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Flag of Nagaland

2026-05-08T10:08:57Z

Gauravdewasi: new

{{short description|Flag of the Naga people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Flag of Nagaland
| Image = Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg
| Use = Cultural events, insurgent groups
| Noborder =
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = {{start date and age|1956}}
| Design = Sky blue flag with a white [[star of Bethlehem]] and a rainbow in simplified colors.
}}
[[File:NNC President Adino arrive and mouners laid wreaths at kevelevor's mortals remain--.jpg|thumb|260px|The flag of Nagaland draped over the mortal remains of Kevilevor Phizo, [[Zapu Phizo]]'s son on 28 April 2013 in [[Kohima]].]]
The '''Flag of Nagaland''' is the flag used to represent the [[Naga people]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=2 November 2019 |title=Explained: History of Naga flag and how significant it has been earlier and now |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history-of-naga-flag-and-why-is-it-important-6098576/ |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Currently it does not have official status in any area where the Nagas live, but it is allowed at cultural events.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=1 November 2019 |title=Talks for Naga Accord: NSCN I-M returns to table, claims it can use flag at cultural events |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/talks-for-naga-accord-nscn-i-m-returns-to-table-claims-it-can-use-flag-at-cultural-events-6097051/ |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The color of the flag is [[medium sky blue]] which symbolizes the sky. A rainbow arch section, simplified to red, yellow and green, runs across the centre. In the upper corner, next to the staff, there is a white [[Star of Bethlehem]]. Both symbols represent [[Christianity]], the faith and identity of the majority of the Naga people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.K. |first=Faisal |date=7 March 2022 |title=Flagging a concern |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/flagging-a-concern/cid/1854808 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241231050255/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/flagging-a-concern/cid/1854808 |archive-date=2024-12-31 |access-date=2025-12-27 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The flag was flown for the first time in the [[Rengma Naga|Parashen-Rengma]] area of [[Nagaland]] on 22 March 1956 by the [[Naga National Council]], led by [[Zapu Phizo]]. It was adopted as a symbol of [[Naga nationalism]] and has been used by insurgent groups seeking self-determination for over seven decades.<ref name="ME">{{Cite web |last=Chakhesang |first=Jack T. |date=7 April 2022 |title=Of Naga Sovereignty, Yehzabo and Flag |url=https://morungexpress.com/of-naga-sovereignty-yehzabo-and-flag |access-date=8 May 2026 |website=Morung Express}}</ref>

The Naga flag holds deep historical and spiritual significance for the Naga people, symbolizing their identity, resilience, and aspirations for self-determination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naga Flag and Constitution is our Identity |url=https://morungexpress.com/naga-flag-and-constitution-our-identity |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Morung Express|date=14 October 2019|last=Pou|first=RB Thohe}}</ref> According to historical accounts, the flag's design was inspired by a divine revelation, as a rainbow appeared over the [[Naga Club]] building during its consecration, signifying peace with God. The rainbow, enshrined in the flag's design, represents divine approval, unity, and the hope for an independent Naga nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Flag, a Story and a Nation |url=https://humanitiesacrossborders.org/stories-toolkit/flag-story-and-nation |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Humanities Across Borders|date=5 January 2021|last=Mahanta|first=Dhritimoni}}</ref> Rooted in the struggles and sacrifices of the Nagas, the flag embodies their desire for sovereignty, as reinforced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s recognition of their right to independence. It serves as a reminder of the Naga people's historical assertion of self-rule, their cultural and racial distinctiveness, and their ongoing struggle against political subjugation. Observing Naga Independence Day on August 14th, a day before India's independence, further solidifies the flag’s role as a symbol of resistance, faith, and the enduring spirit of the Naga nation.<ref name=":0" />

Following the [[Naga Peace Accord]] that sought to end the long insurgency, the Naga representatives formally requested an official status for the flag, as well as a separate Constitution (Yehzabo) for the Naga people. However, so far the Indian government representatives have remained adamant on the issue, refusing to grant a co-official status to the flag such as the one that was granted between 1952 and 2019 to the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India]]. Hence the Naga flag issue has stalled the peace process.<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Ratnadip |date=14 August 2022 |title=Amid Massive 'Tiranga' Drive, Naga Flag Hoisted In Parts Of Nagaland, Manipur |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amid-massive-tiranga-drive-naga-flag-hoisted-in-parts-of-nagaland-manipur-3254491 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250613145022/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amid-massive-tiranga-drive-naga-flag-hoisted-in-parts-of-nagaland-manipur-3254491 |archive-date=2025-06-13 |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yhoshü |first=Alice |date=14 August 2023 |title=Ahead of Naga peace talks, NCN-IM reiterates demand for flag, constitution |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/nscnim-asserts-naga-sovereignty-ahead-of-peace-talks-flags-and-constitution-remain-key-components-101692019780675.html |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-kuknalim-naga-armed-resistance-by-nandita-haksar-and-sebastian-m-hongray/story-wsPNXICSoIsz9p5QI8XZDM.html Nandita Haksar, Sebastian M. Hongray. ''Kuknalim, Naga Armed Resistance: Testimonies Of Leaders, Pastors, Healers And Soldiers.'' Speaking Tiger Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 2019, ISBN 9388874935 (epub:978-93-88874-92-2)]

== See also ==
* [[Emblem of Nagaland]]
* [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Kuknalim]]
* [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscat inline}}
*[https://www.morungexpress.com/last-surviving-weaver-of-first-naga-flag-no-more#google_vignette Last surviving weaver of first Naga Flag no more]
*[http://www.thenagarepublic.com/news/govt-of-india-has-recognized-the-naga-national-flag/ Govt of India has recognized the Naga national flag]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flag of the Naga people}}
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Star of Bethlehem]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1956|Nagaland]]
[[Category:Flags of indigenous peoples|Naga]]
[[Category:Symbols of Nagaland]]

Rama Nishad

2026-05-07T21:59:00Z

Gauravdewasi: added info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rama Nishad
| image = File:Rama-Nishad-BJP-.jpg
| caption =
| office = Minister of BC & EBC welfare 
[[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 07 May 2026
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| predecessor = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| successor =
| term_start2 = 20 November 2025
| term_end2 = 15 April 2026
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Hari Sahni]]
| successor2 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 14 November 2025
| term_end3 =
| constituency3 = [[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai]]
| predecessor3 = [[Ram Surat Kumar]]
| successor3 =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rama Nishad''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Aurai constituency. She is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAMA NISHAD AURAI (MUZAFFARPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=476|access-date=2025-11-14|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aurai Election Result 2025 Highlights: Rama Nishad of BJP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/aurai-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-assembly-seat-winner-leading-mla-margin-9706104.html|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-14|publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aurai Assembly Election Results 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/aurai|access-date=2025-11-14|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assembly Constituency 89 - AURAI (Bihar)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0489.htm|access-date=2025-11-14|work=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> She is currently serving as BC & EBC Welfare Minister in the [[Government of Bihar]]. She is wife of former member of Parliament [[Ajay Nishad]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nishad, Rama}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kadhal Desam

2026-05-06T20:33:57Z

Gauravdewasi: starting a entry

{{Short description|1996 film directed by Kathir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kadhal Desam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kathir]]
| writer = Kathir
| producer = [[K. T. Kunjumon]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vineeth]]|[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]}}
| cinematography = [[K. V. Anand]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = Gentleman Film International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1996|8|23|ref1=}}
| runtime = 158 minutes<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=532 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kadhal Desam''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː|ð|əl|_|ð|eɪ|s|əm}} {{Translation|Country of love}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Teen film|teen]] [[romance film]] written and directed by [[Kathir]] and produced by [[K. T. Kunjumon]]. The film stars [[Vineeth]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]. This marked Abbas's feature debut and Tabu's Tamil debut. The supporting cast includes [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Chinni Jayanth]] and [[Srividya]]. [[K. V. Anand]] was the cinematographer and [[A. R. Rahman]] composed the music. ''Kadhal Desam'' released on 23 August 1996 and became a box-office success.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2023}}
A traditional rivalry has always existed between the students of [[Pachaiyappa's College|Pachaiyappa's]] and [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola]] colleges in [[Chennai]]. Karthik is a poor orphan who studies at Pachaiyappa's, a hobo in a rented room, travels by the bus, hangs out with a number of friends, and is the captain of his football team. He is also a good poet and daydreams about his dream girl. Arun, by contrast, comes from a wealthy family, studies at Loyola, drives his own car, hangs out with numerous friends. He too is the captain of the college football team. In a nasty intercollege riot, Arun saves Karthik's life. In return, Karthik lets Arun win in a football game because he thinks Arun cannot take losses easily. Arun soon realises that the victory is because of Karthik's sacrifice.

They become friends, setting a good example of friendship to others in their respective college. Things go well until they meet a new girl Divya who studies at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris]]. Both Arun and Karthik fall in love with her, but neither realises that the other also loves the same girl. Following a sequence of events, when they realise that both in love with the same girl, their friendship is strained, and they fight with each other. At the end, Divya says that she likes them both and doesn't want to accept one while hurting the other. So she decides to continue their bond only as a platonic friendship.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vineeth]] as Karthik
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Arun (voice dubbed by [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]])
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Divya (voice dubbed by [[Saritha]])
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Divya's father
* [[Srividya]] as Divya's mother
* [[Vadivelu]] as Wilson
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Shiva
* Kevin Erik Gray as Kevin
* Joseph as Kevin's friend
* Adithya as Kevin's friend
* Yasin as Kevin's friend
* Dinesh as Kevin's friend
* Jyothi as Divya's lecturer
* Priyanka as Mary (uncredited role)
* [[Chaplin Balu]] as Wilson's friend (uncredited role)
* [[K. T. Kunjumon]] as Director general of police (cameo appearance)
* [[Vasudevan Baskaran]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* Japan Kumar (cameo appearance in the song "Hello Doctor")
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Kathir]], while writing a script, "wanted some drama rather than plain love and so wrote a story of warring colleges and two boys in them". He narrated a five-minute plot summary to [[K. T. Kunjumon]], who was impressed with it and insisted Kathir to change the film's title to ''Kadhal Desam'' from ''Kalloori Saalai'' ({{translation|College road}}).<ref name="kothavaranga" /> The film also took inspiration from the real-life rivalry between [[Pachaiyappa's College]] and [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2003 |title=GANGS of Chennai! |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/03/stories/2003120300340400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155003/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/03/stories/2003120300340400.htm |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], then a Mumbai-based model, was in [[Bangalore]] on vacation and hanging out at a cybercafé near [[Brigade Road]], when he bumped into Kathir, who asked him to act in his Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=9 May 1998 |title=LoveNet.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/may/09kat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614080529/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/may/09kat.htm |archive-date=14 June 2023 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Initially reluctant due to his limited knowledge of Tamil, he declined and left for Mumbai. A year later, Abbas received a call from Kunjumon asking him to come over for a screen test as a result of Kathir's insistence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=8 April 2009 |title=My first break |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/03/stories/2009040350381600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408094508/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/03/stories/2009040350381600.htm |archive-date=8 April 2009 |access-date=2 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Vineeth]] was signed on to play another lead role in the film due to his association with Kunjumon, having previously worked in the 1993 [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]-directed film, ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 1997 |title='My boyishness is a drawback' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/oct/16vin1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928021841/http://www.rediff.com/movies/oct/16vin1.htm |archive-date=28 September 2012 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] was signed on to make her debut in Tamil films and worked on the film alongside [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Iruvar]]''. Then struggling actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] had dubbed his voice for Abbas, while [[Sekar P. R.|Sekar]] dubbed the voice for Vineeth and [[Saritha]] for Tabu. [[A. Karunakaran]], who became a successful director in Telugu cinema, started his career as a clap assistant with this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=28 April 2012 |title=Tale of triumph |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tale-of-triumph/article3363977.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116014210/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tale-of-triumph/article3363977.ece |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Kathir mentioned that he dreamt of a "beautiful place full of young people" and was inspired by College Road in Chennai,<ref name="frames" /> with a setting by the beach which formed as "opening visual idea" for the film.<ref name="kothavaranga" /> Since it did not exist, he ordered it to be created for the film, costing {{INRConvert|1|c|year=1996}}.<ref name="frames" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=2 August 1997 |title=Litmus test |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/aug/02sush.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063652/http://www.rediff.com/movies/aug/02sush.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 May 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Kadhal Desam'' is the first Tamil film for cinematographer [[K. V. Anand]]. Vineeth has stated that Anand, unlike other Indian cinematographers, was able to mold actors, and would offer suggestions to him and Abbas during filming. Significant portions of the song "O Vennila" were shot at a beach from 4:00 am till sunrise at 6:00 am, over the course of 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=1 May 2021 |title=Vineeth: KV Anand created poetry on the silver screen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/may/01/vineeth-kv-anand-created-poetry-on-the-silver-screen-24266.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616044446/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/may/01/vineeth-kv-anand-created-poetry-on-the-silver-screen-24266.html |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Filming took place in and around the cities of [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Ooty]], [[Mudumalai]], [[Bandipur]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Vishakhapatnam]]. [[Raju Sundaram]] was originally chosen as the dance choreographer, but during the shoot of the song "Hello Doctor", he had to attend another shoot. Therefore, his assistant Cool Jayanth did the clash work for the song. Kathir, who was impressed with his sincerity, promised him to make him a proper choreographer. Jayanth ended up choreographing the songs "Ennai Kaanavillaiye", "Kalloori Saalai" and "Thendrale".<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2021 |title=இவர் படத்தில் குரூப் டான்சர்... இவுங்க படங்களில் டான்ஸ் மாஸ்டர்! கூல் ஜெயந்தின் கூலான வெள்ளிவிழா |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18290&id1=3&issue=20210718 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614143743/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18290&id1=3&issue=20210718 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack for the film was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. The soundtrack was also released in Telugu as ''Prema Desam'' and in Hindi with the title ''Duniya Dilwalon Ki'', with lyrics written by [[Mehboob Kotwal|Mehboob]] and P. K. Mishra.

Kathir revealed that the first song to be recorded was "Kalloori Saalai", he wanted it to be a fast number, but wanted it to start the song "with a melodious line". Rahman asked for a dummy lyric for it which started with "Inbathai karuvakkinal penn", which Vaali liked and retained it for the final cut as well.<ref name="kothavaranga" />

For the song "Musthafa Musthafa", Kathir wanted a song on the lines of an old song "Paravaigal Palavitham", which was about friendship. Rahman gave him the tune during a flight journey which Kathir liked it.<ref name="kothavaranga" />

=== Tamil version ===
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| "Ennai Kaanavillaiye"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], O. S. Arun, Rafee
|5:40
|-
| "Hello Doctor"
| [[A. R. Rahman]], Storms, Noel James, [[Anupama (singer)|Anupama]]
|6:14
|-
| "Kalluri Salai"
| A. R. Rahman, [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Aslam Mustafa
|5:25
|-
| "Mustafa Mustafa"
| A. R. Rahman
|6:05
|-
| "Thendrale"
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Unni Krishnan]], [[Dominique Cerejo]]
|6:33
|-
| "O Vennila"
| Unni Krishnan
|4:54
|}

=== Telugu version ===
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
|"Prema Prema"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], O. S. Arun
|5:40
|-
|"Hello Doctor"
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], Srinivas, Anupama, Noel James
|6:14
|-
|"College Style"
|S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, KK, [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|5:25
|-
|"Mustafa"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|6:05
|-
|"Vennela"
|[[Unni Krishnan]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|6:33
|-
|"O Vennela"
|Unni Krishnan
|4:54
|}

=== Hindi version ===
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
|"Jaana Jaana"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|5:40
|-
|"Hello Doctor"
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], Storms, Noel James
|6:14
|-
|"College Ke Saathi"
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], KK, Aslam Mustafa
|5:25
|-
|"Mustafa"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|6:05
|-
|"Jaari Jaa E Hawa"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Dominique Cerejo]]
|6:33
|-
|"O Meri Jaan"
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|4:54
|-
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kadhal Desam'' was released on 23 August 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Films |url=http://gentlemanfilmktk.in/tamil-films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502095820/http://gentlemanfilmktk.in/tamil-films/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=gentlemanfilmktk.in}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Grandiose trappings in the form of giant sets, never before erected on such a scale in an Indian movie, offer a fitting backdrop for a love story.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=30 August 1996 |title=Oru Yatra Mozhi/Kaathal Desam |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960831/03/3026b.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010411050458/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960831/03/3026b.html |archive-date=11 April 2001 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Rahman's music, Anand's cinematography and grand sets but panned Abbas's acting, unnecessary villain track and Kunjumon's acting attempt.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர் |date=8 September 1996 |title=காதல் தேசம் |url=https://ibb.co/DzVDkVK |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627083420/https://ibb.co/DzVDkVK |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=Ta}}</ref> Regarding the Hindi dubbed version, a critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that "It is Tabu’s lively performance that holds the film together".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=M S M |date=4 May 1997 |title=Film Review — Sapnay: A tangled love triangle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/film-review-sapnay-a-tangled-love-triangle/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929033308/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/film-review-sapnay-a-tangled-love-triangle/ |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The film's initial response was average as audience found the second half to be boring which prompted Kunjumon to approach editor [[B. Lenin]] who managed to re-edit the film especially trimming the length of the climax fight,<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 November 1996 |title=மறுபடியும் வீரப்பன்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1996-11-17/kalki1996-11-17.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=65–67 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> and the film became a large commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 1997 |title=Haute shot |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04anad.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306041344/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04anad.htm |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Rahman won his fifth consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 1997 |title=Kamal wins 17th Film fare award for role in Indian |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/45330DAF8370E87C652569400062014F |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928001259/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/45330DAF8370E87C652569400062014F |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=2 March 2012 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> and Anand received the Screen Award South for Best Cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=P.N. |date=17 September 2010 |title=Chasing new goals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Chasing-new-goals/article15952142.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616045700/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Chasing-new-goals/article15952142.ece |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
''Kadhal Desam'' was dubbed and released in Telugu as ''Prema Desam'' and became an equally big success.<ref name="kothavaranga" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 1998 |title=Tabu hits bigtime down south |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/20ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090412/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/20ss.htm |archive-date=4 May 2018 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The Hindi dubbed version, ''Duniya Dilwalon Ki'', however, did not perform as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1998 |title=Abbas on a roll |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/01ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026162730/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/01ss.htm |archive-date=26 October 2017 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was remade in Bangladeshi Bengali as ''[[Narir Mon]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Tabu starrer Prema Desam re-releases worldwide to celebrate its 25 years |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/tabu-starrer-prema-desam-re-releases-worldwide-celebrate-25-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131210929/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/tabu-starrer-prema-desam-re-releases-worldwide-celebrate-25-years/ |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The climax of ''Kadhal Desam'' broke a taboo in the Tamil film industry, where a love triangle would be decided with a happy ending.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malani |first=Sandeep |date=23 April 1999 |title=Love's many dimensions |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/E5541976431445E0652569400062014E?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427191521/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/E5541976431445E0652569400062014E?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Post-success, Abbas revealed that he felt that "Mustafa Mustafa" song catapulted him to stardom and enjoyed a strong female base after ''Kadhal Desam''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautam |first=Savitha |date=27 December 2004 |title='I sold my car to buy a bike' |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/30/stories/2004113000310100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227183930/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/30/stories/2004113000310100.htm |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The success of the film prompted Rahman to collaborate with Kathir again in ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' (1999) and ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' (2002). Out of respect for his first film's director, Abbas made a guest appearance in the latter film. The film kicked off a string of youth-based stories in films with ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' and ''[[Ullaasam]]'' featuring similar story lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=5 July 1997 |title=AB's babies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/05ulla.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026095318/http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/05ulla.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
"Kalluri Saalai" and the instrumental theme of the song and flowers falling on the road was parodied in ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' (2018).{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The song "Mustafa Mustafa" inspired the title of two films: a [[Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu|2024 film]] was based on the lyric "Nanban Oruvan Vantha Piragu" ({{Translation|After a friend came}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Yogita |date=30 July 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 director Venkat Prabhu shared glimpses of an exciting project, know here |url=https://newsroompost.com/entertainment/thalapathy-68-director-venkat-prabhu-shared-glimpses-of-an-exciting-project-know-here/5268512.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822031650/https://newsroompost.com/entertainment/thalapathy-68-director-venkat-prabhu-shared-glimpses-of-an-exciting-project-know-here/5268512.html |archive-date=22 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=NewsroomPost |language=en}}</ref> and a [[Mustafa Mustafa (film)|2026 film]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2023 |title=Sathish and Suresh Ravi's film titled 'Mustafa Mustafa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathish-and-suresh-ravis-film-titled-mustafa-mustafa/articleshow/103662551.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915014659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathish-and-suresh-ravis-film-titled-mustafa-mustafa/articleshow/103662551.cms |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="kothavaranga">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=13 February 2019 |title=How 'kothavaranga' evolved into 'Mustafa Mustafa' – Kathir on directing some of A. R. Rahman's best love songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/valentines-day-director-kathir-and-his-series-of-love-films/article26258104.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922164356/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/valentines-day-director-kathir-and-his-series-of-love-films/article26258104.ece |archive-date=22 September 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="frames">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2000 |title=Frames full of dreams |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/06/stories/09060221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170828145316/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/06/stories/09060221.htm |archive-date=28 August 2017 |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Kathir}}

[[Category:1990s buddy films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic action films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s teen romance films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kathir]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. T. Kunjumon]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Virudhunagar Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T14:51:39Z

Gauravdewasi: started a post

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Virudhunagar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 206
| map_image = Constitution-Virudhunagar.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
| mla = [[Selvam P.]]
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2026
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 200,618
}}

'''Virudhunagar''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Elections were not held in year 1957 and 1962. Former Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[K. Kamaraj]], lost to [[P. Seenivasan]] in 1967 from Virudhunagar.<ref>{{cite book |last=V. Krishna|first=Ananth|date=2011|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&q=Gobichettipalayam&pg=PA76 |publisher=Pearson |page=76 |isbn=9788131734650|access-date=28 June 2015 }}</ref> It is a part of [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[V. V. Ramasami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[P. Seenivasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[P. Seenivasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2| [[M. Sundararajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[A. S. A. Arumugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[R. Chokkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Sanjay Ramasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[A. R. R. Seenivasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[S. Dhamodharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[R. Varadarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. Pandiarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan=2| A. R. R. Seenivasan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|2026
|selvam.p
|
|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|39.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|52.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|42.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}|56.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|45.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|46.67}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate = Selvam P.|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=63,653 |percentage=39.06 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijay Prabhakaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=54,110 |percentage=33.19 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V.G. Ganesan|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes=34,212 |percentage=20.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Latchumanan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,120 |percentage=6.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=954 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,391 |percentage=5.76 |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=163,049 |percentage=82.10 |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =198616 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Virudhunagar Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a206|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref><ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tmil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 - Tamil Nadu - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. R. R. Seenivasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,297 |percentage=45.77% |change=+3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Pandurangan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=51,958 |percentage=32.44% |change=+27.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Selvakumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=14,311 |percentage=8.94% |change=+7.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangaraj |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,783 |percentage=6.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Manimaran |party=All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi |votes=5,054 |percentage=3.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,570 |percentage=0.98% |change=-0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Gunasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,406 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,339 |percentage=13.32% |change= 11.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=160,147 |percentage=71.46% |change= -2.15% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=60|percentage=0.04% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,099 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. R. R. Seenivasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,499 |percentage=42.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kalanithi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,629 |percentage=40.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Syed Kaja Shareef |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,127 |percentage=6.60% |change=-45.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamatchi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,013 |percentage=4.57% |change=+2.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,835 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Akilan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,461 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,870 |percentage=1.87% |change= -14.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=153,347 |percentage=73.62% |change= -5.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,304 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -9.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pandiarajan]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=70,441 |percentage=52.36% |change=+40.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Armstrong Naveen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,003 |percentage=36.42% |change=+0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karkuvel Mariselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,652 |percentage=4.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamatchi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,139 |percentage=2.33% |change=-0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,571 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Veera Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,093 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Perumalsamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=715 |percentage=0.53% |change=-4.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,438 |percentage=15.93% |change= 12.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=134,537 |percentage=79.01% |change= 7.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,268 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Varadarajan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,629 |percentage=38.85% |change=+26.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Dhamodharan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,522 |percentage=35.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Subburaj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,575 |percentage=11.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Selva Kumaresan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,241 |percentage=4.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Selvam |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=5,475 |percentage=4.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Eswaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,255 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,294 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,107 |percentage=3.15% |change= -0.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=130,333 |percentage=71.43% |change= 11.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,473 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -3.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Dhamodharan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=49,413 |percentage=42.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. R. R. Seenivasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,396 |percentage=39.20% |change=-2.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Varatharajan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,695 |percentage=12.69% |change=-4.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajailango |party=Independent politician |votes=2,595 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. A. Arumugam]] |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,090 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. A Umar Farook |party=Independent politician |votes=1,040 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=620 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,017 |percentage=3.47% |change= -17.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,815 |percentage=60.18% |change= -6.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,478 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. R. R. Seenivasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,247 |percentage=41.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Karikolraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,760 |percentage=20.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Boopathirajaram |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,600 |percentage=17.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Velayutham |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=9,001 |percentage=7.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manoharan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,195 |percentage=4.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Bose Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,548 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Baluchamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,989 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,487 |percentage=20.64% |change= 0.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,773 |percentage=67.04% |change= 6.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,060 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |swing= -14.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sanjay Ramasamy]] |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=53,217 |percentage=56.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Veerasamy |party=Janata Dal |votes=33,816 |percentage=35.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mookiah |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,192 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. D. Murugah |party=Independent politician |votes=657 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. P. R. Pandiarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=571 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,401 |percentage=20.44% |change= 15.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,911 |percentage=60.99% |change= -11.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,459 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 24.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Chokkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,106 |percentage=32.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. A. Arumugam]] |party=Janata Party |votes=28,548 |percentage=26.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Srinivasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,488 |percentage=24.85% |change=-13.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,599 |percentage=9.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karuppasmay |party=Independent politician |votes=1,317 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Pugazhendhi |party=Independent politician |votes=599 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,558 |percentage=5.21% |change= -2.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,584 |percentage=72.25% |change= -2.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,275 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= -13.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. A. Arumugam]] |party=Janata Party |votes=42,852 |percentage=45.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sundararajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,776 |percentage=37.87% |change=-10.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=14,876 |percentage=15.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=518 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,076 |percentage=7.49% |change= -5.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,472 |percentage=75.13% |change= 7.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,781 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sundararajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,285 |percentage=48.86% |change=+4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Seenivasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,665 |percentage=35.98% |change=+24.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balasubramanian |party=Janata Party |votes=12,504 |percentage=15.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,620 |percentage=12.88% |change= -0.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,454 |percentage=68.07% |change= 7.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,637 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sundararajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,077 |percentage=44.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. A. Arumugam]] |party=Janata Party |votes=22,820 |percentage=30.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Kandaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,331 |percentage=11.21% |change=-38.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Narvaneetha Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,520 |percentage=10.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinniah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,747 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Velu |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=803 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,257 |percentage=13.81% |change= 11.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,298 |percentage=60.43% |change= -15.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,439 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Seenivasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,455 |percentage=49.88% |change=-0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Seenivasaga Naidu |party=Swatantra Party |votes=29,878 |percentage=47.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Arunachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=727 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Seenivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=712 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,577 |percentage=2.50% |change= 0.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,060 |percentage=75.73% |change= -8.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,783 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Seenivasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,421 |percentage=49.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kamaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,136 |percentage=47.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Periakaruppan |party=Independent politician |votes=838 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=579 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,285 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,974 |percentage=84.25% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,606 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Virudhunagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. V. Ramasami]] |party=Independent politician |votes=22,811 |percentage=46.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankarapandia Nadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,307 |percentage=45.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Doraswami Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,076 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangaswami Reddiar |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,684 |percentage=3.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=504 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,878 |percentage=75.97% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,339 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= dead|df= mdy-all}}

{{coord|9|35|N|77|57|E|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)

2026-05-03T19:19:02Z

Gauravdewasi: stub

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{About|the 2017 Colors TV television series|the 2017 Life OK television series|Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta{{!}}Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Chandrakanta — Ek Mayavi Prem Gaatha
| image = Chandrakanta cropped.jpg
| genre = 
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer =
| based_on = {{based on|[[Chandrakanta (novel)|''Chandrakanta'']]|[[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]}}
| director = Ranjan Kumar Singh
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| composer = [[Altamash Faridi]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 94
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 41 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|6|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|6|16}}
}}

'''''Chandrakanta — Ek Mayavi Prem Gaatha''''' ({{Translation|''Moonlight - An Elusive Love Story''}}) is an Indian supernatural fantasy television series which premiered on [[Colors TV]] on 24 June 2017 and ended on 16 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web|author=Priyanka Sharma |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/chandrakanta-comeback-channels-colors-life-ok-watch-videos-4415528/ |title=Chandrakanta is making a comeback on two channels together, watch videos |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2016-12-07 |access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref> Based on the 1888 [[Chandrakanta (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], it tells the story of Princess Chandrakanta. The show is produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and directed by Ranjan Kumar Singh under the [[Balaji Telefilms]] banner.

==Plot==
Princess Chandrakanta Jai Singh is born to Ratnaprabha, a great magician who has the most powerful dagger of Lord Vishnu. Iravati Singh, an evil queen, wants the dagger to rule the world and conquers [[Vijaygarh]]. Ratnaprabha hides the dagger at a temple to protect it so that it could be passed on to Chandrakanta after 21 years.

===21 years later===
Iravati still searches for the dagger. Her stepson Veer plans to conquer Suryagarh kingdom. Chandrakanta, raised by a poor couple gets the dagger but doesn't know its powers.
He reaches Suryagarh, and wants revenge from Chandrakanta. However, they get romantically close and fall in love. But, Iravati succeeds in separating them. Veer unexpectedly stabs the dagger in Chandrakanta. Besides him, Iravati and her allies also brutally stab Chandrakanta, who falls off the cliff.

===1 years later===
Chandrakanta returns as Suryakanta. Veer has forgot their past and is a ruthless warrior under Iravati, who now owns the magical dagger. Veer eventually regains his memory and opposes Iravati. He fights her son Swayam, the beast but is unable to kill him, and finds out that Swayam is immortal blessed by Lord Vishnu. Iravati tries to find Chandrakanta. Veer receives new power of Narsimha, a powerful avatar of Lord Vishnu. Taking the form of great Narsimha, he kills Swayam and puts an end to terror of Hirnasur.

Iravati escapes and later returns. Chandrakanta gives birth to a daughter blessed to kill Iravati, who attacks Veer. She dies when Chandrakanta's daughter touches her. The daughter is named Suryakanta. In the end, Chandrakanta and Veer establish peace and prosperity in Vijaygarh.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Madhurima Tuli]] as Chandrakanta Pratap Singh: Queen of Vijaygarth; Veerendra's wife; Suryakanta's mother.
* [[Vishal Aditya Singh]] as Veerendra Pratap Singh: King of Vijaygarth; Chandrakanta's husband; Suryakanta's father.
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]] as Iravati Singh: Former Queen of Vijaygarth; Swayam's mother.

===Recurring===
* [[Shilpa Saklani]] as Ratnaprabha Singh: Former Queen of Vijaygarth; Jai's wife; Chandrakanta's mother; Suryakanta's grandmother.
* [[Sandeep Rajora]] as Jai Singh: Former King of Vijaygarth; Ratnaprabha's husband; Chandrakanta's father; Suryakanta's grandfather.
* [[Maleeka Ghai]] as Bhadrama: Iravati's former chief advisor; Chandrakanta's chief advisor.
* [[Shaad Randhawa]] as Swayam Singh: Former Prince of Vijaygarth; Iravati's son.
* Shreyas Pandit as Daksh Rajput: Nishi's husband; Aryaan's father.
* Roma Bali as Nishi Rajput: Daksh's wife; Aryaan's mother.
* Lalit Sharma as Aryaan Rajput: Daksh and Nishi's son.
* [[Nikhil Arya]] as Dhruv Dhyani: Prince of Chandangarh, Chandrakanta's friend
* [[Pooja Banerjee]] as Soorya: Chandrakanta's disguise
* [[Punit Talreja]] as Kroor Singh
* [[Surjit Saha]] as Bhuwan
* [[Prerna Wanvari]] as Vishakha "Mayavi": Ratnaprabha's sister; Chandrakanta's maternal aunt
* [[Charvi Saraf]]/[[Renee Dhyani]] as Gehna
* [[Rita Kaul Kotru]] as Aaina: Iravati's former advisor; a spirit residing inside a mythical mirror
* [[Surendra Thakur]] as monster
* [[Shruti Gholap]] as Ruchi Singh: Chandrakanta's foster mother
* [[Nitin Vakharia]] as Koopat Singh: Minister of Sooryagarh
* [[Ajay Arya]] as Tejendra "Tej" Singh: Veer's friend
* [[Nirmal Soni]] as Umang: [[genie|A genie]]; Chandrakanta's friend
* [[Sunaina Shukla]] as Satakshi: Princess of Sooryagarh
* [[Deepak]] as Kancha: Iravati's secret shape-shifting spy
* Purvi Mundada as Champa: Veer's Lover
* [[Surendra Thakur]] as Beast
* [[Ethan Rao]] as Saand Typhoon.
* [[Surendra Pal]] as King Avantimala: Sooryagarh's monarch
* [[Neha Chowdhury]] as Daas
* [[Saman Sadiq Ahmad]] as Sooryagarh's soldier
* [[Shankar Mishra]] as Soorya's father
* [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] as Jia
* [[Kratika Sengar]] as Narrator in Episode 1

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7060662}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]

Appin (company)

2026-05-02T16:36:29Z

Gauravdewasi: Put Up The Details From Scratch

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian cyber espionage company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Appin
| logo = Appin logo.jpeg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Cybersecurity|Computer security]]
| services = {{Unbulleted list|Cybersecurity training|[[Penetration testing]]}}
| founded = {{Start date|2003|12|df=y}}
| founder = [[Rajat Khare]]
| key_people = Anuj Khare (co-director)
| fate = Renamed (Sunkissed Organic Farms, 2017)
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| num_employees = 650<ref name="wsj-appin-2013" />
| num_employees_year = 2013
| subsid = Appin Software Security (later Adaptive Control Security Global Corporate)
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130218224746/http://appintechnology.com/ appintechnology.com] (archived)
}}

'''Appin''' was an Indian [[cyber espionage]] company that provided hacking services to governments, private investigators, and corporate clients. Founded in 2003 by [[Rajat Khare]] and high school friends, Appin began as a technology education startup, offering franchised courses in programming, robotics, and cybersecurity to Indian university students. By 2007, it had launched a digital security consultancy whose work for Indian intelligence and military agencies drew the company into government surveillance operations, and by 2010 it had shifted to mercenary hacking for private-sector clients. It operated a digital platform through which 70 clients commissioned hacks against hundreds of targets worldwide.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin">{{Cite news |last1=Satter |first1=Raphael |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Zeba |last3=Bing |first3=Chris |date=2023-11-16 |title=How an Indian startup hacked the world |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-hackers-appin/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

According to investigative reports by [[Reuters]], Appin was a "hack-for-hire powerhouse that stole secrets from executives, politicians, military officials and wealthy elites around the globe."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> The company is credited with creating the operational model still used by India's cyber-mercenary industry.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation">{{Cite news |last1=Satter |first1=Raphael |last2=Bing |first2=Christopher |date=2022-06-30 |title=How mercenary hackers sway litigation battles |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-hackers-litigation/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref name="bij-inside-the-h4h-industry">{{Cite news |last=Wild |first=Franz |date=2022-05-11 |title=Inside the global hack-for-hire industry |url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2022-11-05/inside-the-global-hack-for-hire-industry |access-date=2023-11-20 |work=Bureau of Investigative Journalism}}</ref><ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry">{{Cite magazine |last=Kirkpatrick|first=David|date=2023-06-01|title=A Confession Exposes India's Secret Hacking Industry|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-crime/a-confession-exposes-indias-secret-hacking-industry|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=2023-11-20}}</ref> Khare, through his U.S. law firm Clare Locke, has denied any involvement in hacking, stating he "has never operated or supported, and certainly did not create, any illegal 'hack for hire' industry" and that under his tenure Appin specialised in training students in cybersecurity, "never in illicit hacking."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> His lawyers have described media reports tying Khare to hacking as "false" or "fundamentally flawed" and have said he left Appin in part because rogue actors were misusing the company's brand.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits" />

Between 2012 and 2016, Appin became the subject of criminal investigations in several countries, though these were eventually closed without charges.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> [[Google]]'s threat intelligence team tracked hackers linked to Appin targeting tens of thousands of email accounts.<ref name="google-2022-17-30">{{Cite web |last=Huntley|first=Shane |date=2022-07-30 |title=Countering hack-for-hire groups |url=https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/countering-hack-for-hire-groups/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Google |language=en}}</ref><ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Following increased scrutiny, Appin scaled back its online presence and was subsequently renamed multiple times, ultimately becoming Sunkissed Organic Farms in 2017, while former employees went on to found other hack-for-hire firms that continue to operate.<ref name="bij-inside-the-h4h-industry" /><ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

Co-founder Rajat Khare, who resides in Switzerland, has been the subject of ongoing legal actions and media investigations. According to a report by [[Reporters Without Borders]], Khare and entities associated with Appin have targeted at least 15 media outlets with lawsuits and legal demands in multiple countries, which RSF described as "an offensive on an unprecedented global scale" to suppress reporting on the company's activities.<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=RSF investigation: the Indian cyber-security giant silencing media outlets worldwide |url=https://rsf.org/en/rsf-investigation-indian-cyber-security-giant-silencing-media-outlets-worldwide |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Reporters Without Borders |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding and government work ===
In December 2003, Rajat Khare, along with high school friends, conceived Appin to offer technology training workshops to university students. By 2005, Rajat Khare had been joined by his brother Anuj Khare, a former motivational speaker, and the company had an office in western [[New Delhi]]. Their franchise offered courses in programming, robotics, and cybersecurity. By 2007, Appin had opened a digital security consultancy helping Indian organisations defend themselves online. This drew the attention of Indian government officials, who were navigating internet-era intelligence challenges and seeking ways to hack into computers and emails.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

Shortly thereafter, Appin established a subsidiary called Appin Software Security, also known as the Appin Security Group, to conduct surveillance activities for the Indian government. Employees signed [[non-disclosure agreement]]s and were assigned to military-controlled facilities, where they worked away from their colleagues in the wider company. Their targets included Pakistan, China, and [[Khalistan movement]] separatists from India's [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="sentinelone-appin">{{Cite report |url=https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/elephant-hunting-inside-an-indian-hack-for-hire-group/ |title=Elephant Hunting: Inside an Indian Hack-For-Hire Group |last=Hegel |first=Tom |date=2023-11-16 |publisher=SentinelLabs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117061038/https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/elephant-hunting-inside-an-indian-hack-for-hire-group/ |archive-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

By 2009, the company's clients had included the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], [[Indian Armed Forces|India's military]], the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry" /> Appin claimed its solutions were used by government intelligence agencies to monitor hostile individuals, marketed software for analysing call metadata, and explored importing Israeli cell phone interception devices. For the fiscal year ending in 2009, the company earned nearly $1 million in revenue and a profit of about $170,000, with projections of a nearly tenfold revenue increase over the following 36 months.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

The company also generated additional revenue by covertly reselling material it had hacked for one Indian agency to another.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> This practice was eventually uncovered, prompting several Indian intelligence agencies to terminate their contracts with Appin. According to Reuters, following the loss of government contracts, Appin shifted its focus to private sector clients.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

=== Private sector operations ===
According to a 2023 ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' report citing Geneva investigator Jonas Rey, Khare approached private intelligence firms across Europe around 2010 offering hacking services, and an Appin presentation from that period advertised the company's hacking capabilities.<ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry" /><ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Khare's lawyers at Clare Locke have said he had never seen the 2010 presentation and that "the document is a forgery or was doctored."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Around 2011, Appin began operating a digital dashboard dubbed "My Commando" for spy services, resembling an e-commerce platform with a menu of hacking options. Customers logged in to request Appin to hack emails, computers, or phones, monitor the operation's progress, and later download the stolen data.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="sentinelone-appin" /> Seventy global clients hired Appin to hack hundreds of targets through "My Commando."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry" />

Among the system's early users were Israeli private detectives Aviram Halevi and Tamir Mor, who accessed it in 2011. That year, Mor ordered hacks on more than 40 targets, including Malaysian politician [[Mohamed Azmin Ali]], Russian oligarch [[Boris Berezovsky (businessman)|Boris Berezovsky]], and members of Berezovsky's legal team.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Around the same time, another user hired Appin to hack 30 targets, including a Rwandan [[dissident]] and the wife of another wealthy Russian going through a divorce.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

The targets also included Kristi Rogers—the wife of Representative [[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]], who was the Chairman of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|U.S. House Intelligence Committee]] at the time.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry" />

Other individuals, such as a landscape architect in [[New Jersey]] and a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribal member, were also targeted using the system.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Appin also targeted a human rights activist associated with the [[Oslo Freedom Forum]], along with governmental and private organisations.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="bij-inside-the-h4h-industry" /><ref name="sentinelone-appin" />

In January 2012, a series of targeted emails containing malicious attachments were sent to Peter Hargitay, a Zurich-based [[FIFA]] insider and former adviser to FIFA President [[Sepp Blatter]], who had been consulting for Australia's [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] bid.<ref name="srf-project-merciless">{{Cite web |last1=Eiholzer|first1=Leo |last2=Schmid|first2=Andreas |date=2022-11-02 |title='Project Merciless': how Qatar spied on the world of football in Switzerland |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/project-merciless-how-qatar-spied-on-the-world-of-football-in-switzerland/48022952 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Swiss investigative program Rundschau (swissinfo.ch) |language=en}}</ref><ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Hargitay and his son Stevie detected the intrusion, and an expert they hired traced the attack to a server near Zurich airport whose billing records listed Khare as the client.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> The Hargitays filed a criminal complaint with Swiss authorities.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="srf-project-merciless" />

According to a 2022 investigation by [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF Investigativ]], the attack was part of an extensive espionage campaign in which Qatar sought to protect its 2022 World Cup hosting rights by hacking the emails and phones of FIFA officials and critics of its bid, and running smear campaigns to influence FIFA policy.<ref name="srf-project-merciless" /><ref name="bij-qatar-hacked-world-cup">{{Cite news |last1=Wild |first1=Franz |last2=Siddons |first2=Ed |last3=Lock |first3=Simon |last4=Calvert |first4=Jonathan |last5=Arbuthnott |first5=George |date=2022-11-05 |title=How Qatar hacked the World Cup |url=https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2022-11-05/how-qatar-hacked-the-world-cup/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=Bureau of Investigative Journalism}}</ref> Qatar had hired Global Risk Advisors, a firm founded by former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operative [[Kevin Chalker]], which frequently used subcontractors; the Hargitay hack was subsequently traced to Appin.<ref name="srf-project-merciless" /><ref name="ap-qatar-spy-on-fifa">{{Cite news |last=Suderman |first=Alan |date=2021-11-23 |title=World Cup host Qatar used ex-CIA officer to spy on FIFA |url=https://apnews.com/article/soccer-sports-business-united-states-middle-east-754753c3f425650eedfef6c264bf669c |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name="intonline-rajat-khare-helping-qatar">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=Former Indian cyber privateer Rajat Khare is helping Qatar keep the football World Cup safe |url=https://www.intelligenceonline.com/surveillance--interception/2022/10/20/former-indian-cyber-privateer-rajat-khare-is-helping-qatar-keep-the-football-world-cup-safe,109836892-eve |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Intelligence Online |language=en}}</ref> The broader campaign, dubbed "Project Merciless," spanned five continents over several years.<ref name="srf-project-merciless" /><ref name="ap-qatar-spy-on-fifa" /> Hack-for-hire companies founded by Appin alumni were also later implicated in the campaign.<ref name="bij-qatar-hacked-world-cup" />

Also in 2012, a German private investigator paid Appin $3,000 to hack an email during an inheritance feud involving a wealthy businessman.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" /> In the Dominican Republic, authorities raided a local newspaper publisher in 2012 and formally accused him of collaborating with Khare to hack emails and extract information from the nation's elite for his digital newspaper. The publisher later admitted that in 2011, he paid Appin between $5,000 and $10,000 a month to spy on over 200 prominent [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominicans]] including [[Leonel Fernández]], then president of the Dominican Republic.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

=== Investigations and attribution ===
In 2012, after analysing a hack and leak targeting a Native American tribal member, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] linked multiple cases to a single perpetrator. Collaborating with Swiss authorities, the FBI identified the perpetrator as Appin and shared that they had human intelligence through a confidential source.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

In early 2013, Norwegian telecommunications company [[Telenor]] discovered that hackers had stolen as many as 66,000 emails from its chief executive, two personal assistants, and a senior lawyer in what the company described as [[industrial espionage]]; Norwegian police traced the attack to [[IP address]]es in New Delhi.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Appin's operations began attracting attention worldwide.<ref name="srf-project-merciless" /> By 2013, they had become well known among security researchers. Researchers referred to the group using various monikers, including Operation Hangover by [[Shadowserver Foundation]] and Norman Shark,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fagerland |first=Snorre |date=2013-05-20 |title=The Hangover Report |url=http://blogs.norman.com/2013/security-research/the-hangover-report |access-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026100344/http://blogs.norman.com/2013/security-research/the-hangover-report |archive-date=2013-10-26 |website=Norman ASA |language=en}}</ref><ref name="norman-op-hangover">{{Cite web |last1=Fagerland |first1=Snorre |last2=Kråkvik |first2=Morten |last3=Camp |first3=Jonathan |date=2013 |title=Operation Hangover: Unveiling an Indian Cyberattack Infrastructure |url=http://enterprise.norman.com/resources/files/Unveiling_an_Indian_Cyberattack_Infrastructure.pdf |access-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144153/http://enterprise.norman.com/resources/files/Unveiling_an_Indian_Cyberattack_Infrastructure.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-12 |website=Norman ASA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Hangover: Unveiling an Indian Cyberattack Infrastructure |url=https://paper.seebug.org/papers/APT/APT_CyberCriminal_Campagin/2013/Unveiling%20an%20Indian%20Cyberattack%20Infrastructure%20-%20appendixes.pdf |access-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121033948/https://paper.seebug.org/papers/APT/APT_CyberCriminal_Campagin/2013/Unveiling%20an%20Indian%20Cyberattack%20Infrastructure%20-%20appendixes.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-21 |website=Seebug, part of 360 Netlab |language=en}}</ref> Monsoon by [[Forcepoint]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Settle |first1=Andy |last2=Griffin |first2=Nicholas |last3=Toro |first3=Abel |title=Monsoon – Analysis of an Apt Campaign Espionage and Data Loss Under the Cover of Current Affairs |url=https://www.forcepoint.com/sites/default/files/resources/files/forcepoint-security-labs-monsoon-analysis-report.pdf |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Forcepoint |language=en}}</ref> and Viceroy Tiger by [[CrowdStrike]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Santos|first1=Doel |last2=Hinchliffe|first2=Alex |date=2020-07-03 |title=Threat Assessment: Hangover Threat Group |url=https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-assessment-hangover-threat-group/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Palo Alto Networks |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hinchliffe|first1=Alex |last2=Falcone|first2=Robert |date=2020-05-11 |title=Updated BackConfig Malware Targeting Government and Military Organizations in South Asia |url=https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/updated-backconfig-malware-targeting-government-and-military-organizations/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Palo Alto Networks |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eset-targeted-attacks">{{Cite web |last=Boutin|first=Jean-Ian |date=2013-05-16 |title=Targeted information stealing attacks in South Asia use email, signed binaries |url=https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/05/16/targeted-threat-pakistan-india/ |access-date=2025-01-03|website=WeLiveSecurity |language=en}}</ref> These reports documented campaigns in which targeted emails containing malicious attachments with exploit-laden documents were used to deploy custom malware (keyloggers, document uploaders, and credential-harvesting tools) across more than 600 command-and-control domains, using only previously known exploits rather than [[zero-day (computing)|zero-days]].<ref name="norman-op-hangover" /><ref name="eset-targeted-attacks" />

In 2023, [[SentinelOne]]'s analysis of internal Appin records concluded that the company owned and controlled the attack infrastructure and had developed malware in-house, including a keylogger deployed against Pakistani government targets in 2009. Appin also procured exploits from freelancers and commercial vendors.<ref name="sentinelone-appin" />

From 2013 onward, Google spent a decade monitoring hackers linked to Appin who targeted tens of thousands of email accounts on its platform.<ref name="google-2022-17-30" /><ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Due to the unusually high volume of activity by the hackers, Google expanded its systems and procedures to keep up with them.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Security researchers avoided publicly naming Appin due to legal concerns, though they privately confirmed the link to Reuters.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> In 2013, an Appin representative told the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' that the company "denies it had any role in any of the attacks" and said that someone, possibly a former employee, had been using its name.<ref name="wsj-appin-2013">{{Cite news |last=Valentino-DeVries |first=Jennifer |date=2013-05-20 |title=Cyberespionage Campaign Traced to India |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323463704578493111583384420 |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en}}</ref> The representative separately called the Norman Shark report "a marketing gimmick" and said Appin was "in no manner connected or involved with the activities" described in it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Kelly Jackson |date=2013-05-20 |title='Commercialized' Cyberespionage Attacks Out Of India Targeting U.S., Pakistan, China, And Others |url=https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/-commercialized-cyberespionage-attacks-out-of-india-targeting-u-s-pakistan-china-and-others |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Dark Reading}}</ref>

Since 2012, Appin and its co-founder Rajat Khare have been the subject of criminal investigations in multiple countries. Swiss authorities linked Appin and Khare to a criminal complaint filed by the Hargitays for intrusion into their systems, while Norwegian investigators connected Appin to the Telenor hack. These multinational investigations were carried out over several years but were eventually closed without charges being filed.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="srf-project-merciless" />

In 2016, the woman who had hired a private detective to access the email of her fellow Native American tribal member pleaded guilty in federal court. Later, in mid-2020, that detective confessed in an affidavit that he had hired Appin to carry out the email heist. Similarly, Aviram Halevi, who hired Appin to target at least three dozen people in 2011,<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> admitted to employing them to steal emails from a Korean businessman.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" /> In 2021, the [[State Bank of India]] filed a criminal complaint with the Central Bureau of Investigation, Appin's former client, accusing Khare and others of embezzling ₹8.06 billion ($97 million) from loans to [[Educomp Solutions|Educomp]], where Khare was a director. Khare's lawyers said he had been "cleared" by Educomp's management but did not provide evidence; as of November 2023, Reuters could not determine the status of the case.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

== Legal campaign against media ==
Appin and co-founder Rajat Khare have filed lawsuits and sent legal demands to news organisations in multiple countries, including France, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and India, seeking removal of references in articles to the company and Khare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Mathew |title=A leak-hosting site looks to thaw the chill of censorship |url=https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/qa_emma_best_ddosecrets.php |date=2024-01-18 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits" /><ref name="freedompress-global-censorship-campaign" >{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Global censorship campaign raises alarms |url=https://freedom.press/news/global-censorship-campaign-raises-alarms/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Freedom of the Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" /> Khare's lawyers at Clare Locke have said the underlying allegations are "categorically false" and "have been rejected by courts and regulatory bodies and debunked by experts," and that Khare's career has been dedicated to "cyber-defense and the prevention of illicit hacking."<ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits" />

In November 2022, a lower court in Geneva ordered SRF Investigativ to provisionally remove Khare's name and photo from its investigative report on the Project Merciless espionage operation. When contacted by RSF, Khare's Swiss lawyer, Nicolas Capt, stated that Khare has taken "legitimate legal action — civil and criminal — to protect his honour, which has been damaged by false accusations."<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" />

In June 2023, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' published an investigation on India's hacking-for-hire industry, detailing the operations of firms founded by Appin alumni, such as BellTroX Infotech Services and CyberRoot Risk Advisory. The Association of Appin Training Centers (AOATC) first sued the U.S. magazine in India, and later, Khare filed a lawsuit against it in Switzerland. A spokesperson for ''The New Yorker'' told RSF that the magazine "fully stands behind the piece, which is an accurate and fair account on a matter of legitimate public interest" and would "continue to defend the right to publish important reporting without fear or favor."<ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry" /><ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" />

On 16 November 2023, Reuters published an article about the company and its co-founder Khare titled, "How an Indian Startup Hacked the World." The investigation found that Appin "grew from an educational startup to a hack-for-hire powerhouse that stole secrets from executives, politicians, military officials and wealthy elites around the globe." The report was based on Appin's activities for nearly two decades, including company records, law enforcement files, and input from former employees, clients, and security professionals. The raw material spanning 2005 to 2023 was authenticated by Reuters and further verified by U.S. cybersecurity firm SentinelOne.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" />

The AOATC sued Reuters, claiming the news agency had engaged in a "defamatory campaign"<ref>{{Cite news |last= Omar |first= Rashid |date=2023-12-07 |title=Forced to Pull Story on Indian Firm's Alleged Global Hacking Operation, Reuters to Fight Court Order |url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-court-reuters-takes-down-story-indian-firm-hacking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208133113/https://thewire.in/law/delhi-court-reuters-takes-down-story-indian-firm-hacking |archive-date=2023-12-08 |work=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref name="404-reuters-takes-down-h4h-inv">{{Cite web |title=The Hack-for-Hire Industry: Death by a Thousand Cuts + When Theft Doesn't Work... Troll |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-hack-for-hire-industry-death-by-a-thousand-cuts-when-theft-doesn't-work-troll |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Lawfare |date=2023-11-24 |language=en |last1=Uren |first1=Tom }}</ref> and accusing the agency of "defamation, mental harassment, stalking, sexual misconduct and trauma" based on what the complaint characterised as unsolicited messages Reuters reporters sent to Appin Training Centers' employees and students.<ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits" /> It obtained an injunction from a Delhi court and, on 4 December 2023, Reuters temporarily removed its article. Reuters said that it stood by its reporting.<ref>{{Cite news |last= Masnick|first= Mike|date=2023-12-07|title= Indian Court Orders Reuters To Take Down Investigative Report Regarding A 'Hack-For-Hire' Company|url=https://www.techdirt.com/2023/12/07/indian-court-orders-reuters-to-take-down-investigative-report-regarding-a-hack-for-hire-company/|work=Techdirt}}</ref><ref name="404-reuters-takes-down-h4h-inv"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=2023-12-06 |title=Reuters Takes Down Blockbuster Hacker-for-Hire Investigation After Indian Court Order |url=https://www.404media.co/reuters-takes-down-blockbuster-hacker-for-hire-investigation-after-indian-court-order/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=404 Media |language=en}}</ref>

An archived version of the Reuters article hosted on the [[Wayback Machine]] was likewise removed following demands from lawyers representing Khare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaffer |first=Michael |date=2024-01-19 |title=How a Judge in India Prevented Americans From Seeing a Blockbuster Report |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/01/19/india-judge-reuters-story-00136339 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> Lawyers for the AOATC further sent demands to [[Meta Platforms]], [[LinkedIn]] and [[Naukri.com]] to block accounts associated with the authors of the Reuters story.<ref name="freedompress-global-censorship-campaign" />

On the same day as the Delhi court injunction, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs revoked the [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] (OCI) card of Raphael Satter, one of the Reuters journalists who reported the story, stating he had been "practising journalism without proper permission" and "maliciously creating adverse and biased opinion against Indian institutions in the international arena".<ref name="thewire-satter-oci">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-15 |title=OCI Card Cancelled After Report on Indian Firm's Mercenary Hacking, Journalist Goes to Court |url=https://thewire.in/world/raphael-satter-oci-card-journalist-appin |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> Satter said he had received threats from individuals associated with Appin during his reporting, one of whom alluded to potential "diplomatic action" unless he abandoned his investigation.<ref name="thewire-satter-oci" />

