for the musical adaptation of her film ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''. He has performed in an international opera, ''[[Madama Butterfly]],'' including cast members from Austria, Korea, and America, staged at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]] and has musically directed adaptations of the musicals ''[[Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat]]'' and ''[[Oliver Twist|Oliver]]'' staged in Mumbai and played the role of Mr Bumble in ''Oliver''. He performed with the Cadenza Kantori choir at The Rottenburg am Neckar Festival of Choirs in Germany and at [[Taizé Community]] in [[Burgundy]], France.

Andrews can sing in 12 languages and currently performs across the globe. He is also associated with Sunidhi Chauhan's Live [[Bollywood]] music concerts. He is featured in the worldwide Amazon Prime Original music show ''The Remix'' as one of the newer contemporary [[Indian playback singers]] and live performers. He has sung for 100+ TV commercials, including for [[ESPN]], Nestlé, [[Samsung]], [[Hindustan Unilever]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]], [[Tata Group|Tata]], [[Sony]], Gatorade, [[Volkswagen]], [[Kinder Joy|Kinderjoy]], [[Wrigley Company|Wrigley]], [[Maruti Suzuki]], Sunfeast by ITC, [[Airtel]], Amazon fashion, [[Myntra]], Serengeti Beer, [[Zee Cafe]], Kingfisher, [[Reliance Retail|Reliance trends]], [[Raymond Group|Raymonds suiting]], and [[Shell plc|Shell Petrol]].

In April 2014, Andrews launched his debut single, "People Ain't Things",<ref>{{Citation |title=People Ain't Things {{!}} Thomson Andrews {{!}} Latest International Songs | date=23 April 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFX3RcWAVLM |language=en |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/thomson-andrews-desi-rb-star/15351195|title=Thomson Andrews, desi R&B star|last=Vora|first=Dhara|date=4 June 2014|publisher=[[Mid-day]]|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> a collaboration with Grammy Award-winning sound mixer Reuben Cohen (Hollywood) and Deepak Palikonda. The track won prominent airtime on [[MTV Indies]], [[VH1 India]], [[9XO]], and [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2021 |title=Xperience Sessions with Thomson Andrews |url=https://www.indigomusic.com/xperience-sessions/xperience-sessions-with-rj-rohit |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Indigo Music |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2015, Andrews, as [[Raaga Trippin'|RaagaTrippin]]'','' hosted the red carpet event at the [[Radio Mirchi]] Music Awards and performed at the [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] with music director [[Pritam Chakraborty]]. As RaagaTrippin, he also performed at the [[Indian Premier League]] opening ceremony in 2015 with music director Pritam Chakraborty.

Since then, he has released other singles: "I Got Your Money" in 2017, "We're No Strangers" in 2018, and "Ke Holi Hain" in 2018. The latter two songs were favourably received and played frequently on [[BBC Asian Network]] Radio – London. They were tracks of the week at IGYM. The song's music videos have garnered more than one million YouTube views.

Andrews, who is known for his quirky style, hair-dos, and glasses,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.101india.com/101-music/these-10-amazing-music-artistes-are-also-fashion-trendsetters|title=Thomson Andrews – 10 amazing music artists who are also fashion trendsetters|date=26 March 2015 |publisher=101india.com}}</ref> performed for ''[[Vogue India]]''{{'}}s Women Empowerment initiative ''#VogueEmpower'' in 2014. He organizes [[Motown]], [[R&B]], funk, and soul music tribute concerts in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/city-artistes-to-pay-tribute-to-chaka-khan-james-brown-marvin-gaye/article1-914402.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619183204/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/city-artistes-to-pay-tribute-to-chaka-khan-james-brown-marvin-gaye/article1-914402.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2015|title=City R&B artist pays tribute to Motown legends|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In 2019, Andrews became a TV host for a 6 episode music travel-based reality show,<ref>{{cite web |title=I genuinely believe the show has impacted many people: Thomson Andrews on debuting as an anchor on 'Royal Stag Hungama Music Bus' |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/interviews/200706-i-truly-believe-the-show-has-impacted |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> shot across India,called Royal Stag Hungama Music Bus. There he experienced Indian culture, the local cuisine, cultural music, impromptu jams with homegrown bands, and Indian popular celebrity music icons from each city and state. Along with the local bands, these celebrities would jam with Thomson, and together they would vibe on a tour bus named Royal Stag Hungama Music Bus. These celebrities shared their untold experiences, followed by a light-hearted chat about music, food, and more. The event would then end with a concert performed by the music icons for their fans in that particular state or city. This music travel reality show featured the likes of Javed Ali, Hardy Sandhu, Jassi Gill, Indian Ocean, Jeet Ganguly & Revanth, which aired on Showbox Channel and on Hungama Digital Media.

== Singles ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Discography
!Year
!Song
!Language
!Note(s)
!Ref
|-
|2021
|Cut to the Chase
|English
|Throan Of Art Music
|[https://music.apple.com/in/album/cut-to-the-chase-single/1576849947]
|-
|2016
|Befikra
|Hindi
|Meet bros – Tseries
|[https://music.apple.com/in/album/befikra-single/1189060375]
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Discography
!Year
!Song
!Movie
!Language
!Music composer
!Note(s)
!Ref
|-
|2013
|"Rumani"
|''[[Akaash Vani]]''
|Hindi
|Hitesh Sonik
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Authority control}}[[International Standard Name Identifier|ISNI]] – https://isni.org/isni/0000000466861866

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andrews, Thomson}}
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Rhythm and blues musicians]]
[[Category:Funk singers]]
[[Category:Indian pop singers]]
[[Category:Soul musicians]]

Fedric Anilkumar

2026-02-07T19:04:51Z

GavinEspinoza2: Made bio

{{Short description|Indian theologian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox clergy
| name = Jackey
| image =
| bgcolour =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birthname =
| birth_date =19 July 1962
| birth_place = [[Kodagu]],<ref name="Symbolism"/> [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Theologian]]
| ordained =1986<ref name="Symbolism"/>
| writings =1985, ''Kannada Christa Sankerthanegalu'' (in [[Kannada]])<ref>Fedric Anilkumar, ''Kannada Christa Sankerthanegalu'', Unpublished B. D. Thesis, Kolkata, 1985. Cited by [[H. R. Cabral]], ''Missionaries and Carnatic Music'' in Reinhard Wendt (Edited), ''An Indian to the Indians?: On the Initial Failure and the Posthumous Success of the Missionary Ferdinand Kittel (1832-1903)'', Otto Harrossowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2006, pp.255-264. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XCHZ_pDUnVAC&dq=hannibal+cabral&pg=PA255]</ref> 2009, ''Symbolism or Idolatry? An appraisal of the use of the symbols in mission with special reference to Basel Mission in Karnataka, India, between 1834 and 1864''<ref name="Symbolism">Fedric Anilkumar, ''Symbolism or Idolatry? An appraisal of the use of the symbols in mission with special reference to Basel Mission in Karnataka, India, between 1834 and 1864'', KATHRI, Mangalore, 2011. [http://www.uni-regensburg.de/bibliothek/bibliothek-a-z/dissertationen/2012/]</ref>
| congregations =[[Church of South India Karnataka Southern Diocese]]
| offices_held =[[Pastor]], [[Church of South India]] Society {{small|(1986-2004)}}<ref name="Symbolism"/>
| parents =
| title = The Reverend Doctor
| footnotes =
}}
{{Portal|Christianity}}
'''Fedric Anilkumar''' is a Theologian who teaches<ref name="Senate">[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty.php?college=Karnataka+Theological+College&spez=Select+Specialization Senate of Serampore College, Directory of Teaching Staff]</ref> at the [[Karnataka Theological College]],<ref>[http://www.kaces.org/KTC/OfficersandStaff KTC - Administrative Setup, Officers and Staff]</ref> [[Mangalore]], a Seminary established in 1965<ref>Vijaya Kumar, ''Ecumenical Cooperation of the Missions in Karnataka (India), 1834-1989: A Historical Analysis of the Evangelistic Strategy of the Missions'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 2005, p.132. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a_TrAAAACAAJ&q=ecumenical+cooperation+of+the+missions]</ref> and affiliated to the nation's first<ref name="UNESCO">[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001790/179035eb.pdf UNESCO Structures of University Education in India, 1952]</ref> University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].

Anilkumar has researched on [[Christian symbolism]] with special reference to one of the [[Protestant]] Church Societies in [[Karnataka]], the Basel Evangelical Mission, which has since unionized itself into the [[Church of South India]]. The subject of [[Christian symbolism]] is largely taken as [[Idolatry]] causing a mix-up of sorts. However, Anilkumar points out that [[Christian symbolism]] is distinct from [[Idolatry]].<ref name="Symbolism"/>

Concerning [[Christian symbolism|Symbolism]], the Theologian Louis La Ravoire Morrow drew out a secular standout as early as 1949,
{{blockquote|''Symbolism is essential to all kinds of religious worship. The Old Testament is full of it, forming the basis of our Christian symbolism, by which we apprehend through our senses a God-given and absolute beauty and truth.<ref name="Faith">Louis La Ravoire Morrow, ''My Catholic Faith'', My Mission House, Kenosha, 1949, pp.410-411. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qVpgnQEACAAJ&q=my+catholic+faith]</ref>''}}

As such, Morrow wrote that the early Church also began using symbolism from times immemorial,
{{blockquote|''From earliest times the Church has made use of symbols, to foster devotion, or to stand for some mystery of the Faith that needed to be kept secret from pagans. For instance: the early Church used a fish to stand for Christ; a town, a ship, or a woman with uplifted arms to stand for the Church.<ref name="Faith"/>''}}

As for the ambiguity in [[Christian symbolism]], Morrow has explained that the Bible prohibits the worship of symbols but not the use of symbols as such.<ref name="Faith"/> In such a setting, Anilkumar's work has made inroads into the world of [[Christian symbolism]] and also digs out the perspectives of the Missionaries, the ones who brought Christianity to India and the other from the perspective of the Indian Christians whose culture and ethos is rich in tradition and rituals. Pioneer Theologians like [[D. S. Amalorpavadass]] have already addressed these issues through the [[Second Vatican Council]] which voted in favour of [[inculturation]]. Much like [[D. S. Amalorpavadass]], Anilkumar points out that [[Christian symbolism]] had a distinct meaning, each pointing out to a Biblical event and as such it could not be identified with [[Idolatry]].<ref name="Symbolism"/>

==Studies==
Anilkumar had his ministerial formation at the [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]] studying during the Principalships of [[C. D. Jathanna]] and [[C. L. Furtado]] and then joined the [[Church of South India]] in 1986. After a ministerial service, he proceeded to the [[United Kingdom]] and pursued postgraduate studies at the [[Birmingham University]] where he gained a postgraduate degree in 1999<ref name="Symbolism"/> specializing in pastoral ministry and returned to [[Mangalore]] to take up his teaching ministry.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

For further research studies Anilkumar went to [[Germany]] where he researched at the Faculty of Philosophy at the [[University of Regensburg]] on the topic of [[Christian symbolism|Symbolism]] and successfully submitted a doctoral dissertation entitled<ref>Universität Regensburg, ''Dissertationen für den Hochschulschriftentausch 2012''. [http://www.uni-regensburg.de/bibliothek/bibliothek-a-z/dissertationen/2012/]</ref> ''Symbolism or idolatry? An appraisal of the use of symbols in mission with special reference to the Basel Mission in Karnataka, India, between 1834 and 1964'' which was moderated by Professors Bröking-Bortfeld, Thomas Kothmann and Hans Schwarz<ref name="Symbolism"/> after which the University awarded him a doctoral degree in 2009.<ref name="Symbolism"/>

==Ecclesiastical ministry==

===Pastoral===
As a Pastor of the [[Karnataka Southern Diocese]] of the [[Church of South India]], Anilkumar also served in pastoral roles at the healthcare institutions, the CSI-Lombord Memorial Hospital, [[Udipi]] and the CSI-Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, [[Mysore]].<ref name="Symbolism"/> Anilkumar was a member of the Executive Committee of the [[Karnataka Southern Diocese]] of the [[Church of South India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csiksd.org/lists.htm |title=CSI-KSD, Standing Committees |access-date=8 November 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028041443/http://www.csiksd.org/lists.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Teaching===
Ever since Anilkumar completed his doctoral studies in 2009, he began teaching at his [[alma mater]], the [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]], where he teaches [[Christian Ministry]],<ref name="Senate"/> an important subject in the University curriculum.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Ecumenical===
Fedric Anilkumar was the Secretary of the Mangalore Christian Council which has been instrumental in hosting<ref>Indian Orthodox Herald, 11 December 2011, ''Souharda Christmas 2011 held at Milagres Hall Mangalore''.[http://www.orthodoxherald.com/2011/12/11/souharda-christmas-2011-held-at-milagres-hall-mangalore/]</ref> joint<ref>Daijiworld Media Network-Mangalore, Wednesday, 7 December 2011, ''Mangalore: Peace and Harmony – Sauharda Christmas’ Message''. [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=123988]</ref> celebrations<ref>Daijiworld Media Network – Mangalore, Sunday, 5 December 2010. ''Sauharda Christmas 2010' Spreads Message of Goodwill, Peace''. [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=91112]</ref> of the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Orthodox]], [[Protestant]] and [[Charismatic]] Churches in Mangalore.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box
| before=| title=Teacher, [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]]|after=
| years=}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anilkumar, Fedric}}
[[Category:Christian clergy from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Church of South India clergy]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:University of Regensburg alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Sankranthiki Vasthunam (soundtrack)

2026-02-05T22:30:18Z

GavinEspinoza2: made initial article initial version - done

{{short description|2025 soundtrack album by Bheems Ceciroleo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Sankranthiki Vasthunam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cover = Sankranthiki Vasthunam (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2025|01|14|df=y}}
| recorded = 2024
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=18|s=04}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Bheems Ceciroleo
| prev_title = [[Devaki Nandana Vasudeva]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Mad Square]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|HJMPO2iv4nA|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Sankranthiki Vasthunam
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Godari Gattu]]
| single1date = 3 December 2024
| single2 = Meenu
| single2date = 19 December 2024
| single3 = Blockbuster Pongal
| single3date = 30 December 2024
}}
}}

'''''Sankranthiki Vasthunam''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] for the 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film [[Sankranthiki Vasthunam|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=నా జీవితంలో ఈ సినిమా ఓ అద్భుతం {{!}} Music director Bheems Cicerolio about sankranthiki vasthunnam movie {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/music-director-bheems-cicerolio-about-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-movie-2316224 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=Venkatesh: వెంకటేష్ పాట పాడటం దేవుని దయ.. పాటకు దక్కిన గౌరవం.. 13 ఏళ్ల తర్వాత మళ్లీ.. మ్యూజిక్ డైరెక్టర్ భీమ్స్ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-music-director-bheems-sisirolio-about-venkatesh-singing-song-and-dadasaheb-phalke-award-121736139399358.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The album consists of six songs with [[Bhaskarabhatla]], [[Anantha Sriram]], [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] and Raghuram penning the lyrics. The soundtrack album was released through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 14 January 2025, on the film's release day.

== Background and development ==
[[Bheems Ceciroleo]] was supposed to work in director [[Anil Ravipudi]]'s debut film ''[[Pataas]]'' (2015), but was replaced with [[Sai Karthik]] for unknown reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bheems Ceciroleo: ఓ మెట్టు పైకి ఎక్కానని నేనెప్పుడూ అనుకోను |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/music-director-bheems-ceciroleo-exclusive-interview/0201/125002587 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> Thus, this is Bheems's maiden collaboration with Anil Ravipudi and actor [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]. In November 2024, it was announced that the film's audio rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2024 |title=The chartbuster tunes of #SankranthikiVasthunam, composed by #BheemsCeciroleo, will resonate everywhere through the prestigious @TSeries❤️‍🔥 |url=https://x.com/UrsVamsiShekar/status/1861704117900521729 |via=[[Twitter]] |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126054059/https://x.com/UrsVamsiShekar/status/1861704117900521729 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first track "Godari Gattu" marked the comeback of singer [[Ramana Gogula]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-13 |title=18 ఏళ్ల తర్వాత హిట్‌ కాంబో - స్పెషల్ అప్డేట్ ఇచ్చిన అనిల్‌ రావిపూడి |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/venkatesh-ramana-gogula-collabarated-after-18-years-for-anil-ravipudi-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-telugu-news-ten24111305304 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127092210/https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/venkatesh-ramana-gogula-collabarated-after-18-years-for-anil-ravipudi-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-telugu-news-ten24111305304 |url-status=live }}</ref> who had previously worked with Venkatesh eighteen years ago in [[Lakshmi (2006 film)|''Lakshmi'']] (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-11-14 |title=Ramana Gogula to lend his voice for the first single of 'Sankranthiki Vasthunnam' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ramana-gogula-to-lend-his-voice-for-the-first-single-of-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-921715 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The song "Meenu" was shot at [[Dehradun]] featuring Venkatesh and [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title='Sankranthiki Vasthunnam' is filming a song in Dehradun |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-is-filming-a-song-in-dehradun |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125101951/https://telugucinema.com/news/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-is-filming-a-song-in-dehradun |url-status=live }}</ref> Anil Ravipudi wanted Venkatesh to sing a song in the film, which was later released as "Blockbuster Pongal".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-26 |title=Venkatesh Sings A Special Festive Track For His Upcoming Movie 'Sankranthiki Vasthunnam' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/venkatesh-sings-a-special-festive-track-for-his-upcoming-movie-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-article-116685454 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127105615/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/venkatesh-sings-a-special-festive-track-for-his-upcoming-movie-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-article-116685454 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is latter's second song as a singer, after "Jingidi" from [[Guru (2017 film)|''Guru'']] (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankranthiki Vasthunnam: Venkatesh does THIS special act for his family drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-venkatesh-does-this-special-act-for-his-family-drama/001dc92a62273 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127100303/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-venkatesh-does-this-special-act-for-his-family-drama/001dc92a62273 |url-status=live }}</ref> "Blockbuster Pongal" was shot at Ramanaidu Studios in [[Hyderabad]] in late-December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-12-24 |title='Sankranthiki Vasthunnam' festive song filming in RFC |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-festive-song-filming-in-rfc-932272 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first single titled "Godari Gattu" was released on 3 December 2024. The second single titled "Meenu" was released on 19 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Victory Venkatesh's Birthday Special From Sankranthiki Vasthunnam |url=https://industryhit.com/t/victory-venkateshs-birthday-special-from-sankranthiki-vasthunnam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213101557/https://industryhit.com/t/victory-venkateshs-birthday-special-from-sankranthiki-vasthunnam/ |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Industry Hit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=Second single of Sankranthiki Vasthunam to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Dec/17/second-single-of-sankranthiki-vasthunam-to-be-out-on-this-date |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The third single titled "Blockbuster Pongal" was released on 30 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title='Blockbuster Pongal' from Sankranthiki Vasthunam is the new festive chartbuster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/30/blockbuster-pongal-from-sankranthiki-vasthunam-is-the-new-festive-chartbuster |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127092259/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/30/blockbuster-pongal-from-sankranthiki-vasthunam-is-the-new-festive-chartbuster |url-status=live }}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 14 January 2025 after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Celebrate this Sankranti with high-energy beats and vibrant vibes! 💃🎉 Sankranthiki Vasthunam full album is out now |url=https://x.com/tseriessouth/status/1879161285872664890 |via=Twitter |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115064709/https://x.com/tseriessouth/status/1879161285872664890 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Godari Gattu]]
| length1 = 4:10
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Ramana Gogula]], [[Madhu Priya]]
| title2 = Meenu
| length2 = 4:45
| lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sriram]]
| extra2 = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], Pranavi Acharya
| title3 = Blockbuster Pongal
| length3 = 3:09
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], Bheems Ceciroleo, Rohini Soratt
| title4 = Lallayire
| length4 = 1:33
| lyrics4 = Raghuram
| extra4 = Bheems Ceciroleo
| title5 = Guruvarya
| length5 = 3:32
| lyrics5 = Anantha Sriram
| extra5 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| title6 = Chinna Raju
| length6 = 0:57
| lyrics6 = Anantha Sriram
| extra6 = Revathi Mannava, Madhavi Ravuri, Sudha
}}

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that catchy songs, "Godari Gattu" in particular worked to the advantage of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-14 |title='Sankranthiki Vasthunam' movie review: Anil Ravipudi and Venkatesh's film delivers mindless laughs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sankranthiki-vasthunam-movie-review-anil-ravipudi-and-venkateshs-film-delivers-mindless-laughs/article69098376.ece |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160509/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sankranthiki-vasthunam-movie-review-anil-ravipudi-and-venkateshs-film-delivers-mindless-laughs/article69098376.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that "the film benefits from Bheems Ceciroleo’s lively music and a strong background score that elevates several moments".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Sankranthiki Vasthunnam review: Venkatesh, Ravipudi deliver a generic but fun film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-review-venkatesh-ravipudi-deliver-a-generic-but-fun-film-2664483-2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
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[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

2014 Gaza War

2026-02-05T13:18:06Z

GavinEspinoza2: further enhanced lead as per guidelines also and updated info after review

{{Short description|Armed conflict between Israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strip}}
{{For|other conflicts called the "Gaza War"|Gaza War (2008–2009)|2012 Gaza War|Gaza war}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2014 Gaza War
| partof = the [[Gaza–Israel conflict]] and the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
| date = 8 July – 26 August 2014 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|2014-07-08|2014-08-26}})
| place = [[Gaza Strip]] and [[Israel]]
| coordinates =
| result = Both sides claim victory<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Prusher |first1=Ilene |title=Israel and Palestinians Reach Open-Ended Cease-Fire Deal |url=https://time.com/3182848/israel-gaza-ceasefire-abbas-netanyahu/ |access-date=5 September 2014 |magazine=Time |date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117074716/https://time.com/3182848/israel-gaza-ceasefire-abbas-netanyahu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* According to Hamas, Israel was repelled from Gaza<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-hamas-says-longterm-truce-agreed-with-israel-9691910.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-hamas-says-longterm-truce-agreed-with-israel-9691910.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Hamas claims 'victory for the resistance' as long-term truce is agreed with Israel |work=The Independent |access-date=30 September 2014 |location=London |first1=Mohammed |last1=Daraghmeh |first2=Karin |last2=Laub |date=26 August 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* According to Israel, Hamas was severely weakened and achieved none of its demands<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netanyahu: Hamas suffered its greatest blow since it was founded |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/netanyahu-hamas-failed-achieved-nothing-except-sustaining-worst-blow-since-its-founding-372535 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=27 August 2014 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527093925/https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Netanyahu-Hamas-failed-achieved-nothing-except-sustaining-worst-blow-since-its-founding-372535 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image = [[File:The home of the Kware' family, after it was bombed by the military.jpg|140px]] [[File:Iron Dome in Operation Protective Edge.jpg|155px]]
| caption = '''Left, right:''' {{hlist|Destroyed Palestinian house in Gaza|[[Iron Dome]] intercepts [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|Palestinian rockets]] aimed at [[Ashdod]]}}
| combatant1 = {{flag|Israel}}
| combatant2 = {{tree list}}
* {{flag|Gaza Strip}}
** {{flag|Hamas}}
** {{flag|Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}
** {{flag|Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pflp.ps/english/2014/08/09/abu-jamal-palestinian-resistance-continues-to-confront-the-occupier-with-rockets-and-missiles |title=Abu Jamal: Palestinian resistance continues to confront the occupier with rockets and missiles |publisher=PFLP |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224510/http://pflp.ps/english/2014/08/09/abu-jamal-palestinian-resistance-continues-to-confront-the-occupier-with-rockets-and-missiles/ |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>
** {{flag|Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine}}<ref name=maan715014>"[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=715014 Qassam brigades claim rocket, mortar fire at southern Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219025332/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=715014 |date=19 December 2014 }}", Ma'an News Agency, Monday 21 July 2014.</ref>
** {{flag|Popular Resistance Committees}}<ref name=maan715014 />
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abdullah Azzam Brigades]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ben Solomon |first1=Ariel |title=Videos show Lebanese jihadi group active in Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Videos-show-Lebanese-jihadi-group-active-in-Gaza-362355 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127054054/https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Videos-show-Lebanese-jihadi-group-active-in-Gaza-362355 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)|Jaysh al-Ummah]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_palestinian_politics/jaysh_al_umma_gaza/ |title=Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza) |author= |work=[[European Council on Foreign Relations]] |date= |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106211556/https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_palestinian_politics/jaysh_al_umma_gaza/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{armed forces|Fatah}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Elhanan |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/moderate-fatah-joins-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-in-missile-launches |title=Armed wing linked to Mahmoud Abbas's faction says it shot rockets at Ashkelon, Sderot and elsewhere Wednesday night |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020034630/http://www.timesofisrael.com/moderate-fatah-joins-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-in-missile-launches/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] {{small|([[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]])}} {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Moshe Ya'alon]] {{small|([[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Defense Minister]])}} {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Benny Gantz]] {{small|([[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief]] of [[General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces|General Staff]])}} {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Amir Eshel]] {{small|([[Commander of the Israeli Air Force|Air Force Commander]])}} {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ram Rothberg]] {{small|([[Israeli Navy|Naval Commander]])}} {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Sami Turgeman]] {{small|([[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Commander]])}} {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Mickey Edelstein]] {{small|([[Gaza Division]])}} {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Yoram Cohen]] {{small|([[Shin Bet|Chief of Shin Bet]])}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Khaled Mashal]] {{small|[[List of leaders of Hamas|(Leader of Hamas)]]}} {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Ismail Haniyeh]] {{small|(Deputy Chief of Hamas)}} {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Mohammed Deif]] {{small|(Head of [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]])}} {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Ramadan Shalah]] {{small|(Leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad)}}
| units1 = {{armed forces|Israel}} {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Shin Bet]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|Hamas}} [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] {{armed forces|Fatah}} {{flagicon|Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine}} [[Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades]] {{flagicon|Popular Resistance Committees}} [[Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades]] {{flagicon|Palestinian Islamic Jihad}} [[Al-Quds Brigades]]
| strength1 = 176,500 active personnel 565,000 reservists<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2012 |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |editor=Hackett, James |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85743-642-6 |ref=IISS2012}}</ref> {{small|(2012 figures, of which not all are directly involved)}}
| strength2 = [[Al-Qassam Brigades]]: 20,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711780 |title=Rockets, naval commandos boost Hamas arsenal |publisher=Maannews.net |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729201253/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711780 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>–40,000<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-gains-credibility-fighting-force-analysts-say-371780262 |title=Hamas growing in military stature, say analysts |publisher=Middleeasteye.net |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721020702/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-gains-credibility-fighting-force-analysts-say-371780262 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[Al-Quds Brigades]]: 8,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/149498#.TrhgmnF4Vow |title=Iran Backs Islamic Jihad's 8,000-Man Army in Gaza |last=Ben Gedalyahu |first=Ben |date=7 November 2011 |work=Israel National News |publisher=Arutz Sheva |access-date=7 November 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225062740/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/149498#.TrhgmnF4Vow |url-status=live }}</ref>
| casualties1 = 67 soldiers killed<ref name="OCHA" /><ref name=benari /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-11584,00.html|title=Operation Protective Edge, Casualties|access-date=28 August 2014|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118191419/https://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-11584,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 469 soldiers wounded<ref name="CF">[http://www.mdais.com/316/7004.htm Cease fire in Operation "Protective Edge" is holding MDA sums up 50 days of saving lives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112327/http://www.mdais.com/316/7004.htm |date=26 June 2015}}, Magen David Adom, 29 August 2014: 'During the 50 days of Operation "Protective Edge", MDA teams treated 842 civilians, including 6 who were killed by shrapnel of rockets, and another 36 who were injured by shrapnel in varying degrees, including: 10 casualties in serious condition, 6 in a moderate condition and 20 who were slightly wounded. In addition, MDA teams also treated during Operation "Protective Edge" 33 people who were injured by shattered glass and building debris, 18 who were injured in road traffic accidents which occurred when the sirens were heard, including 1 person in a serious condition, and the rest lightly or moderately wounded. 159 people were injured as a result of falling and trauma on the way to the shelters and 581 people suffered anxiety attacks.'</ref><ref name="OPE-Israeli-wounded" /> 2 soldiers captured<ref>{{cite news|last1=Raghavan|first1=Sudarsan|title=Missing Israeli soldier, canceled flights could shift dynamic of Gaza conflict|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hamas-may-have-captured-israeli-soldier/2014/07/22/dfb18de2-1170-11e4-98ee-daea85133bc9_story.html|access-date=15 October 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2014}}</ref> 6 civilians (1 [[Thai people|Thai]]) killed 87 civilians wounded<ref name="CF" />
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Gaza–Israel conflict}}
| casualties2 = '''[[Health Ministry of the Gaza Strip|Gaza Health Ministry]]:''' 2,310 killed<ref name="Ma'an2015Jan">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=751290 'Ministry: Death toll from Gaza offensive topped 2,310,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111023729/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=751290 |date=11 January 2015}} [[Ma'an News Agency]] 3 January 2015.</ref> (70% civilians<ref name="jihad121">{{cite web|last1=Sterman |first1=Adiv |last2=Berman |first2=Lazar |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-jihad-121-of-our-fighters-killed-in-gaza/|title=Islamic Jihad: 121 of our fighters killed in Gaza|work=The Times of Israel|date=29 August 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042500/https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-jihad-121-of-our-fighters-killed-in-gaza/|url-status=live}}</ref>), 10,626 wounded<ref name="Ma'an2015Jan" /> '''[[United Nations Human Rights Committee|UN HRC]]:''' 2,251 killed<ref name=HRC_REPORT /> (65% civilians<ref name=HRC_REPORT />) '''[[B'Tselem]]''': 2,203 killed (64% civilians<ref name="FF"/>) '''[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israeli government]]:''' 2,125 killed{{refn|group=note|<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities" /> p. 10, para. 21: "Israel does not presume to be able to produce a definitive account of all fatalities that occurred during the 2014 Gaza Conflict."}}<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities" /> (44% combatants<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities" />) '''[[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights|PCHR]]:''' 2,216 killed (69% civilians<ref name="AR" />)
| casualties3 = More than 23 Palestinians [[capital punishment in the Gaza Strip|executed]] by Hamas or [[Kataeb Al-Qassam|Al{{nbh}}Qassam]] for alleged espionage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-27 |title=Gaza: Palestinians tortured, summarily killed by Hamas forces during 2014 conflict |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/05/gaza-palestinians-tortured-summarily-killed-by-hamas-forces-during-2014-conflict/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Amnesty International |language=en |quote='Strangling Necks': Abduction, torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict highlights a series of abuses, such as the extrajudicial execution of at least 23 Palestinians and the arrest and torture of dozens of others, including members and supporters of Hamas's political rivals, Fatah. |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010112615/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/05/gaza-palestinians-tortured-summarily-killed-by-hamas-forces-during-2014-conflict/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| notes =
}}

The '''2014 Gaza War''', also known as '''Operation Protective Edge''' ({{langx|he|מִבְצָע צוּק אֵיתָן|translit=Miv'tza Tzuk Eitan}}, {{Literal translation|Operation Strong Cliff}}{{refn|group=note|The IDF's official Arabic name for the operation, translated into English, is "Operation Resolute Cliff".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghert-Zand |first1=Renee |title=Name 'Protective Edge' doesn't cut it |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/name-protective-edge-doesnt-cut-it |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=18 July 2014 |date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001180304/https://www.timesofisrael.com/name-protective-edge-doesnt-cut-it/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Kordova, Shoshana |title=Why is the English name of Operation Protective Edge so different from the Hebrew version? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/features/word-of-the-day/.premium-1.605936#! |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512155434/http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/word-of-the-day/.premium-1.605936#! |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadad |first=Ofir |date=2021-07-04 |title=A Battle of Names: Hamas and Israeli Operations in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2019.1594789 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=941–942 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2019.1594789 |issn=0954-6553|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/09/03/heres-what-really-happened-in-the-gaza-war-according-to-the-israelis/ |title=Here's what really happened in the Gaza war (according to the Israelis) |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last=Booth |first=William |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=26 August 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916192730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/09/03/heres-what-really-happened-in-the-gaza-war-according-to-the-israelis/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2015/year-to-gaza-war/israel-gaza-conflict/ |title=The last Gaza war–and the next |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |last=Harel |first=Amos |author-link=Amos Harel |date=8 July 2015 |access-date=26 August 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226171944/http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2015/year-to-gaza-war/israel-gaza-conflict/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/08/24/world/middleeast/ap-ml-israel-gaza-war-probe.html |title=Israel Clears Forces in Several Deadly 2014 Gaza War Cases |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=24 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>), and '''Battle of the Withered Grain''' ({{langx|ar|معركة العصف المأكول|translit=Maʿrakat al-ʿAṣf al-Maʾkūl}}<ref>{{cite web | last1=ريان | first1=براء نزار |url= https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2017/12/18/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9 |title= فلسطين.. ووهم أسلمة الصراع! =1 December 2023 |work= Al Jazeera |access-date= 3 December 2023 |archive-date= 26 February 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240226023131/https://www.aljazeera.net/amp/blogs/2017/12/18/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/7/7/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%ba%d8%b2%d8%a9-2014 |title= العدوان الإسرائيلي على غزة 2014 = |work= Aljazeera |access-date= 3 December 2023 |archive-date= 3 December 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231203070053/https://www.aljazeera.net/amp/encyclopedia/2015/7/7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-2014 |url-status= live }}</ref>), was a military operation launched by [[Israel]] on 8 July 2014 in the [[Gaza Strip]], a [[Palestine|Palestinian]] territory [[Gaza Strip under Hamas|governed]] by [[Hamas]] since 2007 and which was [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|occupied by Israel since 1967]] until its [[Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip|disengagement in 2005]].<ref group=note>Though Hamas governs the Gaza Strip, the majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and many human rights organizations) consider Israel to be occupying Gaza, as it controls the region's airspace, coastline and most of its borders.</ref> Following the [[2014 Gush Etzion kidnapping and murder|kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers]] in the [[West Bank]] by [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] militants, the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) initiated ''Operation Brother's Keeper'', in which it killed 10 Palestinians, injured 130 and imprisoned more than 600.<ref name="Maannews1" /><ref name="nathanthrall">{{cite journal |author=Nathan Thrall |date=1 August 2014 |title=Hamas's Chances |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances |journal=London Review of Books |volume=36 |issue=16 |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416032651/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Jack Khoury, [https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.611676 Hamas claims responsibility for three Israeli teens' kidnapping and murder'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010052244/https://www.haaretz.com/hamas-admits-kidnap-murder-of-3-teens-1.5260283/ |date=10 October 2020 }}, ''[[Haaretz]]'', 21 August 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562328,00.html 'Mashal: Hamas was behind murder of three Israeli teens'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104726/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562328,00.html |date=16 September 2023 }}, [[Ynet]], 22 August 2014.</ref> Hamas reportedly did not retaliate but [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2014|resumed rocket attacks on Israel]] more than two weeks later, following the killing of one of its militants by an Israeli airstrike on 29 June.<ref name="Sharon" /> This escalation triggered a seven-week-long conflict between the two sides, one of the deadliest outbreaks of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|open conflict between Israel and the Palestinians]] in decades. The war resulted in over two thousand deaths, the vast majority of which were Gazan Palestinian civilians.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zonszein|first=Mairav|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967|title=Israel killed more Palestinians in 2014 than in any other year since 1967|date=2015-03-27|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412025048/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/israel-kills-more-palestinians-2014-than-any-other-year-since-1967|url-status=live}}</ref> This includes a total of six Israeli civilians who were killed as a result of the conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde21/1178/2015/en/ |title=State of Palestine: Unlawful and deadly: Rocket and mortar attacks by Palestinian armed groups during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict - Amnesty International |last=Armed |first=Palestinian |date=26 March 2015 |orig-date=January 16, 2024 |access-date=2024-01-17 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119172449/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde21/1178/2015/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Israeli military operation aimed to stop rocket fire into Israel from the Gaza Strip. Conversely, Hamas' attacks aimed to bring international pressure onto Israel with the strategic goal of forcing the latter to lift the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip|naval and air blockade of the Gaza Strip]]; among its other goals were to end Israel's attacks on Palestinians, obtain a third party to monitor and guarantee compliance with a ceasefire,<ref name="gaza-ceasefire">{{Cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/16/gaza-ceasefire-accountability.html|title=Citing past failures, Hamas demands an enforceable cease-fire|website=america.aljazeera.com|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128202908/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/16/gaza-ceasefire-accountability.html|url-status=live}}</ref> release [[Palestinians in Israeli custody|Palestinian political prisoners]] and overcome its isolation.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/hamas-and-israel-cling-to-their-war-aims/a-17801137 'Hamas and Israel cling to their war aims,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216194404/http://www.dw.de/hamas-and-israel-cling-to-their-war-aims/a-17801137 |date=16 February 2015 }} [[Deutsche Welle]] 23 July 2014.</ref> According to the ''[[BBC]]'', Israel launched airstrikes on the Gaza Strip in retaliation to the rocket attacks by Hamas, [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ), and other [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian militant groups]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28156268 'Hamas 'ready for Gaza ceasefire' if Israeli raids stop,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527011851/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28156268 |date=27 May 2018 }} [[BBC News]] 4 July 2014.</ref>

On 7 July, after seven Hamas militants died in a tunnel explosion in [[Khan Yunis]] that was caused either by an Israeli airstrike (per Hamas, [[Nathan Thrall]], ''BBC'', and a senior IDF official)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zitun |first1=Yoav |date=7 July 2014 |title=IDF: We uncovered Gaza terror tunnel leading to Israel |publisher=Yedioth |agency=Ynet |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4539146,00.html |access-date=1 November 2015 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118212034/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4539146,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or an accidental explosion of their own munitions (per the IDF), Hamas assumed responsibility for rockets fired into Israel, and subsequently launched 40 more rockets towards Israel.<ref>Christa Case Bryant, [https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2014/0707/Ending-detente-Hamas-takes-responsibility-for-today-s-spike-in-rocket-fire-video 'Ending détente, Hamas takes responsibility for today's spike in rocket fire (+video)'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707114455/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2014/0707/Ending-detente-Hamas-takes-responsibility-for-today-s-spike-in-rocket-fire-video |date=7 July 2017 }}, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', 7 July 2014: "After days of steadily increasing strikes, Hamas militants in Gaza launched at least 40 rockets tonight alone in what appears to be a decision to escalate the conflict. The dramatic spike in rocket attacks is likely to put significant pressure on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to heed calls for an all-out offensive against the Islamist movement, which Israel and the US consider a terrorist organization. While there has been intermittent rocket fire from Gaza since the cease-fire that ended the November 2012 Pillar of Defense conflict, Israel has credited Hamas with largely doing its best to keep the various militant factions in line. Today, however, Hamas took direct responsibility for the fire for the first time, sending a barrage of dozens of rockets into Israel in the worst day of such violence in two years."</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza-Israel conflict: Is the fighting over? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28252155 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=BBC |date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=27 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827200022/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28252155 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Israeli aerial operation officially began the following day, and on 17 July, it was expanded to include a full-scale ground invasion of the Gaza Strip with the stated aim of destroying [[Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip|Gaza's tunnel system]];<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza conflict: Israel and Palestinians agree long-term truce |work=BBC News |date=27 August 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28939350 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414134424/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28939350 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Israeli ground invasion ended on 5 August.<ref name=withdrawal2 /> On 26 August, an open-ended ceasefire was announced.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Harriet |last2=Balousha |first2=Hazem |title=Gaza ceasefire: Israel and Palestinians agree to halt weeks of fighting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/gaza-ceasefire-israel-palestinians-halt-fighting |access-date=29 August 2014 |work=The Guardian UK |date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613215443/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/gaza-ceasefire-israel-palestinians-halt-fighting |url-status=live }}</ref> By this time, the IDF reported that Hamas, PIJ, and other Palestinian militant groups had fired 4,564 rockets and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] into Israel, with over 735 projectiles having been intercepted mid-flight and shot down by Israel's [[Iron Dome]]. Most Gazan mortar and rocket fire was inaccurate, and consequently hit open land; more than 280 projectiles had landed within the Gaza Strip,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMRA - Wednesday, July 30, 2014 IDF: Over the past 24 hours 36% of rockets fired at Israel fell short |url=http://www.imra.org.il/story.php?id=64534 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.imra.org.il |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012111055/http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=64534 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Up to 25 Percent of Hamas Rockets Fall Short and Kill Gazan Civilians |url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/30/algemeiner-editor-dovid-efune-up-to-25-percent-of-hamas-rockets-fall-short-and-kill-gazan-civilians-video/ |access-date=22 March 2016 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414150442/http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/30/algemeiner-editor-dovid-efune-up-to-25-percent-of-hamas-rockets-fall-short-and-kill-gazan-civilians-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="failing_rockets" /> and 224 had struck residential areas.<ref name=ynetnumbers>{{Cite news |last=Ynetnews |date=2014-08-27 |title=Operation Protective Edge in numbers |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564678,00.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |archive-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602013754/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4564678,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-50-hamas-confirms-talk-of-new-truce-rockets-from-lebanon-fired-at-galilee-idf-hits-back/#ixzz3BVpRZLr5 |title=Egypt says Gaza truce to begin at 7; Israeli killed in mortar strike |first1=Ricky |last1=Ben-David |first2=Haviv |last2=Rettig Gur |first3=Yifa |last3=Yaakov |date=26 August 2014 |newspaper=Times of Israel |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012123927/https://www.timesofisrael.com/day-50-hamas-confirms-talk-of-new-truce-rockets-from-lebanon-fired-at-galilee-idf-hits-back/#ixzz3BVpRZLr5 |url-status=live }}</ref> Palestinian rocketry also killed 13 Palestinian civilians in Gaza, 11 of them children.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/03/palestinian-armed-groups-killed-civilians-on-both-sides-in-2014-gaza-conflict/ 'Palestinian armed groups killed civilians on both sides in attacks amounting to war crimes,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518173408/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/03/palestinian-armed-groups-killed-civilians-on-both-sides-in-2014-gaza-conflict/ |date=18 May 2015 }} [[Amnesty International]] 26 March 2015</ref><ref name="AMINT">[https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.PDF 'Unlawful and deadly Rocket and mortar attacks by Palestinian armed groups during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802044938/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.PDF |date=2 August 2017 }} [[Amnesty International]], 26 March 2015.</ref> The IDF attacked 5,263 targets in the Gaza Strip; at least 34 known tunnels were destroyed<ref name=ynetnumbers /> and two-thirds of Hamas's 10,000-rocket arsenal was either used up or destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rockets, airstrikes after Gaza war truce collapses |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/9/rockets-airstrikes-after-gaza-war-truce-collapses/?page=all |website=The Washington Times |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055933/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/9/rockets-airstrikes-after-gaza-war-truce-collapses/?page=all |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AP ANALYSIS: Hamas enters talks with Israel on Gaza from a point of military weakness |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/ap-analysis-hamas-enters-talks-with-israel-on-gaza-from-a-point-of-military-weakness/ |website=Fox News |date=6 August 2014 |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190154/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/08/06/ap-analysis-hamas-enters-talks-with-israel-on-gaza-from-point-military-weakness/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 2,125<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities">[http://mfa.gov.il/ProtectiveEdge/Documents/PalestinianFatalities.pdf Annex: Palestinian Fatality Figures in the 2014 Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622200823/http://mfa.gov.il/ProtectiveEdge/Documents/PalestinianFatalities.pdf|date=22 June 2015}} from report [http://mfa.gov.il/ProtectiveEdge/Documents/2014GazaConflictFullReport.pdf The 2014 Gaza Conflict: Factual and Legal Aspects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614142520/http://mfa.gov.il/ProtectiveEdge/Documents/2014GazaConflictFullReport.pdf|date=14 June 2015}}, [[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], 14 June 2015</ref> and 2,310<ref name="Ma'an2015Jan" /> Gazans were killed during the conflict while between 10,626<ref name="Ma'an2015Jan" /> and 10,895<ref name="PCHR">{{cite web|url=http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10491:statistics-victims-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-since-08-july-2014&catid=145:in-focus|title=Statistics: Victims of the Israeli Offensive on Gaza since 8 July 2014|publisher=Pchrgaza.org|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626164255/http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10491:statistics-victims-of-the-israeli-offensive-on-gaza-since-08-july-2014&catid=145:in-focus|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> were wounded (including 3,374 children, of whom over 1,000 were left permanently disabled).<ref>[http://www.dci-palestine.org/sites/default/files/operationprotectiveedge.awarwagedonchildren.160415.pdf ''Operation Protective Edge: A war waged on Gaza's children,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420234058/http://www.dci-palestine.org/sites/default/files/operationprotectiveedge.awarwagedonchildren.160415.pdf |date=20 April 2015 }} [[Defense for Children International|Defence for Children International-Palestine]], Ramallah, 16 April 2015.</ref> Gazan civilian casualty estimates range between 70 percent by the [[Ministry of Health, Palestine|Gaza Health Ministry]],<ref name="OCHA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_09_2014.pdf|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza Emergency|date=4 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913014525/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_09_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 September 2014|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="jihad121" /><ref name=PCHR /> 65 percent by the [[United Nations]]' (UN) Protection Cluster by [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|OCHA]] (based in part on Gaza Health Ministry reports),<ref name="HRC_REPORT">{{Cite web |title=Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725150151/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc |archive-date=25 July 2017 |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> and 36 percent by Israeli officials.<ref name="partten">{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20774/E_020_15_614553775.pdf|title=Examination of the names of Palestinians killed in Operation Protective Edge – Part Ten*|date=19 February 2015|publisher=Israeli Intelligence & Heritage Commemoration Center|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112075614/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20774/E_020_15_614553775.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MFA-report-fatalities" /> The UN estimated that more than 7,000 homes for 10,000 families were razed, together with an additional 89,000 homes damaged, of which roughly 10,000 were severely affected by the bombing.<ref name="ynetnews.com">[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4605408,00.html 'UN doubles estimate of destroyed Gaza homes,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233342/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4605408,00.html |date=30 September 2023 }} [[Ynet]] 19 December 2015.</ref> Rebuilding costs were calculated to run from {{Currency|4–6 billion|USD|passthrough=yes}} over the course of 20 years.<ref name="haaretz.com">[https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613194 'Housing group: 20 years to rebuild Gaza after fighting with Israel'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004033430/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613194 |date=4 October 2015 }} [[Haaretz]] 30 August 2014.</ref> 67 Israeli soldiers, 5 Israeli civilians (including one child)<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-28904028 Israeli child 'killed by rocket fired from Gaza'], BBC</ref> and one [[Israel–Thailand relations|Thai]] civilian were killed<ref name="OCHA" /> while 469 Israeli soldiers and 261 Israeli civilians were injured.<ref name="OPE-Israeli-wounded" /> On the Israeli side, the economic impact of the operation is estimated to have had an impact of {{Currency|8.5 billion|ILS|passthrough=yes}} (approximately {{Currency|2.5 billion|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}) and [[Economy of Israel|a GDP loss of 0.4 percent]].<ref name="IsraelLoss" />