In February 2024, [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'']] reported that lawyers for Appin and a related entity called the "Association for Appin Training Centers" have filed lawsuits and made legal threats against more than a dozen news organisations. Appin sent emails demanding that news site [[Techdirt]] and the organisation [[MuckRock]], which hosted some of the information Reuters relied on, take down their content. The two sites denied that the injunction was binding on them.<ref name="techdirt-appin-2024">{{Cite web |last=Masnick |first=Mike |date=2024-02-01 |title=Sorry Appin, We're Not Taking Down Our Article About Your Attempts To Silence Reporters |url=https://www.techdirt.com/2024/02/01/sorry-appin-were-not-taking-down-our-article-about-your-attempts-to-silence-reporters/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Techdirt |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits">{{Cite magazine |last= Greenberg|first= Andy|date=2024-02-01|title=A Startup Allegedly Hacked the World. Then Came the Censorship—and Now the Backlash|url=https://www.wired.com/story/appin-training-centers-lawsuits-censorship/ |magazine=Wired |language=en}}</ref><ref name="muckrock">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=The Association of Appin Training Centers is waging a global censorship campaign to stop you from reading these documents |url=https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2024/feb/01/global-censorship-appin-reuters/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=MuckRock |language=en-US}}</ref> Other sites, such as the [[Lawfare (website)|Lawfare]] blog, removed material based on the Reuters article.<ref name="404-reuters-takes-down-h4h-inv" /><ref name="techdirt-appin-2024"/>

The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) responded on behalf of Techdirt and MuckRock, arguing that the Indian court's order is unenforceable in U.S. courts because it conflicts with the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] and [[Section 230]] of the [[Communications Decency Act]], as reinforced by the [[SPEECH Act]]. The EFF also argued that recipients of such orders should carefully evaluate their enforceability.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Cooper |last1=Quintin |first2=Eva |last2=Galperin |date=2024-02-08 |title=EFF Helps News Organizations Push Back Against Legal Bullying from Cyber Mercenary Group |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/02/eff-helps-news-organizations-resist-legal-bullying-cyber-mercenary-group |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits"/><ref name="muckrock"/>

In February 2024, two episodes of the American podcast ''[[Behind the Bastards]]'' about Khare were pulled from podcast platforms after the show received a legal threat; the episodes had avoided using Khare's name in their titles.<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" />

The Reuters article was restored in October 2024, after the Delhi court rescinded its injunction on 3 October 2024, noting "the plaintiff has not been able to show any [[prima facie]] case to make interference in the process of journalism".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/reuters-expos-hack-for-hire-world-is-back-online-after-indian-court-ruling-2024-10-26/ |title=Reuters exposé of hack-for-hire world is back online after Indian court ruling |date=2024-10-26 |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The article is back online at its original location.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

On 21 November 2024, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) reported that works from at least 15 different media outlets had been modified or withdrawn as a result of a [[strategic lawsuit against public participation]] or a legal notice from Khare or Appin Training Centers. RSF also found that numerous posts praising Khare appeared on platforms such as [[Medium (website)|Medium]], authored by accounts with generic names and AI-generated profile photos that commented on one another's content, in what RSF described as an attempt to "flood the Internet" and "drown out the troublesome investigations". Additionally, an Intelligence Online article<ref name="intonline-rajat-khare-helping-qatar" /> was the subject of what RSF described as an "abusive DMCA takedown request".<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=La réputation d'un "roi de la tech" indien au cœur d'un curieux bras de fer |url=https://gothamcity.ch/2022/12/07/piratage-la-reputation-dun-prodige-indien-au-coeur-dun-curieux-bras-de-fer/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Gotham City |language=fr}}</ref>

In March 2025, Satter petitioned the [[Delhi High Court]] to challenge the OCI revocation.<ref name="thewire-satter-oci" /> During a November 2025 hearing, the court criticised the Ministry of Home Affairs for its documentation, with the judge stating that MHA officers had "completely distorted" the paperwork supporting the cancellation.<ref name="newslaundry-satter-oci">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-27 |title=HC raps MHA for 'distorted' paperwork in Reuters journalist's OCI case |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/11/27/hc-raps-mha-for-distorted-paperwork-in-reuters-journalists-oci-case |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== Alumni firms ===
Following Norman Shark's public attribution of the Telenor hack to Appin,<ref name="norman-op-hangover" /> the company faced increasing scrutiny, and the group began scaling back its online presence.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> Around that time, former Appin employees branched out, founding similar hack-for-hire firms.<ref name="bij-inside-the-h4h-industry" /> Khare's lawyers have said he cannot be held responsible for the activities of those alumni firms, comparing such attribution to "holding Harvard University responsible for the terrorist bombings carried out by its former student Ted Kaczynski."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

Two such companies—BellTroX Infotech Services, led by Sumit Gupta, and CyberRoot Risk Advisory<ref name="reuters-exposing-hack-and-leak-industry">{{Cite news |last1=Satter |first1=Raphael |last2=Bing |first2=Christopher |date=2022-06-30 |title=SPECIAL REPORT-His emails were stolen; now he's exposing the hack-and-leak industry |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/special-report-his-emails-were-stolen-now-hes-exposing-the-hack-and-leak-indus-idUSL1N2YG2PB/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>—started collaborating with Appin, sharing staff and computer infrastructure for their hacking operations.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" />

Their activities were identified using a database of over 80,000 phishing emails sent to 13,000 targets from 2013 to 2020.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" /> This database was vetted by six expert groups, with each group independently confirming recognised hacking activity.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" />
Further analysis by [[Mandiant]], LinkedIn, Google,<ref name="google-2022-17-30" /> and court records revealed that the hacking was carried out by three Appin-linked companies with an intermingling of resources among them.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" /> This network of mercenaries charged clients anywhere from a few thousand to over a million dollars,<ref name="reuters-exposing-hack-and-leak-industry" /> while paying workers just $370 per month.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" />

The hackers targeted attorneys and their clients, including companies, advocacy groups, media organisations, and business executives. According to Shane Huntley of Google's threat intelligence team, these attacks had "real potential to undermine the legal process."<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" /> Reuters linked Appin alumnus Sumit Gupta to Aviram Azari, a former Israeli policeman who was sentenced to 80 months in prison for his role in a global hack-for-hire scheme,<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddick |first=James |date=2023-11-17 |title=Israeli private eye gets 80-month sentence for global hack-for-hire scheme |url=https://therecord.media/israeli-aviram-azari-sentenced-hacker-for-hire |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Record |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=India, Israel, United States BellTrox affair scares corporate intelligence world |url=https://www.intelligenceonline.com/corporate-intelligence_corridors-of-power/2020/06/24/belltrox-affair-scares-corporate-intelligence-world,109240236-gra |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Intelligence Online |language=en}}</ref> the [[Dark Basin]] campaign, and the wider network of Indian hack-for-hire operators.<ref name="reuters-usa-hackers-litigation" /><ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry" /> In a 2020 interview with Reuters, Gupta denied wrongdoing, acknowledging that he provided technical support to private detectives but stating he was not personally involved in cyber espionage.<ref name="reuters-exposing-hack-and-leak-industry" /><ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> By 2023, attempts to reach him were unsuccessful.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

=== Rebrandings and aftermath ===
Appin Technology rebranded multiple times before adopting the name Sunkissed Organic Farms in 2017. Its subsidiaries also underwent rebranding. In 2015, Appin Software Security became Adaptive Control Security Global Corporate (ACSG).<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

Later, Rajat Khare resigned as director of the company (by then renamed from Appin Technology) in 2016 and moved to Switzerland, where, according to SRF Investigativ, "he now presents himself as a renowned start-up investor."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="srf-project-merciless" /> Together with his wife Shweta, Khare runs Boundary Holding, a Luxembourg-based venture capital firm.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Faizan |date=2023-09-05 |title=Boundary Holding's top executives buy land in Delhi for Rs 76 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/boundary-holdings-top-executives-buy-land-in-delhi-for-rs-76-crore/articleshow/103368654.cms |access-date=2025-01-10 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> His family controls companies founded under the Appin name, as well as the renamed Indian firms, including ACSG, which describes itself as a "critical infrastructure protection company that caters to government clients."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hacking in the 2010s}}

[[Category:Hacker groups]]
[[Category:Cybercrime in India]]
[[Category:Private intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]
[[Category:Strategic lawsuits against public participation]]
[[Category:2010s in hacking]]
[[Category:Information technology companies of New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of India]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 2003]]

Photo (2006 film)

2026-05-01T11:31:58Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Photo
| image = Photo (film) title card.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Siva Nageswara Rao]]
| writer = Karlapalem Hanmantha Rao (story and dialogue)
| screenplay = Siva Nageswara Rao
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Shutter (2004 film)|''Shutter'']]|[[Banjong Pisanthanakun]] and [[Parkpoom Wongpoom]]}}
| producer = Siva Nageswara Rao
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Nandu (actor)|Anand]]|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]|[[Muktha (actress)|Mukta]]}}
| cinematography = Soman K.G.
| editing = Gautham Raju
| music = Rohit Raj
| studio = Siva Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|9|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Photo''''' is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language [[supernatural horror film]] directed by [[Siva Nageswara Rao]] and starring [[Nandu (actor)|Anand]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] and [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]].<ref name=idlebrain>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-photo.html|title=Muhurat: Photo|date=15 April 2006|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> It marks the film debut of [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]] (credited as Anand) and [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] and the Telugu debut of [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]].<ref name=idlebrain/> ''Photo'' is the first and unofficial remake of the 2004 Thai film ''[[Shutter (2004 film)|Shutter]]'' and was released on 1 September 2006.

== Plot ==
The story begins with a group of friends coming across an old photograph. The photograph seems to have supernatural elements associated with it, causing eerie and unexplained events in their lives. As the friends try to uncover the mystery behind the photograph, they encounter various challenges and frightening occurrences. The movie explores themes of horror and suspense, building tension as the plot progresses.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Nandu (actor)|Anand]] as Siddhartha a.k.a. Siddhu
*[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Bhanu
*[[Muktha (actress)|Mukta]] as Swapna
*[[Jayasudha]] as Swapna's mother
*[[Sanjay Vellanki|Sanjay]] as Giri
*[[Nutan Prasad]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Krishna Bhagawan]]
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao|Kondavalasa]]
*[[Suman Setty]] as Balu
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* Tadivelu
* Master Siva Varma
* Dr. Srinivasa Rao
* Raghava
* Banda Jyothy
* Jayavani
{{colend}}

== Production ==
After [[Siva Nageswara Rao]] liked a story in ''Hasam'' magazine, he asked the writer of the article, Karlapalem Hanumantha Rao, to develop a story for him.<ref name=idlebrain/> Nageswara Rao claimed that the story was based on a true incident that happened in [[Coastal Andhra]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sivanageswararao.html|title=Interview with Siva Nageswara Rao by Jeevi|date=5 July 2006|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=17 June 2022|archive-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115025605/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sivanageswararao.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, independent sources identify the film to be based on 2004 Thai film [[Shutter (2004 film)|''Shutter'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Hye Jean |date=2011 |title=Spectral Bodies and Uncanny Effects: Cosmopolitan Anxieties in Shutter |url=https://cinema.usc.edu/archivedassets/31_1/2_ChungSpread.pdf |website=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]] |quote=It has also been remade in Telugu as Photo (2006) |access-date=2022-06-18 |archive-date=2013-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126074126/http://cinema.usc.edu/archivedassets/31_1/2_ChungSpread.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madlock |first=Joannah |date=2016 |title=Discovering Fear through the Camera: Shutter (2004) |url=http://situations.yonsei.ac.kr/product/data/item/1535539931/detail/c7f6a11ecd.pdf |website=[[Montclair State University]] |quote=In India alone, the movie was remade three times: first in the Telugu language as Photo (2006) |access-date=2022-06-18 |archive-date=2022-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811081855/http://situations.yonsei.ac.kr/product/data/item/1535539931/detail/c7f6a11ecd.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film marks Nageswara Rao debut as a producer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news275.html|title=Ram Gopal Varma shows interest in Photo|date=12 August 2006|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=17 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822125002/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news275.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai-based model [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] made her acting debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/fans-and-celebrities-storm-social-media-to-wish-anjali-on-her-birthday/articleshow/76399021.cms|title=Fans and celebrities storm social media to wish Anjali on her birthday|date=16 June 2020|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 June 2022|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617220957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/fans-and-celebrities-storm-social-media-to-wish-anjali-on-her-birthday/articleshow/76399021.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by Rohit Raj.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Chitikalesina
| extra1 =
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Tham Tham Chestham
| extra2 =
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 4:00
| total_length = 8:42
}}

==Release and reception==
The film released on 1 September 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news275.html|title=Photo, Aganthakudu and X Men 3 this week|date=28 August 2006|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=17 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822125002/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news275.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A special preview show was arranged on 30 August 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/photo-preview.html|title=Photo previewed to students|date=30 August 2006|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=17 June 2022|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617215513/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/photo-preview.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' felt that the film was poorly made. Gopalrao stated that the storyline was novel but the film faltered in screenplay and execution. He appreciated the performances of Anand and Anjali.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=8 September 2006 |title="ఫోటో" సరిగ్గా తీయలేదు |language=te |trans-title='Photo' wasn't shot properly |pages=9,11 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2006/Sep/8-Sep-2006.pdf |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628210342/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2006/Sep/8-Sep-2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3388088}}

{{Siva Nageswara Rao}}
[[Category:Indian remakes of Thai films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:Fiction about photography]]
[[Category:Films about photographers]]
[[Category:Films based on urban legends]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:2000s mystery horror films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]

Zindagi Gulzar Hai

2026-04-30T06:48:11Z

Gauravdewasi: started stub

{{short description|2012-13 Pakistani television series}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Zindagi Gulzar hai title screen.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = 
| alt_name =
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ur|زندگی گلزار ہے}}{{Infobox name module|pt|A vida é bela}}{{Infobox name module|ar|الحياة جميلة}}{{Infobox name module|en-pirate|Hall}}

| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Social problem film|Social]]
}}
| creator =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Zindagi Gulzar Hai''|[[Umera Ahmad]]}}
| inspired_by = 
| developer =
| writer = Umera Ahmad
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Sultana Siddiqui]]
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sanam Saeed]]
* [[Fawad Khan]]
*([[#Cast|''For entire cast see below'']])
}}
| judges = 
| voices = 
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Zindagi Gulzar Hai" by [[Ali Zafar]]
| end_theme = "Zindagi Khaak Na Thi" by [[Hadiqa Kiani]]
| composer =
| country = Pakistan
| language = Urdu
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 26
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Momina Duraid]]
| news_editor = 
| location = 
| cinematography = [[Shahzad Kashmiri]]
| animator =
| editor = 
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 40–45 minutes
| company = [[Moomal Productions]]
| budget =
| network = [[Hum TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|11|30|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2013|05|24|df=y}}
| related = 
}}
'''''Zindagi Gulzar Hai''''' ({{Langx|ur|{{nq|زندگی گلزار ہے}}}}, English: "Life is a rose garden") is a Pakistani television series directed by [[Sultana Siddiqui]], produced by [[Momina Duraid]] under the banner [[Moomal Productions]], which was first broadcast on [[Hum TV]].<ref name="ZGH">{{cite news |title=Sultana Siddiqui returns to direction with Zindagi Gulzaar Hai |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/766687/prime-time-sultana-siddiqui-returns-to-direction-with-zindagi-gulzaar-hai |access-date=9 April 2013 |newspaper=[[dawn.com]] |date=25 November 2012 |archive-date=9 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109013916/http://dawn.com/2012/11/25/prime-time-sultana-siddiqui-returns-to-direction-with-zindagi-gulzaar-hai/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1077646/umera-ahmed-to-launch-platform-for-commercial-writers/ |title=Umera Ahmed to launch platform for commercial writers |date=2 April 2016 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=3 April 2016 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103013028/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1077646/umera-ahmed-to-launch-platform-for-commercial-writers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the novel of the same name by [[Umera Ahmad]], who also wrote the screenplay,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/380269/zindagi-gulzar-hai-has-the-power-to-transform-you/|title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai has the power to transform you|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|date=April 22, 2019|access-date=March 14, 2019|first=Tilyan|last=Aslam|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123030330/https://dailytimes.com.pk/380269/zindagi-gulzar-hai-has-the-power-to-transform-you/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=x>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Nandini |title=Gear Up For Two New Shows On Zindagi |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Gear-Up-For-Two-New-Shows-On-Zindagi/articleshow/38217298.cms |access-date=14 July 2014 |work=businessinsider.in |date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713235724/http://www.businessinsider.in/Gear-Up-For-Two-New-Shows-On-Zindagi/articleshow/38217298.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> it originally aired from 30 November 2012, to 24 May 2013, in Pakistan. The story revolves around two people, opposite in thoughts and financial status, and has a strong female protagonist, contributing to its popularity amongst women.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/15574/zindagi-gulzar-hai-liberating-women-in-different-ways/ |title=Zindagi Gulzar hai: Liberating women in different ways |access-date=24 July 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724213314/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/15574/zindagi-gulzar-hai-liberating-women-in-different-ways/ |work=The Express Tribune|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 July 2016|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/68995/20-pakistani-tv-dramas-that-you-should-watch-if-you-havent/|title=20 Pakistani TV dramas that you should watch if you haven't|work=Daily Times|access-date=22 May 2021|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924011239/https://dailytimes.com.pk/68995/20-pakistani-tv-dramas-that-you-should-watch-if-you-havent/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The series gained immense popularity across the [[Indian subcontinent]], particularly in Pakistan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.somethinghaute.com/haute-gold-zindagi-gulzar-hai-forever/|title=Haute Gold: Zindagi Gulzar Hai forever!|work=Something Huate|access-date=2020-12-22|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024052813/https://www.somethinghaute.com/haute-gold-zindagi-gulzar-hai-forever/|url-status=live}}</ref> India,<ref name="win hearts">{{cite web |author= |title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai: Pakistani drama serials win hearts in India |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1119811 |work=Dawn |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925093901/http://www.dawn.com/news/1119811 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2021-01-25|work=DAWN Images|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1182322|title=Alia Bhatt says Sanam Saeed's Zindagi Gulzar Hai character helped her prep for latest film Kalank|date=9 April 2019 |archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170748/https://images.dawn.com/news/1182322|url-status=live}}</ref> and Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2021-01-25|work=opinion.bdnews24|url=https://opinion.bdnews24.com/2014/08/12/on-pakistani-dramas-and-the-bangladeshi-mind/|title=On Pakistani dramas and the Bangladeshi mind|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130195519/https://opinion.bdnews24.com/2014/08/12/on-pakistani-dramas-and-the-bangladeshi-mind/|url-status=live}}</ref> and topped the charts as the most searched item on Google in Pakistan, as per the end-of-year [[Google Trends]] report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1077922|title=A Year in Pakistan Search: Google's Top Searches of 2013|date=2 January 2014|work=Dawn}}</ref> It was listed by the [[DAWN Images]] among the iconic Pakistani dramas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|access-date=2021-01-26|work=DAWN Images|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1176410|title=10 iconic Pakistani TV dramas you should binge-watch this weekend|date=21 October 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808000607/https://images.dawn.com/news/1176410|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around the lives of Kashaf Murtaza and Zaroon Junaid. Kashaf comes from a lower-middle-class family background and lives with her mother, Rafia, and her two sisters, Sidra and Shehnila. Rafia's husband, Murtaza, had abandoned Rafia because she didn't give birth to a son. Murtaza married another woman, who eventually gave birth to his son, Hammad. The family faces many hardships, leaving Kashaf embittered, insecure, and distrustful of men. Rafia works as the principal of a government school and gives tuition to children in the evening to make ends meet. Her daughters, too, make various sacrifices to live a basic life.

Zaroon Junaid's family consists of his father, Junaid, who is calm and mature. His mother, Ghazala Junaid, is an independent working woman. Zaroon's sister, Sara, has the same views about life as her mother. Leading to clashes with Zaroon and his views on societal standards. Zaroon's circle of close friends consists of Asmara and Osama. He remains unaware that Asmara is in love with him. Their families get them engaged, but they break off the engagement due to irreconcilable lifestyle differences. Meanwhile, his sister's marriage also fails. Zaroon develops some notions about his ideal wife.

Zaroon and Kashaf eventually become acquainted, and dislike each other. Through a series of events, they fall in love, and Kashaf learns not to be so bitter, secretive, and insecure. Zaroon understands not to be impulsive and judgmental. A few months later, Kashaf gives birth to twin girls.

== Cast ==
* [[Sanam Saeed]] as Kashaf Murtaza/ Kashaf Zaroon: Zaroon's wife; Murtaza and Rafiya's; Sidra and Shehnila's sister; Tooba, Tanzeela and Hammad's half sister.
* [[Fawad Khan]] as Zaroon Junaid: Kashaf's husband; Junaid and Ghazala's son; Sara's brother; Asmara's ex fiancé; Osama's friend.
* [[Ayesha Omer]] as Sara Junaid: Junaid and Ghazala's daughter; Zaroon's sister; Farhan's ex wife. Ghufran's wife.
* [[Mehreen Raheel]] as Asmara Tariq: Zaroon's ex fiancée; Osama's friend.
* [[Sheheryar Munawar Siddiqui]] as Osama: Zaroon and Asmara's friend.
* [[Mansha Pasha]] as Sidra Murtaza: Murtaza and Rafiya's daughter; Kashaf and Shehnila's sister; Tooba, Tanzeela and Hammad's half sister.
* [[Sana Sarfaraz]] as Shehnila Murtaza: Murtaza and Rafiya's daughter; Kashaf and Sidra's sister; Tooba, Tanzeela and Hammad's half sister.
* [[Samina Peerzada]] as Rafiya Murtaza: Murtaza's first wife; Kashaf, Sidra and Shehnila's mother.
* [[Waseem Abbas]] as Murtaza: Rafiya's husband; Kashaf, Sidra, Shehnila, Tooba, Tanzeela and Hammad's father.
* [[Javed Shaikh]] as Junaid: Ghazala's husband; Zaroon and Sara's father.
* [[Hina Khawaja Bayat]] as Ghazala Junaid; Junaid's wife, Zaroon and Sara's mother.
* [[Behroze Sabzwari]] as Abrar: Junaid's friend.
* [[Maheen Rizvi]] as Maria Khan: Kashaf's university friend.
* [[Shazia Afgan]] as Nigar Murtaza: Murtaza's second wife; Tooba, Tanzeela and Hammad's mother.
* [[Muhammad Asad (actor)|Muhammad Asad]] as Hammad Murtaza: Nigar and Murtaza's son; Kashaf, Sidra and Shehnila's half brother.
* [[Kanwar Nafees]] as Farhan Zaid: Sara's ex husband.
* [[Khalid Ahmed]] as Wahab: Murtaza's elder brother.

== Soundtrack ==

The ''Zindagi Gulzar Hai'' title song is sung by [[Ali Zafar]] and [[Hadiqa Kiani]], composed by [[Shani Arshad]] with lyrics by Naseer Turabi.<ref name="ZGH" />

== Release ==

=== Broadcast ===
Zindagi Gulzar Hai was originally broadcast on [[Hum TV]] in December 2012.<ref name="Zindagi Gulzar Hai is back on TV">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Zindagi-Gulzar-Hai-is-back-on-TV/articleshow/40121634.cms |title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai is back on TV |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-date=15 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815073452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Zindagi-Gulzar-Hai-is-back-on-TV/articleshow/40121634.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later broadcast on Netflix for a few years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zindgi Gulzar Hai |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80087078?s=a&trkid=13747225&t=cp |website=Netflix |date=December 2015 |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007204222/https://www.netflix.com/title/80087078?s=a&trkid=13747225&t=cp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Production ==
''Zindagi Gulzar Hai'' was author [[Umera Ahmad]]'s first story written for the digest magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 April 2019|title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai has the power to transform you|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/380269/zindagi-gulzar-hai-has-the-power-to-transform-you/|access-date=2023-09-04|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123030330/https://dailytimes.com.pk/380269/zindagi-gulzar-hai-has-the-power-to-transform-you/|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview, she stated that the character of the lead female, Kashaf, in the novel is based on her own character.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2014|title=I give words to people's journeys: Writer Umera Ahmed|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/i-give-words-to-peoples-journeys/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923051339/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/i-give-words-to-peoples-journeys/|url-status=live}}</ref> The story captured the interest of readers, and Ahmad was approached to write a full-length novel by [[Moomal Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title='Zindagi Gulzar Hai' reflective of problems and prejudices young people face: Writer Umera Ahmed|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/zindagi-gulzar-hai-reflective-of-problems-and-prejudices-young-people-face-writer-umera-ahmed-6921957/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923051339/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/zindagi-gulzar-hai-reflective-of-problems-and-prejudices-young-people-face-writer-umera-ahmed-6921957/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the production of the series began with Sultana Siddiqui as the director. It was Siddiqui's return to direction after a hiatus of eleven years.<ref>{{Cite web|language=en-US|website=The Express Tribune|title=Sultana Apa: The return of the director|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/441687/sultana-apa-the-return-of-the-director?|date=24 September 2022|access-date=4 September 2023|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726141212/https://tribune.com.pk/story/441687/sultana-apa-the-return-of-the-director|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Television rating points (TRPs) ===
''Zindagi Gulzar Hai'' started very well, averaging 6.4 TRPs, but after the climax episode, i.e., EP. 7, ratings increased dramatically, averaging and topping the charts each week. Then, after the marriage of the protagonists, ratings started increasing further, and later, ''Zindagi Gulzar Hai'' averaged 6+ TRPs, with 6.6 TRPs as the maximum until then. But, on 3 May 2013, ''Zindagi Gulzar Hai'' achieved 8.7 TRP, as declared by [[Hum TV]]. Many said it would set a new record when its last episode aired. And it did by reaching a point of 9.5. It became one of the highest-rated Pakistani television series of 2013.

=== Critical reception ===
Izzah Khan of ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' praised Sanam Saeed and Samina Peerzada's acting and the portrayal of the middle-class family but criticized the depiction of the elite family as self-righteous and unrealistic, with some scenes and dialogues being overdone and irksome, and the performances of Mehreen Raheel and Ayesha Omar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/15176/zindagi-gulzar-hai-im-not-impressed|title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai: I'm not impressed|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=19 December 2012|author=Izzah Khan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423043955/https://tribune.com.pk/article/15176/zindagi-gulzar-hai-im-not-impressed|archive-date=23 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> While writing for ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', [[Nadeem F. Paracha]] compared it with the blockbuster ''[[Humsafar]]'' and praised the series for the strong female character and the non-judgmental discourse of competing ideas of class, morality, and faith.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/778421/smokers-corner-of-meat-and-matter |title=Smokers' Corner: Of meat and matter |author=[[Nadeem F. Paracha]] |date=January 13, 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn.com]]}}</ref> Sabahat Zakariya of ''[[The Friday Times]]'' critiqued the series for perpetuating submissive female stereotypes, failing to depict the range of experiences of Pakistani women, and projecting a restrictive image of Pakistani womanhood, contrary to the real-life achievements and independence of the women involved in the production of the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/22-Aug-2014/selling-victimhood |title=Selling victimhood |date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518010204/https://thefridaytimes.com/22-Aug-2014/selling-victimhood |author=Sabahat Zakariya |work=[[The Friday Times]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

Samina Peerzada's character of an abandoned wife yet supporting mother was widely praised.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1173700 |title=Mother's Day: 6 memorable moms in Pakistani dramas |date=15 May 2018 |author=Zoya Anwer |work=images.dawn.com}}</ref> In the year-ender list by ''The Express Tribune'', the reviewer described that her performance "stole many hearts with its emotional depth and true-to-life portrayal."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/20351/the-award-for-best-pakistani-drama-of-2013-goes-to?|title=The award for best Pakistani drama of 2013 goes to... |author=Sadaf Haider |date=
December 30, 2013 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> In a 2015 article published by ''[[DAWN Images]]'', the author credits the success of Pakistani television serials of that time to compelling storytelling and relatable characters like Kashaf, who inspire and resonate with audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1174176/what-do-pakistani-tv-audiences-want-to-see-favourite-characters-kashaf-and-wali-give-us-a-hint|title=What do Pakistani TV audiences want to see? Favourite characters Kashaf and Wali give us a hint|date=November 6, 2015|access-date=April 19, 2021|website=Dawn Images|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084246/https://images.dawn.com/news/1174176/what-do-pakistani-tv-audiences-want-to-see-favourite-characters-kashaf-and-wali-give-us-a-hint|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2020, ''DAWN Images'' listed it among the iconic Pakistani TV series.<ref name=":0" />

While reviewing for ''[[The News International ]]'' in July 2025, Gaitee Ara Siddiqi praised the series its strong female protagonist, the on-screen chemistry between the leads, commends the performances of supporting cast mainly Samina Peerzada, script, dialogues, and direction, and the portrayal of social issues, such as women's treatment and class divides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1329467-nostalgic-for-the-right-reasons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720025504/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1329467-nostalgic-for-the-right-reasons |title=Nostalgic for the right reasons |author=Gaitee Ara Siddiqi |date=July 20, 2025 |work=The News International (newspaper) |archive-date=July 20, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
| 2013
| [[12th Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Awards]]
| Best Original Soundtrack ''Zindagi Gulzar Hai''
| rowspan="18" {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2021-01-26|publisher=ebuzztoday|url=https://www.ebuzztoday.com/12th-lux-style-awards-2013-winners-list-updated-17918/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=bb69cb7b6820b8d9dfd1037da1161b3fe414ace3-1611630367-0-ARQpPi3_DioFx1b-cqkRcphU7kIFoWwlzxT9fxACD-WLarwjrJbJFt-Yx3jnvkegZT44bltFFJOcD9Sl_sJLjPWAIQD5MWyKgsHde13K5PuzSQ-Cgy2nrJhyJ-oC0ZQyD29RQBlQ_uup9gtRk0vg7gb20No4WbxNXOLnbWEN27ezrScKbzt7X-BEErRUfj_o-AFNBKRjFYWV07PI13ettGtn6-b89vuGGrbixNtgWlX3-kK5Scf2iknMusP8NcQEZxYS8XC5sTfSzruPN4pfcR6Pp4TxSoVYTYAer9zJsS4BusGcwiG8JgWAlr57KofB59rTtbGNmi5eRbe4cY3jArNuTIas_IDHFgqL1R8mJf_knfpw1MwWYjY1tyrxY8cG-w|title=12th LUX Style Awards 2013 Winner's List (updated)|work=Pakistan News & Entertainment News by EbuzzToday |date=4 July 2013 |archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131034302/https://www.ebuzztoday.com/12th-lux-style-awards-2013-winners-list-updated-17918/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=bb69cb7b6820b8d9dfd1037da1161b3fe414ace3-1611630367-0-ARQpPi3_DioFx1b-cqkRcphU7kIFoWwlzxT9fxACD-WLarwjrJbJFt-Yx3jnvkegZT44bltFFJOcD9Sl_sJLjPWAIQD5MWyKgsHde13K5PuzSQ-Cgy2nrJhyJ-oC0ZQyD29RQBlQ_uup9gtRk0vg7gb20No4WbxNXOLnbWEN27ezrScKbzt7X-BEErRUfj_o-AFNBKRjFYWV07PI13ettGtn6-b89vuGGrbixNtgWlX3-kK5Scf2iknMusP8NcQEZxYS8XC5sTfSzruPN4pfcR6Pp4TxSoVYTYAer9zJsS4BusGcwiG8JgWAlr57KofB59rTtbGNmi5eRbe4cY3jArNuTIas_IDHFgqL1R8mJf_knfpw1MwWYjY1tyrxY8cG-w|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2014
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Pakistan Media Awards]]
| Best Drama of the year 2013 ''Zindagi Gulzar Hai''
|rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2021-01-26|publisher=Events in Karachi|url=https://www.eventsinkarachi.com/pakistans-4th-media-award-winner-list/|title=Pakistan's 4th Media Award Winner List|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202171740/https://www.eventsinkarachi.com/pakistans-4th-media-award-winner-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director to [[Sultana Siddiqui]]
|-
| Best Writer to [[Umera Ahmad]]
|-
|rowspan="12" |2014
|rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;" |[[Hum Awards]]
| Best Director Drama Serial to [[Momina Duraid]]
|rowspan="12" | <ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2021-01-26|publisher=ww.web.pk|url=https://ww.web.pk/2013/first-hum-tv-awards-red-carpet-winners-list/|title=First Hum TV Awards Red Carpet : Winners List|date=17 March 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203021027/https://ww.web.pk/2013/first-hum-tv-awards-red-carpet-winners-list/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Drama Serial to [[Sultana Siddiqui]]
|-
| Best Supporting Actress to [[Samina Peerzada]]
|-
| Best Writer Drama Serial to [[Umera Ahmad]]
|-
| Best Onscreen Couple to [[Fawad Khan]] and [[Sanam Saeed]]
|-
| Best Drama Serial Viewers Choice to [[Momina Duraid]]
|-
| Best Onscreen Couple Viewers Choice to [[Fawad Khan]] and [[Sanam Saeed]]
|-
| Best Actor Viewers Choice to [[Fawad Khan]]
|-
| Best Actress Viewers Choice to [[Sanam Saeed]]
|-
| [[Best Actor]] to [[Fawad Khan]]
|-
| Best Actress to [[Sanam Saeed]]
|-
| Best Supporting Actor to [[Waseem Abbas]]
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2014
|rowspan="4" |{{center|[[13th Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Awards]]}}
| Best Television Actor – Satellite to [[Fawad Khan]]
|rowspan="4" | <ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2021-01-26|publisher=[[Dawn News]]|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1148779|title=13th Lux Style awards: And the winners are...|date=4 December 2014 |archive-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728180054/http://www.dawn.com/news/1148779|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Television Actress – Satellite to [[Sanam Saeed]]
|-
| Best Television Writer to [[Umera Ahmad]]
| rowspan="2" {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Television Director to [[Sultana Siddiqui]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt2828240}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrkuogQOKuQ&list=PLbVdwtmx18st6T0etQZFfmCkD38xE6zxz Zindagi Gulzar Hai - Full playlist] at [[Hum TV]] Official [[YouTube]] Channel (with subtitles enabled through closed captions and settings on a desktop computer)

{{Umera Ahmad}}
{{Hum TV Programs |state=collapsed}}
{{Hum Award Best Drama Serial}}
{{Hum Award Best Drama Serial Viewers Choice}}
{{Programmes broadcast by Zindagi}}

[[Category:Urdu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hum TV original programming]]
[[Category:Pakistani romantic drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series by MD Productions]]
[[Category:MD Productions]]

Vishvavasu

2026-04-27T18:17:42Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Short description|Celestial being in Hindu mythology}}
[[File:Sculpture of a gandharva.jpg|thumb|An 11th century sculpture of a Gandharva from [[Karnataka]], India. Vishvavasu is the most prominent of his class.]]
'''Vishvavasu''' ({{langx|sa|विश्वावसु|Viśvāvasu|possessing all goods}}, also rendered as '''Vishwavasu''' and '''Visvavasu'''), is the most revered [[gandharva]] (a class of celestial beings) in [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]] and [[Hindu mythology|mythology]]. The term is originally the epithet of the sole Gandharva mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (c. 1500—1200 BCE), where he is a minor deity, regarded as the possessive guardian of unmarried women and [[soma (drink)|soma]] (a ritual drink). He is also considered as a jealous rival of newlywed husbands. In later Vedic texts (the other [[Vedas]] and [[Brahmanas]]), he is described as either stealing Soma from the gods or being its original possessor.

In the post-Vedic literature such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and [[Puranas]], Vishvavasu is regarded as the king of the gandharvas, who by then were firmly established as a class of celestial musicians, leading them at various celestial events. He is noted for his exceptional skills in singing and playing the [[veena]] (lute or harp), and is frequently portrayed giving performances in the courts of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods). He also possesses Chakshushi, a divine sight by which one could see any thing at any place at any time. Vishvavasu is the father of another prominent gandharva, namely [[Chitrasena (gandharva)|Chitrasena]], and the nymph Pramadvara.

==Development==
In the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (c. 1500 BCE—1200 BCE), the term ''viśvāvasu'', which means 'possessing all goods', is primarily used alongside the word '[[Gandharva]]' (9.86; 10.139) and is also employed alone in one hymn to designate the Gandharva directly (10.85). A number of scholars consider the term rather as an epithet for the celestial being,{{sfn|Macdonell|1897|page=136}}{{sfn|Nijenhuis|1970|p=64}} while some regard it as his name.{{Sfn|Ghurye|1979|p=258}} In the earliest layers of the ''Rigveda'' (c. 1500 BCE), the Gandharva is primarily a singular celestial entity. Out of twenty occurrences in the text, only three refer to the Gandharvas in the plural, suggesting a gradual development from a distinct individual being into a broader class of deities. This transition is finalised by the time of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (c. 1200–900 BCE), where they are established as a category of 6,333 beings, and Vishvavasu being the proper name of one of the gandharva chiefs.{{sfn|Macdonell|1897|page=136}}

== In Vedic texts ==
Vishvavasu is the most revered Gandharva in the Vedic texts and invoked multiple times across various texts. In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the sole Gandharva, who is also called Vishvavasu, is associated with the high regions of the air or sky, celestial light, the sun, rainbow, moon, a lunar mansion, and the [[Ap (water)|waters]], and mentioned as a measurer of space and water.{{sfn|Macdonell|1897|page=136}}{{sfn|Nijenhuis|1970|p=64-65}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-27 |title=Rig Veda 10.139.4 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc840161.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> He is described as being "wind-haired" and possessing good weapons and fragrant garments, as well as being the lover of [[Apsaras]] (female celestial being of waters and clouds).{{sfn|Macdonell|1897|page=136-7}} In one hymn (RV 10.139.5), he is invoked by priest for protection of their sacrifices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |title=Rig Veda 10.139.5 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc840162.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241215002312/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc840162.html |archive-date=2024-12-15 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In the context of the marriage hymn in the ''Rigveda'' (RV 10.85.21-22), Vishvavasu (directly used to denote the sole Gandharva here) is viewed as a mystical rival to the groom in the first days of wedlock and the priest explicitly commands the Gandharva Vishvavasu to leave the bride. He is urged to relinquish the girl to her human husband and find another maiden.{{sfn|Macdonell|1897|page=136}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-27 |title=Rig Veda 10.85.21 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc839482.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Upadhyaya|1974|94}} It is also attested (RV 10.85.40) that the Gandharva also acts as a temporary possessor or "husband" of the bride, along with the deities [[Chandra|Soma]] and [[Agni]], before she is handed over to her human husband.{{sfn|Macdonell|1897|page=137}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-27 |title=Rig Veda 10.85.40 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc839501.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The commentator [[Sayana]] explains that while Soma protects all girls during ther childhood, Vishvavasu is said to possess them from the advent of their youth (after they develop attraction for the opposite sex) and transfer them to Agni from whom the bridegrooms obtain.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c9biH5CsI-IC&pg=PA1145&dq=vishvavasu+gandharva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1qa3L5_yTAxW2TWwGHcBuL4MQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=vishvavasu%20gandharva&f=false |title=East & West: A Monthly Review |date=1910 |publisher=Caxton Printing Works. |language=en}}</ref>

The sole Gandharva of the ''Rigveda'' is most importantly associated with the intoxicating ritual drink [[Soma (drink)|Soma]]. He is also described as the guardian of the "place of Soma" who protects the races of the gods (RV 9.83). He is depicted standing on the vault of heaven, observing all the forms of Soma (RV 9.85), and cherishing it along with [[Parjanya]] and the daughter of the sun (RV 9.113). He is also portrayed as possessive of the drink and hostile whom the god [[Indra]] must overcome or pierce in the regions of air (RV 8.1, 8.66). Later Vedic texts expand on this: the ''[[Taittiriya Samhita]]'' (TS 1.2.9) beseeches Soma to elude the gandharva Vishvavasu in the form of an eagle. According to the ''[[Aitareya Brahmana]]'' (AB 1.27), ''Taittiriya Samhita'' (TS 6.1.6⁵), and ''Maitrayani Samhita'' (MS 3.7⁴), Soma dwelt among the gandharvas or was stolen by the gandharva Vishvavasu. The gods ultimately obtained Soma from the gandharvas—who were fond of females—by exchanging the goddess [[Vāc]] (Speech).{{sfn|Macdonell|1897|page=136}}{{sfn|Nijenhuis|1970|p=64-65}}

== In Epic and Puranic texts ==
By the time of epic literature, consisting of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]'', gandharvas were firmly established as a class of celestial musicians of the heavens. Vishvavasu in these texts is allotted the title ''Gandharvarāja'' (King of the Gandharvas) and is regarded as their most venerable figure.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=153-4}}{{sfn|Nijenhuis|1970|p=67}} He is frequently mentioned alongside other foremost gandharvas, namely [[Chitrasena (gandharva)|Chitrasena]], [[Tumburu]], and [[Narada]], all of whom are described being skilled not only in music, but also dance.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=154}}

Vishvavasu is described being a ''Devagandharva'' ('divine gandharva'), performing at the abodes of the devas, especially [[Indra]] and [[Kubera]], and singing their praises. Vishvavasu is a master of the seven-stringed [[Veena]] (lute/harp). The ''Mahabharata'' describes his playing as so "delicate" and evocative that during the sacrifice of King [[Dilipa (mythology)|Dilipa]], each of the thousands of attendees believed he was playing for them alone. He is often depicted performing at the centre of a massive troupe consisting of "seven times six thousand" (42,000) dancing Gandharvas. Vishvavasu is mentioned at various other events, including performing during the birth of the hero [[Arjuna]] and reciting a religious [[Shloka|''shloka'']] at a sacrifice performed by sage [[Jamadagni]]. Vishvavasu also preaches a sermon on the religious duties of a husband and the ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' also attests Vishvavasu asking hermit [[Yajnavalkya]] twenty-four questions.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=154}}{{sfn|Nijenhuis|1970|p=67}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|pp=|p=877}} The ''[[Adi Parva]]'' also mentions that Vishvavasu gained ''Cākṣuṣīvidyā ''(the art of seeing all) from the moon god, [[Soma (deity)|Soma]], and taught it to his disciple, the gandharva [[Chitraratha]].{{sfn|Mani|1975|pp=|p=877}}

Vishvavasu is provided with detailed family relations in the epics. The ''Mahabharata'' describes him as a son of the divine progenitor [[Kashyapa]] and his wife Pradha;<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2010-10-09 |title=Section LXV [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc4028.html |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> elsewhere, he is mentioned as the son of Muni and Bharanya (whom the scholar [[Edward John Hopkins|E. Hopkins]] deduced as being another Gandharva).{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=154}} Chitrasena is described as his son in the epic, who becomes a good friend to Arjuna; Vishvavasu himself is depicted as an "elder" friend to the hero. The ''Mahabharata'' also mentions Vishvavasu courting the celestial nymph [[Menaka]] and fathering a daughter, Pramadvara, whom Menaka abandons soon after birth.{{sfn|Nijenhuis|1970|p=67}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=154}} According to the ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'' of the ''Ramayana'', Vishvavasu fathers another daughter, Kumbhinasi, with Anala, who is the daughter of a [[Rakshasa]] [[Malyavan]]. Kumbhinasi is abducted by the Rakshasa Madhu as his wife. The epic further details a narrative in which Vishvavasu, under a temporary curse from a sage, assumes the form of the Rakshasa [[Kabandha]], remaining in that state until his liberation by the deity [[Rama]].{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|pp=440}}

Various Puranic scriptures—such as the ''[[Harivaṃśa|Harivamsha]]'', ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', and ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana|Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]''—elaborate on how Vishvavasu led the gandharvas to reclaim the foremost apsara [[Urvashi]]. After she married the mortal king [[Pururavas|Pururava]], the gandharvas sought to bring her back to heaven by sabotaging the specific conditions of their marriage.{{sfn|Mani|1975|pp=440}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziegenbalg |first=Bartholomaeus |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Genealogy_of_the_South_Indian_Gods/EXsOAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=urvasi+visvavasu&pg=RA1-PA189&printsec=frontcover |title=Genealogy of the South-Indian Gods: A Manual of the Mythology and Religion of the People of Southern India, Including a Description of Popular Hinduism |last2=Germann |first2=Wilhelm |date=1869 |publisher=Higginbotham |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_History_of_Puranas/vCxAAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=vishvavasu+named+gandharva&dq=vishvavasu+named+gandharva&printsec=frontcover |title=The History of Puranas |date=2005 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8090-062-4 |language=en}}</ref> The ''Harivamsha'' features another narrative in which Vishvavasu pacifies King Janamejaya. The King, suspecting his wife of adultery with Indra, demands her removal; however, Vishvavasu intervenes by explaining that the individual he suspected was actually the nymph [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]] in disguise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brodbeck |first=Simon |date=2021 |title=What Difference Does the Harivaṃśa Make to the Mahābhārata? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0073 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=141 |issue=1 |pages=73–92 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0073 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref> In the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', an allegory describes different orders of celestial beings extracting 'milk' from the Earth ([[Bhumi (goddess)|Prithvi]]), who is personified as a cow. Representing the Apsaras and Gandharvas, Vishvavasu acts as the calf for their group, allowing them to successfully draw forth the essences of music and dance in a lotus cup.{{sfn|Mani|1975|pp=440}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Bhagavata_Purana_1/sLh9DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vishvavasu+calf&pg=PT311&printsec=frontcover |title=The Bhagavata Purana 1 |date=2019-01-05 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-378-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|25em}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{Cite book |last=Macdonell |first=Arthur Anthony |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Vedic_Mythology/8QWU3k7yBnAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&pg=PA137&printsec=frontcover |title=Vedic Mythology |date=1897 |publisher=K.J. Trübner |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=E. Washburn |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Epic_Mythology/4nDiDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&pg=PA154&printsec=frontcover |title=Epic Mythology |date=1984-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0560-1 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nijenhuis |first=Emmie te |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dattilam/WecUAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&pg=PA67&printsec=frontcover |title=Dattilam: A Compendium of Ancient Indian Music |date=1970 |publisher=Brill Archive |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Puranic_Encyclopedia/mvXsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&pg=PA361&printsec=frontcover |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Upadhyaya |first=Bhagwat Saran |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Women_in_R%CC%A5gveda/n0IqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&dq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&printsec=frontcover |title=Women in R̥gveda |date=1974 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Vedic_India/zO9tAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=visvavasu+gandharva&dq=visvavasu+gandharva&printsec=frontcover |title=Vedic India |date=1979 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-8364-0455-5 |language=en}}
{{Hindu apsaras and gandharvas}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Gandharvas]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]

Ratan Dewasi Desai

2026-04-20T09:48:14Z

Gauravdewasi: added stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2026}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ratan Dewasi Desai
| image =
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|09|25}}
| birth_place = [[Mount Abu]], [[Sirohi District]], [[Rajasthan]]
| height =
| occupation = Politician
| education =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| constituency1 = [[Raniwara Assembly constituency|Raniwara]]
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2013
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Narayan Singh Dewal]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = [[Narayan Singh Dewal]]
| constituency = [[Raniwara Assembly constituency|Raniwara]]
| relatives =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Viraj Desai|1997}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| parents =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ratan Dewasi Desai''' (born 25 September 1975) is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[All India Congress Committee]] and state spokesperson of [[Rajasthan]] State Congress.
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html | title= for result click on this link, then see 145th line.| work=elections.in}}</ref> He has been an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Raniwara]] constituency in the Rajasthan Assembly elections, 2008 <ref name="hindustanpages directory">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustanpages.com/people/government-directory/shri-ratan-desai-mla-raniwara-rajasthan/ | title= Shri Ratan Desai, MLA Raniwara, Rajasthan | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161116235445/http://www.hindustanpages.com/people/government-directory/shri-ratan-desai-mla-raniwara-rajasthan/ |archive-date= 2016-11-16 }}</ref> and Deputy Chief Whip ([[Minister of State]]) in the [[Ashok Gehlot]] government.

He was elected MLA from [[Raniwara]] constituency in the 2008 assembly elections and since 2011 has been the government deputy chief whip in the then [[Ashok Gehlot]] government.
At present, he is leader of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] in [[Jalore]] and [[Sirohi]] districts of western Rajasthan.

<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html | title= see 145th line.| work=elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.janpratinidhi.com/ratandewasipo2485.aspx|title= Ratan Dewasi - MLA |work=[[Janpratinidhi]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/dewasi-asked-to-congress-councillors-who-the-leader-of-the-opposition-995510.html | title=Dewasi Asked To Congress Councillors: Ratan Dewasi| work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] | access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://myneta.info/rajasthan2013/index.php?action=affidavitComparison&myneta_folder2=rj2008&id1=150&id2=231 | title=Info: Ratan Dewasi | work=myneta.com }}</ref>

==Personal, early life and background==

Ratan Dewasi was born on 25 September 1975 in [[Mount Abu]], [[Sirohi district]] of [[Rajasthan]]. His father's name is Shankarlal Dewasi and his wife's name is Viraj Dewasi. Dewasi has been a bright [[student]] since [[childhood]]. He is a diploma in hotel management degree holder.

== Career ==
Ratan Dewasi first started politics as a [[student leader]] by joining the student political organization [[National Student Union of India]] (a unit of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Party). A pioneer in protest and protest against the administration and in view of his leadership and zeal, the party High Command in 1997 entrusted the responsibility of [[District president (LCMS)|district president]] of [[Sirohi District]], [[National Student Union of India|N.S.U.I.]]

=== Rajasthan Assembly elections ===
He has been elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] elections for two terms. He was elected in [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] for the first term and then in [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]] from [[Raniwara Assembly constituency|Raniwara]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA Ratan Dewasi (MLA) |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/jalore/assembly-13/58146/Privacy-Policy.aspx |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Facebook|Ratan-Desai-663661446978398}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dewasi, Ratan}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:People from Jalore district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Use Indian English from October 2016]]
[[Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English]]
[[Category:Use dmy dates from October 2016]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

Vantika Agrawal

2026-04-16T19:30:06Z

Gauravdewasi: started a article

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Vantika Agrawal
| image = VantikaAgrawal23a.jpg
| caption =
| full_name = 
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{bda|2002|9|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = [[International Master]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=International Master |url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main229358.pdf |website=ratings.fide.com |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519041639/https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main229358.pdf |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |language=en |date=May 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Woman Grandmaster]] (2021)
| rating =
| peakrating = 2435 (September 2023)
| FideID = 25050389 
}}

'''Vantika Agrawal''' (born September 2002) is an Indian [[chess]] player who holds the [[FIDE titles]] of Woman Grandmaster and International Master. She is a three-time gold medalist at the Chess Olympiad including two gold medals at the [[Women's event at the 45th Chess Olympiad|45th Chess Olympiad]] in 2024 at Budapest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Burtasova |first=Anna |date=2024-09-22 |title=India triumphs at 45th Chess Olympiad, winning both Open and Women's competitions |url=https://www.fide.com/news/3228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922173307/https://www.fide.com/news/3228 |archive-date=2024-09-22 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.fide.com |language=en}}</ref> She won a silver medal with the Indian Team at the [[Hangzhou 2022 Asian Games]]. Agrawal's accolades also include medals in Commonwealth, World Youth, Asian Youth and National Championships.

== Early life and education ==
Vantika was born to Ashish and Sangeeta Agrawal on 28 September 2002 in Uttar Pradesh, India where she did her schooling from Amity International School, Noida. She started playing chess at a very young age of seven along with her elder brother. Vantika won her first major gold medal at the age of nine at the U-9 Asian Schools Championship, Delhi. Both of her parents are [[Chartered accountant (India)|Chartered Accountants]]. She holds a B.Com (honours) degree from [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]], [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-01 |title=WGM Vantika Agarwal achieves career-high ranking, is India's No.3 woman chess player |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/wgm-vantika-agarwal-achieves-career-high-ranking-is-indias-no-3-woman-chess-player/articleshow/99915721.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== 2011 ===
Gold in Asian Schools Championship U-9 Girls, Delhi, India.

=== 2013 ===
Silver in National U-11 Chess Championship at Delhi, India

=== 2014 ===
Silver in National U-13 Chess Championship at Jamshedpur, India.

=== 2015 ===
* Bronze in World Youth U-14 Girls, Greece.
* Silver in Commonwealth U-14 at Delhi, India.
* Tied for Bronze Medal in Asian Youth, South Korea.
* Bronze in National U-13 Girls at Gurgaon, India.

=== 2016 ===
* Tied for 2nd position in World Youth U-14 Girls at Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.
* Bronze in Asian Youth Blitz U-14, Mongolia.
* Silver in National Sub Junior Chess Championship.

=== 2018 ===
Bronze in National Juniors Delhi, India.

=== 2019 ===
* Silver Medal in National Women Championship at Karaikudi, India.
* Silver Medal in World Youth U-18 Girls, Mumbai, India.
* 2 Silver Medals in Asian Junior, Indonesia.
* 2 Silver Medals in Western Asian Juniors at Delhi, India.

=== 2020 ===
Gold Medal in Fide Online Chess Olympiad, Aug 2020. The 12-player team also included Viswanathan Anand, Vidit Gujrathi, Harikrishna, Humpy, Harika, Vaishali and Divya among others.

=== 2021 ===
* Became the 21st Women Grand Master of India.
* Gold in National Women Chess Championship, Online.
* Silver in National Junior Chess Championship, Online.
* Achieved 1st IM Norm at Women's Grand Swiss, Riga.
* Gold in Women Category at Yerevan Open, Armenia.
* Gold for SRCC College, FIDE Binance B-Schools Cup.
* Silver in Women at Junior U-21 Round Table, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
* Bronze in Women at Chess Mood Open, Armenia.

=== 2022 ===
* Received 2nd IM Norm while playing for India-2 on first board in 44th Chess Olympiad at Mahabalipuram, India.
* Gold in Women's Speed Chess Qualifier.
* Silver in Women Category Dubai Open.
* Bronze in Women Category Abu Dhabi Masters.

=== 2023 ===
* Won silver medal at Asian Games 2022, Hangzhou representing India, along with [[Koneru Humpy]], [[Harika Dronavalli]], [[Vaishali Rameshbabu|Vaishali R]] and [[Savitha Shri Baskar|Savita Shri]].
* Became the 11th Woman in India to become an International Master.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Vantika-Agrawal-is-the-11th-Indian-Woman-to-become-an-International-Master?srsltid=AfmBOopYudgnLY0j1Fuvq7ufitUHiVpBUYM4U33JnOtqQvYepwQ5h53j | title=Vantika Agrawal is the 11th Indian Woman to become an International Master - ChessBase India | date=4 April 2023 }}</ref>
* Gold in National Women's Team at Tamil Nadu, India.
* Bronze in National Women at Kolhapur, India.
* Gold in Women category at Biel Masters, Switzerland.
* Gold in Women category at Menorca Open, Spain.
* Gold in Women category at Fagernes Open, Norway.

=== 2024 ===
* Won the 45th Women's Chess Olympiad representing India, along with [[Harika Dronavalli]], [[Vaishali Rameshbabu|Vaishali R]], [[Divya Deshmukh]], and [[Tania Sachdev]].
* Won Individual Gold for Board 4 at the 45th Chess Olympiad.
=== 2026 ===
* Finished second in the 2026 Tata Steel Chess India Women's Blitz.

== Honours Received ==
On 17th January 2025, Vantika was felicitated with the [[Arjuna Award]] for outstanding performance in Sports and Games in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Announces National Sports Awards 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2089557&reg=3&lang=2 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

Vantika was honoured by Hon'ble Prime Minister of India, Shri [[Narendra Modi]] for winning Double Gold in the 45th Chess Olympiad, Budapest in 2024. She was honoured by Hon'ble Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]] as well.

For winning the silver medal in Asian Games 2022 Hangzhou, CM Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]] felicitated her in Lucknow.

For the 44th Chess Olympiad in Mahabalipuram, India 2022, Vantika carried the Olympiad torch through seven cities of Uttar Pradesh. The torch relay started from Agra, Kanpur then Lucknow followed by Prayagraj, Varanasi, then Gorakphur and finally ending in Ayodhya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Vantika Agrawal carries the Chess Olympiad Torch from Taj Mahal to Varanasi with Tejas Bakre - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Torch-Relay-for-44th-Chess-Olympiad-Day-8-9-report |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref>

Agrawal received National Child Award for exceptional achievement in Chess from Hon'ble President of India, Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in 2016.