== Background ==
{{Main|Gaza–Israel conflict|}}
[[File:Histogram of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel per day, 2014.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Histogram of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel per day and start of the military operation (in red), 2014]]
<section begin=BlockadeFull />
In 2005, following the conclusion of the [[Second Intifada]], Israel [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza|disengaged from]] the Gaza Strip, which it had previously occupied since 1967. The unilateral withdrawal plan began in August 2005 and was completed in September 2005.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/25/guardian-view-causes-fighting-gaza 'The Guardian view on the causes of the fighting in Gaza'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913040538/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/25/guardian-view-causes-fighting-gaza |date=13 September 2018 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 25 July 2014.</ref> Nonetheless, the [[ICRC]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maurer |first1=Peter |title=Challenges to international humanitarian law: Israel's occupation policy |url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2013/irrc-888-maurer.pdf |website=ICRC |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112075450/https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2013/irrc-888-maurer.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[UN]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neuer |first1=Hillel |title=Hamas says Gaza 'not occupied'; UN disagrees |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Hamas-says-Gaza-not-occupied-UN-disagrees |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=4 January 2012 |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912130922/https://www.jpost.com//Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Hamas-says-Gaza-not-occupied-UN-disagrees |url-status=live }}</ref> and various human rights organizations<ref>{{cite web |title=Amnesty International Public Statement |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/201/201102/20110207_510inquiry_en.pdf |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012111015/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/droi/dv/201/201102/20110207_510inquiry_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/10/28/israel-disengagement-will-not-end-gaza-occupation |website=Human Rights Watch |date=28 October 2004 |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415205835/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/10/28/israel-disengagement-will-not-end-gaza-occupation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The scope of Israeli control in the Gaza Strip |url=http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/gaza_status |website=B'Tselem |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108043636/http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/gaza_status |url-status=live }}</ref> consider Israel still to be the ''de facto'' occupying power due to its control of Gaza's borders, air space and territorial waters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory? |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=2 September 2014 |date=6 January 2009 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052859/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldstone |first1=Richard |last2=Jilani |first2=Hina |last3=Travers |first3=Desmond |last4=Chinkin |first4=Christine |title=Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |publisher=UNHRC |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070929/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |url-status=live }} page 16</ref>

In 2006, Hamas won [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|a majority of seats in the Palestinian legislative elections]]. This outcome surprised Israel and the United States who had anticipated the return of the Fatah opposition to power and, together with the [[Quartet on the Middle East|Quartet]], they demanded Hamas accept all previous agreements, recognize Israel's right to exist, and renounce violence.<ref name="RoseVF" /> When Hamas refused, stating that the demand left it "handcuffed",<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Graff |first1=James |title=Demands, But No Deadlines for Hamas |url=https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1154653,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=30 January 2006 |publisher=Time Magazine |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602215109/https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1154653,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel [[2006–07 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority|cut off aid to the Palestinian Authority]]. In mid-2006, [[2006 Gaza cross-border raid|an Israeli soldier was captured by Hamas in a cross-border raid]]. The United States and Israel, in response to [[Fatah]] moves in October 2006 to form a unity government with Hamas, tried to undo the elections by arming and training Fatah to overthrow Hamas in Gaza.<ref>Nathan Thrall,[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/our-man-palestine/ 'Our Man in Palestine,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016073306/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/our-man-palestine/ |date=16 October 2015 }} [[The New York Review of Books]], 14 October 2010: 'Dayton, meanwhile, was overseeing the recruitment, training, and equipping of Abbas's rapidly expanding security forces. Khaled Meshaal, chief of Hamas's politburo, delivered a fiery speech denouncing "the security coup" as a "conspiracy" supported by "the Zionists and the Americans"—charges Fatah denied. In February 2007, on the brink of civil war, Fatah and Hamas leaders traveled to Mecca, where they agreed to form a national unity government, a deal the US opposed because it preferred that Fatah continue to isolate Hamas. Fayyad became finance minister in the new government, despite, he says, American pressure not to join. The Peruvian diplomat Alvaro de Soto, former UN envoy to the Quartet, wrote in a confidential "End of Mission Report" that the violence between Hamas and Fatah could have been avoided had the US not strongly opposed Palestinian reconciliation. "The US", he wrote, "clearly pushed for a confrontation between Fateh and Hamas."'</ref> In June 2007, Hamas [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|took complete power of Gaza by force]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shlaim |first1=Avi |title=The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World |date=2014 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-34686-2 |page=798 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2r8CQAAQBAJ |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602053428/https://books.google.com/books?id=_2r8CQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Spencer C. Tucker |editor=Priscilla Mary Roberts |others=Anthony C. Zinni |title=The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars : The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamidd00tuck_298 |url-access=limited |date=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-947-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamidd00tuck_298/page/n40 3]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chomsky |first1=Noam |title=Ceasefires in Which Violations Never Cease |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/noam-chomsky/ceasefires-in-which-violations-never-cease_b_5790166.html |website=Huffington Post |access-date=26 October 2014 |date=9 September 2014 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026165129/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/noam-chomsky/ceasefires-in-which-violations-never-cease_b_5790166.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ismael |first1=Tareq |last2=Ismael |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Ismael |first3=Shereen |title=Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East : Continuity and Change |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-49144-0 |page=327 |edition=1st published}}</ref><ref name="RoseVF">{{cite news |last1=Rose |first1=David |title=The Gaza Bombshell |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/04/gaza200804 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=April 2008 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409024532/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/04/gaza200804 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Israel then defined Gaza as a "hostile territory" forming no part of a sovereign state and [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|put Gaza under a comprehensive economic and political blockade]],<ref>Elizabeth Spelman, [http://webjcli.org/article/view/207/277 'The Legality of the Israeli Naval Blockade of the Gaza Strip'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422065055/http://webjcli.org/article/view/207/277 |date=22 April 2018 }}, ''Web Journal of Current Legal Issues'', Vol 19, No 1, 2013</ref> which also denied access to a third of its arable land and 85% of its fishing areas. It has led to considerable economic damage and humanitarian problems in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza closure: not another year! |url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/update/palestine-update-140610.htm |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826191845/https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/update/palestine-update-140610.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Sara |title=Deprivation in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/07/19/deprivation-gaza-strip/6HybezDQv6N0lGzsVWoB4N/story.html |work=The Boston Globe |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214213/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/07/19/deprivation-gaza-strip/6HybezDQv6N0lGzsVWoB4N/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Deprived and Endangered: Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/12/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |website=Human Rights Watch |date=13 January 2009 |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404041422/http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/12/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Five Years of Blockade: The Humanitarian Situation in Gaza |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_june_2012_english.pdf |website=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124003755/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_blockade_factsheet_june_2012_english.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2014 }}</ref> The overwhelming consensus of international institutions is that the blockade is a form of collective punishment and illegal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/09/2011978161147706.html |title=Deep flaws in the UN's Mavi Marmara report (Al Jazeera, 9 September 2011) |publisher=English.aljazeera.net |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006061704/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/09/2011978161147706.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>* "[https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/un-independent-panel-rules-israel-blockade-of-gaza-illegal-1.384267 UN independent panel rules Israel blockade of Gaza illegal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512145352/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/un-independent-panel-rules-israel-blockade-of-gaza-illegal-1.384267 |date=12 May 2015 }}", ''[[Haaretz]]'' (story by [[Reuters]]), 13 September 2011.
* {{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUSL2849170120080528 |work=Reuters |title=U.N. envoy Tutu calls Gaza blockade illegal |date=28 May 2008 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113225657/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUSL2849170120080528 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE65404020100605 |work=Reuters |title=Gaza blockade illegal, must be lifted – UN's Pillay |first=Aaron |last=Gray-Block |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-date=14 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614005359/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE65404020100605 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title=U.N. experts say Israel's blockade of Gaza illegal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |access-date=10 August 2014 |work=Reuters |date=13 September 2011 |first=Stephanie |last=Nebehay |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513091134/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=206381 |title=Maan News Agency: UN rights chief urges Israel to end 'illegal' Gaza blockade |publisher=Maannews.net |date=18 November 2008 |access-date=27 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812131257/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=206381 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10306193 |work=BBC News |title=ICRC says Israel's Gaza blockade breaks law |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414145659/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10306193 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Palmer |first=Geoffrey |title=Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Inquiry on the 31 May 2010 Flotilla Incident |url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/middle_east/Gaza_Flotilla_Panel_Report.pdf |publisher=UN |access-date=12 October 2011 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413051832/http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/middle_east/Gaza_Flotilla_Panel_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel maintains that the blockade is legal and necessary to limit [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|Palestinian rocket attacks]] from the Gaza Strip on its cities and to prevent Hamas from obtaining other weapons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel tightens its blockade of Gaza for 'security reasons' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/lifestyle/7813-israel-tightens-its-blockade-of-gaza-for-security-reasons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014153810/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/blogs/lifestyle/7813-israel-tightens-its-blockade-of-gaza-for-security-reasons |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |work=Middle East Monitor |date=14 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gaza's Tunnel Economy |url=http://www.borgenmagazine.com/gazas-tunnel-economy/ |work=Borgen Magazine |date=4 August 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414125027/https://www.borgenmagazine.com/gazas-tunnel-economy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inquiry urged into Israel convoy raid |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-10202756 |work=BBC |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=27 September 2014 |archive-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313042851/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/10202756 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=288686 |title=Court extends remand of Israelis aboard Gaza ship |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015230656/http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=288686 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx "Position paper on the naval blockade on Gaza."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116231842/http://www.mag.idf.il/163-4314-en/patzar.aspx |date=16 January 2012 }} 8 September 2010.</ref><section end=BlockadeFull /> Israel carried out [[Operation Cast Lead]] in December 2008 with the stated aim of stopping rocket attacks from Hamas militants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza 'looks like earthquake zone' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=3 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125181742/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |archive-date=25 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict|UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict]] concluded that the operation was "a deliberately disproportionate attack designed to punish, humiliate and terrorize a civilian population, radically diminish its local economic capacity both to work and to provide for itself, and to force upon it an ever increasing sense of dependency and vulnerability".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldstone |first1=Richard |last2=Jilani |first2=Hina |last3=Travers |first3=Desmond |last4=Chinkin |first4=Christine |title=Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |publisher=UNHRC |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070929/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |url-status=live }} page 408</ref> The Israeli government's analysis concludes that the report perverts international law to serve a political agenda and sends a "legally unfounded message to states everywhere confronting terrorism that international law has no effective response to offer them".<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/FC985702-61C4-41C9-8B72-E3876FEF0ACA/0/GoldstoneReportInitialResponse240909.pdf Initial Response to Report of the Fact Finding Mission on Gaza] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001094449/http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/FC985702-61C4-41C9-8B72-E3876FEF0ACA/0/GoldstoneReportInitialResponse240909.pdf |date=1 October 2013 }}, [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]; accessed 22 November 2014.</ref>

=== First Hamas–Fatah reconciliation (2011) ===
Influenced in the [[Arab Spring]] and by demonstrations in [[Ramallah]] and Gaza, the gap between Hamas and Fatah was [[Fatah-Hamas conflict#April 2011 Cairo agreement|bridged]] in 2011. After the Palestinian president [[Mahmoud Abbas]] declared his willingness to travel to Gaza and sign an agreement, the IDF killed two Hamas activists in Gaza; the IDF stated the killings were in response to the launching of a single Qassam rocket, which hit no one, but [[Yedioth Ahronoth]]'s Alex Fishman argued they were a "premeditated escalation" by Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landau |first1=Idan |title=The unfolding lie of Operation Protective Edge |date=15 July 2014 |url=http://972mag.com/the-unfolding-lie-of-operation-protective-edge/93605 |publisher=+972 |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053324/http://972mag.com/the-unfolding-lie-of-operation-protective-edge/93605/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=+972 is a blog site|date=August 2014}} In an interview with [[CNN]], Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] declared that the reconciliation talks were calls for Israel's destruction, and strongly opposed the idea of a unity government.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ravid |first1=Barak |last2=Issacharof |first2=Avi |title=PM: Palestinian unity government would kill off the peace process |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/pm-palestinian-unity-government-would-kill-off-the-peace-process-1.349890 |journal=TheMarker |date=18 March 2011 |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028122634/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/pm-palestinian-unity-government-would-kill-off-the-peace-process-1.349890 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== November 2012 ceasefire and its violations ===
On 14 November 2012, Israel launched [[Operation Pillar of Defence]] in the Gaza Strip. The operation was preceded by a period with a number of mutual Israeli–Palestinian responsive attacks.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/features/why-the-mullet-not-the-israel-navy-are-to-blame-for-the-death-of-a-gaza-fisherman.premium-1.472845 ''Why the mullet, not the Israel Navy, are to blame for the death of a Gaza fisherman''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513222259/http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/why-the-mullet-not-the-israel-navy-are-to-blame-for-the-death-of-a-gaza-fisherman.premium-1.472845 |date=13 May 2015 }}. Amira Hass, Haaretz, 29 October 2012 (premium article)</ref> According to the Israeli government, the operation began in response to the launch of over 100 rockets at Israel during a 24-hour period<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza groups pound Israel with over 100 rockets |url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/Gaza-groups-pound-Israel-with-over-100-rockets |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414151101/https://www.jpost.com/Defense/Gaza-groups-pound-Israel-with-over-100-rockets |url-status=live }}</ref> and an explosion caused by [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]], which occurred near Israeli soldiers, on the Israeli side of a tunnel passing under the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-tunnel-explodes-gaza-border-17686902#.UKnxEIefvuE |title=Israel: Tunnel Explodes on Gaza Border |work=ABC News |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |archive-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20121124190447/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-tunnel-explodes-gaza-border-17686902#.UKnxEIefvuE |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/pressroom/2012/pages/operation_pillar_of_defense-statements.aspx |title=Operation Pillar of Defense – Selected statements |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, israel |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030509/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/pressroom/2012/pages/operation_pillar_of_defense-statements.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The Israeli government stated that the aims of the military operation were to halt rocket attacks against civilian targets originating from the Gaza Strip<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/11/24/hamas-leader-defiant-as-israel-eases-gaza-curbs/ |title=Jerusalem and Tel Aviv under rocket fire, Netanyahu warns Gaza |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107012400/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-24/news/sns-rt-us-palestinians-israel-hamasbre8ad0wp-20121114_1_gaza-curbs-gaza-fishermen-hamas-leader |url-status=live }}</ref> and to disrupt the capabilities of militant organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-strike-kills-Hamas-military-chief-Jabari |title=Israeli air strike kills top Hamas commander Jabari |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-date=7 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207041539/http://www.jpost.com/Defense/IAF-strike-kills-Hamas-military-chief-Jabari |url-status=live }}</ref> The Palestinians blamed the Israeli government for the upsurge in violence, accusing the IDF of attacks on Gazan civilians in the days leading up to the operation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel warns Hamas of 'heavy price' for Gaza rockets |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jRUtS7PreKQztfBnueg5yNep0ROg?docId=CNG.eceda380b55ad442c0c0b524c5263e34.61 |access-date=21 November 2012 |date=11 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301205413/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jRUtS7PreKQztfBnueg5yNep0ROg?docId=CNG.eceda380b55ad442c0c0b524c5263e34.61 |archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> They cited the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]] and the occupation of [[West Bank]], including [[East Jerusalem]], as the reason for rocket attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A: Israel-Gaza violence |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20388298 |work=BBC News |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414151057/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20388298 |url-status=live }}</ref> A week later, on 21 November, Egypt brokered a ceasefire to the conflict which contained the following agreements:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20388298 |title=Q&A: Israel-Gaza violence |work=BBC News |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414145718/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20388298 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://live.reuters.com/Event/Conflict_on_the_Gaza_Strip/57460762 |title=TEXT: Ceasefire agreement between Israel and Gaza's Palestinians |author=Matthew Keys |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=1 September 2014 |work=Reuters |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124955/http://live.reuters.com/Event/Conflict_on_the_Gaza_Strip/57460762 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# Israel should stop all hostilities in the Gaza Strip land, sea and air, including incursions and targeting of individuals.
# All Palestinian factions shall stop all hostilities from the Gaza Strip against Israel, including rocket attacks and all attacks along the border.
# The crossings should be opened, facilitating the movement of people and goods; Israel should refrain from restricting residents' movements and from targeting residents in border areas; procedures of implementation should be dealt with 24 hours after the start of the ceasefire.
[[File:Gaza Strip Access Restrictions.pdf|thumbnail|[[Gaza Strip]]: access and closure]]
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 29526 Israel Defense Forces.JPG|thumbnail|A sculpture in [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2013#March|Sderot]] made from rocket debris]]

==== Violations ====
Both Israel and Hamas argue that the other violated the [[2012 ceasefire]] agreement, resulting in 1 Israeli and 8 Gazan deaths and 5 Israeli and 66 Gazan injuries. According to the Israeli Security Agency ([[Shin Bet|Shabak]]) there was a sharp decrease in attacks from Gaza in 2013.<ref name=Shabak2013>{{cite web |url=http://www.shabak.gov.il/English/EnTerrorData/Reports/Pages/2013AnnualSummary.aspx |title=2013 Annual Summary |publisher=Israeli Security Agency |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209151954/http://www.shabak.gov.il/English/EnTerrorData/Reports/Pages/2013AnnualSummary.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nevertheless, 63 rockets (average 5 per month) were launched in 36 rocket attacks in addition to various mortar attacks, all prohibited by the November 2012 ceasefire. The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR)<ref name=PCHR2013>{{cite web |url=http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/2014/annual%20English%202013.pdf |title=Annual Report 2013 |publisher=Palestinian Centre for Human Rights |year=2013 |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001234258/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/2014/annual%20English%202013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> reported monthly Israeli attacks involving drones, missiles, small arms fire and airstrikes. Six of the deaths in Gaza occurred in the border area's Access Restricted Areas (ARAs, non-demarcated zones within Gazan territory unilaterally defined by Israel as being of restricted access), despite the ceasefire's prohibition on Israeli attacks on these areas.<ref name="nathanthrall" /><ref name=PCHR2013 /> OCHAO, more broadly sourced data, reported 11 deaths in Gaza and 81 injuries for 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_report_2013_12_31_english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113225039/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_report_2013_12_31_english.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2014 |title=Weekly 24–30 December 2013 |year=2006 |publisher=OCHAO }}</ref>

In the first three months after the IDF [[Operation Pillar of Defense]], according to Ben White, two mortar shells struck Israeli territory, while four Gazans were shot dead and 91 were wounded by Israeli forces who fired inside Gazan territory on 63 occasions, made 13 incursions into the Strip, and attacked the Gazan fishing fleet 30 times.<ref>Ben White, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/02/2013220152044327694.html "What a 'period of calm' looks like in the Occupied Territories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907160503/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/02/2013220152044327694.html |date=7 September 2020 }}, ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]]'', 22 February 2013.</ref> Israeli attacks on Gaza steadily increased during the second half of 2013, notwithstanding the decrease in attacks from Gaza.<ref name="gaza-ceasefire"/>

From December 2012 to late June/early July 2014, Hamas did not fire rockets into Israel, and tried to police other groups doing so.<ref name="Goldberg1" /> These efforts were largely successful; Netanyahu stated in March 2014 that the rocket fire in the past year was the "lowest in a decade."<ref name="nathanthrall" /><ref name="Goldberg1">{{cite web |last=Goldberg |first=J.J. |title=How Politics and Lies Triggered an Unintended War in Gaza |url=http://forward.com/articles/201764/how-politics-and-lies-triggered-an-unintended-war |newspaper=[[The Jewish Daily Forward|The Forward]] |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724041900/http://forward.com/articles/201764/how-politics-and-lies-triggered-an-unintended-war/?p=all |archive-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hendrickson |first1=David C. |title=The Thrasybulus Syndrome: Israel's War on Gaza |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-thrasybulus-syndrome-israel%E2%80%99s-war-gaza-10968?page=show |work=[[The National Interest]] |date=29 July 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030447/http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-thrasybulus-syndrome-israel%E2%80%99s-war-gaza-10968?page=show |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Shin Bet|Shabak]], in the first half of 2014 there were 181 rocket attacks<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shabak.gov.il/English/EnTerrorData/Reports/Pages/Report0114.aspx |title=Monthly summary – January 2014 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027105011/http://www.shabak.gov.il/English/EnTerrorData/Reports/Pages/Report0114.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> compared to 55 rocket attacks in whole 2013.<ref name=Shabak2013 />

As occasional rocket fire continued, the blockade of Gaza continued in direct violation of the ceasefire agreement.<ref name="economist-two-big">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets |title=Conditions for a ceasefire: Why Hamas fires those rockets |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=22 July 2014 |date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722071814/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets |url-status=live }}</ref> "Crossings were repeatedly shut and buffer zones were reinstated. Imports declined, exports were blocked, and fewer Gazans were given exit permits to Israel and the West Bank."<ref name="nathanthrall" />

Israel halted construction material going to Gaza after it stated that it had discovered a tunnel leading into Israel, some 300 m from a [[kibbutz]]. The IDF said it was the third tunnel discovered that year and that the previous two were packed with explosives.<ref>{{cite web |last=Borschel |first=Amanda |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-terror-tunnel-found-running-from-gaza-to-israel |title=IDF blames Hamas for 'terror tunnel' from Gaza to Israel |work=The Times of Israel |date=13 October 2013 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806210510/http://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-terror-tunnel-found-running-from-gaza-to-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Weapons Found in Khan Yunis, Gaza (14736403021).jpg|thumb|Some of the weapons captured in Khan Yunis]]
According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, there were 85 rocket attacks in the first five months of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rocket fire from Gaza and Palestinian ceasefire violations after Operation Cast Lead (January 2009) |url=http://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/terrorism/pages/palestinian_ceasefire_violations_since_end_operation_cast_lead.aspx |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825135135/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/terrorism/pages/palestinian_ceasefire_violations_since_end_operation_cast_lead.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the 85 rockets were fired in March, after the IDF killed 3 members of Islamic Jihad. The members of the PIJ say they were firing rockets in response to an incursion by Israeli tanks and bulldozers into Gazan territory east of the Khan Yunis area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sterman |first1=Adiv |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/gazans-pelt-southern-israel-with-massive-rocket-barrage/ |title=Gaza terrorists bombard southern Israel in massive rocket attack |work=The Times of Israel |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123183439/https://www.timesofisrael.com/gazans-pelt-southern-israel-with-massive-rocket-barrage/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fiske |first1=Gavriel |author2-link=Agence France-Presse |last2=AFP |title=Three Islamic Jihad operatives killed by IDF fire in Gaza |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/three-islamic-jihad-operatives-killed-by-idf-fire-in-gaza/ |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911230434/http://www.timesofisrael.com/three-islamic-jihad-operatives-killed-by-idf-fire-in-gaza/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mezan.org/en/details.php?id=18497&ddname=IOF&id_dept=9&p=center |title=Al Mezan Condemns the Israeli Escalation on Gaza and Calls on the International Community to Intervene |publisher=Al Mezan Center for Human Rights |date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114623/http://www.mezan.org/en/details.php?id=18497&ddname=IOF&id_dept=9&p=center |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> The IDF said they were conducting routine military patrols near the Gaza border when they came under fire, and thus responded with airstrikes.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497657,00.html IAF strike kills 3 Gaza terrorists in response to mortar shells fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903125155/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497657,00.html |date=3 September 2014 }}, Yoav Zitun, Elior Levy, 11 March 2014, ynetnews</ref><ref>Tzvi Ben-Gedalyahu, [http://www.jewishpress.com/news/idf-kills-three-terrorists-immediately-after-mortar-shell-attack/2014/03/11 "IDF Kills Three Terrorists Immediately after Mortar Shell Attack"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802021001/http://www.jewishpress.com/news/idf-kills-three-terrorists-immediately-after-mortar-shell-attack/2014/03/11/ |date=2 August 2014 }}, 11 March 2014.</ref>

=== Second Hamas–Fatah reconciliation ===
{{See also|Palestinian Government of 2014}}
Leading up to the collapse of the [[2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks]], in the face of Netanyahu's perceived reluctance to make desired concessions, [[Mahmoud Abbas]] decided to forge a deal with Hamas.<ref name="Sharon">Assaf Sharon, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/sep/25/failure-gaza "Failure in Gaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919042513/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/sep/25/failure-gaza/ |date=19 September 2015 }}, ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', 25 September 2014, pp. 20–24.</ref> With its alliance with Syria and Iran weakened, the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|loss of power by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt after a coup d'ètat in Egypt]], and the economic impact of the closure of its Rafah tunnels by [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]],<ref name="Sharon" /> on 23 April 2014, ending seven divisive years, Hamas agreed to reconciliation under a unity government with the other main Palestinian faction, [[Fatah]].<ref>[[Mouin Rabbani]], [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n15/mouin-rabbani/israel-mows-the-lawn 'Israel mows the lawn'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722211719/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n15/mouin-rabbani/israel-mows-the-lawn |date=22 July 2014 }}, ''[[London Review of Books]]'', Vol. 36 No 15, 31 July 2014, p. 8.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Profile: Hamas Palestinian movement |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13331522 |work=BBC News |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124212053/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13331522 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government accepted by Hamas was to be run exclusively by PNA technocrats.<ref name="Sharon" />

This [[Palestinian government of 2014|Palestinian unity government]] was sworn in by 2 June 2014<ref>{{cite web |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=2 June 2014 |title=Palestinian unity government of Fatah and Hamas sworn in |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/02/palestinian-unity-government-sworn-in-fatah-hamas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206085224/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/02/palestinian-unity-government-sworn-in-fatah-hamas |archive-date=6 December 2016 |access-date=13 July 2014 |website=The Guardian |quote="After seven years of a bitter and at times lethalrivalry between the two main Palestinian factions, Fatah and Hamas, a historic Palestinian unity government has been sworn in, ending years of division."}}</ref><ref name=Deal>{{cite news |last=Lyfield |first=Ben |title=Middle East peace: Deal between Palestinian political groups Fatah and Hamas casts doubt on faltering talks with Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/middle-east-peace-deal-between-palestinian-political-groups-fatah-and-hamas-casts-doubt-on-faltering-talks-with-israel-9278684.html?origin=internalSearch |website=The Independent |access-date=13 July 2014 |location=London |date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028041145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/middle-east-peace-deal-between-palestinian-political-groups-fatah-and-hamas-casts-doubt-on-faltering-talks-with-israel-9278684.html?origin=internalSearch |url-status=live }}</ref> and Israel announced it would not negotiate any peace deal with the new government and would push punitive measures.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dalia |first=Hatuqa |title=Palestinians form consensus government |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/palestinians-set-swear-unity-government-20146281348223961.html |website=Aljazeera |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922113321/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/palestinians-set-swear-unity-government-20146281348223961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Netanyahu took Palestinian unity as a threat rather than an opportunity.<ref name="Sharon" /><ref name="Heyer">Julia Amalia Heyer, [http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-former-israeli-security-chief-yuval-diskin-a-982094.html 'Ex-Israeli Security Chief Diskin: All the Conditions Are There for an Explosion'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023214642/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-former-israeli-security-chief-yuval-diskin-a-982094.html |date=23 October 2014 }}, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', 24 July 2014: 'It was a mistake by Netanyahu to attack the unity government between Hamas and Fatah under the leadership of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Israel should have been more sophisticated in the way it reacted.'</ref> On the eve of the agreement he stated that the proposed reconciliation would "strengthen terrorism", and called on the international community to avoid embracing it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Daniel |first=Estrin |title=If you recognise new Palestinian government you support terrorism, Benjamin Netanyahu tells world leaders |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/if-you-recognise-palestinian-government-you-support-terrorism-benjamin-netanyahu-tells-world-leaders-9468161.html?origin=internalSearch |website=The Independent |access-date=13 July 2014 |location=London |date=1 June 2014 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015950/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/if-you-recognise-palestinian-government-you-support-terrorism-benjamin-netanyahu-tells-world-leaders-9468161.html?origin=internalSearch |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the outside world, including the European Union, Russia, China, India, Turkey, France and the United Kingdom, proved cautiously optimistic, and subsequently expressed their support for new arrangement. The United States, more skeptical, announced it would continue to work with the PNA-directed unity government.<ref>Mitchell Plitnick,[http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/06/palestinian-unity-causing-political-ripples-in-washington "Palestinian Unity Causing Political Ripples in Washington"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030161822/http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/06/palestinian-unity-causing-political-ripples-in-washington/ |date=30 October 2014 }}, [[Inter Press Service]] 2 June 2014.</ref> Israel itself suspended negotiations with the PNA<ref>[http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/palestine-hamas-fatah-mahmoud-abbas.html "Abbas goes big with Hamas deal; the Temple Mount fault line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030171733/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/palestine-hamas-fatah-mahmoud-abbas.html |date=30 October 2014 }}, ''[[Al-Monitor]]'', 26 April 2014</ref> and, just after<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinian-israelstrike-idUSBREA3M17520140423 "Israeli air strike in Gaza wounds 12: medical officials"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518143633/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinian-israelstrike-idUSBREA3M17520140423 |date=18 May 2021 }}, [[Reuters]], 23 April 2014.</ref> the announcement, launched an airstrike, which missed its target and wounded a family of three bystanders.<ref name=Deal /><ref>{{cite news |last=Barzak |first=Ibrahim |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.thedalleschronicle.com/news/2014/apr/23/gaza-official-israeli-airstrike-wounds-3 |title=Gaza official: Israeli airstrike wounds 3 |website=The Dalles Chronicle |access-date=16 July 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805040701/http://www.thedalleschronicle.com/news/2014/apr/23/gaza-official-israeli-airstrike-wounds-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Netanyahu had warned before the deal that it would be incompatible with Israeli–Palestinian peace and that Abbas had to choose between peace with Hamas and peace with Israel. When a reconciliation deal was signed, opening the way to the appointment of the new government, Netanyahu chaired a security cabinet which voted to authorise Netanyahu to impose unspecified sanctions against the Palestinian Authority.<ref name=Deal />

On 4 June, the day before [[Naksa Day]], the Israeli Housing and Construction Ministry published tenders for 1,500 settlement units in the West Bank and East Jerusalem in a move Minister [[Uri Ariel]] said was an "appropriate Zionist response to the Palestinian terror government."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel okays 1,500 West Bank homes in response to Palestinian unity |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-okays-1500-west-bank-homes-in-response-to-palestinian-unity/ |access-date=14 August 2014 |work=TimesofIsrael.com |date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806054343/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-okays-1500-west-bank-homes-in-response-to-palestinian-unity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel to build 1,500 more homes in settlements |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/05/israel-build-more-homes-settlements |access-date=14 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602053429/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/05/israel-build-more-homes-settlements |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Marwan Bishara]], senior political analyst at ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'', alleged that Israel had hoped to disrupt the [[Palestinian government of 2014|Palestinian national unity government]] between Fatah and Hamas by its operation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bishara |first=Marwan |title=The Gaza conundrum: To invade or not to invade |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/07/gaza-conundrum-invade-not-invade-20147118252237390.html |website=AlJazeera.com |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907174651/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/07/gaza-conundrum-invade-not-invade-20147118252237390.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Immediate events ===
[[File:SderotBurningFactory1.JPG|thumbnail|Factory bursts in flames after rocket attack in [[Sderot]], Israel, 28 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Pages/Sderot-factory-destroyed-by-rocket-fire-29-Jun-2014.aspx |title=Sderot factory destroyed by rocket fire |date=29 June 2014 |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054839/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Pages/Sderot-factory-destroyed-by-rocket-fire-29-Jun-2014.aspx |archive-date=8 August 2014 }}</ref>]]
On 12 June 2014, [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|three Israeli teenagers were abducted in the West Bank]]: Naftali Fraenkel, Gilad Shaer, and Eyal Yifrah. Israel blamed [[Hamas]], with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu saying that he had "unequivocal proof" that Hamas was involved and that the abduction was linked to Palestinian reconciliation,<ref name="Sharon" /> and the IDF stated that the two men Israel suspected of having kidnapped the teenagers were known members of Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-ids-2-main-suspects-in-teens-disappearance |title=Israel IDs 2 main suspects in teens disappearance |work=[[CBS News]] |date=26 June 2014 |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628161311/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-ids-2-main-suspects-in-teens-disappearance/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Operation Protective Edge: In extended version of kidnapped teens call to police, murderers heard singing in celebration |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Brothers-Keeper/In-extended-version-of-kidnapped-teens-call-to-police-murderers-heard-singing-in-celebration-361270 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127043956/https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Brothers-Keeper/In-extended-version-of-kidnapped-teens-call-to-police-murderers-heard-singing-in-celebration-361270 |url-status=live }}</ref> No evidence of Hamas involvement was offered by Israeli authorities at the time.<ref name="nathanthrall" /><ref name="Sharon" /><ref>Robert Tait. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10901225/Hamas-kidnapping-Islamist-group-to-blame-for-youths-kidnapping-Benjamin-Netanyahu-says.html "Hamas kidnapping: Islamist group to blame for youths' 'kidnapping', Benjamin Netanyahu says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114175417/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10901225/Hamas-kidnapping-Islamist-group-to-blame-for-youths-kidnapping-Benjamin-Netanyahu-says.html |date=14 January 2024 }}, ''The Telegraph'', 15 June 2014.</ref> High-ranking members of Hamas denied the group had any involvement in the incident,<ref name=20140615TOI>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-rounds-up-senior-hamas-men-in-the-west-bank |title=Israel rounds up senior Hamas men in West Bank sweep |date=15 June 2014 |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=15 June 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613201330/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-rounds-up-senior-hamas-men-in-the-west-bank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ex-[[Shin Bet]] chief [[Yuval Diskin]] doubted Hamas had any involvement.<ref name="Heyer" /> The Palestinian Authority in the West Bank attributed the abductions to the [[Qawasameh tribe|Qawasameh clan]], notorious for acting against Hamas's policies and any attempts to reach an [[:wikt:entente|entente]] with Israel.<ref>Shlomi Eldar [https://web.archive.org/web/20140630191535/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/qawasmeh-clan-hebron-hamas-leadership-mahmoud-abbas.html "Accused kidnappers are actually rogue Hamas branch"], ''[[Al-Monitor]]'', 29 June 2014.</ref> Hamas political chief Khaled Meshal said he could neither confirm nor deny the kidnapping of the three Israelis, but congratulated the abductors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.600759#! |title=Hamas chief lauds abductors of Israeli teens, says has no new information |work=Haaretz |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814152121/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.600759#! |url-status=live }}</ref> The kidnappings were condemned by human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abducted Israeli teens must be released, Israel must cease collective punishment of Palestinians |url=http://www.amnesty.ie/news/public-statementabducted-israeli-teens-must-be-released-israel-must-cease-collective-punishment |website=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=4 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004001043/http://amnesty.ie/news/public-statementabducted-israeli-teens-must-be-released-israel-must-cease-collective-punishment |archive-date=4 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Those holding the three yeshiva students must release them at once; Israeli security forces must uphold human rights and avoid collective punishment |url=http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140615_the_three_yeshiva_students_must_be_released_at_once |website=[[B'tselem]] |access-date=4 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003113754/http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140615_the_three_yeshiva_students_must_be_released_at_once |url-status=live }}</ref> Documents released by Israel suggest that Hamas member Hussam Qawasmeh organized the kidnappings with $60,000 provided by his brother Mahmoud through a Hamas association in Gaza, after requesting support for a "military operation".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/world/middleeast/killing-of-3-israeli-teenagers-loosely-tied-to-hamas-court-documents-show.html?_r=0 |title=New Light on Hamas Role in Killings of Teenagers That Fueled Gaza War |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 September 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027100304/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/world/middleeast/killing-of-3-israeli-teenagers-loosely-tied-to-hamas-court-documents-show.html?_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 August, Saleh al-Arouri, an exiled Hamas leader based in Turkey, claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of the three Israeli teens: "Our goal was to ignite an [[:wikt:intifada|intifada]] in the West Bank and Jerusalem, as well as within the 1948 borders... Your brothers in the [[Al-Qassam Brigades]] carried out this operation to support their imprisoned brothers, who were on a hunger strike... The [[mujahideen]] captured these settlers in order to have a swap deal."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4437.htm |title=MEMRI: Hamas Leadership Acknowledges Responsibility for Kidnapping Three Israeli Teens |publisher=Memritv.org |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824120737/http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4437.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Palestinian security forces said the kidnappings were organized by Saleh al-Arouri.<ref>{{cite news |last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-arrests-suspected-ringleader-of-cell-that-nabbed-teens/ |title=Israel arrests suspected ringleader of cell that killed teens |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=5 August 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714030323/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-arrests-suspected-ringleader-of-cell-that-nabbed-teens/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Khalid Meshaal, head in exile of Hamas's political wing since 2004, acknowledged that Hamas members were responsible, but stated that its political leaders had no prior knowledge of the abduction, were not involved in military details and learnt of it through the ensuing Israeli investigations. He also said that while Hamas was opposed to targeting civilians, he understood that Palestinians "frustrated with oppression" were exercising a "legitimate [[right to resist|right of resistance]]" against the occupation by undertaking such operations.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.612039 'Hamas: We wouldn't target civilians if we had better weapons,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822224422/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.612039 |date=22 August 2015 }} [[Haaretz]] 23 August 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Isikoff |first=Michael |url=https://news.yahoo.com/in-personal-plea--top-hamas-leader-calls-on-obama-to-stop--holocaust--in-gaza-180315615.html |title=In personal plea, top Hamas leader calls on Obama to stop 'holocaust' in Gaza |work=Yahoo! News |date=25 August 2014 |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-date=29 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829015002/http://news.yahoo.com/in-personal-plea--top-hamas-leader-calls-on-obama-to-stop--holocaust--in-gaza-180315615.html |url-status=live }} "justified the killings as a legitimate action against Israelis on "occupied" lands."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hamas leader: Don't compare us to ISIL |url=https://news.yahoo.com/hamas-leader--don-t-compare-us-to-isil-193125056.html |website=Yahoo News |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073518/http://news.yahoo.com/hamas-leader--don-t-compare-us-to-isil-193125056.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel states that the IDF and the Shin Bet have foiled between 54<ref>{{cite news |first=Asmaa |last=al-Ghoul |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/19/could-kidnapping-of-israeli-boys-lead-to-intifada |title=Could Kidnapping of Israeli Boys Lead to Intifada? |newspaper=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=19 June 2014 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012111100/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/19/could-kidnapping-of-israeli-boys-lead-to-intifada |url-status=live }}</ref> and 64 kidnapping plots since 2013. The PA said it had foiled 43 of them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-calls-on-netanyahu-to-condemn-palestinian-deaths |title=Abbas calls on Netanyahu to condemn Palestinian deaths |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=22 June 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025175632/http://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-calls-on-netanyahu-to-condemn-palestinian-deaths/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Withholding evidence in its possession suggesting that the teens had been killed immediately until 1 July,<ref name="Sharon" /><ref name="Goldberg1"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ceren |first=Omri |title=Yes, Israel Won in Gaza |journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |volume=138 |number=3 |date=October 2014 |pages=13–17}}</ref> Israel launched [[Operation Brother's Keeper]], a large-scale crackdown of what it called Hamas's terrorist infrastructure and personnel in the West Bank,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/06/17/idf-seizes-hundreds-of-weapons-in-nablus-as-operation-brother%E2%80%99s-keeper-enters-5th-day-video |title=IDF Seizes Hundreds of Weapons in Nablus, as Operation 'Brother's Keeper' Enters 5th Day |date=17 June 2014 |work=[[Algemeiner Journal]] |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611133131/https://www.algemeiner.com/2014/06/17/idf-seizes-hundreds-of-weapons-in-nablus-as-operation-brother%e2%80%99s-keeper-enters-5th-day-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ostensibly aimed at securing the release of the kidnapped teenagers. During the operation, 11 Palestinians were killed and 51 wounded in 369 Israeli incursions into the West Bank through to 2 July,<ref>James Marc Leas, [http://www.councilforthenationalinterest.org/new/attack-first-kill-first-and-claim-self-defense/#.VN9NFE05Dcs 'Attack First, Kill First and Claim Self-Defense: Palestine Subcommittee Submission to UN Independent Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214210857/http://www.councilforthenationalinterest.org/new/attack-first-kill-first-and-claim-self-defense/#.VN9NFE05Dcs |date=14 February 2015 }} [[Council for the National Interest]] 21 January 2015.</ref><ref name=Maannews1 /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/26/hunt-missing-israeli-boys-recriminations |title=Hunt for missing Israeli boys stirs up familiar recriminations |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 June 2014 |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602053429/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/26/hunt-missing-israeli-boys-recriminations |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/teenager-killed-in-students-hunt-30370736.html |title=Teenager killed in students hunt |agency=Associated Press |date=20 June 2014 |publisher=independent.ie |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716091811/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/teenager-killed-in-students-hunt-30370736.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/07/03/murder-palestinian-teen-abu-khudeir-condemned |title=Murder of Palestinian teen, Abu Khudeir, condemned |work=[[Daily News Egypt]] |date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190919/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/07/03/murder-palestinian-teen-abu-khudeir-condemned/ |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> and between 350 and 600 Palestinians,<ref name=20140615TOI /><ref name=Maannews1>{{cite news |work=Maan News |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714820 |title=100 Palestinians killed in Israeli assault on Sunday alone |date=21 July 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730054343/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714820 |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Raphael |last=Ahren |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/is-israels-operation-to-find-kidnapped-teens-a-war-crime |title=Is Israel's operation to find kidnapped teens a war crime? |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611074819/https://www.timesofisrael.com/is-israels-operation-to-find-kidnapped-teens-a-war-crime/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Yoav |last=Zitun |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4531266,00.html |title=Operation Bring Back Our Brothers: IDF arrests 200, shift focus to Nablus |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=17 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611050105/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4531266,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> including nearly all of Hamas's West Bank leaders,<ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2014 |title=Watch: West Bank Hamas leadership in Israeli custody |url=https://www.jpost.com/Pillar-of-Defense/Entire-Hamas-leadership-in-West-Bank-in-Israeli-custody-some-may-be-deported-359462 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195254/http://www.jpost.com/Pillar-of-Defense/Entire-Hamas-leadership-in-West-Bank-in-Israeli-custody-some-may-be-deported-359462 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/105345/World/Region/Israel-commited-serious-violations-in-West-Bank-op.aspx |title=Israel committed serious violations in West Bank operations: HRW |work=[[Al-Ahram]] |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612163604/https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/105345/World/Region/Israel-commited-serious-violations-in-West-Bank-op.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/1-wounded-as-israel-arrests-10-palestinians-in-west-bank-114062600717_1.html |title=1 wounded as Israel arrests 10 Palestinians in West Bank |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=26 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611050105/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/1-wounded-as-israel-arrests-10-palestinians-in-west-bank-114062600717_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were arrested.<ref>{{cite news |title=Middle East & Africa: Murder of three kidnapped Israeli youths has set dangerous new spate |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21606288-murder-three-kidnapped-israeli-youths-has-set-dangerous-new-spate |newspaper=The Economist |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023010816/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21606288-murder-three-kidnapped-israeli-youths-has-set-dangerous-new-spate |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Yoav |last=Zitun |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4532764,00.html |title=Rescue units rushed to Hebron, searching wells and caves |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=21 June 2014 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081632/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4532764,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=John B. |last=Judis |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118630/israel-palestine-murders-cause-criss-will-john-kerry-step |title=John Kerry's First Peace Effort in Israel and Palestine Failed, But Now He Needs to Try Again |newspaper=[[The New Republic]] |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602053430/https://newrepublic.com/article/118630/israel-palestine-murders-cause-criss-will-john-kerry-step |url-status=live }}</ref> Among those arrested were many people who had only recently been freed under the terms of the [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crowcroft |first1=Orlando |title=Palestinians freed in 2011 Gilad Shalit prisoner-swap back in custody |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/18/palestinians-freed-2001-gilad-shalit-custody |work=The Guardian |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602053429/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/18/palestinians-freed-2001-gilad-shalit-custody |url-status=live }}</ref> Israeli military spokesman Lt. Col. [[Peter Lerner]] defended the arrests, stating that Hamas members had carried out 60 abduction attempts on Israelis in the West Bank "in the last year and a half", and that "Hamas does not need to give a direct order."<ref>{{cite web |last=Cheslow |first=Daniella |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/05/232436/for-family-of-suspect-in-killings.html |title=For family of suspect in killings of 3 teens, opposition to Israel is nothing new |publisher=McClatchy |date=5 June 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062029/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/05/232436/for-family-of-suspect-in-killings.html |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The arrests yielded no information about the abduction.<ref name="Sharon" /> [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] stated that certain aspects of the operation amounted to collective punishment,<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Serious Violations in West Bank Operations |date=3 July 2014 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/03/israel-serious-violations-west-bank-operations |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104031545/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/03/israel-serious-violations-west-bank-operations |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abducted Israeli teens must be released, Israel must cease collective punishment of Palestinians |url=http://www.amnesty.ie/news/public-statementabducted-israeli-teens-must-be-released-israel-must-cease-collective-punishment |website=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004001043/http://amnesty.ie/news/public-statementabducted-israeli-teens-must-be-released-israel-must-cease-collective-punishment |archive-date=4 October 2014 }}</ref> and B'tselem said in a press release that the actions have caused "disproportionate harm to the basic rights of Palestinians".<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Organizations: "Refrain from Collectively Punishing Palestinians." |url=http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140622_joint_release |website=[[B'tselem]] |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003232457/http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140622_joint_release |url-status=live }}</ref> During the course of the operation, Israel said it had uncovered a Hamas plot to launch a massive wave of violence throughout the West Bank, with the goal of overthrowing the Palestinian Authority. The purported coup plotters were arrested and their weapons stockpiles were seized<ref>{{cite news |last=Ginsburg |first=Mitch |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-orders-investigation-into-hamas-coup-plot-revealed-by-israel |title=Abbas orders probe into Hamas coup plot revealed by Israel |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=19 August 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024155720/http://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-orders-investigation-into-hamas-coup-plot-revealed-by-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>cf. {{cite web |last=Weymouth |first=Lally |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2014/10/israeli_defense_minister_moshe_yaalon_on_hamas_isis_syria_and_iran.html |title=In the End, We Should Be Able to Defend Ourselves by Ourselves |publisher=Slate.com |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024233603/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2014/10/israeli_defense_minister_moshe_yaalon_on_hamas_isis_syria_and_iran.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 June, search teams found the bodies of the three missing teenagers near Hebron.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodies of three kidnapped Israeli teens found in West Bank |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Brothers-Keeper/Large-number-of-IDF-forces-gather-north-of-Hebron-in-search-for-kidnapped-teens-361048 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=30 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427173159/https://www.jpost.com/operation-brothers-keeper/large-number-of-idf-forces-gather-north-of-hebron-in-search-for-kidnapped-teens-361048 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4536378,00.html |title=Security forces find missing teens' bodies in West Bank |work=[[Ynetnews]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803120812/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4536378,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bodies-of-three-kidnapped-teens-found |title=Bodies of three kidnapped teens found |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=30 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611074820/https://www.timesofisrael.com/bodies-of-three-kidnapped-teens-found/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After their burial, an anti-Arab riot broke out, and a [[Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir|Palestinian teenager was murdered in revenge]]. His killing sparked Arab rioting.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/14/three-jewish-israelis-charged-kidnapping-killing-palestinian-boy |title=Three Jewish Israelis admit kidnapping and killing Palestinian boy |date=14 July 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602053430/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/14/three-jewish-israelis-charged-kidnapping-killing-palestinian-boy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710424 |title=Jewish extremists held over Palestinian teen's murder |publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708203709/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710424 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Israel police arrested six suspects belonging to the [[Beitar Jerusalem F.C.]] supporters' group [[La Familia (Beitar supporters' group)|La Familia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-07-07/israel-arrests-right-wing-soccer-fans-revenge-murder-palestinian-boy |title=Israel arrests right-wing soccer fans for the revenge murder of a Palestinian boy |publisher=Public Radio International: The World |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |author=Bell, Mathew |archive-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127195054/http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-07-07/israel-arrests-right-wing-soccer-fans-revenge-murder-palestinian-boy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Isabel Kershner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/03/world/middleeast/israel.html |title=Arab boy's Death Escalates Clash Over Abductions |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703150926/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/03/world/middleeast/israel.html |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> and charged three of them with murder.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/name-abu-khdeir-suspect-released/ |title=Adult suspect in Abu Khdeir murder named |author=Aron Dónzis |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809013653/http://www.timesofisrael.com/name-abu-khdeir-suspect-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/15/world/middleeast/israeli-youths-murder-called-blueprint-for-revenge.html |title=A Focused Hunt for a Victim to Avenge Israelis' Deaths |author=Isabel Kershner |newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426011456/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/15/world/middleeast/israeli-youths-murder-called-blueprint-for-revenge.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As part of its crackdown and concurrent to rocket fire from Gaza, Israel conducted air strikes against Hamas facilities in the Gaza Strip. Hamas apparently refrained from retaliating, though it did not impede other factions from firing rockets towards Israel.<ref name="Sharon" /> From 1 May to 11 June, six rockets and three mortar shells were launched from Gaza towards Israel. From 12 to 30 June 44 rockets and 3 mortar shells were launched from Gaza. On 29 June, an Israeli airstrike on a rocket crew killed a Hamas operative, while at least 18 rockets were launched from Gaza through the next day by Hamas according to both [[J.J. Goldberg]] and Assaf Sharon,<ref name="Sharon" /> with Goldberg stating that it was the first time Hamas directly launched rockets since the conflict in 2012.<ref name="Goldberg1"/> Overnight, on 30 June – 1 July, Israeli airstrikes struck 34 Gaza targets in what officials stated was a response to the Sunday rocketry,<ref>Nick Logan, [http://globalnews.ca/news/1426608/mourning-military-strikes-after-israeli-teens-found-dead/ 'Mourning, military strikes after Israeli teens found dead'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909140339/http://globalnews.ca/news/1426608/mourning-military-strikes-after-israeli-teens-found-dead/ |date=9 September 2014 }}, ''[[Global News]]'', 1 July 2014.</ref> while Stuart Greer reported the strikes were revenge for the deaths of the three youths.<ref>Stuart Greer, [https://news.yahoo.com/video/tensions-rise-israel-following-murder-225301495.html Tensions arise in Israel following murder of teens] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223031/http://news.yahoo.com/video/tensions-rise-israel-following-murder-225301495.html |date=6 September 2014 }}, ''[[Yahoo News]]'', 1 July 2014: 'Prime Minister Binjamin Netanyahu vowed Hamas will pay a heavy price. [...] Their bodies were discovered on Monday, after the biggest Israeli ground operation nearly in a decade. Israel's revenge came swiftly with fighters pounding dozens of Hamas targets overnight in Gaza and the West Bank.'</ref> From the day of the abductions on 12 June through 5 July 117 rockets were launched from Gaza and there were approximately 80 Israeli airstrikes on Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tzuri |first1=Matan |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4532020,00.html |title=IAF hit Gaza targets after rockets slam into southern Israel |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynet |date=19 June 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016201553/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4532020,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-palestinians-idUKKBN0F40F220140629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225071303/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-palestinians-idUKKBN0F40F220140629 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2015 |title=Israel bombs Gaza after rocket attacks, Hamas gunman killed |work=Reuters |date=29 June 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |first=Nidal |last=al-Mughrabi}}</ref>