For winning the gold medal at Asian School U-9 Championship in 2011, Vantika was felicitated by Shri [[Narendra Modi]] (the then Chief Minister of Gujarat).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE}}
* {{Chessgames player|151570}}
* {{365Chess.com player|Vantika_Agrawal}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Vantika}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female chess players]]
[[Category:Chess Woman Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Chess players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in chess]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Ruchira Gupta

2026-04-13T21:18:14Z

Gauravdewasi: added a pg - done

{{short description|Sex trafficking abolitionist; business executive}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{autobiography|date=October 2015}}
{{Cleanup|reason=inline ext links should be formatted as refs|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ruchira Gupta
| image = Ruchira Gupta Headshot.jpg
| caption = Gupta in 2020
| birth_date = 1964
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Journalist, professor, activist
| known_for = Anti-trafficking activism, founder of [[Apne Aap Women Worldwide]]
| education = University of Delhi
| awards = [[Emmy Award]] (1997), [[Clinton Global Citizen Award]] (2009), [[French Ordre national du Mérite]] (2017)
| website = {{URL|https://ruchiragupta.com}}
}}

'''Ruchira Gupta''' is an Indian journalist and activist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ruchira Gupta, Founder of Apne Aap, India|url=https://www.un.org/ga/president/62/ThematicDebates/humantrafficking/gupta.pdf|accessdate=19 August 2009|publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> She is the founder of [https://apneaap.org/ Apne Aap], a [[non-governmental organisation]] that works for women's rights and the eradication of [[sex trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cool Men Don't Buy Sex |date=16 August 2012|url=http://passblue.com/2012/08/16/cool-men-dont-buy-sex/|publisher=[[Pass Blue]]}}</ref>

== Journalism and UN career ==
Gupta began her career as a journalist, working for The Telegraph Newspaper (Kolkata, India), The Sunday Observer (Kolkata, India), Business India Magazine (Delhi, India), and British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) South Asia (Delhi, India). During her journalism career, she extensively covered women's rights, armed struggles in the north-east of India, caste conflict, and minority issues. She continues to write extensively on sex trafficking and women's rights issues for Open Democracy, Pass Blue, CNN, Times of India, The Hindu, The Guardian, among others.

She then moved on to the [[United Nations]], where she worked with the governments of Iran, Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Indonesia, Kosovo, and the Philippines. She supported some of these countries to develop National Action Plans and laws against [[human trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Trust Women|url=http://www.trustwomenconf.com/profile/ruchira-gupta/|publisher=[[Trust Women]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127052900/http://www.trustwomenconf.com/profile/ruchira-gupta/|archive-date=27 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She has written two manuals on combating trafficking for law enforcement and prosecutors, supported by [[UNODC]] and [[UNIFEM]]. Gupta also served as a [[UNICEF]] contact in October 2000 for the first-ever gathering of [[United Nations Messengers of Peace|Messengers of Peace]] (Goodwill Ambassadors).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20001018.note5634.doc.html|publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref>

Her publications on trafficking include:
* ''Trafficking Responses in Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia: Needs, Capacity assessment and Recommendations''
* ''Trafficking in the Asia and Near East region: Problem analysis and Proposed framework for response; Kosovo plan of action to counter trafficking in persons''
* ''Manual for law-enforcement officers to confront Demand for Human trafficking''
* ''Training Manual for Prosecutors - On Confronting Human Trafficking''<ref>{{cite web|title=Training Manual for Prosecutors on Confronting Human Trafficking |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/training_manual_prosecutors1.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]}}</ref>

== Activism career ==
After completing her documentary, ''The Selling of Innocents'', Ruchira founded [https://apneaap.org/ Apne Aap Women Worldwide], where she has served as president since 2002. Through her work at Apne Aap, Gupta has given voice to the voiceless by organizing victims and survivors from denotified tribes (labeled criminal tribes by the British), who are trapped in inter-generational prostitution, into Self-empowerment groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supply Side: The "Organizing for Independence" Concept|url = http://www.apneaap.org/our-approach/addressing-supply/|website = www.apneaap.org|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> Through these groups, women and girls access education, livelihood training, legal protection and safe housing; and also campaign for changes in the Indian Law. Gupta's leadership in organizing women to campaign for legal change resulted in trafficking being made a penal offense for the first time in Indian history, through the Criminal Law Amendment Act.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Anti-rape Bill passed|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-passes-anitrape-bill/article4534056.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2013-03-21|access-date = 2015-10-17|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

Her work in organizing denotified tribes has resulted in two red-light areas in [[Bihar|Forbesgunge, Bihar]] shrinking from 72 brothels to 15 brothels, and 17 to one. Gupta continues to ensure women are able to transform their places of exploitation into safe spaces for education, job training, loan access and legal protection. Along with staff from Apne Aap, Gupta petitioned on behalf of survivors of trafficking to the [[Patna High Court]] to take action against traffickers and protect victims. On 10 March 2013, a notice was issued by the court to the Bihar government to report back on actions taken against trafficking. Apne Aap has also challenged police corruption and is campaigning for police reform after a staff member from the Nat Denotified Tribe was wrongfully arrested after exposing a trafficking ring. Apne Aap continues to campaign for police reform across India. They also appealed to the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] to challenge police atrocities against Apne Aap staff members who are from denotified tribes.

As part of Gupta's activist career, she also organizes Survivor Conferences and produces the [http://www.apneaap.org/our-stories/red-light-despatch/ Redlight Dispatch], a newspaper written by and for victims and survivors of prostitution. She has addressed the [[UN General Assembly]] two times.,<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech Text|url=https://www.un.org/ga/president/63/interactive/ht/apneape.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Speech Text|url=https://www.un.org/ga/president/62/ThematicDebates/humantrafficking/ebook.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> the [[UN Security Council]] once, and the [[UN Human Rights Council]] once to advocate for policies and mechanisms to support victims of trafficking. Her leadership in this area was referenced by feminist activist, [[Catharine MacKinnon]], in her speech: Trafficking, Prostitution and Inequality.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Catharine MacKinnon, "Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequality"|url = http://www.law.uchicago.edu/audio/mackinnon11411|website = www.law.uchicago.edu|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref>

Gupta has testified before the [[United States Senate]], advocating for the passage of the [[Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000]] and lobbied with other activists at the United Nations for the [[U.N. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons]]. This resulted in the first U.N. effort to address demand for trafficking .<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliations |url=http://rosecollar.org/affiliations/|publisher=[[Rose Collar Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ruchira Gupta |url=http://www.halftheskymovement.org/pages/ruchira-gupta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514175625/http://www.halftheskymovement.org/pages/ruchira-gupta|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 May 2012|publisher=[[Half the Sky]]}}</ref>

Ruchira Gupta has helped more than 20,000 girls, women and their family members in red-light areas and slums of India in the last 12 years. through her NGO [https://apneaap.org/ Apne Aap]. Her work is featured by Nick Kristof in [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/opinion/22kristof.html?_r=0 21st Century Slavery in New York Times], in his book [https://books.google.com/books?id=q2eNLtaZ7osC&dq=half+the+Sky+Ruchira&pg=PA14 Half the Sky]. Lucy Liu has directed a movie Meena on Ruchira rescuing a girl in Bihar based on Kristof's report. Gloria Steinem has blogs about Ruchira's Work in [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/14/a-constant-battle-against-the-sale-of-bodies-in-bihar/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 a-constant-battle-against-the-sale-of-bodies-in-bihar] in the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]''. You can watch a conversation between Gloria Steinem and Ruchira at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in January this year.

Earlier, Ruchira worked with [[Hillary Clinton]] and her aides for the passage of the [[Trafficking Victims Protection Act]] by testifying to the [[United States Senate|US Senate]] and recommending draft language that would positively and realistically help victims and survivors. She was a member of the first [[Vital Voices|Global Advisory Council of Vital Voices]] set up by Mrs. Clinton.

Later she helped create the first UN Protocol to end sex-trafficking as well as the Trafficking Fund for Survivors at the [[United Nations]] by addressing the UN General Assembly on behalf of survivors and taking a panel of survivors to speak at the UN General Assembly in New York alongside Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and High Commissioner for Human Rights, [[Navi Pillay|Navi Pillai]].

She has opened groundbreaking avenues within India for survivors to communicate their ideas by rallying their voices for the successful passage of Section 370 .IP.C India's first law on trafficking after the infamous bus rape in Dec, 2012.

Apne Aap has embarked on an exciting South-South anti-trafficking partnership with NGOs in South Africa, USA, France and Nepal by exporting its model of community organising and for the "last" girl. She has spoken before the South African, Iceland and French Parliament to put into place stricter mechanisms to prevent trafficking in women and girls.

Her [http://apneaap.org/our-stories/video/ Ted Talk] and a PBS documentary, [http://apneaap.org/our-stories/video/ Adventure Divas], explain how and why she reaches the "last" girl who is poor, female, a teenager and person of low-caste/colour, marginalized ethnicity who cannot take any decision for herself-to be married or go to school, to play or help with chores, to be prostituted or be a domestic workers, to have a baby or not...

== Teaching career ==
Gupta strives to educate the next generation of activists on best practices in combating trafficking. In this respect, she has designed modules on understanding, and tackling, human trafficking for [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], New Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} Since 2012, she has designed and taught courses at [[New York University]]'s Center for Global Affairs on "Movement Building around Sex Trafficking".{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} Ruchira also teaches courses on modern day slavery at [[Seton Hall University]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2009, Gupta was the recipient of the Clinton Global Citizen Award for Commitment to Leadership in Civil Society by the [[Clinton Foundation]], established by [[Bill Clinton]], former [[President of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Citizen Awards 2009 |url=http://www.clintonglobalinitiative.org/ourmeetings/2009/meeting_annual_GCAwards.asp?Section=OurMeetings&PageTitle=Global%20Citizen%20Awards|publisher=[[Clinton Foundation]]}}</ref> In 2010, she was chosen to serve as a member of the organization's leadership program, known as [[Clinton Foundation#CGI Lead|CGI Lead]]. President Clinton created the program to recognize and educate the next generation of global leaders and prepare them to effectively address and take action on the world's most pressing issues. Young leaders chosen from throughout the world include corporate executives, public servants, social entrepreneurs, and NGO managers from among the public, private, and civil sectors.

In 2007, Gupta was honored with the Abolitionist Award by the [[House of Lords]], which is the [[upper house]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|title=UK award for anti-trafficking activist Ruchira Gupta|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/pdf/49988.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310150828/http://www.indiaenews.com/pdf/49988.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 March 2012|accessdate=19 August 2009|publisher=India eNews}}</ref> Her documentary ''The Selling of Innocents'', on sex-trafficking in Nepal and India, won a [[News & Documentary Emmy Award]] in 1996.

Gupta sat on the Steering Committee for the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] of the [[Government of India]] for the [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh and Twelfth Five-Year Plans]], once for Women and Children and once for Social Welfare. She was also on the working group of the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Ministry of Women and Children]]. She has served on the advisory boards of [[Asia Society]], New York, Cents for Relief, US, Nomi Network, US, [[Ricky Martin Foundation]], and [[Vital Voices]], Washington DC. Gupta has been honored at the [[White House]] for her work to combat sex trafficking.

In 2011 [[Lucy Liu]] released her 20-minute directorial debut on human trafficking, Meena, which tells the story of a rescue mission to help a young woman save her daughter from the cycle of the sex trade.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lucy Lui shoots for victims of trafficking|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/lucy-lui-shoots-for-victims-of-trafficking-meena-haseena-198871-2014-07-01|website = indiatoday.intoday.in| date=July 2014 |access-date = 2015-10-17}}</ref> Meena Haseena was sold to the sex trade by her uncle at the age of 8 years old, and this film portrays her alliance with Ruchira Gupta and their effort to rescue her daughter from the brothel she only recently escaped herself. Her fight to save her daughter Naina, who had been taken from her at birth, and forced into prostitution is the heart of this film and is based on the first chapter of the book [[Half the Sky]], written by [[Nicholas Kristof]] and [[Sheryl WuDunn]].

In 2012 Ruchira Gupta was featured in the documentary ''[[Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide]]'' premiering on [[PBS]] October 1 and 2. The series highlights women and girls living in oppression who are bravely fighting to challenge it. The ''Half the Sky'' PBS TV series is produced by Show of Force along with Fugitive Films.

On 25 September 2014, Ruchira Gupta was honored among 35 other women by the All Ladies League (ALL) in [[Delhi]] for their various achievements. The ALL is the country's first all-women chamber which held its Grassroots Women of the Decade Achievers Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shri. M. Venkaiah Naidu at ALL Ladies League WODAA Event|url = http://www.aall.in/grassroots-women-decade-harbeen-arora-venkaiah-naidu/|website = Women Economic Forum|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref>

On 8 March 2015, Gupta gave the keynote speech at the NGO Committee on the Status of Women New York (NGOCSW/NY) Forum at the Apollo,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ruchira's keynote speech at NGO CSW/NY Forum Consultation Day before the start of UN CSW 59|url = http://apneaap.org/ruchiras-keynote-speech-at-ngo-cswny-forum-consultation-day-before-the-start-of-un-csw-59/|website = apneaap.org| date=19 March 2015 |accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> to commence the start of the UN CSW 59 Consultation Day. On the following day, she was awarded the 2015 NGOCSW/NY Woman of Distinction Award<ref>{{Cite web|title = 2015 Recipient - NGO Committee on the Status of Women, NY|url = http://www.ngocsw.org/wod/2015-recipient|website = NGO Committee on the Status of Women, NY|accessdate = 2015-10-17}}</ref> for her tireless efforts to end sex trafficking by emphasizing the link between trafficking and prostitution laws and lobbying policy makers to shift blame from victims to perpetrators.

== Documentaries ==
Documentaries that Gupta has worked on include:
* ''The Brotherhood''. The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], BBC. 1993.
* ''Zero Hour''. A 13 episode Indian Quiz show with Parliamentarians. BITV. 1994.
* ''The Selling of Innocents''. Documentary on sex-trafficking from Nepal to Mumbai, India, screened on CBC and HBO. 1997.
* ''Kali’s Smile'': [[BBC Radio 4]], documentary on role of Gods and goddesses in Indian popular culture. 1998.
* ''Shiva's wedding'': BBC Radio 4, documentary on role of Gods and goddesses in Indian popular culture. 1998.
* ''Rape for Profit''. (Life in the Mumbai Brothel): [[Newsnight]], BBC. 1999.
* ''Saffron Warriors'' - Series 3 of [[Unreported World]], [[Channel 4]], UK, 2003 on Nazi style [[Hindu fundamentalism]] in India.
* ''Land of the Missing Children'' - Series 9 of [[Unreported World]], [[Channel 4]], UK, 2005, on teenage sex-slavery in India.
* ''[[Paul Merton in India]]'', [[BBC]], Channel 5, UK. 2008.

She also contributed to the scripted film ''Meena: Based On A True Story'', [[Lucy Liu]], Colin K. Gray, and Megan Raney, 2011.

== Committees ==
* Move to End Violence: Building Movement for Social Change. Advisory Committee Member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.movetoendviolence.org/advisory-committee/|title=Advisory Committee - Move to End Violence|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref>
* Steering Committee Member and contributor to Report on Empowerment of Women and Development of Children for the Eleventh Plan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp11/str11_wcd.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819105823/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp11/str11_wcd.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Government of India, Planning Commission (Social Justice and Welfare Division, 2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp12/st_pwd.pdf|title = | NITI Aayog}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* Ruchira Gupta (Editor) ''As if Women Matter: The Essential Gloria Steinem Reader'' Rupa Publications. India Pvt. Ltd., 2014. New Delhi.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225063855/http://naiduniaepaper.jagran.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=9&getda=h&eddate=12%2f14%2f2013 Nai Duniya 2013]
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/prostitution-perna-women-premnagar-rauta-mod-dharmpura-after-marriage-delhi-425377-2013-10-31 The Fallen Women of Prerna India Today 2013]
* Banjaron aur Janjatiyon ke saath insaaf ho, Swaraj Khaar 2013
* [[Nicholas D. Kristof|Kristof, Nicholas D.]]; and [[Sheryl WuDunn|WuDunn, Sheryl]]. ''[[Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide]]'', [[Vintage Books]], 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-307-38709-7}}
* [[Patricia McCormick (author)|McCormick, Patricia]]. ''[[Sold (McCormick novel)|Sold]]'', [[Hachette Books#Hyperion Books|Hyperion Books]], 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-7868-5171-3}}
* Solomon, Rivka. ''That Takes Ovaries!: Bold Females and Their Brazen Acts'', [[Three Rivers Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-609-80659-3}}
* [[Holly Morris (Author, TV Producer-Host)|Morris, Holly]]. ''Adventure Divas: Searching the Globe for Women Who Are Changing the World'', [[Villard (imprint)|Villard]], 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-375-76063-1}}
* Jain, Niharika and Tara Suri, [http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2010/11/2/apne-aap-women-organization/ ''A Lack of Transparency''], [[The Harvard Crimson]], 2010.
* [[Sun Shuyun|Shuyun, Sun]]. ''Ten Thousand Miles without a Cloud'', [[Harper Perennial]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-00-712974-4}}
* Hayward, Ruth. ''Breaking the Earthenware Jar: Lessons from South Asia to End Violence Against Women and Girls'', [[United Nations]], 2000. {{ISBN|978-92-806-3574-4}}
* [[Ramin Jahanbegloo|Jahanbegloo, Ramin]]. ''India Revisited: Conversations on Contemporary India'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-19-568944-0}}
* [[Abid Surti|Surti, Aabid]]. ''In the Name of Rama'', [[Act Now for Harmony and Democracy]], 2003. ASIN B004I90I88
* Shelly, Louise. ''Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective'', [[George Mason University]], 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-521-11381-6}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation | last = Gupta | first = Ruchira | contribution = Pornography in India | editor-last1 = Tankard Reist | editor-first1 = Melinda | editor-last2 = Bray | editor-first2 = Abigail | editor-link1 = Melinda Tankard Reist | title = Big Porn Inc.: exposing the harms of the global pornography industry | pages = 239–248 | publisher = Spinifex Press | location = North Melbourne, Victoria | year = 2011 | isbn = 9781876756895 | ref = none | postscript = .}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Ruchira}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Loreto College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian investigative journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]

Janaki Kalaganaledu

2026-04-11T22:06:06Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| num_episodes = 662
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| related = ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|12|31|df=yes}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|08|10|df=yes}}
| image = Janaki Kalaganaledu.jpg
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
}}

'''''Janaki Kalaganaledu''''' ({{Translation|''Janaki Would Not Have Dreamed''}}) is an Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[family drama]] television series that aired on [[Star Maa]] beginning 10 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=స్వీట్ కొట్టు కుర్రాడికి అందమైన ఐపీఎస్ భార్య.. ఇంట్రస్టింగ్ ప్రేమకథ.. జోడీ అదిరింది|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/mounaragam-fame-ammulu-aka-priyanka-jain-is-back-with-janaki-kalaganaledu-serial/articleshow/81514805.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Priyanka Jain and Amardeep starrer Janaki Kalaganaledu to premiere on August 3|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/priyanka-jain-and-amardeep-starrer-janaki-kalaganaledu-to-premiere-on-march-22/articleshow/81493728.cmd|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[StarPlus]] Hindi soap opera ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mounaragam fame Priyanka Jain is back with Janaki Kalaganaledu; says, "Hope I'll entertain you'll soon again"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/mounaragam-fame-priyanka-jain-is-back-with-janaki-kalaganaledu-says-hope-ill-entertain-youll-soon-again/articleshow/81085345.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It stars Priyanka Jain and Amardeep Chowdhary in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Will new Telugu Serial Janaki Kalaganaledu Overtake Karthika Deepam in TRP?|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/will-new-telugu-serial-janaki-kalaganaledu-overtake-karthika-deepam-trp-132437|website=[[Sakshi Post]]|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510204257/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/will-new-telugu-serial-janaki-kalaganaledu-overtake-karthika-deepam-trp-132437|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is set in [[Atreyapuram]]. The educated and ambitious Janaki dreams of becoming an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] and her father Shiva Prasad supports her dreams. Ramachandra (Rama) is a young, partially educated confectioner from a middle-class traditional family. His mother Jnanamba is on a search of his bride whom she wants to be partially educated, responsible and an ideal housewife. Janaki's dreams are destroyed after her parents die in a boat accident due to a cyclone while Rama's marriage is arranged with the girl of Jnanamba's choice. However, the bride elopes and Jnanamba has a panic attack. After her neighbours humiliate her, Jnanamba promises to bring a daughter-in-law within 15 days.

Janaki's elder brother Yogi makes arrangements for his relocation to the US and plans to get Janaki married within 15 days. He emotionally blackmails Janaki into accepting for marriage. Yogi meets Jnanamba and family through a matchmaker and learns that Jnanamba need a partially educated daughter-in-law. To ensure Janaki's settlement, Yogi lies about Janaki's education levels and get her married to Rama. Janaki has to accept her role as an ideal daughter-in-law of the family. After her marriage, her co-sister Mallika gets jealous of her and tries to get her humiliated by Jnanamba but fails. Mallika also gets suspicious of Janaki when her suitcase has several IPS books present in it. Mallika tries to expose Janaki but fails again. Days later, Jnanamba and family visit a friend's house for a function. There, Jnanamba's friend Vyjanthi sees Janaki's way of speaking and gets suspicious about Janaki's education. She tells this to Jnanamba but Jnanamba brushes off Vyjanthi's statement and says that she would have never got her son married to an educated girl, Janaki accidentally overhears this and starts to feel angry and upset. Jnanamba also gets humiliated for not getting a grandson. She vows to get a grandson from Janaki in a year.

During the function, as there is nobody present in the house, Mallika, takes chance and goes for a movie with her friends. Meanwhile, during this time, a few robbers rob the house. When she returns, she is shocked to find the home robbed. Scared of Jnanamba's ire, Mallika cleans the house with some of the family members and makes Jnanamba believe that everything was fine and nothing of the unusual had happened. However, Jnanamba gets suspicious about her family's behavior and begins to enquire Mallika. Jnanamba finds the truth and asks Mallika to leave the house but upon her plea, Jnanamba asks Mallika's parents to visit the house. Mallika's parents came to the house but asked Jnanmba to forgive Mallika. Then, Janaki asks Jnanamba to forgive Mallika. Jnanamba accepts her request on a condition. The condition is that in case Mallika does any mistake once again, it will be Janaki leaving the house. Janaki convinces Jnanamba to forgive Mallika and she accepts under one condition that Janaki should leave the house if Mallika makes a mistake. On the other hand, Janaki, who had learnt that Jnanamba assumed her to be partially uneducated confronts Yogi for lying and decides to say reveal truth to her in-laws. However, she remains quiet after high tensions in family due to Mallika's act.

Later, Janaki begins to impress her in-laws and also learns to cook from Rama. Desperate about a grandson, Jnanamba arranges a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] and forbids the family from eating till evening. A hungry Mallika ignores the rules and Jnanamba finds about it. She asks Janaki to leave the house. However, Rama solves the issue, impressing Janaki. Jnanamba too forgives Janaki and asks her to cook for the family. Though she does not know to cook, she succeeds by watching a cooking video. Mallika spoils the food which makes it extremely spicy and salty. Before Jnananmba could eat it, Rama realizes the mistake and saves Janaki.

Jnanamba wants a grandson and leaves for a temple to let Rama and Janaki be alone. Janaki regrets hiding about her education after seeing how her family loves and respects her. She reveals the truth to Rama, who is shattered and angry at first but later recognizes Janaki's innocence in Yogi's betrayal. He hides the truth when Janaki tries to confess this to Jnanamba. Janaki enrolls in a civils coaching academy under pretext of learning to bake cakes for the development of their food shop. However, Jnanamba learns of Janaki's degree and struggles between her ego and son's life. She asks her mother-in-law Myravathi, a suggestion about whether to let Janaki be the daughter-in-law of family or ask her to leave. Influenced by Mallika's plans, Myravathi asks Jnanamba to banish Janaki but the former forgives her recognizing her sincerity under one condition that she should not study further. Meanwhile, Akhil, Jnanamba's younger son takes an interest and music and fails in his degree leaving Jnanamba agitated and she blames Janaki since the latter bought a guitar for Akhil. However, dispute gets settled and Jnanamba tries looking for grooms for her daughter Vennela. The latter is in love with Dileep. Kanna Babu, Janaki's former obsessive lover who holds a grudge against her family films Vennela and Dileep's conversation and blackmails her. Learning of this, Mallika tries to settle the dispute to earn Vennela's respect and to despise Janaki but the latter saves Mallika in turn from Kanna Babu, who charges Janaki with a case and gets her arrested. Myravathi asks Jnanamba to banish Janaki since the latter deprived the family of its reputation. Heartbroken, Janaki leaves despite Rama's plea. Meanwhile, Janaki's bus meets with an accident and the family presumes her to be dead. However, she turns out to be alive and Jnanamba welcomes her home.

Jnanamba wants her daughter Vennela to be married while Nikhil, her younger son fails in his examinations. Janaki requests Jnanamba to give Nikhil, a last chance while Vennela is revealed to be in love with Dilip. Janaki and Rama decides to have them married after Jnanamba fixes her marriage with someone else and they try to commit suicide. Janaki convinces the groom's family to stop the marriage and pretends that Dilip is her relative to have his marriage fixed to Vennela. She succeeds and the family celebrate Jnanamba and Govindaraju’s 30th wedding anniversary. Mallika recruits Leelavathi, a talkative woman of the street to insult Jnanamba for not having grandchildren. Next day, Jnanamba assumes that Janaki is pregnant and distributes sweets without talking with her landing Janaki and Rama in trouble. However, the dispute gets settled and everyone learns the truth. Now, Mallika wants to spoil Dilip and Vennela's marriage as she wants Vennela to marry her younger brother. She finds it out and exposes Vennela and Dilip's love affair on the wedding day leading Jnanamba to expel Janaki and Rama. However, Myravathi realizes their responsibility towards Vennela. But Rama gets devastated to stay away with her mother and gets worried in front of Janaki many times, so she arranges a hut in the garden of Jnanmba's house. Mallika spoils Jnanamba's mind and provokes her against Janaki. Jnananamba starts hating Janaki by thinking that she was separating her son from her. Mallika also provokes Yogi, Janaki's brother, against Jnanamba, saying that Jnanamba is committing domestic violence against his sister Janaki. For this, he files a domestic violence case in the police station, and eventually Jnanamba gets arrested. Ramachandra is shocked to learn of his mother's arrest and suspects Janaki, leaving her in tears. After Janaki compromises, his brother Jnanamba comes out of jail. Later, Yogi apologizes Jnanamba for filing the case and celebrates his son's cradle ceremony.

Later Kannababu pressures Ramachandra to repay his debt (which he made for Janaki's education unaware of Jnanamba and his family) or else he will take ownership of their sweet shop. Meanwhile, Ramachandra and Janaki gets tensed as Kannababu repeatedly blackmails them about the same thing. Janaki learns about the national chef competition and encourages Ramachandra to participate in it, so that he can repay Kannababu's debt by the cash prize and also silence the people who call him an illiterate cook. Ramachandra and Janaki go to Jnanamba and ask her permission, but Jnanamba refuses, as she fears that Ramachandra does not have much cooking knowledge and would bear the sorrow if he lost. Mallika also tries to stop them from going the competition, but Govindaraju convinces Jnanamba and she allows them to participate. Sunandha and his son Kannababu know about the same and go to the place of competition and create many hurdles for him. However, Ramachandra overcomes the hurdles and becomes the winner of the national chef competition. After finishing all the competition, the Rama will win the match but in that result some confusion will arrive.

Because Ramachandra is going home, & Ramachandra Jnanamba & Janaki After Irregular Relationship.
After Irregular Relationship,
The Father In Law & My Daughter Handed Out!

During the marriage day Govindaraju Is Married With Hymavathi Madam, After That Jnanamba Is Very Clever, Because Janaki & Ramachandra is went to [[Tadepalligudem]] Forever Again!

During the [[Bhadrachalam]] Govindaraju & Jnanamba Are Travelling To [[Vijayawada]] for PVP Mall

After That Jnanamba & Govindaraju Are Couples and They Have a Relationship.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* Priyanka Jain as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Janaki: Shiva Prasad and Aravinda’s daughter; Yogi's sister; Rama's wife & Jnanamba & Govindaraju’s daughter in law
* Amardeep Chowdhary as Ramachandra aka Rama: Jnanamba and Govindaraju’s elder son; Vishnu, Akhil and Vennela's brother; Janaki's husband

===Recurring===
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Jnanamba: Govindaraju’s wife; Rama, Vishnu, Akhil and Vennela's mother
* Anil Allam as Govindaraju: Jnanamba's husband; Janaki and Mallika's father-in-law, Rama, Vishnu, Shiva Prasad’s son Akhil and Vennela's father
* Sweth as Vishnu: Jnanamba and Govindaraju’s second son; Rama, Akhil and Vennela's brother; Mallika's husband
* [[Vishnu Priya]] as Mallika:, Vishnu's wife Madhan's sister
* Nikhil as Akhil: Jnanamba and Govindaraju’s youngest son; Rama, Vishnu and Vennela's brother; Jessie's husband
* Bhavishya as Jessie: Akhil's wife
* Nehal Gangavath as Vennela: Jnanamba and Govindaraju’s daughter; Rama, Vishnu and Akhil's sister; Kishore's ex-fiancée; Dilip’s wife
* Surya as Yogi: Shiva Prasad and Aravindha's son; Janaki's brother; Urmila's husband
* Madhu Krishnan as Urmila: Yogi's wife; Janaki’s sister-in-law
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Myravathi: Govindaraju’s mother; Rama, Vishnu, Akhil and Vennela's grandmother
* Anu Manasa as Sunandha: Kanna Babu's mother; Jnanamba's rival
* [[Sai Kiran]] Koneri as Kanna Babu: Sunandha's son, Rama's rival
* Ramya as Chikitha: Jnanamba's house help; Rajini's elder sister
* Mahathi as Vyjayanthi: Jnanamba's friend
* Master Chakri as [[Rajinikanth]] "Rajini": Chikitha's brother
* Padmavathi Addanki as Neelavathi: Jnanamba's neighbour
* C H Krishnaveni as Mallika and Madhan's grandmother

===Cameo Appearances===
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as herself as judge for Cookery competition in which Rama participates
* [[Sanjay Thumma]] as himself as judge for Cookery competition in which Rama participates
* Ariana Glory as herself as judge for Cookery competition in which Rama participates
* Mahesh as himself as judge for Cookery competition in which Rama participates
* Priyanka Singh as herself as judge for Cookery competition in which Rama participates
* [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Kanna Rao: matchmaker between Rama and Janaki
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Shiva Prasad: Aravinda’s husband; Janaki and Yogi's father (Dead) & Govindaraju & Jnanamba’s Brother in Law
* Sheela Singh as Aravinda: Shiva Prasad's wife; Janaki and Yogi's mother (Dead)
* Manjula Paritala as Inspector Vaishnavi: Janaki's role model in her childhood
* Sireesha Vallabhaneni as Inspector Vidya: Guest for Janaki and Ramachandra's marriage
* Shanthi Reddy as Chief Guest on Janaki's Degree convocation
* Naga Manikanta as Abhi: Janaki's classmate
* Ajay Kiran as Madhan: Mallika's brother

== Reception ==
During its premiere week, the series was the fourth most watched Telugu GEC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Janaki Kalaganaledu makes into top 5; here's what actress Priyanka Jain has to say about the show's success|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/janaki-kalaganaledu-makes-into-top-5-heres-what-actress-priyanka-jain-has-to-say-about-the-shows-success/articleshow/81985285.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510170010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/janaki-kalaganaledu-makes-into-top-5-heres-what-actress-priyanka-jain-has-to-say-about-the-shows-success/articleshow/81985285.cms|archive-date=10 May 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The following week it dropped to fifth position and mostly continued to maintain it in the following weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Janaki Kalaganaledu is back; here's a look at the top 5 shows|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/janaki-kalaganaledu-is-back-heres-a-look-at-the-top-5-shows/articleshow/82454074.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510170233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/janaki-kalaganaledu-is-back-heres-a-look-at-the-top-5-shows/articleshow/82454074.cms|archive-date=10 May 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:LightBlue"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue"| Original release
! style="background:LightBlue"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightBlue"|No of episodes
! style="background:LightBlue" | Last aired
! style="background:LightBlue"| Notes
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]
दीया और बाती हम
|29 August 2011
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|1491
|10 September 2016
|Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Tomay Amay Mile]]'' তোমায় আমায় মিলে
| 11 March 2013
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|992
| 20 March 2016
| rowspan="6" | Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]'' പരസ്പരം
| 22 July 2013
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|1524
| 31 August 2018
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Phulala Sugandha Maticha]]'' फुलाला सुगंध मातीचा
| 2 September 2020
| [[Star Pravah]]
|730
| 4 December 2022
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]'' ராஜா ராணி 2
| 12 October 2020
| [[Star Vijay]]
|725
| 21 March 2023
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Janaki Kalaganaledu'' జానకి కలగలేదు
| 5 August 2014
| [[Star Maa]]
|662
| 31 December 2025
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Radhe Shyama'' ರಾಧೆ ಶ್ಯಾಮ
| 6 September 2021
| [[Star Suvarna]]
|N/A
| 16 April 2022
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/janaki_kalaganaledu/1260056624 ''Janaki Kalaganaledu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143925/https://www.hotstar.com//in/tv/janaki_kalaganaledu/1260056624 |date=10 May 2021 }} at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]

Bharat Dharma Mahamandala

2026-04-07T03:37:32Z

Gauravdewasi: Put Up Basic Pg Basic Info - done

{{Infobox organization
| name = Bharat Dharma Mahamandala
| full_name =
| formation = 1887
| founder = Din Dayalu Sharma
| founding_location = [[Haridwar]], [[India]]
| dissolved =
| type = [[List of Hindu organisations|Hindu religious organization]]
| status =
| purpose = To unify and support orthodox Hindu communities
| headquarters =
| location = [[Haridwar]], [[British India]]
| region_served = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| products =
| services = Book publishing, Religious education, social reform, temple maintenance
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| key_people = Pandit Din Dayalu Sharma [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] [[Nabagopal Mitra]] [[Rajnarayan Basu]]
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| affiliations =
}}
'''Bharat Dharma Mahamandala''' was a [[List of Hindu organisations|Hindu organization]] founded in [[colonial India]] in 1887 by Pandit Din Dayalu Sharma in [[Haridwar]]. It had purpose to unify and support [[Orthodox Hinduism|orthodox Hindu]] communities in colonial India during a period marked by religious and social reform.<ref name="Allied"/><ref>Shri Bharat Dharma Mahamandala. 1924. The World's Eternal Religion. Benares: Bharat Dharma Syndicate.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kasturi |first1=M. |title=Sadhus, sampradaya, and Hindu nationalism : the Dasnamis and the Shri Bharat Dharma Mahamandala in the early twentieth century |date=2015 |publisher=Nehru Memorial Museum and Library |isbn=9789383650873 |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/Sadhus-sampradaya-and-Hindu-nationalism-:-the-Dasnamis-and-the-Shri-Bharat-Dharma-Mahamandala-in-the-early-twentieth-century/oclc/933250659}}</ref> The Mahamandala emerged during a period of social and religious reform movements in India. It positioned itself as a defender of [[orthodox Hinduism]] against critiques and alternative interpretations from groups like the [[Arya Samaj]], [[Theosophists]], and [[Ramakrishna Mission]].<ref name="Allied">{{cite book |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788184245684 |page=165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=Bharat+Dharma+Mahamandala&pg=RA3-PA165}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Modern History |publisher=Arora IAS |page=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NOuEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bharat+Dharma+Mahamandala&pg=PA209}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Markovits |first1=Claude |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |date=2002 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781843310044 |page=458 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&dq=Bharat+Dharma+Mahamandala&pg=PA458}}</ref>

== History ==
The Bharat Dharma Mahamandala was established with the goal of consolidating the leadership within orthodox Hindu circles and preserving Sanātana Dharma (considered as the eternal law in Hinduism). Pandit Din Dayalu Sharma, also known for founding the [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] in [[Delhi]] in 1899, envisioned the Mahamandala as a central body for various Hindu organizations.<ref name="Allied"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |date=21 August 2012 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781135189792 |page=786 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&dq=Bharat+Dharma+Mahamandala&pg=PA786}}</ref>

The first meeting of the organization was attended by various notable participants, including figures like [[Henry Steel Olcott]] of the [[Theosophical Society]], Raja Harbans Lal of [[Sheikhupura]], Diwan Ramjas of [[Kapurthala]], Bal Mukand Gupta, and Pandit Ambika Dutt Vyas. Over time, the Mahamandala evolved into an all-India society and organized assemblies in locations including [[Haridwar]], [[Mathura]], and [[Lahore]], extending its presence across the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Satish Chandra Mittal |author1-link=Satish Chandra Mittal |title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective |date=1986 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |isbn=9788171560837 |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC&dq=Pandit+Din+Dayalu+Sharma&pg=PA70}}</ref>

Initially, the Mahamandala garnered support from members of the ruling Hindu aristocracy, landowners, religious leaders, and [[Theosophists]]. Although its activities were concentrated in [[North India]] at first, it gradually expanded its influence to [[South India]], becoming one of the leading orthodox Hindu organizations in India.<ref name="Allied"/>

In the early 20th century, [[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]], an educationist and nationalist, became closely associated with the Mahamandala. The Bharat Dharma Mahamandala led to the formation of the Sanatan Dharma Sabhas, an offshoot established to defend Hinduism against criticisms from both within and outside the community.<ref name="Allied"/>

According to a report from ''[[The Friday Times]]'', a Pakistani publication, [[Nabagopal Mitra]] and [[Rajnarayan Basu]] were also co-founders of the Bharat Dharma Mahamandala. The organization advocated for the establishment of a Hindu Raj ([[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nation]]) or [[Aryan race|Aryan]] State and later influenced the formation of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], a nationalist political party founded in 1915 that included leaders from the radical faction of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Umair |title=Of Fact, Fiction And The Two Nation Theory |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/05-May-2023/of-fact-fiction-and-the-two-nation-theory |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |date=May 5, 2023}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, various groups known as Sanatana Dharma Rakshini Sabhas and similar organizations emerged throughout India. These groups later unified under the Bharat Dharma Mahamandala.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agrawal |first1=Purushottam |title=Sanatana, A Living Being |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/sanatana-a-living-being-news-300944 |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=November 30, 2018}}</ref>

== Work ==
The Bharat Dharma Mahamandala functioned through various departments. It engaged in propagation by training paid missionaries to preach orthodox Hindu principles. It had established [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatan Dharma]] schools to promote traditional Hindu education and published literature supporting orthodox beliefs. Their activities included the repair and maintenance of temples and pilgrimage sites. The organization worked for social reforms, including dowry abolition. It promoted modern education, and established educational institutions, homes for widows, and almshouses for indigent women.<ref name="Allied"/>

== Notable people ==
* [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
* [[Nabagopal Mitra]]
* [[Maharajadhiraja]] [[Sir]] [[Rameshwar Singh]]
* [[Maharajadhiraj]] [[Sir]] [[Kameshwar Singh]]
* [[Amarendranath Chatterjee]]
* [[Mokshadacharan Samadhyayi]]

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindu organisations]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu nationalism}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=India |portal2=Hinduism |portal3=Politics |portal4=Coservatism}}

[[Category:Hindu nationalism]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]

Uma Shankari

2026-04-03T17:38:00Z

Gauravdewasi: started a pg

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Uma Shankari
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Uma Shankari
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| othername = Uma
| yearsactive = 2000–2007 (films) 2012–2013 (television)
| spouse = {{marriage|H. Dushyanth|2006}}
| parents = [[D. Rajendra Babu]] [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
| family = [[Nakshatra (actress)|Nakshatra]] (sister)
| occupation = Actress, Dancer
}}

'''Uma Shankari''' is an Indian actress who appeared in regional Indian language films.

==Career==
In 2006, she appeared in [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]'s ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' opposite [[Sibiraj]], featuring as [[Sathyaraj]]'s niece and also featured in ''Thodamaley'' alongside newcomers. She also acts in a few serials like Chikamma (the remake of the famous Tamil serial "Chithi" in Kannada) and [[Valli (TV series)|Valli]] (a new Tamil Serial).<ref>{{cite web |title=Uma's hope |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/20029.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101103430/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/20029.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2006 |website=indiaglitz.com |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Uma was born to [[D. Rajendra Babu]], a commercial director in Kannada film industry, and actress [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], who appeared in regional Indian films. Her younger sister, [[Nakshatra (actress)|Nakshatra]], made her debut with the film ''Doo'' in 2011. Alongside films, she studied B.A, English literature in Indira Gandhi Open University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Behindwoods- Thendral Uma Interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview1/html/thendraluma_interview.html |website=behindwoods.com |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Another star daughter enters Kollywood |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/57307.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529194909/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/57307.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2010 |website=indiaglitz.com |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>

She eventually married software engineer H. Dushyanth in Bangalore on 15 June 2006 and opted against signing any more films thereafter.<ref name="wedding">{{cite web |title=Actress Uma's Wedding Reception |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/9871.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621041423/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/9871.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2006 |website=indiaglitz.com |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000 || ''[[Veeranadai]]'' || Poomayil || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vaanavil]]'' || Uma || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2001 || ''[[Ammo Bomma]]'' ||Lakshmi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| ''[[Kalakalappu (2001 film)|Kalakalappu]]'' || Mini|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Navvuthu Bathakalira]]'' || Sarala || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]'' || Kayal || Tamil ||
|-
|2002 || ''[[Kuberan (2002 film)|Kuberan]]'' || Gauri || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|rowspan="6"|2003 || ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' || Maragatham || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vasanthamalika]]'' || Nandhini || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Vikadan]]'' || Kaveri || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]'' || Kalyani's sister||Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Saphalam]]'' || Gracey || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]'' || Rishaba / Priya || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2004 || ''[[Thendral (film)|Thendral]]'' || Thamaraiselvi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Rightaa Thappaa]]'' || Viji || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Snehatheerathu]]'' || Gayathri || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Swamy (2004 film)|Swamy]]'' || Seetha, Geetha || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Amudhae]]'' || Vinaya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' || Thendral || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|2006 || ''[[Uppi Dada M.B.B.S.]]'' ||Dr. Uma/ Chinnu || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Swathi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' ||Ganesh's sister || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Thodamaley'' || Manju || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ilakkanam]]'' || Kayalvizhi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]'' || Noor Jahan / Ratna || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Adaikalam]]'' || Thamizh || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Manikanda]]'' || Lakshmi Manikandan || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Rasigar Mandram]]'' || Bharathi || Tamil ||
|-
|2014 || ''Bhagyalakshmi'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
|2017|| ''Munsif''|| ||Kannada||
|-
|2022|| ''[[Valimai]]''||Young Lakshmi||Tamil||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Channel
|-
|2012-2013 || ''Chikamma''|| || Kannada || [[Udaya TV]]
|-
|2012-2013 || ''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''|| Valli ||Tamil || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uma Shankari}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi National Open University alumni]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Fateh Singh

2026-04-03T12:28:19Z

Gauravdewasi:

'''Fateh Singh''' may refer to:

* Fateh Singh, founder of the [[Badal family]] of [[Badal, Punjab]], India
* [[Fateh Singh (cricketer)]] (born 2004), English cricketer
* [[Fateh (rapper)|Fateh Singh (rapper)]] (born 1986), Indo-Canadian rapper, singer, and songwriter
* [[Fateh Singh (shooter)]], Indian army officer and Commonwealth sport shooting medalist
* [[Fateh Singh (Delhi politician)]] or Chaudhary Fateh Singh (born 1957), Indian politician from Delhi
* [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)]] or Baba Fateh Singh, youngest son of Guru Gobind Singh [[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)]] or Sant Fateh Singh (1911–1972), Indian Sikh leader
** [[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group]], Indian political party
* [[Fateh Singh (Sikh warrior)]], Khalsa Sikh warrior, best known for avenging the deaths of the Baba Fateh Singh and Baba Zorawar Singh
* [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar]] (1849–1930), Indian Maharana (king)
* [[Fateh Bahadur Singh]], Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh, India
* Fateh Singh, fictional character portrayed by Sonu Sood in the 2025 Indian film [[Fateh (2025 film)|''Fateh'']]

== See also ==
* [[Fateh (disambiguation)]]
* [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]], Raja (king) of Kapurthala from 1801–1837
* [[Fateh Singh Rathore]] or Tiger Guru, Indian tiger conservationist
* [[Fateh Singh Rao Gaekwad]], Maharaja of Baroda from 1778–1789
* [[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad]] (1930–1988), titular Maharaja (king) of Baroda, India
* [[Fateh Singhpura railway station]], Karauli, Rajasthan, India

{{disambiguation}}

Aisha de Sequeira

2026-03-31T12:46:33Z

Gauravdewasi: Put Up First Data First Draft - done

{{Short description|Indian investment banker (1969–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aisha de Sequeira
| image = Julia Maria Aisha De Sequeira died 2020.png
| image_size =
| caption = De Sequeira at the [[WEF]] in 2010
| birth_name = Julia Maria Aisha de Sequeira
| birth_date = {{birth date|1969|11|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|12|10|1969|11|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| other_names =
| known_for = Mergers and Acquisitions in India
| education = {{ubl|
* [[Goa Engineering College]] ([[B.E.]])
* [[Yale School of Management]]
}}
| employer = [[Morgan Stanley]]
| occupation = Investment banker
| title =
| father = [[Erasmo de Sequeira]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Roy de Souza]]|2008}}
| children = 3
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Jack de Sequeira]] (grandfather)
* [[Fitz de Souza]] (father-in-law)}}
}}

'''Julia Maria Aisha de Sequeira'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Julia Maria Aisha De Sequeira|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/julia-maria-aisha-de-sequeira/|access-date=31 July 2021|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> (22 November<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 December 2020|title=Aisha de Sequeira Memories Timeline|url=https://memories.net/timeline/aisha-desequeira-92397|access-date=31 July 2021|website=memories.net|language=en}}</ref> 1969 – 10 December 2020) was an Indian [[investment banker]]. She was the co-head of [[Morgan Stanley]] India from 2013 through 2020. In 2007, she became the founding head of [[investment banking]] for Morgan Stanley India, and continued in this position until her death in 2020.

She was ranked on [[Fortune India]]'s 50 Most Powerful Women from 2012 through 2020.

== Early life ==
De Sequeira was born and raised in [[Goa]], India. She studied at Our Lady of the Rosary High School and Dhempe College of Science & Arts,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=11 December 2020|title=Tributes pour in for Goan achiever Aisha de Sequeira|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/12/12/goanews/tributes-pour-in-for-goan-achiever-aisha-de-sequeira/|access-date=31 July 2021|website=[[The Navhind Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> then completed a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in [[Electronics and Telecommunications]] at [[Goa Engineering College]]. She graduated from [[Yale School of Management]] with a [[Master's degree]] in public and private management in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2016|title=Aisha de Sequeira|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/stories/65205/aisha-de-sequeira|access-date=1 August 2021|website=[[Mount Holyoke College]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=9 December 2010|title=Alumni Stories: Aisha de Sequeira '95, Managing Director and Head of Investment Banking, India, Morgan Stanley|url=https://som.yale.edu/news/2010/12/alumni-stories-aisha-de-sequeira-95-managing-director-and-head-of-investment-banking-india-morgan-stanley|access-date=31 July 2021|website=Yale School of Management|language=en}}</ref> Her grandfather, [[Jack de Sequeira]], was president of the [[United Goans Party]]. Her father [[Erasmo de Sequeira]] was an [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from 1967 to 1977.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last1=Zachariah|first1=Reeba|last2=Kurian|first2=Boby|date=24 January 2012|title=Morgan Stanley tops India deal show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/morgan-stanley-tops-india-deal-show/articleshow/11610511.cms|access-date=1 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
De Sequeira first worked at [[Morgan Stanley]] in 1994, where she completed an [[internship]] while in business school.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=Anusha|date=9 January 2011|title=They are playing her song|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/story/morgan-stanleys-aisha-de-sequeira-13897-2010-12-29|access-date=31 July 2021|website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|language=en}}</ref> She joined the firm full-time in [[New York City]] when she graduated the following year, becoming an associate in their [[Investment banking|Investment Banking]] group. A few months later, she moved to the [[Mergers and acquisitions|Mergers & Acquisitions]] (M&A) group, where she would continue until 2007.<ref name=":1" />

In 2007, Morgan Stanley ended its eight-year-old Indian [[joint venture]] with [[Nimesh Kampani]]'s [[JM Financial]] Group,<ref name=":2" /> and received a merchant banking license from the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] for a wholly owned subsidiary. De Sequeira, then a Managing Director in New York City, was transferred to [[Mumbai]] to be the Head of Investment Banking at the new company.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2007|title=Morgan Stanley In India Receives Merchant Banking License and Announces Two Senior Appointments|url=https://www.morganstanley.com/press-releases/morgan-stanley-in-india-receives-merchant-banking-license-and-announces-two-senior-appointments_5623|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Morgan Stanley|language=en}}</ref> Three months after her transfer, the company was caught by the [[2008 financial crisis]]; while deals were scarce, De Sequeira's team was able to find contacts with potential clients. Hence, they were ready when the markets began to recover in 2009, and it was called the top firm in the capital markets in India after advising 17 deals in nine months.<ref name=":5" /> In 2011, Morgan Stanley topped three Indian banking deal league tables, with the [[Times Of India]] featuring de Sequeira as the head of ''Mergers and Acquisitions''. Morgan Stanley had nearly 30% of the market by value, advising on business deals worth $11.2bn.<ref name=":2" />

In 2013, de Sequeira became the co-head of Morgan Stanley India<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Revathi|date=11 December 2020|title=Aisha de Sequeira — 'daughter of Goa' & Morgan Stanley India co-head who idolised Steve Jobs|url=https://theprint.in/india/aisha-de-sequeira-daughter-of-goa-morgan-stanley-india-co-head-who-idolised-steve-jobs/565173/|website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> in addition to her Investment Banking position. She continued in both roles through December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2021|title=Morgan Stanley rejigs top deck in India, names Sanjay Shah as head|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/morgan-stanley-rejigs-top-deck-in-india-names-sanjay-shah-as-head/articleshow/80239426.cms|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> Under De Sequeira's leadership, Morgan Stanley India maintained its status as a prominent M&A advisory firm, and became the top firm in the country again in 2017.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Surendar|first=T.|date=22 September 2019|title=Aisha de Sequeira: The market reader|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/investing/aisha-de-sequeirathe-market-reader/103583|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Fortune India|language=en}}</ref> The company advised over $70 billion of deals, such as the investments by [[Facebook, Inc.]] and [[Google]] into [[Jio]];<ref name=":3" /> [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Company's]] sale of [[Jaguar Land Rover]] to [[Tata Group]], and the merger of [[Idea Cellular]] and [[Vodafone India]].<ref name=":4" />

De Sequeira was one of [[Fortune India]]'s 50 Most Powerful Women from 2012 through 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aisha De Sequeira – Most Powerful Women in 2012|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/aisha-de-sequeira?year=2012|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Fortune India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> When the [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] introduced their first women-only awards in 2019, the ET Prime Women Leadership Awards, De Sequeira served on the selection committee in 2019 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 March 2019|title=Awards for Female Entrepreneurs: ET Prime Women Leadership Awards jury shortlists finalists for their spirit of entrepreneurship, innovation, and excellence|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/et-prime-women-leadership-awards-jury-shortlists-finalists-for-their-spirit-of-entrepreneurship-innovation-and-excellence/articleshow/68264009.cms|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 February 2020|title=ETPWLA {{!}} ET Prime Women Leadership Awards 2020: Finalists shortlisted after intense debate at jury meet|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/et-prime-women-leadership-awards-2020-finalists-shortlisted-after-intense-debate-at-jury-meet/articleshow/74203311.cms|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> She was also a member of the [[Young Presidents' Organization]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2019|title=How A Tech Entrepreneur Turned a Personal Crisis Into A War Against Cancer|url=https://www.ypo.org/2019/08/how-a-tech-entrepreneur-turned-a-personal-crisis-into-a-war-against-cancer|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Young Presidents' Organization}}</ref> [[Indra Nooyi]], also a Yale SOM alumna, was a friend and mentor.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
De Sequeira was a fluent speaker of [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Lall|first=Pavan|date=10 December 2020|title=Aisha de Sequeira: The banker with a smile|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/obituary/aisha-de-sequeira-the-banker-with-a-smile/104936|access-date=31 July 2021|website=Fortune India|language=en}}</ref> She married entrepreneur [[Roy de Souza]], the founder of [[Zedo]], in 2008. They had three sons Erasmo, Nathan and Alexander.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2020|title=Remembering Banker Aisha De Sequeira who Put People First And Built Morgan Stanley in India|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/aisha-de-sequeira-dies-morgan-stanley/|access-date=31 July 2021|website=[[SheThePeople]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Her father-in-law, [[Fitz de Souza]], a Kenyan lawyer-turned-politician, died in March 2020.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|last=Fernandes|first=Cyprian|date=29 March 2020|title=RIP Dr Fitzval de Souza|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/RIP-Dr-Fitzval-de-Souza-/158757|access-date=19 October 2020|website=[[O Heraldo]]}}</ref> Her cousin, Jack Ajit Sukhija, through her paternal aunt Lily, serves as a councilor in the [[Corporation of the City of Panaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-16 |title=With 2-vote win in local polls, grandson of iconic Goan Jack de Sequeira makes a splash on electoral debut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/with-2-vote-win-in-local-polls-grandson-of-iconic-goan-jack-de-sequeira-makes-a-splash-on-electoral-debut-10583872/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
De Sequeira was diagnosed with [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]] in 2017. She died on 10 December 2020<ref name=":0" /> in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ghosh|first1=Suvashree|last2=Kalesh|first2=Baiju|date=10 December 2020|title=Morgan Stanley Veteran, Top India Dealmaker Sequeira Dies at 51|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-11/morgan-stanley-veteran-top-india-dealmaker-sequeira-dies-at-51|website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Her family received condolences on [[Twitter]] from the [[Chief Minister of Goa]] [[Pramod Sawant]]<ref name=":3" /> and former Chief Minister [[Digambar Kamat]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Yashi|date=11 December 2020|title=Morgan Stanley India co-head Aisha de Sequeira passes away after long battle with cancer|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/morgan-stanley-india-co-head-aisha-de-sequeira-passes-away-after-long-battle-with-cancer-7704121.htm|access-date=1 August 2021|website=[[CNBC TV18]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==

* [https://www.rediff.com/business/report/its-never-about-a-one-off-deal-mantra-over-a-meal/20190825.htm 'It's never about a one-off deal': mantras from Morgan Stanley's India boss (2019)]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:de Sequeira, Aisha}}
[[Category:Morgan Stanley employees]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Goa]]
[[Category:Yale School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian investment bankers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer in New York (state)]]

Malaysian Indian Congress

2026-03-27T07:00:51Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Short description|Malaysian political party}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Malaysian Indian Congress
| native_name =
| lang1 = Malay
| name_lang1 = {{lang|ms|Kongres India Se-Malaysia كوڠݢريس اينديا سمليسيا}}
| lang2 = Chinese
| name_lang2 = {{lang|zh-hans|马来西亚印度国民大会}} {{lang|zh-latn|Mǎláixīyà Yìndù Guómín Dàhuì}}
| lang3 = Tamil
| name_lang3 = {{lang|ta|மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ் Malēciya Intiya Kāṅkiras}}
| logo = Malaysian Indian Congress Logo.svg
| president = [[Vigneswaran Sanasee]]
| secretary_general = [[Ananthan Somasundaram]]
| spokesperson = Ramalingam Krishnamoorthy
| foundation = 4 August 1946
| ideology = [[Malaysian Indian|Malaysian Indian interests]] [[Social conservatism]] [[Dravidian movement]]
| headquarters = 6th floor, Menara Manicavasagam, No. 1, Jalan Rahmat, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| international =
| country = Malaysia
| abbreviation = MIC / ம.இ.கா
| founder = [[John Thivy]]
| leader1_title = Deputy President
| leader1_name = [[Saravanan Murugan]]
| leader2_title = Vice-President
| leader2_name = [[Asojan Muniyandy]] [[Murugiah Thopasamy]] [[Nelson Renganathan]] [[Vell Paari Samy Vellu]] Ramasamy Muthusamy
| leader3_title = Youth Leader
| leader3_name = Arvind Krishnan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2024/06/09/arvind-wins-mic-youth-chief-post-uncontested/ |title=Arvind wins MIC Youth chief's post uncontested |date=9 June 2024}}</ref>
| leader4_title = Woman Leader
| leader4_name = Saraswathy Nallathamby<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/04/05/johor-mic-leader-declares-candidacy-for-wanita-chief039s-post |title=Johor MIC leader declares candidacy for Wanita chief's post}}</ref>
| leader5_title = Putera Leader Puteri Leader
| leader5_name = Shatesh Kumar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/06/14/dr-shatesh-wins-putera-mic-chief-post |title=Dr Shatesh wins Putera MIC chief post}}</ref>
 Teeba Solaimalai
| predecessor = Malayan Indian Congress
| slogan =
| newspaper = MIC Times Tamil Malar [[Makkal Osai]]
| youth_wing = MIC Youth Movement
| womens_wing = MIC Women Movement
| wing1_title = Putera Wing
| wing1 = MIC Putera Movement
| wing2_title = Puteri Wing
| wing2 = MIC Puteri Movement
| membership_year =
| position = [[Centre-right]]
| membership =
| national = [[All-Malaya Council of Joint Action]] {{small|(1948–1953)}} [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] {{small|(1954–1973)}} [[Barisan Nasional]] {{small|(since 1974)}}
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}|border=darkgray}} Green and white
| colorcode = {{Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading}}
| flag = File:Flag of the Malaysian Indian Congress.svg
| seats1_title = [[Dewan Negara]]:
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|1|70|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Dewan Rakyat]]:
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|1|222|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
| seats3_title = [[Dewan Undangan Negeri]]:
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|5|611|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.mic.org.my/}}
| symbol = [[File:Barisan Nasional.png|150px]]
| anthem = ''Saathanai Namathu Kaiyile''
}}
{{Conservatism in Malaysia|Parties}}
The '''Malaysian Indian Congress''' ([[Abbreviation|abbrev]]: '''MIC'''; {{langx|ms|Kongres India Se-Malaysia}}), formerly known as '''Malayan Indian Congress''', is a [[Malaysia]]n political party. Founded in 1946 to advocate for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] from [[British Raj|British colonial rule]], it turned its focus to the struggle for independence of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia]]). It positioned itself to represent the [[Malaysian Indians|Indian community in Malaya]] and was a founding member of the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] along with the [[UMNO|United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) and [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] (MCA), which later became [[Barisan Nasional]]. Previously seen as the political representative of [[Malaysian Indian]]s, it has become increasingly marginalised electorally since [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]].