Israel sought a ceasefire but refused to accept Hamas's condition that Palestinians arrested in the West Bank crackdown be released.<ref name="Sharon" /> In a meeting held on 2 July to discuss the crisis, Hamas reportedly tried but failed to persuade armed factions in Gaza to uphold the truce with Israel.<ref>Allison Beth Hodgkins, [http://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2014/07/15/why-hamas-escalated-when-before-they-didnt/ "Why Hamas Escalated, When Before They Didn't,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914031521/http://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2014/07/15/why-hamas-escalated-when-before-they-didnt/ |date=14 September 2014 }} Political Violence @ a Glance 15 July 2014: 'there was a meeting in Gaza around 2 July in which Hamas apparently tried to convince the various armed factions to uphold the truce. They failed. The other factions in the meeting saw no reason to uphold a truce, especially since the newly formed government of national consensus decided not to pay the salaries of Gazan civil servants as supposedly promised in the unity deal. The street wanted escalation and so they would have it, calls for moderation be damned.</ref> Following escalating rocket fire from Gaza, Israel issued a warning on 4 July that it "would only be able to sustain militant rocket fire for another 24, or maximum 48, hours before undertaking a major military offensive."<ref>{{cite news |last=Weiss |first=Mark |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/israel-issues-warning-as-rocket-fire-maintained-1.1854537 |title=Israel issues warning as rocket fire maintained |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828093052/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/israel-issues-warning-as-rocket-fire-maintained-1.1854537 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hamas declared it was prepared to halt the rocket fire in exchange for an agreement by Israel to stop airstrikes. Netanyahu said Israel would only act against further rocket attacks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28156268 'Hamas, ready for Gaza ceasefire' if Israeli raids stop'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527011851/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28156268 |date=27 May 2018 }}, [[BBC News]], 4 July 2014.</ref> On 5 July, Hamas official Osama Hamdan said rocket fire would continue until Israel lifted its import restrictions on Gaza and the Palestinian Authority transferred money to pay Hamas civil servants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharon |first1=Itmar |title=Gaza terrorists launch rockets at Beersheba |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/more-rockets-hit-israel-clouding-egyptian-mediated-ceasefire-efforts/ |website=Times of Israel |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-date=9 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909233511/http://www.timesofisrael.com/more-rockets-hit-israel-clouding-egyptian-mediated-ceasefire-efforts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 4 and 6 July, a total of 62 rockets were fired from Gaza and the IAF attacked several targets in Gaza.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538037,00.html Code red sirens blare in Sderot marking 25th rocket on Friday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006161749/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538037,00.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, Ynet News 4 July 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538120,00.html "After a night of silence, IAF attacks three Gaza targets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151633/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538120,00.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, Ynet News, 5 July 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538739,00.html "Gaza rockets continue to hit southern Israel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006160218/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4538739,00.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, Ynet News; 6 July 2014.</ref> The following day, Hamas assumed formal responsibility for launching rocket attacks on Israel.<ref name="nathanthrall" /> Hamas increased rocket attacks on Israel,<ref name="economist-two-big" /> and by 7 July had fired 100 rockets from Gaza at Israeli territory; at the same time, the [[Israeli Air Force]] had bombed several sites in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/7/israel-launched-deadlyairstrikesingaza.html |title=Israel launches military offensive in Gaza |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]] |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709041844/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/7/israel-launched-deadlyairstrikesingaza.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Noam |last=Sheizaf |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/8/israeli-palestinianclashesupsettingisraelifaithinstatusquo.html |title=Israeli-Palestinian clashes upsetting Israeli faith in status quo |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]] |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711193837/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/8/israeli-palestinianclashesupsettingisraelifaithinstatusquo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603472 |type=live updates |date=7 July 2014 |title=Rockets bombard south, Hamas claims responsibility |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726021530/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603472 |url-status=live }}</ref> Early on 8 July, the IAF bombed 50 targets in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="pounds-dozens">{{Citation |first1=Spencer |last1=Ho |first2=Yifa |last2=Yaakov |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pounds-dozens-of-gaza-targets-in-major-counteroffensive |title=Israel hits Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) leaders after rockets land north of Tel Aviv |type=blog |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=8 July 2014 |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126204736/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pounds-dozens-of-gaza-targets-in-major-counteroffensive/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel's military also stopped a militant infiltration from the sea.<ref name="pounds-dozens" /> Brigadier General [[Moti Almoz]], the chief spokesman of the Israeli military, said: "We have been instructed by the political echelon to hit Hamas hard."<ref name="Goldberg1" /> Hamas insisted that Israel end all attacks on Gaza, release those re-arrested during the crackdown in the West Bank, lift the blockade on Gaza and return to the cease-fire conditions of 2012 as conditions for a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711104 |title=Hamas armed wing sets conditions for ceasefire |publisher=Maannews.net |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724215525/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711104 |archive-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Operation timeline ==
{{Main|Timeline of the 2014 Gaza War}}
{{transcluded section|Timeline of the 2014 Gaza War}}
{{#section::Timeline of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|Overview}}

== Impact ==

=== On Gaza residents ===
[[File:Israeli Strikes on North Gaza.jpg|thumb|A map showing the location of damage in Gaza<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unitar.org/unosat/node/44/2041 |title=Damage Assessment in Gaza City, Gaza Strip – Occupied Palestinian Territory |work=UN UNOSAT |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806225405/http://www.unitar.org/unosat/node/44/2041? |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:20140805 beit hanun8.jpg|thumb|Ruins of buildings in [[Beit Hanoun]], August 2014]]
[[File:Shaymaa al-Masri, five years old, at a-Shifaa Hospital, Gaza. Shaymaa was injured when her uncle’s house was bombed in the early afternoon of 9 July 2014.jpg|thumb|Five-year-old Shaymaa al-Masri was injured on 9 July 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eyes Wide Open: Photo Blog; Gaza Strip, July 2014: A constant state of emergency |url=http://www.btselem.org/photoblog/201407_gaza_strip |website=B'Tselem |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726225357/http://www.btselem.org/photoblog/201407_gaza_strip |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
{{As of|2014|7|20}}, hospitals in Gaza were ill-equipped and faced severe shortages of various kinds of medicine, medical supplies, and fuel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/07/10/gaza-hospitals-ill-equipped-for-israeli-onslaught |title=Gaza Hospitals Ill-equipped for Israeli Onslaught |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711015651/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/07/10/gaza-hospitals-ill-equipped-for-israeli-onslaught |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, Israel set up an [[IDF field hospital for Gazans]] at the Erez Crossing and Egypt temporarily reopened the Rafah crossing with Gaza to allow medical supplies to enter and injured Palestinians to receive treatment in Egypt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel says field hospital at Erez open for Gazans |url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=714665 |access-date=27 January 2019 |publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082901/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=714665 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/death-toll-climbs-as-israel-bombards-gaza-201471092828483396.html |title=Toll mounts as Israel steps up Gaza air raids |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907165129/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/death-toll-climbs-as-israel-bombards-gaza-201471092828483396.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the operation, prices of food, including fish and produce, rose dramatically.<ref>{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/11/ramadan-gaza-life-under-missile-fire |title=Ramadan in Gaza: life under missile-fire |work=The Guardian |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=12 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712032222/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/11/ramadan-gaza-life-under-missile-fire |url-status=live }}</ref> A 21 July news report stated that over 83,000 Palestinians had taken shelter in UN facilities.<ref name="CNN-crisis">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/21/world/meast/mideast-crisis |title=Deaths mount in Gaza and Israel as U.S. pushes cease-fire |publisher=CNN.com |date=21 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724005411/http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/21/world/meast/mideast-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref> Fatah officials accused Hamas of mishandling humanitarian aid meant for civilians. According to them, Hamas took the aid, which included clothing, mattresses, medicine, water, and food, and distributed it among Hamas members or sold it on the black market for profit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Fatah-blasts-Hamas-over-crimes-during-Gaza-operation-372831 |title=Fatah blasts Hamas for stealing humanitarian aid during Gaza operation |date=30 August 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-date=29 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929061113/http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Fatah-blasts-Hamas-over-crimes-during-Gaza-operation-372831 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hamas-fatah-tensions" />

According to the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA), over 273,000 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip had been displaced as of 31 July 2014, of whom 236,375 (over eleven percent of the Gazan population) were taking shelter in 88 UNRWA schools. UNRWA exhausted its capacity to absorb displaced persons, and overcrowding in shelters risked the outbreak of epidemics. 1.8 million people were affected by a halt or reduction of the water supply, 138 schools and 26 health facilities<ref name="OCHA1">{{cite web |date=3 August 2014 |title=Gaza Emergency Situation Report |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_08_2014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806095656/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_08_2014.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]: Occupied Palestinian Territory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/gaza-toll-passes-100-as-israel-raids-continue-2014711104221774156.html |title=Gaza toll passes 105 as Israel raids continue |publisher=Aljazeera.com |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907174633/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/gaza-toll-passes-100-as-israel-raids-continue-2014711104221774156.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-conflict-israel-hamas-both-committing-war-crimes-un-official-says-1.2723446 |title=Gaza conflict: Israel, Hamas both committing war crimes, UN official says |publisher=Cbc.ca |access-date=2 August 2014 |date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611050104/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-conflict-israel-hamas-both-committing-war-crimes-un-official-says-1.2723446 |url-status=live }}</ref> were damaged, 872 homes were totally destroyed or severely damaged, and the homes of 5,005 families were damaged but still inhabitable. Throughout the Gaza Strip, people received only 2 hours of electricity per day. Power outage had an immediate effect on the public health situation and reduced water and sanitation services, with hospitals becoming dependent on generators. On 2 September, UNRWA reported that 58,217 people were sheltering in 31 of their school buildings, a fifth of their buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/emergency-reports/gaza-situation-report-56 |title=Gaza Situation Report 56 |work=UNRWA |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003051145/http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/emergency-reports/gaza-situation-report-56 |url-status=live }}</ref>

OCHA estimated that at least 373,000 children required [[psychosocial support]].<ref name="OCHA" /> "Intense overcrowding, compounded by the limited access of humanitarian staff to certain areas, is increasingly undermining the living conditions at many shelters and raising protection concerns. Water supply has been particularly challenging..."<ref>{{cite web |title=Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza emergency: Humanitarian Snapshot (as of 22 July 2014) |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/humanitarian_Snapshot_23July2014_oPt_V1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727103308/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/humanitarian_Snapshot_23July2014_oPt_V1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=UN OCHA |date=22 July 2014 }}</ref> More than 485,000 [[internally displaced person]]s were in need of emergency food assistance.<ref name="OCHA1" />

Gaza City, home to 500,000, suffered damage to 20–25% of its housing. [[Beit Hanoun]], with 70% of its housing stock damaged, is considered uninhabitable, with 30,000 residents there in need of accommodation. The only power station in the Strip was damaged on 29 July, and the infrastructure of power transmission lines and sewage pumps was severely damaged, with a major sewage pipe catering to 500,000 badly damaged. Among the infrastructure targeted and destroyed by Israel's bombing campaign were 220 factories in various industrial zones, including a major carpentry enterprise, construction companies, a major biscuit factory, dairy farms and livestock, a candy manufacturer, the orange groves of Beit Hanoun, Gaza's largest mosques, and several TV stations. Farms, as a consequence of damage or the presence of unexploded ordnance dropped during the conflict, are often inaccessible, and the damage to agriculture was estimated at over $200 million. 10 out of 26 hospitals closed.<ref>Martin Lejeune, [http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=721265 'Touring the devastated industrial zones of Gaza'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020152836/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=721265 |date=20 October 2014 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 18 August 2014.</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">Jason Burke, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/11/damage-gaza-homes-israel-hamas-conflict 'Gaza homes 'uninhabitable' as tens of thousands come back to rubble'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827082849/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/11/damage-gaza-homes-israel-hamas-conflict |date=27 August 2024 }}, ''The Guardian'', 11 August 2014.</ref><ref name="make-us-dependent">{{cite news |last1=Tait |first1=Robert |title='They want to make us dependent on aid' – Gaza's economy ruined by Israeli shelling |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/gaza/11007914/They-want-to-make-us-dependent-on-aid-Gazas-economy-ruined-by-Israeli-shelling.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/gaza/11007914/They-want-to-make-us-dependent-on-aid-Gazas-economy-ruined-by-Israeli-shelling.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:A child walking in front of a collapsed mosque and a water tower in Khuza'a, Gaza Strip..jpg|thumb|The mosque in [[Khuzaʽa, Khan Yunis|Khuzaʽa]] was amongst those destroyed in the war.]]
According to the Palestinian Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs, 203 mosques were damaged during the war, with 73 being destroyed completely.<ref name="Heritage destroyed">{{cite web |last=Nafi |first=Ahmad |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/14041-the-ancient-mosques-of-gaza-in-ruins-how-israels-war-endangered-palestines-cultural-heritage |title=The ancient mosques of Gaza in ruins: How Israel's war endangered Palestine's cultural heritage |publisher=Middle East Monitor |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025113040/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/14041-the-ancient-mosques-of-gaza-in-ruins-how-israels-war-endangered-palestines-cultural-heritage |archive-date=25 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two of Gaza's three Christian churches were also damaged, with the third suffering some damage to peripheral buildings owned by the parish.<ref name="Heritage destroyed" /> In light of damage to mosques, Manuel Musallam informed Muslims they could call their prayers from Christian churches.<ref>[http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/gazas-christians-and-muslims-grow-closer-defiance-israeli-attacks-372261379 'Gaza's Christians and Muslims grow closer in defiance of Israeli attacks,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019104026/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/gazas-christians-and-muslims-grow-closer-defiance-israeli-attacks-372261379 |date=19 October 2014 }} [[Middle East Eye]] 30 July 2014:"When they destroy your mosques, call your prayers from our churches".'</ref> Some of the mosques were described as "historic"; one was 700 years old and another 500 years old.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gaza's Casualties Of War Include Its Historic Mosques|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/08/12/339828441/gazas-casualties-of-war-include-its-historic-mosques|publisher=NPR|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203063903/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/08/12/339828441/gazas-casualties-of-war-include-its-historic-mosques|url-status=live}}</ref> Israel maintained that Hamas had a routine military use of mosques and that made them legitimate military targets. According to the IDF, 160 rockets were launched from mosques during the war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-gaza-conflict-2014/1.610540 |title=IDF, Hamas duel over massive damage to Gaza mosques |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=14 August 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113000754/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-gaza-conflict-2014/1.610540 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Church rockets" /> It also stated that mosques were used for weapon storage, tunnel entrances, training and gathering of militants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/08/01/hamas-holy-places-in-gaza-as-terrorist-facilities |title=Hamas Uses Holy Places in Gaza as Terrorist Facilities |access-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026132213/http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/08/01/hamas-holy-places-in-gaza-as-terrorist-facilities/ |archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.612455 |title=Mosques used for military operations, say Hamas POWs |date=26 August 2014 |work=Haaretz.com |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007115002/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.612455 |url-status=live }}</ref> In one Associated Press report, residents denied that mosques damaged by Israeli forces had been used for military purposes.<ref>{{cite news |author=s |title=Israeli shelling of Gaza mosques targets Hamas' capabilities, but also hurts social fabric |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/israeli-shelling-of-gaza-mosques-targets-hamas-capabilities-but-also-hurts-social-fabric/ |agency=[[Fox News]] |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107224058/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/08/12/israeli-shelling-gaza-mosques-targets-hamas-capabilities-but-also-hurts-social/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cultural heritage sites were also damaged, including [[Tell es-Sakan]], [[Tell Umm el-'Amr]], and the [[Byzantine Church of Jabalia]].<ref>{{citation |title=The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities conducts a Preliminary Assessment of The Intentional Destruction of Palestinian Cultural Heritage in Gaza |date=14 August 2014 |url=https://www.palestine-australia.com/index.php/highlights/news/2014/the-ministry-of-tourism-and-antiquities-conducts-a-preliminary-assessment-of-the-intentional-destruction-of-palestinian-cultural-heritage-in-gaza/ |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=Embassy of the State of Palestine: The General Delegation of Palestine to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific}}</ref>

The UN calculated that more than 7,000 homes for 10,000 families were razed, together with an additional 89,000 homes damaged, of which roughly 10,000 were severely affected by the bombing.<ref name="ynetnews.com" /> Rebuilding costs were calculated to run from 4–6 billion dollars, over 20 years.<ref name="haaretz.com" />

=== On Israeli residents ===
[[File:Operation Protective Edge (14665449614).jpg|thumb|upright|A kindergarten in central Israel during a rocket attack<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/idfonline/14665449614/ |title=IDF Flickr account |work=Flickr |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101448/https://www.flickr.com/photos/idfonline/14665449614/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Shelter sign in Ben Gurion Airport during Operation Protective Edge.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the shelter signs that were placed in the [[Ben Gurion Airport]] because of the rocket attacks on Israel<ref name=ynetnumbers />]]
Hamas and other Islamist groups in Gaza fired rockets and mortars at Israeli towns and villages. Despite Israel's use of the Iron Dome missile defense systems, six civilians were killed, including an Arab Israeli and a [[Thailand|Thai]] civilian worker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28439404|title=Gaza crisis: Toll of operations in Gaza|work=BBC News|date=September 2014|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029212505/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28439404|url-status=live}}</ref> An Israeli teen was seriously injured in a rocket strike in the city of Ashkelon.<ref>[http://www.jewishexponent.com/headlines/2014/07/rocket-seriously-injures-israeli-teen-in-ashkelon-dual-citizens-leave-gaza "Rocket seriously injures Israeli teen in Ashkelon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820134053/http://www.jewishexponent.com/headlines/2014/07/rocket-seriously-injures-israeli-teen-in-ashkelon-dual-citizens-leave-gaza |date=20 August 2016 }}, JewishExponent.com, July 2014; accessed 23 November 2014.</ref> Medical health professionals have noted that Israeli teens prone to mental health problems suffer increasingly during both short-term and long-term conflicts. Experts have identified a number of mental health symptoms which rise during conflict, including anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity, phobias, and paranoia. There is some doubt whether these issues will dissipate after the conflict is resolved.<ref>"[http://www.timesofisrael.com/long-conflict-wears-on-teen-psyche-14-year-study Israeli teens' mental health worsens when Arab-Israeli conflict does] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804115845/http://www.timesofisrael.com/long-conflict-wears-on-teen-psyche-14-year-study/ |date=4 August 2014 }}." ''The Times of Israel'', 4 August 2014.</ref>

Rocket attacks from Gaza caused damage to Israeli civilian infrastructure, including factories, gas stations, and homes.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.604437 "Rocket caused massive damage to the gas station, and a fire has broken out"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720225823/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.604437 |date=20 July 2014 }}, ''Haaretz'', 12 July 2014.</ref>

At the onset of the operation, the Israeli government cancelled all programs within {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Gaza, and requested all people stay at home or near shelter. All summer camps were closed and universities cancelled their final exams.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharon |first1=Itamar |last2=Newman |first2=Marissa |last3=Zion |first3=Ilan Ben |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/as-israel-grapples-with-homegrown-killers-violence-continues |title=Israel launches 'Protective Edge' counteroffensive on Gaza, Jewish suspects reenact teen's murder |work=Timesofisrael.com |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422071058/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-israel-grapples-with-homegrown-killers-violence-continues/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, all gatherings of 300 or more people were banned.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html |title=Israel Steps Up Offensive Against Hamas in Gaza |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 July 2014 |first1=Steven |last1=Erlanger |first2=Isabel |last2=Kershner |date=8 July 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222154524/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the trajectory of rocket fire from Gaza, many flights in and out of [[Ben-Gurion Airport]] were delayed or rerouted.<ref>{{cite web |author=Lori Lowenthal Marcus |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/rocket-sirens-in-tel-aviv-and-ben-gurion-airport/2014/07/13 |title=Rocket Sirens in Tel Aviv and Ben Gurion Airport |publisher=The Jewish Press |date=13 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611050114/https://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/rocket-sirens-in-tel-aviv-and-ben-gurion-airport/2014/07/13/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and flights to Ben-Gurion airport [[2014 Ben Gurion Airport flight bans|were interrupted for some days]] after a Hamas rocket struck an area in its vicinity. Hamas called the FAA flight ban a "great victory".<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-01-12|title=World suspension of Israel flights a 'great victory': Hamas|url=http://news.yahoo.com/world-suspension-israel-flights-great-victory-hamas-161508458.html|website=news.yahoo.com|archive-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122141229/https://news.yahoo.com/world-suspension-israel-flights-great-victory-hamas-161508458.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Michael Ross (Mossad officer)|Michael Ross]] wrote that the decision was driven by anxiety and caused considerably more damage than the potential danger it prevented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blogsofwar.com/u-s-and-european-airlines-halt-flights-to-tel-aviv |title=U.S. and European Airlines Halt Flights to Tel Aviv. Disrupting Civil Aviation Just Got Much Easier |author=Blogs of War |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=8 November 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107164624/http://www.blogsofwar.com/u-s-and-european-airlines-halt-flights-to-tel-aviv |url-status=live }}</ref>

About 4,600 claims for direct damage and 28,000 for indirect damage such as missed work days were submitted to Israel's Tax Authority, which paid ₪133 million for direct damage and ₪1.51 billion for indirect damage.<ref name=ynetnumbers /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-nis-2b-invested-in-israeli-region-bordering-gaza-1001076583 |title=NIS 2b invested in Israeli region bordering Gaza |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424085003/http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-nis-2b-invested-in-israeli-region-bordering-gaza-1001076583 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/308667 |title=נזקי 'צוק איתן': 1.64 מיליארד שח |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173754/http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/308667 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Bedouin communities in the Negev, living in many habitations built illegally and unrecognised by the Israeli government, were classified as "open areas" and so their 200,000 residents did not have warning sirens or anti-rocket protection.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Jack Khoury |author2=Shirly Seidler |author3=Gili Cohen |title=Bedouin in south unprotected from rocket fire |newspaper=Haaretz |date=16 July 2014 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.605416 |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215043632/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.605416 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Israel, an estimated 5,000<ref name="mughrabinidal" /> to 8,000<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heller |first1=Aron |title=Southern Israelis cautiously prepare to head home |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/southern-israelis-cautiously-prepare-head-home |access-date=31 August 2014 |agency=Associated Press |date=6 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903103256/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/southern-israelis-cautiously-prepare-head-home |url-status=dead }}</ref> citizens temporarily fled their homes due to the threat of rocketry from Gaza.<ref name="mughrabinidal">Nidal al-Mughrabi and Allyn Fisher-Ilan.[http://www.mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0G907R20140810?irpc=932 "Israel, Palestinians launch new three-day truce"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626172944/http://www.mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0G907R20140810?irpc=932 |date=26 June 2015 }}, Reuters; 10 August 2014.</ref> The economic cost of the operation is estimated at NIS 8.5 billion (approximately US$2.5 billion) and GDP loss of 0.4%.<ref name="IsraelLoss" /> At the conclusion of hostilities 3,000–3,700 claims for damages had been submitted by Israelis, and $41 million paid out for property damage and missed work days.<ref name=ynetnumbers /> Reconstruction costs were estimated at $11 million.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/29/news/economy/gaza-rebuilding-cost/ 'The economic cost of the war in Gaza], [[CNN News]] 29 August 2014</ref>

== Casualties and losses ==
Most sources agreed that 2,200 Palestinians were killed, 65–70% of them civilians. Israel stated that 72 of its citizens were killed, of whom 67 were soldiers. [[+972 magazine]] pointed out that in this war, just like in other Gaza wars, the casualties were disproportionately Palestinian.<ref>{{cite news |title=What 'no country in the world' should tolerate |url=https://www.972mag.com/what-no-country-in-the-world-should-tolerate/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=[[+972 Magazine]] |date=13 July 2014 |quote=Israel says that 'no country in the world' would agree to live under the threat of Gaza's rockets, but ignores its own culpability in its 100-eyes-for-an eye spiral of violence.}}</ref>

=== Palestinian ===
{{further|List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}}
According to the main estimates between 2,125<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities" /> and 2,310<ref name="Ma'an2015Jan" /> Gazans were killed and between 10,626<ref name="Ma'an2015Jan" /> and 10,895<ref name="PCHR" /> were wounded (including 3,374 children, of whom over 1,000 were left permanently disabled<ref>[http://www.dci-palestine.org/sites/default/files/operationprotectiveedge.awarwagedonchildren.160415.pdf ''Operation Protective Edge: A war waged on Gaza's children,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420234058/http://www.dci-palestine.org/sites/default/files/operationprotectiveedge.awarwagedonchildren.160415.pdf|date=20 April 2015}}
[[Defense for Children International|Defence for Children International-Palestine]], Ramallah, 16 April 2015.</ref>). An estimated 64–70% of Palestinians killed were civilians. These estimates were made by the [[Gaza Health Ministry]], the Israeli organization [[B'Tselem]], two United Nations organs (the [[UNHRC]] and the [[OCHA]]) and the [[Palestinian Center for Human Rights]].<ref name="OCHA" /><ref name="jihad121" /><ref name="PCHR" /> Israeli officials estimated that around 40–50% of those killed were militants.<ref name="yahooDisputeCasulaties">{{cite news |last1=Laub |first1=Karin |last2=AlHou |first2=Yousur |date=8 August 2014 |title=In Gaza, dispute over civilian vs combatant deaths |url=https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-dispute-over-civilian-vs-combatant-deaths-181755421.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810150331/http://news.yahoo.com/gaza-dispute-over-civilian-vs-combatant-deaths-181755421.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=29 August 2014 |work=Yahoo News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="partten" /> On 5 August, OCHA stated that 520,000 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip (approximately 30% of its population) might have been displaced, of whom 485,000 needed emergency food assistance<ref name="OCHA1" /> and 273,000 were taking shelter in 90 UN-run schools.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2014 |title=Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza Emergency |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_05_08_2014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051540/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_05_08_2014.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Source
! rowspan="2" |Total killed
! colspan="4" |Civilians
! rowspan="2" |Combatants
! rowspan="2" |Unknown
! rowspan="2" |Percent civilians (among known)
!Last updated
!Methodology
|-
!Total
!Children
!Adult women
!Elderly
!
!
|-
|[[Gaza Health Ministry]]
|2,145<ref name="IA">{{Cite web |last=Bannoura |first=Saed |date=2014-08-27 |title=Ministry of Health: "2145 Palestinians, Including 578 Children, Killed In Israel's Aggression" |url=https://imemc.org/article/68969/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|≈1,501
|578<ref name="IA" />
|263<ref name="IA" />
|102<ref name="IA" />
|≈644
|—
|~70%<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-14 |title=Hamas flexes muscles with Gaza drone flight |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/2014/12/14/Hamas-flies-drone-over-Gaza-during-anniversary-parade- |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref>
|27 August 2014
|Incomplete count
|-
|[[B'Tselem]]
|2,203<ref name="FF">{{Cite web |title=50 Days: More than 500 Children - Facts and figures on fatalities in Gaza, Summer 2014 |url=https://www.btselem.org/2014_gaza_conflict/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214095909/https://www.btselem.org/2014_gaza_conflict/en/ |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.btselem.org |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1,371
|527{{refn|group=note|B'Tselem reported fatalities of 180 children 0-5 years old and 347 children 6-17 years old.}}
|247{{refn|group=note|Women over 18 and under 60}}
|112{{refn|group=note|B'Tselem includes men and women over 60 in the "elderly" category}}
|785
|47
|64%
|
|A detailed list containing the name, age, gender of every person killed, including the circumstances in which they were killed and who killed them (when known).<ref name="FF" />
|-
|[[United Nations Human Rights Committee|UN HRC]]
|2,251<ref name="HRC_REPORT2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc|title=Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict}}</ref>
|1,462
|551
|299
|
|789
|—
|65%
|22 June 2015
|Fatalities compiled from media reports and then cross-checked with Palestinian, Israeli and international organizations.<ref name="HRC_REPORT2" /> Data released by Gaza Health Ministry, the IDF and Hamas are all consulted.<ref name="HRC_REPORT2" />
|-
|[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|OCHA]]
|2,220<ref name="OCHA20152">[http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/annual_humanitarian_overview_2014_english_final.pdf ''Fragmented Lives: Humanitarian Overview, 2014''] [[OCHA]] March 2015.</ref>
|1,492
|551
|299
|
|605
|123
|71%
|March 2015
|
|-
|[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israeli MFA]]
|2,125<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities2">[http://mfa.gov.il/ProtectiveEdge/Documents/PalestinianFatalities.pdf Annex: Palestinian Fatality Figures in the 2014 Gaza Conflict] from report [http://mfa.gov.il/ProtectiveEdge/Documents/2014GazaConflictFullReport.pdf The 2014 Gaza Conflict: Factual and Legal Aspects], [[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], 14 June 2015</ref>
|761<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities2" />
|
|
|
|936<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities2" />
|428<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities2" />
|36%<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities2" />
|14 June 2015<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities2" />
|Uses its own intelligence reports as well as Palestinian sources and media reports to determine combatant deaths.<ref name="MFA-report-fatalities2" /><ref name="yahooDisputeCasulaties2">{{cite news |last1=Laub |first1=Karin |last2=AlHou |first2=Yousur |date=8 August 2014 |title=In Gaza, dispute over civilian vs combatant deaths |url=https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-dispute-over-civilian-vs-combatant-deaths-181755421.html |access-date=29 August 2014 |publisher=Yahoo News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>
|-
|[[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]]
|2,216<ref name="AR">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-04 |title=Annual Report 2014 - occupied Palestinian territory {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/annual-report-2014 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref>
|1,543<ref name="AR" />
|556<ref name="AR" />
|293<ref name="AR" />
|
|673
|
|69%
|3 June 2015
|Includes information collected via interviews with eyewitnesses of the event and family of the victim<ref name="AR" />
|}

The UN and other organizations classified fatalities as civilians based on eyewitness accounts, interviews with family members and contacts with other field researchers.<ref name="yahooDisputeCasulaties" /> Israeli government said its figures were based on "intelligence",<ref name="yahooDisputeCasulaties" /> but did not provide any further details or evidence.<ref name="nytimes_methodology">{{cite news |last=Rudoren |first=Jodi |date=5 August 2014 |title=Civilian or Not? New Fight in Tallying the Dead From the Gaza Conflict |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/06/world/middleeast/civilian-or-not-new-fight-in-tallying-the-dead-from-the-gaza-conflict.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812080955/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/06/world/middleeast/civilian-or-not-new-fight-in-tallying-the-dead-from-the-gaza-conflict.html?_r=0 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |access-date=11 August 2014 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The Israeli group ITIC provided details for its casualty count, but only for the first 152 casualties (7% of total dead), and stated that 47% killed were militants.<ref name="nytimes_methodology" /> The ''New York Times'' noted that the proportion of deaths that were female rose later in the war.<ref name="nytimes_methodology" /> Israeli sources claim that Palestinian militants try to "conceal" their dead; however, a New Zealander source said Palestinian armed groups claim their dead and hold "big funerals" for them, as that [[Martyrdom in Palestinian society|martyrdom is a matter of pride for them]].<ref name="nytimes_methodology" /> Another question revolved around who is a combatant. Israeli sources tend to classify civilian employees of Hamas (such as those employed by various government ministries or political offices) as "terrorists".<ref name="nytimes_methodology" /> However, [[Human Rights Watch]] criticizes this practice as contrary to [[International Humanitarian Law]] and cautions that civilian employees of Hamas can't be targeted.<ref name="nytimes_methodology" />

The IDF captured the bodies of 19 Hamas fighters killed during the war. Israel continues to hold the bodies pending a prisoner exchange deal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Booth |first=William |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/palestinians-and-israelis-are-now-fighting-over-corpses/2016/11/25/89641d30-7a8f-11e6-8064-c1ddc8a724bb_story.html |title=Palestinians and Israelis are now fighting over corpses |date=25 November 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427024755/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/palestinians-and-israelis-are-now-fighting-over-corpses/2016/11/25/89641d30-7a8f-11e6-8064-c1ddc8a724bb_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Human rights groups and the UN use the Gaza Health Ministry's number of Palestinians killed in Gaza as preliminary and add to or subtract from it after conducting their own investigations. For example, human rights groups say that the casualty count provided by the Health Ministry most likely includes victims of [[#Killing of suspected collaborators|Hamas executions]], domestic violence, and natural deaths,<ref name=nytimes_methodology /> but they (the human rights groups) remove the accused collaborators (who were shot as close range) from their own counts.<ref name=executions /> Israel contends that the Health Ministry's casualty count also includes deaths caused by [[#Killing and shooting of Gazan civilians|rocket or mortar malfunctions]].<ref name=nytimes_methodology />

According to the OCHA 2015 overview, of the 2,220 Palestinians killed in the conflict, 742 fatalities came from 142 families, who suffered the loss of 3 or more family members in individual bombing incidents on residential buildings.<ref name="OCHA2015">[http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/annual_humanitarian_overview_2014_english_final.pdf ''Fragmented Lives: Humanitarian Overview, 2014''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127200848/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/annual_humanitarian_overview_2014_english_final.pdf|date=27 November 2020}} [[OCHA]] March 2015.</ref>
According to data provided by the Palestinian International Middle East Media Center, 79.7% of the Palestinians killed in Gaza were male, with the majority between 16 and 35. In contrast, a New York Times analysis states that males of ages that are most likely to be militants form 9% of the population but 34% of the casualties, while women and children under 15, who are least likely to be legitimate targets, form 71% of the general population and 33% of the casualties.<ref name=nytimes_methodology /><ref>{{cite news |author1=Davidovich, Joshua |author2=[[Haviv Rettig]] Gur |author3=Marissa Newman |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/day-20-idf-toll-rises-to-42-hamas-breaches-truce-resumes-rocket-fire-kerry-heads-home/#liveblog-entry-1036480 |title=Majority of Gaza dead are fighting-age men |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=27 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611103338/https://www.timesofisrael.com/day-20-idf-toll-rises-to-42-hamas-breaches-truce-resumes-rocket-fire-kerry-heads-home/#liveblog-entry-1036480 |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel has pointed to the relatively small numbers of fatalities among women, children and men over 60, and to instances of Hamas fighters being counted as civilians (perhaps due to the broad definition of "civilian" used by the Gaza Health Ministry), to support its view that the number of the dead who were militants is 40–50%.<ref name="yahooDisputeCasulaties" /> The [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] calculates that 5% of Gaza's military forces were killed in the war.<ref name="heres-what-really-happened" /> Jana Krause, from the war studies department at [[King's College London]], stated that "a potential explanation other than combatant roles" for the tendency of the dead to be young men "could be that families expect them to be the first ones to leave shelters in order to care for hurt relatives, gather information, look after abandoned family homes or arrange food and water."<ref name="BBCdisputeCasualties">{{cite news |last=Reuben |first=Anthony |date=11 August 2014 |title=Caution needed with Gaza casualty figures |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28688179 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115231630/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28688179 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |access-date=12 August 2014 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

Abbas said that "over 850 Hamas members and their families" were killed by Israel during the operation.<ref>[http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/fatah-hamas-preparing-groundwork-to-dissolve-palestinian-authority-unity-govt/2014/09/07 Fatah, Hamas Preparing Groundwork to Dissolve Palestinian Authority Unity Govt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907170402/http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/fatah-hamas-preparing-groundwork-to-dissolve-palestinian-authority-unity-govt/2014/09/07/ |date=7 September 2014 }}, Hana Levi Julian, 7 September 2014, Jewish Press</ref><ref name="JPost Hamas curfew">Khaled Abu Toameh, [https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Fatah-members-killed-in-Gaza-during-war-Abbas-reveals-374661 Fatah members killed in Gaza during war, Abbas reveals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217085455/http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Fatah-members-killed-in-Gaza-during-war-Abbas-reveals-374661 |date=17 February 2017 }}, jpost.com, 7 September 2014; accessed 22 November 2014.</ref> During the fighting between Israel and Gaza, solidarity protests occurred in the West Bank, during which several Palestinians died; see [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict#Reactions|Reactions]].

=== Israeli ===
{{further|List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2014}}
A total of 67 IDF soldiers were killed, including one who died of his injuries after two and a half years in a coma, two soldiers – Staff Sergeant [[Death and ransoming of Oron Shaul|Oron Shaul]] and Second Lieutenant Hadar Goldin – whose bodies are believed to be held in Gaza, and an off-duty soldier who was killed in a rocket attack near his hometown while on leave from service in the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/soldier-injured-in-rocket-attack-dies-in-hospital/|title=Soldier killed in rocket attack laid to rest|first=Adiv|last=Sterman|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=2 June 2024|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117194835/https://www.timesofisrael.com/soldier-injured-in-rocket-attack-dies-in-hospital/|url-status=live |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name=benari>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/two-years-later-idf-officer-succumbs-to-wounds-from-gaza-war/ |title=Two years later, IDF officer succumbs to wounds from Gaza war |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=4 January 2017 |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104171441/http://www.timesofisrael.com/two-years-later-idf-officer-succumbs-to-wounds-from-gaza-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4814444,00.html|title=Status of Hadar Goldin and Oron Shaul to be redefined|date=6 October 2016|website=Ynetnews|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016131547/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4814444,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Another 469 soldiers were injured.<ref name=OPE-Israeli-wounded /> The IDF said that 5 soldiers were killed and 23 were wounded by [[friendly fire]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/during-gaza-op-5-soldiers-killed-by-friendly-fire-1.5259729|title=During Gaza Op: Five Israeli Soldiers Killed in 15 Cases of Friendly Fire|date=17 August 2014|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=2 June 2024|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127202353/https://www.haaretz.com/during-gaza-op-5-soldiers-killed-by-friendly-fire-1.5259729|url-status=live}}</ref>

Eleven soldiers were killed, and scores were wounded, in three separate [[Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip|Hamas tunnel attacks]] on IDF units inside Israel. No Israeli civilian casualties were reported in these attacks.

Nine IDF soldiers and six civilians were killed in Israel by Palestinian rocket and mortar fire.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Pages/IDF-soldiers-killed-in-Operation-Protective-Edge.aspx | title= IDF soldiers killed in Operation Protective Edge | publisher= Israel MFA | author= | date= 3 January 2017 | accessdate= 26 January 2022 | archive-date= 27 January 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054535/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Pages/IDF-soldiers-killed-in-Operation-Protective-Edge.aspx | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/terrorism/pages/rise-in-rocket-fire-from-gaza-3-jul-2014.aspx | title= Operation Protective Edge: Israel under fire, IDF responds | publisher= Israel MFA | author= | date= 26 Aug 2014 | accessdate= 26 January 2022 | archive-date= 27 January 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220127190354/https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/terrorism/pages/rise-in-rocket-fire-from-gaza-3-jul-2014.aspx | url-status= live }}</ref> That means that 64 percent of the victims of Hamas rocket and mortar attacks were IDF soldiers.