== History ==
[[File:Headquarters of MIC.JPG|thumb|MIC Headquarters]]

=== Founding and Indian nationalist roots ===
[[John Thivy]], the founder of the MIC, met [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at [[London]] while studying law. He was inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s ideology and Nehru's vision and became determined to fight for Indian independence. He became actively involved in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalist movement]] and returned to Malaya.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1j_qCQAAQBAJ&q=MIC+under+John+Thivy&pg=PA212 |title=From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam |editor=Timothy J. Lomperis |page=217 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |year=2000 |isbn=9789971693916}}</ref> He founded the Malaya Indian Congress in August 1946, and was party president until 1947. The word 'Congress' in the party's name is taken from the [[Indian National Congress]], the party Mahatma Gandhi led to fight for Indian independence.

=== Becoming a Malayan party ===
After India gained independence in 1947, the MIC changed its focus and started to fight for the independence of Malaya.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HphXHA4_sYQC&q=MIC+under+John+Thivy&pg=PA26 |title=Cage of Freedom: Tamil Identity and the Ethnic Fetish in Malaysia |publisher=NUS Paper |year=2007 |isbn=9789971693916 |editor=Andrew C. Willford |page=26}}</ref> Baba Budh Singh Ji became president of MIC in 1947. After World War II, the British had established the [[Malayan Union]], unifying the Malay Peninsula under a single government to simplify administration. Although a majority of the Indian community supported the Malayan Union, the MIC did not.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mic.org.my/about/history/ |title=History – MIC |publisher=Malaysian Indian Congress}}</ref> The Malayan Union was dissolved in 1948 after widespread Malay protests and replaced with the [[Federation of Malaya]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Malayan Union controversy 1942–1948 |last=Lau |first=Albert |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-588964-9 |location=Singapore |oclc=22117633}}</ref> The MIC later joined the [[All-Malaya Council of Joint Action]] under [[Malay titles|Tun]] [[Tan Cheng Lock]] in opposition to the [[Federation of Malaya]] Agreement.

K. Ramanathan became president in 1950. By this time, the MIC was the leading party representing Indians in Malaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Shanthiah |last2=Fernando |first2=Joseph Milton |date=27 April 2018 |title=The Malayan Indian Congress and Early Political Rivalry among Indian Organisations in Malaya, 1946–1950 |journal=Kajian Malaysia |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=25–42 |doi=10.21315/km2018.36.1.2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ramanathan advocated for the relaxation of the language proficiency test as a prerequisite for citizenship for Indians, and urged Indians to obtain federal citizenship.<ref name="Kailasam 2015">{{Cite journal |last=Kailasam |first=A. |date=1 January 2015 |title=Political expediencies and the process of identity construction: The quest for indian identity in Malaysia |url=http://web.usm.my/km/33(1)2015/km33012015_01.pdf |journal=Kajian Malaysia |volume=33 |pages=1–18}}</ref>

The MIC's fourth President, [[K. L. Devaser|Kundan Lal Devaser]], served from 1951 to 1955. It was during his period that MIC started to focus on the fight for Malayan independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://malaysianindian1.blogspot.my/2008/02/mic-hidden-history.html |title=MIC – The Hidden History |website=malaysianindian1.blogspot.my}}</ref>

Under Devaser, the MIC contested the [[1952 Malayan local elections|1952 Kuala Lumpur Municipal Elections]] in alliance with the [[Independence of Malaya Party]], [[Dato Onn Bin Ja'afar|Dato' Onn bin Jaafar]] and other non-communal organisations. The election ended with a failure for MIC as their coalition was defeated by the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]]. The defeat showed MIC that it stood a better chance of gaining influence by joining the Alliance. In 1954 the MIC joined the [[United Malays National Organisation]] and the [[Malaysian Chinese Association|Malayan Chinese Association]] in the Alliance, securing a place for Indians in the administration.<ref name="Kailasam 2015" /> The party's broader membership was less enthusiastic than the MIC leadership about joining the Alliance but were willing to support the move if the party could secure concessions from the Alliance on inter-communal issues, particularly on education.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Indian minority and political change in Malaya, 1945–1957 |last=Brown |first=Rajeswary Ampalavanar |date=1981 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-580473-2 |location=Kuala Lumpur |oclc=8080662}}</ref>

Devaser was primarily popular among the urban-based Indian elite, and lacked wider grassroots support. For the first eight years, MIC leaders were either of North Indian or Malayalee origin, a minority among Malayan Indians. The majority of Indians in Malaya at that time were Tamils, most of whom were labourers in plantations. Indian plantation workers experienced enforced segregation because of plantation compound housing. The plantation labour system also worked against the integration of Indian workers into society and perpetuated racial and occupational differentiation. Plantation workers were unable to acquire the skills required to move to better-paying jobs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Migrant plantation workers were both marginalised and polarised in Malaya. Their wages were tied to rubber prices, falling when the rubber price fell, and were about 50c per day. Devaser came under heavy criticism from the Tamil media for not addressing the pressing issues facing the community. Some in the party felt that there was a need for a leader with a stronger relationship with the party's grassroots. In March 1955, the local daily ''Tamil Murasu'' urged Tamils to boycott the MIC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=/2007/7/16/focus/18293824&sec=focus |title=Archives |website=The Star |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614011132/https://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2007%2F7%2F16%2Ffocus%2F18293824&sec=focus |url-status=dead}}</ref> This was followed by a call for change in MIC's leadership, led by Tamil MIC leaders, and Devaser stepped down.<ref name="Kailasam 2015" /> The MIC then faced the challenge of reconciling the political aspirations of the middle class with the needs of the working class, who at the time comprised 84% of the plantation workforce.

=== Tamil dominance ===
In May 1955, [[V. T. Sambanthan|Tun V. T. Sambanthan]] was elected as the fifth President of the Malayan Indian Congress. Sambanthan started a recruitment campaign among plantation workers, relying on the patronage of Hinduism in its popular South Indian form, increased use of the Tamil language, and encouraging Tamil cultural activities. He personally toured plantations and encouraged Tamils to join the MIC.<ref name="Kailasam 2015" /> This led to a fragmentation of the Indian community, with traditionalists and the lower middle class becoming prominent in the party while upper-class professionals and the intelligentsia moved away from it. Two paths to leadership emerged in the Indian community, via politics or via trade union activism, with very little interaction between them.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Under Sambanthan's leadership, the MIC effectively became a Tamil party. Sambanthan served as president of the MIC until 1971 and was largely responsible for the transformation of the party to a conservative and traditionalist party emphasising Indian culture, religion and language.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} It was the weakest of the three main political parties, with the smallest electorate (7.4% in 1959) and had little support from the Indian community at large.

The Indian community was geographically dispersed and divided and comprised less than 25% of the population in any constituency. The MIC's overriding concern was therefore to remain a partner in the Alliance and obtain whatever concessions it could from the dominant UMNO. This led the MIC to compromise on priorities such as the political and economic rights of workers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koh |first1=Sin Yee |editor1-last=Christou |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Mavroudi |editor2-first=E. |title=Dismantling Diasporas: Rethinking the Geographies of Diasporic Identity, Connection and Development |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-14958-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbS1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 |language=en |chapter=Unpacking 'Malaysia' and 'Malaysian Citizenship': Perspectives of Malaysian-Chinese Skilled Diasporas}}</ref>

Sambanthan sold approximately half of his father's 2.4 km2 rubber estate and donated part of the money to the MIC. He was not uniformly popular but was able to gradually unite a party that had significant internal divides. During his presidency, in 1957, Malaysian independence was achieved. Sambanathan was involved in the negotiations with the British government's [[Reid Commission]] to draw up the new Malayan constitution. In 1963 [[Singapore]], [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] merged with the Federation of Malaya to form the [[Malaysia|Federation of Malaysia]], and the MIC renamed itself the Malaysian Indian Congress.

Sambanathan was forced to retire in favour of [[V. Manickavasagam]] in 1973 after a rebellion by five MIC leaders including [[Samy Vellu]].

Manickavasagam served as president of MIC from 1973 to 1978. During this period, Malaysia's [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy]] was being developed, and the MIC convened two economic conferences in an unsuccessful effort to advocate for the interests of Indians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anbalakan |first=K. |date=1 January 2003 |title=The NEP and Further Marginalization of the Indians |url=http://web.usm.my/km/KM%2021,2003/21-16.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804174839/http://web.usm.my/km/KM%2021,2003/21-16.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2016 |url-status=live |journal=Kajian Malaysia |volume=21 |pages=379–398}}</ref>

It was during this period that the MIC, as member of the Alliance, became part of the [[Barisan Nasional]]. The party sponsored the Nesa Multipurpose Cooperative and the MIC Unit Trust as part of its programme for economic ventures. It also set up the MIC Education Fund for members' children and the Malaysian Indian Scholarship Fund for higher education as well as acquiring an Institute for training Indians in technical and trade skills.

Manickavasagam appointed several new representatives to leadership positions, including [[Subramaniam Sathasivam]], Datuk K. Pathmanaban, a Harvard MBA holder, and several others. They were young, well-educated and ambitious but lacked grassroots experience. Subramaniam was hand-picked by Manickavasagam to become deputy president and succeed him, but the party elected [[Samy Vellu]] as Deputy President instead, by a narrow margin of 26 votes.

Samy Vellu became MIC president in 1979 and served until 2010. Under his leadership, in 1984, the MIC founded the Maju Institute of Education Development (MIED) to offer educational opportunities and financial support to Indian students in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mied.com.my/?page_id=1069 |title=Corporate Profile – Maju Institute Of Educational Development. |language=en-US |access-date=14 November 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Since its establishment, more than 10,000 students have obtained loans and scholarships totaling about RM60 million MIED fund as of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mied |url=http://www.mied.com.my/index.php |access-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716224251/http://www.mied.com.my/index.php |archive-date=16 July 2013}}</ref> In 2001, the MIC and MIED launched an [[AIMST University]] with the stated goal of helping Indians acquire professional training. Vellu was the founding chancellor of the university. By 2018, the university had achieved a score of 4 on the Malaysian Higher Education Institution's 5-point rating scale.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/11/24/varsity-to-keep-chasing-excellence-aimst-striving-for-score-of-five-to-achieve-excellent-university |title=Varsity to keep chasing excellence |last=SEE |first=BERNARD |date=24 November 2018 |website=The Star Online |language=en |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref> However, AIMST's commitment to training Indian students has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/mic-turns-70-but-aimst-intake-of-indian-students-shocking/ |title=MIC turns 70, but AIMST intake of Indian students 'shocking' |date=2 August 2016 |website=The Malaysian Times |language=en-US |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Marginalisation ===
The party suffered heavy losses in the [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 election]], as Indian voters by and large voted against the party and the Barisan Nasional coalition, as part of the broader [[2008 Malaysian opposition wave|swing towards the opposition]] that year. Vellu lost his seat, along with a number of high-profile MIC leaders.

Since 2008, the party has seen its influence and relevance among the Indian community diminished, as its electorate shifted their support to the [[Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) and [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]] (PKR).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Hashini Kavishtri |date=18 November 2023 |title=Is MIC dead? |url=https://www.sinardaily.my/article/212845/focus/politics/is-mic-dead |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=Sinar Daily |language=en}}</ref>

Vellu was succeeded by [[Palanivel Govindasamy]] who served from 2010 to 2014. Subramaniam was then elected, initially in an acting role, serving from 2014 to 2018. {{As of|2019||df=}}, the party is led by [[Vigneswaran Sanasee]].

On 17 March 2026, MIC has been officially approved as a component party of [[Perikatan Nasional]], becoming the coalition’s fifth member. This follows talks about MIC leaving [[Barisan Nasional]], where it has been a founding member alongside MCA and UMNO since 1974.

== Organisational structure ==
=== Central Working Committee ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''President:'''
** [[Vigneswaran Sanasee]]
* '''Deputy President:'''
** [[Saravanan Murugan]]
* '''Vice Presidents:'''
** [[Asojan Muniyandy]]
** [[Murugiah Thopasamy]]
** [[Nelson Renganathan]]
** [[Vell Paari Samy Vellu]]
** Ramasamy Muthusamy
* '''Secretary-General:'''
** [[Ananthan Somasundaram]]
* '''Treasurer-General:'''
** Sivakumar Nadraja
* '''Information Chief:'''
** Ramalingam Krishnamoorthy
* '''Organising Secretary:'''
** Muneandy Nalepan
* '''Executive Secretary:'''
** Kumararajah Tambyraja
* '''Chairman of the Disciplinary Committee:'''
** S.Murugavelu
{{col-2}}
* '''Building Committee Chairman:'''
** N. Rawisandran
* '''National Strategy Officer:'''
** R. Thinalan
* '''National Media Bereau:'''
** L. Sivasubramaniam
* '''Youth Leader:'''
** Arvind Krishnan
* '''Deputy Youth Leader:'''
** Kesavan Kandasamy
* '''Women Leader:'''
** N. Saraswathy
* '''Deputy Women Leader:'''
** Dr P.Tanaletchumy
* '''Putera Leader:'''
** Dr Shatesh Kumar Sangar
* '''Deputy Putera Leader:'''
** Dr Amarveen Malairaja Karuppanan
* '''Puteri Leader:'''
**S. Teeba
* '''Deputy Puteri Leader:'''
** Premala Arasu
{{col-end}}
'''Central Working Committee members:'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# M. Veeran
# K. Subramaniam
# D. Tharma Kumaran
# K. Balasundaram
# P. Kamalanathan
# K. Parthiban
# D. Vincent
# S. Tamilvanan
# S. Suppayah
# M. Mathuraiveran
# S. Marathamuthu
# N. Maneanay
# T. Novalan
# G. Sivah
# M. Karuppanan
# K. Sathasivam
# R. Supramaniam
# R. Rajandran
# G. Raman
# M. Rajandran
# S. Ananthan
# V. Arumugam
# Datuk Dhinagaran
# S. Rajah
# V. Elango
# R. Vidyananthan
# L. Manickam
# A. Mangleswaran
# S. Renugopal
# V. P. Shanmugam
# Peer Mohamad Bin Kadir
# C. Sivaraajh
# K. Ramalingam
# S. Murugavelu
# A. Sakthivel
# N. Sivakumar
# Siva Subramaniam
# R. Balasubramaniam
# A. Krishnaveny
# R. Inbavally
# K. Arvind
# K. Kesavan
# N. Saraswati
# R. Nelson
}}
Source:<ref name="Central Working Committee">{{cite web |url=https://www.mic.org.my/mic-leadership/central-working-committee/ |title=Central Working Committee |work=Malaysian Indian Congress}}</ref>
* '''State chairmen:'''
** Perlis: S. Ilanckoh
** Kedah: SK.Suresh
** Kelantan: S. Renugopal
** Terengganu: A. Mangeleswaran
** Penang: Datuk Dhinagaran
** Perak: M.Ramasamy
** Pahang: V. Arumugam
** Selangor: M. Shanker Raj
** Federal Territories: S. Rajah
** Negeri Sembilan: P. Supramaniam
** Malacca: YB P. Shanmugam
** Johor: YB Raven Kumar
** Sabah: Peer Mohamad Kadir
Source:<ref name="Central Working Committee" />

== Leadership ==
=== Presidents of the Malayan Indian Congress (1946–1963) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Order
! Name<ref name="Past Presidents of MIC">{{cite web |url=http://www.mic.org.my/about/past-presidents-of-mic/ |title=Past Presidents of MIC – MIC |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816112215/http://www.mic.org.my/about/past-presidents-of-mic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! Notes
|-
! 1
| '''[[John Thivy]]'''
| 4 August 1946
| 1947
|
|-
! 2
| '''[[Baba Budh Singh Ji]]'''
| 1947
| 1950
|
|-
! 3
| '''K. Ramanathan Chettiar'''
| 1950
| 1952
|
|-
! 4
| '''[[Kundan Lal Devaser]]'''
| 1952
| May 1955
|
|-
! 5
| '''[[V. T. Sambanthan]]'''
| May 1955
| 16 September 1963
|
|}

=== Presidents of the Malaysian Indian Congress (1963–present) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Order
! Name<ref name="Past Presidents of MIC" />
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! Time in office
! Notes
|-
! 5
| '''[[V. T. Sambanthan]]'''
| 16 September 1963
| 30 June 1973
| {{age in years and days|1963|9|16|1973|6|30}}
|
|-
! 6
| '''[[V. Manickavasagam]]'''
| 30 June 1973
| 12 October 1978
| {{age in years and days|1973|6|30|1978|10|12}}
|
|-
! 7
| '''[[Samy Vellu]]'''
| 12 October 1979
| 6 December 2010
| {{age in years and days|1979|10|12|2010|12|6}}
|
|-
! 8
| '''[[Palanivel Govindasamy]]'''
| 6 December 2010
| 23 June 2013
| {{age in years and days|2010|12|6|2013|6|23}}
|
|-
! –
| ''[[Subramaniam Sathasivam]]''
| ''23 June 2013''
| ''25 June 2015''
| ''{{age in years and days|2013|6|23|2015|6|25}}''
| ''Acting President''
|-
! 9
| '''[[Subramaniam Sathasivam]]'''
| 25 June 2015
| 15 July 2018
| {{age in years and days|2015|6|25|2018|7|15}}
|
|-
! 10
| '''[[Vigneswaran Sanasee]]'''
| 15 July 2018
| ''Incumbent''
| {{age in years and days|2018|7|15}}
|
|}

== Elected representatives ==

=== Dewan Negara (Senate) ===
==== Senators ====
{{Main|Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}
* '''His Majesty's appointee:'''
** [[Vell Paari Samy Vellu]]

=== Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) ===
==== Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament ====
{{Main|Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}

{{As of|2019||df=}}, MIC has only 1 MP in the [[Dewan Rakyat|House of Representatives]].
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;" | State
! style="width:30px;" | No.
! style="width:150px;" | Parliament Constituency
! style="width:240px;" | Member
! style="width:80px;" colspan=2 | Party
|-
| {{Flag|Perak}} || P072 || [[Tapah (federal constituency)|Tapah]] || [[Saravanan Murugan]] || bgcolor="{{Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading}}"| ||MIC
|-
| Total || style="width:30px;" colspan=6 | {{small|'''[[Perak]]''' (1)}}
|}

=== Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly) ===

==== Malaysian State Assembly Representatives ====
{{Main|List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–)}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
[[Johor State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|3|56|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Malacca State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|1|28|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|36|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Perlis State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|15|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
{{col-4}}
[[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|36|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|45|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|33|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
{{col-4}}
[[Penang State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|40|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Perak State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|59|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Pahang State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|1|47|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
{{col-4}}
[[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|56|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Sabah State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|73|hex={{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
[[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|82|hex{{party color|Malaysian Indian Congress}}}}
{{col-end}}

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;" | State
! No.
! Federal Constituency
! style="width:30px;" | No.
! style="width:150px;" | State Constituency
! style="width:240px;" | Member
! style="width:80px;" colspan=2 | Party
|-
| {{Flag|Pahang}}
| P089
| Bentong|| N35 || [[Sabai (state constituency)|Sabai]] || [[Arumugam Veerappa Pillai]] || bgcolor="{{Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading}}"| ||MIC
|-
| {{Flag|Malacca}}
| P135
| Alor Gajah|| N07 || [[Gadek (state constituency)|Gadek]] || [[Shanmugam Ptcyhay]] || bgcolor="{{Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading}}"| ||MIC
|-
| rowspan=3 | {{Flag|Johor}}
| P141
| Sekijang|| N04 || [[Kemelah (state constituency)|Kemelah]] || Saraswathy Nallathamby || bgcolor="{{Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading}}"| ||MIC
|-
| P153
| Sembrong|| N31 || [[Kahang (state constituency)|Kahang]] || [[Vidyananthan Ramanadhan]] || bgcolor="{{Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading}}"| ||MIC
|-
| P154
| Mersing
| N33 || [[Tenggaroh (state constituency)|Tenggaroh]] || [[Raven Kumar Krishnasamy]] || bgcolor="{{Malaysian Indian Congress/meta/shading}}"| ||MIC
|-
| Total
| colspan="7" | {{small|'''[[Pahang]]''' (1), '''[[Malacca]]''' (1), '''[[Johor]]''' (3)}}
|}

== Government offices ==

=== State governments ===
MIC serves a junior partner role in Barisan Nasional and Alliance

* '''[[Johor]]''' (''1957–2018'', ''2020–present'')
* '''[[Pahang]]''' (''1978–2013'', ''2022–present'')
* '''[[Malacca]]''' (''1964–1969'', ''1986–2018'', ''2021–present'')
* [[Negeri Sembilan|'''Negeri Sembilan''']] (''1957–2018'')
* '''[[Selangor]]''' (''1957–2008'')
* '''[[Perak]]''' (''1957–1969'', ''1974–2008'')
* '''[[Kedah]]''' (''1959–1969'', ''1978–2008'')
* '''[[Penang]]''' (''1957–1969, 1974–1986, 1991'''–'''2008'')

Note: '''bold''' as Menteri Besar/Chief Minister, ''italic'' as junior partner

== Election results ==
=== General election results ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Total seats won
! Seats contested
! Total votes
! Share of votes
! Outcome of election
! Election leader
|-
! [[1955 Malayan general election|1955]]
| {{Composition bar|2|52|hex=#29AB87}}
| 2
| 26,868
| 2.68%
| {{increase}}2 seats; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]])}}
| [[V. T. Sambanthan]]
|-
! [[1959 Malayan general election|1959]]
| {{Composition bar|3|104|hex=#29AB87}}
| 3
| 15,711
| 1.02%
| {{increase}}1 seat; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]])}}
| [[V. T. Sambanthan]]
|-
! [[1964 Malaysian general election|1964]]
| {{Composition bar|3|104|hex=#29AB87}}
| 3
| 19,269
| 1.60%
| {{steady}}; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]])}}
| [[V. T. Sambanthan]]
|-
! [[1969 Malaysian general election|1969]]
| {{Composition bar|2|144|hex=#29AB87}}
| 3
|
|
| {{decrease}}1 seat; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance Party]])}}
| [[V. T. Sambanthan]]
|-
! [[1974 Malaysian general election|1974]]
| {{Composition bar|4|144|hex=#29AB87}}
| 5
|
|
| {{increase}}2 seats; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[V. Manickavasagam]]
|-
! [[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]]
| {{Composition bar|3|154|hex=#29AB87}}
| 5
|
|
| {{decrease}}1 seat; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[V. Manickavasagam]]
|-
! [[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]
| {{Composition bar|4|154|hex=#29AB87}}
| 5
|
|
| {{increase}}1 seat; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Samy Vellu]]
|-
! [[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]
| {{Composition bar|6|177|hex=#29AB87}}
| 7
| 104,701
| 2.21%
| {{increase}}2 seats; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Samy Vellu]]
|-
! [[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]
| {{Composition bar|6|180|hex=#29AB87}}
| 7
|
|
| {{steady}}; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Samy Vellu]]
|-
! [[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]
| {{Composition bar|7|192|hex=#29AB87}}
|
|
|
| {{increase}}1 seat; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Samy Vellu]]
|-
! [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
| {{Composition bar|7|193|hex=#29AB87}}
|
|
|
| {{steady}}; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Samy Vellu]]
|-
! [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
| {{Composition bar|9|219|hex=#29AB87}}
|
| 221,546
| 3.2%
| {{increase}}2 seats; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Samy Vellu]]
|-
! [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
| {{Composition bar|3|222|hex=#29AB87}}
| 9
| 179,422
| 2.21%
| {{decrease}}6 seats; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Samy Vellu]]
|-
! [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
| {{Composition bar|4|222|hex=#29AB87}}
| 9
| 286,629
| 2.59%
| {{increase}}1 seat; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Palanivel Govindasamy]]
|-
! [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
| {{Composition bar|2|222|hex=#29AB87}}
| 9
| 167,061
| 1.39%
| {{decrease}}2 seats; '''Opposition coalition''', later '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Subramaniam Sathasivam|S. Subramaniam]]
|-
! [[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
| {{Composition bar|1|222|hex=#29AB87}}
| 10
| 172,176
| 1.11%
| {{decrease}}1 seat; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
| [[Vigneswaran Sanasee]]
|}

=== State election results ===
<div style="width: 100%; overflow:auto; border: 2px solid #088">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
! rowspan=2 | State election !!colspan=14 | State Legislative Assembly
|-
! [[Perlis State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Penang State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Perak State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Pahang State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Johor State Legislative Assembly]] !! [[Sabah State Legislative Assembly]] !! Total won / Total contested
|-
! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
|-
| 2/3 majority||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}||
|-
| 2013|| ||{{Composition bar|0|36|hex=#29AB87}}|| || ||{{Composition bar|0|40|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|0|59|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|0|42|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|0|56|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|1|36|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|1|28|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|3|56|hex=#29AB87}}|| ||{{Composition bar|5|18|hex=#29AB87}}
|-
| 2018|| ||{{Composition bar|0|36|hex=#29AB87}}|| || ||{{Composition bar|0|40|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|0|59|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|0|42|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|0|56|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|1|36|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex=#29AB87}}||{{Composition bar|2|56|hex=#29AB87}}|| ||{{Composition bar|3|18|hex=#29AB87}}
|-
| [[2021 Malacca state election|2021]]|| || || || || || || || || || {{Composition bar|1|28|hex=#29AB87}} || || ||{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#29AB87}}
|-
| [[2022 Johor state election|2022]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{Composition bar|3|56|hex=#29AB87}}
|
| {{Composition bar|3|4|hex=#29AB87}}
|-
| 2022
| {{Composition bar|0|15|hex=#29AB87}}
|
|
|
|
| {{Composition bar|0|59|hex=#29AB87}}
| {{Composition bar|1|42|hex=#29AB87}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{Composition bar|1|4|hex=#29AB87}}
|}
</div>

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in Malaysia]]
* [[Politics of Malaysia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). ''Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics''. Pelanduk Publications. {{ISBN|967-978-475-4}}.
* Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070616184702/http://www.malaysia-today.net/columns/pillai/2005/11/national-front-parties-were-not-formed.htm "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence"]. ''Malaysia Today''.
* The Star (2 August 2006): "Education a Key MIC Thrust"; M. Krishnamoorthy

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Malaysian Indian Congress}}
* {{official website|http://www.mic.org.my/}}

{{Barisan Nasional}}
{{Dravidian politics}}
{{Malaysian political parties}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Politics}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1946 establishments in British Malaya]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Singapore]]
[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Indian-Malaysian culture]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1946]]
[[Category:Political parties in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Political parties of minorities in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Political parties of minorities in Singapore]]
[[Category:Political parties of the Indian diaspora]]

Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny

2026-03-26T22:54:35Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Karishma the miracle of destiny..png
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre =
| creator = Akashdeep Sabir
| developer =
| writer = Naeem-Ejaz
| story = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| screenplay = Rafiq Talukdar
| director = [[Anurag Basu]] Siddharth Sen Malhotra Taulat Sayed
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Karisma Kapoor]] [[Sanjay Kapoor]] [[Arbaaz Khan]] [[Arshad Warsi]] [[Jugal Hansraj]] [[Vikas Bhalla]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Anu Malik]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 262
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor = Imtiaz Alam

Ajaz Sheikh
| cinematography = Sanjay Memane
| camera =
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = Cinetek telefilms Pvt Ltd
| channel = [[Sahara One]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2003|08|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2004}}
| related =
}}

'''''Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny''''' is an Indian television serial which was first broadcast on [[Sahara One]] on 25 August 2003 and lasted over 262 episodes ending in October 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/karishma.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's First Take on Sahara's 'Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny' |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=29 August 2003 |accessdate=30 September 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630184611/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/karishma.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It starred [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Vikas Bhalla]], [[Jugal Hansraj]], and [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]]. Created by Akashdeep Sabir,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/producer/akashdeep.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's : An Interview with 'Karishma' creative director Akashdeep |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=12 May 2003 |accessdate=30 September 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061215/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/producer/akashdeep.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> it was written by [[Sachin Bhowmick]] and directed by [[Anurag Basu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/writer/sachinbhaumick.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's : An Interview with ' Karishma' scriptwriter Sachin Bhaumick |work=Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=12 May 2003 |accessdate=30 September 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061048/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/writer/sachinbhaumick.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/07/stories/2002100700090200.htm |title=The Hindu : Karisma's TV incarnation |publisher=Hindujobs.com |date=7 October 2002 |accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref> The title song was composed by [[Anu Malik]] and sung by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Sapna Mukherjee]].

==Plot==
The serial follows the story of Devyani who from humble beginnings went on to become a very successful businesswoman. The story begins with an aged Devyani, now a 67-year-old mother of two grown-up sons Jai and Sameer and grandmother of Kunal, who is attending a ceremony to celebrate her life achievements. An attempt is made to end her life when a gunman shoots her, but she survives as the bullet only scrapes her arm. The hitman escapes. It is later revealed that her sons plot to have her killed to inherit her wealth. There is also a mysterious character named Aarnav who wants to write a novel based on Devyani's life but seems to have an ulterior motive.

The story shifts between Devyani in New Zealand and Mumbai, where a lookalike of Devyani named Avni is introduced. Her childhood friend Pakiya sees a picture of Devyani in a newspaper and tries to find a connection between Devyani and Avni. The story also includes flashbacks of Devyani in her 20s and the men in her life including Arjun and Amar.

==Cast==
* [[Karisma Kapoor]] as Devyani / Avni
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Amar
* [[Arbaaz Khan]] as Aarnav
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Sameer
* [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Jai
* [[Jugal Hansraj]] as Kunal (Sameer's son)
* [[Sheeba Akashdeep]] as Amrita (Sameer's wife)
* [[Resham Tipnis]] as Natasha (Jai's wife)
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as Pakiya
* [[Vikas Bhalla]] as Arjun
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Thakur (Arjun's elder brother and Aarnav's grandfather)
* [[Jayati Bhatia]] as Thakur's wife
*[[Pavan Malhotra]] as Raja
* [[Sanober Kabir]] as Riya (Kunal's girlfriend)
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Devyani's lawyer
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Ladoo
* [[Raju Kher]] as Devyani's doctor
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Sanjana
* [[Saadhika Randhawa]] as Saadhika
* [[Mayuri Kango]] as Mansi (Devyani's daughter and Avni's mother)
* [[Rahul Roy]] as Rahul
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Devyani's father

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0366041}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karishma - The Miracles Of Destiny}}
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Sahara One original programming]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]

Tirupati laddu

2026-03-25T15:30:00Z

Gauravdewasi: started post

{{Short description|Indian sweet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Tirupati laddu
| image = Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 805329 - Bhog Prasad Tirupati Laddoo (cropped).jpeg
| image_size = 200px
| alt = Tirupati Laddu
| caption = Tirupati Laddu on Indian stamp
| alternative names = శ్రీవారి లడ్డూ -- Srivari Laddu
| description = [[Laddu]] sweet offered as [[Naivedhya]]m to Lord [[Venkateswara|Sri Venkateswara]], at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] of [[Tirupati]]
| type = Foodstuff
| area = Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| registered = 2009
| material = [[Gram flour]], cashew nuts, cardamom,
| official website = http://www.tirumala.org
}}
'''Tirupati laddu''', also known as '''Tirumala laddu''' or '''Srivari laddu''', is a popular sweet offered as [[prasada]]m at the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] in [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. First introduced in 1715, the laddu evolved from a sweet called Manoharam and is now prepared in the temple's kitchen, Laddu Potu, by the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] '''(TTD)'''. Over 600 people, including skilled cooks known as Pachakas, are involved in its production. The laddu received a [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag in 2009 to protect its authenticity. There are variations of the laddu, including the Proktham Laddu and Asthanam Laddu. In 2024, it was at the centre of a controversy over alleged adulteration, leading to investigations and a purification ritual.

== History ==
The practice of offering laddus at the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] began on 2 August 1715.<ref name="Sify Laddu">{{cite news|title=Tirupati laddu: Since August 2, 1716|url=http://www.sify.com/news/tirupati-laddu-since-august-2-1715-news-national-pifpuvghhfedd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810072722/http://www.sify.com/news/tirupati-laddu-since-august-2-1715-news-national-pifpuvghhfedd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2015|accessdate=22 September 2015|work=Sify}}</ref><ref name="ladduhistory">{{cite web |title=Tirupati laddu all set to regain its old taste |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/334721/tirupati-laddu-all-set-regain.html |accessdate=2015-07-25 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Initially prepared as a loose, chunky sweet known as ''{{IAST|Manoharaṃ}}'', the laddu underwent several modifications over the centuries. By the 21st century, it had gained significant prominence, becoming an iconic prasad associated with [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-22 |title=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Laddu: Origins, ingredients, preparation, types, and other interesting facts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/tirumala-tirupati-devasthanams-laddu-origins-ingredients-preparation-types-and-other-interesting-facts/articleshow/113565582.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The preparation of this sweet has historical roots that trace back to the [[Pallava dynasty]], with references in inscriptions from the 1480s {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}. The current spherical form of the laddu was standardized under the [[Madras Presidency|Madras Government]] in 1940. Today, the preparation of laddus at the temple employs around 620 people, including 270 cooks, and modern methods have been adopted to enhance efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Tirupati Sri Vari Laddu History, How is it Prepared: Check Tirumala Laddu Recipe |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/tirupati/tirupati-laddu-history-how-it-prepared-check-tirumala-laddu-recipe-140204 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

== Geographical indication tag ==
To prevent black marketing of Tirupati laddus, in 2008, the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams registered for a [[geographical indication]] tag. In 2009, it obtained rights to Tirupati laddus under the category of foodstuff under the GI Act 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/ |title=Geographical Indications of India |accessdate=2016-01-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826183844/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/ |archivedate=2013-08-26 }}</ref> This has prevented others from preparing or naming the sweet with the same name.<ref name=ref1>{{cite news|title=Tirupati laddu gets global patent|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 September 2009 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tirupati-laddu-gets-global-patent/articleshow/5015694.cms|accessdate=2015-07-25}}</ref> In 2017, as part of their cuisine series, the [[India Post]] unveiled a postal stamp that commemorated the Tirupati Laddu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-05 |title=Hyderabad's signature cuisine: Biryani, Tirupati laddoo & idli-dosa get India Post stamp |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyds-signature-cuisine-biryani-tirupati-laddoo-idli-dosa-get-india-post-stamp/articleshow/61514034.cms |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Laddu potu ===
The kitchen where Tirupati laddus are prepared has been referred to since olden days as '''{{transliteration|te|ISO|Laḍḍū pōṭu}}'''. It lies inside the [[Architecture of Tirumala Venkateswara Temple#Sampangi Pradakshinam|Sampangi pradakshinam]] of the temple. The Potu is equipped with three conveyor belts used for carrying ingredients into the potu and finished laddus to the selling counters from Potu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Extra laddu-boondi conveyor at Tirumala|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 September 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/extra-ladduboondi-conveyor-at-tirumala/article6430632.ece|accessdate=2015-07-25|last1=Shukla|first1=G. P.}}</ref> Out of three conveyor belts the first one installed during 2007 can transfer only laddus and the second installed in the year 2010 can transfer both Laddus and {{transliteration|te|ISO|Būṃdi}}. The third conveyor belt was installed in 2014 as a backup for the two conveyor belts should they malfunction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laddu conveyor launched|date=21 September 2014|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140921/nation-current-affairs/article/laddu-conveyor-launched|access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref> In olden days only firewood was used to cook laddus, which was replaced by [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] in the year 1984.<ref name=ladduhistory />

Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams prepare an average of 2.8 lakh laddus a day in the {{transliteration|te|ISO|Laḍḍū pōṭu}}. At present, the {{transliteration|te|ISO|pōṭu}} can make 800,000 laddus a day.<ref name=ladduhistory />

=== Dittam ===
'''{{transliteration|te|ISO|Diṭṭam}}''' is the list of ingredients, and their proportions used in the making of Tirupati laddu in adherence with [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]]. To meet the increasing demand for laddus, changes were made to Dittam six times in its history.<ref name=ladduhistory /> At present the ingredients include [[Gram flour]], [[cashew]] nuts, [[cardamom]], [[ghee]], [[sugar]], [[Rock candy|sugar candy]] and [[raisin]]s.<ref name=ref1 /> Per day it uses about 10 tonnes of Gram flour, 10 tonnes of sugar, 700 kg of cashew nuts, 150 kg of cardamom, 300 to 500 litres of ghee, 500 kg of sugar candy and 540 kg of raisins used to prepare laddu. TTD procures all these items based on tenders yearly.<ref name=bm-laddu>{{cite web|title=TIRUPATI LADDUS WILL NO LONGER USE K'TAKA GHEE|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Tirupati-laddus-will-no-longer-use-Ktaka-ghee/articleshow/49159208.cms|accessdate=2016-01-27}}</ref>

=== Paricharakas ===

Paricharakas, traditionally known as {{transliteration|te|ISO|Pōṭu kārmikulu}} are the skilled cooks in the temples under the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-04 |title=Tirumala temple cooks want to be called {{transliteration|te|ISO|Pācakulu}} |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirumala-temple-cooks-want-to-be-called-pachakas/article7724349.ece |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They are responsible for preparing the [[Prasada|Naivedyam]], the sacred food offerings for the deities, and managing the temple kitchens. These cooks hold a significant position within the temple hierarchy, second only to the priests ({{transliteration|te|ISO|Arcaka}}) and scholars ({{transliteration|te|ISO|Adhyāpaka}}). Despite their important role, they have long been referred to as {{transliteration|te|ISO|Pōṭu kārmikulu}}, a term they feel does not reflect the dignity of their work. The term {{transliteration|te|ISO|Pāricharaka}} derived from Sanskrit, is preferred as it better honors their traditional and spiritual role in the temple. In the {{transliteration|te|ISO|Laḍḍū pōṭu}} alone, around 620 cooks work to prepare the laddus, with 150 being regular employees and over 350 on a contract basis, including 247 chefs.<ref name=bm-laddu /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirumala-temple-cooks-want-to-be-called-pachakas/article7724349.ece|title = Tirumala temple cooks want to be called 'Paricharakas'|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 5 October 2015|last1 = Rangarajan|first1 = A. d.}}</ref>

== Tirupati laddu variations ==

=== Proktam Laddu ===
The Proktam Laddu is regularly distributed to all the common pilgrims visiting the temple. It is small in size and weighs 65-75 grams. These laddus are prepared in large numbers.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Astanam Laddu ===
The {{transliteration|te|ISO|Āstānaṃ Laḍḍū}} is prepared only on special festive occasions. It is large and weighs 750 grams. It is prepared with more cashews, almonds, and saffron strands.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

=== Kalyanotsavam laddu ===
The {{transliteration|te|ISO|Kaḷyānōtsavaṃ Laḍḍū}} is distributed to devotees who participate in Kalyanotsavam and in a few Arjitha seva. There is a huge demand for these laddus. These are prepared in very few numbers when compared to the Proktham Laddu.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The Shelf life of the laddu is about 15 days with the advanced packaging system implemented by TTD.

== Laddu distribution ==

Due to high demand, both domestically and internationally, TTD noticed that Tirupati laddus were being sold at inflated prices in black markets. To address this, TTD identified middlemen involved in these activities and implemented measures to curb black marketing. Devotees can now receive laddus by presenting darshan tokens, and those not attending darshan must present an [[Aadhaar|Aadhaar card]] to purchase up to two laddus per day. Additionally, TTD has expanded the distribution of laddus to affiliated temples and information centres in cities like [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Amaravati]], and [[Visakhapatnam]]. These steps have improved access to laddus and reduced black market activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=TTD Cracks Down Black Marketing Of Tirupati Temple Laddus, Sets New Measures |url=https://www.news18.com/india/ttd-cracks-down-black-marketing-of-tirupati-temple-laddus-sets-new-measures-9049989.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== 2024 adulteration allegations ==
On 19 September 2024, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[Chandrababu Naidu]], claimed that the Tirupati laddu contained beef tallow, [[fish oil]], and pig [[lard]] in its ingredients during the administration of the former Chief Minister, [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]. The following day, a laboratory report from Gujarat suggested findings that some interpreted as confirmation of these allegations, leading to concerns among certain Hindu communities and devotees. The laboratory, established in 2009 by the [[National Dairy Development Board]] a statutory body of the Indian government, conducted tests that raised questions about the integrity of the prasadam served at the temple. A subsequent news report clarified that the claims were linked to a consignment of ghee produced by a Tamil Nadu dairy firm, with rejected batches of ghee not utilized in the preparation of the laddu prasadam. This clarification aimed to address concerns regarding the religious sanctity of the offerings.<ref>{{Cite news |first= |date=20 September 2024 |editor=Brijesh Doshi|title=Tirupati laddoos row: All about Gujarat lab that confirmed 'animal fat' in prasadam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tirupati-temple-laddoo-tirumala-animal-fat-ghee-lab-test-report-nddb-calf-2603714-2024-09-20|access-date= 20 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Response to Allegations ===
In light of the allegations, the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) took prompt action. The Central Health Ministry issued a show cause notice to the ghee-supplying company after one of the tested samples failed quality checks, indicating adulteration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-23 |title=Tirupati Laddu controversy: Centre issues show cause notice to ghee supplier over quality concerns |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tirupati-laddu-controversy-centre-issues-show-cause-notice-to-ghee-supplier-over-quality-concerns/3619590/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, a purification ritual known as Shanti Homam was conducted at the temple to help restore devotees' confidence and ensure the sanctity of the prasadam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Shanti Homam restores sanctity of Tirumala laddu |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/shanti-homam-restores-sanctity-of-tirumala-laddu-909168 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Former TTD chairman [[Y. V. Subba Reddy]] approached the Supreme Court, requesting the formation of an independent committee led by a retired apex court judge to investigate the claims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |title=Tirupati laddu row: Plea filed in Supreme Court for probe into use of animal fat in prasadam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-laddu-row-plea-filed-in-supreme-court-for-probe-into-use-of-animal-fat-in-prasadam-3203268 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, TTD established a sensory panel to assess food samples based on aroma, taste, and texture to mitigate future controversies related to prasadam quality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirupati Laddoo Row: Centre Issues Show Cause Notice To Ghee Supplier |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tirupati-laddoo-row-centre-issues-show-cause-notice-to-ghee-supplier-6633659 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The controversy surrounding the Tirupati Laddu also drew reactions from various political figures and celebrities. Political leader [[Pawan Kalyan]] raised concerns about adherence to worship protocols under the previous administration, referencing incidents he claimed involved the desecration of temples.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Pawan Kalyan's big charge: '300 temples desecrated under YSRCP, even Ayodhya received contaminated laddus from TTD' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/pawan-kalyans-big-charge-300-temples-desecrated-ysrcp-even-ayodhya-received-contaminated-laddus-from-ttd-446948-2024-09-22 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, Tamil actor [[Karthi]] apologized to Pawan Kalyan for his earlier comments regarding the controversy, reflecting the political sensitivity surrounding the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Tirupati laddu: Pawan Kalyan dons 'angry Hindu' role, Karthi apologizes for comment |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-laddu-pawan-kalyan-dons-angry-hindu-role-karthi-apologises-for-comment |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Prominent actor [[Prakash Raj]]'s comments to brush off the laddu controversy attracted criticism from leaders of the ruling NDA government such as Pawan Kalyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan vs Prakash Raj over Tirupati laddu row: 'Attack on Sanatana Dharma' |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/headlines/Pawan-Kalyan-vs-Prakash-Raj-over-Tirupati-laddu-row-Attack-on-Sanatana-Dharma-.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref>

In response to the allegations regarding the adulteration of the Tirupati laddu, [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], head of the [[YSR Congress Party]], called upon devotees across Andhra Pradesh to participate in special poojas on September 28, 2024. He urged the public to address what he termed false claims regarding the use of animal fat in the preparation of the laddu prasadam, highlighting the significance of restoring the temple's sanctity. Reddy expressed concern that the allegations could mislead devotees and tarnish the esteemed image of the Tirumala Tirupati temple. He stated that the sanctity of the temple and its offerings had been undermined by the claims, which he suggested may have been motivated by political interests. The YSRCP has denied allegations regarding the quality of ghee supplied to the temple, asserting that all protocols were observed by the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Jagan Reddy calls for temple pooja in Andhra to cleanse Chandrababu Naidu's 'sin' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/andhra-pradesh/story/tirupati-laddu-row-jagan-reddy-calls-for-pooja-to-clear-chandrababu-naidus-sin-2606389-2024-09-25 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In a letter to [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]], Reddy emphasized that the processes in place at TTD were designed to ensure the quality of ingredients used in the preparation of prasadam. He reiterated that any ghee found to be substandard was not allowed into the temple's premises, underscoring the necessity to maintain the sanctity of the temple's offerings amid the controversy.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2024-09-22 |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy writes to PM Modi, wants CM Naidu to be reprimanded for spreading 'lies' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-laddu-row-jagan-mohan-reddy-writes-to-pm-modi-wants-cm-naidu-to-be-reprimanded-for-spreading-lies/article68670528.ece |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court intervention and SIT investigation ===

Following the allegations, Andhra Pradesh officials announced the formation of a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) to investigate the claims of adulteration in the prasadam. The team, comprising officers of IGP rank and above, was tasked with submitting a report to the government to inform further actions. This initiative aimed to thoroughly address any concerns about the quality of prasadam and maintain the trust of devotees in the temple's offerings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra CM Chandrababu Naidu forms SIT to investigate Tirupati Prasadam controversy |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/andhra-cm-chandrababu-naidu-forms-sit-to-investigate-tirupati-prasadam-controversy20240922215615/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> Social media also played a role in the controversy, with various platforms witnessing discussions and skits about the issue. Some content creators faced backlash for perceived insensitivity towards Hindu sentiments and were compelled to remove their videos in light of public criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Tamil YouTube Channel removes controversial 'Tirupati Laddu' video after backlash |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/tamil-nadu/tamil-youtube-channel-removes-controversial-tirupati-laddu-video-after-backlash-2705152 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

On September 30, 2024, the Supreme Court stated that there was no conclusive evidence to suggest using animal fat in preparing Tirupati laddus during the previous YSR Congress Party (YSRCP) regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title=Supreme Court never said it was unadulterated: Pawan Kalyan on Tirupati laddu row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-pradesh-tirupati-laddu-row-pawan-kalyan-supreme-court-chandrababu-naidu-tirumala-laddoos-controversy-2609496-2024-10-01 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Court criticized Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu for making public statements without solid proof, stating that religious matters should not be politicized. The Special Investigation Team (SIT), formed by the Andhra Pradesh government to probe the allegations, was halted following the Supreme Court's instructions. The investigation was paused pending further orders from the Court, scheduled for October 3.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Debby |date=2024-09-30 |title=Tirupati Laddu Row: 'Lab Report Doesn't Prima Facie Show Impure Ghee Was Used': Supreme Court Slams AP CM For Public Comments |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/tirupati-laddu-row-lab-report-doesnt-show-impure-ghee-was-used-supreme-court-slams-ap-cm-for-public-comments-before-probe-271140 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

During the hearing, Justices [[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai|B.R. Gavai]] and [[K. V. Viswanathan|K.V. Viswanathan]] questioned the Chief Minister's decision to publicize unverified claims, noting that the lab test results did not clearly show contamination of the ghee used in the 'Prasadam'. The Court asked the Solicitor General [[Tushar Mehta]] to advise on whether the SIT should proceed or if the investigation should be handed over to an independent agency. Meanwhile, AP Deputy Chief Minister Pawan Kalyan clarified that the Court did not confirm the laddus were unadulterated, stressing that his government would continue investigating violations from the previous regime once the Court allows.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2024-09-30 |title=Tirupati laddu row: Gods should be kept away from politics, says Supreme Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tirupati-laddu-row-gods-should-be-kept-away-from-politics-says-supreme-court/article68700769.ece |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tirupati-laddu-row-supreme-court-sit-probe-9603068/|title=Tirupati laddu row: Supreme Court orders CBI-monitored SIT probe, says 'won't allow court to be used as political battleground'|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>

===Varahi declaration===
{{main|Varahi declaration}}
On October 3, 2024, the deputy chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, Pawan Kalyan called for a public meeting at Tirupati where he lamented partisan attitudes towards the issues related to Hindu temples, the prevalence of pseudo-secularism and the dire need for the formation of a national board to safeguard the sanctity of temples.<ref>{{cite news |last= Rangarajan|first= A.D. |date=3 October 2024|title=Varahi Declaration: Pawan administers pledge to save Sanatana Dharma, respect all faiths|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/varahi-declaration-pawan-administers-pledge-to-save-sanatana-dharma-respect-all-faiths/article68714349.ece|work= [[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> In this regard, he announced the ''Varahi declaration'', a 7-articled document to protect the Hindu interests and the need for non-cooperation to forces that show [[anti-Hindu sentiment]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh Dy CM Pawan Kalyan Advocates For Sanatana Dharma With Varahi Declaration |url=https://thecommunemag.com/andhra-pradesh-dy-cm-pawan-kalyan-advocates-for-sanatana-dharma-with-varahi-declaration/ |access-date=7 October 2024 |work=The Commune |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of geographical indications in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-36832237 |title=Tasting India's coveted holy sweet |first1=Shilpa |last1=Kannan |first2=Premanand |last2=Boominathan |date=20 July 2016 |accessdate=2016-07-20}}

{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}
{{Tirupati topics}}

[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]
[[Category:Religious food and drink]]
[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Andhra Pradesh]]

Murali Chemuturi

2026-03-21T13:48:26Z

Gauravdewasi: expand page for accuracy

{{short description|Indian software development expert|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Murali Krishna Chemuturi
| image = Photo_of_Murali_Chemuturi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|06|28}}
| birth_place = Chityala, [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| alma_mater = Osmania University, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| known_for = Definition of Excellence Definition of Software Estimation Methodology of Software Test Effort Estimation Classification of Software Requirements as Core and Ancillary Functionality Software Size Units Software Test Units Measurement of Customer Satisfaction using Internal Data Composite Product Quality Rating
| footnotes =
}}

'''Murali Krishna Chemuturi''' (popularly known as '''Murali Chemuturi''') (born 28 June 1950) is an Indian [[computer science|software development]] expert. He authored ten books, six on software development management, one on management, two translations (Ramayana, and Bhagavad Gita from Sanskrit into English) and one on personality engineering. He has also published a number of papers in journals and on the Internet.<ref>Article in Newspaper Eenadu dated 4 December 2016 under the caption Aayana Maate oh Paatham [http://archives.eenadu.net/12-04-2016/home.aspx]</ref>

==Life and work==
Born in Chityala, State of Andhra Pradesh, [[India]] to father Appa Rao Chemuturi and mother Chintapenta Vijaya Lakshmi, Murali Chemuturi studied Electrical Engineering at SMVM Polytechnic, Tanuku, followed by Industrial Engineering from Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering and a PG Diploma in Computer Methods and Programming from AP Productivity Council. He finished academics with MBA from the College of Commerce and Business Management of Osmania University Hyderabad.<ref>Article in Newspaper Eenadu dated 4 December 2016 under the caption Aayana Maate oh Paatham [http://archives.eenadu.net/12-04-2016/home.aspx]</ref>

He started working at [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], Metamor Global Solutions at Hyderabad, and Vistaar eBusinesses Private Limited, Mumbai. He started Chemuturi Consultants in 2001. He had an impressive career starting in a small position and rose to be the vice-president of a software development organisation.

Among his contributions to software development methodology are the ''Software Size Units'', for measuring the size of software product. SSU unlike the other units of measure does not use complexity for adjusting the software size. ''Software Test Units'' for measuring the size of software testing projects. ''Composite Product Quality Rating (CPQR)'', for measuring the quality of a software product delivered under an outsourcing mode of software development; and the ''Measurement of Customer Satisfaction using Internal Data'' which can be used for measuring quantitatively the customer satisfaction for software development projects which would provide a realistic metric depicting the true customer satisfaction. All these are detailed in his books listed under references section.

He authored 11 books including one co-authored with Thomas M. Cagley Jr. which were all published in USA by reputed publishers, namely Springer Science+Business, [[CRC Press]] and J.Ross Publishing.

He also authored a number of papers which were published in journals such as [[Computer Society of India]] Journal, Industrial Engineer, the journal of American Institute of Industrial Engineering, Academia website,<ref>His papers are published on Academia.edu and are well cited [https://independent.academia.edu/MuraliChemuturi].</ref> Technology Evaluation Centers News Letter.<ref>His technical papers are published on Technology Evaluation Centers website and are replicated on a number of web sites [http://www.technologyevaluation.com/search/?searchtext=murali%20chemuturi&searchmode=anyword&1=1].</ref> Most of his papers and podcasts are available from chemuturi.com, brighthub.com, scribd.com,<ref>His technical papers are published on Scribd.com, and are well read [https://www.scribd.com/search?query=murali+chemuturi].</ref> and freethoughtnation.com.<ref>His papers are published on Freethought nation and are well referenced [http://freethoughtnation.com/category/c68-murali-chemuturi].</ref>

Murali Chemuturi worked on [[software development effort estimation]] and [[software project management]] which were captured in books. He is known for his pioneering work on [[Test Effort Estimation]].

He worked on all aspects of information technology including software development, data processing, training as well as facility management.

He is the first person to state that the software development work is being carried out inefficiently inflating the costs of the software products. He is to software development industry what [[Ralph Nader]] was to automotive industry.