According to [[Magen David Adom]], 837 civilians were treated for shock (581) or injuries (256): 36 were injured by shrapnel, 33 by debris from shattered glass and building debris, 18 in traffic accidents which occurred when warning sirens sounded, 159 from falling or trauma while on the way to shelters, and 9 in violence in Jerusalem and [[Maale Adumim]].<ref>[http://www.mdais.com/316/7004.htm Cease fire in Operation "Protective Edge" is holding MDA sums up 50 days of saving lives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112327/http://www.mdais.com/316/7004.htm |date=26 June 2015 }}, Magen David Adom, 29 August 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/282756 |title=מד"א: 5 הרוגים ו-837 פצועים ב"צוק איתן" |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921132725/http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/282756 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first Israeli civilian death occurred at the [[Erez]] Checkpoint, where a [[Chabad]] rabbi was killed by mortar fire. He had come from the West Bank settlement of [[Bet Arye]] to deliver food and drinks to IDF soldiers on the front line.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/after-cast-lead/by-date-of-death/israel/israeli-civilians-killed-by-palestinians | title = Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians in Israel, since Operation Cast Lead | publisher = B'tselem | author = | date = | accessdate = 26 January 2022 | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220127190354/https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/after-cast-lead/by-date-of-death/israel/israeli-civilians-killed-by-palestinians | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tait |first=Robert |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10969563/Israel-to-escalate-Gaza-military-offensive-after-first-citizen-killed.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10969563/Israel-to-escalate-Gaza-military-offensive-after-first-citizen-killed.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Israel to escalate Gaza military offensive after first citizen killed |work=Telegraph |access-date=17 July 2014 |location=London |date=15 July 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-Gaza-despite-Israels-acceptance-of-ceasefire-362839 |title=First Israeli death of Gaza operation as mortar shell kills man at Erez Crossing |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422183425/https://www.jpost.com//operation-protective-edge/barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-despite-israels-acceptance-of-ceasefire-362839 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The second Israeli civilian to be killed was Awda Lafi al-Waj, a 32-year-old Israeli [[Bedouin]], who was hit by a rocket in the Bedouin village of [[Qasr al-Sir]], near [[Dimona]]. In spite of having been recognized as a regular settlement in 1999, the village was still not hooked up to the national electricity grid. The rocket alarm system therefore was not operative in the village. The village had still not an approved master plan, which meant that all construction was illegal. There were no shelters, safe rooms or protective walls in the village. The area where the village was located was considered "open area" by military authorities and was therefore not defended by the [[Iron Dome]] air defense system.<ref name=AI-N.Oz>Amnesty International (2015), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.pdf UNLAWFUL AND DEADLY - ROCKET AND MORTAR ATTACKS BY PALESTINIAN ARMED GROUPS DURING THE 2014 GAZA-ISRAEL CONFLICT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205021312/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.pdf |date=5 February 2022 }}, pp. 31-33</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/negev-bedouin-defenseless-as-man-killed-4-injured-by-gaza-rocket "Bedouin 'defenseless' as man killed, 4 injured by Gaza rocket"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613170844/https://www.timesofisrael.com/negev-bedouin-defenseless-as-man-killed-4-injured-by-gaza-rocket/ |date=13 June 2023 }}, ''The Times of Israel''; accessed 22 July 2014.</ref>

A Thai migrant worker was also killed by mortar fire while working at a greenhouse in [[moshav]] [[Netiv HaAsara]], located a few hundred meters from the Gaza border. The IDF had previously converted the car park in the southern part of the village into an army base and placed tanks there.<ref>{{cite news |last=Berg |first=Raffi |title=Israelis on the frontline with Gaza |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=April 18, 2019 |date=November 18, 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4446576.stm |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014122703/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4446576.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
The moshav provided no protection for the migrant workers working in the fields or greenhouses, located too far from the shelters.<ref>Amnesty International (2015), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.pdf UNLAWFUL AND DEADLY - ROCKET AND MORTAR ATTACKS BY PALESTINIAN ARMED GROUPS DURING THE 2014 GAZA-ISRAEL CONFLICT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205021312/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.pdf |date=5 February 2022 }}, pp. 29-31</ref>

On 22 August, a 4-year-old Israeli child was killed by a mortar that fell on kibbutz [[Nahal Oz]].<ref name="AI-N.Oz" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-mortar-fire-kills-child-southern-israel-army-155659460.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824232042/https://news.yahoo.com/gaza-mortar-fire-kills-child-southern-israel-army-155659460.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 August 2014 |title=Netanyahu warns Hamas of 'heavy price' after child killed |publisher=AFP News |date=22 August 2014}}</ref>

Two Israeli civilians in kibbutz [[Nirim]] were killed in a barrage of mortar fire, an hour before a ceasefire went into effect. The two were the settlement's chief and deputy military security co-ordinators.<ref>Amnesty International (2015), [https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.pdf UNLAWFUL AND DEADLY - ROCKET AND MORTAR ATTACKS BY PALESTINIAN ARMED GROUPS DURING THE 2014 GAZA-ISRAEL CONFLICT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205021312/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.pdf |date=5 February 2022 }}, pp. 33-37</ref>
Both Nahal Oz and Nirim (as well as two other nearby settlements) were used as staging areas for IDF tanks operating inside Gaza. The settlements were used for envelopment, surveillance and military supply. [[Eyal Weizman]] commented that "Israel claims that Hamas is endangering its civilian population by locating its installations in inhabited areas... Israel does the same, though it has enough space to choose not to."<ref>{{cite book|title= Forensic Architecture, VIOLENCE AT THE THRESHOLD OF DETECTABILITY |year= 2017 |url= |author= Weizman, Eyal |isbn= 978-1-935408-86-4 |publisher= ZONE BOOKS |location= NEW YORK }}, page 190.</ref>

=== Economic impact ===
Palestinian officials estimated on 4 September that, with 17,000 homes destroyed by Israeli bombing, the reconstruction would cost $7.8 billion, which is about three times Gaza's GDP for 2011.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Scale-of-Gaza-destruction-unprecedented-rehabilitation-will-cost-78-billion-PA-says-374460 Scale of Gaza destruction unprecedented, rehabilitation will cost $7.8 billion, PA says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124224821/https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Scale-of-Gaza-destruction-unprecedented-rehabilitation-will-cost-78-billion-PA-says-374460 |date=24 January 2024 }}, jpost.com; retrieved 4 September 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Culzac |first1=Natasha |title=Israel-Gaza Crisis: Reconstruction of flattened Gaza will cost £5billion, Palestinian officials say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-crisis-reconstruction-of-flattened-gaza-will-cost-5billion-palestinian-officials-say-9713905.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-crisis-reconstruction-of-flattened-gaza-will-cost-5billion-palestinian-officials-say-9713905.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2014 |work=The Independent UK |date=5 September 2014 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Gaza City suffered damage to 20–25% of its housing and [[Beit Hanoun]] with 70% of its housing uninhabitable.<ref name="theguardian.com" /> ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted that damage in this third war was more severe than in the two preceding wars, where in the aftermath of the earlier [[Operation Cast Lead]] the damage inflicted was $4 billion, 3 times the then GDP of Gaza's economy.<ref name="NYTGazaEconomy" /> Strikes on Gaza's few industries will take years to repair. Gaza's main power plant on Salaheddin Road was damaged. Two sewage pumping stations in Zeitoun were damaged. The biggest private company in Gaza, the Alawda biscuit and ice cream factory, employing 400, was destroyed by a shelling barrage on 31 July, a few days after undertaking to supply its Choco Sandwich biscuits to 250,000 refugees in response to a request from the [[World Food Programme]]; other strikes targeted a plastics factory, a sponge-making plant, the offices of Gaza's main fruit distribution network, the El Majd Industrial and Trading Corporation's factory for cardboard box, carton and plastic bag production, Gaza's biggest dairy product importer and distributor, Roward International. Trond Husby, chief of the UN's Gaza development programme in Gaza, commented that the level of destruction now is worse than in [[Somalia]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[South Sudan]] and [[Uganda]].<ref name="make-us-dependent" />

A number of tunnels leading into both Israel and Egypt were destroyed throughout the operation. There were reports that the tunnels between Gaza and Egypt were bringing an estimated $700 million into Gaza's economy through goods or services. Several Palestinians argued that the tunnels had been critical to supporting the residents of Gaza, either through the employment they provided or through the goods that they allowed in—goods which were otherwise not available unless shipped through Egypt.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 July 2014 |title=Gaza's underground: A vast tunnel network that empowers Hamas |publisher=Al-Jazeera |first=Ben |access-date=27 July 2014 |last=Piven |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/23/gaza-undergroundhamastunnels.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727092706/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/23/gaza-undergroundhamastunnels.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, tunnels along the Israeli border serve a purely military purpose.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldberg |first1=J.J. |title=Gaza Tunnels: How They Work, What Israel Knew |url=http://blogs.forward.com/jj-goldberg/202874/gaza-tunnels-how-they-work-what-israel-knew/? |access-date=29 July 2014 |work=The Forward |date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729094923/http://blogs.forward.com/jj-goldberg/202874/gaza-tunnels-how-they-work-what-israel-knew/ |archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

During the ground invasion, Israeli forces destroyed livestock in Gaza. In [[Beit Hanoun]], 370 cows were killed by tank shelling and airstrikes. In [[Beit Lahiya]], 20 camels were shot by ground forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza counts cost of war as more than 360 factories destroyed or damaged |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/22/gaza-economic-cost-war-factories-destroyed |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602053950/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/22/gaza-economic-cost-war-factories-destroyed |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel's Minister of Finance estimated that the operation would cost Israel NIS 8.5 billion (approximately US$2.5 billion), which is similar to [[Operation Cast Lead]] in 2009 and higher than [[Operation Pillar of Defense]] in 2012. The forecast included military and non-military costs, including military expenditure and property damage. The calculation indicated that if the operation lasted 20 days, the loss in GDP would be 0.4%.<ref name="IsraelLoss">{{cite web |url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-Operation-Protective-Edge-to-cost-NIS-85b-1000953306 |title=Operation Protective Edge to cost NIS 8.5b |access-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713032413/http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-operation-protective-edge-to-cost-nis-85b-1000953306 |archive-date=13 July 2014 }}</ref>

== Reactions ==
{{Main|International reactions to the 2014 Gaza War}}

=== International ===
[[File:Al-Quds 2014 Berlin 20140725 173841.jpg|thumb|[[Reactions to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict#2014 Quds Day|Quds Day 2014]] pro-Palestinian protest in [[Berlin]], 25 July 2014]]
[[File:Tzuk-Eytan-Helsinki-protest-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Reactions to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict#Pro-Israel|Pro-Israel demonstration]] in [[Helsinki, Finland]]]]
International reactions to the conflict came from many [[Country|countries]] and [[international organization]]s around the world.

[[Canada]] was supportive of Israel<ref>[http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/13/canadian-prime-minister-harper-praised-for-statement-in-support-of-israels-gaza-campaign "Canadian Prime Minister Harper Praised for Statement in Support of Israel's Gaza Campaign"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027210237/http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/13/canadian-prime-minister-harper-praised-for-statement-in-support-of-israels-gaza-campaign/ |date=27 October 2014 }}, Algemeiner.com; retrieved 25 August 2014.</ref> and critical of Hamas. The [[BRICS]] countries called for restraint on both sides and a return to peace talks based on the [[Arab Peace Initiative]]. The [[European Union]] condemned the violations of the laws of war by both sides, while stressing the "unsustainable nature of the status quo", and calling for a settlement based on the [[two-state solution]]. The [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[Arab League]], and most Latin American countries were critical of Israel, with some countries in the latter group withdrawing their ambassadors from Israel in protest. South Africa called for restraint by both sides and an end to "collective punishment of Palestinians".

There were many pro-Israel and pro-Palestine demonstrations worldwide, including inside Israel and the Palestinian territories.<noinclude> According to OCHA, 23 Palestinians were killed and 2,218 were wounded by the IDF (38% of the latter by live fire) during these demonstrations.<ref name="Ma'an News">{{cite news |title=Israeli forces kill Palestinian during protest near Ramallah |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=719146 |agency=Ma'an |publisher=Ma'an News |date=8 August 2014 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816150710/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=719146 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead }} (outdated figures)</ref><ref name="The IDFs real face">[[Gideon Levy]], [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.613212 'The IDF's real face'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023173703/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.613212 |date=23 October 2017 }}, ''[[Haaretz]]'', 30 August 2014</ref><ref name="OCHA-West-Bank">[http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_report_2014_7_04_english.pdf Protection of Civilians: OCHA Weekly Report 24-30 June 2014, West Bank] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126183051/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_report_2014_7_04_english.pdf |date=26 November 2014 }}: as of 30 June (prior to Operation Protective Edge), 17 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces in 2014; [http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_report_2014_9_13_english.pdf Protection of Civilians: OCHA Weekly Report 2-8 September 2014, West Bank] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130427/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_protection_of_civilians_weekly_report_2014_9_13_english.pdf |date=6 October 2014 }}: as of 8 September (after Operation Protective Edge), the number had risen to 40</ref></noinclude>

=== United States ===
[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] acknowledged Israel's right to defend itself, but urged restraint by both sides. Meanwhile, the [[United States Congress]] expressed vigorous support for Israel. It passed legislation providing Israel with an additional $225 million in military aid for missile defense with a bipartisan 395–8 vote in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and by unanimous consent in the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Galbraith |first=James K. |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/senate-approves-israel-aid-109642.html |title=Congress backs aid to Israel – Burgess Everett |publisher=Politico.Com |date=3 August 2014 |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407072839/http://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/senate-approves-israel-aid-109642.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was in addition to strong measures supporting Israel's position passed with overwhelming support in both houses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aipac.org/learn/legislative-agenda/agenda-display?agendaid=%7B570C7179-9618-4DAC-A0C6-E5E35E1FA5CB%7D|title=Support Israel's Right to Self-Defense|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403131637/http://www.aipac.org/learn/legislative-agenda/agenda-display?agendaid=%7B570C7179-9618-4DAC-A0C6-E5E35E1FA5CB%7D|url-status=live}}</ref> Israel received strong statements of bipartisan support from the leadership and members of both houses of Congress for its actions during the conflict. A poll conducted in July found that 57% of Americans believed the operation was justified.<ref>{{cite news |title=CNN Poll: Majority of Americans side with Israel in Gaza fighting |url=https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/21/cnn-poll-americans-clearly-side-with-israel-in-gaza-fighting/ |work=CNN |date=July 21, 2014 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329165805/https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/21/cnn-poll-americans-clearly-side-with-israel-in-gaza-fighting/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the [[2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries|U.S. presidential primary race of 2016]], Democratic candidate [[Bernie Sanders]] criticized Israel for its treatment of Gaza, and in particular criticized Netanyahu for "overreacting" and causing unnecessary civilian deaths.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/bernie-sanders-accuses-netanyahu-of-overreacting-in-gaza-war/ Bernie Sanders accuses Netanyahu of overreacting in Gaza war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314190928/https://www.timesofisrael.com/bernie-sanders-accuses-netanyahu-of-overreacting-in-gaza-war/ |date=14 March 2021 }} The Times of Israel, 19 November 2015</ref> In April 2016, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] called on Sanders to withdraw remarks he made to the ''[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]'', which the ADL said exaggerated the death toll of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Sanders said "over 10,000 innocent people were killed", a number far in excess of Palestinian or Israel sources' estimates.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/US-Jewish-group-slams-Bernie-Sanders-for-misstatements-on-2014-Gaza-war-450507 US Jewish group slams Bernie Sanders for misstatements on 2014 Gaza war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212064711/http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/US-Jewish-group-slams-Bernie-Sanders-for-misstatements-on-2014-Gaza-war-450507 |date=12 February 2021 }} ''The Jerusalem Post'', 6 April 2016</ref> In response, Sanders said that he accepted a corrected number of the death toll as 2,300 during the course of the interview, which was taped, and that he would make every effort to set the record straight. The written transcript of the interview failed to note that Sanders said "Okay" to the corrected number presented by the interviewer during the course of the interview.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/sanders-tells-adl-he-knows-he-got-his-gaza-death-toll-number-wrong/ Sanders tells ADL he knows he got his Gaza death toll number wrong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411013806/http://www.timesofisrael.com/sanders-tells-adl-he-knows-he-got-his-gaza-death-toll-number-wrong/ |date=11 April 2016 }} Times of Israel, 8 April 2016</ref>

=== Gaza ===

On 6 August 2014, thousands of Palestinians rallied in Gaza in support of [[Hamas]], demanding an end to the blockade of Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinians rally in support of Hamas |url=http://www.albawaba.com/news/hamas-palestinians-595217 |access-date=12 August 2014 |work=albawaba |date=7 August 2014 |ref=albawaba |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602053952/https://www.albawaba.com/news/hamas-palestinians-595217 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the 26 August ceasefire, the [[Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research]] conducted a poll in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip: 79% of respondents said that Hamas had won the war and 61% said that they would pick Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]] as the Palestinian president, up from 41% before the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcpsr.org/en/special-gaza-war-poll |title=Special Gaza War Poll |date=2 September 2014 |publisher=Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research |access-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905071227/http://www.pcpsr.org/en/special-gaza-war-poll |archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', a percentage of Gazans held Hamas accountable for the humanitarian crisis and wanted the militants to stop firing rockets from their neighborhoods to avoid Israeli reaction.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/as-war-with-israel-shatters-lives-more-gazans-question-hamas-decisions/2014/08/12/71e3381e-e0a1-4243-ad49-09aef0656d2c_story.html "As war with Israel shatters lives, more Gazans question Hamas decisions"], ''The Washington Post'', 12 August 2014.</ref> Some of the Gazans have attempted to protest against Hamas, which routinely accuses protesters of being Israeli spies and has killed more than 50 such protesters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas suppressing wartime dissent, shooting to kill Palestinian protesters |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/07/31/sources-hamas-quickly-puts-dissent-gaza-kills-palestinian-protesters |work=World Tribune |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802181856/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/07/31/sources-hamas-quickly-puts-dissent-gaza-kills-palestinian-protesters/ |archive-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kipnees |first=Shira |title=Hamas Executions Against Palestinians Protesting War in Gaza |url=http://www.jspacenews.com/hamas-executions-palestinians-gaza/ |publisher=Jspacenews |date=29 July 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124558/http://www.jspacenews.com/hamas-executions-palestinians-gaza/ |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=August 2014|reason=The sources lack evidence, referring to some "sources".}} Around 6 August, Palestinian protesters reportedly attacked and beat up Hamas spokesperson Sami Abu Zuhri because they blamed Hamas for inciting Operation Protective Edge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4555631,00.html |title=Report: Hamas spokesperson attacked by Gaza civilians |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=6 August 2014 |publisher=Ynetnews.com |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806225833/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4555631,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/183741#.VHG0HvmUcRp |title=Angry Palestinians Attack Hamas Official Over Gaza Destruction |work=Arutz Sheva|date=5 August 2014 }}</ref>

An unknown number of Palestinians, estimated in the hundreds or thousands, tried to flee to Europe due to the conflict. The Palestinian rights group Adamir collected the names of 400 missing persons. In what was described by [[International Organization for Migration]] as the "worst shipwreck in years", a boat carrying refugees was rammed by smugglers and capsized off the coast of [[Malta]], resulting in the deaths of about 400 people. According to interviews with survivors, they paid smugglers between $2,000–$5,000 or used legal travel permits, to get to Egypt. One refugee who died had considered the boat to be rickety but told his father "I have no life in Gaza anyway".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khoury |first1=Jack |title=Thousands of Gazans fleeing to Europe via tunnels, traffickers and boats |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.616162 |access-date=18 September 2014 |work=Ha'aretz |date=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Heyer |first1=Julia Amalia |last2=Wilkens |first2=Chrissi |last3=Popp |first3=Maximilian |last4=Mayr |first4=Walter |title='Left To Die': The Survivors of the Malta Refugee Shipwreck |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/survivors-recall-crime-of-malta-refugee-shipwreck-a-993031.html |work=Der Spiegel |date=23 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Israel and the West Bank ===
[[File:MyIsraelFacebook--ProTzukEytan001.jpg|thumb|A pro-Israeli demonstration supporting Israel and the [[Israel Defense Forces]] in Tzuk Eytan]]
[[File:Kindergarten in Kiryat Ono in August 2014.jpg|thumb|Banner on a kindergarten in [[Kiryat Ono]] saying "Dear soldiers! Take care of yourselves! You are our heroes!"]]
[[File:Peace demonstration in Tel Aviv.jpg|thumb|left|Demonstration against Operation Protective Edge in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel]]
A majority of the Israeli public supported Operation Protective Edge. A poll conducted after a temporary ceasefire came into effect during the war in July found that 86.5% of Israelis polled opposed the ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/majority-israelis-are-unhappy-ceasefire-poll-argues-261555|title=86.5% of Israelis Disagree with Ceasefire, Poll Finds|date=28 July 2014|website=Newsweek|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> Another poll in July found 91% support for the operation among the Jewish public, with 85% opposed to stopping the war and 51% in support of continuing the war until Hamas was removed from power in Gaza, while 4% believed the war to be a mistake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-85-of-israeli-jews-want-to-keep-fighting/|title=Poll: 85% of Israeli Jews want to keep fighting|last=Andrew Tobin|website=timesofisrael.com|date=31 July 2014 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> Two other polls found 90% and 95% support for the war among the Jewish public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/7/31/5955077/israeli-support-for-the-gaza-war-is-basically-unanimous|title=95 percent of Jewish Israelis support the Gaza war|first=Zack|last=Beauchamp|date=31 July 2014|website=Vox|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yaakov |first1=Yifa |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/over-90-of-jewish-israelis-say-gaza-op-justified |title=Over 90% of Jewish Israelis say Gaza op justified |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=29 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Poll-865-percent-of-Israelis-oppose-cease-fire-369064 |title=Poll: 86.5% of Israelis oppose cease-fire |date=28 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Towards the end of the war, after Israel announced the withdrawal of ground forces from Gaza, a poll found 92% support for the war among the Jewish public, and that 48% believed that the IDF had used the appropriate amount of firepower in the operation, while 45% believed it had used too little and 6% believed it had used too much. The poll also found that 62% of [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli-Arabs]] believed the operation was unjustified while 24% believed it was justified, and that 62% believed too much firepower was used, 10% believed too little firepower was used, and 3% thought the appropriate amount of firepower was used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.idi.org.il/press-releases/12789|title=August 2014 Peace Index|website=en.idi.org.il|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>

The war saw strained relations between Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs. Many Arab businesses closed as part of a one-day general strike in solidarity with Gaza, leading to Israeli Foreign Minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] to call for the boycott of Arab businesses that participated in the strike. Thousands demonstrated against the war, including some who threw stones and blocked streets. About 1,500 Arabs were arrested over involvement in protests against the war. Numerous Arabs were fired or disciplined by their employers over comments against Israel and the war on social media. The most notable case was that of a psychological counselor who worked for the [[Lod]] municipality, who was terminated on the orders of the Mayor of Lod after writing a Facebook post expressing joy over the deaths of 13 Israeli soldiers in the [[Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)|Battle of Shuja'iyya]]. Arabs reported an increase in racism and violence from right-wing Jews. However, some Israeli Jews against the war joined in anti-war protests, and a handful were also arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-arabs-caught-in-the-middle-of-gaza-war/|title=Israeli Arabs caught in the middle of Gaza war|first=Aron|last=Heller|website=timesofisrael.com|date=27 July 2014 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carlstrom |first1=Gregg |title=Businesses strike in Israel over Gaza |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/businesses-strike-israel-over-gaza-2014721191110588315.html |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=21 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/lod-psychologist-fired-for-joyful-post-on-soldier-deaths/|title=Lod psychologist fired for joyful post on soldier deaths|website=timesofisrael.com|date=22 July 2014 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/after-gaza-arab-israelis-fear-rising-discrimination/|title=After Gaza, Arab Israelis fear rising discrimination|first=Ben|last=Sales|website=timesofisrael.com|date=5 September 2014 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/4-israeli-arabs-disciplined-over-anti-war-facebook-posts-1.5256408|title=Workplaces Discipline Israeli Arabs for Facebook Posts Against Gaza Incursion|first1=Or|last1=Kashti|first2=Eli|last2=Ashkenazi|first3=Nir|last3=Hasson|date=23 July 2014|access-date=6 January 2019|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>

There were continuous protests and clashes in the West Bank. The [[Mohammed Abu Khdeir#Family reactions, riots and funeral|funeral]] of [[Mohammed Abu Khdeir]] on 4 July was joined by thousands of mourners, and was accompanied by clashes across east Jerusalem throughout the weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710185 |title=New Gaza fire as Palestinian citizens of Israel join protests |publisher=Maannews.net |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808122711/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=710185 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2014|reason=protests overall need to be summarized}} According to OCHA, 23 Palestinians were killed and 2,218 were wounded by the IDF, 38% of the latter by live fire.<ref name="Ma'an News" /><ref name="The IDFs real face" /><ref name="OCHA-West-Bank" /> According to the PLO, 32 Palestinians were killed in the West Bank in the period 13 June – 26 August, nearly 1400 were wounded by Israeli fire and 1,700 were detained in the largest offensive in the West Bank since the [[Second Intifada]]. The PLO also stated that 1,472 settlement homes had been approved over the summer.<ref>{{cite news |title=PLO: 32 Palestinians killed in West Bank since June |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=724086 |access-date=15 September 2014 |work=Ma'an News |agency=Ma'an News |date=29 August 2014 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915120554/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=724086 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the war there were over 360 attacks on Jews from the West Bank, a spate that was thought by ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' to have "peaked" on 4 August with a [[2014 Jerusalem tractor attack|tractor attack in Jerusalem]] and the shooting of a uniformed soldier in the [[French Hill (neighborhood)|French Hill]] neighborhood, leading to an increase in security in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PolicePrepared |title=Police Prepared for Increased Attacks in East Jerusalem |url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Police-prepared-for-increased-attacks-in-east-Jerusalem-370809 |access-date=6 September 2014 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandler |first1=Adam |title=Jerusalem on High Alert After Dual Terrorist Attacks |url=http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/08/two-dead-after-attack-in-jerusalem/375521/ |access-date=7 September 2014 |publisher=The Wire |date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=22 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722124201/http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/08/two-dead-after-attack-in-jerusalem/375521/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 1 September, Israel announced a plan to expropriate 1,000 acres of land in the West Bank, reportedly as a "reaction to the deplorable murder in June of three Israeli teenagers", which Amnesty International denounced as the "largest land grab in the Occupied Palestinian Territories since the 1980s".<ref>{{cite news |title=Amnesty International condemns Israel's 'illegal land grab' in West Bank |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Amnesty-International-condemns-Israels-illegal-land-grab-in-West-Bank-373104 |access-date=15 September 2014 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel must scrap illegal land grab in the West Bank |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/israel-must-scrap-illegal-land-grab-west-bank-2014-09-01 |access-date=15 September 2014 |work=Amnesty International |date=1 September 2014 |archive-date=9 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230356/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/israel-must-scrap-illegal-land-grab-west-bank-2014-09-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The EU complained about the land expropriation and warned of renewed violence in Gaza; the US called it "counterproductive".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levinson |first1=Chaim |title=U.S.: Israel's West Bank land grab 'counterproductive' to two-state solution |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613424 |access-date=15 September 2014 |work=Ha'aretz |agency=Reuters |date=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Eichner |first1=Itamar |title=Top EU envoy slams land grab, warns of renewed Gaza violence |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4569655,00.html |access-date=15 September 2014 |work=Ynet |date=10 September 2014}}</ref>

== Alleged violations of international humanitarian law ==
{{further|International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict}}
A number of legal and moral issues concerning the conflict arose during course of the fighting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Jamie |title=Is Israel Fighting A Just War in Gaza? |url=http://forward.com/articles/203082/is-israel-fighting-a-just-war-in-gaza-and-what-a/?p=all |access-date=18 December 2014 |work=The Forward |date=30 July 2014}}</ref>
Various human rights groups have argued that both Palestinian rocket attacks and Israeli targeted [[House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|destruction of homes]] of Hamas and other militia members violated international humanitarian law and might constitute war crimes, violations of [[international humanitarian law]].<ref name=btselem1>[http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20140713_palestinians_killed_in_illegal_attacks_on_houses "52 Palestinians killed in bombings of homes in Gaza Strip, which are unlawful"], [[B'tselem]], 13 July 2014; accessed 22 July 2014.</ref><ref name=indiscriminate>{{cite web |title=Palestine/Israel: Indiscriminate Palestinian Rocket Attacks |location=Jerusalem |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/09/palestineisrael-indiscriminate-palestinian-rocket-attacks}}</ref><ref name=washingtonpost1>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/07/09/roof-knocking-the-israeli-mjilitarys-tactic-of-phoning-palestinians-it-is-about-to-bomb |title='Roof knocking': The Israeli military's tactic of phoning Palestinians it is about to bomb |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>
[[Navi Pillay]], the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], accused Hamas militants of violating international humanitarian law by "locating rockets within schools and hospitals, or even launching these rockets from densely populated areas."<ref name=AP-warcrimes /> She also criticized Israel's military operation, stating that there was "a strong possibility that international law has been violated, in a manner that could amount to war crimes", and specifically criticizing Israel's actions in Gaza as disproportionate.<ref>{{cite web |title=UN's Navi Pillay warns of Israel Gaza 'war crimes' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28437626 |publisher=BBC |date=23 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

Amnesty International found evidence that "[d]uring the current hostilities, Hamas spokespeople reportedly urged residents in some areas of the Gaza Strip not to leave their homes after the Israeli military dropped leaflets and made phone calls warning people in the area to evacuate", and that international humanitarian law was clear in that "even if officials or fighters from Hamas or Palestinian armed groups associated with other factions did in fact direct civilians to remain in a specific location in order to shield military objectives from attacks, all of Israel's obligations to protect these civilians would still apply."<ref name="amnesty1">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/017/2014/en/ |title=Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Israel/Gaza conflict, July 2014 – Questions & Answers |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014 }}</ref> [[B'tselem]] found that Hamas had breached provisions of [[International Humanitarian Law]] (IHL), both firing from civilian areas and firing at Israeli civilian areas. It also stated that the Israeli policy of bombing homes, formulated by government officials and the senior military command, though claimed to be in [[conformity]] with IHL, was 'unlawful', and designed to 'block, a priori, any allegations that Israel breached IHL provisions', in that it relies on an interpretation that leaves 'no restrictions whatsoever on Israeli action' so that 'whatever method it chooses to respond to Hamas operations is legitimate, no matter how horrifying the consequences.'<ref name="B'tselemJan2015">[http://www.btselem.org/download/201501_black_flag_eng.pdf 'Black Flag:The legal and moral implications of the policy of attacking residential buildings in the Gaza Strip, summer 2014,'] [[B'tselem]] 28 January 2015, pp.48–49.</ref><ref>Gili Cohen, [https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.639462 'IDF broke international law in dozens of Gaza war strikes, Israeli rights group says,'] [[Haaretz]] 28 January 2015.'The Israel Defense Forces broke international law at least in some of the dozens of strikes it made against homes during the fighting in Gaza last summer, . . More than 70 percent of the people killed in 70 incidents examined by B'Tselem were non-combatants, according to the report . .In these 70 strikes, 606 Palestinians were killed, B'Tselem says, including 93 children under age 5, 129 children ages 5 to 14, and 42 teens, ages 14 to 18. This figure also included 135 women ages 18 to 60, and 37 men over 60 years old.'</ref>

Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]] urged the Palestinian Authority to sign the Rome Statute of the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC).<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=727024 'Haniyeh urges Abbas to stop 'stalling' on ICC'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912213035/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=727024 |date=12 September 2014 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]], 12 September 2014.</ref> ICC prosecutor Geoffrey Nice said that a "decision to do nothing clearly emerges from the meeting" with the PA foreign minister [[Riad Malki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/pa-leadership-speaking-with-two-voices-2014911101131329372.html |title=Is the PA stalling Gaza war crimes probe? |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Report-Palestinian-Authority-preventing-ICC-from-investigating-Israel-Hamas-for-war-crimes-375166 |title=Leaked letter suggests PA stalling ICC membership, possible war crimes probe |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>

Israel announced its own investigations of both military and civilian leadership and the conduct during the war.<ref name=NYTIsraelInvestigation>{{cite news |last1=Kershner |first1=Isabel |title=Israel, Facing Criticism, to Investigate Possible Military Misconduct in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/11/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-israel-criminal-investigation.html?ref=todayspaper&_r=0 |access-date=14 September 2014 |work=The New York Times |date=10 September 2014}}</ref> Human rights organizations have expressed little confidence in Israel's measures, citing past experience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tait |first1=Robert |title=Israeli attacks on Gaza families must be investigated as war crimes, say human rights groups |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/gaza/11039636/Israeli-attacks-on-Gaza-families-must-be-investigated-as-war-crimes-say-human-rights-groups.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/gaza/11039636/Israeli-attacks-on-Gaza-families-must-be-investigated-as-war-crimes-say-human-rights-groups.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |publisher=The Daily Telegraph (UK) |date=17 August 2014 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Moreover, several human rights organizations were denied access to Gaza by Israel, rendering it impossible for them to carry out on-site investigations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaza: Israel 'playing games' as human rights organisations denied access |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/gaza-israel-playing-games-human-rights-organisations-denied-access |website=Amnesty International |access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel/Egypt: Provide Rights Groups Access to Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/20/israelegypt-provide-rights-groups-access-gaza |website=Human Rights Watch |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> [[B'Tselem]] has refused to participate in the army investigation calling it a "whitewashing mechanism". According to ''The New York Times'', "Of 44 cases initially referred to army fact-finding teams for preliminary examination, seven have been closed, including one involving the death of eight members of a family when their home was struck on 8 July, the first day of the Israeli air campaign, and others are pending."<ref name=NYTIsraelInvestigation />

===UN report===
The [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) commissioned the [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]], led by [[William Schabas]] to investigate war crimes allegations by both sides. Israel criticized Schabas as biased because he had made statements critical of Israel and sympathetic to Hamas. Schabas denied any bias,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winer |first1=Stuart |title=UN Gaza probe head says he's not anti-Israel, will be impartial William Schabas, who called for Netanyahu to stand trial at ICC, says past comments won't bias investigation |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-gaza-probe-head-says-hes-not-anti-israel-will-be-impartial/ |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/watchdog-demands-schabas-quit-un-gaza-inquiry-over-anti-israel-bias |publisher=Ynetnews |date=3 February 2015 |title=Watchdog demands Schabas quit UN Gaza inquiry over anti-Israel bias |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> but on 2 February 2015 resigned from the position.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4622206,00.html|title=Head of UN inquiry into Gaza conflict to quit|newspaper=Ynetnews |date=2 February 2015|via=www.ynetnews.com}}</ref>

Israel refused to cooperate with the commission by denying them access to the [[Occupied Palestinian territories]] and not responding to a list of questions relating to specific incidents. The [[State of Palestine]] fully cooperated with the investigation.<ref name=UNreport>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc |title=Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict |publisher=United Nations |date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

The commission issued its report on 22 June 2015 and found evidence of war crimes by both Israel and Hamas.The report criticized Israel for its disproportionate airstrikes that damaged approximately 18,000 dwellings, its indiscriminate use of weapons in civilian areas, the high number of civilian casualties in the [[Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)|Battle of Shuja'iyya]] and "[[Black Friday (bombing campaign)|Black Friday]]" attacks on Rafah, and for letting violations of international law by IDF soldiers go unpunished. The report also found that rockets fired from Gaza into Israel by Hamas and other Palestinian militants were intended to spread terror.<ref name=bbc_UNreport>{{cite news |title=Gaza conflict 2014: 'War crimes by both sides' - UN|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33223365|publisher=BBC|date=June 22, 2015|access-date=March 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ravid |first1=Barak |title=UN Commission Finds Evidence of War Crimes by Israel, Hamas During 2014 Gaza War |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2015-06-22/ty-article/un-report-evidence-of-israeli-hamas-war-crimes-in-gaza/0000017f-e3e1-d804-ad7f-f3fb28220000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=22 April 2025 |date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

Israel dismissed the investigation as "politically motivated and morally flawed", while [[Hamas]] said it wrongly equated "the victim and executioner".<ref name=bbc_UNreport/>

=== Alleged violations by Hamas ===

==== Killing and shooting of Gazan civilians ====
{{anchor|Hamas rockets failing}}
Twenty alleged spies for Israel from [[Shuja'iyya]] were killed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Report-Hamas-executes-alleged-spies-shoots-protesters-in-Gaza-369331 |title=Report: Hamas executes alleged spies, shoots protesters in Gaza |first=Ariel Ben |last=Solomon |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=29 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> A few days later, Hamas reportedly killed two Gazans and wounded ten after a scuffle broke out over food handouts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/29/hamas-police-shoot-kill-starving-gazans-a-day-after-executing-protesters |title=Hamas Police Shoot, Kill Starving Gazans a Day After Executing Protesters |publisher=Algemeiner.com |date=29 July 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>

The IDF stated on 31 July that more than 280 Hamas rockets<ref name="failing_rockets">{{cite web |url=http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/31/hamas-launches-rockets-civilians-gaza |title=Hamas Launches Rockets on Civilians in Gaza |publisher=Idfblog.com |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822025714/http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/31/hamas-launches-rockets-civilians-gaza/ |archive-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> malfunctioned and fell inside the Gaza strip, hitting sites including Al-Shifa Hospital and the Al-Shati refugee camp, killing at least 11 and wounding dozens.<ref name="Shifa-10">{{cite news |last1=Mohyeldin |first1=Ayman |last2=Nassar |first2=Paul Ziad |last3=Smith |first3=Alexander |title=Strikes Near Gaza's Shifa Hospital, Refugee Camp Kill at Least 10 |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/strikes-near-gazas-shifa-hospital-refugee-camp-kill-least-10-n166571 |work=NBC News |date=28 July 2014}}</ref> Hamas denied that any of its rockets hit the Gaza Strip.,<ref name="failing_rockets" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/07/30/israel-says-10-percent-hamas-rockets-misfire-fall-gaza-strip |title=Israel: 10 percent of Hamas rockets misfired, landed in Gaza Strip |work=World Tribune |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801101226/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/07/30/israel-says-10-percent-hamas-rockets-misfire-fall-gaza-strip/ |archive-date=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/10-Palestinians-killed-in-failed-Gazan-rocket-attack-IDF-says-369180 |title=10 Palestinians killed in failed Gazan rocket attack on Israel, IDF says |publisher=JPost |date=28 July 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> but Palestinian sources said numerous rocket launches ended up falling in Gaza communities and that scores of people have been killed or injured. Israeli Military sources said the failed Hamas launches increased amid heavy Israeli air and artillery strikes throughout the Gaza Strip. They said the failed launches reflected poorly assembled rockets as well as the rush to load and fire projectiles before they are spotted by Israeli aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/07/30/israel-says-10-percent-hamas-rockets-misfire-fall-gaza-strip/ |title=Israel: 10 percent of Hamas rockets misfired, landed in Gaza Strip |work=World Tribune |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808071549/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/07/30/israel-says-10-percent-hamas-rockets-misfire-fall-gaza-strip/ |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> While the Al-Shifa Hospital incident is disputed, early news reports have suggested that the strike was from an Israeli drone missile.<ref name="Shifa-10" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Makarechi |first1=Kia |title=Who's Responsible for Bombing Near Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital? |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2014/07/gaza-shifa-hospital-bombing |access-date=26 August 2014 |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=28 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Westcott |first1=Lucy |title=Who Fired on Gaza's Shifa Hospital? |url=http://www.newsweek.com/mysterious-case-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-262086 |access-date=26 August 2014 |work=Newsweek |date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Amnesty International concluded that the explosion at the Shati refugee camp on 28 July in which 13 civilians were killed was caused by a Palestinian rocket, despite Palestinian claims it was an Israeli missile.<ref>Isabel Kershner, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/26/world/middleeast/amnesty-international-sees-evidence-of-palestinian-war-crimes-in-14-gaza-conflict.html?mabReward=R3&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&region=CColumn&module=Recommendation&src=rechp&WT.nav=RecEngine Amnesty International Sees Evidence of Palestinian War Crimes in '14 Gaza Conflict], ''The New York Times'' (25 March 2015)</ref>

==== Killing of suspected collaborators ====
{{anchor|Hamas killing of collaborators}}
During the conflict, Hamas executed Gazan civilians it accused of having collaborated with Israel, thirty on 30 July.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/middle-east/38508-140728-hamas-executes-30-suspected-collaborators-report |title=Hamas executes 30 suspected collaborators: report |publisher=I24news.tv |date=29 July 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811202832/http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/middle-east/38508-140728-hamas-executes-30-suspected-collaborators-report |archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2019}} The United Nations Investigatory Commission concluded that at least 21 persons{{refn|group=note|25 according to [[Human Rights Watch]], 23 according to [[Amnesty International]]}} were killed in Gaza City in [[summary execution]]s for collaboration between 5 and 22 August 2014 in Gaza City, most on the last date. 11 of those shot by firing squads on 22 August, a day after 3 al-Qassam brigade commanders had been killed in an Israeli strike at Rafah, had been taken from Al-Katiba prison. 7 were shot the same evening in "Operation Strangling Necks" directed against alleged collaborators.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc ''Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1,''] [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] 23 June 2015 pp. 130–131 paras 490–497</ref> [[Norman Finkelstein]] compared the dilemma facing Hamas regarding collaboration within the ranks as similar to that expressed by Jewish leaders in the aftermath of the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Norman Finkelstein|author-link=Norman Finkelstein|title=Gaza: An Inquest into Its Martyrdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo84DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA322|year=2018|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-29571-1|pages=322–323}}</ref>

Abbas' Secretary-General, Al-Tayyib Abd al-Rahim, condemned the "random executions of those who Hamas called collaborators", adding that some of those killed had been detained for more than three years.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=722656 PA slams Hamas executions of alleged collaborators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824050000/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=722656 |date=24 August 2014 }}, Maan News Agency</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/hamas-condemned-over-killing-of-21-suspected-informants-1.1905478 |title=Hamas condemned over killing of 21 suspected informants |work=Irish Times |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Palestinian human rights groups condemned the executions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alleged Collaborators With Israel Killed in Gaza |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hamas-kills-18-alleged-collaborators-1408715295 |access-date=31 August 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=22 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza: Halt Executions |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/25/gaza-halt-executions |access-date=31 August 2014 |work=Human Rights Watch |date=25 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza: Hamas must end summary executions as 'informers' face firing squad |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/hamas-must-end-summary-executions-informers-face-firing-squad-2014-08-22 |access-date=31 August 2014 |work=Amnesty International |date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824201635/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/hamas-must-end-summary-executions-informers-face-firing-squad-2014-08-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bodies of the victims were brought to hospitals to be added to the number of civilian casualties of Israeli operation.<ref name=executions>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.612122 |title=Hamas' executions meant to deter, but reflect panic |date=24 August 2014 |work=Haaretz.com |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> According to a Shin Bet official, "not even one" of the alleged collaborators executed by Hamas provided any intelligence to Israel, while the Shin Bet officially "confirmed that those executed during Operation Protective Edge had all been held in prison in Gaza in the course of the hostilities."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Aaron J. |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Mitch |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/none-of-alleged-gaza-collaborators-were-israeli-assets-intel-official-says |title=None of alleged Gaza collaborators were Israeli assets, intel official says |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>

Senior Hamas official Moussa Abu Marzouk confirmed that some victims were kept under arrest before the conflict began and were executed to satisfy the public without due legal procedure.<ref name=fox_executions>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/israeli-group-wants-hamas-leader-to-face-war-crimes-charges-for-gaza-executions/ |title=Israeli group wants Hamas leader to face war crimes charges for Gaza executions |author=Paul Alster |work=Fox News |access-date=21 October 2014 |date=7 September 2014}}</ref>

[[Shurat HaDin]] filed a suit with the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] charging [[Khaled Mashal]] with war crimes for the executions of 38 civilians.<ref name=fox_executions /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/NGO-asks-ICC-to-indict-Hamas-leader-Khaled-Mashaal-on-war-crimes-charges-374302 |title=NGO asks ICC to indict Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal on war crimes charges |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> Hamas co-founder [[Ayman Taha]] was found dead; ''[[Al-Quds Al-Arabi]]'' reported he had been shot by Hamas for maintaining contact with the intelligence services of several Arab countries; Hamas stated he was targeted by an Israeli airstrike.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

On 26 May 2015, Amnesty International released a report saying that Hamas carried out extrajudicial killings, abductions and arrests of Palestinians and used the [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] to detain, interrogate and torture suspects. It details the executions of at least 23 Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israel and torture of dozens of others, many victims of torture were members of the rival Palestinian movement, Fatah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palestine (State of): 'Strangling Necks' Abductions, torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/mde2116432015eng.pdf |website=amnesty.org |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=27 May 2015 |location=United Kingdom |date=26 May 2015}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza Palestinians tortured, summarily killed by Hamas forces during 2014 conflict |url=https://www.amnesty.org/press-releases/2015/05/gaza-palestinians-tortured-summarily-killed-by-hamas-forces-during-2014-conflict/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150527024539/https://www.amnesty.org/press-releases/2015/05/gaza-palestinians-tortured-summarily-killed-by-hamas-forces-during-2014-conflict/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2015 |access-date=27 May 2015 |work=[[Amnesty International]] |date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

==== Endangerment of Civilians ====
===== Human shields =====
{{Main|Usage of human shields by Hamas}}

The [[European Union]] condemned Hamas, and in particular condemned "calls on the civilian population of Gaza to provide themselves as human shields."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ejpress.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49892|title=EU strongly condemns indiscriminate Hamas rockets on Israel and use of Palestinian population as human shields, 'terrorist groups in Gaza must disarm', calls for 'immediate ceasefire'|date=22 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231235450/http://ejpress.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49892|archive-date=31 December 2014|website=[[European Jewish Press]]}}</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.606703 European Union: Hamas, other Gaza terror groups must disarm], [[Haaretz]], 22 July 2014.</ref> Confirmation of this practice was produced by correspondents from [[France24]], ''[[The Financial Times]]'', and [[RT (TV network)|RT]], who respectively filmed a rocket launch pad which was placed in a civilian area next to a hotel where international journalists were staying,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20140805-exclusive-video-hamas-rocket-launching-pad-near-gaza-homes-un-building/ |title=Exclusive: Hamas rocket launch pad lies near Gaza homes |date=7 August 2014 |publisher=France24 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811163355/http://www.france24.com/en/20140805-exclusive-video-hamas-rocket-launching-pad-near-gaza-homes-un-building/ |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> reported on rockets being fired from near Al-Shifa Hospital, and reported on Hamas firing rockets near a hotel.<ref name=Timesintimidation>"[http://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-threatening-journalists-in-gaza-who-expose-abuse-of-civilians/ Hamas threatening journalists in Gaza who expose abuse of civilians]." ''The Times of Israel''. 28 July 2014.</ref> In September 2014, a Hamas official acknowledged to an [[Associated Press]] reporter that the group had fired rockets from civilian areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.615478 |title=Hamas acknowledges its forces fired rockets from civilian areas |date=12 September 2014 |newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>

While the Israeli government repeatedly stated that many civilian casualties were the result of Hamas using the Gazan population as [[human shield]]s<ref>[http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/article/20669 "Hamas again uses Gazan civilians as human shields to prevent the Israeli Air Force from attacking operatives' houses"] The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center; retrieved 13 July 2014.</ref> several British media organizations (including ''[[The Guardian]]'', and ''[[The Independent]]'') dismissed such claims as "myths"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-the-myth-of-hamass-human-shield-9619810.html |title=Israel-Gaza conflict: The myth of Hamas's human shields |date=21 July 2014|work=The Independent|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725012047/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-the-myth-of-hamass-human-shield-9619810.html |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/24/gaza-hamas-fighters-military-bases-guerrilla-war-civilians-israel-idf |title=In Gaza, Hamas fighters are among civilians. There is nowhere else for them to go |work=The Guardian|author=Harriet Sherwood |date=24 July 2014}}</ref> and the [[BBC]]'s Middle East editor Jeremy Bowen likewise said he "saw no evidence of Hamas using Palestinians as human shields."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/07/jeremy-bowens-gaza-notebook-i-saw-no-evidence-hamas-using-palestinians-human |title=Jeremy Bowen's Gaza notebook: I saw no evidence of Hamas using Palestinians as human shields |date=22 July 2014 |magazine=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref> Additionally the London-based NGO, [[Amnesty International]], dismissed such claims, stated it was unable to verify them and emphasized that even if they were true the IDF would still have a responsibility to protect civilians.<ref name="AMINT" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/017/2014/en/ |title=Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Israel/Gaza conflict, July 2014 |date=July 25, 2014 |website=www.amnesty.org |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref>

The statements fall into two categories: using civilian structures like homes, mosques and hospitals to store munitions in or launch rockets from,<ref name="Harkov-human-shields">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Gaza-reporters-tweets-Hamas-using-human-shields-368689 |first=Lahav |last=Harkov |title=Gaza reporters' tweets: Hamas using human shields |access-date=30 July 2014 |date=24 July 2014}}</ref> and urging or forcing civilian population to stay in their homes, to shield militants.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} Israeli soldiers have also said Hamas operatives directly employed women and children as involuntary human shields to evade pursuit,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/08/25/soldiers-account-gaza-hamas-used-human-shields/ |title=A Soldier's Account from Gaza: How Hamas Used Human Shields |publisher=IDF Blog |date=25 August 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101030959/https://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/08/25/soldiers-account-gaza-hamas-used-human-shields/ |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/09/21/an-idf-soldiers-experiences-in-gaza/ |title=An IDF Soldier's Experiences in Gaza |publisher=IDF Blog |date=21 September 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708180147/https://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/09/21/an-idf-soldiers-experiences-in-gaza/ |archive-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while Hamas and others have said such accusations are false.<ref name="guardianHamasShield" /> [[Asa Kasher]], who helped to write the Israel Defense Forces's Code of Conduct, argued that "Israel cannot forfeit its ability to protect its citizens against attacks simply because terrorists hide behind non-combatants. If it did so, it would be giving up any right to self-defense."<ref name=Kasher />

===== Use of civilian structures for military purposes =====
The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) [[Navi Pillay]] accused Hamas militants of violating international humanitarian law by "locating rockets within schools and hospitals, or even launching these rockets from densely populated areas." But she added that this did not absolve Israel from disregarding the same law.<ref name=AP-warcrimes>{{cite web |last1=DEITCH |first1=IAN and IBRAHIM BARZAK |title=Israel vows to destroy Hamas tunnels, deaths spike |url=https://news.yahoo.com/israel-vows-destroy-hamas-tunnels-deaths-spike-214755183.html |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812195149/http://news.yahoo.com/israel-vows-destroy-hamas-tunnels-deaths-spike-214755183.html |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> The UNHCHR report recognised that "the obligation to avoid locating military objectives within densely populated areas is not absolute. The small size of Gaza and its population density make it difficult for armed groups to always comply with this requirement."<ref>{{cite web |author=UN Human Rights Council|title=Report of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A-HRC-29-52_en.doc|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>

In a 2015 report,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2111782015ENGLISH.PDF |title=Unlawful and deadly: Rocket and mortar attacks by Palestinian armed groups during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict |date=24 March 2014}}</ref> Amnesty International states that "There are credible reports that, in certain cases, Palestinian armed groups launched rockets or mortars from within civilian facilities or compounds, including schools, at least one hospital and a Greek Orthodox church in Gaza City. In at least two cases, accounts indicate that attacks were launched in spite of the fact that displaced Gazan civilians were sheltering in the compounds or in neighbouring buildings.".

Israel has stated that many mosques, schools and hospitals were used to store weapons. The IDF spokesman said that mortar shells were fired from a boys' school that served as a shelter for refugees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4563980,00.html|title=IAF destroys 2 Gaza high-rises, strikes school used for mortar fire|first1=Roi|last1=Kais|first2=Yoav|last2=Zitun|newspaper=Ynetnews |date=26 August 2014|via=www.ynetnews.com}}</ref> There were reports of the use of mosques to store weapons,<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel concentrates incursion along Gaza borders as Netanyahu warns of 'expansion' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-launches-ground-invasion-of-gaza/2014/07/18/8c751f72-0e41-11e4-8c9a-923ecc0c7d23_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=14 July 2014 |first=Sudarsan |last=Raghavan}}</ref> and having launch sites very close to civilian structures.<ref name="Harkov-human-shields" /> Gaza's Greek Orthodox archbishop has said that Hamas used the church compound, which sheltered 2000 Muslim civilians, to launch rockets into Israel.<ref name="Church rockets">{{cite web |author=GeorgeThomas |url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2014/August/Gaza-Bishop-Hamas-Used-Church-to-Fire-Rockets- |title=Gaza Bishop: Hamas Used Church to Fire Rockets |publisher=CBN.com |date=8 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ben |first=Ricky |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-archbishop-says-rockets-fired-from-church |title=Gaza archbishop says rockets were fired from church |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> [[France 24]] correspondent Gallagher Fenwick reported that a Hamas rocket-launching pad was placed in densely populated neighborhood of Gaza City, about 50 meters from the hotel where the majority of international media were staying and 100 meters from a UN building. Fenwick said that "children can be seen playing on and near the rocket launcher".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20140805-exclusive-video-hamas-rocket-launching-pad-near-gaza-homes-un-building |title=Exclusive: Hamas rocket launch pad lies near Gaza homes |publisher=France 24 |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>

Israel released footage of Palestinian militants launching rockets from a school and a cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Watch-Gazans-fire-rockets-from-school-and-cemetery-369063 |title=Watch: Gazans fire rockets from school and cemetery |date=27 July 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> In at least one case a cemetery was targeted by an Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{cite news |title=4 Gazans die in Israeli bombing while burying deceased family members |url=http://www.middleeastnews.net/index.php/sid/224972707 |date=21 August 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=Middle East News.Net}}</ref>

According to [[Shin Bet|Shabak]], the Israeli internal security service, some militants, when interrogated, admitted using civilian buildings for military purposes. The admissions included more than ten mosques that were used for gatherings, training, storage of weapons, tunnel activities and military observations. During interrogations, one militant said that he was instructed in case of successful abduction using a tunnel to take the victim to a kindergarten located near its opening.<ref name=ITIC_2_sep /><ref name=Haaretz_interrogation>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.612455 |title=Mosques used for military operations, say Hamas POWs |date=26 August 2014 |work=Haaretz.com |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Weapons Found in a Child's Room in Gaza (14568987517).jpg|thumb|Explosives were allegedly two steps away from a baby's bed in Gaza during the war.]]
On 24 August, Israel released part of what it says is a Hamas training manual on urban warfare, which states "the process of hiding ammunition inside buildings is intended for ambushes in residential areas and to move the campaign from open areas into built up and closed areas" and "residents of the area should be used to bring in the equipment...take advantage of this to avoid [Israeli] spy planes and attack drones." The manual also explains how fighting from within civilian population makes IDF operations difficult and what the benefits of civilian deaths are.<ref>[https://nypost.com/2014/08/05/hamas-manual-details-civilian-death-plan-israel/ Hamas' disturbing 'human shields' manual], Bob Fredericks, NY Post, 5 August 2014</ref> Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri dismissed the document as a "forgery...aimed at justifying the mass killings of Palestinian civilians."<ref name="Training Manual" />

On 12 September, Ghazi Hamad, a senior Hamas official, acknowledged for the first time that Hamas did fire rockets from civilian areas and said "some mistakes were made".<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.615478 Hamas acknowledges its forces fired rockets from civilian areas], Haaretz (AP story), 12 September 2014; (same AP story:) [http://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-admits-to-rocket-fire-from-residential-areas/ Hamas admits to rocket fire from residential areas], ''Times of Israel'' (AP story), 12 September 2014.</ref>

====== In Israel ======
{{see also|Israeli war crimes}}
Israeli and Jewish critics of the war, including [[Uri Avnery]] and [[Gideon Levy]] wrote that in their own [[1948 Palestine war|war of independence]] in 1948 (and earlier), Jews hid weapons in synagogues, kindergartens and schools as well.<ref>[[Uri Avnery]], [http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/10/17/the-meaning-of-the-british-vote-on-palestine/ The Meaning of the British Vote on Palestine] [[CounterPunch|Counterpunch]] 17–19 October 2014: 'Another assertion is that these buildings were used by Hamas to hide their arms. A person of my age reminded us this week in Haaretz that we did exactly the same during our fight against the British government of Palestine and Arab attackers: our arms were hidden in kindergartens, schools, hospitals and synagogues. In many places there are now proud memorial plaques as a reminder.'</ref><ref>[[Gideon Levy]], [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.620260 Weapons of mass distraction], [[Haaretz]], 12 October 2014: 'There was no Jewish settlement in the country that did not have a "slik" – as these storage sites were known – all in the heart of "civilian population concentrations", of course. At Ein Ganim there was a slik in a synagogue (permitted to bombard); at Nahalal, it was under the cow-urine removal pump (bombard it); the Aldema slik was in the courtyard of a home in the Borochov neighborhood of Givatayim (bomb it); the slik at Café Piltz was in the drinks storage room (demolish it). The Etzel pre-state underground had its own slik under the Torah Ark in the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem's Old City. Weapons in a synagogue? That was the cynicism of these organizations. Schools served as training installations, even as weapons production workshops.</ref> Other critics have noted that the headquarters of the IDF and Shin Bet, as well as an Israeli military training facility, are also located near civilian centers.<ref name="guardianHamasShield" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Hass |first=Amira |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.604844 |title=Israel showed restraint in Gaza before attacking? You must be kidding – Diplomacy and Defense Israel News |work=Haaretz |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Commentators brought up the current high population density of Gaza in conjunction with Palestinian military activities and installations being in or near civilian structures.<ref name="guardianHamasShield" /><ref name=channel1>[http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/factcheck-hamas-civilians-human-shields/18534 "FactCheck: Does Hamas use civilians as human shields?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725001908/http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/factcheck-hamas-civilians-human-shields/18534 |date=25 July 2014 }}, channel4.com/factcheck; accessed 28 July 2014.</ref>

====== Legality ======
Using civilian structures to store munitions and launch attacks from is unlawful, and the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] states that "The presence of a protected person may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations."<ref>The Fourth Geneva Convention, part III: Status and Treatment of Protected Persons, [http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=732D7EA50DF1A5ECC12563CD0051BBF0 Art 28].</ref> On the other hand, another convention says that "Any violation of these prohibitions shall not release the parties to the conflict from their legal obligations with respect to the civilian population and civilians, including the obligation to take the precautionary measures."<ref>The Fourth Geneva Convention, [https://www.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/470-750065 Article 51]</ref>

According to Harriet Sherwood, writer for the Guardian, even if Hamas were violating the law on this matter, it would not legally justify Israel's bombing of areas where civilians are known to be.<ref name="guardianHamasShield" /> Amnesty International stated that "Indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks (where the likely number of civilian casualties or damage to civilian property outweighs the anticipated military advantage to be gained) are ... prohibited."<ref name="amnesty1" /> It said that "Israel's relentless air assault on Gaza has seen its forces flagrantly disregard civilian life and property".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/israelgaza-prevent-further-war-crimes-after-israeli-ground-assault-2014-07-18 |title=Israel/Gaza: Prevent further war crimes after Israeli ground assault |publisher=Amnesty.org |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726193659/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/israelgaza-prevent-further-war-crimes-after-israeli-ground-assault-2014-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] has said that in many cases "the Israeli military has presented no information to show that it was attacking lawful military objectives or acted to minimize civilian casualties."<ref name="hrwUnlawfulAistrikes">{{cite news |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/15/israelpalestine-unlawful-israeli-airstrikes-kill-civilians |title=Israel/Palestine: Unlawful Israeli Airstrikes Kill Civilians |publisher=Hrw.org |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> An investigation by Human Rights Watch found that "in most of the sites we investigated so far (in this conflict) we found no valid military targets".<ref name=usatoday.com>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/07/24/israel-gaza-human-rights-human-shields/13112057 |title=Analysis: Human rights or human shields in Gaza war? |work=[[USA Today]] |date=24 July 2014 |access-date=26 July 2014 |first=Oren |last=Dorell}}</ref> A high-level group of former diplomats and military experts concluded that "the IDF acted within the bounds of international law during the war."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Ex-generals-diplomats-absolve-Israel-of-Gaza-war-crimes-405888 |title=Ex-generals, diplomats absolve Israel of Gaza war crimes |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=13 June 2015 |access-date=15 June 2015 |first=Tovah |last=Lazaroff}}</ref> The Israeli government issued a report saying that its military actions were "lawful and legitimate" and that "Israel made substantial efforts to avoid civilian deaths."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33128955 |title=Israeli 2014 Gaza war actions lawful, report says |work=[[BBC]] |date=14 June 2015 |access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The High Level Military Group, composed of military experts from Australia, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Italy, Britain, the United States, and Spain, released an assessment on Operation Protective Edge acknowledging Israel made "unprecedented efforts" to avoid civilian casualties exceeding international standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.high-level-military-group.org/pdf/hlmg-assessment-2014-gaza-conflict.pdf |title=An Assessment of the 2014 Gaza Conflict |publisher=Friends of Israel Initiative |date=October 2015 |agency=High Level Military Group |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

===== Medical facilities and personnel =====

[[File:Destroyed ambulance in the CIty of Shijaiyah in the Gaza Strip.jpg|thumb|Photo taken during the 72-hour ceasefire between Hamas and Israel on 6 August 2014. A destroyed ambulance in Shuja'iyya in the Gaza Strip.]]
Medical units including hospitals and medical personnel have special protections under [[international humanitarian law]]. They lose their protection only if they commit, outside their humanitarian function, "acts harmful to the enemy."<ref>{{cite web |title=Q&A: 2014 Hostilities between Israel and Hamas |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/03/qa-2014-hostilities-between-israel-and-hamas |website=Human Rights Watch |date=8 August 2014}}</ref> More than 25 medical facilities were damaged in the conflict; one attack on Al-Aqsa hospital killed 5 people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dekke |first1=Stephanie |title=Deaths as Israeli tanks shell Gaza hospital |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/deaths-as-israeli-tanks-shell-gaza-hospital-2014721124111171397.html |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=21 July 2014}}</ref> In many cases, ambulances and other medical personnel were hit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel bombs Gaza ambulance as Friday death toll surpasses 100 |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=717447 |publisher=Ma'an News |date=1 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212653/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=717447 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amnesty International has condemned the attacks and said that there is "mounting evidence" that Israel deliberately targeted hospitals and medical personnel; Israel said it had not.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mounting evidence of deliberate attacks on Gaza health workers by Israeli army |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mounting-evidence-deliberate-attacks-gaza-health-workers-israeli-army-2014-08-07 |publisher=Amnesty International |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=22 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222092816/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/mounting-evidence-deliberate-attacks-gaza-health-workers-israeli-army-2014-08-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A [[Finnish people|Finnish]] reporter from ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' reported seeing rockets fired from near the Gaza Al-Shifa hospital.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4553643,00.html VIDEO: Finnish reporter sees rockets fired from Gaza hospital], [[ynet]], 2 August 2014.</ref> The IDF said that in several cases Hamas used Wafa hospital as a military base and used ambulances to transport its fighters.<ref>[http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/28/hamas-uses-hospitals-ambulances-military-purposes "Hamas Uses Hospitals and Ambulances for Military Purposes"], IDF blog, 28 July 2014. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811193044/http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/28/hamas-uses-hospitals-ambulances-military-purposes |date=11 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Winer |first1=Stuart |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-targets-hospital-hamas-used-as-firing-position |title=WATCH: IDF targets hospital used as Hamas command center |work=The Times of Israel |date=23 July 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> According to the Israeli [[Shin Bet|Shabak]], many of the militants it interrogated said that "everyone knew" that Hamas leaders were using hospitals for hiding. Hamas security reportedly wore police uniforms and blocked access to certain parts of the hospitals. One of the interrogated militants reportedly said that civilians seeking medical attention usually were thrown out by the security.<ref name=ITIC_2_sep /><ref name=Haaretz_interrogation /> The Washington Post described Al-Shifa hospital as a "de facto headquarters for Hamas leaders, who can be seen in the hallways and offices."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/while-israel-held-its-fire-the-militant-group-hamas-did-not/2014/07/15/116fd3d7-3c0f-4413-94a9-2ab16af1445d_story.html |title=While Israel held its fire, the militant group Hamas did not |first=William |last=Booth |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Amnesty International reported that: "Hamas forces used the abandoned areas of al-Shifa hospital in Gaza City, including the outpatients' clinic area, to detain, interrogate, torture and otherwise ill-treat suspects, even as other parts of the hospital continued to function as a medical centre".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/11631865/Amnesty-International-report-details-spine-chilling-Hamas-killings-and-torture.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/11631865/Amnesty-International-report-details-spine-chilling-Hamas-killings-and-torture.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Hamas 'tortured Palestinian collaborators' in Gaza hospital |date=27 May 2015 |work=Telegraph.co.uk |location=London |first=Inna |last=Lazareva}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

French-Palestinian journalist Radjaa Abu Dagga<ref>[//www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Journalists-threatened-by-Hamas-for-reporting-use-of-human-shields-369619 Journalists threatened by Hamas for reporting use of human shields]</ref> reported that Hamas militants interrogated him in Gaza's main hospital (Al-Shifa); his report was later removed from his paper's website at his request.<ref name="Timesintimidation" />

Mohammed Al Falahi, Secretary General of [[Red Crescent Society of the United Arab Emirates|Red Crescent, UAE]] said that Hamas militants fired on Israeli planes from Red Crescent's field hospital in order to provoke retaliation, attacked Red Crescent team on their way back and planted land mines on their path.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/230953 |title=What hurts is that the betrayal came from our own people |date=13 June 2017 |first=Tal |last=Polon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4975170,00.html |title=Red Crescent: Hamas tried to stop humanitarian aid distribution in Gaza |date=13 June 2017 |first=Roi |last=Kais}}</ref>

===== Urging or forcing civilians to stay in their homes =====
The IDF has released photographs which it says show civilians on rooftops, and a video of Hamas spokesperson [[Sami Abu Zuhri]] saying "the fact that people are willing to sacrifice themselves against Israeli warplanes in order to protect their homes [...] is proving itself".<ref name=channel1 /><ref name=usatoday.com /><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/23/world/meast/human-shields-mideast-controversy "Is Hamas using human shields in Gaza?"], CNN.com, 23 July 2014; accessed 28 July 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/world/middleeast/israel-says-hamas-is-using-civilians-as-shields-in-gaza.html "Is Hamas using human shields in Gaza?"], 24 July 2014; accessed 28 July 2014.</ref> The EU has strongly condemned "calls on the civilian population of Gaza to provide themselves as human shields"<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/144098.pdf |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EU calls on Hamas to disarm, condemns use of civilians as shields |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/EU-calls-on-Hamas-to-disarm-condemns-use-of-civilians-as-shields-368509 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> and US Congress-members introduced bills condemning Hamas for using human shields.<ref>"[https://www.jta.org/2014/07/29/news-opinion/politics/bills-condemning-hamas-on-human-shields-introduced-in-congress Bills condemning Hamas on 'human shields' introduced in Congress]." Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 29 July 2014.</ref><ref>"[https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/hamas-israel-ted-cruz-kirsten-gillibrand-109457.html Ted Cruz, Kirsten Gillibrand team up on Hamas]." ''Politico''. 29 July 2014.</ref>{{undue weight inline|reason=Why is US congress statement worth including? Perhaps belongs in "Reactions" section|date=July 2014}} Civilians and activists in Gaza used themselves as '[[human shields]]' in attempts to prevent Israeli attacks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Video Shows Gaza Residents Acting as Human Shields |url=http://www.newsweek.com/video-shows-gaza-residents-acting-human-shields-israeli-forces-258223 |website=Newsweek |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel raids Gaza missile site as rockets, rhetoric fly in Israeli-Hamas face-off |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/12/world/meast/mideast-tensions/ |website=CNN |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli military's 'knock on roof' warnings criticized by rights groups |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/15/world/meast/mideast-israel-strike-warnings/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=International activists staying at Gaza hospital the IDF plans to bomb |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.604567 |journal=TheMarker |date=12 July 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014 |last1=Hass |first1=Amira }}</ref>

Hamas officials said human shields were not used.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} One Gazan stated that "nobody is safe and nobody can flee anywhere because everywhere is targeted."<ref name=CNN-crisis /> Many reporters, including from the BBC,<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/07/jeremy-bowens-gaza-notebook-i-saw-no-evidence-hamas-using-palestinians-human "Jeremy Bowen's Gaza notebook: I saw no evidence of Hamas using Palestinians as human shields"], ''New Statesman''; accessed 28 July 2014.</ref> the Independent<ref>{{cite news |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-the-myth-of-hamass-human-shield-9619810.html |first=Kim |last=Sengupta |title=Israel-Gaza conflict: The myth of Hamas's human shields |access-date=31 July 2014 |date=21 July 2014 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725012047/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-the-myth-of-hamass-human-shield-9619810.html |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> and the Guardian<ref name=guardianHamasShield>{{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/24/gaza-hamas-fighters-military-bases-guerrilla-war-civilians-israel-idf |first=Harriet |last=Sherwood |title=In Gaza, Hamas fighters are among civilians. There is nowhere else for them to go |access-date=31 July 2014 |date=24 July 2014}}</ref> said that they found no evidence of Hamas forcing Palestinians to stay and become unwilling human shields.

Fatah officials said that Hamas placed over 250 Fatah members under house arrest or in jail, putting them under threat of being killed by Israeli strikes and shooting them in the legs or breaking their limbs if they tried to leave.<ref name="hamas-fatah-tensions">[https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.614333 Tensions between Hamas and Fatah overshadow work of reconciliation government], Amira Hass</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4566940,00.html |title=Hamas accused of abusing Fatah members during Gaza war |work=ynet |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Palestinian-Authority-says-Hamas-shot-Fatah-men-in-legs-during-Gaza-fighting-371568 |title=Palestinian Authority says Hamas shot Fatah men in legs during Gaza fighting |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> According to Abbas, more than 300 Fatah members were placed under house arrest and 120 were executed for fleeing.<ref name="JPost Hamas curfew" />

[[Amnesty International]] reported that it did "not have evidence at this point" that Palestinian civilians were intentionally used by Hamas or Palestinian armed groups during the current hostilities to "shield" specific locations or military personnel or equipment from Israeli attacks". It additionally said that "public statements referring to entire areas are not the same as directing specific civilians to remain in their homes as "human shields" for fighters, munitions, or military equipment" and that "even if officials or fighters from Hamas or Palestinian armed groups ... did in fact direct civilians to remain in a specific location in order to shield military objectives ..., all of Israel's obligations to protect these civilians would still apply."<ref name="amnesty1" /> Human Rights Watch said many of the attacks on targets appeared to be "disproportionate" and "indiscriminate".<ref name="hrwUnlawfulAistrikes" />

[[Human Rights Watch]] attributed many civilian deaths to the lack of safe places to flee to, and accused Israel of firing at fleeing civilians. It stated that there are many reasons that prevent civilians from abiding by warnings, and that the failure to abide by warnings does not make civilians lawful targets.

==== Rocket attacks on Israeli civilians ====
[[File:House in Israel Destroyed by Hamas Rocket (14713208821).jpg|thumb|House destroyed by a rocket in [[Yehud, Israel]]]]
Human rights organizations, including Amnesty International, pointed to Hamas's rocket attacks on Israeli cities as violations of international law and war crimes.<ref name=indiscriminate /> Palestinian ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council, Ibrahim Khraishi stated in a 9 July interview on PA TV that the "[[Qassam rocket|missiles]] that are now being launched against Israel – each and every missile constitutes a crime against humanity, whether it hits or misses, because it is directed at civilian targets".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Soffer |first1=Ari |title=PA Official Admits: Israel Follows International Law, We Don't |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182837 |website=israelnationalnews.com/News/ |date=13 July 2014 |publisher=Arutz Sheva |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

Hamas political figure [[Khaled Mashal]] has defended the firing of rockets into Israel, saying that "our victims are civilians and theirs are soldiers".<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-defiant-speech-mashaal-denies-ceasefire-close "In defiant speech, Mashaal denies ceasefire close"], ''The Times of Israel''; accessed 28 July 2014.</ref> According to one report, "nearly all the 2,500–3,000 rockets and mortars Hamas has fired at Israel since the start of the war seem to have been aimed at towns", including an attack on "a kibbutz collective farm close to the Gaza border", in which an Israeli child was killed.<ref name="Training Manual">{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Luke |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-gaza-hamas-document-idUSKBN0GO0D120140824 |title=Israel says it found Hamas training manual in Gaza |work=Reuters |date=24 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> Former Israeli Lt. Col. Jonathan D. Halevi stated that "Hamas has expressed pride in aiming long-range rockets at strategic targets in Israel including the nuclear reactor in Dimona, the chemical plants in Haifa, and Ben-Gurion Airport", which "could have caused thousands" of Israeli casualties "if successful".<ref>{{cite web |last=Halevi |first=Jonathan D. |url=http://jcpa.org/hamas-threat-no-different-from-isis/ |title=The Hamas Threat to the West Is No Different from ISIS |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date=4 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref>

According to Israel, Hamas continued to fire rockets at the Erez border crossing while sick and wounded Gazans tried to enter Israel for treatment. The Erez border crossing is the only legal border crossing between Gaza and Israel. Other people affected by this included journalists, UN workers, and volunteers.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2c7340%2cL-4564025%2c00.html Hamas 'fires at sick Gazans trying to leave for medical treatment'], Ynet News, Assaf Kamar, 1 September 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/waiting-to-transport-sick-drivers-at-gaza-crossing-come-under-attack/ Waiting to transport sick, drivers at Gaza crossing come under attack], The Times of Israel, Lazar Berman and Marissa Newman, 24 August 2014</ref>

==== Military use of UN facilities ====
The [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA) has a number of institutions and schools in the Gaza region, and, as of 24 July 23 had been closed. Hamas took advantage of the closures to employ some of these vacant UNRWA buildings as weapon storage sites.<ref name=FP>Colum Lynch, [http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2014/07/24/un_relief_agency_under_attack_in_gaza_conflict "The U.N. Takes Fire in Gaza"], [[Foreign Policy]], 24 July 2014.</ref> UNRWA officials, on discovering that three<ref>[http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/07/23/un-acknowledges-facilities-gaza-used-store-hamas-rockets "UN admits its schools in Gaza were used to store Hamas rockets"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726004755/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/07/23/un-acknowledges-facilities-gaza-used-store-hamas-rockets |date=26 July 2014 }}, ''The World Tribune'', 23 July 2014.</ref><ref>Chandler, Adam. [http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/07/hamas-rockets-found-in-second-united-nations-school/374874 "Hamas Rockets Found in Second United Nations School"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729235207/http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/07/hamas-rockets-found-in-second-united-nations-school/374874/ |date=29 July 2014 }}, ''The Wire'', 22 July 2014.</ref> such vacated schools had been employed for storing rockets, condemned Hamas's actions, calling it a "flagrant violation of the neutrality of our premises."<ref>France-Presse, Agence. "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/unrwa-investigating-20-rockets-empty-gaza-school-palestinian UNRWA investigating discovery of 20 rockets found in empty Gaza school]." ''The Guardian''. Friday, 18 July 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/unrwa-condemns-placement-rockets-second-time-one-its-schools |title=UNRWA condemns placement of rockets, for a second time, in one of its schools |publisher=[[UNWRA]] |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rockets-found-in-unrwa-school-for-third-time/ |title=Rockets found in UNRWA school, for third time |work=The Times of Israel |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

On 16 July,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/unrwa-strongly-condemns-placement-rockets-school |title=Strongly Condemns Placement of Rockets in School |publisher=UNRWA |date=17 July 2014 |accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> 22 July,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/unrwa-condemns-placement-rockets-second-time-one-its-schools |title=Condemns Placement of Rockets, for a Second Time, in One of Its Schools |work=UNRWA |date=22 July 2014 |accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref> and on 29 July, the UNRWA announced that rockets had been found in their schools.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Nidal al-Mughrabi |author2=Maayan Lubell |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-gaza-idUSKBN0FV04A20140730 |title=Carnage at U.N. school as Israel pounds Gaza Strip |work=Reuters |date=29 July 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Israel's foreign minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] stated that UNRWA had turned over some discovered rockets to Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keinon |first1=Herb |last2=Cashman |first2=Greer Fay |title=Liberman to Ban: Israel outraged over UNRWA turning over rockets to Hamas |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Liberman-to-Ban-Israel-outraged-over-UNRWA-turning-over-rockets-to-Hamas-368578 |access-date=30 July 2014 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=23 July 2014}}</ref> [[Israel Democracy Institute]] Vice President, Mordechai Kremnitzer, accused the UNRWA of [[war crimes]] for handing over the rockets, while [[Hebrew University]] Professor Robbie Sabel stated that the UNRWA "had no legal obligation to hand the rockets over to Israel" and had little other choice in the matter.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Did-UNRWA-commit-a-war-crime-by-handing-rockets-over-to-Hamas-368348 "Did UNRWA Commit a War Crime by Handing Rockets Over To Hamas"], ''Jerusalem Post'', 22 July 2014.</ref> UNRWA states the armouries had been transferred to local police authorities under the Ramallah national unity government's authority, in accordance with "longstanding UN practice in UN humanitarian operations worldwide".<ref name=FP /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/UNRWA-denies-giving-rockets-found-on-its-premises-to-Hamas-368358 |title=UNRWA denies giving rockets found on its premises to Hamas |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 July 2014 |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-agency-handed-rockets-back-to-hamas-israel-says "UN agency handed rockets back to Hamas, Israel says"], timesofisrael.com; accessed 28 July 2014.</ref> UN Secretary [[Ban Ki-moon]] ordered an investigation.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/2014/07/24/default/ban-orders-review-following-allegations-unrwa-gave-rockets-back-to-hamas Ban Orders Review Following Allegations That UNRWA Gave Rockets Back To Hamas,']. ''Jewish Telegraphic Agency'', 24 July 2014.</ref>

On 30 July, the IDF said that they had discovered the entrance to a [[Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip|tunnel]] concealed inside a UNRWA medical clinic in [[Khan Yunis]]. The clinic was rigged with explosives, which then exploded and killed three Israeli soldiers.<ref name="UNWRAbomb" /> This report was later corrected by the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, the military unit that implements government policies in the Palestinian areas, who later that day stated that despite its UNRWA sign, the site was not registered as belonging to UNRWA.<ref name="UNWRAbomb">{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/3-idf-soldiers-killed-in-booby-trapped-unrwa-clinic/ |title=Militants 'blow up UNRWA clinic,' killing 3 soldiers |work=The Times of Israel |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref>

==== Intimidation of journalists ====
Israeli officials said Hamas intimidates journalists in Gaza. A French reporter said that he was "detained and interrogated by members of Hamas's al-Qassam Brigade" in Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital, and forced to leave Gaza; he later asked the newspaper to remove his article from their site.<ref name=Timesintimidation /><ref>"[http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2014/07/24/tu-dois-quitter-gaza-au-plus-vite-et-arreter-de-travailler_1069701 Tu dois quitter Gaza au plus vite et arrêter de travailler]." ''Liberation''. 24 July 2014.</ref><ref>Debinski, Gabrielle, Or Avi-Guy and Tzvi Fleischer. "[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/trapped-in-gaza-how-hamas-punishes-reporters-for-the-truth/story-e6frg6zo-1227007768903 Trapped in Gaza: How Hamas punishes reporters for the truth]." ''The Australian''. 31 July 2014.</ref> Some journalists reported threats on social media against those who tweet about rocket launch sites. John Reed of ''[[The Financial Times]]'' was threatened after he tweeted about rockets being fired from near Al-Shifa Hospital, and [[RT (TV network)|RT]] correspondent Harry Fear was told to leave Gaza after he tweeted that Hamas fired rockets from near his hotel.<ref name="Timesintimidation" /> [[Isra al-Modallal]], head of foreign relations for the Hamas Information Ministry, said Hamas did deport foreign journalists who filmed Hamas rocket launches, stating that by filming the launch sites the journalists were collaborating with Israel.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.610801 "Hamas deported journalists, spokesperson reportedly admits"], Haaretz.com; accessed 22 November 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/08/15/hamas-spox-we-deported-foreign-journalists-for-filming-missile-launches/ Hamas Spox: We Deported Foreign Journalists for Filming Missile Launches], Algemeiner.com</ref> The Foreign Press Association (FPA) in Israel and the Palestinian territories protested what it called "blatant, incessant, forceful and unorthodox methods employed by the Hamas authorities ... against visiting international journalists in Gaza", saying several had been harassed or questioned over information they reported. It also said that Hamas was trying to "put in place a 'vetting' procedure" that would allow the blacklisting of specific journalists.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4557775,00.html |title=Foreign reporters condemn Hamas' censorship policy in Gaza |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=21 August 2014|last1=Benhorin |first1=Yitzhak }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign journalists protest Hamas threats |url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-foreign-journalists-protest-hamas-threats-1000963063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814010258/http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-foreign-journalists-protest-hamas-threats-1000963063 |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref> ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' said UNRWA workers were threatened by Hamas at gun-point during the war, but [[Christopher Gunness]], UNRWA spokesman, said "I have checked and double checked with sources in Gaza and there is no evidence of death threats made to UNRWA personnel."<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive: Hamas threatened UNRWA personnel at gun-point during Gaza war |date=11 September 2014 |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Exclusive-Hamas-threatened-UNRWA-personnel-at-gun-point-during-Gaza-war-375051 |access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

Some FPA members disputed the FPA's comments, including ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' Jerusalem bureau chief Jodi Rudoren, who wrote "every reporter I've met who was in Gaza during [the] war says this Israeli/now FPA narrative of Hamas harassment is nonsense."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/blogs/outside-edge/.premium-1.610241 |title=Foreign press divided over Hamas harassment: Protest issued by Foreign Press Association in Israel and the Palestinian Territories against Hamas intimidation in Gaza is hotly disputed by some members |date=13 August 2014 |work=Haaretz.com |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> ''[[Haaretz]]'' interviewed many foreign journalists and found "all but a few of the journalists deny any such pressure". They said Hamas's intimidation was no worse than what they got from the IDF, and said no armed forces would permit reporters to broadcast militarily sensitive information; and that, furthermore, most reporters seldom saw Hamas fighters, because they fought from concealed locations and in places that were too dangerous to approach.<ref>Anshel Pfeffer, [https://www.haaretz.com/news/features/.premium-1.609589 "Foreign press: Hamas didn't censor us in Gaza, they were nowhere to be found"], ''[[Haaretz]]'', 8 August 2014.</ref>

=== Alleged violations by Israel ===
Israel received some 500 complaints concerning 360 alleged violations. 80 were closed without criminal charges, 6 cases were opened on incidents allegedly involving criminal conduct, and in one case regarding 3 IDF soldiers in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)|Battle of Shuja'iyya]], a charge of looting was laid. Most cases were closed for what the military magistrates considered to be lack of evidence to sustain a charge of misconduct. No mention was made of incidents during the "Black Friday" events at Rafah.<ref>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772843 Israeli army exonerates itself in scores of investigations into 2014 Gaza war crimes], [[Ma'an News Agency]] 25 August 2016.</ref><ref>Gili Cohen, [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.738447'IDF Closes Probes of Alleged Crimes, Some Involving Civilian Deaths, in 2014 Gaza War,']{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Haaretz]]24 August 2016.</ref>

According to [[Assaf Sharon]] of Tel Aviv University, the IDF was pressured by politicians to unleash unnecessary violence whose basic purpose was 'to satisfy a need for vengeance,' which the politicians themselves tried to whip up in Israel's population.<ref name="Sharon" /> [[Asa Kasher]] wrote that the IDF was pulled into fighting "that is both strategically and morally asymmetric" and that like any other army it made mistakes, but the charges it faces are "grossly unfair".<ref name=Kasher>{{cite web |url=http://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/1104/the-ethics-of-protective-edge |title=The Ethics of Protective Edge |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> The Israeli NGO [[Breaking the Silence (non-governmental organization)|Breaking the Silence]], reporting on its analysis of 111 testimonies concerning the war by some 70 IDF soldiers and officers,<ref name="GordonLRB">[[Neve Gordon]], [http://www.lrb.co.uk/2015/05/04/neve-gordon/the-day-after 'The Day After,'] [[London Review of Books]] 4 May 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.breakingthesilence.org.il/inside/breaking-the-silence-response-to-the-un-report-on-operation-protective-edge/ |title=This is How We Fought in Gaza – Soldiers ׳ testimonies and photographs from Operation Protective Edge |publisher=Breaking the Silence |year=2014 |access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> cited one veteran's remark that "Anyone found in an IDF area, which the IDF had occupied, was not a civilian," to argue that this was the basic rule of engagement. Soldiers were briefed to regard everything inside the Strip as a threat. The report cites several examples of civilians, including women, being shot dead and defined as "terrorists" in later reports.<ref>Peter Beaumont, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/04/israeli-soldiers-cast-doubt-on-legality-of-gaza-military-operation 'Israeli soldiers cast doubt on legality of Gaza military tactics'] The Guardian 4 May 23015.</ref><ref>Gili Cohen, [https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.654823 'Report: Army veterans slam IDF policy in Gaza war,'] [[Haaretz]] 4 May 2015.</ref> Since leaflets were dropped telling civilians to leave areas to be bombed, soldiers could assume any movement in a bombed area entitled them to shoot.<ref name="GordonLRB" /> In one case that came under investigation, Lt Col Neria Yeshurun ordered a Palestinian medical centre to be shelled to avenge the killing of one of his officers by a sniper.<ref>Peter Beaumont, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/13/video-raises-doubts-over-account-of-israeli-officer-who-killed-palestinian-teenager 'Video contradicts account of Israeli officer who killed Palestinian teenager'] ''[[The Guardian]]'' 13 July 2015.</ref>

==== Civilian deaths ====
Many of those killed were civilians, prompting concern from many humanitarian organisations. An investigation by [[Human Rights Watch]] concluded that Israel had probably committed war crimes on three specific incidents involving strikes on UNWRA schools.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=726796 "HRW: Israel likely to have committed Gaza war crimes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911235748/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=726796 |date=11 September 2014 }}, [[Ma'an News Agency]] 10 September 2014.</ref> Amnesty International stated that: "Israeli forces have carried out attacks that have killed hundreds of civilians, including through the use of precision weaponry such as drone-fired missiles, and attacks using munitions such as artillery, which cannot be precisely targeted, on very densely populated residential areas, such as Shuja'iyya. They have also directly attacked civilian objects."<ref name="amnesty1" /> [[B'tselem]] has compiled an infogram listing families killed at home in 72 incidents of bombing or shelling, comprising 547 people killed, of whom 125 were women under 60, 250 were minors, and 29 were over 60.<ref name="btselem-families" /> On 24 August, Palestinian health officials said that 89 families had been killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.612255 |title=89 families killed in Gaza since hostilities began, Palestinians say |date=24 August 2014 |work=Haaretz.com |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>

Nine people were killed while watching the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] in a cafe,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jul-11/263444-world-cup-fans-killed-as-israel-hits-gaza.ashx#axzz37A99efdC |title=World Cup fans killed as Israel hits Gaza |work=The Daily Star |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> and 8 members of a family died that Israel has said were inadvertently killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/07/10/israeli-army-family-members-killed-error_n_5574298.html |title=Israeli Army Says Killing of 8 Palestinian Family Members Was Not Intentional |work=Huffington Post |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> A [[Golani Brigade|Golani]] soldier interviewed about his operations inside Gaza said they often could not distinguish between civilians and Hamas fighters because some Hamas operatives dressed in plainclothes and the night vision goggles made everything look green. An IDF spokesperson said that Hamas "[[#Use of civilian structures for military purposes|deploys in residential areas, creating rocket launch sites, command and control centers, and other positions deep in the heart of urban areas]]. By doing so, Hamas chooses the battleground where the IDF is forced to operate."<ref>Simone Wilson,[http://www.jewishjournal.com/articles/item/the_fury_and_boredom_of_war_battlefield_stories_of_courage_fear_and_frustra 'The fury (and boredom) of war: Battlefield stories of courage, fear and frustration from IDF soldiers in Gaza'], ''[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles|The Jewish Journal]]'', 20 August 2014.</ref> The highest-ranking U.S. military officer, Army General [[Martin Dempsey]], the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said that "Israel went to extraordinary lengths to limit collateral damage and civilian casualties". Later in his speech he said, "the Pentagon three months ago sent a 'lessons-learned team' of senior officers and non-commissioned officers to work with the IDF to see what could be learned from the Gaza operation, to include the measures they took to prevent civilian casualties and what they did with tunneling."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-usa-gaza-idUSKBN0IQ2LH20141106 |title=Israel tried to limit civilian casualties in Gaza: U.S. military chief |date=6 November 2014 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Col. [[Richard Kemp]] told ''[[observer.com|The Observer]]'', "IDF has taken greater steps than any other army in the history of warfare to minimise harm to civilians in a combat zone"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observer.com/2015/03/how-the-ap-botched-its-investigation-of-civilian-deaths-in-the-israel-hamas-war/ |title=How the AP Botched Its Investigation of Civilian Deaths in the Israel-Hamas War |date=10 March 2015 |newspaper=The Observer}}</ref>

===== Warnings prior to attacks =====
In many cases the IDF warned civilians prior to targeting militants in highly populated areas in order to comply with international law.<ref name=washingtonpost1 /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/22/self-defense-or-atrocties-in-gaza/israels-response-is-proportionate-to-hamass-threat |title=Israel's Response Is Proportionate to Hamas's Threat |work=The New York Times |date=23 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/the-current-conflict-between-israel-and-hamas-shatters-myths-362327|title=The current conflict between Israel and Hamas shatters myths|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=10 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcpa.org/article/hamas-israel-confrontation-legal-points |title=The Latest Hamas-Israel Confrontation – Some Pertinent Legal Points |work=Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs}}</ref> Human rights organizations including [[Amnesty International]],<ref name=amnestyQandA>{{cite web |title=Israel/Gaza conflict: Questions and Answers |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/israelgaza-conflict-questions-and-answers-2014-07-25 |website=Amnesty International |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=18 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118000200/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/israelgaza-conflict-questions-and-answers-2014-07-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=independentRoofKnocking>{{cite news |last1=Withnall |first1=Adam |title=Israel-Gaza conflict: Israeli 'knock on roof' missile warning revealed in remarkable video |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israelgaza-conflict-israeli-knock-on-roof-missile-warning-technique-revealed-in-stunning-video-9603179.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2014 |work=The Independent |date=13 July 2014 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> confirmed that in many cases, Palestinians received warnings prior to evacuation, including flyers, phone calls and [[roof knocking]]. A report by [[Jaffa]] based NGO [[Physicians for Human Rights–Israel|Physicians for Human Rights]], released in January 2015, said that Israel's alert system had failed, and that the roof-knock system was ineffective.<ref>Elior Levy, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4618203,00.html 'One family, three dead, three maimed: 'Black Friday' in Gaza,'] [[Ynet]] 24 January 2015.</ref> The IDF was criticized for not giving civilians enough time to evacuate.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sophia Jones |title=Palestinians In Gaza Denounce Israel For Saying It Warns Civilians Before Strikes |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/23/israel-airstrike-warning_n_5614085.html |work=Huffington Post |date=23 July 2014}}</ref> In one case, the warning came less than one minute before the bombing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rights organisation: Israel's targeting of civilians 'war crime' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/europe/12799-rights-organisation-israels-targeting-of-civilians-war-crime |publisher=Middle East Monitor |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114112/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/europe/12799-rights-organisation-israels-targeting-of-civilians-war-crime |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hamas has told civilians to return to their homes or stay put following Israeli warnings to leave.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Gaza civilians flee, ignoring Hamas advice to stay |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/thousands-of-gaza-civilians-flee-ignoring-hamas-advice-to-stay-20140714-zt6cs.html |website=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> In many cases, Palestinians evacuated; in others, they have stayed in their homes. Israel condemned Hamas's encouragement of Palestinians to remain in their homes despite warnings in advance of airstrikes.<ref name=CNN-crisis /> Hamas stated that the warnings were a form of psychological warfare and that people would be equally or more unsafe in the rest of Gaza.<ref name="CNN-crisis" /><ref name="northern" />

Amnesty International said that "although the Israeli authorities claim to be warning civilians in Gaza, a consistent pattern has emerged that their actions do not constitute an "effective warning" under international humanitarian law."<ref name="amnesty1" /> Human Rights Watch concurred.<ref name="hrwUnlawfulAistrikes" /> Many Gazans, when asked, told journalists that they remained in their houses simply because they had nowhere else to go.<ref name=northern>{{cite news |url=http://www.northernstar.com.au/news/hamas-using-human-shields-gazans-deny-claims/2325717/ |title=Hamas using human shields? Gazans deny claims |work=[[The Northern Star]] |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> OCHA's spokesman has said "there is literally no safe place for civilians" in Gaza.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-un-aid-idUSKBN0FR14820140722 'No safe place for civilians' in Gaza, U.N. says], Reuters.com; accessed 28 July 2014.</ref> Roof knocking has been condemned as unlawful by Amnesty International<ref name="independentRoofKnocking" /> and Human Rights Watch<ref name="washingtonpost1" /> as well as the [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict|United Nations Fact Finding Mission]] in the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|2008 war]].

==== Destruction of homes ====
[[File:20140805 beit hanun7.jpg|thumb|Ruins of a residential area in [[Beit Hanoun]]]]
{{See also|#Use of civilian structures for military purposes|House demolition in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict}}
Israel targeted many homes in this conflict. UNWRA official Robert Turner estimated that 7,000 homes were demolished and 89,000 were damaged, some 10,000 of them severely.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=748278 'Warning on funds, UN doubles estimate of destroyed Gaza homes,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219030433/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=748278 |date=19 December 2014 }} [[Ma'an News Agency]] 28 December 2014.</ref> This has led to many members of the same family being killed. B'Tselem documented 59 incidents of bombing and shelling, in which 458 people were killed.<ref name="btselem-families">{{cite news |title=Families bombed at home, Gaza, July–August 2014 (initial figures) |url=http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/201407_families |publisher=B'Tselem |date=11 August 2014}}</ref> In some cases, Israel has stated that these homes were of suspected militants and were [[#Use of civilian structures for military purposes|used for military purposes]]. ''The New York Times'' noted that the damage in this operation was higher than in the previous two wars and stated that 60,000 people had been left homeless as a result.<ref name=NYTGazaEconomy>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/03/world/middleeast/assessing-the-damage-and-destruction-in-gaza.html |title=Assessing the Damage and Destruction in Gaza |work=The New York Times |first1=Jeremy |last1=Ashkenas |first2=Archie |last2=Tse |date=3 August 2014}}</ref> The destruction of homes has been condemned by B'Tselem,<ref name="btselem1" /> [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref name=indiscriminate /><ref name=usatoday.com /> and Amnesty International<ref name="amnestyQandA" /> as unlawful, amounting to collective punishment and [[war crime]]s.