He enunciate this idea in his interview with Joe Dager of Business901 and exposed the neglect shown for the quality of the software products being dumped on the public.<ref>Transcript of the interview given by Murali Chemuturi to Joe Dager of business901.com . [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/69197360/Quality-Assurance-in-Software]</ref>

He is the first and so far the only person to suggest that measurement of software development work is possible and advocated it. His paper on the subject was published in the Journal of Industrial Engineering, November 2010, published by the Institute of Industrial Engineering, USA.<ref>Papaer titled Measure Out Costs in the November 2010 issue of the official journal of IIE, USA, [http://www.iienet2.org/IEMagazine/Details.aspx?id=23882]</ref>

The quality of his work can be assessed from the fact that there are more than 180 citations on the [[Google Scholar]] website<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22chemuturi+m%22&oq= Citations of Murali Chemuturi on Google Scholar]</ref>

He advocated the principle of division of labor to increase the efficiency of software development work and to reduce the cost thereof. His article on the subject titled "Distributing Work for a Revolution" was published in the December 2011 issue of the official Journal of the IIE, USA.<ref>His Papaer titled Distributing Work for a Revolution, December 2011 issue of the official journal of IIE, USA, [http://www.iienet2.org/IEMagazine/Details.aspx?id=23882]</ref>

For his contribution to the field of Information technology through his books, papers, as well as his new development of metrics and methodologies, he was selected and awarded the coveted award of Hall of Fame for IT Innovation and Excellence at Mumbai by the Computer Society of India on 15 October 2016.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/murali-krishna-in-it-hall-of-fame/article9213215.ece Article in Newspaper The Hindu, dt. 13 October 2016]</ref>

===Spiritual Work===
He contributed significantly to the spiritual world by his published books Ramayana of Maha Rushi Vaalmiki, Utthara Raamayana and Garuda Purana. Besides these he recited the entire Ramayaana of 537 Sargas along with explanation of each Shloka and placed those videos on the YouTube,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvWYVvd1IZI&list=PLlCLFGJMnlUXdO9FH0cN0lx66Uu5-fJAJ Video Playlist of Ramayana]</ref>
He recited the Utthara Raamayana of 111 Sargas and the videos are in the YouTube,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSOE8SQwKRw&list=PLlCLFGJMnlUXiii8HNdPj-oQQyCRBzDFh Video Playlist of Utthara Ramayana]</ref>
He recited the entire Garuda Purana, 16 chapters and the videos are on YouTube,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_aSUAKhzXQ&list=PLlCLFGJMnlUWxrzFBsR2esLx5nesKFCbl Video Playlist of Garuda Purana]</ref>
He recited the entire Manu Smruthi, the chief book of Hinduism and the videos are on the YouTube,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TA12RbPJM7s&list=PLlCLFGJMnlUWP7gKWwpA7iPuuFeIbdbfK Video Playlist of Manu Smruthi]</ref>
He recited the entire Uddhava Geetha, and the videos are on the YouTube,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_NHT8W823M&list=PLlCLFGJMnlUWz1cvyhshevz9xoScxLah2 Video Playlist of Uddhava Geetha]</ref>
Additionally he also recited Guru Geetha, Anu Geetha, Rahasya Geetha, Brahmana Geeetha, Yudhishthira Geetha, Dharma Vyaadha Upaakhyanam, Bhagavadh Geetha of 745 Shlokas, and Uma Maheshwara Samvaadam and all these videos are on the YouTube.

===Awards and honors===
* Senior Member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [https://www.ieee.org/] – 2010,
* Senior Member of Computer Society of India [http://www.csi-india.org/] – 1998,
* Fellow of Industrial Engineering from Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering [http://www.iiie-india.com/] – 1997,
* Outstanding Industrial Engineer from Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering [http://www.iiie-india.com/] – 2011,
* Hall of Fame Award for IT Innovation and Excellence by Computer Society of India - 15 October 2016 [http://www.csimumbai.org/it2020-16/winners/index.html] [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/murali-krishna-in-it-hall-of-fame/article9213215.ece]
* Life Time Achievement Award 2023 at Taj Dubai on 11 October 2023 [https://www.asianleadershipawards.com/index.html]
*Lillian Gilbreth Award 2024 by the Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering at Jamshedpur on 27 September 2024 [https://www.iiie-india.com/IIIE/index.php]

===Bibliography===
* Book - Software Estimation: Best Practices, Tools and Techniques, year=2009, publisher – J.Ross Publishing, Inc, USA, {{ISBN|978-1-60427-024-2}}, Pages=298, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111154824/http://www.jrosspub.com/Engine/Shopping/catalog.asp?store=12&category=418&itempage=1&item=14193&itemonly=1]
* Book - Mastering Software Quality Assurance: Best Practices, Tools and Techniques, Year=2009, Publisher=J.Ross Publishing, Inc, USA, {{ISBN|978-1-60427-032-7}}, Pages=376, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111154848/http://www.jrosspub.com/Engine/Shopping/catalog.asp?store=12&category=418&itempage=1&item=14213&itemonly=1]
* Book - Mastering Software Project Management: Best Practices, Tools and Techniques co-authored with Thomas M. Cagley, Jr., 2010, J.Ross Publishing, Inc, USA, {{ISBN|978-1-60427-034-1}}, Pages=408, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111154853/http://www.jrosspub.com/Engine/Shopping/catalog.asp?store=12&category=418&itempage=1&item=14220&itemonly=1]
* Book - Requirements Engineering and Management for Software Development Projects, year=2012, publisher – Springer Science+Business, USA, {{ISBN|978-1-46145-376-5}}, Pages=287,[https://www.amazon.com/dp/1461453763]
* Book - Mastering IT Project Management: Best Practices, Tools and Techniques, 2013, J.Ross Publishing, Inc, USA, {{ISBN|978-1-60427-078-5}}, Pages=384, [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1604270780]
* Book - Software Design:A Comprehensive Guide to Software Development Projects, 2018, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, {{ISBN|978-0-8153-8276-8}}, Pages=324, [https://www.crcpress.com/Software-Design-A-Comprehensive-Guide-to-Software-Development-Projects/Chemuturi/p/book/9780815382768]
* Book - Computer Programming for Beginners:A Step-By-Step Guide, 2018, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, {{ISBN|978-1138320482}}, Pages=258, [https://www.crcpress.com/Computer-Programming-for-Beginners-A-Step-By-Step-Guide/Chemuturi/p/book/9781138480964]
* Book - Success in Life through Personality Engineering co-authored with Ronda Lee Bowen, 2011, CreateSpace, USA, {{ISBN|978-1-46373-084-0}}, Pages=236, [https://tsw.createspace.com/title/3654388]
* Book - Management: A New Paradigm for the 21st Century, Co-authored with Vijay Chemuturi, 2016, Lulu.com USA, {{ISBN|978-1329762749}} Pages=430,
* Book Managing People at Work: A New Paradigm for he 21st Century, Co-Authored with Vijay Chemuturi, 2019, Lulu.com, USA, {{ISBN|978-8770221085}} Pages=368,
* Book Mavericks Musings, 2022, Lulu.com, USA, {{ISBN|978-1387604463}} Pages=228,
* Book - Bhagavadh Geetha Translated from Sanskrit into English, 2015, Double Bridge Publishing USA, {{ISBN|978-1943091225}} Pages=112
* Book - Raamayana of Maha Rushi Vaalmiki Translated from Sanskrit into English, 2014, Re.Ad Publishing USA, {{ISBN|978-1943091225}}
* Book - Utthara Raamayana of Maha Rushi Vaalmiki Translated from Sanskrit into English, 2020, Lulu.com USA, {{ISBN|978-1716455902}}
* Chapter "Software Estimation – A Practitioner's Perspective", in the book "Software Quality: The Road Ahead", published by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, India, 2011
* Chapter "Impact of COPQ on Capacity Utilization", in the book "Cost of Poor Quality: Concept and Application", published by ICFAI University Press, India, 2008
* Chapter 6 on Effort Estimation for Software Development projects in the book, The IFPUG Guide to IT and Software Measurement, CRC Press, April 2012, USA

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemuturi, Murali}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian software engineers]]
[[Category:Software engineering researchers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]

Britannia (1772 EIC ship)

2026-03-17T21:11:33Z

Gauravdewasi: new

{{other ships|Britannia (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
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|tons_burthen=747,<ref name=Phipps>Phipps (1840), p.164.</ref> or 770,<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114665 British Library: ''Britannia'' (4).]</ref><ref name=LoM>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf# |title=Letter of Marque, pp.53-4 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=5 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf# |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Reports/> or 770{{small|{{frac|87|94}}}},<ref name=Hackman>Hackman (2001), p.72.</ref> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
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|sail_plan=[[Full-rigged ship]]
|propulsion=
|complement=*1793:99<ref name=LoM/>
*1795:80<ref name=LoM/>
*1803:210<ref name=LoM/>
|armament=*1793 (1): 26 × 12&9&6-pounder guns + 4 [[swivel guns]]<ref name=LoM/>
*1793 (2):26 × 12&9&6-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
*1795:26 × 12&6-pounder guns + 9 swivel guns<ref name=LoM/>
*1803: 40 × 12-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
|notes=Three decks
}}
}}

'''''Britannia''''' was launched by the [[Bombay Dockyard]] in 1772, and was rebuilt in 1778. The British [[East India Company]] (EIC) apparently acquired her in 1775. Between 1779 she made eleven complete voyages as an [[East Indiaman]] for the EIC. She also participated in three naval campaigns, during the first of which she was deployed as a cruiser off Sumatra. There she engaged and captured a French ship. In the other two she served as a transport. She set out for her twelfth EIC voyage but was lost in 1805 during the third naval campaign.

==Origins==
There is ambiguity concerning ''Britannia''{{'}}s launch year. Reports include 1772, 1775,<ref name=BL/> 1777,<ref name=Hackman/> or 1778.<ref name=Phipps/> The source of the 1772 year is a list that of vessels built at the [[Bombay Dockyard]] that shows her owner as Mr. Watson. The same list shows a ''Britannia'' being rebuilt in 1778. These are the only two mentions of a ''Britannia'' being built between 1736 and 1840.<ref>House (1840), p.609.</ref>

''Britannia'' was built of teak and her long life as an East Indiaman sailing between England and India and China demonstrated both the utility of teak, and the skill in ship construction of Eastern shipyards.<ref name=Hackman/> She was also one of only a handful of merchant ships that the EIC actually owned. (Almost without exception the EIC leased and chartered its merchant ships.)

==Career==
''Britannia''{{'}}s career before the EIC acquired her is obscure. Captain Newman Mallack sailed her from [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], where she arrived on 1 September 1779. On the 5th, Captain George Hutchinson of {{ship||Stafford|1769 EIC ship|2}}, his officers and crew, took over ''Britannia'' to sail her to England. (''Stafford'' had been lost on the [[Hooghly River]] on 29 August.)<ref name=Hackman/>

===EIC voyage #1 (1779-1781)===
Captain George Hutchinson was at Ingeli (a point on the west side of the Hooghli Estuary), on 18 November. From there he sailed ''Britannia'' to Bombay, South East Asia, China, and England. On 28 December she was at [[Kochi|Cochin]], on 1 January 1780 at [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]], on 13 January at [[Honnavar|Onore]], and on 27 January Bombay. She sailed up to [[Surat]], where she arrived 5 February, and then on to [[Mangalore]] (15 February), Tellicherry again (9 May), and [[Chennai|Madras]] (20 May). ''Britannia'' reached [[Malacca]] on 19 July and arrived at [[Whampoa anchorage]] on 5 September. Leaving for England, she crossed the [[Pearl River (China)|Second Bar]] on 13 December, reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 19 May 1781, and arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] on 21 October.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #2 (1782-1783)===
Captain Edward Cumming sailed from Portsmouth on 5 May 1782, bound for St Helena and [[Bencoolen Presidency|Bencoolen]]. ''Britannia'' reached St Helena on 24 July and arrived at Bencoolen on 27 November. She cruised the coast of Sumatra between Pring (12 January 1783) and Pulau Pisang (11 February), both at the time pepper ports, before returning to Bencoolen on 7 March. Homeward bound, she reached St Helena on 12 July and arrived at The Downs on 6 October.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #3 (1784-1786)===
Captain Cumming sailed from Portsmouth on 29 December 1784, bound for Madras and China. ''Britannia'' reached the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on 27 March and Madras on 28 May. She reached Malacca on 3 August and arrived at Whampoa on 15 September. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 2 January 1786, reached St Helena on 5 April, and arrived at The Downs on 24 June.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #4 (1787-1788)===
Captain Cumming sailed from The Downs on 6 January 1787, bound for Bengal. ''Britannia'' was at [[Madeira]] on 18 January and the Cape on 3 April Cape; she arrived at [[Diamond Harbour]] on 11 June. Homeward bound, she was at [[List of ports of call of the British East India Company#C|Cox's Island]] on 14 January 1788. She reached St Helena on 25 April, and arrived at The Downs on 7 July.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #5 (1789-1790)===
Captain Cumming sailed from Portsmouth on 11 February 1789, bound for St Helena and China. ''Britannia'' reached St Helena on 7 May and [[Batavia (Dutch East Indies)|Batavia]] on 3 September. She arrived at Whampoa on 28 November. Homeward bound, she left Whampoa on 2 February 1790, reached St Helena on 30 May, and arrived at The Downs on 18 August.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #6 (1791-1792)===
(6) 1790/1 Bombay and China. Captain Cumming sailed from Torbay on 2 February 1791, bound for Bombay and China. ''Britannia'' reached Bombay on 1 June and arrived at Whampoa on 22 September. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 14 November, reached St Helena on 25 February 1792, and arrived at The Downs on 22 April.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #7 (1793-1795)===
By the time ''Britannia'' sailed again [[French Revolutionary Wars|war with France]] had broken out. Captain Thomas Cheap, Jr. acquired two [[Letter of marque|letters of marque]], the first on 4 March 1793, and the second on 21 March.<ref name=LoM/>

Captain Cheap sailed from Portsmouth on 5 April 1793, bound for Madras and Bengal. ''Britannia'' reached Madras on 14 August and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 8 September.<ref name=BL/>

In late 1793 [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]], the EIC's [[Governor-General of India]], formed a squadron from the company's own ships to patrol the Sea of Bengal and Southeast Asia. He diverted two East Indiamen, {{ship||William Pitt|1785 EIC ship|2}} and ''Britannia'', and the country ship {{ship||Nonsuch|1781 ship|2}} from their regular route for the service. A vessel of the Bombay Marine, possibly ''Viper'', accompanied them. The reason for the move was the coming together of two problems, the inability of the British [[Royal Navy]] to maintain a presence in the area, and intelligence concerning the presence of French privateers and naval vessels in the area.

The EIC appointed Captain Charles Mitchell, of ''William Pitt'', Commodore of its squadron. ''Britannia'' set out on her naval mission and was at [[Sagar Island]] on 5 December. She reached Malacca on 29 December.<ref name=BL/>

{{main|Sunda Strait campaign of January 1794}}

On 21 January 1794 {{ship||Houghton|1782 EIC ship|2}} joined the squadron. The next day the squadron engaged two French privateers, [[French privateer Vengeur|''Vengeur'']], of 34 guns and 250 men, and [[French ship Résolue#Privateers and other ships|''Résolue'']], of 26 guns and 230 men. ''Britannia'' captured ''Vengeur'', and ''Nonsuch'' captured ''Résolue'', with the French captains realising that further resistance would be pointless as ''William Pitt'' and ''Houghton'' came up. Eleven French sailors had been killed and 25 wounded; losses on ''Résolue'' were heavy. British losses were one killed and two wounded on ''Britannia''.

''Britannia'' continued her naval role for some months. After the engagement she sailed to Batavia, arriving on 26 January. She then visited Benkulen on 4 March, before returning to Batavia on 2 June.<ref name=BL/> Captain Cheap died of an illness in June.<ref name=Hackman/> ''Britannia'' sailed to Malacca (16 July), Penang (5 August), and [[Aceh|Acheh]] (3 September). She ended her naval role and returned to Diamond Harbour on 25 September. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 29 November, reached St Helena on 18 March 1795m, and arrived at The Downs on 25 July.<ref name=BL/>

===West Indies expedition (1795–1796)===
Captain Thomas Barrow acquired a letter of marque on 16 October 1795.<ref name=LoM/>

In 1795 Admiral [[Hugh Cloberry Christian]] mounted and expedition to the West Indies. The EIC chartered 16 vessels to the British Government to augment the Navy [[Transport Board (Royal Navy)|Transport Board's]] own transports.<ref>Hardy (1800), p.225.</ref>

The expedition sailed on 6 October, 16 November, and 9 December, but weather forced the vessels to put back.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015050998221?urlappend=%3Bseq=235 №2790.]</ref> ''Britannia'' sailed from Portsmouth on 29 January 1796,<ref name=BL/> but had to put back. The fleet finally successfully sailed on 20 March to invade [[St Lucia]], with troops under Lieutenant-General [[Ralph Abercromby|Sir Ralph Abercromby]].

{{see also|Transport vessels for the British expedition to the West Indies (1795)}}

''Britannia'' was at Barbados by 14 April, Martinique on 24 April, and St Lucia on 28 April.<ref name=BL/> St Lucia surrendered to the British on 25 May.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15265|page=623|date=7 June 1800}}</ref> The British went on to capture [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Grenada]].

''Britannia'' returned to Martinique on 5 June and was at [[Saint-Pierre, Martinique]], on 13 June. She arrived back at The Downs on 8 August.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #8 (1797-1798)===
Captain Barrow sailed from Plymouth on 22 February 1797, bound for St Helena, Madras, and Bengal. ''Britannia'' was at Saint Helena on 8 May St Helena and reached Madras on 1 August. She then cruised the coast, before returning to Madras on 30 September. She arrived at Diamond Harbour on 5 November. Homeward Bound, she was at Saugor on 13 March 1798, reached the Cape on 19 June and St Helena on 5 August, and arrived at The Downs on 25 October.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #9 (1799-1801)===
Captain Barrow sailed from Portsmouth on 24 April 1799, bound for Madras, Bengal, Bombay, and China. ''Britannia'' reached Madras on 26 August and [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagaptam]] on 2 October, and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 22 October. Continuing her voyage, she was at Saugor on 19 December, reached [[Colombo]] on 13 February 1800, and arrived at Bombay on 5 March. She left Bombay but soon returned on 18 September because she was overcrowded. Resuming her voyage, she was at Mangalore on 5 October, [[Kannur|Cannanore]] on 13 October, and Tellicherry on 28 November; she arrived at Whampoa on 15 March 1801. Homeward bound, she was at the [[Humen|Bocca Tigris]] on 7 July, reached St Helena on 21 September, and arrived at The Downs on 2 December.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #10 (1802-1803)===
Captain Barrow sailed from The Downs on 5 May 1802, bound for Madras. ''Britannia'' reached Madras on 1 September, left on 20 October, and four days later returned to Madras. She reached St Helena on 15 January 1803 and arrived at The Downs on 22 March.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #11 (1803-1805)===
By the time ''Britannia'' sailed [[Napoleonic Wars|war with France had resumed]]. Captain [[Jonathan Birch (EIC captain)|Jonathan Birch]] acquired a letter of marque on 3 October 1803.{{efn|The number of guns is high for a merchantman of 700 tons (bm), and the number of men is double what one would expect on a vessel twice her burthen. The reasons are currently unclear.}} He sailed from Portsmouth on 26 October, bound for St Helena and Madras. ''Britannia'' reached St Helena on 5 March 1804 and arrived at Madras on 5 October. Homeward bound, she reached St Helena on 31 December and arrived at The Downs on 19 March 1805.<ref name=BL/>

==Fate==
Captain Birch sailed from Portsmouth on 27 July 1805, bound for Madras and Bengal on her twelfth voyage for the EIC. She was one of the EIC vessels that were part of the expedition under General Sir [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]] and Admiral Sir [[Home Riggs Popham]] that would in 1806 capture the [[Dutch Cape Colony]].<ref name=Theal/> They would carry supplies and troops to the Cape, and then continue on their voyages. ''Britannia'' was at [[Cork (city)|Cork]] on 27 August and Madeira on 29 September.<ref name=BL/>

{{see also|Transport vessels for the British invasion of the Dutch Cape Colony (1805-1806)}}

''Britannia'' and ''King George'' wrecked on 1 November 1805 on [[Rocas Atoll]] at {{coord|3|51|27|N|33|48|57|W}}. {{HMS|Leda|1800|6}} sighted the danger at 3:30 a.m., and fired a gun, the signal to tack, herself barely missing the danger. ''King George'' was unable to tack and wrecked. As ''Britannia'' was on the point of tacking she ran afoul of {{ship||Streatham|1805 EIC ship|2}} and lost her bowsprit and foretopmast. She then drifted on to the atoll where she lost her rudder and bilged.<ref name=Grocott>Grocott (1998), pp.202-3.</ref>

During the night ''Britannia'' was gotten off the rocks but took on so much water that she sank quickly,<ref>Theal (1899), p.252.</ref> having drifted some seven miles from where she struck. In the morning, before she sank, {{ship||Comet|1800 ship|2}}, {{ship||Europe|1803 EIC ship|2}}, and {{ship||Varuna|1796 ship|2}} sent their boats and were able to rescue about 400 people from ''Britannia'', including Brisk, his crew, and recruits for the EIC's armies.<ref name=Grocott/>

Although the only cargo saved consisted of 12 chests of dollars (out of some 160<ref name=Grocott/>), from ''Britannia'', the only deaths were General Yorke and a soldier from ''King George'' and a seaman from ''Britannia''.<ref name=Theal>Theal (1899), pp.253-4.</ref> The EIC charged her cargo to the British government.<ref name=Reports>''Reports...'' (1830), Vol. 2, p.977/</ref>

Popham hired ''Varuna'' at [[Salvador, Bahia|St Salvador Bay]] to carry the survivors on.<ref name=Theal/> The British fleet, including ''Varuna'', arrived in [[Table Bay]] on 5 January 1806 and anchored off [[Robben Island]].<ref>Theal (1899), p.330.</ref>

EIC records show ''Britannia'' wrecking at {{not a typo|the Brazils}} on 4 December,<ref name=BL/> but the date is more than a month too late. ''Lloyd's List'' reported another incorrect date, 4 November, and an incorrect location, the [[Paraíba do Norte River|Paraiba River]].<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735022?urlappend=%3Bseq=238 ''Lloyd's List'' №4294.]</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Grocott| first=Terence| title=Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Eras|publisher=Chatham|location=London|year=1997|isbn=1861760302}}
*{{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
*Hardy, Charles (1800) ''A Register of Ships, Employed in the Service of the Hon. the United East India Company, from the Union of the Two Companies, in 1707, to the Year 1760: Specifying the Number of Voyages, Tonnage, Commanders, and Stations. To which is Added, from the Latter Period to the Present Time, the Managing Owners, Principal Officers, Surgeons, and Pursers; with the Dates of Their Sailing and Arrival: Also, an Appendix, Containing Many Particulars, Interesting to Those Concerned in the East India Commerce''. (Charles Hardy)
*House of Commons (1840) ''Parliamentary Papers: 1780-1849''. Vol. 8. (H.M. Stationery Office)
*Phipps, John, (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta), (1840) ''A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...''. (Scott).
*''Reports from the Select Committee of the House of Commons appointed to enquire into the present state of the affairs of the East India Company, together with the minutes of evidence, an appendix of documents, and a general index'', (1830), Vol. 2.

{{1805 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1772 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1805]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]

Kampana's invasion of Madurai

2026-03-13T21:57:59Z

Gauravdewasi: starting new data

{{Short description|1365–1370 military campaign in southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English||date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Kampana's invasion of Madurai
| partof = Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire
| date = 1365–1370
| place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = [[Madurai]] Battle field Location
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9252|N|78.1198|E|}}
| result = [[Vijayanagara Empire]] victory
| territory = [[Madurai Sultanate]] ceased to exist.
| combatant1 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Madurai Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Kumara Kampana]] [[Somappa Dandanayaka]] [[Gopana]] Suva Mangu
| commander2 = Qurbat Hasan{{KIA}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Heavy
}}
[[Kumara Kampana]], son of [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka I]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], commanded a series of military campaigns that disestablished [[Muslims|Muslim]] rule in [[southern India]], annexing [[Madurai]] around 1370. His conquests restored social order, revived religious practices, and extended the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]]'s dominion to the [[Southern Ocean]]. Kampana's conquests, such as the reconstruction of the [[Ranganatha]] temple and the liberation of [[Malabar District|Ma'bar]], are enshrined in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Madhura Vijayam]]'' by his wife, [[Gangadevi|Ganga Devi]].{{sfn|Sastri|1976|p=256}}

==Prelude==
[[File:Handmade oil painting reproduction of Ibn Battuta in Egypt, a painting by Hippolyte Leon Benett..jpg|center|border|230px|thumb|1878 illustration by [[Léon Benett]] showing Ibn Battuta (center) and his guide (left) in [[Egypt]]]]
[[Ibn Battuta]], the [[Moors|Moorish]] traveler, was in [[Madurai]] in 1342 and documented the nascent history of the [[Madurai Sultanate]]. [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]], the founder of the Sultanate, died in 1339 after four years of reign. He was succeeded by Ala-ud-din Udaiji, who reigned for approximately a year before being assassinated. Udaiji's son-in-law, Qutb-ud-din, seized power for a short period but was assassinated after merely forty days. The throne was then occupied by Ghiyas-ud-din Dhamaghani ({{reign|1341|1343}}), during whose reign Ibn Battuta was in Madurai.{{sfn|Devakunjari|1979|p=162}}
[[File:Coin of Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan.jpg|right|thumb|A coin of [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]], the first ruler of the [[Madurai Sultanate]]]]

In Ghiyas-ud-din's reign, the [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala III]] invaded, defeating the Sultanate forces in the battle of Kannanur and besieging Kobban fort for six months. Ghiyas-ud-din, however, made a surprise counterattack, capturing and killing Veera Ballala III in 1342. Ibn Battuta, who saw these happenings, remarked on the Sultan's tyrannical rule. An epidemic swept Madurai at this time, ultimately killing the Sultan. His nephew, Nasir-ud-din, succeeded to power in 1343–1344, just before Ibn Battuta departed the area.{{sfn|Devakunjari|1979|p=162–163}}
[[File:Standing Vishnu as Keshava, 1st quarter of the 12th century, Hoysala period, Karnataka, probably Belur, India.jpg|thumb|Standing [[Vishnu]] as [[Keshava]], 1st quarter of the 12th century, [[Hoysala]] period, probably [[Belur, Karnataka]], [[India]]]]
The later history of the Sultanate is poorly documented, and the interval of a break in coinage between 1343 and 1356 points to instability. Historian Afif states that during Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Feroz Shah]]'s rule at Delhi, a firman dispatched to [[Malabar District|Ma'bar]] found the place rulerless. According to reports, the local people chose Qurbat Hasan Kangu as the king, but he was ineffective. Meanwhile, the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336 marked the beginning of resistance to [[Muslims|Muslim]] rule in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and [[South India|southern India]], ultimately resulting in the downfall of the Madurai Sultanate.{{sfn|Devakunjari|1979|p=163}}

==Background==
During [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]]'s rule, a typical milestone was the fall of the Madurai Sultanate at the hands of his son, Kumara Kampana.{{sfn|Sastri|1976|p=256}} After making peace after the siege of Vijayanagara, Bukka followed his plans to conquer South India, motivated by a series of compelling reasons. The region, earlier under the Hoysala Kingdom, had fallen into anarchy due to internecine wars among native chiefs, threatening life and property. Also, the Madurai Sultanate was a thorn in the flesh of [[Hindu culture]], and desecrated temples and destroyed religious centers called for a savior. Bukka wanted to fulfill Ballala's incomplete task of reconquest and restoration.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=31}}
[[File:Belur Temple Apsara with Mirror.JPG|thumb|230px|"Darpanasundari" (lady with a mirror), one of the many [[Salabhanjika|madanakai]] decorating the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]].]]
According to Bukka's orders, Kampana, the viceroy of the southern provinces, launched a series of military campaigns to establish Vijayanagara's dominance. With the help of great generals like Gopana and Suva Mangu (who is said to be Mangappa Dandanatha, an ancestor of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasinga]]),{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=31}} he conquered the [[Sambuvarayar|Sambuvarayas]] of North and [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]] first, making them loyal to the greater cause.{{sfn|Sastri|1976|p=256}}{{sfn|Stein|1990|p=42}}
[[File:Raja Gambhira Sambhuvarayar.jpg|thumb|Raja Gambhira Sambhuvarayar I]]
Kampana then marched further into [[Tondaimandalam|Tondamandala]], which was controlled by Sambava Raya, or Champa Raya.{{sfn|Stein|1990|p=42}} He set up [[Vellore|Virinchipuram]] as his headquarters and then besieged and occupied Sambava Raya's fortress after he won a duel.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=31}} Following this victory, Kampana marched on [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]], where he granted magnificent benefactions to local temples and left a garrison to offer public security. He then marched further south to invade the Madurai Sultanate.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=31}}

==Conquest of Madurai==
Kumara Kampana, grandson of Bukka I, the second Vijayanagara king, orchestrated a sequence of victorious campaigns that resulted in the gradual erosion of Muslim dominance across southern India.{{sfn|Sastri|1976|p=256}} His occupation of Rajagambhira Rajya, the kingdom of the [[Sambuvarayar|Sambuvarayas]], around 1362 was the beginning of his southward military campaigns.{{sfn|Kalidos|1976|p=214–217}} Following this victory, Kampana marched further south and restored the image of God [[Ranganatha]] to his temple at [[Srirangam]], which had been taken away for safety during the Muslim invasions.{{sfn|Devakunjari|1979|p=164}}
[[File:A sculpture of sleeping Vishnu Hindu deity at Museum CSMVS Mumbai.jpg|thumb|alt=A sculpture of sleeping Vishnu Hindu deity at Museum CSMVS Mumbai|300px|Sculpture of Vishnu as Ranganatha.]]
The peak of Kampana's military campaigns was his conquest of Madurai, where he defeated the Sultan decisively, effectively ending almost five decades of Muslim rule in the area.{{sfn|Kalidos|1976|p=214–217}} This military campaign not only expanded Vijayanagara's dominance across southern India but also brought peace, restored religious practices, and refurbished cultural institutions, thereby leaving an indelible mark in the region's historical record.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=31}}
[[File:Pandya Kingdom (south India).png|300px|thumb|Pandyan Empire at greatest extent<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (b)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>]]
The [[Sanskrit]] epic [[Madhura Vijayam]], written by his wife [[Gangadevi|Ganga Devi]], recounts that Kampana was inspired by a divine vision in [[Kanchipuram]]. In this vision, the god who represented the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] land lamented the fate of the land under Muslim rule and gave him a sword that symbolized Pandyan rule. This event, which occurred between 1365 and 1370, marked the freedom of [[Malabar District|Ma'bar]] from Muslim rule.{{sfn|Sastri|1976|p=256}}
[[File:A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg|alt=|thumb|250px|thumb|{{center|[[Vaigai River]] in Madurai]]}}
After the fall of Madurai, Kampana continued his march south to [[Ramnad]] and [[Rameswaram]], where he restored temples and ensured their proper worship. By 1371, his military conquests had extended to the [[Indian Ocean|southern ocean]].{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=31}} In spite of a failed appeal for help from the defeated Muslims to Delhi, Kampana consolidated the Vijayanagara hegemony over the region.{{sfn|Devakunjari|1979|p=164}}

==Aftermath==
During the next two years, Kampana devoted himself to the reorganization of the administration in the south, ensuring stability before returning to [[Mulbagal]] in 1373 to complete his military campaigns. His efforts not only ended Muslim rule in the south but also restored [[Hindu]] religious practices and consolidated Vijayanagara's power in the region. Kampana died in 1374, leaving a lasting legacy celebrated in the ''Madhura Vijayam''.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=31}}

The conquest of south India is one of the greatest achievements in the history of Vijayanagara Empire, elevating what had been a small principality to the status of an empire. Bukka I celebrated this great success by adopting the titles of "[[King of Kings]]" and "Lord of Three Seas." Besides, he sent an embassy to the [[China|Chinese]] Emperor, Tai-tsu, further consolidating the grandeur of his empire. The capital, Vidyanagara, was renamed Vijayanagara, or "City of Victory," as a memorial of Bukka's great conquests.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=31}}
[[File:Harihara and Bukka meeting Vidyaranya.jpg|thumb|270px|Modern depiction of Harihara and Bukka meeting Vidyaranya]]
Alongside the political advancements, the Vijayanagara Empire experienced a flourishing of religious and literary activity prospered at the capital. Under the patronage of King Bukka I and inspired by him, [[Vidyaranya]] made unprecedented efforts in reviving religious studies, religiously transcending. He attracted scholars from far and wide and provided them with endowments and facilities to write on various subjects like logic, grammar, astronomy, philosophy, and Vedic theology.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=32}}
[[File:Plate-5-vidyaranya-taken-in-procession.jpg|thumb|270px|Procession of Vidyaranya c.15th Century.]]
The volume of learned work done under his patronage became renowned in all of [[India]]. Some of the important works of that period are ''[[Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha|Sarvadarsana Sangraha]]'', ''[[Shankara Digvijayam|Sankara Digvijaya]]'', ''Parasara Madhaveeya'', ''[[Manusmriti|Manusmruti]] Vyākhyāna'', ''Jaimineeya-Dhaluvritti'', ''Vinarana Prameya'', ''[[Panchadasi|Vedanta Panchadashi]]'', ''[[Upanishads|Desopanishad Deepika]]'', ''Vyavahāra Mādhava'' and various stotras. [[Vidyaranya]]'s brother, [[Sāyaṇācārya|Sayanacharya]], was equally great a scholar, contributing more than 113 works.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=32}}

Some of his important works are ''[[Subhashita|Subhāshita]] Sudhānidhi'', ''[[Alankāra]] Sudhānidhi'', ''[[Upanishads|Kaivalyopanishad]] Deepikā'', ''Dattaka Meemāmsa Pancharudriyātaka'' and ''Panineeya-Shikshā-Shāshya''. Bhojanatha also contributed some important works including ''Maha Ganapathi Stotra'', ''Rāmollāsa, Tripura Vijaya'', ''Sringdra Manjari'', ''Vashama-Mala'' and ''Govinda Sataka''. Vidyaranya and Sayanacharya also oversaw commentaries on the four [[Vedas]], the [[Brahmana|Brahmanas]], and many other sacred works.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=32}}

==See also==
* [[Madurai Sultanate]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
* [[Bukka I]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kalidos |first=Raju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1uAAAAMAAJ |title=History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule |date=1976 |publisher=Vijay Publications |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=M. H. Rāma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw5DAAAAYAAJ |title=The History of the Vijayanagar Empire: Beginnings and expansion, 1308-1569 |date=1978 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Devakunjari |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Madurai Through the Ages: From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D. |date=1979 |publisher=Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |date=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:14th century in India]]
[[Category:1360s conflicts]]
[[Category:1360s in Asia]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Medieval Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:History of Madurai]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Military of the Vijayanagara Empire]]

Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking

2026-03-10T15:32:22Z

Gauravdewasi: started a pg

{{Short description|Mosque in Woking, England}}
{{For|Mughal era mosque in [[Pakistan]]|Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
|image =Shah Jahan Mosque TQ0159 214.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption =
|building_name = Shah Jahan Mosque
|location= Oriental Road, [[Woking]], [[England]]
|map_type = Surrey
|geo = {{coord|51|19|21.8289|N|0|32|40.49876|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|(previously [[Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement]])}}
|website = {{URL|shahjahanmosque.org.uk}}
|architect = W. I. Chambers
|architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
|architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]
|year_completed = {{Start date|1889}}
|construction_cost =
|capacity =
|dome_quantity = 1
|minaret_quantity = 2 miniature
}}

The '''Shah Jahan Mosque''' (also known as ''Woking Mosque'') on Oriental Road, [[Woking]], [[England]], is the first purpose-built [[mosque]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Built in 1889, it is located {{convert|30|mi|sigfig=1}} southwest of [[London]]. It is a Grade I [[listed building]].<ref name="NHLE-1264438">{{NHLE|num=1264438|desc=Shah Jehan Mosque, Oriental Road|grade=I|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>

The Mosque carries out interfaith activities with the aim of promoting understanding, peace and harmony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Mohammed |title=MEET IMAM |url=https://shahjahanmosque.org.uk/the-mosque/meet-imams/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Shah Jahan Mosque {{!}} Est. 1889 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Construction==
[[File:Mosques in Great Britain- Islamic Architecture in the UK, c 1945 D24079.jpg|thumbnail|left|The dome of Shah Jahan Mosque in 1945]]
[[File:Woking Mosque - Building News and Engineering Journal - 2 August 1889.jpg|thumb|Drawing by W. I. Chambers, in ''The Building News and Engineering Journal'', 2 August 1889]]

The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in 1889 by Hungarian-British Orientalist [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner]]. It was partly funded by Nawab [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal]], as a place for students at the [[Oriental Institute, Woking|Oriental Institute]] in Woking to worship. The mosque was designed by architect William Isaac Chambers (1847–1924) and built in Bath and Bargate stone. It was designed in a late [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style, and has a dome, minarets, and a courtyard.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/subjects/diversity/shah_jahan_mosque_woking/|title=Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking|website=Exploring Surrey's Past|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref> The architecture was described by [[Pevsner Architectural Guides]] as "extraordinarily dignified".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.woking.gov.uk/woking/heritage/mosque|title=Shah Jahan Mosque|website=Woking Borough Council|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225193604/https://www.woking.gov.uk/woking/heritage/mosque|url-status=dead}}</ref> The alignment with [[Mecca]] was established by a ship's captain, brought in to take bearings.<ref name="NHLE-1264438" />

The Oriental Institute, for the students of which the mosque was constructed, was founded by Leitner in 1881. He had purchased the former [[Royal Dramatic College]] building in Woking and established the Institute in order to promote oriental literature. It awarded degrees from the [[University of the Punjab]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== 1889-1912 – Sunni period ===
The mosque became the first formal place of Islamic worship in England. [[Queen Victoria]]'s British Indian employees and her British Indian secretary, [[Abdul Karim (the Munshi)|Abdul Karim]], used the mosque when the Queen visited Windsor Castle. A small number of dignitaries, students, and guests used the mosque until Leitner's death in 1899, following which the mosque closed.<ref name=":0" />

During his 1895 visit of England, Afghan prince [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]] prayed [[Eid al-Adha]] prayers at the mosque and made a donation of £492 on behalf of his father [[Abdur Rahman Khan|Emir Abdur Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA181 |title=The Asiatic Quarterly Review |date=1895 |publisher=Swan Sonnenshein & Company |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1912-1935 – Lahore Ahmadi period ===
The mosque fell into disuse between Leitner's death and 1913.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din first visit to the mosque |url=http://www.wokingmuslim.org/history/woking.htm}}</ref> The London Mosque fund (which was founded in 1910) created the Woking Mosque Trust on Wednesday 17 April 1912.<ref>{{cite web |title=Creation Woking mosque trust |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-historical-society-camden-fifth-series/article/london-mosque-fund/800E27BBC9A990B01C1AB43B7515A079#sec12}}</ref> During that meeting it was agreed by all members that they were to take over the title deeds. It was also unanimously agreed by the committee members that Leitner's son should be elected to the Woking mosque trust committee. The Woking Mosque, the Memorial House and related property was passed into the ownership of the Woking Mosque Trust by a document of Indenture dated 12 April 1915<ref>{{cite web |title=Indenture document text |url=http://www.wokingmuslim.org/history/indenture.pdf}}</ref>

[[Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din]], a prominent Kashmiri lawyer and member of the [[Ahmadiyya]] was invited to become the Imam and help maintain the mosque.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din invited to become Imam of the mosque |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/royal-historical-society-camden-fifth-series/article/london-mosque-fund/800E27BBC9A990B01C1AB43B7515A079}}</ref> Kamal-ud-Din's son, Khwaja Nazir Ahmad, gave credit to Mirza Sir Abbas Ali Baig for saving the mosque from being sold by the Leitner family for the purposes of a private factory.

{{Blockquote|text="It is, however, with his services to the cause of Islam that we of the Woking Muslim Mission are chiefly concerned. It was Sir Abbas Ali Baig who saved from the hands of the Leitner family the Shah Jehan Mosque and Sir Salar Jung Memorial House at Woking and thus rescued them from the fate of being converted into a private factory. He subsequently founded the Woking Mosque Trust and raised funds for its maintenance."<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Abbas Ali Baig |url=https://www.wokingmuslim.org/pers/aabaig.htm |website=Woking Muslim Mission |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref>}}

It attracted royal visitors and famous British converts, such as [[Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley|Lord Headley]] and [[Marmaduke Pickthall]]. During the [[First World War]], the incumbent imam, [[Maulana Sadr-ud-Din|Sadr-Ud-Din]], petitioned the UK government to grant nearby land to the mosque as a burial ground for British Indian Muslim soldiers. By 1917, [[Muslim Burial Ground, Horsell Common|this burial ground]], designed by T Herbert Winney and now Grade II listed,<ref>{{NHLE|grade=II|desc=Muslim Burial Ground|num=1236560|date=6 January 1984}}</ref> had been constructed and received the bodies of 19 soldiers from the hospital for British Indian soldiers at [[Brighton Pavilion]].<ref name=":0" />

On 28 May 1922, the mosque held a celebration of [[Eid al-Fitr]] at the end of [[Ramadan]], thought to have been the first time such public celebration had taken place in the United Kingdom. It was at this celebration that Kamal-ud-Din announced that the mosque would be named Shah Jehan, after its benefactress.<ref name="NHLE-1264438" />

=== 1935-present – Sunni period ===
Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din died in 1932, and in 1935, due to increasing pressure from Sunnis, the mosque officially broke ties with Ahmadi movement and returned to being a Sunni mosque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hewer |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGWmDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22woking%22+%22mosque%22+%221935%22&pg=PA190 |title=Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps |date=2014-07-28 |publisher=SCM Press |isbn=978-0-334-05233-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Otterbeck |first=Jonas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VackDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22woking%22+%22mosque%22+%221932%22&pg=PA5 |title=Muslims in Western Europe |date=2015-11-12 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0934-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA6MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World |date=1998-12-31 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85771-380-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Pv7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Muslims in Interwar Europe: A Transcultural Historical Perspective |date=2015-10-05 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30197-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Until the arrival of Pakistani immigrants in the UK in the 1960s, the Shah Jahan Mosque was the centre of Islam in Britain. It was from the mosque that ''The Islamic Review'' was published, as well as Maulana Muhammad Ali's popular English translations of the Quran. It has also been claimed as the location at which the name '[[Pakistan]]' was coined.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/jun/17/artsfeatures.religion|title=The ideal dome show|last=Glancey|first=Jonathan|date=17 June 2002|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref> Among those that visited the mosque in this time were [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Haile Selassie]], [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III|Mir Yousuf Ali Khan]], [[Aga Khan III]], and [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islaminbritishstone.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=71|title=The History of the Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking|website=Islam in British Stone|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

It was badly damaged in June 2016, after floods swamped homes in the surrounding area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/incoming/wokings-shah-jahan-mosque-damaged-11319097|title=Woking's Shah Jahan Mosque damaged in flooding|date=11 May 2016|work=getSurrey|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

== In fiction ==
Chapter IX of HG Wells's ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'', published in 1898, contains a description of the Mosque being damaged:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-06-25 |title=Iain Sinclair on HG Wells's The War of the Worlds |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jun/26/classics.hgwells |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><blockquote>About six in the evening, as I sat at tea with my wife in the summerhouse talking vigorously about the battle that was lowering upon us, I heard a muffled detonation from the common, and immediately after a gust of firing. Close on the heels of that came a violent rattling crash, quite close to us, that shook the ground; and, starting out upon the lawn, I saw the tops of the trees about the Oriental College burst into smoky red flame, and the tower of the little church beside it slide down into ruin. The pinnacle of the mosque had vanished, and the roof line of the college itself looked as if a hundred-ton gun had been at work upon it.</blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Woking Muslim Mission]]
* [[Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din]]
* [[Muslim Burial Ground, Horsell Common]]
* [[Mosque of the Bois de Vincennes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*Website: [http://www.shahjahanmosque.org.uk Shah Jahan Mosque]
*AAIIL: [http://www.wokingmuslim.org Woking Mosque and the Woking Muslim Mission]
*BBC: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/southerncounties/content/articles/2007/01/22/forty_eight_woking_mosque_feature.shtml Forty Eight Hours – Tour: Woking Mosque] (Photo of the Mosque in the 1900s)
*[http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/bmh/BMH-IRO-london_mosques.htm British Muslim Heritage – London’s Mosques]
*{{NHLE |num=1264438 |desc=the mosque}}
*{{NHLE |num=1236747 |desc=the entrance walls}}

{{Mosques in the United Kingdom}}
{{Woking}}
{{Surrey places of worship}}

[[Category:1889 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Surrey]]
[[Category:Grade I listed religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic mosques]]
[[Category:Mosques in England]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Surrey]]
[[Category:Religion in Surrey]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1880s]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1889]]
[[Category:Woking]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in the United Kingdom]]

List of Kurubas

2026-03-08T00:15:36Z

Gauravdewasi: starting first stub initial version - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

[[Kuruba]] is a [[Hindu]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] native to the Indian states of [[Karnataka]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic//articleshow/44927686.cms |title=Vokkaliga, Lingayat leaders oppose state's caste census |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&q=kuruba+golla|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|language=en}}</ref> [[Telangana]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQUdAQAAMAAJ&q=Dhangar|title=Census of India, 1961|date=1962|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref> and [[Tamil Nadu]]. This is a list of notable Kurubas.

==Saints==
* [[Kanaka Dasa]] (1509 – 1609), poet, philosopher, musician and composer from modern Karnataka.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shri |first=Satya |date=2017-01-23 |title=Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism Volume 1 - Demystifying Brahminism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMf1DQAAQBAJ |publisher=Notion Press |quote=Kanakadasa (1509-1609 A.D.), Tradition makes him a member of shepherd (Kuruba) community who was a chief (nayaka) of security forces under a local king |isbn=9781946515544}}</ref>
*[[Balumama]] (1892–1966), Indian guru, religious leader.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Balumamachya Navana Changbhala, a new historical show to start soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/balumamachya-navana-changbhala-a-new-historical-show-to-start-soon/articleshow/65335504.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201112220801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/balumamachya-navana-changbhala-a-new-historical-show-to-start-soon/articleshow/65335504.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-11-12|date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
* Basavaraja Devaru, Indian guru, the head of the [[Dharwad]]-based Mansur Sri Revana Siddeshwara [[Matha|Mutt]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Kurubas reiterate demand for ST status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Kurubas-reiterate-demand-for-ST-status/article16438812.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201112220929/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Kurubas-reiterate-demand-for-ST-status/article16438812.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-11-12|date=2016-12-02}}</ref>
*[[Beerendra Keshava Tarakananda Puri]], first pontiff of the Kaginele Kanaka Guru Peetha, the cultural and spiritual centre of Kuruba Gowdas of Karnataka.
*[[Perumizhalai Kurumba Nayanar]], 22nd of 63 Tamil Nayanmar saints.

==Warriors==
* [[Harihara I]] (1336-1356) and [[Bukka Raya I]] (1356-1377), founders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="The YadavasGod3">{{cite book |last=Dhere |first=Ramchandra Chintaman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur, South Asia Research |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Feldhaus, Anne (trans.) |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19977-764-8 |pages=243, 245 |quote=Traditional sources claim that the Kurumas or Kurubas founded the Sangama dynasty, the founding dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. Vijayanagar's kings were Yādavas; therefore they were Kurubas; and therefore Viṭṭhal-Bīrappā must have been their original god. The temple of Anantaśayana depicts a clothed form of Viṭṭhal. At Mallikārjun temple near Mallappanaguḍī, there is a broken image of Viṭṭhal in a shrine. In Hampī, bas-reliefs of Viṭṭhal are sculpted on pillars of the Viṭṭhal temple and Kṛṣṇa temple. In Lepākṣī, there are sculptures of Dhangars standing with a blanket draped over his head, his arm resting on his staff, and his chin resting on his arm. He must be there as a reminder of the family that built the temples. There is no other reason for a human being to be carved here, when almost every other carving on the numerous pillars of these temples depicts a god or a mythological event. These two popular motifs, Dhangars and Viṭṭhal, present a clear image of the family background of the founders of Vijayanagar and the roots of their faith. |author-link=Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere}}</ref>
* [[Dridhaprahara]] (860-880), founder of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] that ruled [[Maharashtra]]. It is the foundational dynasty of modern day Maharashtra and first major kingdom to use [[Marathi Language|Marathi]] as a state language.<ref name="Saki 1998 143">{{cite book |last=Saki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=seuna+kuruba |title=Making History Karnataka's People and Their Past |date=1998 |publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana |page=143 |asin=B00069WZK8}}</ref><ref name="Rodrigues">{{cite news |last=Rodrigues |first=Tensing |date=2017-08-26 |title=The Yadavaraya |url=https://thenavhindtimes.in/article/the-yadavaraya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201021220346/https://thenavhindtimes.in/article/the-yadavaraya |archive-date=2020-10-21 |location=Goa}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA212 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 |pages=211, 212}}</ref><ref name="Ethnohistory of pastoralism: A stud">{{cite journal |last1=Murthy |first1=M.L.K. |date=1993-02-01 |title=Ethnohistory of pastoralism: A study of Kuruvas and Gollas |journal=Studies in History |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=33–41 |doi=10.1177/025764309300900102 |s2cid=161569571 |quote=section: Kingship and Kshatriyization of the Pastoral Communities}}</ref><ref name="Dhere 2011 237, 243, 247, 248">{{cite book |last=Dhere |first=Ramchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |year=2011 |isbn=9780199777648 |pages=237, 243, 247, 248 |quote=Like Vitthal’s original Gavli, Dhangar, Golla, and Kuruba worshipers, several royal families who enhanced the magnificence of Vitthal’s worship are also called “Yadavas”. Among the kings with extant inscriptions connected with Vitthal of Pandharpur, Krsna, Mahadeva, and Ramcandra of Devgiri were all from the Yadava dynasty, while the Hoysala king Vir Somesvar was from a family that claimed to be Yadava. The history of South India shows clearly that all the southern royal dynasties who arose from pastoralist, cowherd groups gained Kshatriya status by claiming to be Moon lineage Kshatriyas, by taking Yadu as their ancestor, and by continually keeping alive their pride in being "Yadavas". Many dynasties in South India, from the Pallavas to the Yadavarayas, were originally members of pastoralist, cowherd groups and belonged to Kuruba lineages.}}</ref>
* [[Ramachandra of Devagiri]] (1271-1311), king of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty.<ref name="Saki 1998 1432">{{cite book |last=Saki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=seuna+kuruba |title=Making History Karnataka's People and Their Past |date=1998 |publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana |page=143 |asin=B00069WZK8}}</ref><ref name="Rodrigues2">{{cite news |last=Rodrigues |first=Tensing |date=2017-08-26 |title=The Yadavaraya |location=Goa |url=https://thenavhindtimes.in/article/the-yadavaraya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201021220346/https://thenavhindtimes.in/article/the-yadavaraya |archive-date=2020-10-21}}</ref><ref name="Ethnohistory of pastoralism: A stud2">{{cite journal |last1=Murthy |first1=M.L.K. |date=1993-02-01 |title=Ethnohistory of pastoralism: A study of Kuruvas and Gollas |journal=Studies in History |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=33–41 |doi=10.1177/025764309300900102 |quote=section: Kingship and Kshatriyization of the Pastoral Communities |s2cid=161569571}}</ref>
*[[Sangolli Rayanna]], 18th-century freedom fighter and a warrior who fought the British East India Company in South India.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Sangolli Rayanna and the rise of caste heroes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/dec/06/sangolli-rayanna-and-the-rise-of-caste-heroes-1546119.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201112222713/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/dec/06/sangolli-rayanna-and-the-rise-of-caste-heroes-1546119.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-11-12|date=2016-12-06}}</ref>
* [[Kaka Nayaka]], a legendary leader after whom the Kakanakote forest is named.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title='Kakana Kote' as a tribute to Lokesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/%60Kakana-Kote-as-a-tribute-to-Lokesh/article14764556.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201112222519/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/%60Kakana-Kote-as-a-tribute-to-Lokesh/article14764556.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-11-12|date=2007-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Ahilya Bai Holkar]]

==Politics ==
* [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]], former [[Karnataka Council of Ministers|minister in the Government of Karnataka]], former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) from Karnataka and current member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]].<ref name="archive.is">{{cite news |title=While waiting for council entry, Vishwanath aims at Kuruba push |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/21/while-waiting-for-council-entry-vishwanath-aims-at-kuruba-push-2106413.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201114171021/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/21/while-waiting-for-council-entry-vishwanath-aims-at-kuruba-push-2106413.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref>
* [[Bandaru Dattatreya]], [[Governor]] of the State of [[Haryana]]. He was the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament Lok Sabha]] from [[Secunderabad]] between 1991-2004 and 2014-2019. He was a former [[Union Council of Ministers|minister in the Government of India]] under multiple administrations.<ref name="archive.is2">{{cite news |title=While waiting for council entry, Vishwanath aims at Kuruba push |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/21/while-waiting-for-council-entry-vishwanath-aims-at-kuruba-push-2106413.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201114171021/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/21/while-waiting-for-council-entry-vishwanath-aims-at-kuruba-push-2106413.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref>
* [[Bandeppa Kashempur]], former minister in the Government of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rapprochement possible in JD(S) if rebels are sincere to Kumaranna: Bandeppa |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/200616/rapprochement-possible-in-jds-if-rebels-are-sincere-to-kumaranna-bandeppa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114172631/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/200616/rapprochement-possible-in-jds-if-rebels-are-sincere-to-kumaranna-bandeppa.html |archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[B. K. Parthasarathi]], Member of Parliament from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruckus at K Siddaramaiah's meeting |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/140119/ruckus-at-k-siddaramaiahs-meeting.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201114233633/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/140119/ruckus-at-k-siddaramaiahs-meeting.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref>
* [[Channaiah Odeyar]] former Member of Parliament, [[Davanagere district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravind |first=H. M. |date=6 April 2019 |title=Karnataka: Congress tries new caste matrix to win back old constituency - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/karnataka/news/karnataka-congress-tries-new-caste-matrix-to-win-back-old-constituency/articleshow/68750743.cms |access-date=2019-08-24 |language=en |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[C. S. Shivalli]], former minister in the Government of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2018-12-23 |title=Congress tries to balance regional, caste equations with eight new faces |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/dec/23/cong-tries-to-balance-regional-caste-equations-with-8-new-faces-1915376.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201113015547/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/dec/23/cong-tries-to-balance-regional-caste-equations-with-8-new-faces-1915376.html |archive-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>
* [[D. K. Naikar]], former [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]] President (1995-1996), was a Member of Parliament from [[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad North constituency]] in Karnataka. He was elected to the [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]], [[8th Lok Sabha|8th]], [[9th Lok Sabha|9th]] and [[10th Lok Sabha]].
* [[H. M. Revanna]], former minister in the Government of Karnataka and current member of Karnataka Legislative Council.<ref>{{cite news |title=While waiting for council entry, Vishwanath aims at Kuruba push |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/21/while-waiting-for-council-entry-vishwanath-aims-at-kuruba-push-2106413.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201114171021/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/21/while-waiting-for-council-entry-vishwanath-aims-at-kuruba-push-2106413.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref>
*[[Kollur Mallappa]], first President of [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Hyderabad Pradesh Congress Committee]], prior to the merger of [[Hyderabad State]] into Andhra Pradesh. He was Member of Parliament from [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]], Karnataka and [[Rajya Sabha]] MP for 3 terms. He was mentor of late Indian Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2004-10-25 |title=Kollur Mallappa passes awa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kollur-mallappa-passes-away/article27687438.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201113015342/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kollur-mallappa-passes-away/article27687438.ece |archive-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>
*[[K. S. Eshwarappa]], former minister in the Government of Karnataka, former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]] and former [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the Karnataka Legislative Council.<ref>{{cite news |title=KS Eshwarappa, Siddaramaiah join hands, want caste census report published |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ks-eshwarappa-siddaramaiah-join-hands-want-caste-census-report-published/articleshow/78743105.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114172205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ks-eshwarappa-siddaramaiah-join-hands-want-caste-census-report-published/articleshow/78743105.cms |archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
*[[Kuruva Gorantla Madhav]], former Member of Parliament from Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gorantla Madhav has the last laugh! |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/andhra-news/gorantla-madhav-has-the-last-laugh-95851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173050/https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/andhra-news/gorantla-madhav-has-the-last-laugh-95851 |archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Malagundla Sankaranarayana|Malagundla SankaraNarayana]], former Minister for Roads & Buildings in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-02-04 |title=Minister Sankar Narayana Slams TDP MLA Balakrishna |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/andhra-pradesh/minister-sankar-narayana-slams-tdp-mla-balakrishna-resign-311764.html |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>
* [[M. D. Nataraj]], former member of Karnataka Legislative Council and the son-in-law of [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devaraj Urs]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2017-12-07 |title=How an ex-K'taka CM's son-in-law formed a KGB-like brigade to protect Indira Gandhi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-many-shades-salma-speaks-her-new-book-curse-stories-137468 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201113015720/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-many-shades-salma-speaks-her-new-book-curse-stories-137468 |archive-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>
* [[Siddaramaiah]], [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2018-03-22 |title=Siddaramaiah in fix after 37 Hindu castes including his own Kuruba community demand 'minority' status |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/siddaramaiah-in-fix-after-37-hindu-castes-including-his-own-kuruba-community-demand-minority-status-4400753.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201113014842/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/siddaramaiah-in-fix-after-37-hindu-castes-including-his-own-kuruba-community-demand-minority-status-4400753.html |archive-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>
* [[V. L. Patil]], former minister in the Government of Karnataka, industrialist and a freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bijapur |first=Naushad |title=Vivekrao Patil the dark horse in Belagavi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151226/nation-current-affairs/article/vivekrao-patil-dark-horse-belagavi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201114165629/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151226/nation-current-affairs/article/vivekrao-patil-dark-horse-belagavi |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2015-12-26}}</ref>