Israel destroyed the homes of two suspects in the case of the abduction and killing of the three teenagers. The house demolition has been condemned by B'Tselem as unlawful.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demolishing homes of suspects in abduction and killing of the three yeshiva students harms innocents. House demolition policy fundamentally unacceptable and unproven to be effective |url=http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140818_house_demolitions |publisher=B'Tselem |date=18 August 2014}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=November 2019}}

Palestinians returning to their homes during the ceasefire reported that IDF soldiers had trashed their homes, destroyed home electronics such as TV sets, spread feces in their homes, and carved slogans such as "Burn Gaza down" and "Good Arab = dead Arab" in walls and furniture. The IDF did not respond to a request by ''[[The Guardian]]'' for comment.<ref>{{cite news |author=Harriet Sherwood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/07/palestinians-return-home-israeli-troops-faeces-graffiti |title=Palestinians returning home find Israeli troops left faeces and venomous graffiti |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>

On 5 November 2014, Amnesty International published a report examining eight cases where the IDF targeted homes, resulting in the deaths of 111 people, of whom 104 were civilians. Barred from access to Gaza by Israel since 2012, it conducted its research remotely, supported by two contracted Gaza-based fieldworkers who conducted multiple visits of each site to interview survivors, and consulted with military experts to evaluate photographic and video material. It concludes, in every case, that "there was a failure to take necessary precautions to avoid excessive harm to civilians and civilian property, as required by international humanitarian law" and "no prior warning was given to the civilian residents to allow them to escape." As Israel did not disclose any information regarding the incidents, the report said it was not possible for Amnesty International to be certain of what Israel was targeting; it also said that if there were no valid military objectives, international humanitarian law may have been violated, as attacks directed at civilians and civilian objects, or attacks which are otherwise disproportionate relative to the anticipated military advantage of carrying them out, constitute war crimes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Families under the Rubble: Israeli Attacks on Inhabited Homes |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/032/2014/en/ |website=Amnesty International |date=5 November 2014 |access-date=10 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rudoren |first1=Jodi |title=Amnesty International Says Israel Showed 'Callous Indifference' in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/05/world/middleeast/amnesty-international-says-israel-showed-callous-indifference-to-gaza-civilians.html?_r=0 |website=The New York Times |access-date=14 November 2014 |date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

The report was dismissed by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs as "narrow", "decontextualized", and disattentive of alleged war crimes perpetrated by Hamas. Amnesty, it asserted, was serving as "a propaganda tool for Hamas and other terror groups."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Amelia |last2=Mosendz |first2=Polly |date=5 November 2014 |title=Amnesty Accuses Israel of War Crimes in Damning Report on Gaza Conflict |url=http://www.newsweek.com/amnesty-accuses-israel-war-crimes-damning-report-gaza-conflict-282475 |newspaper=Newsweek |access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Response to Amnesty Report on Gaza Conflict |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2014/Pages/Response-to-Amnesty-report-on-Gaza-conflict-5-Nov-2014.aspx |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> Anne Herzberg, legal adviser for NGO Monitor, questioned the accuracy of the [[UN]] numbers used in the report, saying that they "essentially come from Hamas."<ref>{{cite web |title=Amnesty slams Israel for 'callous indifference' to civilian casualties in Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Amnesty-slams-Israel-for-callous-indifference-to-civilian-casualties-in-Gaza-380797 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=5 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014}}</ref>

==== Shelling of UNRWA schools ====
{{excerpt|2014 Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters}}

==== Infrastructure ====
On 23 July, twelve human rights organizations in Israel released a letter to the Israeli government warning that "Gaza Strip's civilian infrastructure is collapsing".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Olivia |title=Ban Ki-moon condemns shelling of UN-run school in Gaza |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2014/07/24/ban_kimoon_condemns_shelling_of_unrun_school_in_gaza.html |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gisha |title=Severe Electricity and Water Shortages in the Gaza Strip |url=http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications/letters/letter-en-23-7-14.pdf |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> They wrote that "due to Israel's ongoing control over significant aspects of life in Gaza, Israel has a legal obligation to ensure that the humanitarian needs of the people of Gaza are met and that they have access to adequate supplies of water and electricity." They note that many water and electricity systems were damaged during the conflict, which has led to a "pending humanitarian and environmental catastrophe". The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported that "almost every piece of critical infrastructure, from electricity to water to sewage, has been seriously compromised by either direct hits from Israeli air strikes and shelling or collateral damage."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pollard |first1=Ruth |title=Gaza ceasefire gives pause to assess destruction |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/gaza-ceasefire-gives-pause-to-assess-destruction-20140806-100ubq.html#ixzz39lGgu1Ch |access-date=8 August 2014 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=6 August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:A_Gaza_boy_drags_his_belongings_in_front_Gaza's_only_power_plant,_bombed_by_an_Israeli_tank_shell.jpg|thumb|The only [[power plant of Gaza]] after it was attacked by the Israeli army on July 14, 2014]]
Between five and eight of the 10 power lines that bring electricity from Israel were disabled, at least three by Hamas rocket fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/electricity-knocked-out-in-gaza-thanks-to-hamas/2014/07/13 |title=Electricity Knocked Out in Gaza (Thanks to Hamas) |author=Shalom Bear |work=The Jewish Press|date=13 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/For-second-in-time-in-days-Gazan-rocket-hits-electricity-line-to-Gaza-362925 |title=For second in time in days, Gazan rocket hits electricity line to Gaza |work=The Jerusalem Post – JPost.com|date=15 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/298519#.VZ4ZuxOqoqY |title=Another Power Line in Gaza Damaged – Latest News Briefs – Arutz Sheva |work=Arutz Sheva|date=15 July 2014 }}</ref> On 29 July, Israel was reported to bomb Gaza's only power plant,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenblatt |first1=Alan |title=Bombing Ruins Gaza's Only Power Plant |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/07/29/336386340/israeli-bombing-destroys-gazas-only-power-plant |access-date=8 July 2015 |work=National Public Radio |date=29 July 2014}}</ref> which was estimated to take a year to repair. Amnesty International said the crippling of the power station amounted to "collective punishment of Palestinians".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Harriet |title=Gaza's only power plant destroyed in Israel's most intense air strike yet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/29/gaza-power-plant-destroyed-israeli-airstrike-100-palestinians-dead |newspaper=The Guardian |date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Black |first1=Ian |title=Israel is finding it harder to deny targeting Gaza infrastructure |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/29/israel-gaza-infrastructure-blackouts-idf-civilian |access-date=31 July 2014 |work=The Guardian |date=29 July 2014}}</ref> Human Rights Watch has stated that "[d]amaging or destroying a power plant, even if it also served a military purpose, would be an unlawful disproportionate attack under the laws of war".<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza: Widespread Impact of Power Plant Attack |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/10/gaza-widespread-impact-power-plant-attack |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Israel immediately denied damaging the power plant, stating there was "no indication that [IDF] were involved in the strike ... The area surrounding the plant was also not struck in recent days."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vause |first1=John |last2=Sanchez |first2=Ray |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/01/world/meast/gaza-life/ |title=Life in Gaza: Misery heightened by war |publisher=CNN |date=4 August 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Contradicting initial reports that it would take a year to repair, the power plant resumed operation on 27 October.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trust.org/item/20141027140556-cp35b |title=Gaza power plant resumes operations, director says |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129072212/http://www.trust.org/item/20141027140556-cp35b |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/14127-gazas-only-power-plant-ready-to-work-pending-fuel-supply |title=Gaza's only power plant ready to work pending fuel supply |work=Middle East Monitor |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026154649/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/14127-gazas-only-power-plant-ready-to-work-pending-fuel-supply |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Attacks on journalists ====
17 journalists were killed in the conflict,<ref>{{cite web |title=17 Journalists Killed in Gaza Since Beginning of Israeli Aggression |date=26 August 2014 |url=http://www.imemc.org/article/68964 |publisher=[[IMEMC]]}}</ref><ref name="JPostFeb2015" /> of which five were off-duty and two (from [[Associated Press]]) were covering a bomb disposal team's efforts to defuse an unexploded Israeli artillery shell when it exploded.<ref>{{cite news |title=AP journalist, others killed in Gaza by leftover ordinance |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ap-journalist-others-killed-in-gaza-by-leftover-ordinance/ |work=CBS News |date=13 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=alJazeeraJournalists>{{cite news |last1=Omer |first1=Mohammed |last2=Hatuqa |first2=Dalia |title=Palestinians decry Gaza journalist killings |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/palestinians-gaza-journalist-killings-israel-20148510714681202.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=5 August 2014}}</ref> In several cases, the journalists were killed while having markings distinguishing them as press on their vehicles or clothing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fung |first1=Katherine |title=Journalist Rami Rayan Killed in Gaza Attack (GRAPHIC) |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/30/rami-rayan-killed-dead-gaza-attack_n_5634548.html |work=The Huffington Post |date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel bombs Gaza radio station, injuring journalists |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713640 |publisher=Ma'an News |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803003137/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=713640 |url-status=dead }}</ref> IDF stated that in one case it had precise information that a vehicle marked "TV" that was hit killing one alleged journalist was in military use.<ref name=IDFMAG>{{cite web |url=http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/09/12/idf-conducts-fact-finding-assessment-following-operation-protective-edge |title=IDF Conducts Fact-Finding Assessment following Operation Protective Edge |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115205/http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/09/12/idf-conducts-fact-finding-assessment-following-operation-protective-edge/ |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourjewishnews.com/2014/09/14-n34387.html |title=Hamas caught using TV vehicles to transport missiles and shooting them at Israeli civilians |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> Several media outlets, including the offices of ''Al-Jazeera'', were hit. The [[International Federation of Journalists]] has condemned the attacks as "appalling murders and attacks".<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli Forces Must Be Held accountable for Attacks on Journalists in Gaza, says IFJ |url=http://www.ifj.org/nc/news-single-view/backpid/1/article/israeli-forces-must-be-held-accountable-for-attacks-on-journalists-in-gaza-says-ifj |publisher=International Federation of Journalists |date=25 July 2014}}</ref> Journalists are considered civilians and should not be targeted under international humanitarian law.<ref name=alHaqJournalist>{{cite news |title=Briefing Note IV: Unlawful Targeting of Journalists and Media Buildings |url=http://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/topics/gaza/841-briefing-note-iv-unlawful-targeting-of-journalists-and-media-buildings |publisher=Al-Haq |date=9 August 2014}}</ref>
The Israeli army said it does not target journalists, and that it contacts news media "in order to advise them which areas to avoid during the conflict".<ref name="alJazeeraJournalists" /> Israel has made foreign journalists sign a waiver stating that it is not responsible for their safety in Gaza, which [[Reporters Without Borders]] calls contrary to international law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel warns foreign journalists covering Gaza fighting |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-journalists-idUSKBN0FO0YG20140719 |work=Reuters |date=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Journalists' lives on the line in Gaza conflict |url=http://en.rsf.org/palestine-journalists-lives-on-the-line-in-22-07-2014,46677.html |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729203930/http://en.rsf.org/palestine-journalists-lives-on-the-line-in-22-07-2014,46677.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/23028 |title=Journalists 'should challenge' Gaza waiver |magazine=Press Gazette |date=24 July 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812134114/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/23028 |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref> The Director-General of [[UNESCO]], [[Irina Bokova]], who in August 2014 condemned the killing of [[Al Aqsa TV]] journalist Abdullah Murtaja, withdrew her comments after it was revealed that Murtaja was also a combatant in Hamas's Al Qassam Brigade, and said she "deplore[d] attempts to instrumentalize the profession of journalists by combatants"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_director_general_statement_regarding_abdullah_murtaja/#.VGi97DTF_zk |title=UNESCO Director-General Statement regarding Abdullah Murtaja |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.camera.org/article/unesco-corrects-hamas-man-not-a-journalist/|title=UNESCO Corrects: Hamas Man Not a Journalist}}</ref>

[[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center|ITIC]] published a report analyzing a list of 17 names published by Wafa News Agency based on information originating from Hamas-controlled Gaza office of the ministry of information that supposedly belong to journalists killed in the operation. The report says that 8 of the names belong to Hamas or Islamic Jihad operatives, or employees of the Hamas media.<ref name="JPostFeb2015">{{cite news |title=Half of names of Gaza journalist casualties are terror operatives, or members of Hamas media |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Half-of-names-of-Gaza-journalist-casualties-are-terror-operatives-or-members-of-Hamas-media-390871 |publisher=JPost |date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20771/E_013_15_299752333.pdf |title=Examination of the Names of 17 Journalists and Media Personnel Whom the Palestinians Claim Were Killed in Operation Protective Edge |work=terrorism-info.org.il}}</ref>

Israel bombed Hamas's Al-Aqsa radio and TV stations because of their "propaganda dissemination capabilities used to broadcast the messages of (Hamas's) military wing."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli airstrikes target Palestinian TV station in Gaza |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/viewdetails.aspx?id=716837 |publisher=Maan News |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803153552/http://www.maannews.net/eng/viewdetails.aspx?id=716837 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] and [[Al-Haq]] condemned the attacks, saying "an expert committee formed by the International Criminal Court's prosecutor for the former Yugoslavia, to assess the NATO bombing campaign of 1999, specified that a journalist or media organization is not a legitimate target merely because it broadcasts or disseminates propaganda."<ref name="alHaqJournalist" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian journalists under fire |url=http://en.rsf.org/palestine-palestinian-journalists-under-fire-29-07-2014,46716.html |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804025551/http://en.rsf.org/palestine-palestinian-journalists-under-fire-29-07-2014,46716.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The U.S. government classifies Al-Aqsa TV as being controlled by Hamas, a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist," and states that it "will not distinguish between a business financed and controlled by a terrorist group, such as Al-Aqsa Television, and the terrorist group itself."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg594.aspx |title=Treasury Designates Gaza-Based Business, Television Station for Hamas Ties |access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/US/03/19/treasury.hamas/ Gaza bank, TV station see U.S. sanctions], cnn.com, 19 March 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=US sanctions Hamas bank, TV station in Gaza |date=18 March 2010|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/03/18/103433.html}}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=August 2014|reason=See [[Talk:2014 Israel–Gaza conflict#Classification of Al-Aqsa]]}}

==== Human shields ====
The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]] accused Israel of having "defied international law by attacking civilian areas of Gaza such as schools, hospitals, homes and U.N. facilities. "None of this appears to me to be accidental," Pillay said. "They appear to be defying – deliberate defiance of – obligations that international law imposes on Israel.""<ref name=AP-warcrimes /> The [[Jaffa]] based NGO [[Physicians for Human Rights–Israel|Physicians for Human Rights]] stated in a report in January 2015 that the IDF had used human shields during the war. IDF criticized the report's conclusions and methodology which "cast a heavy shadow over its content and credibility".<ref>Gili Cohen, [https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.638179 'NGO accuses IDF of gross abuses during Gaza war,'] [[Haaretz]] 21 January 2015.</ref> [[Defense for Children International]]-Palestine reported that 17-year-old Ahmad Abu Raida was kidnapped by Israeli soldiers who, after beating him up, used him as a [[human shield]] for five days, forcing him to walk in front of them with police dogs at gunpoint, search houses and dig in places soldiers suspected there might be tunnels.<ref>[http://972mag.com/palestinian-teen-i-was-used-as-a-human-shield-in-gaza/95800 Palestinian teen: I was used as a human shield in Gaza], 972mag.com; retrieved 22 August 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.dci-palestine.org/documents/israeli-forces-use-palestinian-child-human-shield-gaza Israeli forces use Palestinian child as human shield in Gaza], Defence for Children International Palestine. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</ref> Several of the key claims could not be verified because his Hamas-employed father said he forgot to take photographs of the alleged abuse marks and discarded all the clothing IDF soldiers supposedly provided Abu Raida when he was freed.<ref name=NYT_Raida>Fares Akram & Judi Rudoren,[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/world/middleeast/gaza-strip-palestinian-teenager-cites-ordeal-as-captive-of-israelis-soldiers.html "Teenager Cites Ordeal as Captive of Israelis"], nytimes.com; 24 August 2014.</ref>

The IDF confirmed that the troops suspected Ahmad of being a militant based on the affiliation of his father (a senior official in Gaza's Tourism Ministry) with Hamas and so detained him during the ground operation. The IDF and Israeli authorities challenged the credibility of DCI-P noting their "scant regard for truth".<ref name=NYT_Raida /> The IDF Military Advocate General opened criminal investigation into the event.<ref name=IDFMAG />

== Military operations, weaponry and techniques ==

=== Gaza ===
[[File:Rockets from gaza (en).png|thumb|Range of rockets launched from Gaza Strip]]
[[File:Palestinian militants 2009.jpg|thumb|Palestinian militants with rockets]]

==== Rockets ====
The Gazan militants used different kinds of rockets, including the Syrian-made (Chinese-designed) M-302<ref>"[https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Syrian-made-M302-rocket-fired-by-Hamas-at-Hadera-362008 Syrian made M302]." ''The Jerusalem Post''. Accessed 12 August 2014.</ref> and the locally made M-75, which had the range to hit Tel-Aviv.<ref>"[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/hamas-firing-china-designed-syria-made-m-302-rockets-israel-n152461 Hamas firing chia designed rockets]." ''NBC News''. Accessed 12 August 2014.</ref><ref>"[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714851 M75 strikes Tel Aviv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074351/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=714851 |date=6 October 2014 }}." ''Maan News'' Accessed 12 August 2014.</ref><ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/aug/13/hamas-rockets-cease-fire-israel-video Hamas produces rockets as fighting winds down]." ''The Guardian''. 13 August 2014.</ref> Other rockets include the Soviet [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyushas]] and [[Qassam rocket|Qassams]].<ref>"[https://www.businessinsider.com/hamas-rocket-arsenal-2014-7 Hamas Rocket Arsenal]." ''Business Insider''. July 2014.</ref> The Israeli Defense Force reported that at the beginning of the 2014 conflict, Hamas had close to 6,000 rockets in its possession. This included 1,000 self-produced short range rockets (15–20 km range), 2,500 smuggled short range rockets, 200 self-made Grad rockets, and 200 smuggled Grad rockets. In addition, to these short range rockets, Hamas held an assortment of mid and long range rockets, both self-made and smuggled, that totaled over several thousand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/10/6-million-lives-in-danger-the-deadly-rocket-arsenal-of-hamas/ |title=Special Report: The Deadly Rocket Arsenal of Hamas |date=July 10, 2014 |website=Israel Defense Forces Blog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713000452/https://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/07/10/6-million-lives-in-danger-the-deadly-rocket-arsenal-of-hamas/ |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

According to the [[Fars News Agency]], [[Fajr-5]] (long range Iranian) rockets had a warhead of 150–200 kg.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/21/iran-supplied-hamas-missile-technology Iran supplied Hamas with Fajr-5 missile technology], Saeed Kamali Dehghan, The Guardian, 21 November 2012</ref> According to [[Theodore Postol]], the vast majority of Gazan artillery rocket warheads contained 10- to 20-pound explosive loads. Postol stated that this fact made bomb shelters more effective for protection.<ref name="Postol-explanation" /> [[Mark Perry (author)|Mark Perry]] stated that the "vast majority of the rockets are unsophisticated Qassams, with a 10–20 kg warhead and no guidance system" and that "Hamas' arsenal is considerably weaker today than it was in 2012". Regarding the Fajr-5, he stated that Iran had not transferred full-fledged rockets to Hamas, it has only transferred technology to manufacture them. He also stated that "its guidance system was crude, at best, and its warhead nearly non-existent."<ref>{{cite magazine |author1=Mark Perry |title=Gaza's Bottle Rockets |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141698/mark-perry/gazas-bottle-rockets |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

The UNHRC, quoting Amnesty International, stated that armed groups in Gaza have used BM-21 Grad rockets with ranges varying from 20 km to 48 km, in addition to locally produced rockets reaching as far as 80 km, such as the M-75 and J-80. The majority of the rockets had no guidance system. Mortars having a range of up to 8 km, have been actively used along the Green Line. Other weapons included rocket-propelled grenades, home-made drones, SA 7 Grail anti-aircraft missiles, Kornet 9M133 anti-tank guided missiles, and a wide array of small arms, rifles, machine guns and hand grenades.<ref>{{cite web |title=The United Nations Independent Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

According to the IDF, of all the 4,564 projectiles fired at Israel, 224 hit built-up areas, 735 were intercepted by the [[Iron Dome]], 875 [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict#Hamas rockets failing|fell inside Gaza]]<ref name="heres-what-really-happened">William Booth, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/09/03/heres-what-really-happened-in-the-gaza-war-according-to-the-israelis Here's what really happened in the Gaza war (according to the Israelis)] ''[[The Washington Post]]'' 3 September 2014</ref> and the rest fell in open territory or failed to launch.<ref name="OPE-Israeli-wounded">{{cite news |last=Hartman |first=Ben |title=50 days of Israel's Gaza operation, Protective Edge – by the numbers |url=https://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/50-days-of-Israels-Gaza-operation-Protective-Edge-by-the-numbers-372574 |date=28 August 2014 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

According to OCHA, Palestinian militants fired 4,844 rockets and 1,734 mortar shells towards Israel.<ref name="OCHA30Sept">[http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_the_humanitarian_monitor_2014_10_03_english.pdf ''Humanitarian Bulletin Monthly Report, June–August 2014,''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021035311/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_the_humanitarian_monitor_2014_10_03_english.pdf |date=21 October 2014 }} OCHA 30 September 2014.</ref> 25% of Gazan rockets had sufficient effectiveness to threaten to reach populated areas.<ref>Alon Ben David,[http://aviationweek.com/defense/iron-dome-blunts-90-enemy-rocket 'Iron Dome Blunts 90% Of Enemy Rockets,']{{dead link|date=March 2016}}[[Aviation Week]] 1 September 2014. {{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref>

==== Gazan tunnels ====
{{See also|Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels|Tunnel warfare}}
{{excerpt|Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip}}

==== Other weaponry ====
Hamas has also used a "crude, tactical" drone, reported to be Iranian-made and named "Ababil-1".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |title=Hamas' Drone Program Will Not Worry Israel, Experts Say |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/middle-east-unrest/hamas-drone-program-will-not-worry-israel-experts-say-n155341 |work=NBC News |date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

Palestinian militant groups have also used anti-tank rockets against armoured vehicles, as well as against groups of Israeli soldiers. Some armored personnel carriers were hit by missiles,<ref name=markPerryWeapons>{{cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Mark |title=Why Israel's bombardment of Gaza neighborhood left US officers 'stunned' |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/8/26/israel-bombing-stunsusofficers.html |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=Al Jazeera |date=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IDF releases details on Shejaiya battle in which 7 soldiers died |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-releases-details-on-shejaiya-battle-in-which-7-soldiers-died/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=20 July 2014}}</ref> and the Israeli [[Trophy (countermeasure)|Trophy]] system reportedly intercepted at least 15 anti-tank missiles shot at [[Merkava Mk. IV|Merkava IV]] tanks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/2689/2770561 |title=מבצע "צוק איתן" – כיפת הברזל של הטנקים פועלת בעזה: "התקפית" |work=וואלה! חדשות |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Anti-tank mines had also been used against armored vehicles.

=== Israel ===
[[File:Artillery Corps in Gaza (14550733300)a.jpg|thumb|IDF Artillery Corps fires a 155 mm [[M109 howitzer]], 24 July 2014.]]
Israel used air, land and naval weaponry. The artillery includes Soltam M71 guns and US-manufactured Paladin M109s (155-mm howitzers).<ref name=markPerryWeapons /> The aerial weaponry includes drones and [[F-16]] fighter jets. Drones are used to constantly monitor the Gaza strip.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/video/israeli-drones-buzz-ghost-towns-gaza-24628058 Israeli Drones Buzz Over Ghost Towns of Gaza], Alex Marquardt, ABC News, 18 July 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140722050206/http://news.nationalgeographic.com//news//2014//07//140721-gaza-strip-tunnels-israel-hamas-palestinians// Gaza's Tunnels, Now Used to Attack Israel, Began as Economic Lifelines], James Verini, National Geographic, 21 July 2014</ref> The IDF fired 14,500 tank shells and 35,000 other artillery shells during the conflict.<ref name="B'tselemJan2015" />

The IDF stated that it attacked 5,263 targets in Gaza, including:<ref name=ynetnumbers /><ref name=ITIC_2_sep>{{cite web |url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20709/E_154_14_403606512.pdf |title=News of Terrorism and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |publisher=[[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center|ITIC]]}}</ref>
* 1,814 rocket and mortar launch or otherwise related sites
* 191 weapon factories and warehouses
* 1,914 command and control centers
* 237 government institutions supporting the militant activity
* hundreds of military outposts inside buildings

According to OCHA figures, Israel fired 5,830 missiles in 4,028 [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] air raids, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]'s ground forces shot off 16,507 artillery and tank projectiles, and the [[Israeli Navy|Israeli navy]]'s off-shore fleet fired 3,494 naval shells, into the Gaza Strip.<ref name="OCHA30Sept" />

Overall, Israel fired 34,000 unguided shells into Gaza. Of these 19,000 were high-explosive artillery shells, marking a 533% rise in the launching of artillery ordnance compared to Operation Cast Lead. Shelling of civilian areas with [[155mm|{{convert|155|mm|abbr=on|adj=on}}]] shells using Doher howitzers, with a kill radius of {{convert|150|yd}}, also increased.<ref>Charlie Hoyle, [http://www.maannews.com/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=760268 'Israel shelling in Gaza war unprecedented despite inaccuracy,'] [[Ma'an News Agency]] 4 April 2015.</ref><ref>Robert Perkins, [https://aoav.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/AOAV-Under-Fire-Israels-artillery-policies-scrutinised.pdf 'Under Fire:Israel's artillery policies scrutinised,'] Action on Armed Violence December 2014.pp.10–14.</ref>

According to Palestinian authorities, 8,000 bombs and 70,000 artillery shells, or 20,000 tons of explosives (the equivalent of two low-yield tactical nuclear weapons), had been dropped on Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?ID=722484|title=Police: Israel dropped|website=Maan News Agency|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The National Early Recovery and Reconstruction Plan for Gaza |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/national-early-recovery-and-reconstruction-plan-gaza |access-date=3 August 2015 |work=Government of State of Palestine |date=1 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Jonathan |title=Gaza: wife and infant son of Hamas commander killed |url=http://blogs.channel4.com/miller-on-foreign-affairs/gaza-wife-infant-son-hamas-commander-killed-strikes/1221 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=Channel 4 News |date=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza bombed with 20,000 tons of explosives |url=http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/Details.aspx?nid=68571 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=Ministry of Interior, Palestinian National Authority |date=22 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903032637/http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/Details.aspx?nid=68571 |archive-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> The Sydney Morning Herald quoted an anonymous expert who estimated that 10,000 tonnes of explosives were dropped from the air alone, which does not include tank and artillery shells.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pollard |first1=Ruth |title=Gaza team defuses live bombs and shells without protective suits |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/gaza-team-defuses-live-bombs-and-shells-without-protective-suits-20140808-101qme.html |access-date=1 September 2014 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 August 2014}}</ref>

Between 32 and 34<ref name=ynetnumbers /> known tunnels were destroyed or neutralized, 13 of them destroyed completely.<ref name=ITIC_2_sep />

The performance of the Iron Dome defense system was considered effective, achieving an almost 90% success rate.<ref>[http://aviationweek.com/defense/iron-dome-blunts-90-enemy-rockets Iron Dome Blunts 90% Of Enemy Rockets] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903144421/http://aviationweek.com/defense/iron-dome-blunts-90-enemy-rockets |date=3 September 2014 }} – Aviationweek.com, 1 September 2014</ref> Israel's early warning sirens and extensive [[Air-raid shelter|shelters]] have been an effective defense against Gazan rocketry.<ref name="Postol-explanation">[[Theodore Postol]], [http://www.technologyreview.com/view/528991/an-explanation-of-the-evidence-of-weaknesses-in-the-iron-dome-defense-system/ Explanation of the Evidence of Weaknesses in the Iron Dome Defense System], MIT Technology Review, 15 July 2014</ref> They are less effective against short-range mortars because the residents have less time to react.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Attacks-on-Gaza-spurs-exodus-5711962.php |title=Gaza attacks trigger Israeli exodus at border |work=Times Union|date=26 August 2014 }}</ref>

== Media and diplomacy ==

=== Media coverage ===
{{Main|Media coverage of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}}
Portrayals of the conflict in different media outlets varied. U.S. news sources were often more sympathetic to Israel while British news sources featured more criticism of Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza war seen rather differently in US, UK newspapers |newspaper=The Times of Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-war-seen-rather-differently-in-us-uk-newspapers |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=13 July 2014 |last=Zion |first=Ilan Ben}}</ref> Commentators on both sides claimed that the media was biased either for or against Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=US media coverage of Gaza is deeply flawed, both sides in conflict say |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |last=Goodale |first=Gloria |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2014/0715/US-media-coverage-of-Gaza-is-deeply-flawed-both-sides-in-conflict-say}}</ref> According to an article by Subrata Ghoshroy published in the [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]], most United States media focused on Hamas rockets, of which only 3% actually strike populated areas (causing little damage), with less attention paid to Palestinian casualties, or to why Gazans back Hamas's rocket campaign.<ref>Subrata Ghoshroy, [http://thebulletin.org/israel's-iron-dome-misplaced-debate7349 'Israel's Iron Dome: a misplaced debate']{{dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=Triggerhippie4 |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]'', 29 July 2014.</ref> As the conflict progressed and Palestinian deaths increased, British media became somewhat more critical of Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Gaza deaths mount, press grows critical of Israel |newspaper=The Times of Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/as-gaza-death-tolls-climbs-press-increasingly-critical-of-israel |date=13 July 2014 |access-date=13 July 2014 |last=Ahren |first=Raphael}}</ref> Within Israel, the newspaper ''[[Haaretz]]'' issued an editorial stating that the "soft Gaza sand... could turn into quicksand" for the Israeli military and also warned about the "wholesale killing" of Palestinian civilians; the article declared: "There can be no victory here".<ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2014 |title=Israeli Mood Turns Dark With Mounting Casualties |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israeli-mood-turns-dark-mounting-casualties-24652707 |access-date=22 July 2014 |work=ABC News}}</ref> The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' apologised for running an allegedly antisemitic cartoon after Australian Attorney-General [[George Brandis]] denounced it as "deplorable." Israel was accused of waging a propaganda war,<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2014 |title=Israeli propaganda war hits social media |url=http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/israeli-propaganda-war-hits-social-media-20140717-ztvky.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> and on both sides, sympathetic authors [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict in video games|released video games relating to the conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza-Israel video games cause controversy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28657324 |access-date=9 August 2014 |work=BBC News |date=5 August 2014}}</ref> In Israel, according to [[Naomi Chazan]], the Gaza war sparked "an equally momentous conflagration at the heart of Israeli society": attempts to question government policy were met with severe verbal and physical harassment, incidents of Arab-bashing occurred daily, and 90% of internet posts on the war were found to be racist or to constitute incitement.<ref>[[Naomi Chazan]], [http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/israels-other-war-moral-attrition-2/#ixzz3BPndDAar 'Israel's other war: Moral attrition'], ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', 25 August 2014.</ref>

=== Diplomatic efforts ===
A number of diplomatic efforts were made to resolve the conflict. These attempts included efforts by [[United States Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]] to broker a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, like the meeting in Paris with [[G4 (EU)|European G4]] foreign ministers and his counterparts of [[Qatar]] and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/paris-meetings-press-long-term-gaza-truce-313308926 |title=FMs in Paris call for extending 12-hour Gaza truce |publisher=Middle East Eye |date=26 July 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>''The New York Times''. 5 August 2014.</ref> Egypt brokered a number of ceasefires between Hamas and Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Israeli+airstrike+kills+militant+leader+Gaza+Strip+ground+campaign/10088097/story.html |title=Israeli airstrike kills militant leader Gaza Strip ground campaign |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806010808/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Israeli%2Bairstrike%2Bkills%2Bmilitant%2Bleader%2BGaza%2BStrip%2Bground%2Bcampaign/10088097/story.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |date=3 August 2014 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/04/israel-palestinians-ceasefire_n_5648917.html |title=Israel Palestinians Accept Ceasefire |work=Huffington Post |date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/07/14/331411652/reports-israel-may-accept-ceasefire-proposal-from-egypt |title=Reports Israel May Accept Ceasefire Proposal From Egypt |publisher=NPR |date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dubaieye1038.com/uae-backs-egypt-brokered-ceasefire-on-gaza-conflict/ |title=UAE backs Egypt brokered ceasefire on Gaza conflict |newspaper=Dubai Eye |date=24 July 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052549/http://www.dubaieye1038.com/uae-backs-egypt-brokered-ceasefire-on-gaza-conflict/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[File:John Kerry and Benjamin Netanyahu July 2014.jpg|thumb| [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]] and Benjamin Netanyahu, [[Tel Aviv]], 23 July 2014. ]]

=== Israeli public diplomacy ===
{{ further | Israeli public diplomacy }}

==== Hamas is ISIS ====
''"{{visible anchor|Hamas is ISIS}}"'' was first asserted by [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] near the end of the 2014 Gaza War.<ref name="972 is">{{cite news | last1=Derfner | first1=Larry | author1-link=Larry Derfner | date=24 August 2014 | title= No, Hamas isn't ISIS, ISIS isn't Hamas |url=https://www.972mag.com/no-hamas-isnt-isis-isis-isnt-hamas/ | access-date= 9 October 2024 | work=[[+972 Magazine]] | quote= ...if anybody accuses me of defending Hamas in what I'm about to write, I accuse them in turn of supporting the war in Gaza because they enjoy seeing Palestinian children killed. One claim is as fair as the other.}}</ref> The comparison was criticized and mocked by some Israeli journalists.<ref name="tweet Foley">{{Cite news | last=Reider | first=Dimi | date= 21 August 2014 | title= Netanyahu tweets Foley execution shot to score points against Hamas | url= https://www.972mag.com/netanyahu-tweets-foley-execution-video-to-score-points-against-hamas/ | access-date= 20 November 2024 |work=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="972 is" /> Netanyahu was particularly criticised for including real ISIS propaganda in his social media posts promoting the "Hamas is ISIS" analogy, including photos of [[James Foley (journalist)|James Foley]] from an ISIS [[beheading video]].<ref name="tweet Foley"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.france24.com/en/mediawatch/20140822-isis-netanyahu-james-foley | title=MediaWatch - Netanyahu deletes tweet featuring photo of James Foley | date=22 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-update/netanyahus-twitter-account-deletes-controversial-james-foley-tweet | title=Netanyahu's Twitter account deletes controversial James Foley tweet }}</ref>

Neyanyahu followed this by saying, ''"Hamas is ISIS and ISIS is Hamas"'', in a 2014 speech at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="why dangerous">{{cite web |url=https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/why-its-dangerous-to-conflate-hamas-and-daesh/ |title=Why It's Dangerous to Conflate Hamas and Daesh |date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=belal>{{Cite web |title=Belal Shobaki |url=https://al-shabaka.org/authors/belal-shobaki/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Al-Shabaka |language=en-US}}</ref> In reference to this, the head of the Department of Political Science at [[Hebron University]],<ref name=belal/> said it was "dangerous" to conflate Hamas and ISIS.<ref name="why dangerous" /> Israeli journalists pointed out that Hamas more closely resemble the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]]<ref>{{cite news |first=B. |last=Michael |date=2 May 2016 |title=Hamas and the Irgun? How Dare I Compare the Two... |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2016-05-02/ty-article/.premium/hamas-and-the-irgun-how-dare-i-compare-the-two/0000017f-f73b-d318-afff-f77bf9ca0000 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><ref name="972 is"/> more closely than Hamas resemble ISIS.<ref name="972 is"/>

Netanyahu resurrected this slogan a decade later. In the first days of the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]] in [[2023 in Palestine#October|October 2023]], [[The Jerusalem Post]] quoted [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] saying, "They are savages. Hamas is ISIS", the article then highlighted some alleged similarities in the groups' influences identified by Dr. Harel Chorev (from the ''[[Moshe Dayan]] [[Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies|Center for Middle Eastern Studies]]'' at [[Tel Aviv University]]).<ref>{{Cite news | date= 10 October 2023 | title= 'Hamas is ISIS': Here's how we know |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-767627 | access-date= 20 November 2024 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Netanyahu included this assertion in a public addresses in the United States made alongside Secretary Antony J. Blinken, in the first week of the Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip.<ref name="USDOS">{{Cite web | title= Secretary Antony J. Blinken and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu After Their Meeting | url= https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-israeli-prime-minister-benjamin-netanyahu-after-their-meeting-2/ | access-date= 20 November 2024 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |language=en}}</ref> Netanyahu said, "Hamas is ISIS, and just as ISIS was crushed, so too will Hamas be crushed".<ref name="USDOS"/> Then in 2024, Netanyahu was using the spurious analogy to suggest that a global coalition resembling the [[War against the Islamic State]].<ref>{{cite news | title= In Israel, Macron proposes using anti-ISIS coalition against Hamas | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/24/israel-hamas-gaza-war-airstrikes/ | access-date= 9 December 2024 | newspaper= www.washingtonpost.com [[The Washington Post]] | date= 15 May 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240515002605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/24/israel-hamas-gaza-war-airstrikes/ | archive-date= 15 May 2024 }}</ref>

International military experts and mainstream international media pointed out major differences, particularly relating to [[Islam and nationalism|nationalism]], [[2024 Kerman bombings|Shia Islam]], [[Palestinian Christians|Christianity]], [[Islam and democracy|democracy]], and [[Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State|destruction of cultural heritage]].<ref>{{cite news | author1= Dino Krause | title= The importance of understanding the differences between Hamas, IS and al-Qaeda | url= https://www.diis.dk/en/research/the-importance-of-understanding-the-differences-between-hamas-is-and-al-qaeda | work= www.diis.dk | publisher= Danish Institute for International Studies | date= 27 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Christopher |last1=Anzalone |date=December 2023 | title= Excommunicating Hamas Why Differences between Globalist and Nationalist Armed Islamist Groups Matter |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MES-Publications/MES-Insights/Excommunicating-Hamas/ |journal=MES Insights |publisher=www.usmcu.edu [[Marine Corps University]] - Middle East Studies |volume=14 |issue=6 |issn=2831-2872 |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title=Israel likens Hamas to the Islamic State group. But the comparison misses the mark in key ways |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-war-islamic-state-group-29e59446a42d077323a3a216127c4978 |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Marks |first=Monica |date=2023-10-30 |title=Hamas Is Not ISIS. Here's Why That Matters |url=https://time.com/6329776/hamas-isis-gaza/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/11/21/hamas-isis-are-not-the-same-00128107 |title=Hamas is Not ISIS — and the Comparison Itself is Counterproductive |work=[[Politico]] |date=21 November 2023}}</ref> ISIS want a purely theocratic system of government without any element of democracy, and ISIS violently attack Christians, whereas Hamas participated in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election]] and the Hamas-led [[electoral list]] that won the election included a [[Palestinian Christian]] running for the Christian [[Reserved political positions#Palestinian Authority|reserved]] seat in [[Gaza City]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Christian candidate on Hamas ticket |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/1/25/christian-candidate-on-hamas-ticket |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2006 |title=Hamas boosts image by backing Christian candidate |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/hamas-boosts-image-by-backing-christian-candidate |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Talal Abu Zarifa]], a leader from the [[DFLP]] (a secular faction [[Palestinian Joint Operations Room|allied to Hamas]]), said Israel was using the comparison to ''"justify its annihilation of Palestinian people and bloodshed"''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel likens Hamas to Daesh/ISIS to justify its crimes: Left-wing Palestinian leader |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-likens-hamas-to-daesh-isis-to-justify-its-crimes-left-wing-palestinian-leader/3032556 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=Consensus is that [[Anadolu Agency]] is unreliable in this subject area; see [[BP:AAPOLITICS]].|date=April 2025}} A few commentators pointed out some commonalities, such as that both are on the [[list of designated terrorist groups]] in the [[list of designated terrorist organizations in the United States|United States]],<ref name="convo">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Brian Glyn |date=14 December 2023 |title=Is Hamas the same as ISIS, the Islamic State group? No − and yes |url=https://theconversation.com/is-hamas-the-same-as-isis-the-islamic-state-group-no-and-yes-219454 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[List of designated terrorist groups in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=#HamasisISIS?: Assessing the campaign comparing proscribed groups |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/hamasisisis-assessing-the-campaign-comparing-proscribed-groups/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=ISD |language=en-GB}}</ref> but still stressed the groups' very different ideological goals.<ref name="convo" /> Only a few pro-government Israeli sources agreed that Hamas and ISIS are comparable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zinman |first=Dr Galit Truman |date=31 October 2023 |title=Hamas Is ISIS |url=https://besacenter.org/is-hamas-equal-to-isis/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Efforts to reconstruct Gaza ==
An international conference took place on 12 October 2014 in Cairo, where donors pledged US$5.4 billion to the Palestinians with half of that sum being "dedicated" to the reconstruction of Gaza, which was more than the US$4 billion Abbas first sought.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/12/pledge-gaza-israel.html |title=$5.4 billion pledged to rebuild Gaza |publisher=[[Al Jazeera America]] |date=12 October 2014}}</ref> Japan pledged US$100 million in January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/48-asia/16481-japan-pledges-100m-to-rebuild-gaza |title=Japan pledges $100m to rebuild Gaza |publisher=Middle East Monitor |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217024119/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/48-asia/16481-japan-pledges-100m-to-rebuild-gaza |archive-date=17 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[European Union|EU]] pledged €450 million to rebuilding Gaza.<ref name=jpost-gericke>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/German-MEP-EU-aid-could-fund-Hamas-terror-tunnels-381546 |title=German MEP: EU aid could fund Hamas terror tunnels |work=The Jerusalem Post – JPost.com|date=12 November 2014 }}</ref>

As of 1 February 2015, only US$125 million of the $2.7 billion for reconstruction had been paid out, while tens of thousands of Gazans were still homeless. In February 2015, 30 international aid organizations including [[UNRWA]], the [[World Health Organization]] as well as NGOs such as Oxfam, ActionAid and Save the Children International released a statement saying that: "we are alarmed by the limited progress in rebuilding the lives of those affected and tackling the root causes of the conflict." They stated that "Israel, as the occupying power, is the main duty bearer and must comply with its obligations under international law. In particular, it must fully lift the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]] within the framework of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1860]] (2009)".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/03/gaza-reconstruction-hampered-by-israeli-blockade-may-take-100-years-say-aid-agencies/ |title=Gaza Reconstruction, Hampered by Israeli Blockade, May Take 100 Years, Say Aid Agencies |last=Deen |first=Thalif |date=3 March 2015 |work=Inter Press Service News Agency |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> Catherine Weibel, UNICEF's Communication Chief in Jerusalem said: "Four infants died from complications caused by the bitter cold in Gaza in January... All were from families whose houses were destroyed during the last conflict and were living in extremely dire conditions."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/02/babies-die-gaza-due-resource-siege-150223075856017.html |title=Babies die in Gaza due to the resource siege |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

Only one percent of the needed building material had been delivered. The mechanism agreed between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority, meant to allow delivery of such material, has not worked.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hd.se/kultur/2015/02/01/bortglomda-av-varlden/ |title=Pengarna som försvann |work=[[Helsingborgs Dagblad]] |date=1 February 2015 |language=sv}}</ref>

Hamas spokesman blamed Israel for causing an electricity crisis. Israel provided 50,000 liters of fuel for generators running during blackouts and repaired three power lines damaged during storms within a week.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/13/world/middleeast/bitter-cold-claims-more-lives-in-gaza.html |title=Bitter Cold Claims More Lives in Gaza |date=13 January 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

On 15 September 2014, a Fatah spokesperson accused Hamas of misappropriating US$700 million of funds intended to rebuild Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Winer |first1=Stuart |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/fatah-official-accuses-hamas-of-stealing-700m-from-gazans/ |title=Fatah official accuses Hamas of stealing $700m from Gazans |work=The Times of Israel |date=October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.veooz.com/news/LHX3epa.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150220080819/https://www.veooz.com/news/LHX3epa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2015 |title=[News] Fatah official accuses Hamas of stealing ... – Veooz 360 |work=Veooz}}</ref> On 6 January Hamas spokesperson said that Palestinian national consensus government ministers admitted redirecting rebuilding funds to [[Palestinian National Authority|PNA]] budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.com/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?id=752045 |title=Hamas: PA misusing Gaza reconstruction funds |work=Maan News Agency}}</ref> Israel's military estimated that 20% of cement and steel allowed by Israel to be delivered to Gaza for the reconstruction efforts were taken by Hamas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/12/22/hamas-said-using-cement-steel-un-aid-repair-attack-tunnels/ |title=Hamas said using cement, steel from UN aid to repair attack tunnels |work=World Tribune |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217224727/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/12/22/hamas-said-using-cement-steel-un-aid-repair-attack-tunnels/ |archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> Arne Gericke, a member of the [[European Parliament]] said "It would sicken most [European] taxpayers to know that the EU itself could be directly contributing to the tragic cycle of violence".<ref name=jpost-gericke />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Israel|Modern history|Palestine}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[2014 in Israel]]
* [[2014 in the State of Palestine]]
* [[2014 Jerusalem unrest]]
* [[Asymmetric warfare]]
* [[List of the Israel Defense Forces operations]]
* [[List of wars: 2003–present]]
* [[List of wars involving Israel]]
* [[List of wars involving the State of Palestine]]
* [[Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
* [[Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2014]]
* ''[[Zanana]]''
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="necessary">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hamas-says-missing-israeli-soldier-in-gaza-hadar-goldin-is-likely-dead/2014/08/02/92562694-56cd-48c0-921b-b851fb2eca09_story.html|title=Netanyahu says Israeli military 'will take as much time as necessary' in Gaza|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 August 2014|author1=Griff Witte|author2=Sudarsan Raghavan}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==

{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28252155 Gaza-Israel conflict: Is the fighting over?]. [[BBC News Online]]
* [https://www.idfblog.com/operationgaza2014/ Operation Protective Edge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053850/https://www.idfblog.com/operationgaza2014/ |date=12 March 2017 }}. [[Israel Defense Forces]]
* [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/gaza-two-years-2014-hostilities-august-2016 Gaza: Two Years since the 2014 hostilities]. [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* [http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/IsraelGaza2014/Pages/2014-Gaza-Conflict-Factual-and-Legal-Aspects.aspx The 2014 Gaza Conflict: Factual and Legal Aspects]. [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
* [http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2014/08/gaza-truce-there-winner-201482714583180993.html Gaza truce: Is there a winner?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907165204/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2014/08/gaza-truce-there-winner-201482714583180993.html |date=7 September 2020 }} [[Al Jazeera English]]
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1AqLhz84lMCcvopizH52MPKb8gsbLEuBF7U2rk51tFXw Protective Edge Stats]. [[Google Docs, Sheets and Slides]]
* [https://archive.today/20240809010034/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180708-remembering-the-2014-israeli-offensive-against-gaza/ Article by Middle East Monitor]

{{2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}}
{{Israel–Gaza conflict}}
{{Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Arab–Israeli armed engagements}}
{{Israeli wars}}
{{Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}
{{Hamas}}
{{PIJ and Saraya}}
{{PFLP}}
{{Benjamin Netanyahu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 in Israel|Gaza]]
[[Category:2014 in the Gaza Strip|War]]
[[Category:2014 Gaza War| ]]
[[Category:July 2014 in Asia|Gaza]]
[[Category:August 2014 in Asia|Gaza]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving Israel|Gaza 2014]]
[[Category:Al-Qassam Brigades attacks|Gaza 2014]]
[[Category:Benjamin Netanyahu|Gaza 2014]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2014|Gaza]]
[[Category:Gaza–Israel conflict]]
[[Category:Invasions by Israel|Gaza 2014]]
[[Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict|Gaza 2014]]
[[Category:Israeli attacks against the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Wars involving Israel|Gaza 2014]]
[[Category:Wars involving Palestinians|Gaza 2014]]
[[Category:Assassinations in Palestine]]

Arvind Patel

2026-02-05T03:13:20Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating new entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Arvind Patel''' (born 1967)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Arvind Chhotubhai Patel(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DHARAMPUR (ST)(VALSAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5372 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Dharampur Assembly constituency, which is a reserved seat for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Valsad district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-12-09 |title=નર્મદા તાપી રિવર લિંકનો વિરોધ છતાં ભાજપે મારી બાજી, વિજય બાદ લોકોએ ઉમેદવારને વધાવ્યા! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/valsad/gujarat-assembly-election-2022-arvind-patel-wins-in-dharampur-assembly-seat-in-valsad/gj20221209103715298298104 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat election results 2022: Full list of BJP winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-election-results-2022-bjp-winners-list-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-ahmedabad-porbandar-kutiyana-anand-chhota-udaipur-bharuch-godhra-bhupendra-patel-hardik-patel-101670467963305.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406030657/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-election-results-2022-bjp-winners-list-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-ahmedabad-porbandar-kutiyana-anand-chhota-udaipur-bharuch-godhra-bhupendra-patel-hardik-patel-101670467963305.html |archive-date=2024-04-06 |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]], Valsad district, Gujarat. He is the son of Chotubhai Zhirabhai Patel. He completed his B.A. in 1996 at a college affiliated with [[Veer Narmad University]], Surat. His wife is a teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won from [[Dharampur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Dharampur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 83,544 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kamlesh Patel of [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 33,327 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06178.htm?ac=178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207065549/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06178.htm?ac=178 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Dharampur Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate ARVIND CHHOTUBHAI PATEL wins from Dharampur , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/dharampur-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568343 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Ishvarbhai Dhedhabhai Patel of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 22,246 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Dharampur Election Result 2022 LIVE: Congress loses seat to BJP this time too - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/dharampur-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15341851.htm |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharampur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Arvind Chhotubhai Patel of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/dharampur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6563755.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Arvind}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Valsad district]]

Tukaram Bidkar

2026-02-05T01:05:42Z

GavinEspinoza2:

{{Short description|Indian politician and actor (died 2025)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tukaram Bidkar
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 13 February 2025
| death_place = [[Akola]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Politician, actor and athlete
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (before 2023) [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar)]] (2023–2025)
| office = [[ Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]]
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| successor = [[Harish Pimple]]
| term_start = 2004
| term_end = 2009
}}

'''Tukaram Bidkar''' (also spelled '''Tukaram Birkad'''; died 13 February 2025) was an Indian politician and actor. He was a member of the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar Faction)|Nationalist Congress Party]] and served as a Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency]] from 2004 to 2009. He also chaired the Vidarbha Statutory Development Board.