==Film actors==
* [[Kalathapasvi Rajesh]]
* [[Karibasavaiah]]
* [[Duniya Vijay]]
* [[Aishwarya Arjun]]

==Others==
* [[Belli Lalitha]], Indian folk singer and founder of Telangana Kala Samithi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/03/02/belli-lalitha-telangana-resistance/ |title=Belli Lalitha: The Nightingale Of The Telangana Resistance |first=Manohar |last=Boda |date=2 March 2018 |work=feminismindia.com |access-date=2020-06-30}}</ref>
* [[Kancha Ilaiah]], Indian political theorist, writer and activist.<ref>{{cite book |last=Illiah |first=Kancha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpSHAwAAQBAJ |title=Post-Hindu India A Discourse in Dalit-Bahujan, Socio-Spiritual and Scientific Revolution |date=2009-11-17 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9788132104339}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kuruba]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by community]]

Koritharicha Naal

2026-03-03T21:03:32Z

Gauravdewasi: updated information to improve readability and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Koritharicha Naal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| producer = T. K. K. Nambiar
| writer = Kaval Surendran
| screenplay = Kaval Surendran
| starring = [[M. G. Soman]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Balan K. Nair]] [[Jalaja]] [[Kanakadurga]]
| music = [[M. K. Arjunan]]
| cinematography = Rajkumar
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Devi Jayasree Productions
| distributor = Devi Jayasree Productions
| released = {{Film date|1982|06|02|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Koritharicha Naal''''' is a 1982 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[J. Sasikumar]] and produced by T. K. K. Nambiar. The film stars [[M. G. Soman]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Balan K. Nair]], [[Jalaja]] and [[Kanakadurga]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. K. Arjunan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1316|title=Koritharicha Naal|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1184|title=Koritharicha Naal|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/koaritharicha-naal-malayalam-movie/|title=Koaritharicha Naal|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=spicyonion.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141016164052/http://spicyonion.com/title/koaritharicha-naal-malayalam-movie/|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Balan K. Nair]]
*[[Jalaja]]
*[[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]]
*[[Kanakadurga]]
*[[Shanavas]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. K. Arjunan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Chirayinkeezhu Ramakrishnan Nair]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ezhilampaalathanalil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Chirayinkeezhu Ramakrishnan Nair]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Pachilakaadinnarikil" || [[Vani Jairam]] || Chirayinkeezhu Ramakrishnan Nair ||
|-
| 3 || "Shraavanapournami Panthalittu" || K. J. Yesudas || Chirayinkeezhu Ramakrishnan Nair ||
|-
| 4 || "Sukham Oru Sukham" || [[P. Madhuri]], Chorus || Chirayinkeezhu Ramakrishnan Nair ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0317843|Koaritharicha Naal}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Tuk Tuk (film)

2026-03-03T09:08:18Z

Gauravdewasi: started new stub

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Supreeth C Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tuk Tuk film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Supreeth C Krishna
| writer = Supreeth C Krishna
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Rahul Reddy D.
* Lokku Sri Varun
* C. Sreeramulu Reddy
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* Harsh Roshan
* Karthikeya Dev
* Madhu Sudhan Rapeti
* [[Saanve Megghana]]
* Nihal Kodhaty
}}
| cinematography = Karthik Saikumar
| editing = Ashwath Shivkumar
| music = Santhu Omkar
| studio = {{plain list|
* Chithravaahini Productions
* RYG Cinemas
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|3|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Tuk Tuk''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Supernatural film|supernatural]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film<ref>{{Cite web |last=content |first=tfpc |date=2025-03-17 |title=గతం, వర్తమానం, భవిష్యత్‌ అన్ని తెలిసిన స్కూటర్‌ 'టుక్‌ టుక్‌' : దర్శకుడు సుప్రీత్‌ కృష్ణ |url=https://telugu.tfpc.in/tuk-tuk-scooter-knows-everything-about-the-past-present-and-future-director-supreet-krishna/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=TFPC |language=en-US}}</ref> written and directed by Supreeth C Krishna, produced by Rahul Reddy D, Lokku Sri Varun, C Sree Ramulu Reddy under the banners of Chitravaahani Producions and RYG Cinemas<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-20 |title=Supreeth C Krishna: Tuk Tuk speaks about life and freedom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Mar/20/supreeth-c-krishna-tuk-tuk-speaks-about-life-and-freedom |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film features Harsh Roshan, Karthikeya Dev, Madhu Sudhan Rapeti, Saanve Megghana and Nihal Kodhaty in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2025-03-21 |title=Tuk Tuk Movie Review : 'టుక్ టుక్' సినిమా ప్రేక్షకులను మెప్పిస్తుందా.. ఇదిగో రివ్యూ.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tuk-tuk-telugu-movie-review-rating-nihal-kodhaty-saanve-megghana-harsh-roshan-1494262.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In a rural village of [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], three aimless young men, desperate to earn money, resort to secretly recording women bathing. Their lives [[Take On Me|take]] a strange turn when they come across a scooter possessed by a spirit. Seizing the opportunity, they use the scooter to lead a Ganesh Chaturthi procession and start making money. However, their world is turned upside down when they discover the spirit is actually a girl. The rest of the story unravels the mystery of how the girl became a spirit, how she ended up in the scooter, and the tragic love story that led to her untimely fate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2025-03-21 |title=Tuk Tuk Movie Review : 'టుక్ టుక్' సినిమా ప్రేక్షకులను మెప్పిస్తుందా.. ఇదిగో రివ్యూ.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tuk-tuk-telugu-movie-review-rating-nihal-kodhaty-saanve-megghana-harsh-roshan-1494262.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Harsh Roshan
* Karthikeya Dev
* Madhu Sudhan Rapeti
* [[Saanve Megghana]] as Shilpa
* Nihal Kodhaty as Naveen
* Dayanand Reddy

== Production ==
Director Supreeth C Krishna, known for his work on Telugu film, ''[[Alanti Sitralu|Alanti Sithralu]]'', said, The inspiration for the film came from a RuPay commercial featuring an animated vehicle. "Why can't it be the central character of a story?" This idea served as the foundation for ''Tuk Tuk'', further developed through his cinematic vision and storytelling sensibilities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-20 |title=Supreeth C Krishna: Tuk Tuk speaks about life and freedom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Mar/20/supreeth-c-krishna-tuk-tuk-speaks-about-life-and-freedom |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

While Karthik Saikumar handled the cinematographer, where the film was edited by Ashwath Shivkumar

A song named ''"Ru Ru"'' was created using AI technology, making it India’s first ever end to end AI-generated lyrical video.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2025-03-10 |title=First AI-Generated Song in Indian Cinema for Tuk Tuk |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/first-ai-generated-song-in-indian-cinema-for-tuk-tuk-144640 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Supreeth C Krishna
| all_music = Santhu Omkar
| title1 = Alala
| length1 = 5:37
| extra1 = [[Maalavika Sundar]]
| title2 = World Tour
| length2 = 4:21
| extra2 = Santhu Omkar
| title3 = Ru Ru
| length3 = 3:20
| extra3 = Pavithra Narkinabilli, Santhu Omkar
| title4 = Koyilamma
| length4 = 4:22
| extra4 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
}}

== Release ==
'''Theatrical'''

''Tuk Tuk'' was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-03-04 |title=Magical entertainer 'Tuk Tuk' teaser out, makers set to release film on March 21 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/magical-entertainer-tuk-tuk-teaser-out-makers-set-to-release-film-on-march-21 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-02-26 |title=Tuk Tuk gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/26/tuk-tuk-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

'''Home Media'''

''Tuk Tuk'' is available for streaming on [[ETV Win]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-02 |title=Tuk Tuk OTT release date confirmed: Where and when to watch Telugu horror-comedy online? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tuk-tuk-ott-release-date-confirmed-where-and-when-to-watch-telugu-horror-comedy-online/articleshow/119914253.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and [[Amazon Prime Video]]

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote that "''Tuk Tuk'' is a fun, offbeat fantasy drama that manages to keep audiences entertained despite a few bumps in the storytelling".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tuk Tuk Movie Review : A Quirky Fantasy Ride with Heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/tuk-tuk/movie-review/119281213.cms |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Giving the same rating BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' and opined that, "The film wears its heart on its sleeve, even when it doesn’t have the vigour or craft to express itself with full effect".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-21 |title=Tuk Tuk movie review: A gentle narrative about liberation and self-redemption |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Mar/21/tuk-tuk-movie-review-a-gentle-narrative-about-liberation-and-self-redemption |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321102638/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Mar/21/tuk-tuk-movie-review-a-gentle-narrative-about-liberation-and-self-redemption |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2025-03-21 |title=Tuk Tuk Movie Review : 'టుక్ టుక్' సినిమా ప్రేక్షకులను మెప్పిస్తుందా.. ఇదిగో రివ్యూ.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tuk-tuk-telugu-movie-review-rating-nihal-kodhaty-saanve-megghana-harsh-roshan-1494262.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuk Tuk Movie: 'టుక్ టుక్' మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Tuk Tuk Movie Review And Rating In Telugu {{!}} Nihal Kodhaty {{!}} Saanve Megghana {{!}} Harsh Roshan {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/tuk-tuk-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2401172 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tuk Tuk Movie Review : A Quirky Fantasy Ride with Heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/tuk-tuk/movie-review/119281213.cms |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=33088937|title=Tuk Tuk}}
*''[https://www.etvwin.com/original-movies/tuk-tuk Tuk Tuk]'' on [[ETV Win]]
{{Portal bar|Films|India|2020s}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s supernatural films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]

Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham

2026-03-03T03:28:41Z

Gauravdewasi: starting the entry w/ refs - done

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by K. Chandru}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. Chandru
| writer = K. Chandru
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Kalpathi S. Aghoram
*Kalpathi S. Ganesh
*Kalpathi S. Suresh
}}

| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jai (actor)|Jai]]
*[[Nivetha Thomas]]
*[[VTV Ganesh]]
*[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]
*[[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]]
}}
| cinematography = Anand Jeeva
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| music = {{plainlist|
*Prem Kumar (songs)
*Kannan (background score)
}}
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|29|ref1=}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham''''' ({{Translation|Modern Oath of [[Saraswati]]}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by K. Chandru. The film revolves around four men, played by [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[VTV Ganesh]], [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] and [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2013 |title=Jai in a fantasy comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jai-in-a-fantasy-comedy/articleshow/18812710.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308005713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-06/news-interviews/37499152_1_film-sathyan-jai |archive-date=8 March 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Niveda Thomas]] was paired opposite Jai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Niveda Thomas in Mohanlal-Vijay's 'Jilla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Niveda-Thomas-in-Mohanlal-Vijays-Jilla/articleshow/19862780.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507134213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/news-and-interviews/39026637_1_director-nesan-kollywood-superstar-vijay-jilla |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was produced by Kalpathi S Aghoram, with cinematography by Anand Jeeva and musical composition by Prem Kumar. It is not based on the 1966 film ''[[Saraswathi Sabatham]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2013 |title=Saraswathi Sabatham is not a remake |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Saraswathi-Sabatham-is-not-a-remake/2013/07/01/article1660773.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708192853/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Saraswathi-Sabatham-is-not-a-remake/2013/07/01/article1660773.ece |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2022}}
The film begins from a [[Hindu mythological film|Hindu mythological]] aspect, in a modern heaven where Lord [[Shiva|Paramasivan]] orders [[Narada]] to pick four people for his [[Thiruvilaiyadal]]. The candidates picked are Ramarajan, a [[Siddha]] doctor; Ganesh, a helpless man who is the husband of a local female don; Gopi, a future politician and son of a selfish politician; and Krishna, a budding actor. Paramasivan and Narada see all the four's routines and premises on an [[iMac]]. Ramarajan falls in love with a singer Jayshree, and wins her heart. Engaged for marriage after 26 days, the four men plan to fix a [[bachelor party]] at Bangkok. When they reach Bangkok, they enjoy it and flirt with girls at the party. However, they are too drunk, and when they wake up, they find themselves abandoned on a tropical island in Bangkok. They try many ways to escape but are unsuccessful. Six months have elapsed, and Paramasivan gives them a final chance, which is a motorboat of pirates arriving to explore the island. The four of them beg them to take them to [[Chennai]], but they refuse to help them and flee. The quartet fights the pirates back and escapes the island in the boat, abandoning the pirates on the island. After reaching Chennai, they have a happy ending except for Gopi.

When Ramarajan goes to his house, Kamaraj is happy to see that his son is alive. But Ramarajan sees that Kamaraj has married another woman in the meantime as a second wife. On the same day, Ramarajan finds out that Aravind Gautham is going to marry his girlfriend Jayashree and rushes to the marriage hall. Just as Ramarajan enters exactly that marriage hall, Aravind Gautham goes to tie the [[Mangala sutra|nuptial thread]] around Jayashree's neck with his hands. Before that, Ramarajan shouts and suspends the marriage. Jayashree gets up from the wedding stage and happily runs to Ramarajan. Later, Ramarajan and Jayashree go to the wedding stage to get married. Ramarajan sits on the wedding stage with Jayashree after wishing Aravind Gautham, a software engineer who was already sitting there as a groom, that he would definitely get another nice bride. Then, with the blessings of everyone present there, Ramarajan ties the nuptial thread around Jayashree's neck and she willingly accepts it too. And the story of the film ends with Paramasivan and [[Parvati]] preaching to their people. In a post-credits scene, the film mentions [[making-of|behind the scenes]].

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Ramarajan, a siddha doctor
* [[Niveda Thomas]] as Jayashree, a singer
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Ganesh, a husband of a local female don
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Gopi, a future politician
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Krishna, an actor
* [[Manobala]] as [[Narada]]
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as [[Shiva|Paramasivan]]
* [[Devadarshini]] as [[Parvati]]
* Ramya Shankar as [[Saraswati]]
* [[Swaminathan]] as MLA Ekambaram
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Kovai Kamaraj
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Rajendran
* [[R. S. Sivaji]] as Jayashree's father
* Usha Elizabeth as Jayashree's mother
* Raj Kamal as Jayashree's brother
* Archana Harish as Jayashree's sister-in-law
* S. V. S. Kumar as Jayashree's grandfather
* T. R. Latha as Jayashree's grandmother
* Rekha Suresh as Mrs. Ekambaram
* Emey as Sorna Akka
* Vishal Venkat as Murugan
* Master Mathusuthanan
* [[Venkat Prabhu]] as himself
* [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]] as Kumar (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film began production on 26 February 2013.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite news |date=27 February 2013 |title=Jai kick-starts his next! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jai-kick-starts-his-next/articleshow/18709990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-27/news-interviews/37329839_1_jai-kick-starts-sathyan |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Though the film is set in Chennai, the director said that a minor portion will be shot abroad.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> In June 2013 VTV Ganesh left to [[Malaysia]] for the shoot of ''Saraswathi Sabatham'' with Jai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2013 |title=VTV Ganesh embarrassed by a fake tweet! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vtv-ganesh-embarrassed-by-a-fake-tweet-news-tamil-ngblinhebhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008094418/http://www.sify.com/movies/vtv-ganesh-embarrassed-by-a-fake-tweet-news-tamil-ngblinhebhj.html |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> By July, about 80% of the film shooting had been [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2013 |title=Jai's Saraswathi Sabatham nearing completion |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-01/news-interviews/40306626_1_jai-saraswathi-sabatham-sathyan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929125329/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-01/news-interviews/40306626_1_jai-saraswathi-sabatham-sathyan |archive-date=29 September 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film was initially named ''Saraswathi Sabatham'', reusing the title of the [[Saraswathi Sabatham|1966 film]] starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]], and fans of Ganesan stated they would not allow the usage of titles of their idol for comedy films and that they would protest in front of Jai and Sathyan's houses if the makers proceeded with the same title.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2013 |title=Trouble for Jai's Saraswathi Sabatham! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news-interviews/38673829_1_sivaji-ganesan-saraswathi-sabatham-sathyan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news-interviews/38673829_1_sivaji-ganesan-saraswathi-sabatham-sathyan |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A notice, demanding that the film should be renamed, was sent to film producer Kalpathi Agoram and his brothers Ganesh and Suresh, on behalf of the Nellai City Sivaji social welfare organisation by advocate Kamaraj.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2013 |title=Sivaji fans object to naming of film as 'Saraswathi Sabatham' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-19/madurai/40068587_1_film-producer-thillu-tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-19/madurai/40068587_1_film-producer-thillu-tamil |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=30 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late September 2013, the film was retitled ''Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2013 |title='Saraswathi Sabatham' becomes modern |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saraswathi-sabatham-becomes-modern-news-tamil-nj0jo2djgid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001062907/http://www.sify.com/movies/saraswathi-sabatham-becomes-modern-news-tamil-nj0jo2djgid.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The first look poster of the film was revealed on 14 April 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2013 |title=Saraswathi Sabadam's innovative posters |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Saraswathi-Sabadams-innovative-posters/articleshow/19554520.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928034420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/saraswathi-sabadams-innovative-posters/articleshow/19554520.cms? |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=30 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album was composed by Prem Kumar. It was released on 13 October 2013. The track 'Kaathirundhai Anbe' was released earlier as a single.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:50
| title1 = Kaathirundhai Anbe
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Nivas, [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length1 = 06:03
| title2 = Saturday Fever
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Sayanora Philip, UV Rap
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length2 = 04:46
| title3 = Vaazhkai Oru
| extra3 = Gana Bala
| lyrics3 = [[Gana Bala]]
| length3 = 04:36
| title4 = Nenjankuzhi
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath]]
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| length4 = 05:49
| title5 = Nenjankuzhi
| extra5 = Karthik, Pooja Vaidyanath
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| note5 = ver. 2
| length5 = 05:20
| title6 = Nenjankuzhi
| extra6 = —
| lyrics6 = —
| note6 = instrumental
| length6 = 05:16
}}

== Critical reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "Very occasionally, a line or a sight gag makes you smile, like the one with the roadside idli seller with a signboard that announces "pizza" and "burger." Otherwise, it's all very exhausting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=30 November 2013 |title=Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham: The gods must be crazy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naveena-saraswathi-sabatham-the-gods-must-be-crazy/article5408380.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203221143/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naveena-saraswathi-sabatham-the-gods-must-be-crazy/article5408380.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' called it disappointing and wrote, "The film has no basic logic or reason and seems to have been made with the only intention of trying to tickle the funny bone of the viewers, without any content" and added "There is a scene in the second half of the film where Naradar tells Lord Siva that the story isn't progressing fast, people will be posting on Facebook and Twitter that the first half of the film is super while the second half is Mokkai! It sort of sums up NSS".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naveena Saraswathi Sabadam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naveena-saraswathi-sabadam-review-tamil-15044294.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103516/http://www.sify.com/movies/naveena-saraswathi-sabadam-review-tamil-15044294.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and noted that Naradar's statement to Siva "is also the most profound statement in the entire film — not only on the audiences of today but also on the films we get these days, including this one, which just turns dreary, minutes after we enter the second half".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=29 November 2013 |title=Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/Naveena-Saraswathi-Sabatham/movie-review/26593007.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219174032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/Naveena-Saraswathi-Sabatham/movie-review/26593007.cms |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The humour is stale and has been used for years now. The film meanders at a snail's pace and becomes extremely tedious in the second half. He (Chandru) throws in what are supposedly a few funny incidents that hardly evoke any laughter, forget the entertainment. This is not even a film you can force yourself to watch because you have paid money. It's god's way of punishing us for all the bad we have done in our lives".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2013 |title='Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham' review: It's a very average Tamil film |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naveena-saraswathi-sabatham-review-its-a-very-average-tamil-film/436931-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203233621/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naveena-saraswathi-sabatham-review-its-a-very-average-tamil-film/436931-71-180.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |website=[[IBNLive]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{AGS Entertainment}}

[[Category:2010s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:AGS Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films about castaways]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set on uninhabited islands]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian religious comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Awanish Kumar Awasthi

2026-02-24T09:49:53Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Short description|Additional Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Awanish Kumar Awasthi
|image =
|alt = Principal Secretary to Government of Uttar Pradesh
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|19 August 1962|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|other_names =
|education = B.Tech. degree in electrical engineering
|alma_mater = [[IIT Kanpur]]
|occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
|years_active = 1987–2022
|employer = [[Government of India]]
|organization = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
|spouse = [[Malini Awasthi]]
|children = 1 daughter & 1 son
|awards =
}}

'''Awanish Kumar Awasthi''' (born 19 August 1962) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre, from the 1987 batch.<ref>{{cite web |title=उत्तराखंड: योगी सरकार के इस अफसर के मुरीद हुए सीएम धामी, प्रदेश की नौकरशाही के तौरतरीकों में झांकने को हुए मजबूर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/cm-pushkar-singh-dhami-admired-working-style-of-yogi-government-s-senior-bureaucrat-avnish-kumar-awasthi |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

Awanish Kumar Awasthi was appointed as chief advisor of [[Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]] in 2022. Awasthi is very close to CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] according to report.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awanish Kumar Awasthi gets one-year extension as advisor to UP CM Yogi Adityanath - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/awanish-kumar-awasthi-gets-one-year-extension-as-advisor-to-up-cm-yogi-adityanath/98307612 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explainer: अवनीश अवस्थी बने सीएम योगी के नि‍जी सलाहकार, क्या होंगी ज‍िम्मेदार‍ियां? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/video/retired-ias-officer-awanish-awasthi-appointed-as-advisor-to-up-chief-minister-yogi-adityanath-rdsv-1538958-2022-09-16 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UP Politics: अवनीश अवस्थी को ही मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ ने क्यों बनाया अपना सलाहकार, जानें तीन बड़े कारण |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/why-chief-minister-yogi-adityanath-appointed-ex-ias-avnish-awasthi-as-his-advisor-know-the-big-reasons |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

The Yogi government of Uttar Pradesh has also given additional charge of energy to Additional Chief Secretary Avnish Awasthi. [[A. K. Sharma]] is the Energy Minister in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=यूपी: अवनीश अवस्थी को मिला ऊर्जा विभाग का अतरिक्त चार्ज |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/acs-home-avneesh-awasth-given-additional-charge-of-department-of-energy-up-goverment-ntc-1495640-2022-07-08 |website=आज तक |language=hi |date=8 July 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Awanish Kumar Awasthi was born on 19 August 1962. He received his B.Tech. degree in [[electrical engineering]] in 1985 from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]. After his graduation he passed the [[Civil Services Examination (India)|Civil Services Examination]] in 1987 and became an IAS officer.<ref name="a">{{cite news |title= Avanish Awasthi - IIT Kanpur |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/avanish-awasthi}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite news |title= View - IAS Posting Detail |url=http://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/ias-posting-detail.htm?41}}</ref>

==Career==
Awasthi has worked at the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] in multiple roles including being the [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] of [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]], [[Budaun district|Badaun]], [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]], [[Faizabad district|Faizabad]], [[Meerut district|Meerut]] and [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]. He held the position of Chairman and Managing Director of [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited]] (UPPCL) from September 2005 to January 2009. He retired as Additional [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] in the Government of Uttar Pradesh, in charge of several portfolios, such as [[Department of Home and Confidential|Home and Confidential]], Religious Affairs and Information. He was seen as [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|CM]] [[Yogi Adityanath]]'s "right-hand man".<ref name="c">{{cite news |title= UP: Awanish Awasthi appointed Principal Secretary Home |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/up-awanish-awasthi-appointed-principal-secretary-home20190731095454/ |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=31 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="d">{{cite news |title=UP IAS officer in Ram temple trust is Yogi right-hand man who led crackdown on CAA protests |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/up-ias-officer-in-ram-temple-trust-is-yogi-right-hand-man-who-led-crackdown-on-caa-protests/368170/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="e">{{cite news |title= नागरिकता कानून: अवनीश अवस्थी ने टेलीकॉम विभाग को लिखा पत्र, 45 घंटे तक बंद की जाएं इंटरनेट सेवाएं|url=https://www.abpganga.com/aapka-pradesh/principal-secretary-home-avnish-kumar-awasthi-letter-to-telecom-department-to-suspend-internet-services-for-45-hours-36669 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=20 December 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Awanish Kumar Awasthi is married to Indian folk singer and [[Padma Shri]] (2016) awardee [[Malini Awasthi]]. They have a son Adwitiya and a daughter Ananya.<ref name="f">{{cite news |title= प्रमुख सचिव गृह व मालिनी अवस्थी की बेटी की शादी में पहुंचे मुख्यमंत्री व राज्यपाल, दी शुभकामनाएं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/lucknow/chief-secretary-home-awanish-awasthi-and-malini-awasthi-daughter-marriage |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="g">{{cite news |title= मशहूर गायिका मालिनी अवस्‍थी के IAS पति अवनीश कुमार होंगे CM योगी के प्रधान सचिव! |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/folk-singer-malini-awasthi-husband-avanish-kumar-awasthi-will-be-principal-secretary-of-up-cm-yogi-a-1678821 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=8 April 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Awanish Kumar Awasthi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur Nagar district]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

V. Sekhar

2026-02-22T17:21:46Z

Gauravdewasi: started new pg

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (1951 or 1952 – 2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Cropped_Photo_of_V._Sekhar.jpg
| caption =
| name = V. Sekhar
| birth_date = 1951 or 1952
| birth_place = Neivanatham, [[North Arcot|North Arcot district]], [[Madras State]] (now in [[Tiruvannamalai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India<ref name=kalki>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=Ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-10-03/page/26/mode/2up|pages=26–27|date=3 October 1999|access-date=14 June 2023|title=இன்ஜினியராக வேண்டியவன் இயக்குனரானேன்}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2025|11|14|73|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other names =
| occupation = Film director, writer
| spouse =
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 1987–2014
| website =
}}

'''V. Sekhar''' (1951 or 1952 – 14 November 2025) was an Indian film director and writer who worked primarily in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/0927022k.htm|title=Another family entertainer|work=The Hindu|date=27 April 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428052837/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/0927022k.htm|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Sekhar was born in a village called Neivanatham near [[Tiruvannamalai]].<ref name=kalki /> After completing B. A. and P. U. C. at Tiruvannamalai, Sekar briefly worked as Malaria Eradication Worker at Corporation Health Department. On the insistence of [[B. Lenin]], Sekar joined the film industry by assisting [[K. Bhagyaraj]] in films like ''[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]'' (1987). He made his directorial debut with ''[[Neengalum Herothan]]'' (1990).<ref>{{cite magazine |date=12 February 1995 |title=கதைதான் என் படத்தின் ஹீரோ! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-12/page/n41/mode/2up |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |pages=40–41 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>

He was primarily active in the 90s and early 2000s. Sekhar made immense contribution to the popularity of family drama films and TV shows. He always put a personal touch in his films which are loved by the viewers, especially the middle-class audiences. V Sekhar usually used mediocre backdrops in his movies, and mostly portrays middle-class households through his films. He strictly maintained that his screenplay doesn’t change from the very first draft. In his interviews, he confessed that for him, the story is the backbone of the movie.

He also worked with known comedian actors [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Charle]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Vadivelu]] and [[Kovai Sarala]].

The veteran directed about 18 Tamil films like ''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]'' (1994), ''[[Naan Petha Magane]]'' (1995), ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' (1996) and ''[[Viralukketha Veekkam]]'' (1999) starring big names from the Tamil movie industry. He also directed a few TV shows namely ''Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda'' (2007-2008) which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and ''Veetukku Veedu'' (2010-2011) which aired on [[Raj TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/v-sekhar|title = V. Sekhar}}</ref>

He began work on his latest venture in directing ''Saravana Poigai'', starring his son Karl Marx in the lead role but the film remains unreleased.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-saravana-poigai-romantic-detour/article5497367.ece|title=Audio Beat: Saravana Poigai - Romantic detour|website=The Hindu|access-date=2021-11-26|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230011709/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-saravana-poigai-romantic-detour/article5497367.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was arrested on 12 August 2015, by the Idol Wing, Economic Offences Wing for suspected role in an idol smuggling racket.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Tamil-Director-V-Sekar-Arrested-in-Idol-Case/2015/08/13/article2971951.ece|title=Tamil Director V Sekar Arrested in Idol Case|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2021-11-26|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505024236/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Tamil-Director-V-Sekar-Arrested-in-Idol-Case/2015/08/13/article2971951.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-film-producer-v-sekar-arrested-for-idol-theft/story-8LiwYXaxSDY2RiMUUrxSgP.html|title=Tamil film producer V Sekar arrested for idol theft|website=Hindustan Times|date=13 August 2015|access-date=2021-11-26|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170815/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-film-producer-v-sekar-arrested-for-idol-theft/story-8LiwYXaxSDY2RiMUUrxSgP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Style of work ==
Sekar directed mainly family-themed drama films, and was likened to [[Visu]] who did the same.<ref>{{Cite web |title=குடும்பங்கள்ல பாஸிட்டிவ் மனிதர்களே இல்லையோ! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9521&id1=3&issue=20151026 |access-date=2018-03-29 |website=Kungumam |language=Ta |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320171025/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9521&id1=3&issue=20151026 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=30 July 2000 |title=சினிமாவில் சொல்வதை வாழ்க்கையில் செய்கிறேன்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2000-07-30/kalki2000-07-30.pdf |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=4–6 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> He often produced his own films through the studio Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam alongside his business partner K. Parthiban.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam vs N.Shivaji on 25 April, 2019 | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/117559624/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005045344/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/117559624/ | access-date=2025-01-07 | archive-date=2023-10-05}}</ref>

== Death ==
Sekhar died on 14 November 2025, at the age of 73, after more than ten days of treatment in [[Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre]] in [[Porur]], a locality in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |title=பிரபல திரைப்பட இயக்குநர் வி. சேகர் காலமானார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1383324-film-director-v-sekar-passes-away.html |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |date=2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-14}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Director===
====Films====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Neengalum Herothan]]'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Naan Pudicha Mappillai]]'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Pondatti Sonna Kettukanum]]'' ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Onna Irukka Kathukanum]]'' ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda]]'' ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Parvathi Ennai Paradi]]'' ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]'' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Naan Petha Magane]]'' ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Pongalo Pongal]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Ellame En Pondattithaan]]'' ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Viralukketha Veekkam]]'' ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai (2000 film)|Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Veettoda Mappillai]]'' ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Namma Veetu Kalyanam]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]'' ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Hendtheer Darbar]]'' || Kannada films
|}

====Television====
*''Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda'' (2007-2008) ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])
*''Veetukku Veedu'' (2010-2011) ([[Raj TV]])

===Writer===
*''[[Ponnu Pakka Poren]]'' (1989) (screenplay)

===Actor===
*''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]'' (2007)
*''[[Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi]]'' (2009)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1110850}}

{{V. Sekhar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekhar, V.}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Abdul Moyeen Khan

2026-02-19T02:46:41Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Moyeen Khan
| native_name = আব্দুল মঈন খান
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Abdul Moyeen Khan 2018.jpg
| caption = Khan at US Embassy Dhaka on 4 July 2018
| office2 = [[Ministry of Planning (Bangladesh)|Minister of State for Planning]]
| term_start2 = 13 September 1993
| term_end2 = 27 March 1996
| predecessor2 = [[A. M. Zahiruddin Khan]] (as Minister)
| successor2 = [[Wahiduddin Mahmud]] (as Minister)
| office1 = [[Ministry of Information (Bangladesh)|Minister of Information]]
| term_start1 = 10 October 2001
| term_end1 = 11 March 2002
| predecessor1 = [[Abdul Muyeed Chowdhury]]
| successor1 = [[Tariqul Islam]]
| office = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (Bangladesh)|Minister for Science and Information & Communication Technology]]
| term_start = 12 March 2002
| term_end = 29 October 2006
| predecessor = [[Lutfor Rahman Khan Azad]] (as State Minister)
| successor = [[Sultana Kamal]]
| constituency_MP4 = [[Narsingdi-2]]
| term_start4 = 5 March 1991
| term_end4 = 27 October 2006
| predecessor4 = [[Delwar Hossain Khan]]
| successor4 = [[Anwarul Ashraf Khan]]
| constituency_MP5 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|01|01|df=y}}
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| father = [[Abdul Momen Khan]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Sussex]]
| term_start5 = 17 February 2026
| predecessor5 = [[Anwarul Ashraf Khan]]
}}

'''Abdul Moyeen Khan''' (born 1 January 1947)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tritiyomatra.com/profile/69 |title=Profile - Mr. Abdul Moyeen Khan |website=www.tritiyomatra.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-election-violence-insight-idUSKCN1OR0KO |title=Ahead of Bangladesh vote, opposition says it faces 'a reign of terror' |date=2018-12-28 |work=Reuters |access-date=2019-03-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/08/25/d50825100283.htm |title=Nat'l biotechnology policy soon: Moyeen Khan |work=The Daily Star |date=25 August 2005 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013144951/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/08/25/d50825100283.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> He is a member of the current standing committee of the party.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bnp-announces-new-national-standing-committee |title=BNP's names 17 members of the policymaking Standing Committee |work=bdnews24.com |date=6 August 2016 |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> He served as the minister of state for planning, government of Bangladesh during 1993–1996, minister of information during 2001–2002 and the minister of science and information & communication technology (now renamed) during 2002–2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZtNVD7uN1gFaDuQLWTOFaLe3ouR0ODOSmgA6jIuRfVw/pub |title=Cabinet of Bangladesh 2001 |website=docs.google.com |accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/18430.htm |title=United States Signs Science and Technology Agreement with Bangladesh |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> He served as a member of the Bangladesh Parliament from 1991 until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-9th-parliament-members-bangla |title=List of 9th Parliament Members |website=Bangladesh Parliament |accessdate=11 November 2017 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731182944/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-9th-parliament-members-bangla |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdaffairs.com/members-of-8th-parliament-of-bangladesh/ |title=8th Parliament Members |website=bdaffairs.com |accessdate=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026231250/http://bdaffairs.com/members-of-8th-parliament-of-bangladesh/ |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-5th-parliament-members-bangla |title=List of 5th Parliament Members |website=Bangladesh Parliament |accessdate=11 November 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172619/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-5th-parliament-members-bangla |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-7th-parliament-members-bangla |title=List of 7th Parliament Members |website=Bangladesh Parliament |accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-4th-parliament-members-bangla |title=List of 4th Parliament Members |website=Bangladesh Parliament |accessdate=11 November 2017 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209173843/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-4th-parliament-members-bangla |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Khan is the son of [[Abdul Momen Khan]], formerly the top civil servant in Bangladesh (cabinet secretary) and a former [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) politician, a founder member of BNP and the minister of food in the cabinet of President [[Ziaur Rahman]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Khan, Abdul Momen |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Abdul_Momen |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Akbar |editor2-first=Md. Ali |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onn24.com/details.php?id=25027/2015/12/13/আধুনিক%20নরসিংদী%20গড়ার%20স্বপ্নদ্রষ্টা%20আবুদল%20মোমেন%20খান%20-ড.%20আব্দুল%20মঈন%20খান |script-title=bn:আধুনিক নরসিংদী গড়ার স্বপ্নদ্রষ্টা আবুদল মোমেন খান -ড. আব্দুল মঈন খান |language=Bengali |publisher=Online News Network |date=12 December 2015 |access-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019193327/http://www.onn24.com/details.php?id=25027%2F2015%2F12%2F13%2F%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%20%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%20%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%20-%E0%A6%A1.%20%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Khan graduated as a PhD from the [[University of Sussex]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/alumni/pdfs/falmer_archive/summer03.pdf |title=Falmer Summer 2003 |publisher=Falmer |date=2003 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116142915/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/alumni/pdfs/falmer_archive/summer03.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Khan was a professor of physics in the University of Dhaka until 1991 when he first successfully ran for the fifth parliament in 1991 and was elected the MP for Narsingdi-2 constituency.<ref name="votemonitor">{{Cite web |date=2008-12-29 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |url=http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=198 |access-date=2024-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229000926/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=198 |archive-date=2008-12-29}}</ref> He received 42,851 votes while his nearest rival, [[Delwar Hossain Khan]] of the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]], received 23,896 votes.<ref name="votemonitor" />

Khan was re-elected to parliament in June 1996 as a candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party from Narsingdi-2.<ref name="votemonitor" /> He received 45,243 votes while his nearest rival, Azmal Kabir of the Jatiya Party, received 23,747 votes.<ref name="votemonitor" /> In 1998, Khan was included in the parliamentary standing committee on planning ministry.<ref name="ds26Jan2000">{{Cite news |date=2000-01-26 |title=12 JS committees reconstituted |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/12-js-committees-reconstituted |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Khan was re-elected to parliament in 2001 as a candidate of Bangladesh Nationalist Party from Narsingdi-2.<ref name="ds26Jan2000" /> He received 67,379 votes while his nearest rival, Md. Nurul Islam of the Awami League, received 46,342 votes.<ref name="ds26Jan2000" /> Khan was the minister of science, information and communications technology in the [[Third Khaleda ministry|third Khaleda Zia cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=GrameenPhone seeks legalisation of VoIP |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2003/08/18/d30818050147.htm |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=10,000 die in road accidents a year |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/10/29/d41029100366.htm |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

Khan contested the 2008 election from Narsingdi-2 as a candidate of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party but lost to [[Anwarul Ashraf Khan]] of the Awami League.<ref name="amardesh">{{Cite web |title="Bangladesh Parliament Election - Detail Results" |url=https://amardesh.com/EADetailsYear.php?sol=191&Year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162400/https://amardesh.com/EADetailsYear.php?sol=191&Year=2008 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=[[Amar Desh]]}}</ref> He had received 71,859 votes while the winner received 101,687 votes.<ref name="amardesh" /> In December 2009, Khan became a member of BNP's standing committee, the highest policy planning body of the party.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-118893 |title=BNP men batoned for defying Section 144 in Narsingdi |work=The Daily Star |date=22 December 2009 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref> Palash Upazila unit of Bangladesh Nationalist Party organized a reception for him.<ref name="ds22Dec2009">{{Cite news |date=2009-12-22 |title=BNP men batoned for defying Section 144 in Narsingdi |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-118893 |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The [[Swechhasebak League]] declared a program at the same location for [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]].<ref name="ds22Dec2009" /> The local administration declared [[Section 144]] and attacked the Bangladesh Nationalist Party men at the venue to disperse them.<ref name="ds22Dec2009" />

Khan met with diplomats from 15 foreign countries in December 2015 at the political office of former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia in Gulshan.<ref name="ds23Dec2015">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-23 |title=Municipal polls: BNP raises concerns with foreign envoys |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-leaders-meet-foreign-envoys-ahead-polls-191428 |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He briefed the diplomats on the recent municipal elections in Bangladesh.<ref name="ds23Dec2015" /> The Bangladesh Nationalist Party were participating in the municipal elections after boycotting the general election in 2014.<ref name="ds23Dec2015" />

Khan secured bail from Bangladesh High Court along with other Bangladesh Nationalist Party leaders in October 2018 in a case filed for "provoking people against the state".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-04 |title=Fakhrul, 6 other BNP leaders get bail from HC |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/7-top-bnp-leaders-secured-high-court-anticipatory-bail-1641994 |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> On 16 December 2018, Khan's motorcade was attacked in [[Palash Upazila]], [[Narsingdi District]] injuring 50.<ref name="ds16Dec2018">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-16 |title=BNP leader Moyeen Khan's motorcade attacked in Narsingdi |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/bnp-leader-moin-khan-motorcade-attacked-in-narsingdi-1674424 |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He was the candidate of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party for [[Narsingdi-2]].<ref name="ds16Dec2018" /> He lost to [[Anwar Ul Ashraf Khan]] of the Awami League, who receive 175,711 votes, while Moyeen Khan received 7,180 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-25 |title=Narsingdi-2 - Constituency detail of Bangladesh General Election 2018 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/seats?s=Narsingdi-2&d=dhaka |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

After the [[2024 Bangladeshi general election]], Khan predicted the Sheikh Hasina led government would be forced to resign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-21 |title=Govt will be forced to resign: Moyeen Khan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/govt-will-be-forced-resign-moyeen-khan-3524881 |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The election was boycotted by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-07 |title=BNP salutes voters for 'boycotting' polls |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/election-2024/news/news/bnp-salutes-voters-boycotting-polls-3513466 |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He had described the Awami League government as more dangerous than a dictatorship due to its pretense of democracy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-15 |title=Govt 'more dangerous than an autocrat': Moyeen Khan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/govt-more-dangerous-autocrat-moyeen-khan-3495486 |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Abdul Moyeen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:People from Narsingdi District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Notre Dame College, Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
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[[Category:Ministers of information of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Ministers of science and technology of Bangladesh]]

Hindostan (Urdu newspaper)

2026-02-17T18:25:07Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Short description|First Urdu-language newspaper produced in Germany}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Hindostan
| image = Hindostan Urdu-edition 1916.jpg
| caption = Illustration of a Zeppelin airship accompanying an article in the Urdu edition of Hindostan, issue 25 from January 14, 1916.
| type = Prisoner-of-war camp newspaper
| format = Handwritten, photolithographed
| founded = March 1915
| ceased_publication = August 1918
| owners = [[Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient]]
| publisher = [[German Foreign Office]]
| editor = Indian members of the Berlin Indian Independence Committee
| language = [[Urdu]]
| headquarters = [[Wünsdorf]], [[German Empire]]
| sister_newspapers =
}}

'''Hindostan''' (Urdu: ہندوستان), was the first Urdu-language newspaper produced in Germany during the [[First World War]] for Indian [[Muslim]] [[prisoners of war]] (POWs). Published by the German Foreign Office’s propaganda machinery in [[Berlin]] from March 1915 through August 1918, the two-page handwritten issues—reproduced via photolithography—were part of German propaganda efforts to promote [[jihad]] and shift the allegiance of POWs held in camps like [[Wünsdorf]]’s [[Halbmondlager]] and nearby facilities.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Beyond Propaganda: Reimagining the Hindostan Newspaper (1915-17) as a Theatre of the First World War | url=https://www.globalhistories.com/index.php/GHSJ/article/download/662/284/3222 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327092123/https://globalhistories.com/index.php/GHSJ/article/download/662/284/3222 | archive-date=2025-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370983811|title=Click here for more Al-A z h ā r Title Author (s): Received on: Accepted on: Published on: Citation: Publisher: First Urdu Newspaper in Germany for WWI Muslim Prisoners of War}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Contextual analysis and micro history of Pashtun prisoners of war in Germany during world war first (WWI) | url=https://pukhtunkhwajournal.org/journals/02-2024/issue-01/275-316.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208221345/https://pukhtunkhwajournal.org/journals/02-2024/issue-01/275-316.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385110162|title=The Image of Islam and Muslims in the German Newspaper: The Bild Newspaper as a Mode | Request PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/293/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3774156|title=Project MUSE - Jihad and Islam in World War I}}</ref>

==Historical context==
===POWs camps for Muslim soldiers===
Germany established specialized camps—most notably [[Halbmondlager]] (“Half-Moon Camp”) near [[Wünsdorf]]—for Muslim prisoners from the British, French, and Russian armies. The aim was to cultivate sympathy for the Central Powers, encouraging jihad-themed propaganda under the guise of religious camaraderie. In these camps, detainees could worship, observe religious holidays, and even attend a wooden mosque, the first built in Germany.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/03/hindostan-a-propaganda-newspaper-for-south-asian-pows-in-germany-during-world-war-i|title=Hindostan: A Propaganda Newspaper for South Asian POWs in Germany during World War I | 4 Corners of the World|first=Anchi|last=Hoh|date=March 7, 2019|website=The Library of Congress}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2025/04/now-online-the-ww1-era-pow-camp-newspaper-hindostan-in-hindi-and-urdu|title=Now Online: The WW1-Era POW Camp Newspaper "Hindostan" in Hindi and Urdu | 4 Corners of the World|first=Joshua|last=Kueh|date=April 29, 2025|website=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

===German propaganda initiatives===
As part of its psychological warfare strategy, Germany’s Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient ("Information Center for the Orient") produced various language editions of a camp newspaper called [[:de:El Dschihad|El Dschihad]] (“The Jihad”), supporting the broader goal of mobilizing Muslim POWs. In parallel, Hindostan was published specifically in Hindi and Urdu for South Asian prisoners.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/246|title=First Urdu Newspaper in Germany for WWI Muslim Prisoners of War|first1=Dr Muhammad Ali|last1=Dinakhel|first2=Dr Ahmed Farhan|last2=Saeed|first3=Dr Muhammad|last3=Shafi|date=December 25, 2021|journal=Al-Azhār|volume=7|issue=2|pages=82–99|via=www.al-azhaar.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1915 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1915]]
[[Category:Newspapers disestablished in 1918]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in Germany]]
[[Category:Prisoner-of-war camps]]
[[Category:World War I propaganda]]
[[Category:Urdu-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language mass media]]
[[Category:Islam in Germany]]

Simandhar

2026-01-26T11:50:59Z

Gauravdewasi: started new post

{{Short description|Jain cosmology being}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| deity_of = [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]]
| image = File: Simandhar Swami.jpg
| caption = Idol of Simandhar at Shri Bibrod Adinath Jain [[Shwetamber]] Tirth, Bibdod, [[Ratlam]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| other_names = Helds being saint ''(Sanyam ni sima ne dhāran karnār)''
| symbol = [[Bull]]
| color  = Gold
| mantra = {{IAST|Aum hrīṃ śrīṃ arham śrī sīmaṃdharasvāmine namaḥ hrīṃ svāhā}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jainqq.org/explore/600454/3 | title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://jainqq.org/explore/022213/18 | title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature }}</ref>
| spouse = Rukamani
| father = Shreyans
| mother = Satyaki
| height = 500 Dhanush
| age = 84 lac purv
| predecessor = himself 1st
| successor = Yugmandhar
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Simandhar''' or '''Simandhara'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |date=2010-01-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-045257-5 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref> is a ''[[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]]'', an [[arihant (Jainism)|arihant]], who is said to be currently living in another world in the [[Jain Cosmology|Jain cosmological universe]].

==Residence in Jain cosmology==

Simandhar resides at ''Mahavideh Kshetra'', another land within the Jain cosmological universe (see [[Jain cosmology]]).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=}}<ref name="Simandhar Swami Mahavideh Kshetra">{{citation|last=University |first=Jain |title=Mahavideh Kshetra |url=http://www.jainuniversity.org/PDFs/eng-lib/2.3.pdf |publisher=Jain University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516172440/http://www.jainuniversity.org/PDFs/eng-lib/2.3.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Darshan|first=Jain|title=Mahavideh Kshetra|url=http://www.jsmconline.org/JainDarshan/2005Dec.pdf|publisher=Jain Darshan|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234541/http://www.jsmconline.org/JainDarshan/2005Dec.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The five lands of the Bharat Kshetra are currently in the fifth Ara (a degraded time-cycle in which Tirthankaras do not take birth).<ref name="Kaal Chakra">{{cite web|last=Jainism |first=My |title=Kaal Chakra |url=http://www.myjainism.com/PDF/Kaal_Chakra.pdf |publisher=My Jainism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223452/http://www.myjainism.com/PDF/Kaal_Chakra.pdf |archive-date= 2 December 2013 }}</ref>{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=30–32}} The most recent ''Tirthankara'' present on ''Bharata Kshetra'' (present world) was [[Vardhamana Mahavira]], whom historians estimate lived between 599 and 527 BCE, the last in a cycle of 24 Tirthankaras.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jain Meditation |url=http://www.jainmeditation.org/pages/godhood.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427202217/http://www.jainmeditation.org/pages/godhood.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 }}</ref>{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=1–41}}

On Mahavideh Kshetra, the fourth Ara like (a spiritually elevated time-cycle) exists continuously. There, Tirthankaras perpetually are born.<ref name="Jain Tirthankaras">{{cite web|last=Tirthankaras|first=Jain|title=24 Tirthankaras|url=http://www.jaintirthankars.com/24tirthankars.html|publisher=Jain Tirthankaras }}</ref><ref name="Kaal Chakra"/> There are 5 Mahavideh Kshetras, each being a separate land. At present, there are 4 Tirthankaras residing in each Mahavideh Kshetra. Thus there are a total of 20 Tirthankaras residing there, Simandhar being one among them.<ref name="Simandhar Swami Mahavideh Kshetra"/>

==Biography per Jain tradition==

Simandhar is a living Tirthankara, an [[arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]], who is said to be currently present on another world in the Jain cosmological universe.{{sfn|Pravin K Shah|pp=1–3}}<ref name=Arihants>{{cite web|last=Umich|title=Arihants|url=http://www.umich.edu/~umjains/jainismsimplified/chapter01.html|publisher=Umich.edu}}</ref>
The Arihant Simandhar is believed to be currently 150,000 earth years old and has a remaining lifespan of 125,000 earth years. He lives in the city of Pundarikgiri, the capital of Pushpakalavati, one of 32 geographical divisions on Mahavideh Kshetra.<ref name="Simandhar Swami Mahavideh Kshetra"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Gyan |first=Jain |title=Mahavideh Kshetra |url=http://www.jaingyan.com/the-mahavideh-kshetra-is-located-in-the-middle-of-jambudwip/ |publisher=Jain Gyan |access-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013453/http://www.jaingyan.com/the-mahavideh-kshetra-is-located-in-the-middle-of-jambudwip/ |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref> Pundarikgiri is ruled by King Shreyans, who is Simandhar's father. His mother is Satyaki. While pregnant with Simandhar, Satyaki had a sequence of [[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|auspicious dreams]] indicating that she would give birth to a Tirthankara.<ref name="Simandhar Swami">{{cite web|title=Simandhar Swami|url=http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/tirthankar/apendix-8.htm|publisher=Jain World|access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.jaina.org/resource/resmgr/Religious_Article/Arihant_Simandhar_Swami.pdf|title=Arihant Simandhar Swami|first=Deepika|last=Dalal|publisher=[[JAINA]]|page=3}}</ref> Simandhar was born with three complete aspects of jnana, or self-knowledge:

* Mati Jnana (see [[Jain epistemology]]), knowledge of the 5-sense realm
* Shruta Jnana (see [[Jain epistemology]]), knowledge of all forms of communication
* Avadhi Jnana (see [[Jain epistemology]]), clairvoyant knowledge{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=3}}

As a young adult, he married Rukamani and then, later in life, took [[diksha]], renunciation from worldly life.<ref name="Simandhar Swami"/>

Simandhar's height is 500 dhanushya, approximately 1,500 feet, which is considered an average height for the people of Mahavideh Kshetra.<ref name="Simandhar Swami Mahavideh Kshetra"/>

== Worship ==
=== Iconography ===
Simandhara is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture with the symbol of a bull beneath him.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=101}} Every ''Tīrthankara'' has a distinguishing emblem that allows worshippers to distinguish similar-looking idols of the ''Tirthankaras''.{{Sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}}{{Sfn|Krishna|2014|p=34}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=225}}

<gallery>
File:Simandhar Swami.jpg|Idol of Simandhar at Shri Bibrod Adinath Jain Shwetamber Tirth, Bibdod, [[Ratlam district|Ratlam]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
File:Digamber Jain mandir ujjain 2013-09-22 02-16.JPG|Simandhara in Digambar Jain temple, Ujjain
File:Simandhar Swami in Simandhar Jain Temple in Mehsana, Gujarat, India.jpg|Simandhar Swamiat Simandhar Jain Temple, Mehsana
</gallery>

=== Main temples ===

* Shree Simandhar swami [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain Temple,Katargam,Surat

<gallery>
File:Derasar,Lower Parel,Mumbai - panoramio (1).jpg|Simandhara Swami Derasar at [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{commons category|Simandhara Swāmī}}
* [[Shantinatha]]
* [[Kunthunatha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last=Humphrey and Laidlaw|title=The archetypal actions of ritual: a theory of ritual illustrated by the Jain rite of worship|year=1994|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Indiana University|isbn=0198279477|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jbXAAAAMAAJ |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C |date=1998 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1578-5 }}
*{{citation |last1=King |last2=Brockington |title=Intimate Other, The Love Divine in Indic Religions |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2801-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhgDL6SwGeQC |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |author-link=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Pravin K |title=Jain Philosophy and Practice 1 |year=2002 |publisher=JAINA Education Committee |isbn=8185568014 |url=http://www.terapanthinfo.org/pdf/books/JainPhilosophy.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Pravin K Shah}} }}
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6}}
* {{citation | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar | title=Britannica Tirthankar Definition | publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |ref = {{SfnRef|Encyclopædia Britannica}} }}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC|title=Sacred Animals of India|first=Nanditha |last=Krishna|publisher=Penguin UK |date=2014|isbn=9788184751826}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC|title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: (Jaina iconography)|volume=1|first=Umakant Premanand |last=Shah|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications| author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |isbn=9788170172086}}

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simandhar Swami}}
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]

Ujjwal Nikam

2026-01-18T20:42:50Z

Gauravdewasi: slightly adjusted section after review additionally and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|Indian special public prosecutor (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ujjwal Deorao Nikam
| image = Ujjwal Nikam 2014.JPG
| caption = Ujjwal Nikam in 2014
| office = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 24 July 2025
| nominator = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (Law)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|03|30|df=y}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|date=2024-04-27|title=Who is Ujjwal Nikam, BJP's LS candidate and 26/11 prosecutor who used the controversial 'biryani' story to convict Ajmal Kasab?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/who-is-ujjwal-nikam-bjps-ls-candidate-and-26/11-prosecutor-who-used-the-controversial-biryani-story-to-convict-ajmal-kasab/articleshow/109652098.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2024-04-28|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jalgaon]], [[Bombay State]], India
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Special public prosecutor
| known_for = Leading prosecutions in high-profile murder and terrorism cases
| spouse = Jyoti Nikam
| children = [[Aniket Nikam]], Sharwari Nikam
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2016)
| predecessor = [[Mahesh Jethmalani]]
}}

'''Ujjwal Deorao Nikam''' (born 30 March 1953) is an Indian special public prosecutor who has worked on prominent murder and terrorism cases. He has been [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated]] to the [[Rajya Sabha]] by the [[President of India]], representing the field of law in [[2025 Rajya Sabha elections|2025]]. He helped prosecute suspects in the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], the [[Gulshan Kumar]] murder case, the [[Pramod Mahajan]] murder case, and the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. He was also the special public prosecutor in the [[2013 Mumbai gang rape|2013 Mumbai gang rape case]], [[Kopardi gangrape and murder|2016 Kopardi rape and murder case]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1893136/report-finish-photojournalist-rape-trial-in-60-days-ujjwal-nikam-told|title=Finish photojournalist rape trial in 60 days, Ujjwal Nikam told | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|website=Dnaindia.com|date=2013-09-24|access-date=2016-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/crime/How-Ujjwal-Nikam-sparked-missing-rape-suspect-rumours/articleshow/23117326.cms|title=How Ujjwal Nikam sparked missing rape suspect rumours|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|date=2013-09-27|access-date=2016-01-18}}</ref> Ujjwal Nikam argued on behalf of the state during the 26/11 Mumbai attack trial.

Nikam was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2016.<ref name="dna">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-padma-awards-2016-declared-anupam-kher-rajinikanth-vinod-rai-sania-mirza-amongst-winners-2170091|title=Padma awards 2016 declared: Anupam Kher, Rajinikanth, Vinod Rai, Sania Mirza honoured among others|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=25 January 2016|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref>

He has been given a security detail with a classification of [[Security categories in India|Z+]], the second highest level of security in India.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Vijapurkar|first1=Mahesh|title=Ujjwal Nikam's phones stolen while his guards slept: Z-Plus security isn't all it's cracked up to be|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ujjwal-nikams-phones-stolen-while-his-guards-slept-z-plus-security-isnt-all-its-cracked-up-to-be-3524503.html|magazine=[[First Post]]|date=6 June 2017}}</ref>

He was fielded by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]] candidate during the [[2024 Indian general election]], he lost by a margin of 16,514 votes (1.81%).<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mumbai North Central">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mumbai North Central |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1329.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714042806/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1329.htm |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai North Central Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Mumbai North Central Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/mumbai-north-central |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714042757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/mumbai-north-central |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

He was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] by the [[Droupadi Murmu]] in 2025 for recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of law, particularly for his role as a [[Prosecutor|public prosecutor]] in several high-profile criminal and terrorism cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Blasts Lawyer, Ex Foreign Secretary Among 4 To Get Rajya Sabha Pass |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ujjwal-nikam-harsh-vardhan-shringla-mumbai-blasts-lawyer-ex-foreign-secretary-among-4-to-get-rajya-sabha-pass-8867233 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="President Murmu nominates four to Rajya Sabha, including former Foreign Secretary Shringla, 26/11 prosecutor Nikam">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 July 2025 |title=President Murmu nominates four to Rajya Sabha, including former Foreign Secretary Shringla, 26/11 prosecutor Nikam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-foreign-secretary-shringla-ujjwal-nikam-c-sadanandan-master-and-meenakshi-jain-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/article69806580.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713180529/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-foreign-secretary-shringla-ujjwal-nikam-c-sadanandan-master-and-meenakshi-jain-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/article69806580.ece |archive-date=13 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nikam was born in [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], to [[Marathi people|Marathi]] parents. His father, Deoraoji Nikam, was a judge and [[barrister]], and his mother was a homemaker.<ref name="auto"/>

After receiving his [[Bachelor of Science]] degree, he earned a law degree from the K.C.E. Society's [[S.S. Maniyar Law College|S. S. Maniyar Law College]] in Jalgaon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Facts on Ujjwal Nikam, BJP's Candidate For Mumbai North Central Seat|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-ujjwal-nikam-bjp-candidate-from-mumbai-north-central-seat-5537096|access-date=2024-04-28|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> His son, Aniket, is also a criminal lawyer in [[Bombay High Court|High Court Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-27|title=Meet Ujjwal Nikam, BJP Lok Sabha candidate who cooked up 'biryani' story to nail Ajmal Kasab|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meet-ujjwal-nikam-bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-who-cooked-up-biryani-story-to-nail-ajmal-kasab-101714219227094.html|access-date=2024-04-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ujjwal Nikam has two children, [[Aniket Nikam]] and Sharvari Nikam.

* '''[[Aniket Nikam]]''':<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-16 |title=Bombay HC grants pre-arrest bail to 3 GRP cops accused in Rajasthan jeweller's extortion, assault case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bombay-hc-grants-pre-arrest-bail-to-3-grp-cops-accused-in-rajasthan-jewellers-extortion-assault-case/articleshow/123904840.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Like his father Ujjwal Nikam, Aniket is also a [[criminal lawyer]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=Maharashtra: FIR filed after Congress post on X showing a BJP office in flames |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-unit-of-bjp-files-police-complaint-against-congress-post-on-x-10279014/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=HC grants pre-arrest bail to 3 GRP personnel booked for extorting jeweller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/hc-grants-pre-arrest-bail-to-3-grp-personnel-booked-for-extorting-jeweller-101757962488363.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> who practices in the [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidya |date=2025-04-14 |title=Court grants bail in child sexual assault case, cites insufficient evidence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/bombay-high-court-grants-bail-in-child-sexual-assault-case-cites-insufficient-evidence-2708527-2025-04-14 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Sharvari Nikam''': She is an HR professional, and online profiles list her as having studied at [[XLRI – Xavier School of Management|XLRI Jamshedpur]].

==Career==
Nikam began his career as a district prosecutor in [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]] and worked his way up to state and national trials. In a 30-year career, he has secured 628 life imprisonments and 37 death penalties.

=== Rape and murder cases ===
*'''Murder of [[Gulshan Kumar#Death|Gulshan Kumar]]''' (1997): Kumar, a [[Bollywood]] film producer, was shot on 12 August 1997 outside a temple in [[Andheri]]. Nineteen people were charged in the case, but all except one were acquitted in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gulshan-case-1-convicted-18-freed/articleshow/7872748.cms|title=Gulshan case: 1 convicted, 18 freed|date=2002-04-24|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
*'''Marine Drive rape case''' (2005): Police constable Sunil More was convicted of raping a 15-year-old girl in a police station on [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] in Mumbai and sentenced to 12 years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20060417-marine-drive-rape-case-sunil-atmaram-more-sentenced-to-12-years-imprisonment-783339-2006-04-16|title=Marine Drive rape case: Sunil Atmaram More sentenced to 12 years imprisonment|last=Thakurdesai|first=Prerana|date=2006-04-17|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
*'''[[Khairlanji massacre]]''' (2006): A [[Dalit]] family was beaten and murdered in [[Khairlanji]], a small village in Maharashtra, on 29 September 2006 by a mob from the more powerful [[Kunbi]] caste. On 15 September 2008, six people were sentenced to death and two others given life imprisonment in the killings. The death sentences were later commuted to life in prison.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10627073|title=Death sentences dropped for mob murder of Dalit family|date=2010-07-14|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
*'''Murder of [[Pramod Mahajan#Death|Pramod Mahajan]]''' (2006): Mahajan, a leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], was shot by his younger brother, Pravin Mahajan, after a family dispute on 22 April 2006. Pravin was sentenced to life in prison in December 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2007/dec/18mahajan1.htm|title=Pravin Mahajan sentenced to life term|date=2007-12-18|website=indiaabroad.com|access-date=2017-01-13|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116183745/http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2007/dec/18mahajan1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[2013 Mumbai gang rape|'''Shakti Mills gang rape''']] (2013): In a verdict on 4 April 2014, three repeat offenders were sentenced to death for gang-raping a photojournalist at the Shakti Mills compound in Mumbai, and a fourth received a life term.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/shakti-mills-gang-rape-case-three-repeat-offenders-get-death-life-term-for-one_922196.html|title=Shakti Mills gang-rape case: Three repeat offenders get death, life term for one | Zee News|website=Zeenews.india.com|date=2014-04-04|access-date=2016-01-18}}</ref>
*'''Murder of Pallavi Purkayastha''' (2013): Purkayastha, a 25-year-old woman living in [[Wadala]], was fatally stabbed by a watchman in her building, Sajjad Moghul, after she resisted his attempts to rape her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/270651/pervert-watchman-murdered-pallavi-police.html|title='Pervert' watchman murdered Pallavi: Police|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref> Moghul was sentenced to life in prison in July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/pallavi-purkayastha-murder-case-life-sentence-to-guilty-watchman-sajjad-moghul/1016477|title=Pallavi Purkayastha murder case: life sentence to guilty watchman sajjad moghul|work=Patrika Group|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>
*'''Murder of Preeti Rathi''' (2013): Ankur Panwar was convicted and sentenced to death in September 2016 for killing Rathi, a 23-year-old woman, with acid on 2 May 2013 after she rejected his marriage proposal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Preeti-Rathi-murder-case-convict-gets-death-sentence/article14628498.ece|title=Preeti Rathi murder case convict gets death sentence|date=2016-09-08|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
*'''[[Kopardi gangrape and murder|Kopardi rape and murder case]]''' (2016): In July 2016, a 15-year-old girl was gang-raped and strangled in the village of Kopardi, in the [[Ahmednagar district]] of Maharashtra. Nikam opened the trial against three defendants in local court on 19 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/7989186_Trial-in-Kopardi-rape-and-murder-case-begins.html|title=Trial in Kopardi rape and murder case begins|author=Staff Reporter|date=2016-10-20|newspaper=PTI News|language=En-GB|access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref> Sessions court awards death sentence to all 3 convicts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/kopardi-rape-and-murder-case-maharashtra-maratha-community/135103|title=Kopardi rape and murder case: Sessions court awards death sentence to all 3 convicts|date=29 November 2017|work=TimesNow|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>
*'''[[Pune techie murder case|Mohsin Shaikh's murder case]]''' (2014): On 2 June 2014, Mohsin Shaikh, an IT professional working as an IT manager in a private textile firm, was attacked and killed allegedly by the Hindu Rashtra Sena while he was returning from a prayer at Unnati Nagar. Shaikh's family sought Nikam's appointment as the [[public prosecutor]] in a letter to the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]. Subsequently, he was made the special public prosecutor in the case by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohsin Shaikh murder case: Family writes to CM, seeks appointment of Ujjwal Nikam as public prosecutor|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mohsin-shaikh-murder-case-family-writes-to-cm-seeks-appointment-of-ujjwal-nikam-as-public-prosecutor-4488386/|access-date=12 June 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Another accused gets bail in Mohsin Shaikh murder case|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/another-accused-gets-bail-in-mohsin-shaikh-murder-case/articleshow/57437505.cms|access-date=12 June 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Terrorism cases ===
* '''1991 Kalyan bombing''': Ravinder Singh was convicted of bombing a railway station in [[Kalyan]] on 8 November 1991, killing 12 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/1991-kalyan-station-blast-convict-who-jumped-parole-held-in-punjab-2979615/|title=1991 Kalyan Station Blast: Convict who jumped parole held in Punjab|date=2016-08-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
* '''[[1993 Bombay bombings]]''': A special court was set up in 2000 under the [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] to try suspects in the series of 13 explosions that took place in Bombay (now Mumbai) on 12 March 1993, killing 257 people in what was then India's worst terrorist attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/13/india.randeepramesh|title=Underworld family guilty of 1993 Mumbai bombings|last=Ramesh|first=Randeep|date=2006-09-12|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref> The trial lasted almost 14 years, and dozens of people were convicted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/full-list-of-convicted-and-acquitted-in-1993-mumbai-blasts-case-53229.html|title=Full list of convicted and acquitted in 1993 Mumbai blasts case|work=India TV News|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
* [[25 August 2003 Mumbai bombings|'''2003 Gateway of India bombing''']]: Two car bombs went off in Mumbai on 25 August 2003, one at a jewelry market and the other at the [[Gateway of India]], a popular tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm|title=BBC ON THIS DAY {{!}} 25 {{!}} 2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs|date=25 August 2003 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref> Three men were convicted and sentenced to death in August 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-get-death-for-Gateway-Zaveri-Bazar-blasts/articleshow/4865138.cms?|title=Three get death for Gateway, Zaveri Bazar blasts|date=2009-08-07|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
* '''[[2008 Mumbai attacks]]''': The three-day siege of Mumbai in November 2008—which targeted luxury hotels, a Jewish center, and other sites<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/world/asia/27mumbai.html|title=At Least 100 Dead in India Terror Attacks|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=2008-11-26|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>—left more than 160 people dead.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/20/world/asia/india-mumbai-execution/index.html|title=India executes last gunman from Mumbai attacks|last=Singh|first=Harmeet Shah|date=2012-11-21|publisher=CNN|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref> [[Ajmal Kasab]], the only attacker captured alive by the police, was sentenced to death on 6 May 2010 and hanged on 21 November 2012.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://world.time.com/2012/11/21/kasabs-execution-after-hanging-2008-terrorist-what-lessons-has-india-learned/|title=Kasab's Execution: After Hanging 2008 Terrorist, What Lessons Has India Learned?|last=Bhowmick|first=Nilanjana|date=2012-11-21|newspaper=Time|issn=0040-781X|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
In December 2010, Nikam represented the Government of India at a worldwide convention on terrorism held at the [[United Nations]] in New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/29/stories/2010112959911600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092944/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/29/stories/2010112959911600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2014|title=Ujjwal Nikam to represent India at convention on terrorism in U.N.|date=29 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In 2017, Nikam's life story was made into a film, ''[[Aadesh - Power of Law]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-priyanshu-chatterjee-to-work-in-film-on-abu-salem/story-2aVKHYqxippNcX2GSKSqcM.html|title=Irrfan Khan, Priyanshu Chatterjee to work in film on Abu Salem|work=Hindustan Times |date=8 May 2016 |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Public Affairs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikam, Ujjwal}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jalgaon]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in public affairs]]
[[Category:Indian prosecutors]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Municipal Corporations Act (India)

2026-01-16T07:54:12Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}
}}

{{Indian Constitution TOC}}

'''Municipal Corporations Act''' are the [[Statute|statutory]] [[act of Parliament|acts]] created for governing of [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]]s across various [[List of cities in India by population|Indian towns and cities]].<ref name="MCA ref11">{{cite news |title=HC: BBMP bylaws contrary to municipal corporations Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hc-bbmp-bylaws-contrary-to-municipal-corporations-act/article35846303.ece |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2021}}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1726.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> The passing of municipal corporations acts by state governments is necessary for the creation of municipal corporations in any city of state.

== History and administration ==

Municipal Corporations Acts help in laying strong guidelines for the functioning of municipal corporations which helps in city’s development.<ref name="mca ref3">{{cite news |title=What is the Benefit of Municipal Corporation? |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/administration/what-is-the-benefit-of-municipal-corporation/c74416-w2859-cid116241-s10702.htm |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=udaipurtimes.com |date=6 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="mca ref8">{{cite news |title=A fit Case for Municipal Legislature |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/4djsaEBnC3J7Bj0Hf26S9J/A-fit-case-for-municipal-legislature.html |access-date=31 October 2021 |publisher=mint |date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
In India the foundation for the democratic form of municipal governance had started 135 years back through Lord Ripon’s resolution of local self-government.<ref name="mca ref1">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Any Indian city with population of more than 10 lakhs or 1 million qualifies to become corporation. If the population of any area increases to more than 10000 than it will be declared as separate ward.

Municipal Acts in India are of below three types:<ref name="mca ref9">{{cite news |title=How do Municipal Acts Vary? |url=https://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/municipalacts-vary |access-date=31 October 2021 |publisher=nagrika.org}}</ref>

* General municipalities acts across states.
* Independent acts for setting up municipal corporations.
* Individual municipal corporations in specific cases.

== Municipalities with Municipal Corporations Acts ==

In India there are many cities having [[List of municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]] which are governed by different municipal acts.

===State-based Municipal Corporations Act list===

In India different municipal corporations are governed by acts applicable as below.

====Andhra Pradesh====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Municipal Corporation || Municipal Corporation Act
|-
|1
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
|Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act 1979
|-
|2
|[[Vijayawada]]
|[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|[[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation]]
|Vijayawada Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|3
|[[Guntur]]
|[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|[[Guntur Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|4
|[[Kurnool]]
|[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|[[Kurnool Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|5
|[[Nellore]]
|[[Nellore district|SPS Nellore]]
|[[Nellore Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|6
|[[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]]
|[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|[[Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|7
|[[Kadapa]]
|[[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
|[[Kadapa Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|8
|[[Kakinada]]
|[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|[[Kakinada Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|9
|[[Tirupati]]
|[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|[[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|10
|[[Eluru]]
|[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|[[Eluru Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|11
|[[Anantapur]]
|[[Anantapuram district|Anantapur]]
|[[Anantapur Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|12
|[[Vizianagaram]]
|[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|13
|[[Ongole]]
|[[Prakasham district|Prakasham]]
|[[Ongole Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|14
|[[Machilipatnam]]
|[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|[[Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|15
|[[Chittoor]]
|[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|[[Chittoor Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|16
|[[Srikakulam]]
|[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
|[[Srikakulam Municipal Corporation]]
|Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1981
|-
|17
|[[Mangalagiri]]
|[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|[[Mangalagiri Tadepalle Municipal Corporation]]
|A. P. Municipal Corporations Act, 1994
|}

====Assam====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Municipal Corporation || Municipal Corporation Act
|-
|1
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Kamrup Metropolitan]]
|[[Guwahati Municipal Corporation]]
|Assam Municipal Corporation Act 1979
|-
|}

====Bihar====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Municipal Corporation || Municipal Corporation Act
|-
|1
|[[Patna]]
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|[[Patna Municipal Corporation]]
|Bihar Municipal Act, 2007
|-
|2
|[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|[[Gaya Municipal Corporation]]
|Bihar Municipal Act, 2007
|-
|3
|[[Bhagalpur]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|[[Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation]]
|Bihar Municipal Act, 2007
|-
|4
|[[Muzaffarpur]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|[[Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation]]
|Bihar Municipal Act, 2007
|-
|5
|[[Munger]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|[[Munger Municipal Corporation]]
|Bihar Municipal Act, 2007
|-
|6
|[[Purnia]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|[[Purnia Municipal Corporation]]
|Bihar Municipal Act, 2007
|-
|7
|[[Purnia]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|[[Darbhanga Municipal Corporation]]
|Bihar Municipal Act, 2007
|-
|}

== Legal implications of Municipal Corporations Act ==

# For failure to adhering to Bangalore Municipal Corporation Act, 1949, High Court of Karnatka, in a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) petition, issued notices to the Karnatka State Government and Commissioners of 11 city corporations, in implementing uniform and effective guidelines in constituting ward committees and area sabhas across the State.<ref name="mca ref2">{{cite news |title=HC issues notice to govt. on plea seeking uniform guidelines for ward committees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/hc-issues-notice-to-govt-on-plea-seeking-uniform-guidelines-for-ward-committees/article37193925.ece |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=27 October 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
# Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, needs to be amended for revision in the number of wards in Mumbai and guidelines of Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949 needs to be followed for revisions of ward numbers in other places of Maharashtra as the State Government plans to increase the number of seats in all municipal corporations. There are 27 municipal corporations in Maharashtra.<ref name="mca ref4">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra to propose 15% rise in seats in municipal corporations based on projected population |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/maharashtra-to-propose-15-rise-in-seats-in-municipal-corporations-based-on-projected-population-101635090241239.html |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=24 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
# For failure to comply with Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act 1949, and related Rules Pune activist serves legal notice to Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) administration.<ref name="mca ref6">{{cite news |title=Pune: Activist serves legal notice to PMC for 'failure in discharging its duties', says will withhold her property tax |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-activist-serves-legal-notice-to-pmc-for-failure-in-discharging-its-duties-says-will-withhold-her-property-tax-7594152/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=28 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
# Municipal Corporation Act 1995, Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act 1965, Vishakapatnam Municipal Corporation Act, 1979, Vijayawada Municipal Act 1981, and Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1994 were amended by state of Andhra Pradesh for permission to mobile additional financial resources.<ref name="mca ref7">{{cite news |title=-more-states-roll-out-reforms-for-common-man-get-additional-funds-from-centre-amid-pandemic/2156117/ |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/2-more-states-roll-out-reforms-for-common-man-get-additional-funds-from-centre-amid-pandemic/2156117/ |access-date=31 October 2021 |publisher=financialexpress.com |date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

== Related Links ==

[[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.example.com www.example.com]


[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Local government in India]]

Mulraj Chopra

2026-01-14T21:32:24Z

Gauravdewasi: starting basic article more to come - done

{{short description|Sikh governor of Multan (1814–1851)}}
{{More footnotes|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Diwan
| name = Mul Raj Chopra
| image = Photograph of Dewan Mulraj in 1849 after capture by the British.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Dewan Mulraj in early 1848 during incarceration by the British
| birth_date = 1814
| native_name =
| predecessor = [[Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra]]
| birth_place =
| native_name_lang =
| office = [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] Diwan of Multan
| status =
| term_start = 1844
| term_end = 22 January 1849
| monarch = [[Duleep Singh]]
| death_place = Buxar Jail, [[Buxar]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| pronunciation =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1851|08|11|1814|||df=y}}
| death_cause =
| known_for =
| title =
| term =
| successor = position abolished
| parents = [[Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra|Sawan Mal Chopra]]
}}

'''Mulraj‌ Chopra‌''' (1814 – 11 August 1851) was a [[Sikh Empire]]-era‌ administrator who served as the governor ([[Divan|‌Diwan]]) of [[Multan]] from 1844 to 1849. He is known for being the leader of a [[Sikh]] rebellion against the British which led to the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref name="Bansal2015">Bobby Singh Bansal, Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan, Hay House, Inc, 1 Dec 2015</ref>

==Early life==
Mulraj Chopra was born to Diwan [[Sawan Mal]], a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] [[Punjabi Khatri|Khatri]]. His father Sawan Mal had attained distinction by capturing Multan from the Afghans and was made its Diwan by [[Ranjit Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of the Sikh Empire. On his father's death, Mulraj succeeded him as the Diwan of Multan.<ref name="Bansal2015"/>{{Cn|date=December 2025}}

==The Sikh Revolt==
One of the first acts of the new [[British Resident]] in [[Lahore]], [[Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet|Sir Frederick Currie]], was to raise taxes. This move caused widespread resentment, particularly in Multan, where Mulraj had remained steadfastly loyal to Ranjit Singh and his family.<ref name="DalrympleAnand2017">{{cite book|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|last2=Anand|first2=Anita|title=Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFcqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168|year=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-63557-077-9}}</ref> To counter the resentment, British officials sought to replace Mulraj with Sardar Kahan Singh Mann, an official from the court at Lahore who was more sympathetic to their interests.<ref name="DalrympleAnand2017"/>

On 18 April 1848, Kahan Singh arrived at the gates of Multan, accompanied by [[Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew|Patrick Vans Agnew]] of the Bengal Civil Service and Lieutenant William Anderson from the Bombay Fusilier Regiment. They were supported by a small escort of [[Gurkhas]].<ref name="DalrympleAnand2017"/> The next day, Mulraj was to present the keys of the city to the two British officers. As the two officers began to ride out of the citadel, a soldier from Mulraj's Sikh army attacked Vans Agnew.<ref name="Bansal2015"/> This may have been the sign for a concerted attack, as a mob surrounded and attacked them. Mulraj's troops either stood by, or joined the mob. Both officers were wounded, and took refuge in a [[mosque]] outside the city, where Anderson wrote a plea for help. Mulraj had probably not been a party to the conspiracy among his own troops. He nevertheless regarded himself as committed to rebellion by their actions. The poet Hakim Chand recites, "Then the mother of Mulraj spoke to him reminding him of the Sikh Gurus and martyrs: "I will kill myself leaving a curse on your head. Either lead your men to death or get out of my sight; (and) I shall undertake the [[Khalsa]] army and go to the battle ...". She tied a bracelet on his wrist and sent him to the battle. Next morning, the mob hacked the two British officers to death. Mulraj presented Vans Agnew's head to Kahan Singh and told him to take it back to Currie at [[Lahore]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Second Anglo-Sikh War==
The events at Multan provided a [[casus belli]] for the British and led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War.<ref name="DalrympleAnand2017"/> Mulraj was portrayed as a blood-thirsty despot intent on the overthrow of [[Duleep Singh]] and his British allies.<ref name="DalrympleAnand2017"/> British officials hoped that by portraying Mulraj as an enemy of the Maharaja other influential Sikhs would refrain from joining his rebellion.<ref name="DalrympleAnand2017"/> Mulraj was however soon reinforced by several other regiments of the Khalsa, the former army of the Sikh kingdom, which rebelled or deserted. A Sikh saint Maharaj Singh played a key role in directing deserted Khalsa soldiers to Multan in support of Mulraj. He also took other measures to strengthen his defences, digging up guns which had previously been buried and enlisting more troops.

In early June, [[Herbert Edwardes]], who was based in [[Bannu]] near to Multan, mustered a group of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] irregulars and confronted Mulraj's troops at the Battle of Kinyeri on 18 June. Edwardes's troops were engaged by Mulraj's artillery and forced to take cover for several hours. Mulraj's infantry and cavalry began to advance but Edwardes was reinforced by two regiments under Colonel Van Cortlandt, an Anglo-Indian soldier of fortune. Van Cortlandt's artillery caused heavy losses among the Multani troops and Edwardes's Pashtuns counter-attacked. Mulraj's forces retreated to Multan, having suffered 500 casualties and lost six guns.

===The Siege of Multan===
The East India Company's Bengal Army under General Whish began the siege of Multan. but it was too small to encircle the city, Currie decided to reinforce them with a substantial detachment of the Khalsa under Sher Singh Attariwalla. Sher Singh's father, Chattar Singh Attariwalla, was openly preparing to revolt in Hazara to the north of the Punjab. On 14 September, Sher Singh also rebelled against the East India Company and joined the revolt. However, Dewan Mulraj and Sher Singh could not agree to combine their forces and fought separately against the British.

On 27 December, Whish ordered four columns of troops to attack the suburbs of the city. Mulraj's forces were driven back into the city, and Whish's force set up batteries 500 yards from the city walls causing great damage in the city. On 30 December, the main magazine in the citadel exploded, killing 800 of the defenders. Mulraj nevertheless maintained his fire and sent a defiant message to Whish, stating that he still had enough powder to last a year. He attempted to mount a sortie against the besiegers on 31 December but this was driven back.

===The Surrender===
[[File:Second Anglo-Sikh War – Sikh rebel Dewan Moolraj (Mul Raj) in custody after the defeat of Sikh forces in Mooltan (Multan).jpg|thumb|Sikh rebel Dewan Mulraj in custody after the defeat of Sikh forces in Multan]]
Whish ordered a general assault on 2 January 1849. The attackers successfully scaled the breaches, and the battle became a bloody house-to-house fight in the city, in which many defenders and civilians were killed indiscriminately. Mulraj offered to surrender if the citizens of Multan were spared, but Whish insisted on unconditional surrender, and on 22 January, Mulraj gave himself up, with 550 men. The British gained vast quantities of loot. Mulraj's treasury was worth three million pounds, a huge sum for the time. There was also much looting in the town, by both British and Indian soldiers. With the fall of Multan, Whish's army was able to reinforce the main Bengal Army force under Sir Hugh Gough. Whish's heavy guns were decisive at the [[Battle of Gujrat]], which effectively broke Sher Singh's and Chattar Singh's armies and ended the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]].

==Imprisonment and death==
[[File:Diwan_Mulraj_Colesworthey.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[Colesworthey Grant]] of Diwan Mulraj Chopra held captive in [[Calcutta]] (1851)]]
Mulraj was placed on trial for the murders of Vans Agnew and Anderson. Whilst awaiting trial, Mulraj was kept under the custody of [[John Spencer Login]] who remarked to his wife that Mulraj seemed not to be the bloodthirsty despot described in the papers."<ref name="DalrympleAnand2017" />

Mulraj was cleared of premeditated murder, but was found guilty of being an accessory due to having rewarded the murderers and openly using the deaths as pretext for rebellion. He was sentenced to death, but the sentence was later commuted to exile for life. He was due to be banished to [[Singapore]] but was instead incarcerated at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]] as he suffered a bout of [[dysentery]].<ref name="Bansal2015"/>

Later he was to be moved to [[Benares]] but he died on route at [[Buxar]] jail near on 11 August 1851 after falling ill.<ref>Harajindara Siṅgha Dilagīra, The Sikh Reference Book, ikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark, 1997, p.539</ref> His body was cremated on the banks of the [[Ganges river]] by a handful of loyal servants.<ref name="Bansal2015"/>

==See also==
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
* [[Siege of Multan (1848-1849)|Siege of Multan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|authorlink =Charles Allen (writer)|title=Soldier Sahibs|publisher=Abacus|year=2000|isbn=0-349-11456-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Farwell|first=Byron|authorlink=Byron Farwell|title=Queen Victoria's Little Wars|publisher=Wordsworth Military Library|year=1973|isbn=1-84022-216-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Hernon|first=Ian|title=Britain's Forgotten Wars|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2002|isbn=0-7509-3162-0}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Diwan Mulraj}}
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:People from Multan]]
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1851 deaths]]

M. H. Jawahirullah

2026-01-04T14:57:45Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. H. Jawahirullah
| image = Shaik Mydeen with Jawahirullah.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Jawahirullah at party office
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1959|7|22}}
| birth_place = Thoothukudi district
| residence = [[Chennai]]
| nationality = Indian
| office1 = President of [[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]]
| term_start1 = 7 February 2009
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 12 May 2021
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[R. Doraikkannu]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Papanasam (State Assembly Constituency)|Papanasam]]
| term_start3 = 23 May 2011
| term_end3 = 21 May 2016
| constituency3 = [[Ramanathapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
| predecessor3 = [[K. Hussan Ali]]
| successor3 = Dr. M. Manikandan
| alma_mater = [[Madras University]], [[Chennai]]
| spouse =
| relations = Hithayathulla (father)
| profession = Professor
| party = [[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]]
| date =
| year =
| website = tmmk.in
| signature =
}}

'''M. H. Jawahirullah''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician currently elected as a member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 2021 from Papanasam Constituency and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ramanathapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ramanathapuram constituency]]. He represents the [[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]] party,<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> of which he is a founding member and present leader.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151007/nation-current-affairs/article/ansari-mh-jawahirullah-leave-mmk-divided|title = Tamim Ansari, MH Jawahirullah to leave MMK divided|date = 7 October 2015}}</ref> He is also a member of [[Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham]].

== Early life and education ==
Jawahirullah was born in [[Udangudi]] [[Thoothukudi District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. He received his bachelor's degree in [[commerce]] from the [[Madras University]]. He then obtained masters in business administration ([[MBA]]) in 1983 and Master of Philosophy in 2000. He worked as a lecturer at Islamiah College, [[Vaniyambadi]]. In 2008, he was awarded [[PhD]] by the [[Madras University]] for his [[dissertation]] on "Performance Evaluation and Assessment of Service Quality in Islamic Banks: A Study with special reference to Bank Islam Malaysia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2008apr30/tmmk_president_awarded_doctorate_his_thesis_islamic_banks.html|title = TMMK president awarded doctorate for his thesis on Islamic banks|date = 30 April 2008}}</ref> He was a member of [[Students Islamic Movement of India|SIMI]] until 1989 and left the organisation due to its involvement in violence.

== Activism and community service ==
Jawahirullah has been actively involved in the non-violent struggle for the rights of minorities especially [[Muslims]] in India. He calls for coordination of all Muslim groups in India for positive development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://religion.info/english/articles/article_612.shtml#.UjQ7txDoM7x|title = India: Muslim parties echo minority aspirations}}</ref> His Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham (TMMK) organization mobilized hundreds of volunteers to help in rescue work when a tsunami struck the coast of Tamil Nadu in 2004 and it also played an important role in 2007 during negotiations to secure reservations for Muslims in government jobs. It has been praised by a [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], and won an award for recruiting the highest number of blood donors in emergencies. It runs 148 free ambulances in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2008 |first=Ajit |last=Sahi |url=http://www.tehelka.com/the-haunt-of-our-past-lives/ |work=Tehelka |title=The Haunt of Our Past Lives |access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref>

Jawahirullah, representing 25 Islamic trusts, societies and charities, sought a ban on [[Kamal Haasan]]'s then-unscreened movie ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' as "it will affect social harmony" and it gave the impression that "all Muslims are terrorists". The Tamil Nadu state government banned the movie from being screened in the state<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-EntertainmentSectionPage-Regional/Court-to-watch-Kamal-Haasan-s-banned-thriller/Article1-999399.aspx |title=Court to watch Kamal Haasan's banned thriller - Hindustan Times |access-date=2013-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125041819/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-EntertainmentSectionPage-Regional/Court-to-watch-Kamal-Haasan-s-banned-thriller/Article1-999399.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> for a little over a week in 2013 until a compromise was agreed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ban-on-vishwaroopam-lifted_1795722 |title=Ban on Vishwaroopam lifted |publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=3 February 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/vishwaroopam-ban-lifted/article4375105.ece |title=Vishwaroopam ban lifted |work=The Hindu|date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/ban-on-vishwaroopam-s-release-lifted-in-tamil-nadu-325884 |title=Ban on Vishwaroopam's release lifted in Tamil Nadu |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawahirullah, M. H.}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Manithaneya Makkal Katchi politicians]]

List of amateur radio frequency bands in India

2026-01-01T10:58:34Z

Gauravdewasi: starting some entry first draft - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{featured list}}
[[File:Vu2gmn antenna.jpg|thumb|alt=Thin, black, straight wires intersecting at various points protruding from a grey building or else from each other with a blue sky in the background|Antennas at a ham operator's station in Chennai, India]]

Amateur radio or [[ham radio]] is a hobby that is practised by over 16,000 licensed users in [[India]].<ref name="thetribune">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050304/nation.htm#10|title=Government to promote amateur radio|last=Ramchandran|first=Ramesh|date=2005-03-03|work=The Tribune|access-date=2008-07-27}}</ref>
Licences are granted by the [[Wireless and Planning and Coordination Wing]] (WPC), a branch of the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]. In addition, the WPC allocates [[frequency spectrum]] in India. The [[Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules, 1978]] lists five licence categories.<ref name="wpc">Annexure V {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|pages=34|access-date=2008-08-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-10}}</ref>

To obtain a licence, candidates must pass the [[Amateur Station Operator's Certificate]] examination conducted by the WPC.<ref name="wpc-ax2">Appendix II {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|pages=34|access-date=2008-08-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-10}}</ref> The examination consists of two 50-mark written sections: Radio theory and practice, Regulations; and a practical test consisting of a demonstration of [[Morse code]] proficiency in sending and receiving.<ref name="wpc-ax1">Annexure III, Appendix I, Section 2.3 {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|pages=34|access-date=2008-08-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-10}}</ref> After passing the examination, the candidate must clear a police interview. After clearance, the WPC grants the licence along with the user-chosen call sign. This procedure can take up to one year.<ref name="cutabove">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ham-operators-are-a-cut-above-the-rest/articleshow/2063133.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018093101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-21/india/27883754_1_ham-radio-licence-operators|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-18|title=Ham operators are a cut above the rest|date=2007-05-21|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2008-07-25}}</ref> This licence is valid for up to five years.<ref name="wpc-sec12">Section 12 {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|pages=34|access-date=2008-08-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-10}}</ref>

Each licence category has certain privileges allotted to it, including the allotment of frequencies, output power, and the [[Types of radio emissions|emission modes]]. This article lists the various frequencies allotted to various classes, and the corresponding emission modes and input [[direct current|DC]] power.

==Allotted spectrum==
The following table lists the frequencies that amateur radio operators in India can operate on.
{{Row hover highlight}}{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sticky-header plainrowheaders" width="50%" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | [[ITU radio bands|Band]]<ref group="N">Band refers to the [[ITU radio bands|International Telecommunication Union (ITU) radio band]] designation</ref>
! scope=col class="unsortable" | [[Frequency]] ([[Megahertz|MHz]])<ref group="N">[[Frequency]] is measured in [[megahertz]]</ref>
! scope=col | [[Wavelength]]<ref group="N">[[Wavelength]] is measured in metres and centimetres</ref>
! scope=col | [[Radio frequency|Type]]<ref group="N">Type refers to the [[radio frequency]] classification</ref>
|-
| 5
| {{ntsh|0.1357}}0.1357–0.1378
| {{ntsh|2200}}2200 m
| [[Low Frequency|LF]]
|-
| 5
| {{ntsh|0.472}}0.472–0.479
| {{ntsh|630}}630 m
| [[Medium Frequency|MF]]
|-
| 6
| {{ntsh|1820}}1.800–1.825
| {{ntsh|160}}160 m
| [[Medium Frequency|MF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|3500}}3.500–3.700
| {{ntsh|80}}80 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|3890}}3.890–3.900
| {{ntsh|80}}80 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|5351.5}}5.3515–5.3665
| {{ntsh|60}}60 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|7000}}7.000–7.200
| {{ntsh|40}}40 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|10000}}10.100–10.150
| {{ntsh|30}}30 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|14000}}14.000–14.350
| {{ntsh|20}}20 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|18068}}18.068–18.168
| {{ntsh|17}}17 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|21000}}21.000–21.450
| {{ntsh|15}}15 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|24890}}24.890–24.990
| {{ntsh|12}}12 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 7
| {{ntsh|28000}}28.000–29.700
| {{ntsh|10}}10 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
|-
| 8
| {{ntsh|28000}}50.000–54.000
| {{ntsh|6}}6 m
| [[Very High Frequency|VHF]]
|-
| 8
| {{ntsh|144000}}144–146
| {{ntsh|2.0}}2 m
| [[Very High Frequency|VHF]]
|-
| 9
| {{ntsh|432000}}434–440
| {{ntsh|0.70}}70 cm
| [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]]
|-
| 9
| {{ntsh|1260000}}1240–1300
| {{ntsh|0.23}}23 cm
| [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]]
|-
| 9
| {{ntsh|2300000}}2300–2310
| {{ntsh|0.13}}13 cm
| [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]]
|-
| 10
| {{ntsh|3300000}}3300–3500
| {{ntsh|0.09}}9 cm
| [[Super High Frequency|SHF]]
|-
| 10
| {{ntsh|5650000}}5650–5850
| {{ntsh|0.05}}5 cm
| [[Super High Frequency|SHF]]
|-
| 10
| {{ntsh|10000000}}10000–10500
| {{ntsh|0.03}}3 cm
| [[Super High Frequency|SHF]]
|}
<references group="N" />

==Emission designations==
{{main|Types of radio emissions}}

The [[International Telecommunication Union]] uses an internationally agreed system for classifying [[radio frequency]] signals. Each Type of radio emission is classified according to its [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]], method of [[modulation]], nature of the modulating signal, and Type of information transmitted on the carrier signal. It is based on characteristics of the signal, not on the transmitter used.

An emission designation is of the form ''BBBB 123 45'', where ''BBBB'' is the bandwidth of the signal, ''1'' is a letter indicating the Type of modulation used, ''2'' is a digit representing the Type of modulating signal, ''3'' is a letter corresponding to the Type of information transmitted, ''4'' is a letter indicating the practical details of the transmitted information, and ''5'' is a letter that represents the method of [[multiplexing]]. The ''4'' and ''5'' fields are optional. For example, an emission designation would appear read as ''500H A3E'', where ''500H'' translates to 500 Hz, and ''A3E'' is the emission mode as permitted.

The WPC has authorized the following emission modes:<ref name="abc">{{cite book
| last = Verma
| first = Rajesh
| title = ABC of Amateur Radio and Citizen Band
| publisher = EFY Publications
| year = 1988
}}</ref>

{{Row hover highlight}}{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable mw-datatable sticky-header plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
! width="15%" scope=col | Emission
! width="85%" scope=col | Details
|-
| align="center" | A1A
|
* Single channel containing digital information, no [[subcarrier]],
* Aural [[telegraphy]], intended to be decoded by ear, such as [[Morse code]]
|-
| align="center" | A2A
|
* Single channel containing digital information, using a subcarrier,
* Aural telegraphy, intended to be decoded by ear, such as Morse code
|-
| align="center" | A3E
|
* Double-sideband amplitude modulation (AM radio),
* Single channel containing analogue information,
|-
| align="center" | A3X
|
* Single channel containing analogue information,
* None of the other listed types of emission
|-
| align="center" | A3F<ref group="nb" name="a3f">For A3F emission, the transmission is restricted to call sign of the station, location and other particulars. This is limited to point-to-point test transmission that employs a standard [[Interlaced video|interlace]] and scanning with a [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] not more than 4 kHz.</ref>
|
* Single channel containing analogue information,
* [[Video]] ([[television]] signals)
|-
| align="center" | F1B
|
* [[Frequency modulation]],
* Single channel containing digital information, no subcarrier,
* Electronic telegraphy, intended to be decoded by machine ([[radioteletype]] and digital modes)
|-
| align="center" | F2B
|
* Frequency modulation,
* Single channel containing digital information, using a subcarrier,
* Electronic telegraphy, intended to be decoded by machine (radioteletype and digital modes)
|-
| align="center" | F3E
|
* Frequency modulation,
* Single channel containing analogue information,
* Telephony (audio)
|-
| align="center" | F3C
|
* Frequency modulation,
* Single channel containing analogue information,
* Facsimile (still images)
|-
| align="center" | H3E
|
* [[Single Side Band|Single-sideband]] with full carrier,
* Single channel containing analogue information,
* Telephony (audio)
|-
| align="center" | J3E
|
* [[Single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission|Single-sideband with suppressed carrier]] (e.g. Shortwave utility and amateur stations),
* Single channel containing analogue information,
* Telephony (audio)
|-
| align="center" | R3E
|
* Single-sideband with reduced or variable carrier,
* Single channel containing analogue information,
* Telephony (audio)
|}

==Licence categories==
{{further|Amateur radio licence categories in India}}
Two categories of amateur radio licence exist.

===Restricted Grade===
The Amateur Wireless Telegraph Station Licence, Restricted licence requires the same scores as the old term Grade II.The minimum age is 12 years.<ref name="wpc-sec5">Section 5 {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|pages=34|access-date=2008-08-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-10}}</ref> The licence allows the user to make [[radiotelegraphy]] (Morse code) and radiotelephony transmission in 12 frequency bands. The maximum power allowed is 100 W.

A Restricted Grade licence holder was previously authorized the use of radio telephony emission on frequency bands below 30 MHz on submission of proof that 100 contacts have been made with other amateur operators using [[continuous wave|CW]] (Morse code).<ref name="wpc" /> This has now since changed with restricted license holders being allowed phone (SSB) bands with the only restriction being the PEP(peak envelope power) limited to 50 W. Morse Code is currently not necessary for this exam.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

{{Row hover highlight}}{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sticky-header plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope=col width="2%" | Band
! scope=col width="18%" class="unsortable" | Frequency (MHz)
! scope=col width="8%" class="unsortable" | Wavelength
! scope=col width="8%" | Type
! scope=col class="unsortable" width="56%" | Emission
! scope=col width="8%" | Power (W)
|-
| 6
| 1.800–1.825<ref group="nb" name="primary">On primary shared basis as per the regular provisions of radio regulations.</ref>
| 160 m
| [[Medium Frequency|MF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 7
| 3.500–3.700<ref group="nb" name="primary" />
| 80 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 7
| 3.890–3.900
| 80 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 7
| 7.000–7.200<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saquib |date=2022-01-25 |title=HF NET India on 40 Meters |url=https://itshamradio.com/hf-net-india-on-40-meters/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=It's HAM RADIO |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| 40 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 7
| 14.000–14.350
| 20 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 7
| 18.068–18.168<ref group="nb" name="auth">Authorization on non-interference and non-protection basis.</ref>
| 17 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 7
| 21.000–21.450
| 15 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 7
| 24.890–24.990
| 12 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 7
| 28.000–29.700
| 10 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A3E, H3E, J3E, R3E
| 50
|-
| 8
| {{ntsh|50000}}50.000–54.000
| {{ntsh|6}}6 m
| [[Very High Frequency|VHF]]
| F1B, F2B, F3C, F3E
| 10<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial">[[Terrestrial radio|Terrestrial service]] only</ref>
|-
| 8
| 144–146
| 2 m
| [[Very High Frequency|VHF]]
| F1B, F2B, F3C, F3E
| 10<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial" />
|-
| 9
| 434–438<ref group="nb" name="secondary">On secondary basis as per the regular provisions of radio regulations. The above authorization is subject to site clearance as per the procedure prescribed by the Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation (SACFA) as applicable.</ref>
| 70 cm
| [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]]
| F1B, F2B, F3C, F3E
| 10<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial" />
|}

===General Grade ===
The Amateur Station Operator's Licence, General Grade, requires a minimum of 50% in each section of the written examination, and 60% overall, and a demonstration of proficiency in sending and receiving Morse code at 8 words per minute (without errors for each).<ref name="wpc-ap1">Annexure III, Appendix I {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|pages=34|access-date=2008-08-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-10}}</ref> The minimum age is 12 years.<ref name="wpc-sec5" /> The licence allows a user to make radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony transmission in 13 frequency bands. The maximum power allowed is 400 W. In addition, [[satellite communication]], [[facsimile]], and [[television]] modes are permitted.<ref name="wpc" />

{{Row hover highlight}}{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sticky-header plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope=col width="2%" | Band
! scope=col width="18%" class="unsortable" | Frequency (MHz)
! scope=col width="8%" class="unsortable" | Wavelength
! scope=col width="8%" | Type
! scope=col width="56%" class="unsortable" | Emission
! scope=col width="8%" | Power (W)
|-
| 6
| 1.800–1.825<ref group="nb" name="primary" />
| 160 m
| [[Medium Frequency|MF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 7
| 3.500–3.700<ref group="nb" name="primary" />
| 80 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 7
| 3.890–3.900
| 80 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 7
| 7.000–7.200
| 40 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 7
| 10.100–10.150
| 30 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, F1B, F2B,
| 400
|-
| 7
| 14.000–14.350
| 20 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 7
| 18.068–18.168<ref group="nb" name="auth" />
| 17 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 7
| 21.000–21.450
| 15 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 7
| 24.890–24.990
| 12 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 7
| 28.000–29.700
| 10 m
| [[High Frequency|HF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3C, A3F
| 400
|-
| 8
| 50.000–54.000
| 6 m
| [[Very High Frequency|VHF]]
| F1A, F2B, F3C, F3E
| 25<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial" />
|-
| 8
| 144–146
| 2 m
| [[Very High Frequency|VHF]]
| F1A, F2B, F3C, F3E
| 25<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial" />
|-
| 9
| 434–438<ref group="nb" name="secondary" />
| 70 cm
| [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]]
| F1A, F2B, F3C, F3E
| 25<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial" />
|-
| 9
| 1240–1300<ref group="nb" name="secondary" /><ref group="nb" name="satellite">Earth to satellite service only. Satellite service is permitted in accordance with radio regulations and in those cases where the maximum output [[Radio frequency|RF]] power is 30 [[decibel watt|dbw]].</ref>
| 23 cm
| [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3X, A3F (This band rescinded, please verify with WPC)
| 25<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial" />
|-
| 10
| 3300–3400<ref group="nb" name="secondary" />
| 9 cm
| [[Super High Frequency|SHF]]
| A1A, A2A, A3E, H3E, R3E, J3E, F1B, F2B, F3E, F3C, A3X, A3F (This band rescinded, please verify with WPC)
| 25<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial" />
|-
| 10
| 5725–5840<ref group="nb" name="secondary" />
| 5 cm
| [[Super High Frequency|SHF]]
| F1A, F2B, F3C, F3E
| 25<ref group="nb" name="terrestrial" />
|}

==See also==
* [[Amateur radio in India]]
* [[Amateur radio frequency allocations]]

==Notes==
<references group="nb"/>

==References==
*{{Indian law copyright|Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules, 1978}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/National%20Frequency%20Allocation%20Plan-2025.pdf Government of India National Frequency Allocation Plan]

[[Category:Amateur radio in India|Frequency bands]]
[[Category:Bandplans|India]]
[[Category:Amateur radio bands]]
[[Category:Lists of radio stations in India|amateur radio]]
[[Category:Amateur radio-related lists|India]]

Kalyanpur metro station

2025-12-19T18:04:59Z

Gauravdewasi: starting new stub

{{short description|Kanpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}{{Infobox station
| name = [[File: Lucknow_Metro.jpg|30px]] Kalyanpur
| style = Kanpur Metro
| type = {{Kanpur Metro Infobox station line|line = Orange}}
| image = Kalyanpur metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = NH 91, Gooba Gardens, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208017
| coordinates = {{coord|26.503462|80.252681|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Kanpur Metro]]
| operator = [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]
| line = {{rcb|Kanpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Kanpur Central metro station|Kanpur Central]] Platform-2 → [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]]
| tracks = 2
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking = Three
Wheeler - No Four Wheeler - Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|12|28}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kanpur Metro|line=Orange|left=IIT Kanpur|right=SPM Hospital|to-left=IIT Kanpur|to-right=Kanpur Central}}
| route_map = {{Kanpur Metro Orange Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kanpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Kalyanpur''' is a metro station on the east–west corridor of the [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Kanpur Metro]] station in [[Kanpur]], India. The station was opened on 28 December 2021 as part of the inaugural section of Kanpur Metro, between [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]] and [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabarwal |first1=Harshit |title=Memorable experience, says PM Modi after riding new section of Kanpur Metro |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-completed-section-of-kanpur-metro-rail-project-101640677868513.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="urbanrail">{{cite web |last1=Schwandl |first1=Robert |title=Kanpur |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/as/in/kanpur/kanpur.htm |publisher=urbanrail}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kalyanpur track layout
| title-color = white
| title bg color = #FF6000
| collapsible = no
| legend = track
| footnote = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[SPM Hospital metro station|SPM Hospital]]
vCONTgfe
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]] '''Next Station:''' [[SPM Hospital metro station|SPM Hospital]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Kanpur]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Kanpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.lmrcl.com/kanpur-metro/station-info|name=Kanpur Metro Station information}}

{{Kanpur Metro stations}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Kanpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

T. Narasapuram mandal

2025-11-28T02:23:33Z

Gauravdewasi: started new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = T. Narasapuram Mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|06|13|N|81|04|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = state
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[T.Narasapuram]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 281.14
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 56,179
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|pages=296|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 37
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''T. Narasapuram Mandal''' is one of the 28 [[mandal]]s in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4946-t%20narasapuram-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|title=T.narasapuram Mandal - West Godavari|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> The headquarters are located in T. Narasapuram town. The mandal is bordered by [[Jangareddygudem mandal|Jangareddygudem Mandal]] and [[Jeelugumilli]] to the north, [[Kamavarapukota mandal|Kamavarapukota Mandal]] to the east, [[Chintalapudi mandal|Chintalapudi Mandal]] to the south and [[Khammam district]] to the west.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in West Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/WestGodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=2 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220632/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/westgodavari.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the mandal reported a population of 56,179 in 15,293 households. The total population consists of 28,523 males and 27,656 females with a gender ratio of 970 females per 1000 males.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/West_Godavari/T_narasapuram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206164226/http://www.indiagrowing.com/andhra_pradesh/west_godavari/T_NARASAPURAM|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 February 2013|title=Population of T narasapuram Mandal|publisher=India Growing|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> 5,906 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,975 are boys and 2,931 are girls, with a gender ratio of 985. The average literacy rate stands at 61.7% with 31,012 literates, of which 16,792 are males and 14,220 are females.

The majority of the population, 17,204 people, identify as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste (SC)]], whereas there are 5,079 people in a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe (ST)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/T.narasapuram-Mandal-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4946|title=T.narasapuram Censusindia.in|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Work ===

According to the report published by the Census of India in 2011, 31,871 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of T. Narasapuram Mandal, which includes 22,108 males and 9,314 females.

According to the 2011 Census of India, 30,457 workers describe their job as a main source of income; 4,040 workers are cultivators, 23,725 work as agricultural laborers, 310 are working in the household industry, and 2,382 are involved in other professions. Of these statistics, 1,414 people are marginal workers.<ref name=population />

== Administration ==

T. Narasapuram Mandal is administrated by [[Polavaram (ST) (Assembly constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|work=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31|access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> of [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref> and by one of the twelve mandals that fall under [[Eluru revenue division]].

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}}, the census recorded 22 settlements. Out of all of the villages, T. Narasapuram is the largest, while the smallest is [[Krishnaraopalem]] in terms of population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vlist.in/sub-district/04946.html|title=Villages in T.narasapuram Mandal|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:750px;|
#Allamcherlarajupalem
#Bandamcherla
#Bandivarigudem
#Borrampalem
#Epigunta
#Gudlapalle
#Guravaigudem
#Kethavaram
#Kollivarigudem
#Krishnapuram
#Krishnaraopalem
#Lingaraopalem
#Makkinavarigudem
#[[Rajupothepalle]]
#Ramannapalem
#Sriramavaram
#T.narasapuram
#Tedlam
#Tirumaladevipeta
#Vallampatla
#Velagapadu
}}

== Education ==

The mandal plays a major role in education for rural students. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government aid, while private schools are facilitated by the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=2 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> As per the school information report for 2015–16, the mandal has more than 6,161 students enrolled in over 76 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020147/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Eluru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eluru district}}

[[Category: Mandals in Eluru district]]

Akbai Badi

2025-10-31T20:28:21Z

Gauravdewasi: Put Up First Entry W/ Sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2021}}
}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Akbai badi
| native_name = Akabai badi
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = akbai garhi (pichhore)
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.89|N|78.34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dabra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4200
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title2 = Dialect
| demographics1_info2 = [[Brajbhasha]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Gwalior]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dabra]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 475005
| registration_plate = MP-07
| website = {{URL|mp.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Akbai Badi''' is a Village town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Dabra|Dabra (Pichhore)]] tehsil
in [[Gwalior district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Akbai Badi is located at {{Coord|25.9|N|78.33|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Akbai badi.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Akbai badi]{{dead link|date=September 2021}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 201 metres (659 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=507928|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns |accessdate=2021-09-11 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> akbai badi had a population of 4200. Males constitute 58% of the population and females 42%. B
Akbai badi has an average literacy rate of 87%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 65% of the males and 35% of females literate. 20% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==
The Jat landlord Shri Gokul Singh left from Achhnera district Agra and reached village Rora Gwalior, where Shri Chakrapan ji made Rora his residence. From Rora, Jaskaran ji Akbari reached big. At that time Gwalior was ruled by Raja Mansingh Tomar. Shri Jaskaran ji was given the title of Chaudhary by him. Jaskaran ji's son Pratap Singh had got the construction work of Chhatri, Kua, Babri, Ponds, Garhi done in Akbari Badi. It is a matter of time - Pratap Singh's son Hamir Singh reached Bilheti, from there he went to Bhelkalang. At present, Kok Singh, son of Chaudhary Hukam Singh, son of Devi Singh, is present in Bhelakalan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gwalior Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Gwalior district]]

Operation MBBS

2025-10-29T08:30:26Z

Gauravdewasi: added a article

{{Short description|Indian TV show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = Comedy Drama
| writer = Puneet Batra<ref name="mid-day review">{{Cite web |title=Review: Dice Media's series Operation MBBS S2 brings to light relentless sacrifices of our medical warriors |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/review-dice-media-s-hit-series-operation-mbbs-s2-brings-to-light-the-relentless-sacrifices-of-our-medical-war-23168645 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref>
| story = Ayesha Nair Puneet Batra Dr. Pravin Yadav
| director = Amrit Raj Gupta<ref name="mid-day review" />
| starring = [[Ayush Mehra]] Anshul Chauhan [[Sarah Hashmi]]
| music = Karthik Rao Arabinda Neog
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 10
| producer = Aditi Shrivastava Ashwin Suresh Anirudh Pandit
| editor = Divyajot Singh
| company = Pocket Aces
| released = {{Start date|2020|02|22|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Operation MBBS''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[medical drama]]–[[comedy]] web series directed by Amrit Raj Gupta and written by Puneet Batra, Ayesh Nair and Praveen Yadav for Dice Media.<ref name= "mid-day review" /> It shows the story of three [[MBBS]] students played by [[Ayush Mehra]], Anshul Chauhan and [[Sarah Hashmi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=Operation MBBS first impression: A different take on medical college life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/operation-mbbs-first-impression-a-different-take-on-medical-college-life-6298676/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
''Operation MBBS'' explores the life of three medical students who come from different backgrounds, in a MBBS college. It follows a growing friendship between the three main characters and hardships of aspiring doctors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Operation MBBS (2020) |url=https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/operation-mbbs-2020 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |title=Dice Media's Operation MBBS first episode hits 3 million views in 3 days! |url=https://www.adgully.com/dice-media-s-operation-mbbs-first-episode-hits-3-million-views-in-3-days-91247.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.adgully.com |date=27 February 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Ayush Mehra]] as Nishant Singh <ref name=":0" />
* Anshul Chauhan as Sakshi <ref name=":0" />
* [[Sarah Hashmi]] as Huma <ref name=":0" />
* [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] as Dean Sadhna<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geetanjali Kulkarni talks about playing a doctor during the pandemic in Operation MBBS season 2 |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/geetanjali-kulkarni-talks-about-playing-a-doctor-during-the-pandemic-in-operation-mbbs-season-2-63135 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Mumbai Live |date=27 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Prateek Pachauri as Ketan Chorai "KC"
* Sagar Kale as Aakash's father
* Deepak Simwal as Aakash
* [[Aditi Sanwal]] as Lata
* Rahul Tewari as Pravin
* Shushant Shetty as Yash
* Mohit Doultani as Jugal
* Momita Aisi
* Sachin Kathuria
* Priya Tandon as Chaaru
* Karan Thakur as Professor
* Ajay Jadav as Dr Nikkam
* Nazneen Madan as Dr Kulkarni

== Episodes ==

=== Series overview ===
{{Series overview|caption=Overview of ''Operation MBBS'' seasons|color1=#0B5345|color2=#5DADE2|episodes1=5|episodes2=5|link1=#Season 1|link2=#Season 2|network1=[[YouTube]], [[Prime video]], [[MX Player]]|network2=[[YouTube]], [[Prime video]], [[MX Player]]|start1={{Start date|2020|02|22|df=yes}}<ref name="telegraphindia">{{Cite web |title=National Doctors' Day: Ayushman Khurrana's Doctor G poster, 4 shows and 2 films to watch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/national-doctors-day-ayushman-khurranas-doctor-g-poster-4-shows-and-2-films-to-watch/cid/1872694 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>|start2={{Start date|2021|03|15|df=yes}}<ref name="telegraphindia" />|end1={{End date|2020|03|21|df=yes}}|end2={{End date|2021|04|07|df=yes}}}}

=== Season 1 ===
There are total 5 episodes in season 1 of Operation MBBS.<ref name="telegraphindia" />

{{Episode table|background=#0B5345|overall=|season=|title=|director=|writer=|airdateR=|airdate=|country=In|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Infection
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|02|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0B5345
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Diagnosis
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|02|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0B5345
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Complications
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0B5345
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Surgery
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0B5345
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Recovery
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 0B5345
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
Season 2 of Operation MBBS was released 1 year after the 1st season on 15 March 2021. It explores the 2nd year of MBBS of Nishant, Sakshi and Huma.<ref name="mid-day review" />

{{Episode table|background=#5DADE2|overall=5|season=|title=|director= |writer=|airdate=|airdateR=|country=In|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Honeymoon Period
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 5DADE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Donning
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 5DADE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Patient Zero
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 5DADE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Lockdown
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 5DADE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Critical Condition
|DirectedBy = Amrit Raj Gupta
|WrittenBy = Puneet Batra, Ayesha Nair, Pravin Yadav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 5DADE2
}}
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]

Sunil Kumar (wrestler)

2025-10-06T16:38:56Z

Gauravdewasi: cleaned up intro for clarity per sources

{{Short description|Indian wrestler (born 1999)}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sunil Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Sunil at the [[2023 Asian Wrestling Championships|2023 Asian Championships]]
| birth_name =
| fullname = Sunil Kumar Dabarpurya
| nationality = {{IND}}n
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|9|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dabarpur, [[Sonipat district]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| employer = [[Indian Railways]]
| height =
| weight =
| country =
| sport =
| event =
| pb =
| club =
| coach =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Chief Ticket Inspector
| retired =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]}}[[File:Wrestling pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Wrestling at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's Greco-Roman 87 kg|87 kg]]}}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]] }}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2020 Asian Wrestling Championships|2020 New Delhi]]|[[2020 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#87 kg 2|87 kg]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2019 Asian Wrestling Championships|2019 Xi'an]]|[[2019 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#87 kg 2|87 kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Wrestling Championships|2022 Ulaanbaatar]]|87 kg}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Asian Wrestling Championships|2023 Astana]]|87 kg}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships|2025 Amman]]|87 kg}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[United World Wrestling|Grand Prix]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Tunis Ranking Series|2022 Tunis]]|87 kg}}
{{MedalSilver|2020 Rome|87 kg}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Wrestling Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|2017 Johannesburg|87 kg}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|U23 Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|2022 Bishkek|87 kg}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|U20 Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|2017 Taichung|84 kg}}
{{MedalBronze|2018 New Delhi|87 kg}}
{{MedalBronze|2019 Chon Buri|87 kg}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|U17 Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2016 Taichung|85 kg}}
}}
'''Sunil Kumar''' (born 29 September 1999) is an Indian [[Greco-Roman wrestler|greco-roman wrestler]] who competes in the men's 87 kg category.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-10-04 |title=Wrestling {{!}} Sunil Kumar wins India's first Greco Roman medal at Asian Games since 2010 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/wrestling-sunil-kumar-wins-indias-first-greco-roman-medal-at-asian-games-since-2010/article67380092.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/wrestling/result-men-s-greco-roman-87kg-repf-000100-.htm|title=Asian Games Results|publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022|date=2 October 2023|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="asian_wrestling_olympic_qualification_tournament_results_book_2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Asian Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/2024-04/final-book-seniors_asian_og_qualifier.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422185521/https://cdn.uww.org/2024-04/final-book-seniors_asian_og_qualifier.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> In recognition of his contributions to the Indian Greco-Roman wrestling, he was conferred with the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=National Sports Awards 2023: Wrestlers Sunil, Antim, golfer Diksha to get Arjuna |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/national-sports-awards-2023-wrestlers-sunil-antim-golfer-diksha-to-get-arjuna-101703183145782.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{UWW|id=sunil-kumar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in wrestling]]

T. V. Raju

2025-10-01T05:03:35Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{Short description|Indian film score composer (1921–1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{infobox person
| name = T. V. Raju
| birth_name = Thotakura Venkata Raju
| birth_date = 25 October 1921
| death_date = 20 February 1973 (aged 51)
| occupation = Music composer
}}

'''Thotakura Venkata Raju''' (25 October 1921 – 20 February 1973), popularly known as '''T. V. Raju''', was an Indian music composer who predominantly worked in [[Telugu cinema]]. Known for his versatility and significant contributions to both mythological and social drama films, Raju established himself as one of the leading music directors of his time.