== Background ==
Tukaram Bidkar was born in Tolangabad, [[Maharashtra]]. He was a [[kabaddi]] player and received an award from President [[Giani Zail Singh]]. He also mentored athletes through the Jai Bajrang Vyayamshala.<ref name=lokmat/>

Bidkar died in a traffic collision in [[Akola]], Maharashtra, on 13 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tragic Road Accident Claims Former MLA's Life in Akola {{!}} Law-Order |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/3263798-tragic-road-accident-claims-former-mlas-life-in-akola |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NCP Leader Tukaram Bidkar Killed In Road Accident In Maharashtra's Akola |url=https://news.abplive.com/cities/ncp-leader-tukaram-bidkar-dead-killed-in-road-accident-in-maharashtra-s-akola-1751291 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=February 13, 2025}}</ref><ref name=lokmat>{{cite news |title=राष्ट्रवादीच्या माजी आमदाराचा अपघाती मृत्यू; मंत्र्यांना भेटण्यासाठी गेले होते विमानतळावर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/akola/former-ncp-mla-tukaram-bidkar-dies-in-accident-at-akola-a-a1001/ |publisher=[[Lokmat]] |date=February 14, 2025 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Bidkar began his political career as a member of the [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]]. In 2004, he was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency]].<ref name=lokmat/> He was also appointed the chairman of the [[Vidarbha]] Statutory Development Board.<ref>{{cite news |title=तुकारम बिडकर यांच्‍या पीएची हत्‍या, संधी मिळताच काढला काटा |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/mah-vid-ako-pa-of-tukaram-bidkar-murdered-4429660-nor.html |publisher=[[Divya Marathi]] |date=November 10, 2013 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

He was associated with [[Sharad Pawar]]'s [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. After the Nationalist Congress Party split, he aligned with the faction led by Deputy Chief Minister [[Ajit Pawar]].<ref name=lokmat/>

Bidkar also served as the Vice President of the Akhil Bharatiya [[Jyotirao Phule|Mahatma Phule]] Samata Parishad, [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Awari |first1=Anjali |title=अ.भा. महात्मा फुले समता परिषदेच्या कार्यकारिणीत मोठे फेरबदल – प्रदेश उपाध्यक्षपदी प्रा. तुकाराम बिडकर यांची वर्णी ! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/maharashtra/a-b-major-changes-in-the-executive-of-mahatma-phule-samata-parishad-pvt-character-of-tukaram-bidkar-nraa-264017.html |date=April 4, 2022 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Bidkar also appeared in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]]. He played a notable role in ''Debu'', a film that he also produced, based on the life of [[Gadge Maharaj|Sant Gadge Maharaj]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kharade |first1=Prathamesh |title=Tukaram Bidkar Accident Video: Ex-NCP MLA Among 2 Killed After Speeding Pickup Truck Hits Bike In Maharashtra's Akola |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/tukaram-bidkar-accident-video-ex-ncp-mla-among-2-killed-after-speeding-pickup-truck-hits-bike-in-maharashtras-akola |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=February 14, 2025}}</ref> He later appeared in ''[[Khairlanjichya Mathyawar]]'' (2014), ''Zari'' (2017), and ''Tu Fakt Ho Mhan'' (2022). He also had a role in ''Aasud'' (2019), a Marathi film addressing [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmer suicides]].<ref name=lokmat/>

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''Debu'' || Based on [[Gadge Maharaj]]'s life; also producer
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Khairlanjichya Mathyawar]]'' ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Zari'' || Also producer
|-
| 2019 || ''Aasud'' ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Tu Fakt Ho Mhan'' ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| 9785837}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bidkar, Tukaram}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:People from Akola district]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]

Sarang Kheda Dam

2026-01-22T16:36:17Z

GavinEspinoza2: made some info w/ refs - done

{{Infobox dam
| name = Sarang Kheda Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Sarang Kheda Dam
| dam_crosses = Tapi river
| location = Sarengkheda
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1081|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|34.5|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|76.2|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening =
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|70550|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|7203|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Sarang Kheda Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on [[Tapti River|Tapi River]] near Sarengkheda village in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. The dam's purpose is irrigation.

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above the lowest foundation is {{convert|34.5|m|abbr=on}}, while the length is {{convert|1081|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|76.2|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|75800.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

The Longest Kiss: The Life and Times of Devika Rani

2026-01-14T07:08:03Z

GavinEspinoza2: made initial bio basic info - done

{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Longest Kiss: The Life and Times of Devika Rani
| image =
The_Longest_Kiss_book_cover.jpg
| author = [[Kishwar Desai]]
| language = English
| genre = Biography
| publisher = Westland Publications
| release_date = January 2021
| pages = 
| isbn = 978-9390679874
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] (2020)
}}
'''''The Longest Kiss: The Life and Times of Devika Rani''''' is a biography written by Indian author [[Kishwar Desai]], published in 2021 by [[Westland Publications]]. The book chronicles the life of [[Devika Rani]], often regarded as one of the earliest leading actresses of Indian cinema and the "first lady of Hindi films." Known for her role in the 1933 film Karma, which featured a notably long kissing scene, Devika Rani's life story unfolds through Desai's narrative, blending her cinematic achievements with her personal struggles and elite social milieu in pre-Independence India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-longest-kiss-the-life-and-times-of-devika-rani-by-kishwar-desai-101629463941946.html|title=Review: The Longest Kiss - The Life and Times of Devika Rani by Kishwar Desai|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=24 October 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> The book received the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] at the [[68th National Film Awards]], recognising its contribution to documenting Indian film history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64181314|title=Devika Rani: Did Bollywood's longest kiss really happen in 1933?|publisher=BBC News|date=13 January 2023|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

==Summary==
The biography traces [[Devika Rani]]’s journey from her privileged upbringing in a Bengali family connected to Rabindranath Tagore to her emergence as a pioneering figure in [[Indian cinema]]. It details her training in acting and design in London, her return to India, and her collaboration with her first husband, [[Himanshu Rai]], in establishing Bombay Talkies, a prominent film studio in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/the-life-and-times-of-devika-rani-kishwar-desai-on-the-fame-struggles-of-one-of-hindi-cinemas-first-heroines-9232241.html|title=The life and times of Devika Rani: Kishwar Desai on the fame, struggles of one of Hindi cinema's first heroines|publisher=Firstpost|date=24 January 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> The book highlights her bold on-screen persona, particularly in Karma, which stirred controversy due to its two-minute kissing scene with Rai, earning her both fame and criticism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/devika-rani-and-the-longest-kiss-in-indian-cinema-111609082319630.html|title=Devika Rani and the longest kiss in Indian cinema|publisher=Mint Lounge|date=23 January 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

Desai also explores the complexities of Devika Rani's personal life, including her tumultuous marriage to Rai, her brief romance with actor [[Najmul Hasan]], and her later marriage to Russian painter [[Svetoslav Roerich]]. The narrative delves into her resilience amid professional setbacks and societal scrutiny, painting her as a woman who navigated fame and adversity with dignity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/988804/actress-devika-rani-kept-her-dignity-despite-all-the-things-done-to-her-biographer-kishwar-desai|title=Actress Devika Rani kept her dignity despite all the things done to her: Biographer Kishwar Desai|publisher=Scroll.in|date=31 January 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> The book draws on previously unpublished letters, film archives, and interviews to offer a comprehensive view of her contributions to Indian cinema and her enigmatic personality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/devika-rani-was-an-enigma-to-most-but-not-anymore-1.5299869|title=Devika Rani was an enigma to most, but not anymore|publisher=Mathrubhumi|date=5 January 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

==Development and release==
Kishwar Desai began working on The Longest Kiss with an intent to uncover the lesser-known facets of Devika Rani's life, a figure she felt had been overshadowed in the annals of Indian cinema despite her pioneering contributions. The development process involved years of research, drawing from Devika Rani's personal letters, Bombay Talkies archives, and conversations with those familiar with her legacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/vivacity/beyond-the-arc-lights.html|title=Beyond the arc lights|publisher=The Pioneer|date=15 December 2019|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> Desai, known for her historical narratives, aimed to situate Devika Rani's story within the broader context of pre-Independence India's cultural and cinematic evolution, a process that took shape through meticulous archival exploration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/22/the-longest-kiss-kishwar-desai-devika-rani-biography.html|title=The Longest Kiss: Kishwar Desai's biography of Devika Rani|publisher=Onmanorama|date=22 December 2020|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

The book's development gained public attention as early as 2019, when reports emerged about Desai's efforts to bring Devika Rani's story to light. This period also saw related cultural activities, including a theatrical production in Bengaluru titled Devika Rani: Goddess of the Silver Screen, staged in September 2019, which hinted at growing interest in her life ahead of the book's release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/life-of-devika-rani-on-stage-764500.html|title=Life of Devika Rani on stage|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=15 September 2019|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> By December 2020, Onmanorama reported that the biography was nearing completion, with Desai focusing on presenting Devika Rani as a complex individual beyond her cinematic persona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/22/the-longest-kiss-kishwar-desai-devika-rani-biography.html|title=The Longest Kiss: Kishwar Desai's biography of Devika Rani|publisher=Onmanorama|date=22 December 2020|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

The Longest Kiss was published by Westland Publications in January 2021, marking the culmination of Desai's research. The release aligned with a renewed curiosity about early Indian cinema, bolstered by the book's detailed insights into Devika Rani's era. Initial announcements about the book, such as those in The Pioneer in 2019, underscored its anticipated role in reviving interest in Bombay Talkies and its founders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/vivacity/beyond-the-arc-lights.html|title=Beyond the arc lights|publisher=The Pioneer|date=15 December 2019|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> The launch was further contextualised by cultural events like the Bengaluru play, which Desai acknowledged as a complementary effort to reintroduce Devika Rani to modern audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/life-of-devika-rani-on-stage-764500.html|title=Life of Devika Rani on stage|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=15 September 2019|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> The book's significance was later affirmed when it won the National Film Award for Best Book on Indian Cinema in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1843932|title=PIB Release on Indian Cinema History|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=3 August 2022|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The Longest Kiss received widespread praise from critics for its meticulous research and engaging storytelling. The [[Hindustan Times]] described it as a “captivating read” that successfully brings Devika Rani's multifaceted life to the forefront.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-longest-kiss-the-life-and-times-of-devika-rani-by-kishwar-desai-101629463941946.html|title=Review: The Longest Kiss - The Life and Times of Devika Rani by Kishwar Desai|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=24 October 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> [[Open The Magazine]] lauded Desai's ability to weave a narrative that is “both intimate and historically rich,” calling it a “kiss of life” to Devika Rani's legacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-kiss-of-life/|title=The Kiss of Life|publisher=Open The Magazine|date=22 January 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> [[Newslaundry]] appreciated the book's window into pre-1947 Bombay's elite society, noting its relevance to contemporary readers interested in cultural history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/01/20/the-longest-kiss-devika-ranis-unusual-story-is-a-window-on-pre-1947-bombays-elite-mores|title=The Longest Kiss: Devika Rani's unusual story is a window on pre-1947 Bombay's elite mores|publisher=Newslaundry|date=20 January 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

Some reviews highlighted Desai's nuanced portrayal of Devika Rani's resilience. [[The Hindu Business Line]] called it a “sensitive exploration” of a woman ahead of her time, while [[The New Indian Express]] praised its contribution to recognising women's roles in shaping Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/read/life-and-times-of-devika-rani/article33435550.ece|title=Life and times of Devika Rani|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|date=5 February 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Feb/03/behind-the-reel-life-2258647.html|title=Behind the reel life|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=3 February 2021|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> However, a few critics, such as [[Daily Pioneer]], felt the book occasionally leaned too heavily on anecdotal details, though they acknowledged its overall depth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/vivacity/beyond-the-arc-lights.html|title=Beyond the arc lights|publisher=The Pioneer|date=15 December 2019|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> [[Onmanorama]] termed it a “revelatory work” that demystifies Devika Rani's enigma, cementing its place as a significant biographical account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/22/the-longest-kiss-kishwar-desai-devika-rani-biography.html|title=The Longest Kiss: Kishwar Desai's biography of Devika Rani|publisher=Onmanorama|date=22 December 2020|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|id=q82JEAAAQBAJ|title=The Longest Kiss: The Life and Times of Devika Rani}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Best Book on Cinema National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]
[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographies about actors]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]

Bansdih Assembly constituency

2026-01-08T15:33:22Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating initial post basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bansdih
| constituency_no = 362
| map_image = 362-Bansdih.svg
| mla = [[Ketakee Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Ram Govind Chaudhary]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
}}
'''Bansdih''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Bansdih in the [[Ballia district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 362 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bansdih Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Bansdih.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Baijnath Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bacha Pathak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Vijay Lakshmi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bacha Pathak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Ram Govind Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Shiv Shankar
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Govind Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ketakee Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bansdih<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ketakee Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103305}}
|percentage = 47.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ram Govind Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81953}}
|percentage = 37.82
|change = +13.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manti
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:10854}}
|percentage = 5.01
|change = -13.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ajay Shankar
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7650}}
|percentage = 3.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Puneet
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:4354}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lakshman
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:1983}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2004}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = +0.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21352}}
|percentage = 9.85
|change = +9.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216698}}
|percentage = 53.08
|change = -1.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Samajwadi Party]] member Ram Govind Chaudhary was the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], who won in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Independent candidate Ketakee Singh by a margin of 1,687 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bansdih.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bansdih<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Govind Chaudheri
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:51201}}
|percentage = 24.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ketakee Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:49514}}
|percentage = 23.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Arvind Rajbhar
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:40234}}
|percentage = 19.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shivshankar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:38745}}
|percentage = 18.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Niraj Singh Gudu
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:10315}}
|percentage = 4.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Arvind
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:6080}}
|percentage = 2.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jawahir
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:2718}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:918}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1687}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209933}}
|percentage = 54.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|25.88|84.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ballia district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar International Cricket Stadium

2025-12-25T23:50:42Z

GavinEspinoza2: Made bio

{{Short description|Sports stadium for students in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar International Cricket Stadium<ref name=US1>{{Cite web | url = http://upsports.gov.in/article/en/stadium | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201001182832/http://upsports.gov.in/article/en/stadium | archive-date = 1 October 2020 | title = Cricket Stadiums | website = upsports.gov.in | access-date = 17 October 2023}}</ref>
| image = [[File:Faizabad stadium 2.jpg|200px|centre]]
| caption = The stadium under construction
| location = [[Ayodhya district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|43|49.0|N|82|08|17.5|E|display=inline}}
| broke_ground =
| built = 2014
| opened = 2019
| renovated = 2020
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| operator =
| surface =
| construction_cost = {{INRConvert|16767878}}
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants =
| seating_capacity = 20,000
| dimensions =
}}

'''Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar International Cricket Stadium''',<ref name=US1 /> is a [[cricket]] stadium situated on the Ayodhya - Sultanpur road in [[Ayodhya district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The stadium is a part of a sports Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar International Sports Complex project.

The ground is an international standard sports ground being built near the junction of the [[National Highway 330 (India)|NH- 330]] and the Ayodhya ring-road, a few kilometres away from [[Ayodhya Airport]].

== Controversies ==

The [[Lokayukta]] office has received a complaint from Bhanu Pratap Singh of Ayodhya - who has accused the minister of corruption in the construction the stadium. According to the complainant, the sports minister had a nexus with former sports director Hari Om and former project manager R.D. Prasad, and had deliberately delayed the construction of the {{Indian Rupee}} 86 crore Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar Stadium paving the way for an escalation of costs to {{Indian Rupee}} 150 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/sports-minister-faces-lokayukta-probe-292 |title=Sports minister faces lokayukta probe in U.P. |date=31 October 2011 |work=Asian Age |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406122340/http://www.asianage.com/india/sports-minister-faces-lokayukta-probe-292 |archivedate=2012-04-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/16674-ayodhya-prasad-pal-comes-under-lokayukta-scanner-for-corruption-charges.html|title=Ayodhya Prasad Pal comes under Lokayukta scanner for corruption charges|date= 30 October 2011 |work=Daily Pioneer }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Bhimrao Ambedkar International Cricket Stadium}}
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Faizabad]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2009]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Uttar Pradesh]]

B. Govindasamy Chettiar

2025-12-23T05:52:30Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating first post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian-Singaporean contractor and philanthropist}}
[[File:B. Govindasamy Chettiar.png|thumb|Govindasamy in 1938.]]
'''Balaguru Govindasamy Chettiar''' (5 September 1889 – 6 April 1948) was a contractor who supplied the [[Singapore Harbour Board]] with labourers. He eventually became one of the board's three major contractors. A philanthropist, he helped fund the construction of several local religious buildings and the renovations of the [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore|Sri Mariamman Temple]], being a member of its management committee.

==Early life==
Govindasamy was born in India on 5 September 1889. His parents came from the villages of [[Komalammal]], which was in Southern India, [[Thirunaapalli]] and [[Udayarpalayam]].<ref name = "Pioneers">{{cite book|title= Indian Pioneers of Singapore|page= 22-24|isbn= 9812210644|access-date=|author= Pugalenthi Sr.|publisher= VJ Times International|year=1998|url=}}</ref> According to his nephew S. L. Perumal, the entire family was mostly split between these three villages. Perumal also claimed that it was 'tradition' for men in the family to come to Southeast Asia for work.<ref name = "Yan"/> Govindasamy received his education at the Tamil School in the French Thirumalairayan town.<ref name = "Pioneers"/>

==Career==
Govindasamy came to Singapore as a young adult in the mid-1900s.<ref name = "MT1">{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 7 April 1948|title= Death Of Former SHB Contractor|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/maltribune19480407-1.2.47|work= [[The Malaya Tribune]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> He began working for Mohammed Yusoff, a contractor who supplied labourers to the [[Singapore Harbour Board]],<ref name = "Pioneers"/> as a clerk. In December 1921, he entered a business partnership with Farid Serang, forming the Tamil Labour Company, a contracting firm which succeeded Yusoff as the Singapore Harbour Board's labour contractors.<ref name = "MT1"/> They provided the board with Indian and Chinese labourers to work at the wharves and dockyards.<ref name = "IHFS">{{cite web |url= https://indianhalloffame.sg/?page_id=20655|title= B Govindasamy Chettiar|last= |first= |date= |website= [[Indian Hall of Fame Singapore]]|publisher= |access-date= 22 June 2025|quote=}}</ref> Following the death of Farid Serang in 1933, his son, K. P. Mohammed Yusoff, succeeded him as Govindasamy's partner and the business was renamed the [[Indian Labour Company]].<ref name = "MT1"/> His offices and the company's labourers' quarters were located along Keppel Road, opposite where the old [[Custom Operations Command]] building presently stands.<ref name = "IHFS"/>

According to Laura Yan, the business initially "seemed to function like a family firm", with family members or other residents of the villages his family lived in being recruited as labourers. Eventually, however, most of Govindasamy's labourers were hired from villages in India through recruiters due to the local labour shortage. Migrants were also recruited as labourers. Yan stated that Govindasamy "conceived of generosity and donations as exchange for labor." Perumal claimed that Govindasamy's workers would approach him for donations, advances or other benefits individually as there was no formal benefits system. Yan wrote that it was through this that Govindasamy "presented" himself as a leader of the local Tamil community. However, she notes that, like the other harbour contractors, Govindasamy "made sure to foster and maintain ethnic divisions amongst workers."<ref name = "Yan"/> ''[[National Heritage Board (Singapore)|Roots.sg]]'' stated that he was "well known for distributing free meals at his shed to port workers and to members of the community", and that he had come to be known as "Kottai Govindasamy" for this reason.<ref name = "Roots"/> He continued to work as a port contractor during the [[Japanese Occupation of Singapore]], which lasted from February 1942 to September 1945.<ref name = "IHFS"/> However, The partnership between him and K. P. Mohammed Yusoff ended in February 1942.<ref name = "MT1"/> By his death, Govindasamy had become one of the three major labour contractors at the harbour following the end of the occupation, along with [[Tan Chong Chew]] and [[Ching Kee Sun]]. As he did not have a formal benefits system, he was not subject to union negotiations and regulations.<ref name = "Yan">{{Cite journal|url=https://jiows.mcgill.ca/article/view/97|title=“Owned them like a Father": Labor Contractors, Port Workers, and the Makings of Ethnicity in Singapore|first=Laura|last=Yan|date=26 August 2021|journal=Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies|volume=5|issue=1|pages=25-46}}</ref> However, his business ended when the Singapore Harbour Board instead turned to hiring labourers directly in early 1948.<ref name = "MT1"/>

In January 1930, Govindasamy was elected a member of the managing committee of the [[India-Ceylon Club]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 25 January 1930|title= INDIA-CEYLON CLUB|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19300125-1.2.86|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> In February of the following year, he was elected a member of the [[Hindu Advisory Board (Singapore)|Hindu Advisory Board]] of Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 10 February 1931|title= HINDU ADVISORY BOARD IN MALAYA.|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitsechomail19310210-1.2.10|work= Straits Echo|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> Govindasamy was elected the vice-president of the [[Singapore Indian Association]] at a general meeting held on 28 February.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 5 March 1931|title= THE INDIAN ASSOCIATION.|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singfreepressb19310305-1.2.36|work= [[The Singapore Free Press|The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> He was also the association's trustee of immovable properties. However, he resigned from this position by December and was succeeded by [[K. Raghunathan (doctor)|K. Raghunathan]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 9 December 1931|title= Untitled.|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19311209-1.2.58|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> In May 1934, he was elected a member of the committee for the [[Ramakrishna Mission Singapore|Ramakrishna Mission in Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 4 May 1934|title= RAMAKRISHNA MISSION|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19340504-1.2.71|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> Govindasamy, fellow community leader [[Vayloo Pakirisamy Pillai]], M. Vaithilingam Pillay and A. Tharumalingam Pillay were appointed by the [[Hindu Endowments Board]] in May 1935 to serve on the management committee of both the [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore|Sri Mariamman Temple]] on [[South Bridge Road]] and the [[Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple]] on [[Serangoon Road, Singapore|Serangoon Road]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 27 June 1935|title= Untitled|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/maltribune19350627-1.2.113|work= [[The Malaya Tribune]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> He helped fund renovation works which were carried out on the Sri Mariamman Temple.<ref name = "IHFS"/> In July 1938, Govindasamy was appointed a [[Justice of the peace|Justice of the Peace]]. The Singapore Indian Association then staged an "At Home" at the [[Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall|Victoria Memorial Hall]] in tribute. This was reportedly attended by "several leading Indians of the city, besides prominent men of other nationalities." By then, he had also helped fund the construction of the [[Ramakrishna Mission Building]] on Norris Road, the [[Sultan Mosque|Masjid Sultan]] and a prayer hall in [[Bukit Timah]].<ref name = "MT">{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 2 July 1938|title= INDIAN ASSOCIATION HONOURS AN OFFICIAL|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/maltribune19380702-1.2.36|work= [[The Malaya Tribune]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> In July 1941, he was elected a member of the committee of the [[Southern Indian Chamber of Commerce (Singapore)|Southern Indian Chamber of Commerce]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 3 July 1941|title= S. Indian Chamber Of Commerce|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/maltribune19410703-1.2.104|work= [[The Malaya Tribune]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 22 June 2025}}</ref> In the 1940s, Govindasamy helped manage the [[Sri Vadapathira Kaliamman Temple]].<ref name = "Roots">{{cite web |url= https://www.roots.gov.sg/stories-landing/stories/From-the-Coromandel-Coast-to-the-Straits#Duality-and-Diversity|title= From the Coromandel Coast to the Straits: Revisiting Our Tamil Heritage|last= |first= |date= |website= Roots.sg|publisher= [[National Heritage Board (Singapore)|National Heritage Board]]|access-date= 22 June 2025|quote=}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Govindasamy was Hindu.<ref name = "MT"/> He lived on [[Cantonment Road, Singapore|Cantonment Road]]. Govindasamy died in his home on 6 April 1948. The funeral, held later that day,<ref name = "MT1"/> reportedly "attracted attendees from all races."<ref name = "Roots"/> On Govindasamy's death, all labourers at the Singapore Harbour Board who were of Chinese and Indian ethnicity stopped working for four hours. According to Laura Yan, this was significant not only due to the decline of contractors but also because "unity was fraught between Chinese and Indian laborers on the waterfront."<ref name = "Yan"/> Govindasamy has been posthumously inducted into the [[Indian Hall of Fame Singapore]]. He was also awarded the organisation's [[Navroji Mistri]] Excellence Award For Philanthropy.<ref name = "IHFS"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Singaporean philanthropists]]

Mysore Commission

2025-12-18T13:33:35Z

GavinEspinoza2: made initial page basic info

{{Short description|Provisional government of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1831 to 1881}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chief Commissioner
| body = the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| status = Abolished
| appointer = [[Governor-General of India]]
| formation = 19 October 1831
| abolished = 22 February 1881
| reports_to = [[Governor-General of India]]
| residence = [[Bangalore]]
}}

The '''Mysore Commission''', also known as '''Commissioners' Rule''' or simply the '''Commission Rule''',<ref name="rice1897-434">{{Harvnb|Rice|1897|p=434}}</ref> was a period and form of government in the history of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and the neighbouring [[Coorg Province|province of Coorg]] from 1831 to 1881 when British commissioners administered the kingdom due to the deposition of Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] and later during the minority of Yuvaraja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]]. A board of commissioners constituted the chief executive body and [[Princely state|provincial]] head of the kingdom's government. The commission began with uninstallation of Krishnaraja Wodeyar III as [[Maharaja of Mysore|King]] in 1831 and ended with investing Chamaraja Wadiyar X as the new maharaja in 1881.

Coorg province, however, ruled as a "non-regulation" province under Mysore Commission,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Thornton |first=Thomas Henry |url=http://archive.org/details/generalsirricha02thorgoog |title=General Sir Richard Meade and the feudatory states of central and southern India; a record of forty-three year's service as soldier, political officer and administrator |date=1898 |publisher=London, New York [etc.] Longmans, Green, and co. |others=University of California}}</ref> would never again return to its Coorg rajas and would remain part of [[Madras Presidency]] until [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] from the British crown, after which it was absorbed into [[Mysore State]] and became a [[Kodagu district|district]]. After Mysore Commission was dissolved, a new [[Chief Commissioner of Coorg]] was appointed.

== History ==
After the [[Tipu Sultan#Death|death of Tipu]] at the end of the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799, the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore throne]] was restored to the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] under a regency.<ref name="SUKHist">{{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present |publisher=Jupiter books |year=2001 |location=Bangalore |lccn=80905179 |oclc=7796041 |authorlink=Suryanath U. Kamath |orig-date=1980}}</ref> The hereditary [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar]] prince Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was an infant and could not be installed on the throne. In his stead, his adoptive grandmother Maharani [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi|Lakshmi Devi]] reigned over the kingdom as Queen Regent, with Tipu's prime minister [[Purnaiah]] as her own royal adviser and [[Dewan of Mysore|dewan]]. The regency, referred to as ''Lakshmi Vilas Sannidhana'', lasted until 1810 when she died. In two years' time, Purnaiah died, too, in 1812, at about the time the young prince attained the age of majority. He was inducted as the [[maharaja of Mysore]] by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] who had defeated Tipu in 1799.

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Krishnaraja Wodeyar III as the child king.jpg
| caption1 = The young infant prince Krishnaraja Wadiyar III
| image2 = Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, Maharaja of Mysore.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = An aged Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, the epicentre for the institution of the Commissioners' Rule
| image3 = Bentinck william.png
| caption3 = William Bentinck, the governor general of India who placed Mysore under the Commission Rule
| total_width = 400
| align = right
| image4 = Chamaraja Wodeyar 1863-94.jpg
| caption4 = The newly installed Maharaja of Mysore Chamaraja Wadiyar X at the end of the Mysore Commission
}}

According to British accounts, in around 1830, groups of peasants and locals in the village of Nagar (in present-day [[Shimoga district]]) in the north of the kingdom are said to have protested against the despotic land revenues imposed during the reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar III,<ref>{{cite book |author=Bell, Evans |url=https://archive.org/stream/mysorereversion01bellgoog#page/n34/mode/2up |title=The Mysore Reversion, "an exceptional case" |year=1866 |publisher=Trübner and Co. |edition=2 |place=London |pages=9–12}}</ref> resulting in the [[Nagar revolt]], leading to some hundreds of deaths.<ref name="KNVS">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K N Venkatasubba |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505283/page/n5 |title=The Administration Of Mysore Under Sir Mark Cubbon (1834-1861) |date=1932 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd. |location=London |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>Sastri (1932):15-18</ref> Taking note of this, [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]], the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general of India]], asked for a committee to be formed to investigate the incident.

A committee was then formed, consisting of [[Thomas Hawker (British Army officer)|Thomas Hawker]], J M Macleod, [[William Morison (1781–1851)|William Morison]], and [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]], the latter two of whom would later on be appointed as commissioners. The committee, after a year-long investigation and based on oral testimonies and sources some of which might have been unreliable, criticised the maharaja's style of rule and personal character and made no remarks particularly on the taxation. After the report was submitted, Bentinck decreed that a commission shall administer the state. Eventually, a commission was formed and came into power on 19 October 1831.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rice |first=B.L. |url=https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc01rice |title=Mysore. A Gazetteer Compiled for Government. Revised Edition. Volume 1 |publisher=Archiband Constable and Company |year=1897 |place=London}}</ref> Later, it came to knowledge that reports of misgovernance were grossly exaggerated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-02-27 |title=Lord Ripon |url=https://civilspedia.com/lord-ripon/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=civilspedia.com |language=en}}</ref> This entire affair came to be seen as British usurpation of the kingdom under Bentinck.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2003-06-22 |title=The Hindu : Diwans take over |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500220200.htm |access-date=2022-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030622220420/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500220200.htm |archive-date=2003-06-22 }}</ref>

== Commissioners' rule ==
The commissioners' rule began with [[John Briggs (East India Company officer)|John Briggs]] and his deputy, Lushington, from [[Madras Presidency]]. Briggs' appointment was not seen favourably by Madras Presidency. Owing to heated squabbles between the two, they were replaced by [[William Morison (1781–1851)|William Morison]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Hunter, W.W. |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924081223335#page/n95/mode/2up |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Volume X. |publisher=Trubner & Co. |year=1886 |place=London |page=95}}</ref> a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] general from Madras Artillery. In 1834, Morison resigned to become a member of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Council of India]]. [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]] succeeded him.<ref name="odnb">{{cite ODNB|author=H. M. Stephens & James Lunt (reviser)|editor1-first=James|editor1-last=Lunt|chapter=Sir Mark Cubbon (1784–1861)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6857}}</ref>

Cubbon became the longest-serving commissioner of Mysore, for nearly three decades. [[Cubbon Park]] and the [[Cubbon Park metro station|Cubbon Park Metro Station]] in [[Bangalore]] are named after him. He was succeeded by [[Lewin Bentham Bowring|Lewin Bowring]].

During both Cubbon and Bowring's commissions, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III appealed for a return of power—an idea to which both commissioners were opposed during their respective administrations, and the deposed king died a dejected man.<ref name=":0" />

Bowring was succeeded by [[Richard John Meade|Richard Meade]], a [[British Indian Army]] officer. During his commission, Meade himself mentored Yuvaraja Chamaraja Wadiyar X, the young prince of Mysore, for his future role as Maharaja, and the two would often correspond.<ref name=":1" />

=== List of commissioners ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Chief commissioner
!Portrait
!Tenure
!Appointing Governor-General
|-
|1
|[[John Briggs (East India Company officer)|John Briggs]]
|[[File:Portrait of John Briggs (cropped).jpg|frameless|165x165px]]
|October 1831 - May 1834
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Lord-william-bentinck-2.jpg|center|thumb|179x179px|[[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]]]]
|-
|2
|[[William Morison (1781–1851)|William Morison]]
| [[File:Major-General_Sir_William_Morison_(1781–1851).jpg|frameless|179x179px]]
|May 1834 - June 1834
|-
| 3
| [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]]
| [[File:Mark Cubbon b1775.jpg|frameless|179x179px]]
| June 1834 - 1861
|-
|4
|[[Lewin Bentham Bowring|Lewin Bowring]]
|[[File:Bentham Bowring.jpg|frameless|203x203px]]
|1861 - 1870
|[[File:Lord_Viscount_Canning.jpg|center|thumb|164x164px|[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]]]]
|-
|5
|[[Richard John Meade|Richard Meade]]
|[[File:Generalsirrichar00thor 0012.jpg|frameless|190x190px]]
|1870 - 1881
|[[File:6th_Earl_of_Mayo.jpg|center|thumb|151x151px|[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Richard Bourke]]]]
|}

== Dissolution ==
In 1881, Chamaraja Wadiyar X attained the age of majority, making him eligible to take over as the ruler of the kingdom. Consequently, the presiding Governor-General [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|George Robinson]] devised an instrument of rendition, inducting the prince as King. With this, the Commission was dissolved and the kingdom would return to the Wadiyars—for one last time, until it would be ceded into the [[India|Republic of India]] in 1950.

With this, the Commission was dissolved, a Mysore [[Resident minister|Resident]] represented [[British Raj|British India]] at [[Mysore Palace]], and a separate Chief Commissionership was formed for Coorg.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Political history of Karnataka]]

Bufoides

2025-12-18T04:14:21Z

GavinEspinoza2: Made new info

{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Bufoides
| image_caption = Bufoides meghalayanus
| image = Bufoides_meghalayanus.jpg
| authority = Pillai and Yazdani, 1973
| type_species = ''[[Bufoides meghalayanus|Ansonia meghalayana]]''
| type_species_authority = Yazdani and Chanda, 1971
}}

'''''Bufoides''''' is a small genus of [[true toad]]s, family Bufonidae.<ref name=Frost/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> The genus is [[endemic]] to [[Northeast India]],<ref name=Frost/> with one species known from the [[Garo Hills|Garo]] and [[Khasi Hills]].<ref name="Chandramouli and Amarasinghe 2016"/>

==Taxonomy and systematics==
''Bufoides'' was erected in 1973 to accommodate ''[[Bufoides meghalayanus|Ansonia meghalayana]]''. It remained [[monotypic]] until 2016 when Chandramouli and Amarasinghe transferred ''[[Bufoides kempi|Pedostibes kempi]]'' to ''Bufoides'', in their quest to achieve [[monophyletic]] ''[[Pedostibes]]''. The move was supported by the morphological similarity and geographic proximity of the two species, and rendered ''Pedostibes'' monotypic and restricted to the [[Western Ghats]]. However, it remains possible that the two ''Bufoides'' species are actually conspecific.<ref name="Chandramouli and Amarasinghe 2016"/> The closest relatives of the genus remain unknown.<ref name=Frost/>

==Description==
''Bufoides'' are small toads; the maximum sizes of the two species are {{convert|30|and|47|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length. Supraorbital, preorbital, and postorbital ridges are present. The [[parotoid gland]]s are short and oval. No externally visible [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] is present. The tips of the digits have rounded, poorly dilated discs. Dorsal skin is granular. The fingers have basal webbing whereas the toes have complete webbing.<ref name="Chandramouli and Amarasinghe 2016"/>

==Species==
There are two recognized species:
<ref name=Frost/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/>
* ''[[Bufoides kempi]]'' (Boulenger, 1919)
* ''[[Bufoides meghalayanus]]'' (Yazdani and Chanda, 1971)
* ''[[Bufoides bhupathyi]]'' Naveen, Tapley, Chandramouli, Jervis, Babu, Meetei & Karunakaran, 2023

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtml|title=Bufonidae |year=2018 |work=AmphibiaWeb |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |accessdate=8 March 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Chandramouli and Amarasinghe 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Chandramouli |first1=S. R. |last2=Amarasinghe |first2=A. A. Thasun |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=Taxonomic reassessment of the arboreal toad genus ''Pedostibes'' Günther 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae) and some allied oriental bufonid genera |journal=Herpetologica |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1655/herpetologica-d-15-00053|s2cid=89533353 }}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Bufoides |title=''Bufoides'' Pillai and Yazdani, 1973 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=8 March 2018}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q11841878}}

[[Category:Bufoides| ]]
[[Category:Amphibian genera]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]

2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony

2025-12-16T04:11:46Z

GavinEspinoza2: Creating the stub and citations

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony
| image_name = File:Commonwealth-Games-2010-Opening-Ceremony.jpg
| caption = Performance of "[[Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto]]", official song of the games
| date = {{start date|2010|10|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 – 22:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|34|58|N|77|14|4|E|display=it}}
| also known as =
| filmed by = [[Doordarshan|DD]]
| participants =
| awards =
| url =[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuUR8lR50Yk&t=12146s Youtube]
}}
{{2010 Commonwealth Games}}

The '''opening ceremony''' of the '''[[2010 Commonwealth Games]]''' was held at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], the main stadium of the event, in [[New Delhi]], India. It began at 7:00 PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 3 October 2010 ending at 10:00 PM (IST) displaying India's varied culture in a plethora of cultural showcases. Wizcraft was given the contract to produce the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/special-report/wizcraft-puts-together-the-cwg-inaugural-event/articleshow/6674821.cms|title=Wizcraft puts together the CWG inaugural event|last=Molekhi|first=Pankaj|date=3 October 2010|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

==Guests of honour==
[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil, the former President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the Prince of Wales, Prince Charles, his wife Duchess of Cornwall Camilla Parker, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh.jpg|thumb|The Dignitaries at the opening ceremony]]

The following were the guests that attended the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games:{{div col}}
* {{Flagicon|UK}} The Prince of Wales (now [[Charles III]]), representing [[Elizabeth II]]{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}
* {{Flagicon|UK}} The Duchess of Cornwall (now [[Queen Camilla]])
* {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex]] - Vice-Patron of the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]]
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[Pratibha Patil]] – President of [[India]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=ANTHONY HUBBARD – Sunday Star Times |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/4189179/At-Her-Majestys-service |title=At Her Majesty's service |date=2 October 2010 |publisher=Stuff.co.nz |accessdate=14 October 2010}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[Devisingh Shekhawat]] – First Gentleman of [[India]]
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[Manmohan Singh]] – Prime Minister of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dilipkumar.in/articles/india/mind-blowing-opening-ceremony.html|title=2010 CommonWealth Games Opening Ceremony – What a Show – Mind Blasting I Say!!! « www.dilipkumar.in|website=dilipkumar.in|access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[Gursharan Kaur]] – Spouse of the Prime Minister of India
* {{Flagicon|CGF}} Michael Fennell – President of the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]]
* {{Flagicon|Maldives}} [[Mohamed Nasheed]] – President of the [[Maldives]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/04/ceg-2010-delhi-cwg-critics-failed-to-judge-new-india-nasheed.htm|title=CWG critics failed to judge new India: Nasheed – Rediff.com Sports|website=sports.rediff.com|access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Nauru}} [[Marcus Stephen]] – President of [[Nauru]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/games-all-set-for-a-gala-opening-on-sunday-83067-2010-10-02|title=Games all set for a gala opening on Sunday|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II]] – Prince of [[Monaco]]
* {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Anand Satyanand|Sir Anand Satyanand]] – Governor General of [[New Zealand]]<ref name=":1" />
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] – Former President of India
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[Sonia Gandhi]] – Chairperson of National Advisory Council
* {{Flagicon|Commonwealth of Nations|variant=1976}} [[Kamalesh Sharma]] – Secretary General of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]
* {{Flagicon|IOC}} [[Jacques Rogge]] – President of the [[International Olympic Committee]]<ref name=":2" />
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[Sheila Dikshit]] – Chief Minister of [[Delhi]]
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[Arjan Singh]] – Marshal of [[Indian Air Force]]
{{div col end}}

=== Royal Family ===
The Prince of Wales (now [[Charles III]], representing [[Elizabeth II]] as [[Head of the Commonwealth]]), [[Queen Camilla|Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]] and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex]] attended the ceremony.

=== International guests ===
A total of three [[heads of state]] from outside India attended the opening ceremony; two from [[List of members of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth nations]] and one from a non-Commonwealth nation. The three head of states are [[Mohamed Nasheed]], [[President of the Maldives]], [[Marcus Stephen]], [[President of Nauru]] and a multiple Commonwealth gold medallist.h.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Four heads of state to attend CWG opener | url =http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/four-heads-of-state-to-attend-cwg-opener-56334 |date = 1 October 2010 | publisher = [[NDTV]] | location = New Delhi | accessdate = 2 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005015417/http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/four-heads-of-state-to-attend-cwg-opener-56334| archivedate= 5 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Anand Satyanand|Sir Anand Satyanand]], the [[Governor General of New Zealand]] (the first of Indian descent), attended the ceremony as well.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Biography of The Right Honourable Sir Anand Satyanand |url=http://www.gov-gen.govt.nz/the-governor-general/biogg |publisher=[[Government of New Zealand]] |format=biography |accessdate=4 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602152957/http://www.gov-gen.govt.nz/the-governor-general/biogg |archivedate=2 June 2010 }}</ref>

Alongside the Commonwealth president, attendees included [[International Olympic Committee]] then president, [[Jacques Rogge]] and [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco]] who is a member.Rogge was quoted as saying, "I think India has set a good foundation stone for the Olympics bid and a successful Commonwealth Games can help India mount a serious bid for the Olympics."<ref name=":2">{{Cite news | title = Games good foundation for Olympic bid by India: Rogge | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cwgarticleshow/6680736.cms |date = 4 October 2010 | work = [[Times of India]] | location = New Delhi | accessdate = 4 October 2010}}</ref>

==Programme==
[[File:A drummer performs at the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games Delhi-2010, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010.jpg|left|thumb|A drummer performs at the opening ceremony]]
The opening ceremony featured aspects of India's heritage and culture in seven segments. It featured an [[aerostat]] costing U$8 million,<ref>{{cite news|last=Beckett |first=Paul |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/04/the-aerostat-tech-marvel-or-stage-prop/ |title=The Aerostat: Tech Marvel or Stage Prop? – India Real Time – WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=4 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211900/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/04/the-aerostat-tech-marvel-or-stage-prop/| archivedate= 6 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> measuring 40×80x12 meters and manufactured in [[Oswestry]], [[England]].<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Controversy-hit-aerostat-lights-up-Games-ceremony/Article1-607895.aspx |title=Controversy-hit aerostat lights up Games ceremony |work=Hindustan Times|date=4 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006024138/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Controversy-hit-aerostat-lights-up-Games-ceremony/Article1-607895.aspx| archivedate= 6 October 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref> The original plan was to have drummers on the aerostat, but the plan was cancelled.<ref name="hindustantimes1"/> The ceremony started with the [[Indian national anthem]] which was played live at the stadium. The roof of the stadium turned into orange colour and the ground was lit up with three colours of the Indian flag – orange in the center, white in the middle and green near the boundary.

===Rhythm of India===
[[File:Giant Puppets hang from the aerostat during the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games Delhi-2010, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010 (2).jpg|thumb|Giant Puppets hang from the aerostat]]
The countdown for the opening of commonwealth games started as the drums were being played, and fireworks exploded from the roof of the stadium. The aerostat slowly raised from the ground to the center space of the roof while a traditional [[Rajasthani culture|Rajasthani]] hymn was being played by the musicians. Various Drummers from [[Assam]], [[Kerala]], [[Manipur]], [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Meghalaya]] played a symphony that aimed to be "uniquely Indian in character, yet global in appeal". Seven year old [[tabla]] player [[Keshava (musician)|Keshav]] from [[Pondicherry|Puducherry]] played the tabla instrument in front of the audience live and he was given a big applause from the audience.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Child-prodigy-delights-spectators/article15771941.ece|title=Child prodigy delights spectators|last=Sarkar|first=Urvashi|date=4 October 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Swagatam===
[[File:Commonwealth games Delhi 2010 opening ceremony swagatham mehndi.png|thumb|School children from across delhi performed in this segment, intricate mehndi design was painted on large pieces of cloth in 30 seconds.|alt=|left]]
[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] led this segment, which created an amalgamation of Hindustani classical, Carnatic and folk music. The song was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], who also composed the [[Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto|official theme song]] of the games, and was performed by various artists along with Hariharan. Children from various Delhi schools participated in a simultaneous performance forming hands of an Indian woman in a pose of [[Namaste]] – a popular Indian salutation. Later, they separated and rearranged themselves in another formation representing the Indian flag colors of saffron, white and green while another group of children entered the stadium and covered the flag formations with a large white cloth. In a widely appreciated act, the children then made a [[mehndi]] – a traditional Indian art – on this large white piece of cloth in under 30 seconds on the spot.[http://www.blog.shopedude.com Latest News Updates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228081902/https://blog.shopedude.com/ |date=28 December 2019 }}

===Tree of Knowledge===

Pt. [[Birju Maharaj]] ([[Kathak]]), Guru [[Rajkumar Singhajit Singh]]-Charu Sija Mathur ([[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]]), Dr. [[Saroja Vaidyanathan]] ([[Bharatnatyam]]), Dr. [[Sonal Mansingh]] ([[Odissi dance|Odissi]]), [[Bharati Shivaji]] ([[Mohiniattam]]) and Raja Reddy-Radha Reddy ([[Kuchipudi]]) choreographed 480 dancers bringing alive India's "Guru-Shishya Parampara" or the master-protege tradition on stage through classical dance recitals which also depicted four different [[Indian season|seasons of India]]. The aerostat (the largest ever helium balloon built for such an event) formed the leaves of the Bodhi tree, while large strips elevated from the ground, made of silk and bamboo fibre form the tree trunk. After the display of classical dance, the dancers displayed yoga moves.

===The Great Indian Journey===
[[File:A spectacular view of Jawahar Lal Nehru stadium during the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games 2010-Delhi, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010 (1).jpg|thumb|Dancers from all the states of India performed at the ceremony]]
This segment will give a glimpse of the lives of the masses in India, as seen through a train window. Art director Omung Kumar created a 600-ft train of bamboo sticks for this. It portrayed a common man's life and every thing in it, such as the bangle shops, politicians campaigning, Bollywood, the cycle shop etc.

===Finale===
[[Academy Awards|Academy]] and [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] award winner [[A. R. Rahman]] ended the programme with his rendition of "[[Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto]]", the theme song of the Delhi games, and "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_dTKoii85I |title=commonwealth games 2010 opening ceremony A.R.Rahman |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=14 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101007114829/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_dTKoii85I| archivedate= 7 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-R-Rahmans-grand-finale-with-Jeeyo-Utho/articleshow/6679650.cms|title=A R Rahman's grand finale with 'Jeeyo, Utho'|work=Times of India|accessdate=3 October 2010|date=3 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/rahman-brings-cwg-ceremony-to-electrifying-climax-news-national-kkdx4ccdbib.html|title=Rahman brings CWG ceremony to electrifying climax|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=3 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052925/http://sify.com/news/rahman-brings-cwg-ceremony-to-electrifying-climax-news-national-kkdx4ccdbib.html| archivedate= 6 October 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:The Artistes performing cultural programme at the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games 2010-Delhi, at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010.jpg|Artistes showcasing [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] at the opening ceremony
File:Master Keshava a seven year old Prodigy from Puducherry plays the tabla at the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games 2010-Delhi, at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010.jpg|Master Keshava a seven-year old Prodigy from Puducherry plays the tabla at the opening ceremony
File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh addressing at the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games 2010-Delhi, at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010 (1).jpg|The Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] addressing at the opening ceremony
File:The Prince of Wales, Prince Charles reads out the message of Queen Elizabeth on her behalf during the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games 2010-Delhi, at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010.jpg|[[Charles III|Prince Charles]] reads out the message of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] on her behalf during the opening ceremony
File:Shri Sushil Kumar, Wrestler the gold medalist, Moscow World Wrestling Championship holding the Queen's Baton, 19th Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010.jpg|[[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]], Wrestler holding the [[Queen's Baton Relay|Queen's Baton]]
File:The President Pratibha Patil declares the Games open, during the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games 2010-Delhi, at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010.jpg|President [[Pratibha Patil]] declares the Games open
File:The Oscar winning music composer A.R. Rehman performs during the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games 2010-Delhi, at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010.jpg|Music composer [[A. R. Rahman]] performs during the opening ceremony
</gallery>

== List of national flag bearers ==
Australia entered first as the host of [[2006 Commonwealth Games|the last games]], and India entered last as the host. Excluding these two nations, the flag bearers entered by alphabetical order of their nations; Anguilla was the first (after Australia) and Zambia was the last (before India). Each flag bearer was preceded by a woman in traditional Indian dress, each reflecting a different part of the country, carrying a placard with the country's name.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Order
!Nation
!Flag bearer
!Sport
!Total Athletes
|-
|align=center| 1 || {{flagCGF|AUS|2010}} || [[Sharelle McMahon]]<ref name="smh011010">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-sport/mcmahon-named-australian-team-flagbearer-20101001-161af.html|title=McMahon named Australian team flagbearer|publisher=www.smh.com.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074538/http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-sport/mcmahon-named-australian-team-flagbearer-20101001-161af.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|date=1 October 2010|accessdate=8 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="smh021010">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/commonwealth-games-2010/comm-games-news/mcmahon-as-flag-bearer-boosts-diamonds-20101002-161fu.html |title=McMahon as flag bearer boosts Diamonds|publisher=www.smh.com.au|date=2 October 2010|accessdate=2 October 2010}}</ref>|| [[Netball at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Netball]] || 377
|-
|align=center| 2 || {{flagCGF|AIA|2010}} || {{sortname|Ronnie|Bryan|dab=cyclist}} || [[Cycling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Cycling]]||12
|-
|align=center| 3 || {{flagCGF|ANT|2010}} ||{{sortname|James|Grayman}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguaobserver.com/?p=43543 |title=ABNOC announces 2010 Commonwealth Games team | Antigua Observer Newspaper |publisher=Antiguaobserver.com |date=25 September 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171850/http://www.antiguaobserver.com/?p=43543 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||17
|-
|align=center| 4 || {{flagCGF|BAH|2010}} ||{{sortname|Valentino|Knowles}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribune242.com/10022010_KNOWLES-CARRYING-FLAG_sports_pg11 |title=The Tribune |publisher=Tribune242.com |date=2 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101648/http://www.tribune242.com/10022010_KNOWLES-CARRYING-FLAG_sports_pg11 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||24
|-
|align=center| 5 || {{flagCGF|BAN|2010}} || {{sortname|Asif Hossain|Khan}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=175050&cid=19 |title=CW GAMES OPENINGRatna to carry Bangladesh flag | Sport |publisher=bdnews24.com |date=2 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134652/http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=175050&cid=19 |archivedate=22 July 2011 }}</ref> || [[Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]||70
|-
|align=center| 6 || {{flagCGF|BAR|2010}} || {{sortname|Laurel|Browne}} || [[Netball at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]||39
|-
|align=center| 7 || {{flagCGF|BIZ|2010}} || {{sortname|Kaina|Martinez}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reporter.bz/index.php?mod=article&cat=Sports&article=4650 |title=The Reporter – Sports |publisher=Reporter.bz |date=24 February 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163807/http://www.reporter.bz/index.php?mod=article&cat=Sports&article=4650 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||9
|-
|align=center| 8 || {{flagCGF|BER|2010}} || {{sortname|Kiera|Aitken}} || [[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]||14
|-
|align=center| 9 || {{flagCGF|BOT|2010}} || {{sortname|Amantle|Montsho}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||49
|-
|align=center| 10 || {{flagCGF|IVB|2010}} ||{{sortname|Joseph|Chapman|Joseph S. Chapman}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/news/tahesia-arrives-in-delhi-foresees-great-commonwealth-games |title=Tahesia arrives in Delhi, foresees great Commonwealth Games « Virgin Islands News Online |publisher=Virginislandsnewsonline.com |accessdate=14 October 2010}}</ref> || [[Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Squash]]||2
|-
|align=center| 11 || {{flagCGF|BRU|2010}} || {{sortname|Ampuan|Ahad}}|| [[Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Lawn bowls]]||12
|-
|align=center| 12 || {{flagCGF|CMR|2010}} ||{{sortname|Hugo|Mamba}}<ref>[http://www.crtv.cm/cont/nouvelles/nouvelles_sola_fr.phpidField=8009&table=nouvelles&sub=sport Nouvelles sola] {{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref> || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||20
|-
|align=center| 13 || {{flagCGF|CAN|2010}} || {{sortname|Ken|Pereira}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthgames.ca/Corporate/index_e.aspx?articleId=2081 |title=Canada's Flag Bearer for 2010 Commonwealth Games "an inspired choice" – Corporate |publisher=Commonwealthgames.ca |date=18 September 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010 }} {{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || [[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Field Hockey]]||251
|-
|align=center| 14 || {{flagCGF|CAY|2010}} || {{sortname|Shaune|Fraser}}|| [[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]||17
|-
|align=center| 15 || {{flagCGF|COK|2010}} || {{sortname|Mata|Kenny}}|| [[Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Lawn bowls]]||31
|-
|align=center| 16 || {{flagCGF|CYP|2010}} || {{sortname|Irodotos|Georgallas}}|| [[Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Gymnastics]]||56
|-
|align=center| 17 || {{flagCGF|DMA|2010}} || {{sortname|Brendan|Williams|dab=athlete}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||15
|-
|align=center| 18 || {{flagCGF|ENG|2010}} || {{sortname|Nathan|Robertson}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Robertson-is-England-flag-bearer-in-CWG/691122 |title=Robertson is England flag bearer in CWG |work=The Indian Express|date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010}}</ref> || [[Badminton at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]||365
|-
|align=center| 19 || {{flagCGF|FAI|2010}} ||{{sortname|Douglas James|Clark}}|| [[Badminton at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]||15
|-
|align=center| 20 || {{flagCGF|GHA|2010}} ||{{sortname|Aziz|Zakari}}|| [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||64
|-
|align=center| 21 || {{flagCGF|GIB|2010}} ||{{sortname|Colin|Bensadon}}|| [[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]||17
|-
|align=center| 22 || {{flagCGF|GRN|2010}} ||{{sortname|Imrod|Batholomew}}|| [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]||10
|-
|align=center| 23 || {{flagCGF|GUE|2010}} || {{sortname|Peter|Jory}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9052987.stm |title=BBC Sport – Peter Jory 'honoured' to be Guernsey's flag bearer |publisher=BBC News |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> || [[Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]||43
|-
|align=center| 24 || {{flagCGF|GUY|2010}} || {{sortname|Cleveland|Forde}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||34
|-
|align=center| 25 || {{flagCGF|IOM|2010}} || {{sortname|Andrew|Roche}} || [[Cycling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Cycling]]||33
|-
|align=center| 26 || {{flagCGF|JAM|2010}} || {{sortname|Simone|Forbes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trackalerts.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2294:forbes-to-carry-jamaicas-flag-at-opening-ceremony-in-delhi&catid=3806:lead-stories&Itemid=82 |title=Forbes to carry Jamaica's Flag at Opening Ceremony in Delhi |publisher=TrackAlerts |date=2 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010}}</ref> || [[Netball at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]||48
|-
|align=center| 27 || {{flagCGF|JER|2010}} || {{sortname|Karina|Bisson}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Gouyette |first=Lauren |url=http://www.thisisjersey.com/2010/10/01/tears-of-joy-for-jersey-flag-bearer/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204093035/http://www.thisisjersey.com/2010/10/01/tears-of-joy-for-jersey-flag-bearer/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title='Tears of joy' for Jersey flag bearer » Sport |publisher=This Is Jersey |date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010}}</ref> || [[Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Lawn bowls]]||33
|-
|align=center| 28 || {{flagCGF|KEN|2010}} || {{sortname|Ezekiel|Kemboi}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||136
|-
|align=center| 29 || {{flagCGF|KIR|2010}} || {{sortname|David|Katoatau}} || [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]||17
|-
|align=center| 30 || {{flagCGF|LES|2010}} || {{sortname|Selloane|Tsoaeli}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||10
|-
|align=center| 31 || {{flagCGF|MAW|2010}} || {{sortname|Mary|Waya}} || [[Netball at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]||43
|-
|align=center| 32 || {{flagCGF|MAS|2010}} || {{sortname|Siti Zalina|Ahmad}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/201010017958/2010-new-delhi-games/malaysian-lawn-bowls-star-siti-zalina-ahmad-excited-about-being-commonwealth-games-flag-bearer |title=Malaysian lawn bowls star Siti Zalina Ahmad excited about being Commonwealth Games flag-bearer |publisher=Thesportscampus.com |date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204031302/http://www.thesportscampus.com/201010017958/2010-new-delhi-games/malaysian-lawn-bowls-star-siti-zalina-ahmad-excited-about-being-commonwealth-games-flag-bearer |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Lawn bowls]]||203
|-
|align=center| 33 || {{flagCGF|MDV|2010}} ||{{sortname|Mueena|Mohamed}}<ref name="BBCBroadcast">{{Cite AV media|type=TV broadcast
| title = 2010 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/tv/categories/sport/commonwealth_games
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006032817/http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/tv/categories/sport/commonwealth_games
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 6 October 2010
| others = Presenters: [[Sue Barker]]
| publisher = [[BBC]]
|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| date = 3 October 2010| accessdate= 3 October 2010 }}</ref> || [[Table tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Table Tennis]] ||28
|-
|align=center| 34 || {{flagCGF|MLT|2010}} || {{sortname|Rebecca|Madyson}} || [[Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]||22
|-
|align=center| 35 || {{flagCGF|MRI|2010}} || {{sortname|Louis Richarno|Colin|Richarno Colin}}|| [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]||55
|-
|align=center| 36 || {{flagCGF|MNT|2010}} ||{{sortname|Peter|Semper}}|| [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||5
|-
|align=center| 37 || {{flagCGF|MOZ|2010}} ||{{sortname|Kurt|Couto}}|| [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||10
|-
|align=center| 38 || {{flagCGF|NAM|2010}} || {{sortname|Jafet|Uutoni}} || [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]||30
|-
|align=center| 39 || {{flagCGF|NRU|2010}} || {{sortname|Itte|Detenamo}} || [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]||6
|-
|align=center| 40 || {{flagCGF|NZL|2010}} || {{sortname|Irene|van Dyk}}<ref name="rnz031010">{{cite news|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/delhi-games-2010/58397/van-dyk-named-flag-bearer-for-nz-games-team|title=Van Dyk named flag-bearer for NZ Games team|publisher=www.rnz.co.nz|date=3 October 2010|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="tvnz041010">{{cite web|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/commonwealth-games/van-dyk-leads-nz-into-games-3816242|title=Van Dyk leads NZ into Games|publisher=www.tvnz.co.nz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005065756/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/commonwealth-games/van-dyk-leads-nz-into-games-3816242|archive-date=5 October 2010|date=4 October 2010|access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>|| [[Netball at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]||192
|-
|align=center| 41 || {{flagCGF|NGR|2010}} || {{sortname|Faith|Obiora}} || [[Table tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Table Tennis]]||101
|-
|align=center| 42 || {{flagCGF|NIU|2010}} || {{sortname|Narita|Viliamu}} || [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]||24
|-
|align=center| 43 || {{flagCGF|NFI|2010}} || {{sortname|Duncan|Gray|dab=squash player}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} || [[Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Squash]]||22
|-
|align=center| 44 || {{flagCGF|NIR|2010}} || {{sortname|Mark|Montgomery|Mark Montgomery (wrestler)}}<ref>{{cite web|author=(UKPA) | url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5h-3mMfMiyWjuBlOxhPoA60qpBGyg?docId=N0024281285913989499A |title=The Press Association: Montgomery to lead Northern Ireland |date=30 September 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> || [[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Wrestling]]||80
|-
|align=center| 45 || {{flagCGF|PAK|2010}} || {{sortname|Mohammad|Ali Shah|Mohammad Ali Shah (surgeon)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/2295.htm |title=Pak CWG contingent hit by controversy |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date=3 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104429/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/2295.htm |archivedate=6 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| Chef de mission||54
|-
|align=center| 46 || {{flagCGF|PNG|2010}} ||{{sortname|Barbara|Stubbings}}|| [[Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Squash]]||79
|-
|align=center| 47 || {{flagCGF|RWA|2010}} || {{sortname|Disi|Dieudonne}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||22
|-
|align=center| 48 || {{flagCGF|SAM|2010}} || {{sortname|Ele Opeloge|Dieudonne}} || [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]||53
|-
|align=center| 49 || {{flagCGF|SCO|2010}} || {{sortname|Ross|Edgar}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9052484.stm |title=BBC Sport – Cyclist Ross Edgar carries Scotland flag at Delhi Games |publisher=BBC News |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101004214350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9052484.stm| archive-date= 4 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> || [[Cycling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Cycling]]||191
|-
|align=center| 50 || {{flagCGF|SEY|2010}} || {{sortname|Steve|Malcouzane}} || [[Badminton at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]||26
|-
|align=center| 51 || {{flagCGF|SLE|2010}} || {{sortname|Michaela|Kargbo}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||31
|-
|align=center| 52 || {{flagCGF|SIN|2010}} || {{sortname|Feng|Tian Wei}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://redsports.sg/2010/09/22/singapore-athletes-commonwealth-games/ |title=55 Singapore athletes set for Commonwealth Games debut « Red Sports. Always Game |publisher=Redsports.sg |accessdate=14 October 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100927023330/http://redsports.sg/2010/09/22/singapore-athletes-commonwealth-games/| archivedate= 27 September 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> || [[Table tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Table Tennis]]||68
|-
|align=center| 53 || {{flagCGF|SOL|2010}} || {{sortname|Michael|Leong}} || [[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Tennis]]||12
|-
|align=center| 54 || {{flagCGF|RSA|2010}} || {{sortname|Cameron|van der Burgh}}<ref>{{cite news|author=The Associated Press |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/south-africa-names-flag-bearer-replacement-1.914398 |title=South Africa names flag bearer replacement |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101003090436/http://www.cbc.ca/commonwealthgames/story/2010/10/01/spc-commonwealth-africa-flagbearer.html| archive-date= 3 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> || [[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]||113
|-
|align=center| 55 || {{flagCGF|SRI|2010}} || {{sortname|Chinthana|Vidanage}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/08/29/sri-lanka-to-send-90-athletes-to-commonwealth-games/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617025701/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/08/29/sri-lanka-to-send-90-athletes-to-commonwealth-games/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2011|title=Sri Lanka to send 90 athletes to Commonwealth Games|work=The Sunday Leader|date=29 August 2010}}</ref> || [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]||94
|-
|align=center| 56 || {{flagCGF|SHN|2010}} || {{sortname|Rico|Yon}}|| [[Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]||4
|-
|align=center| 57 || {{flagCGF|SKN|2010}} || {{sortname|Tanika|Liburd}}|| [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||7
|-
|align=center| 58 || {{flagCGF|LCA|2010}} ||{{sortname|Lavern|Spencer}}|| [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||13
|-
|align=center| 59 || {{flagCGF|SVG|2010}} ||{{sortname|James|Bentick}}|| [[Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Squash]]||14
|-
|align=center| 60 || {{flagCGF|SWZ|2010}} ||{{sortname|Siphesihle|Mdluli}}|| [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||11
|-
|align=center| 61 || {{flagCGF|TAN|2010}} || {{sortname|Samson|Ramadhani}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=13521 |title=Tanzania team for Delhi opening ceremony |work=Daily News |date=2 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010}}</ref> || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||40
|-
|align=center| 62 || {{flagCGF|GAM|2010}} || {{sortname|Fanny|Shonoboi}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||17
|-
|align=center| 63 || {{flagCGF|TON|2010}} || {{sortname|Uaine|Fa}} || [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]||22
|-
|align=center| 64 || {{flagCGF|TRI|2010}} || {{sortname|Cleopatra|Borel-Brown}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||82
|-
|align=center| 65 || {{flagCGF|TCI|2010}} || {{sortname|Delano|Williams}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||8
|-
|align=center| 66 || {{flagCGF|TUV|2010}} ||{{sortname|Lapua|Tuau}} || [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]||3
|-
|align=center| 67 || {{flagCGF|UGA|2010}} || {{sortname|Ganzi|Mugula}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Sports/OtherSport/-/690284/1016862/-/xnkvjjz/-/ |title=Daily Monitor: – Mugula named Commonwealth Games team captain |publisher=Monitor.co.ug |accessdate=14 October 2010}}</ref> || [[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]||65
|-
|align=center| 68 || {{flagCGF|VAN|2010}} || {{sortname|Yoshna|Shing}} || [[Table tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Table Tennis]]||14
|-
|align=center| 69 || {{flagCGF|WAL|2010}} ||{{sortname|David|Davies|David Davies (swimmer)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9050495.stm |title=BBC Sport – Commonwealth Games 2010: David Davies Wales flagbearer |publisher=BBC News |date=2 October 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005062031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9050495.stm| archive-date= 5 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> || [[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]||175
|-
|align=center| 70 || {{flagCGF|ZAM|2010}} || {{sortname|Rachel|Nachula}} || [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]||22
|-
|align=center| 71 || {{flagCGF|IND|2010}} || {{sortname|Abhinav|Bindra}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/bindra-to-be-the-flag-bearer-confusion-over-torch-bearers-names-news-national-kkbtOfahchi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811170322/http://www.sify.com/news/bindra-to-be-the-flag-bearer-confusion-over-torch-bearers-names-news-national-kkbtOfahchi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Bindra to be the flag bearer, confusion over torch bearers names |website=Sify.com |date=1 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010}}</ref> || [[Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]||495
|}
* Pakistan's flag bearer was scheduled to be weightlifter [[Shujha-ud-din Malik]]. However, chef de mission Muhammad Ali Shah announced that he would carry the flag and took it from the designated flag-bearer.<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/2295.htm "Pak CWG contingent hit by controversy"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104429/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/2295.htm |date=6 October 2010 }}, ''The News'', 3 October 2010</ref>

==Spectators' response==

In the opening ceremony the head of organizing committee faced embarrassment, when he was booed by the spectators at the start of his welcome speech to 60,000 spectators in the opening ceremony. The atmosphere otherwise for the teams and officials was fine, especially when they offered warm applause to the neighbouring Pakistan squad, with whom it has tense relationships. Sri Lanka also got a loud applause. The head finished his speech in five minutes and then handed over to Michael Fennell, the Chief of the Commonwealth Games Federation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/sport/games-spectators-boo-delhi-chief-organiser-at-opening-ceremony-jd-03 |title=Sport | Spectators boo chief organiser at opening ceremony |publisher=Dawn.Com |date=3 October 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014012850/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/sport/games-spectators-boo-delhi-chief-organiser-at-opening-ceremony-jd-03 |archivedate=14 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Baton procession==
Boxer [[Vijender Singh]] carried the [[Queen's Baton]] into the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], at the Opening Ceremony.<ref name=CBC-Baton/><ref name=Geetika>[http://blog.livemint.com/news/2010/10/cwg-opening-ceremony-live-blog/ "CWG Opening ceremony: Live Blog"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004165924/http://blog.livemint.com/news/2010/10/cwg-opening-ceremony-live-blog/ |date=4 October 2010 }}, '''Geetika Rustagi''', ''3 October 2010'' . Retrieved 5 October 2010.</ref> The baton was then passed to boxer [[Mary Kom]], 5-time world champion.<ref name=CBC-Baton/><ref name=Geetika/> It was then passed to [[Samresh Jung]], who was named best competitor of the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] .<ref name=CBC-Baton/><ref name=Geetika/> It was then passed to [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]], world champion wrestler,<ref name=CBC-Baton/><ref name=Geetika/> who finally handed the [[Queen's Baton]] to the Prince of Wales (now [[Charles III]]).<ref name=CBC-Baton>CBC, 2010 Commonwealth Games, Opening Ceremonies, airdate 3 October 2010, 9:00am-12:30pm (Eastern), circa 2h20m mark, CBC Television main network</ref><ref>Sify Sports, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101007060259/http://sify.com/sports/india-begins-medal-chase-after-cwg-opening-ceremony-news-news-kkemkfgghej.html "India begins medal chase after CWG opening ceremony"], '''ANI''', ''4 October 2010'' . Retrieved 5 October 2010.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{External media
|width=500px
|video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuUR8lR50Yk&t=12146s Opening Ceremony – Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games]
|image1= [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/picturegalleries/8039853/Commonwealth-Games-opening-ceremony-in-pics.html Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony in pictures, The Telegraph Newspaper]
|image2= [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2010/oct/03/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony in pictures, ''The Guardian'' newspaper]
}}
* [http://d2010.thecgf.com/gallery/dcwg/opening_ceremony_delhi_2010 Opening ceremony images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716025110/http://d2010.thecgf.com/gallery/dcwg/opening_ceremony_delhi_2010 |date=16 July 2018 }} at the official [http://d2010.thecgf.com/ site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809001807/http://d2010.thecgf.com/ |date=9 August 2011 }}
{{Commons category}}
{{Commonwealth Games ceremonies}}
{{Portal bar|Sports|India}}

[[Category:2010 Commonwealth Games|Opening Ceremony]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games opening ceremonies]]
[[Category:Ceremonies in India]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

List of Bhojpuri films of 2020

2025-12-07T04:51:05Z

GavinEspinoza2: made a stub basic info - done

{{Short description|2020's Bhojpuri films}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

This is a list of [[Bhojpuri language]] films released in 2020.

==January- December==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Release date
! Film
! Cast
|-
|
|''Saato Janam ''
|{{hlist|Kritn Ajitesh |Payashi Pandit}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=खबर |first1=स्वतंत्र प्रभात |last2=Prabhat |first2=Swantra |title=सुपरहिट फिल्म दिलवाले की रीमेक में दिखेंगे भोजपुरी स्टार कृतन अजितेश |url=https://www.swatantraprabhat.com/the-superhit-film-dilwales-remake-shows-bhojpuri-star-kritan-athish/ |work=दैनिक स्वतंत्र प्रभात हिंदी अख़बार |date=10 June 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Veer Arjun''
|{{hlist|Priyesh Sinha|Payashi Pandit}}
|-
|
|''Laila Majnu''
|{{hlist|[[Pradeep Pandey]]|Akshara Singh|[[Sonalika Prasad]]}}
|-
|
|''Muqaddar Ka Sikandar''
|{{hlist|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]|[[Amrapali Dubey]]}}
|-
|
|''Ek Saazis Jaal''
|{{hlist|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]|[[Shubhi Sharma]]}}
|-
|10 March 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=खेसारी लाल यादव के गाने 'ओठवा से मधू चुए' की धूम, वीडियो देख दीवाने हुए फैन्स |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/videos/entertainment/khesari-lal-yadav-mehandi-laga-ke-rakhna-3-bhojpuri-movie-song-hothwa-se-madhu-chuye-1-3643412 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>
| ''[[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 3]]''
|{{hlist|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]|Sahar Afsha}}
|-
|
| ''Pawan Putra''
|{{hlist|[[Pawan Singh]]|Priyanka Pandit|[[Mir Sarwar]]}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2020 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhojpuri films, 2020}}
[[Category:Lists of Bhojpuri films by year]]
[[Category:2020s Bhojpuri-language films|*2020]]
[[Category:Lists of 2020 films by language]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian cinema]]

Mysuru–Thiruvananthapuram North Express

2025-11-24T17:25:15Z

GavinEspinoza2: made basic info initial version

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mysuru–Thiruvananthapuram North Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1996|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} (MYS)
| stops = 24
| end = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram North}} (TVCN)
| distance = {{convert|966|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 18 hours 35 minutes
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16315 / 16316
| speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 16315 / 16316 '''Mysuru–Thiruvananthapuram North Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram North}} of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] the capital of [[Kerala]] in India. It is currently being operated with 16315/16316 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161228192210/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/dec/01/techies-demands-for-halt-of-more-trains-at-kazhakootam-go-unheeded-1544352--1.html Techies' demands for halt of more trains at Kazhakootam go unheeded]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Knocked-down-by-train-elephant-dies/article14435610.ece Knocked down by train, elephant dies]</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/elephant-run-over-by-a-train-in-coimbatore-2864067/ Elephant run over by a train in Coimbatore]</ref> The train was extended from {{stnlnk|Bangalore City}} to Mysore Junction w.e.f. from 29 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/union-minister-flags-off-mysore-kochuveli-train/ |title=Union Minister Flags Off Mysore-Kochuveli Train |publisher=Star of Mysore |date=29 September 2019 |accessdate=30 September 2019}}</ref> This train was introduced as a result of many protests by Kerala passengers for a second train between Trivandum and Bangalore. This train is the successor of the "Trivandum Central Bangalore Weekly express".

== Service==

The 16315 Mysore–Thiruvananthapuram North Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 961 km in 20 hours 45 minutes. The 16316 Thiruvananthapuram North–Mysore Express has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 961 km in 18 hours 35 minutes.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}}
*Mandya
*Ramanagaram
*Kengeri
* {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}}
* {{stnlnk|Bengaluru Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapura}}
* {{stnlnk|Bangarapete Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Thrissur}}
* {{stnlnk|Aluva}}
* {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Cherthala}}
* {{stnlnk|Alappuzha}}
* {{stnlnk|Kayamkulam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram North}}

==Coach composition==

The train has [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with a maximum permissible speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 13 Sleeper coaches
* 3 General Unreserved
* 2 EOG

LHB rakes are allotted with effect from 28-07-2018.[https://d.indiarailinfo.com/train/blog/kochuveli-ksr-bengaluru-express-16316/139/1009/136] India Rail Info

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotives from Mysore Junction to Thiruvananthapuram North, and vice versa.

== Timetable ==

*16315 – Starts from Mysore daily at 12:45 hrs IST and reaches Thiruvananthapuram North next day at 9:15 AM IST
*16316 – Starts from Thiruvananthapuram North daily at 16:45 hrs IST and reaches Mysore next day at 11:15 Hrs IST

== See also ==

* [[Yesvantpur–Kochuveli AC Express]]
* [[Kochuveli–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Kochuveli–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express]]

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/941 16315/KSR Bengaluru - Thiruvananthapuram North Express] India Rail Info
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Bombay Poets

2025-11-08T12:34:26Z

GavinEspinoza2: Made new data

{{short description|Literary Arts Movement in Mumbai (Bombay), India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
'''Bombay Poets''' (or, Bombay School of Poets) was one of the founding school of poets of [[Indian English literature]] of the post-independence era, consisting of both prose and verse. It was located in the geographical located in [[Bombay]] (now, [[Mumbai]]). Several members of the same are credited with redefining Indian English poetry as well as the perception of Indian poets abroad. The school began in the 1960s with prominent names like [[Nissim Ezekiel]], [[R. Parthasarathy]], [[Dom Moraes]], [[Adil Jussawalla]] and many more gathering at [[Kala Ghoda]] where they would all sit and discuss about literature, present their own works & critically analyse others work. Due to their international acclaim, they have also performed their works at cultural capitals like [[Soho]] (in London), [[New York City|New York]], and many more of such places. Their selected works have also been achieved at the [[Cornell University Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay Poets Archive {{!}} DCAPS |url=https://dcaps.library.cornell.edu/projects/bombay-poets-archive#:~:text=Housed%20at%20Cornell,%20centered%20on,Patel,%20and%20Dilip%20Chitre,%20among |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=dcaps.library.cornell.edu |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517014211/https://dcaps.library.cornell.edu/projects/bombay-poets-archive#:~:text=Housed%20at%20Cornell,%20centered%20on,Patel,%20and%20Dilip%20Chitre,%20among |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Their works remain largely influential till date in India, and have inspired many generations of authors & poets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silgardo |first=Dustin |date=2015-03-14 |title=In Mumbai, the poetry never ends |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PiIf2yCkU724MEaeTO1UIM/In-Mumbai-the-poetry-never-ends.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=lindsaypereira |date=2020-01-08 |title=The Poets of Bombay That Time Forgot |url=https://lindsaypereira.medium.com/the-poets-of-bombay-that-time-forgot-a4c9c3b1ecfa |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anu |title=This book unpacks the enigma of Arun Kolatkar and the many passions of the 'Bombay poets' |url=https://scroll.in/article/837687/this-book-unpacks-the-enigma-of-arun-kolatkar-and-the-many-passions-of-the-bombay-poets |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Scroll.in |date=31 May 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay Poets {{!}} Jaya's blog |url=https://www.jayabhattacharjirose.com/tag/bombay-poets/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== List of Bombay Poets ==
* [[Nissim Ezekiel]]
* [[R. Parthasarathy]]
* [[Dom Moraes]]
* [[Adil Jussawalla]]
* [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Anjum |title=The forgotten story of a poetry publishing collective |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/essay/your-missing-person-clearing-house-and-bombay-poets |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dilip Chitre]]
* [[Gieve Patel]]
* [[Ranjit Hoskote]]
* [[Eunice de Souza]]
* [[Jerry Pinto]]
* [[Annie Zaidi (writer)|Annie Zaidi]]
* [[Arun Kolatkar]]
* [[Santan Rodrigues]]
* [[Rochelle Potkar]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Indian poetry]]
[[Category:Literary education]]

Navadurga

2025-11-07T16:29:02Z

GavinEspinoza2: update

{{Short description|Nine manifestations of Hindu goddess Durga}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image =
| caption =
| name = Navadurga
| Devanagari = {{lang|sa|नवदुर्गा}}
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|navadurgā}}
| affiliation = [[Adi Shakti]], [[Durga]], [[Parvati]], [[Devi]]
| god_of = Power, strength, protection, knowledge, wealth, fertility and Moksha
| abode =
| mantra = oṁ aim hrīṁ śrīṁ mahādurgāyai namo namaḥ
| weapon = [[Khanda (sword)]], [[Bow and arrow]], [[Trishula]], [[Sudarshan Chakra]], [[Gada (mace)]], [[shield]], [[shankha]], [[Ghanta]]
| mount = [[Lion]], [[tiger]], [[Nandi (Hinduism)|nandi]], [[ox]], [[mule]] and [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]
| planet =
| offspring =
| festivals = [[Navaratri]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Durga Ashtami]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]
}}
[[File:Navadurga_Statues_at_Bhawani_Waghjai_Temple,_Terav.jpg|thumb|Navadurga]]
'''Navadurga''' ({{langx|sa|नवदुर्गा}}, {{IAST3|Navadurgā}}), also spelled '''Navdurga''' and '''Navadurgas''', are nine manifestations and forms of [[Durga]] in [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Navdurgaforms">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/navdurga-nine-forms-of-energy/articleshow/68207186.cms|title=The Nine Forms of Goddess Mahadevi Durga|access-date=2022-05-03|website=Times of India|date=24 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Melton2010p2600">{{cite book|author1=J. Gordon Melton|first2=Martin|last2=Baumann|title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA2600 |year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-204-3|pages=2600–2602}}</ref> especially worshipped during [[Navaratri]] and [[Durga Puja]].{{Sfn|Navaratri, TOI}} They are often considered collectively as a single deity, mainly among the followers of Shaktism and Shaivism sect of Hinduism.{{Sfn|Amazzone|2010|p=184}}

According to [[Hindu mythology]], the nine forms are considered the nine stages of Durga during the nine-day long duration of the war with demon-king [[Mahishasura]], where the tenth day is celebrated as the [[Vijayadashami]] ({{Literal translation|victory day}}) among the [[Hindus]] and is considered as one of the most important festivals.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2020|pp=21-23}}

== Background and Puja (prayer) ==
{{Main|Navaratri}}
During the festival of Navaratri, nine unmarried virgin girls up to the age of nine years are worshipped and fed as they are considered to be the incarnations of these nine goddesses.{{Sfn|Amazzone|2010|p=187}} The nabapatrika (Literally 'nine leaves') ritual during [[Durga Puja]] involves tying the branches of eight plants with their leaves with a banana plant (''naba'' meaning 'nine' in Sanskrit, and ''patrika'' meaning 'leaves').{{Sfn|Ostor|2004|p=68}}

== The nine forms==

The main nine forms of Durga worshipped in Hinduism:
{|class="wikitable" width="98%" style="background:white;"
|- style="border-bottom:3px solid #CCCCFF"
!S. No.
!Image
{{Small|{{small|(Depiction)}}}}
!Name
![[Vahana]]
![[Varna (Hinduism)|Stage]]{{Refn|[[Parvati]] has been described in the nine stage in nine different depiction, where she become the [[Maha Shakti]] in last stage of [[Siddhidhatri]], after gaining [[Siddhi]]s.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2020|p=67}}|group=upper-alpha}}
![[Mantra]]
!Depiction
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|1.
|[[File:Shailaputri Sanghasri 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|frameless|173x173px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Shailaputri]]'''}}
{{Small|"The Daughter of a Mountain"}}
|[[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] (bull)
|[[Parvati]] in her stage of childhood with the divine and principal form being [[Durga]]
|ॐ देवी शैलपुत्र्यै नमः
|She is adorned with light ornamentation on her limbs and was clothed in red and pink robes. She has two hands both holding a trident and lotus. She is seated upon the behind of a white bull.
|{{Sfn|Sharma|2021|p=73}}
|-
|2.
|[[File:Brahmacharini.jpg|frameless|158x158px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Brahmacharini]]'''}}
{{Small|"The Mother of devotion and penance"}}
|None
|Durga in her phase of asceticism.
|ॐ देवी ब्रह्मचारिण्यै नम:
|She is dressed as a female ascetic and is adorned by dried-up [[Rudraksha|Rudraksha beads]] and flowers as her ornamentation. She has two hands, both of which carried a rosary and a water utensil.
|{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2020|p=23}}
|-
|3.
|[[File:Chandraghanta Sanghasri 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|frameless|157x157px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Chandraghanta]]'''}}
{{Small|"The Destroyer of demons"}}
|Tiger
|Durga in the form of [[Shaktism|Shakti]].
|ॐ देवी चंद्रघण्टायै नम:
|She has ten hands, nine of them are armed by a trident, mace, bow, arrow, lotus, sword, bell and a waterpot, while one other hand blesses her devotees. She is seated upon a fierce tiger.
|{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2020|pp=29-30}}
|-
|4.
|[[File:Kushmanda Sanghasri 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|frameless|154x154px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Kushmanda]]'''}}
{{Small|"The Goddess of The Cosmic Egg"}}
| rowspan="3" |Lion
|Durga in the form of [[Maha Shakti|Mahashakti]].
|ॐ ऐं ह्रीं क्लीं कूष्मांडायै नम:
|She has eight hands, six of which held a discus, mace, lotus, bow, and arrow in one hand, sword and rosary and the two other hands carried a jar of honey and waterpot. She is mounted upon the back of a lion.
|{{Sfn|Mittal|2006|p=63}}
|-
|5.
|[[File:Skandamata Sanghasri 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|frameless|164x164px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Skandamata]]'''}}
{{Small|"The Goddess of motherhood and children"}}
|Durga in her stage of motherhood.
|ॐ देवी स्कन्दमातायै नम:
|She has four hands, two of which held lotuses, the third holding her son, the six-headed infant Kartikeya seated on her lap, and the fourth saves her devotees. She is seated upon the back of a lion.
|{{Sfn|Ostor|2004|p=34}}
|-
|6.
|[[File:Katyayani Sanghasri 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|frameless|168x168px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Katyayani]]'''}}
{{Small|"The Goddess of Power"}}
|Durga in the warrior stage, ready to fight any [[Asura]].
|ॐ देवी कात्यायन्यै नम:
|She is adorned with heavy ornamentation on her limbs and is dressed in green and pink vestments. Her four hands each carried a sword, shield, lotus and trident. She's seen seated on a fearsome lion.
|{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2020|pp=48-51}}
|-
|7.
|[[File:Kalratri Sanghasri 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|frameless|163x163px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Kalaratri]]'''}}
{{Small|"The Goddess of Auspiciousness and Courage"}}
|Donkey
|Durga in her form of destruction.
|ॐ देवी कालरात्र्यै नम:
|She has three bloodshot eyes, unkempt hairs, and wears a garland of skulls around her neck, which shone like lightning. Her four hands all held a trident, scimitar, vajra, and a cup. She is seated upon the behind of a donkey as her vehicle mount.
|{{Sfn|Mishra|1989|p=36}}
|-
|8.
|[[File:Mahagauri Sanghasri 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|frameless|172x172px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Mahagauri]]'''}}
{{Small|"The Goddess of Beauty and Women"}}
|Ox
|Durga in her form of recovery.
|ॐ देवी महागौर्यै नम:
|She has four hands, three of which carried a trident, mini-drum, and a pink lotus while her one hand promised her devotees protection. She is seated upon a white ox.
|{{Sfn|Sivkishen|2016|p=176}}
|-
|9.
|[[File:Siddhidatri Sanghasri 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|frameless|176x176px]]
|{{Big|'''[[Siddhidhatri]]'''}}
{{Small|" The Goddess of Supernatural Powers or [[Siddhis]]"}}
|Lotus
|Durga in her stage of reaching her highest and supreme form as Mahashakti.
|ॐ ऐं ह्रीं क्लीं सिद्धिदात्र्यै नम:
|Each of her four hands carried a discus, conch shell, pink lotus and a mace. She is seated upon a fully bloomed lotus.
|{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2020|pp=68, 70}}
|}{{Saktism}}

===Agni Purana===
The [[Agni Purana]] lists the Navadurgas as:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangadharan |first=N |title=The Agni Purana |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1954 |isbn=9788120803596 |pages=132 |language=English}}</ref>

# Rudrachanda
# Prachanda
# Chandogra
# Chandanayika
# Chanda
# Chandavati
# Chandarupa
# Atichandika
# Ugrachanda

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* [[Hindu deities]]
* [[Shaivism]]
* [[Shaktism]]
* [[Navaratri]]
* [[Mahavidya]]
* [[Matrikas]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news|title=Navratri 2021: What are the nine forms of Maa Durga and the special prasad offered to them|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/navratri-2019-what-are-the-nine-forms-of-maa-durga-and-the-special-prasad-offered-to-them/articleshow/71335962.cms|access-date=2021-12-31|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 October 2021 |language=en|ref={{SfnRef|Navaratri, TOI}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=Nalini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUcAEAAAQBAJ|title=Nava Durga: The Nine Forms of the Goddess|date=2020|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-93-5305-981-1|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Amazzone|first=Laura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBNtQYFEjeAC|title=Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power|date=2010|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|isbn=978-0-7618-5313-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ostor|first=Akos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ASi04hC0BQC|title=The Play of the Gods: Locality, Ideology, Structure, and Time in the Festivals of a Bengali Town|date=2004|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|isbn=978-81-8028-013-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mishra|first=P. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCpuAAAAMAAJ|title=Culture, Tribal History, and Freedom Movement: Dr. N.K. Sahu Commemoration Volume|date=1989|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pintchman|first=Tracy|title=Seeking Mahādevī: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC|date=2001|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=9780791490495|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Vidya Sagar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXhUBQAAQBAJ|title=Mata Vaishno Devi (Prabhat Prakashan)|year=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7315-903-9|language=hi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mittal|first=J. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7gOBW8oDFgC|title=History Of Ancient India (a New Version) : From 7300 Bb To 4250 Bc|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0615-4|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sivkishen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmVZBgAAQBAJ|title=Kingdom of Shiva|date=2015|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-288-3028-0|language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Navadurgas| ]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:9 (number)]]

Aurai

2025-10-25T07:17:22Z

GavinEspinoza2:

{{Wikt|aurai}}

'''Aurai''' may refer to:

* [[Aura (mythology)]], or Aurai, a Greco-Roman deity
* [[Aurai (community development block)]], a community development block in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India
** [[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency]], a legislative assembly constituency in Bihar, India
* [[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh]], a town and tehsil in Bhadohi district, Uttar Pradesh, India
** [[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency]], a legislative assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India
*[[Aurai Assembly constituency (disambiguation)]]

==See also==
*[[Auraiya (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Aurail]]'', a 1990 video game

{{disambiguation}}

M. N. Paloor

2025-10-22T03:22:10Z

GavinEspinoza2: made first article with sources

{{Short description|Indian poet (1932–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Paloor Madhavan Namboothiri''' (22 June 1932 – 9 October 2018), commonly known as '''M. N. Paloor''', was a [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] poet from [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri/section/print.php?id=62217 "പാലൂര്‍-ജനങ്ങള്‍ നെഞ്ചിലേറ്റിയ കവി -എം. മുകുന്ദന്‍"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219032428/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri/section/print.php?id=62217 |date=2013-12-19 }} (in Malayalam). ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091030102920/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/26/stories/2009102658930400.htm "Revive pen's power for social reform"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref> He was one of the early modernist poets in Malayalam but his writings were steeped in the poetic tradition of Malayalam. He was a recipient of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]], the state's highest literary honour, in 1983 for his collection ''Kalikalam''. He also received the [[Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his autobiography ''Kathayillathavante Katha'' in 2013.

==Life==
He was born as the son of Paloor Manakkal Madhavan Namboothiri, Sr. and Sreedevi Antharjanam on 22 June 1932 in [[Parakkadavu]], [[Ernakulam]]. Hailing from a very conservative [[Nambudiri|Namboothiri]] family, he learned [[Sanskrit]] under scholar [[K. P. Narayana Pisharody]] at an early age. He also had the opportunity to learn [[Kathakali]] at [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] under Pattikkanthodi Ravunny Menon and Vazhenkada Kunju Nair.<ref name="Profile1"/> He is not formally educated.<ref name="Profile1"/>

Growing up in an impoverished Namboothiri household in Paravoor, poetry was his mother's most precious gift to him. His mother got married at the age of 14. She would recite him poems, of G. Sankara Kurup, of Poonthanam and Ezhuthachan.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} He repeated verses everywhere, at home, while playing or merely gazing at the waters of the Chalakkudy river.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

He left home to [[Bombay]] and engaged in different trades for a living. He had served the Indian Airlines in Bombay. He worked first in the transport department and later in the maintenance section and retired as Senior operator of Ground Supporting Division in 1990. After retirement he settled in Kovoor in [[Calicut]].<ref name="Profile1">[https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/malayalam-literature.htm "M. N. Paloor's profile"]. Namboothiri.com. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref>

==Poetry==
Paloor is the author of some of the finest Malayalam poems of the latter half of the 20th century. His major collections are ''Kalikalam, Pedithondan, Theerthayathra, Bhangiyum Abhangiyum, Sangamasangeetham, Pachamanga'' and ''Sarga Dhara''.

It was a personal tragedy that made him turn to poetry seriously. "It was after my sister's death at the age of 22 that poetry grew in stature in my life," he says.

Paloor's poems traced the sufferings of mankind involving all the complexities of a highly urbanised system. He is one of those poets who were part of a major turning point in the history of 20th-century Malayalam poetry. Poet and scholar [[K. Satchidanandan]] writes in ''Indian Literature'', the [[Sahitya Akademi]] publication: "M.N. Paloor conceives God as a Sultan, smoking his pipe filled with dried human lives (''The Coward''). He envisages himself as the crazy poet of the 20th century caught between comets and [[Boeing]]s, living on [[Anacin]] (''A Poet at the Airport'')."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Indian Literature|author=K. Satchidanandan|author-link=K. Satchidanandan|volume=6|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=1993|issue=158 |pages=175–179 |jstor=23337574 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23337574.pdf}}</ref>

==Works==
*''Pedithondan'' (''The Coward'')
*''Kalikalam''
*''Theerthayathra'' (''The Pilgrimage'')
*''Sugama Sangeetham''
*''Kavitha'' (''The Poem'')
*''Pachamanga'' (''Raw Mango'')
*''Bhangiyum Abhangiyum''
*''Ardhanareeswaran''
*''Kathayillathavante Katha'' (Autobiography)

== Death ==
He died due to age-related ailments on 9 October 2018, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 October 2018 |title=Poet M.N. Paloor passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/poet-mn-paloor-passes-away/article25163950.ece |access-date=14 January 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Awards==
*1983: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Poetry) for ''Kalikalam''<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Mal_Awards.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426134403/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Mal_Awards.htm |date=26 April 2013 }} (in Malayalam). [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 "Literary Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618062155/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 |date=2012-06-18 }}. [[Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref>
*2009: [[Asan Memorial Poetry Prize]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091009110026/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/05/stories/2009100558950800.htm "Award for Malayalam poet Paloor"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 5 October 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref>
*2004: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his over all contribution<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040924202212/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/10/stories/2004081003460300.htm "Antony to present Akademi Fellowship"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 10 August 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref>
*2007: O.M.C. Narayanan Namboodiripad Memorial Deviprasadam Award<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080215212754/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/11/stories/2008021152730300.htm "Deviprasadam awards"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref>
*2007: Kavanakauthukam-Kanipayyur Award for ''Ardhanareeswaran''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080107191549/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/25/stories/2007032510970400.htm "Briefly: Award for M.N. Paloor"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 25 March 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</ref>
* 2007: [[Deviprasadam Trust Award]]<ref name="Deviprasadam Trust">[https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/awards.htm "Awards, Trusts and Scholarships: 2: Deviprasaadam Trust"]. Namboothiri.com. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</ref>
*2013: [[Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his autobiography ''Kathayillathavante Katha''<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002741/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf |date=19 December 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paloor, M. N.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]