He worked as an assistant composer to [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] in the film ''[[Palletoori Pilla]]'' (1950). He acted in a small role in the same film. His debut film as independent music director was ''Tingu Ranga'' (1952) directed by [[B. A. Subba Rao]]. His music in the films ''[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' (1957), ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'' (1966) and ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' (1967) is memorable. T. V. Raju also proved his mettle as versatile music composer in social drama genre movies similar to 1961 film ''[[Taxi Ramudu]]''. [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] assisted him for many films. His association with "NAT Combines" production house, [[N. T. Rama Rao]] films yielded many hits. He even made [[Mohammed Rafi]] sing a song for 1969 film ''[[Bhale Thammudu (1969 film)|Bhale Thammudu]]''.

== Early life ==
Totakura Venkata Raju was born on 25 October 1921 in Raghudevapuram near [[Rajahmundry]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Subbarao N |date=2022-02-20 |title=యన్టీఆర్ ఆస్థాన సంగీత దర్శకులు టి.వి.రాజు! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/remembering-legendary-music-director-tv-raju-on-his-death-anniversary-136932.html |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=మన సినీ కీర్తిశిఖరాలు టి.వి.రాజు |url=https://www.gotelugu.com/teluguarticles/view/11002/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Gotelugu.com}}</ref> Raju displayed an early interest in music. Coming from a family with a strong inclination toward the arts, he pursued his musical training in Rajahmundry before moving to [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai) to establish a career in the film industry.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=సుస్వరాల ‘ఠీవి’రాజు |url=https://64kalalu.com/t-v-raju-50th-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=64kalalu |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
In Madras, Raju worked as an assistant to leading music directors of the time. He shared living space with [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[T. Prakash Rao|Tatineni Prakash Rao]], and M. A. Rahman, all of whom were aspiring to make their mark in cinema. Raju's first major opportunity came when he worked as an associate music director for the film ''[[Palletoori Pilla|Palleturi Pilla]]'' (1950), composed by Adinarayana Rao.<ref name=":0" />

T. V. Raju's first break as a full-fledged music composer came with the film ''Tinguranga'', produced by B. A. Subba Rao. His long-standing collaboration with N. T. Rama Rao began with the film ''Pichi Pullayya'', produced under the National Art Theatre (NAT) banner. This partnership grew stronger with Raju composing music for numerous films featuring Rama Rao, including ''Todudongalu'' and ''Jayasimha'' (1955). The success of ''Jayasimha'' marked a turning point in Raju's career, cementing his position as a leading music director.<ref name=":0" />

Raju's work is especially remembered for the music in films like ''Panduranga Mahatyam'' (1957), ''Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam'' (1966), and ''Sri Krishnavataram'' (1967), which remain classics in Telugu cinema. He also showcased his talent in social dramas, with films like ''Taxi Ramudu'' (1961). His ability to blend classical and contemporary music made him a versatile composer.<ref name=":0" />

One of Raju's notable achievements was bringing renowned Bollywood playback singer Mohammed Rafi to sing for the Telugu film ''Bhale Thammudu'' (1969), further cementing his influence in the industry. Music director Satyam worked as his assistant for many films, contributing to his success.<ref name=":0" />

T. V. Raju composed music for over 60 films in Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada, with a significant number of them starring N. T. Rama Rao. Some of his notable films with NTR include ''Panduranga Mahatyam'', ''Rajanandini'', ''Rechukka Pagatichukka'', ''Indrajit'', ''Taxi Ramudu'', ''Savati Koduku'', ''Mangamma Sapatham'', ''Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam'', ''Pidugu Ramudu'', ''Ummadi Kutumbam'', ''Sri Krishnavataram'', ''Bhale Thammudu'', ''Baghdad Gajadonga'', and ''Kathanayakudu''.<ref name=":0" />

Raju's compositions for Rama Rao's productions, including films like ''Srimad Virat Veerabrahmendra Swamy Charitra'' and ''Bhale Thammudu'', were highly successful and showcased his versatility as a composer. He was known for blending northern Indian musical styles with his own distinct touch, creating memorable melodies that resonated with audiences.<ref name=":0" />

In addition to his work as a composer, Raju also appeared in small roles in films, such as a spy in ''Palleturi Pilla'' (1950) and a devotee in the song "Krishna Mukunda Murari" from ''Panduranga Mahatyam'' (1957).

=== Notable Songs ===
Some of the most memorable songs composed by T. V. Raju include "E Nati Ee Haayi," "Jayakrishna Mukunda Murari" from ''Panduranga Mahatyam'', "Swagatam Suswagatam" from ''Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam'', "Nee Charana Kamalalu" from ''Sri Krishnavataram'', "Telugu Jaati Manadi" from ''Talla Pellama'', and "Neeti Dharmamu" from ''Kodalu Diddina Kaapuram''. These songs continue to be cherished by Telugu music lovers.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
T. V. Raju's contribution to Telugu cinema remains unparalleled, particularly for his collaboration with N. T. Rama Rao, for whom he composed music for around 38 films. Despite his success, Raju maintained close ties with his mentor, Adinarayana Rao, and even worked as an associate composer on ''Suvarna Sundari'', a film scored by Adinarayana Rao.

Raju's family continued his musical legacy, with his son Venkata Satyasuryanarayana Raju working as a guitarist in the film industry, and another son, Somaraju, being part of the famous music duo Raj–Koti. T. V. Raju's music is still celebrated today for its unique blend of traditional and contemporary styles.

== Personal life ==
In his personal life, Raju married Savitri, and the couple had two sons. Their elder son, Venkata Satya Suryanarayana Raju, became a guitarist, while their younger son, Thotakura Somaraju, better known as Raj from the composer duo [[Raj–Koti]], achieved fame as a music director in Telugu cinema.

T. V. Raju had a close friendship with N. T. Rama Rao, with whom he shared living quarters during their early struggles in the film industry.

T. V. Raju died on 20 February 1973 at the age of 51, leaving behind a rich legacy as a prolific music composer in South Indian cinema. His contributions to the Telugu film industry, especially his work in mythological and social drama genres, continue to be celebrated.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Banner !! Co-Music Directors
|-
| 1952 || [[Shyamala (1952 film)|''Shyamala'']] || Tamil || [[B. A. Subba Rao]] || Yuva Pictures || [[G. Ramanathan]] & S. B. Thinakar Rao
|-
| 1952 || [[Shyamala (1952 film)|''Tingu Ranga'']] || Telugu || [[B. A. Subba Rao]] || Yuva Pictures ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Pichi Pullayya]]'' || Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || National Art Theatre ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|''Thodu Dongalu'']] || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || National Art Theatre ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Nirupedalu]]''|| Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Gokul Pictures ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Aada Bidda''|| Telugu || Erra Apparao || Sri VSV Films || [[B. Gopalam]]
|-
| 1955 || [[Jayasimha (1955 film)|''Jayasimha'']] || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || National Art Theatre ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Jayasimha (1955 film)|''Jayasimman'']] || Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] || National Art Theatre ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Chintamani (1956 film)|''Chintamani'']] || Telugu || [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]] || [[Bharani Pictures]] || Addepalli Rama Rao
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Sri Gauri Mahatyam]]'' || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || Mahi Productions || [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
|-
| 1956 || [[Sri Gauri Mahatyam|''Mangala Gowri'']] || Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] || Mahi Productions || [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' || Telugu || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || National Art Theatre ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Raja Nandini]]'' || Telugu || [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] || Jalaruha Productions ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Sri Krishna Maya]]'' || Telugu || [[C. S. Rao]] || Sri Raja Rajeswari Film Company ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Raja Rani (1956 film)|''Goppinti Ammayi'']] || Telugu || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || National Productions ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Panduranga Mahatyam|''Annaiyum Pithavum Munnari Dheivam'']] || Tamil || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || National Art Theatre ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Bala Nagamma (1959 film)|''Bala Nagamma'']] || Telugu || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || Sri Venkata Ramana Pictures ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Rechukka Pagatichukka|''Raja Sevai'']] || Tamil || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || Swastisri Pictures ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Rechukka Pagatichukka]]'' || Telugu || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || Swastisri Pictures ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Jagadeka Sundari''|| Telugu || [[Shantilal Soni]] || Rupak Movies ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Rushyasrunga''|| Telugu || [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] || Geetha Pictures ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Taxi Ramudu]]'' || Telugu || R. M. Krishnaswami || Sri Ramakrishna Productions ||
|-
| 1961 || [[Indrajeet (Sati Sulochana)|''Sati Sulochana'']] || Telugu || S. Rajinikanth || Srikanth Productions ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Savati Koduku]]'' || Telugu || Y. Ranga Rao || Naveena Chitra || [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
|-
| 1964 || [[Bandha Pasam|''Aadarsa Sodarulu'']] || Telugu || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || Santhi Films ||
|-
| 1964 || ''Neethi - Nijayathi''|| Telugu || T. S. Rama Rao || Pasumarthi Pictures ||
|-
| 1964 || [[Rishyasringar (1964 film)|''Rishyasringar'']] || Tamil || [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] || Geetha Pictures ||
|-
| 1965 || [[Muthu Mandapam|''Adhrusya Hanthakudu'']] || Telugu || [[A. S. A. Sami]] || Rajendran Pictures || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
| 1965 || [[En Kadamai|''Gharana Hanthakudu'']] || Telugu || M. Natesan || Natesh Art Pictures ||
|-
| 1965 || [[Mangamma Sapatham (1965 film)|''Mangamma Sapatham'']] || Telugu || [[B. Vittalacharya]] || D.V.S. Productions ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Sri Simhachala Kshetra Mahima]]'' || Telugu || [[B. V. Prasad]] || Sri Saraswati Movies ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Visala Hrudayalu]]'' || Telugu || [[B. S. Narayana]] || Gokul Art Pictures||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Pidugu Ramudu]]'' || Telugu || [[B. Vittalacharya]] || D.V.S. Productions ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Bhimanjaneya Yuddham]]'' || Telugu || S. D. Lal || Mahalakshmi Movies ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'' || Telugu || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || NAT & [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]] ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Bhama Vijayam]]'' || Telugu || [[C. Pullaiah]] || Shekar Films ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Chadarangam]]''|| Telugu || [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] || SVR Films ||
|-
| 1967 || [[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|''Chikkadu Dorakadu'']] || Telugu || [[B. Vittalacharya]] || Sri Lakshmi Narayana Productions ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Kambojaraju Katha''|| Telugu || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || Anantalakshmi Productions ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Nindu Manasulu]]'' || Telugu || S. D. Lal || S.V.S. Films ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Pinni''|| Telugu || [[B. A. Subba Rao]] || Srikanth Productions ||
|-
| 1967 || [[Thanippiravi|''Shabhash Ranga'']] || Telugu || [[M. A. Thirumugam]] || [[Thevar Films]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' || Telugu || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || Taraka Rama Pictures||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]'' || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || NAT & [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]] ||
|-
| 1968 || [[Anubavi Raja Anubavi|''Anubhavinchu Raja Anubhavinchu'']] || Telugu || [[K. Balachander]] || Ayya Films || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || Padma Gowri Pictures ||
|-
| 1968 || [[Andru Kanda Mugam|''Coimbathuru Khaidhi'']] || Telugu || G. Ramakrishnan || New India Productions || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
| 1968 || ''Devakanya''|| Telugu || K. Hemambharadhara Rao || Sri Chaya Chitra ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Kalisochina Adrushtam]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Viswanath]] || S.V.S. Films ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Manasamsaram''|| Telugu || [[C. S. Rao]] || Srikanth Productions ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Nene Monaganni]]'' || Telugu || S. D. Lal || Prathima Films ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Tikka Sankarayya]]'' || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || D.V.S. Productions ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Bandhipotu Bhimanna''|| Telugu || M. Mallikharjuna Rao || Bhaskar Pictures ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Bhale Mastaru]]'' || Telugu || S. D. Lal || Vijayagiri Dhwaja Productions ||
|-
| 1969 || [[Bhale Thammudu (1969 film)|''Bhale Thammudu'']] || Telugu || [[B. A. Subba Rao]] || Tarakarama Pictures ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Chikkamma]]''|| Kannada || R. Sampath || S.V.S. Films ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' || Telugu || [[B. Vittalacharya]] || D.V.S. Productions ||
|-
| 1969 || [[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999|''Goa CID 999'']] || Telugu || [[Dorai–Bhagavan]] || Golden Studio || [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
| 1969 || ''Karpoora Harathi''|| Telugu || V. Ramachandra Rao || Srikanth Productions ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' || Telugu || [[B. Vittalacharya]] || Sri Lakshmi Narayana Combines ||
|-
| 1969 || [[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|''Kathanayakudu'']] || Telugu || K. Hemambaradhara Rao || Gopala Krishna Productions ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Nindu Hrudayalu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Viswanath]] || S. V. S. Films ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Saptaswaralu]]''|| Telugu || [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] || Hema Films ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Tara Sasankam]]'' || Telugu || Manapuram Appa Rao || Ramakrishna Pictures ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Varakatnam]]''|| Telugu || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios|Ramakrishna & NAT Combines]] ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Vichitra Kutumbam]]'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Sriraj Art Films ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]'' || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || NAT & [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]] ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Marina Manishi]]'' || Telugu || [[C. S. Rao]] || Srikanth Productions ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Khadga Veera''|| Telugu || G. Vishwanath || Sri Vijayarani Combines ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Raithe Raju''|| Telugu || [[B. Vittalacharya]] || Sri Swarajyalakshmi Productions ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Thalla? Pellama?]]'' || Telugu || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || NAT & [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]] ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Bhagyavanthudu''|| Telugu || [[C. S. Rao]] || Sagar Films ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Chinnanati Snehitulu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Viswanath]] || D.V.S. Productions ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Nindu Dampathulu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Viswanath]] || S.V.S. Films || Vijaya Krishna Murthy
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Kanimuthu Paappa]]'' || Tamil || [[S. P. Muthuraman]] || Sri Navaneedha Films ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Raj Mahal''|| Telugu || B. Harinarayana || Harikrishna Films ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Rani Yaar Kuzhanthai''|| Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] || Jupiter Art Pictures ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Sri Krishnanjaneya Yuddham]]'' || Telugu || [[C. S. Rao]] || Poornima Pictures ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Bullebbayi Pelli''|| Telugu || K. Krishna Murthy || D.V.S. Productions ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Dhanama? Daivama?]]'' || Telugu || [[C. S. Rao]] || D.V.S. Productions ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Manushullo Devudu]]'' || Telugu || B. V. Prasad || Sri Bhaskara Chitra || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]]
|-
|}

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0845806}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Thotakura Venkata}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century male composers]]

Indian Oil Cup 2005

2025-09-15T08:11:10Z

Gauravdewasi: starting new article

{{Infobox cricket series
|series = Indian Oil Cup, 2005
|partof =
|image =
|caption =
|date = 30 July – 7 August 2005
|place = [[Sri Lanka]]
|result = Sri Lanka beat India by 18 runs in the final
|player of series = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (SL)
|team1 = {{cr|SL}}
|team2 = {{cr|IND}}
|team3 = {{cr|WIN}}
|captain1 = [[Marvan Atapattu]]
|captain2 = [[Rahul Dravid]]
|captain3 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] {{small|(2nd, 3rd and 5th ODIs)}} [[Sylvester Joseph]] {{small|(6th ODI)}}
|runs1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (230)
|runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (192)
|runs3 = [[Denesh Ramdin]] (127)
|wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (8)
|wickets2 = [[Ashish Nehra]] (12)
|wickets3 = [[Narsingh Deonarine]] (5)
|notes =
}}

The '''Indian Oil Cup 2005''' was a three-team [[One Day International]] (ODI) [[cricket]] tournament held in [[Sri Lanka]] between 30 July and 7 August 2005. The participating teams were hosts [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]], and [[Indian cricket team|India]] and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]. Sri Lanka won the tournament beating India by 18 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] in the final.

Entering the tournament, Sri Lanka were second in the [[ICC ODI Championship|ICC ODI rankings]], and were the favorites to win the tournament. West Indies did not field their strongest side as the team was in the middle of a contract dispute with their [[West Indies Cricket Board|governing board]]. Each team played the others twice during the [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] stage and the two top-placed teams based on points met in the final.<ref>{{cite web|title=The long road to the World Cup|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ioc/content/story/214432.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2017|date=28 July 2005}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:0 auto"
|-
!{{cr|SL}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Two new faces in Sri Lankan one-day squad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/214191.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 November 2016|date=24 July 2005}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/213706.html|title=Dravid to lead, Ganguly provisionally selected|date=18 July 2005|access-date=13 November 2005}}</ref>
!{{cr|WIN}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Oil Cup - Tri-series teams|url=http://sify.com/sports/cricket/fullstory.php?id=13905219|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=13 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050921001144/http://sify.com/sports/cricket/fullstory.php?id=13905219|archive-date=21 September 2005|url-status=dead|date=28 July 2005}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Marvan Atapattu]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
* [[Upul Tharanga]]
* [[Kumar Sangakkara]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
* [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
* [[Russel Arnold]]
* [[Dilhara Lokuhettige]]
* [[Upul Chandana]]
* [[Chaminda Vaas]]
* [[Nuwan Zoysa]]
* [[Farveez Maharoof]]
* [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
* [[Dilhara Fernando]]
* [[Lasith Malinga]]
|
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Sourav Ganguly]]
* [[V. V. S. Laxman]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]]
* [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Prakash Yadav]]
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
* [[Ashish Nehra]]
|
* [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Denesh Ramdin]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Daren Powell]]
* [[Ricardo Powell]]
* [[Omari Banks]]
* [[Kerry Jeremy]]
* [[Deighton Butler]]
* [[Sylvester Joseph]]
* [[Narsingh Deonarine]]
* [[Dwayne Smith]]
* [[Tino Best]]
* [[Jermaine Lawson]]
* [[Xavier Marshall]]
* [[Runako Morton]]
* [[Ryan Ramdass]]
|}

==Warm-up matches==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 July
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = Sri Lanka Cricket XI
| score1 = 247/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 86[[Not out|*]] (81)
| wickets1 = [[Pradeep Jayaprakashdaran]] 3/35 (10 overs)
| score2 = 186 (47 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prasanna Jayawardene]] 66 (82)
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 4/42 (9 overs)
| result = Indians won by 61 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/OD_TOURNEYS/IOC/SCORECARDS/WARM-UPS/IND_SLC-XI_25JUL2005.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nondescripts Cricket Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = Grashan Liyanage (SL) and Atula Senanayake (SL)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = Sri Lanka Cricket XI played with 13 players and Indians with 12, both with 11 batting and 11 fielding.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 July
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = Kurunegala District Cricket Association Invitation XI
| score1 = 250 (42.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 88 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Nilukshana Karunaratne]] 3/47 (9 overs)
| score2 = 157 (36.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lanka de Silva]] 53 (56)
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/20 (6 overs)
| result = Indians won by 93 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83136.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Welagedara Stadium]], [[Kurunegala]]
| umpires = Karunaratne Boteju (SL) and J. G. Pushparajah (SL)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain = Rain reduced the match to 46 overs-a-side.
| notes = Kurunegala District Cricket Association Invitation XI played with 11 players and Indians with 12, both with 11 batting and 11 fielding.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 July
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = Kandy XI
| team2 = {{cr|WIN|name=West Indies XI}}
| score1 = 129/8 (30 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arosha Perera]] 30
| wickets1 = [[Tino Best]] 3/14
| score2 = 131/8 (28.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sylvester Joseph]] 53*
| wickets2 = [[Duncan Arnolda]] 3/25
| result = West Indies XI won by 2 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/214588.html Report]
| venue = [[Asgiriya Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = West Indies XI won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain = Rain reduced the match to 30 overs-a-side.
| notes =
}}

== Points table ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! colspan=13 |Group Stage
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Pos !! Team !! P !! W !! L !! NR !! T !! BP !! CP !! Points !! NRR !! For !! Against
|- style="background:#98F898; text-align:center;"
| 1
| style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SRI}}
| 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 17 || +0.191 || 864 (196.2) || 842 (200)
|- style="background:#98F898; text-align:center;"
| 2
| style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 13 || +0.266 || 867 (186) || 863 (196.2)
|- style="; text-align:center;"
| 3
| style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 6 || −0.460 || 850 (200) || 876 (186)
|- style=; text-align:center;"
|}
'''Points System:'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Oil Cup 2005 Table|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/4/Indian_Oil_Cup_2005.html|publisher=cricketarchive.com|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Points table|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/OD_TOURNEYS/IOC/IOC_JUL-AUG2005_TABLE.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>

* Win ('''W'''), with bonus point: 6
* Win ('''W'''), without bonus point: 5
* Tie ('''T''') or No Result ('''NR'''): 3
* Loss ('''L'''), but not conceding bonus point: 1
* Loss ('''L'''), conceding bonus point ('''CP'''): 0
* Bonus Points ('''BP'''): 1 (The team that achieves a run rate of 1.25 times that of the opposition shall be awarded one bonus point. A team's run rate will be calculated by reference to the runs scored in an innings divided by the number of overs faced)
* [[Net run rate]] ('''NRR'''): Runs per over scored less runs per over conceded, adjusting team batting first to overs of team batting second in rain rule matches, adjusting to team's full allocation if all out, and ignoring no result matches.

In the event of teams finishing on equal points, the right to play in the final match or series was determined as follows:
*The team with the highest number of wins
*If still equal, the team with the highest number of wins over the other team(s) who are equal on points and have the same number of wins
*If still equal, the team with the highest number of bonus points
*If still equal, the team with the highest net run rate

In a match declared as no result, run rate is not applicable.

== Group stage matches ==

===1st match===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 July
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 205/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 54 (96)
| wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 3/33 (10 overs)
| score2 = 209/7 (48.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 43[[Not out|*]] (50)
| wickets2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 2/32 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/214634.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (SL)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Dilhara Lokuhettige]] (SL), [[Suresh Raina]] (Ind) and [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]] (Ind) made their ODI debuts.
}}

Opting to bat first, India got off to a poor start losing [[Virender Sehwag]] in the third over, after he scored three fours off [[Farveez Maharoof]] and [[Dilhara Lokuhettige]]. The other opener [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] soon followed him to the pavilion, and [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Yuvraj Singh]] were to rebuild, from the score at 22/2. They played cautiously, yet the former gave away his wicket, pulling to substitute fielder [[Upul Tharanga]] at mid-on. More wickets followed in the form of debutante, [[Suresh Raina]], who was trapped [[leg before wicket]] in his first ball in senior international cricket, by [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]'s [[doosra]], as India crumbled to 64/5. Dravid, however, played a reliable knock, and together with another debutante, [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]], added 58 in thirteen overs. However, it came to an end too early to help India significantly in the late overs, with leg-spinner [[Upul Chandana]] sneaking a ball past his bat and pads and having him bowled for 54, and India were staring at a very low score – 123/6 after 33 overs. [[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Zaheer Khan]] added 20 each, however, which coupled with [[Irfan Pathan]]'s slow but steady 21, lifted India to a somewhat competitive score of 205/9 at the end of 50 overs.

The only downside for Sri Lanka was that their opener [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] had torn his shoulder, and looked unlikely to have a bat. Therefore, [[Kumar Sangakkara]] joined [[Marvan Atapattu]] as openers for Sri Lanka. They pair added 19 in 26 balls, before [[Irfan Pathan]] dug him out with a good inswinger. India took wickets regularly, but by the end of the 25th over Sri Lanka were 99/3, and well on the way to chasing 206. But Harbhajan Singh's off-breaks two players to miss their shots, and suddenly the score was 112/5, with an injured Jayasuriya and debutante [[Dilhara Lokuhettige]] at the crease. However, Jayasuriya battled on bravely and made an unbeaten 43 to guide Sri Lanka to the target with ten balls to spare, well helped by [[Farveez Maharoof]], who made 23 from number 9 including four fours hit in front of square and a number of nervy shots that missed the bat.

===2nd match===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 July
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 178 (47.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Narsingh Deonarine]] 41 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 2/23 (9 overs)
| score2 = 180/4 (36 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 52[[Not out|*]] (65)
| wickets2 = [[Jermaine Lawson]] 2/58 (9 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/214742.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Tyron Wijewardene]] (SL)
| motm = [[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Ashish Nehra]] (Ind) was reprimanded for excessive appealing by match referee [[Mike Proctor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nehra reprimanded over appealing|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4734371.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=13 November 2016|date=1 August 2005}}</ref>
}}

West Indies got off to a poor start losing their first wicket in the third over and were reduced for 36/3 at the end of 15 overs. [[Narsingh Deonarine]], who had struggled to get off the mark, and [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] survived for 17 overs, making only 52 before [[Suresh Raina]] took his first international wicket as Chanderpaul missed a straight delivery. [[Ricardo Powell]] followed shortly afterwards, and despite some slogging from [[Dwayne Smith]], who made 20 off 7 balls including two sixes, and [[Tino Best]], who made 24, West Indies crumbled to 178 all out as [[Ashish Nehra]] took two late-order wickets and [[Zaheer Khan]], the final wicket.

After India's shaky first 15 overs which had yielded 83 runs and three wickets, [[Rahul Dravid]] (52*) and [[Yuvraj Singh]] (28) settled in the crease, and put on 61 runs for the 4th wicket. [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] took his place with ease, smashing a four and a six on the way to an unbeaten 15, and India reached the target with fourteen overs to spare.

=== Third match ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 August
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 241/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 79 (115)
| wickets1 = [[Narsingh Deonarine]] 2/55 (10 overs)
| score2 = 191 (45.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dwayne Smith]] 68 (90)
| wickets2 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 3/9 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 50 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/214852.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Farveez Maharoof]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Upul Tharanga]] (SL), and [[Deighton Butler]] and [[Ryan Ramdass]] (WIN) made their ODI debuts.
*''[[Farveez Maharoof]] (SL) was reprimanded for excessive appealing by match referee [[Mike Proctor]].''<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharoof pulled up for excessive appealing|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/215027.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>
}}

Sri Lanka lost their first wicket in debutante, [[Upul Tharanga]] (6), in the third over, when [[Kumar Sangakkara]] joined the other opener [[Marvan Atapattu]], who put 138 runs together for the second wicket in 34 overs. After 25 overs, the score was 78/1, but the pair took to the attack in the next 10 overs and added another 71 before part-timer [[Narsingh Deonarine]] had Sangakkara caught at cover for 79. Despite wickets tumbling, Sri Lanka kept the run rate up well and added 107 in the last 15 overs. [[Russel Arnold]] made an unbeaten 21 and pairing up with [[Upul Chandana]] (15*) for 36 for the seventh wicket, saw Sri Lanka to the 50-over mark on 241/6.

The Sri Lankan bowling attack reduced West Indies to 26/3 by the end of 10 overs, with [[Farveez Maharoof]] bowling three maidens in his first five overs and giving away just 5 runs for 2 wickets. [[Dilhara Lokuhettige]] picked two up two wickets in the space of five overs, and also had a catch dropped. After 20 overs, the West Indies were 55/5; Maharoof having bowled ten of those, finishing his quota, finishing with figures of 3/9. Deonarine, [[Dwayne Smith]] and [[Denesh Ramdin]] tried to build their innings. Deonarine inside-edged a delivery from [[Dilhara Fernando]] back onto his own stumps for 23, Ramdin departed for 29 in the 37th over after a 46-run partnership, and Smith was bowled by Muralitharan for 69. Losing the tail quickly, they finished at 191, one run short of gaining a bonus point, in 45.1 overs.

=== Fourth match ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 August
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 220/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 51 (110)
| wickets1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 4/29 (10 overs)
| score2 = 221/6 (48 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 94* (114)
| wickets2 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 2/22 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/214921.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Tyron Wijewardene]] (SL)
| motm = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (SL)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Pradeep Jayaprakashdaran]] (SL) made his ODI debut.
*''[[Sourav Ganguly]] became the third batsman to reach 10,000 runs in ODIs.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganguly landmark no consolation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/215022.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
}}

[[Rahul Dravid]], India's stand-in captain, retained as captain despite [[Sourav Ganguly]]'s return to the team following a four-match ban, decided to bat first after winning the toss. The latter and [[Virender Sehwag]] put on 67 for the first wicket. The debutant, [[Pradeep Jayaprakashdaran]], picked up Sehwag's wicket, and was economical, conceding only 21 in his six overs, that included five [[Wide (cricket)|wides]]. The part-timer [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] picked up three of the next four wickets, but only after India had moved to 117/1. [[V. V. S. Laxman]] departed first for 22, Ganguly quickly following suit after having scored 51 off 110 deliveries, in the process reaching 10,000 ODI runs, and Dravid, done in by the drift, was bowled by Dilshan for a [[wikt:golden duck|golden duck]]. Dilshan got a fourth scalp, that of [[Suresh Raina]], and finished with figures of 4/29. [[Irfan Pathan]] (36*) and [[Mohammad Kaif]] (34) attacked the bowlers in the final overs to see India to a competitive 220/8.

[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] was still out due to his injury sustained in his last game against India and [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] was rested.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cozier|first1=Tony|title=Match 4, Sri Lanka v India, Indian Oil Cup, 2005|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/289882.html|access-date=14 November 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> For India, [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] and [[Ashish Nehra]] took four wickets together and toiled away; another fell to a run-out, and [[Harbhajan Singh]] had [[Dilhara Lokuhettige]] caught behind for a six-ball duck. After 26 overs, Sri Lanka were 96/6, needing 125 from the last 24 overs. At the crease were [[Mahela Jayawardene]] and the number eight, [[Upul Chandana]]. They saw off Nehra, who finished with 2/22, and managed to get runs off other bowlers, such as part-timers Ganguly and Sehwag, who gave away 55 runs in 9 overs. The pair put on an unbeaten 126 for the seventh wicket to see their team home in 48 overs. Jayawardene finished at 94* and Chandana at 44*.

=== Fifth match ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 August
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 226/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sylvester Joseph]] 58 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Upul Chandana]] 2/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 193 (47 overs)
| runs2 = [[Russel Arnold]] 59 (90)
| wickets2 = [[Narsingh Deonarine]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 33 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/215134.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Omari Banks]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = The loss was Sri Lanka's first in ten ODIs at home.<ref>{{cite web|title=Match 5, Sri Lanka v West Indies, Indian Oil Cup, 2005|date=10 April 2007 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/289883.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
}}

[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]], who was coming in at five or six, opened the innings with [[Xavier Marshall]], in an effort to stabilise the top order. The latter was run out by [[Upul Tharanga]]'s direct throw to the stumps in the ninth over with the score at 25/1. Chanderpaul (57) put on a 72-run stand with [[Sylvester Joseph]] (58) for the second wicket, the team's highest second-wicket [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]] in any form of cricket since early May 2005. Joseph and [[Narsingh Deonarine]] added 55 together, but after 41 overs West Indies were still at a relatively paltry 166/4; Joseph having been run out after a mix-up with [[Omari Banks]]. However, Banks redeemed himself with 33. [[Ricardo Powell]] and [[Tino Best]] hit quick runs, and saw the team reach 226/7 at the end of 50 overs.

After an opening ten overs which yielded 46 runs for Sri Lanka, [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] was trapped lbw by [[Deighton Butler]] with the last delivery of the tenth over, following which [[Daren Powell]] and [[Dwayne Smith]] tied the Sri Lankans down with good pace bowling. Powell got [[Kumar Sangakkara]]'s wicket for 7, before Smith dug out two wickets with successive balls as Sri Lanka moved to 73/4. [[Mahela Jayawardene]] gave an heave to Powell, and Sri Lanka were five down for 92, after 25 overs. Banks finished with 26 runs from his ten overs, securing the wicket of Chandana, following which Sri Lanka felt were compelled to lash out in order to have a go at reaching the target. The part-timer Deonarine got two wickets, including the final one of [[Russel Arnold]], who made a slow 59, before bowling Sri Lanka out to 193 at the end of the 47th over, thereby helping his team win their first game of the tournament.

=== Sixth match ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 August
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 262/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 110 (114)
| wickets1 = [[Deighton Butler]] 1/30 (8 overs)
| score2 = 255/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Runako Morton]] 84 (104)
| wickets2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 7 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/215286.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Tyron Wijewardene]] (SL)
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
This match was, in effect, a semi-final, with both teams needing a win to proceed to the final with Sri Lanka. [[Rahul Dravid]] won the toss and chose to bat. His teammates were immediately worried by the hostile bowling of the West Indian seamers who got plenty of swing and awkward bounce. It was enough to send [[Sourav Ganguly]] out of the match with an arm injury in the fourth over, and [[Virender Sehwag]] and [[V. V. S. Laxman]] were also dismissed early. Effectively, India were three batsmen down for 21 at that point. Dravid and [[Yuvraj Singh]] rebuilt with a 30-run partnership when [[Omari Banks]] struck with his first ball bowling out Dravid, reducing India to 51/3 after 16 overs. Singh, however, kept his calm, and was well supported by [[Mohammad Kaif]] (83*), putting together 165 runs off 178 balls for the fourth wicket. The pair took runs off [[Narsingh Deonarine]] in particular, clubbing him for 69 in eight overs, while the seamers [[Deighton Butler]], [[Tino Best]] and [[Daren Powell]] were not used for the full ten overs. Singh was eventually got out for 110, sweeping Best to short fine leg. Blitz by [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] (28*) in the final overs which included two sixes, lifted India to 262/4.

[[Sylvester Joseph]] led the West Indian side in [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]'s absence owing to illness. Openers [[Xavier Marshall]] and [[Runako Morton]] attacked from the outset, plundering 37 runs from the first six overs, when [[Irfan Pathan]] got Marshall out with an [[inswinger]] and bowled a wicket-maiden over. Pathan, [[Ashish Nehra]] and [[Anil Kumble]] continued to dig out wickets, but Morton remained at the crease. The West Indies crashing to 112/6 after 24 overs. Kumble did get Banks and [[Dwayne Smith]] out lbw, the latter for a 12-ball cameo that yielded 26 runs. However, Morton stuck in, making 84, before losing his wicket to Nehra, getting caught by Dravid. West Indies needed 68 runs from 11 overs, with three wickets in hand. [[Denesh Ramdin]], the wicket-keeper, gave it a go. He hacked at everything, missing occasionally, but also getting quite a few boundaries. His team needed twelve runs off the last over, and Nehra conceded only 4, helping his team win by seven runs.

== Final ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 August
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 281/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 83 (97)
| wickets1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 6/59 (10 overs)
| score2 = 263/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 69 (99)
| wickets2 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 2/35 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 18 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/215449.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| round = Final
| rain =
| notes = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (SL) became the fourth player to reach 10,000 runs in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanath Jayasuriya scales 10,000|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/215485.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Ashish Nehra]] (Ind) became the sixth player to take a 6-wicket haul and end up on the losing side.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nehra's dubious distinction|url=http://in.rediff.com/cricket/2005/aug/10stats.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=13 November 2016|date=10 August 2005}}</ref>
}}

[[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] prevailed on home soil, recovering from [[Ashish Nehra|Nehra's]] spell of swing bowling and [[Virender Sehwag|Sehwag's]] massive onslaught to keep their 2.5-year unbeaten record in home international tournaments. It started with [[Marvan Atapattu|Atapattu]] choosing to bat after winning the toss, and then getting bowled by Nehra for 11 after misreading the line. Sri Lanka sent in a [[pinch hitter (cricket)|pinch hitter]] in [[Dilhara Lokuhettige|Dilhara]] who hit two fours and a single off seven deliveries before being dubiously adjudged [[Leg before wicket|lbw]], again from Nehra. Nehra took his third wicket when [[Kumar Sangakkara|Sangakkara]] was caught at point by [[Virender Sehwag|Sehwag]], and Sri Lanka were struggling slightly at 67 for 3.

Meanwhile, [[Sanath Jayasuriya|Jayasuriya]] was dropped twice, but survived and went on to make 67 before being [[run out]] attempting a difficult second run. By that time, however, he had steadied the ship with [[Mahela Jayawardene|Jayawardene]], and [[Russel Arnold|Arnold]] helped to up the pace - the score being 122 for 4 after 26 overs, when Jayasuriya was out. It did not matter, as Arnold and Jayawardene treated the spinners with disdain, plundering 125 runs in 20 overs and accelerating the scoring to a point where India could not keep up. Nehra tried, and his variations gave him more wickets - he finished with the second six-wicket-haul of his career, the first coming against [[English cricket team|England]] in the [[2003 cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]], but a returning [[Chaminda Vaas|Vaas]] helped himself to 18 not out and upped the total to 281 for 9. An interesting feature of the scorecard was that no Indian bowler apart from Nehra got wickets - six for him, the other three were run outs.

[[Indian cricket team|India]] batted with composure, grit, and the occasional flamboyance - the latter coming from [[Virender Sehwag|Sehwag]] especially, who plundered nine fours and a six on his way to a 22-ball 48 before [[Chaminda Vaas|Vaas]] curved a short one into his body and Sehwag obligingly chopped onto his stumps. It had arguably given India a perfect start, and had included a 22-run over off [[Dilhara Lokuhettige|Dilhara]]. [[Sourav Ganguly|Ganguly]] was lbw to [[Tillakaratne Dilshan|Dilshan]] in the 16th over, but [[Yuvraj Singh|Yuvraj]] and [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]] set the scene for an Indian victory, pairing up for 84 for the third wicket as India needed 98 in 15 overs. Tricky, but definitely possible in today's ODI cricket.

However, [[Yuvraj Singh|Yuvraj]] swept to [[Dilhara Lokuhettige|Dilhara]] when the 36th over began, and just as [[Mohammad Kaif|Kaif]] had begun to settle in with [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]], a miscommunication left Dravid out of his crease, run out for 69. Kaif needed to forge a partnership with [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|Dhoni]], India's last recognised batsman as they had gone in with five specialist bowlers, but Dhoni was deceived by a straight ball from [[Upul Chandana|Chandana]] and lbw for 7. None of the batsmen from seven to eleven managed to get into double figures, Kaif was left to injudicious hitting and naturally top-edged one to midwicket, and India's chase - thought to be relatively simple fifteen overs before - ended a whole 18 runs short of Sri Lanka's total.
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/215449.html]

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
!Team
!{{Tooltip|Runs|Innings}}
!Inns
!{{Tooltip|Ave|Average}}
!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}
!{{Tooltip|HS|High score}}
!{{Tooltip|100|Hundreds scored}}
!{{Tooltip|50|Fifties scored}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Mahela Jayawardene]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|SL}}'''
|'''230''' || '''5''' || '''57.50''' || '''80.13''' || '''94*''' || '''0''' || '''2'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Yuvraj Singh]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|IND}}'''
|192 || 4 || 48.00 || 73.00 || 110 || 1 || 0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Rahul Dravid]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|IND}}'''
|185 || 5 || 46.25 || 64.45 || 69 || 0 || 3
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Mohammad Kaif]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|IND}}'''
|180 || 5 || 45.00 || 75.63 || 83* || 0 || 1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Russel Arnold]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|SL}}'''
|170 || 5 || 42.50 || 76.57 || 64 || 0 || 2
|-
!colspan=9|''Source:''<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Indian Oil Cup, 2005 / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2537;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player
!Team
!{{Tooltip|Wkts|Wickets}}
!{{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}}
!{{Tooltip|Ave|Average}}
!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}
!{{Tooltip|Econ|Economy rate}}
!{{Tooltip|BBI|Best innings bowling}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Ashish Nehra]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|IND}}'''
|'''12''' || '''5''' || '''16.50''' || '''24.0''' || '''4.12''' || '''6/59'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|SL}}'''
|8 || 4 || 18.12 || 30.0 || 3.62 || 3/33
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Upul Chandana]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|SL}}'''
|7 || 5 || 29.85 || 35.8 || 4.99 || 2/38
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|SL}}'''
|6 || 5 || 18.00 || 24.1 || 4.46 || 4/29
|-
|style="text-align:left"|'''[[Irfan Pathan]]'''
|style="text-align:left"|'''{{cr|IND}}'''
|6 || 5 || 33.83 || 46.00 || 4.41 || 2/34
|-
!colspan=9|''Source:''<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Indian Oil Cup, 2005 / Most wickets|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=2537;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/211858.html Indian Oil Cup, 2005] on [[ESPNcricinfo]]

{{International cricket in 2005}}
{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}
{{Sri Lankan cricket competitions in 2005 and 2005-06}}

[[Category:Indian Oil Corporation]]
[[Category:2005 in Sri Lankan sport]]
[[Category:2005 in cricket]]

Sidharth Shukla

2025-09-07T12:59:41Z

Gauravdewasi: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian actor and model (1980–2021)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sidharth Shukla
| image = Shukla12 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shukla in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date |1980|12|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|09|02|1980|12|12}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = Rachana Sansad School of Interior Design, Mumbai
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|host|model}}
| years_active = 2004–2021
| known_for = {{plainlist|
*''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
*''[[Broken But Beautiful|Broken But Beautiful 3]]''
*''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''
*''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
*''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
*''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''
}}
}}

'''Sidharth Shukla''' (12 December 1980 – 2 September 2021) was an Indian actor, [[Television presenter|host]] and model who mostly appeared in [[Hindi]] television and films. He was known for his roles in ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'', ''[[Broken But Beautiful|Broken But Beautiful 3]],'' and ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''.<ref name="BBB3">.{{Cite web|date=4 December 2020|title=Sidharth Shukla and Sonia Rathee to star in Ekta Kapoor's Broken But Beautiful 3|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sidharth-shukla-and-sonia-rathee-to-star-in-broken-but-beautiful-3-7085507/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203132545/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sidharth-shukla-and-sonia-rathee-to-star-in-broken-but-beautiful-3-7085507/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the winner of ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-13-dil-se-dil-tak-actor-sidharth-shukla-to-participate-in-salman-khans-show-1036828|title=Bigg Boss 13: 'Dil Se Dil Tak' Actor Sidharth Shukla To PARTICIPATE in Salman Khan's Show?|date=20 July 2019|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920192400/https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-13-dil-se-dil-tak-actor-sidharth-shukla-to-participate-in-salman-khans-show-1036828|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''. He hosted ''[[Savdhaan India]]'',<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|date=25 February 2016|title=Siddharth Shukla enjoys work-cum-play in Mathura|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Shukla-enjoys-work-cum-play-in-Mathura/articleshow/46378814.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013170828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Shukla-enjoys-work-cum-play-in-Mathura/articleshow/46378814.cms|archive-date=13 October 2019|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> and ''[[India's Got Talent]].''<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|title=Kolkata youth Manik Paul wins India's Got Talent season 6|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/manik-paul-kolkata-aerial-gymnast-indias-got-talent-260022-2015-06-28|access-date=28 June 2015|website=India Today|date=28 June 2015 }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|date=29 March 2016|title=After Khatron Ke Khiladi, Sidharth Shukla to host India's Got Talent Season 7?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/after-khatron-ke-khiladi-sidharth-shukla-to-host-indias-got-talent-season-7-315220-2016-03-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920200727/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/after-khatron-ke-khiladi-sidharth-shukla-to-host-indias-got-talent-season-7-315220-2016-03-29|archive-date=20 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> He won the World's Best Model title in December 2005, beating 40 other participants from across Asia, Latin America, and Europe.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-13-sidharth-shukla-world-best-model-turkey-throwback-pictures-videos-watch-online-570278|title=Bigg Boss 13: When Sidharth Shukla won World's Best Model title in 2005, see throwback pics and video|last=Karki|first=Tripti|date=10 December 2019|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230111359/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-13-sidharth-shukla-world-best-model-turkey-throwback-pictures-videos-watch-online-570278|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his acting debut with a lead role in the 2008 show ''[[Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na]]''.<ref name="Babul Ka Aangann replaces Virrudh">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/16look.htm|title=Babul Ka Aangann replaces Virrudh|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124020136/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/16look.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Shukla made his [[Bollywood]] debut in a supporting role in ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|last=IANS|title=Karan Johar signs three film deal with Sidharth Shukla|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/karan-johar-signs-three-film-deal-with-siddharth-shukla-472588|work=ndtv|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=13 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413231755/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/karan-johar-signs-three-film-deal-with-siddharth-shukla-472588|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Life and career ==

=== 1980–2007: Early life and career beginnings ===
Sidharth Shukla was born on 12 December 1980 into a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite news|title=Karan Johar is like Narendra Modi in my life: Sidharth Shukla - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-is-like-narendra-modi-in-my-life-sidharth-shukla/articleshow/36888125.cms|access-date=2022-01-02|website=The Times of India|date=21 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai) to Ashok Shukla, a [[civil engineer]] employed at the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and Rita Shukla, a homemaker.<ref name="Early Life">{{Cite news|title=Karan Johar is like Narendra Modi in my life: Sidharth Shukla - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Karan-Johar-is-like-Narendra-Modi-in-my-life-Sidharth-Shukla/articleshow/36888125.cms|access-date=6 July 2020|website=The Times of India|date=21 June 2014 |language=en|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621015910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Karan-Johar-is-like-Narendra-Modi-in-my-life-Sidharth-Shukla/articleshow/36888125.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidharth Shukla Celebrates His 40th Birthday With Shehnaaz Gill.|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sidharth-shukla-celebrates-his-40th-birthday-with-shehnaaz-gill-see-videos-2337723|url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2021|website=NDTV|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826042026/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sidharth-shukla-celebrates-his-40th-birthday-with-shehnaaz-gill-see-videos-2337723}}</ref> His family was originally from the city of [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Maheshwri2021">{{cite web |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=Sidharth Shukla was happy to hear about my roka, says Aastha Chaudhary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sidharth-shukla-was-happy-to-hear-about-my-roka-says-aastha-chaudhary/articleshow/86327001.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |date=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday Sidharth Shukla: A peek into the Television heartthrob's life |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/photo/happy-birthday-sidharth-shukla-a-peek-into-the-television-heartthrobs-life-63444/1 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |language=en |date=12 December 2022}}</ref> He lost his father because of a lung disease during his modelling days.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-14-written-update-day-12-sidharth-shukla-remembers-his-late-father-shehzad-tries-to-provoke-jaan-against-nikki/story-oT4RpKnTvlydyKkMzfS8YL.html |title= Bigg Boss 14 written update day 12: Sidharth Shukla remembers his late father, Shehzad tries to provoke Jaan against Nikki |website= www.hindustantimes.com |date= 16 October 2020 |access-date= 16 October 2020 |archive-date= 16 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201016213822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-14-written-update-day-12-sidharth-shukla-remembers-his-late-father-shehzad-tries-to-provoke-jaan-against-nikki/story-oT4RpKnTvlydyKkMzfS8YL.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-16|title=Sidharth Shukla Recalls Childhood Days on Bigg Boss 14, Gets Emotional While Talking About Dad|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sidharth-shukla-recalls-childhood-days-on-bigg-boss-14-gets-emotional-while-talking-about-dad-2971187.html|access-date=2021-09-14|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> He has two elder sisters. Shukla attended [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort]], Mumbai and holds a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Interior Design]] from Rachana Sansad School of Interior Design.<ref name="Jayakar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-world-is-not-enough-1002671|title=The world is not enough|first=Salil|last=Jayakar|date=17 December 2005|website=DNA India|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116075047/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-world-is-not-enough-1002671|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shuklas-gym-video-goes-viral/22633338|title=Bigg Boss 13 winner Sidharth Shukla's gym video goes viral|date=21 February 2020|website=mid-day|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930092955/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shuklas-gym-video-goes-viral/22633338|url-status=live}}</ref> Shukla has described himself as a very athletic child, and represented his school in [[tennis]] and [[association football|football]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-stars-cheer-for-their-World-Cup-favourite/articleshow/37068641.cms|title=TV stars cheer for their World Cup favourite|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916205835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-stars-cheer-for-their-World-Cup-favourite/articleshow/37068641.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He played against Italian football club, [[AC Milan]]’s under-19 team, on their Mumbai visit as part of [[Festa Italiana]].<ref name="Jayakar"/> After completing bachelor's degree in interior design, Shukla worked in an interior designing firm for a couple of years.<ref name="Early Life"/> In 2004, Shukla was runner-up in the ''[[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramp world's cool dude!|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ramp-world-s-cool-dude/story-wbFBEC9IdIytldWccTagzK.html|date=4 January 2006|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630191304/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ramp-world-s-cool-dude/story-wbFBEC9IdIytldWccTagzK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He appeared in a video "Resham Ka Rumal" sung by [[Ila Arun]].<ref name="RKR">{{Cite news|title=Looking at Sidharth Shukla and my 15-year-old music video makes me smile, we look so young and raw in it: Monalisa - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/looking-at-sidharth-shukla-and-my-15-year-old-music-video-makes-me-smile-we-look-so-young-and-raw-in-it-monalisa/articleshow/83201461.cms|access-date=23 June 2021|website=The Times of India|date=3 June 2021 |language=en|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605012323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/looking-at-sidharth-shukla-and-my-15-year-old-music-video-makes-me-smile-we-look-so-young-and-raw-in-it-monalisa/articleshow/83201461.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, he represented India at the World's Best Model contest held in Turkey, and became the first Indian, as well as the first Asian, to win the title beating 40 contestants from across Asia, Latin America, and Europe.<ref name="auto3"/> After winning the title, he appeared in advertisements for [[Bajaj Avenger]], [[ICICI Bank|ICICI]] and Digjam.<ref name="Jayakar"/>

=== 2008–2011: Television debut ===
[[File:Sidharth in ITA Awards 2013 (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|Shukla at [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]] in 2013]]
In 2008, he made his acting debut with a lead role in the television show ''[[Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na]]'' on [[Sony Television|Sony TV]] opposite [[Aastha Chaudhary]]. Shukla played Shubh Ranawat, a man dedicated to his work and family.<ref name="Babul Ka Aangann replaces Virrudh"/> The show ended in February 2009. In 2009, he appeared as Veer Vardhan Singh in ''[[Jaane Pehchaane Se... Ye Ajnabbi]]'' on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] opposite [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] and Aditi Tailang. The show ended in September 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Six pack calling Siddharth!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Six-pack-calling-Siddharth/articleshow/5949495.cms|access-date=20 May 2010|website=Times of India|date=20 May 2010 |archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011205849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Six-pack-calling-Siddharth/articleshow/5949495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After ''Jaane Pehchaane Se... Ye Ajnabbi'' ended, he also appeared in a few episodes of ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} In 2011, he appeared as Rahul Kashyap in ''[[Love U Zindagi]]'' opposite [[Pavitra Punia]] on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-breezy-refreshing-show/754385/|title=A breezy, refreshing show - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> The show was inspired by the Bollywood movie ''[[Jab We Met]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Actor-Siddharth-Shukla-has-been-roped-in-to-play-the-lead-in-the-show-Love-U-Zindagi-which-is-a-remake-of-the-film-Jab-We-Met-/articleshow/7404378.cms|title=Actor Siddharth Shukla has been roped in to play the lead in the show "Love U Zindagi", which is a remake of the film "Jab We Met". - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=February 2011 |access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227185104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Actor-Siddharth-Shukla-has-been-roped-in-to-play-the-lead-in-the-show-Love-U-Zindagi-which-is-a-remake-of-the-film-Jab-We-Met-/articleshow/7404378.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also appeared in an episode of ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''.<ref name="aajtak.intoday.in">{{Cite web|title=जब CID की टीम पर सिद्धार्थ शुक्ला ने चलाई थी गोली, शो में बने थे क्रिमिनल|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/bigg-boss-winner-sidharth-shukla-once-played-important-role-in-crime-show-cid-video-viral-tmov-1-1185343.html|access-date=29 July 2020|website=aajtak.intoday.in|date=28 April 2020 |language=hi|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603045500/https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/bigg-boss-winner-sidharth-shukla-once-played-important-role-in-crime-show-cid-video-viral-tmov-1-1185343.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2012–2014: Breakthrough with ''Balika Vadhu'' and Bollywood debut ===
[[File:Sidharth in Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (cropped1).jpg|thumb|Shukla with [[Varun Dhawan]] (left) and [[Alia Bhatt]] (centre) during ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]'' promotions]]
In 2012, Shukla appeared as District Collector Shivraj Shekhar, opposite [[Pratyusha Banerjee]] and [[Toral Rasputra]] in ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/balika-vadhu-is-best-thing-to-happen-to-me-says-siddharth-shukla-182477-2014-02-24|title=Balika Vadhu is best thing to happen to me: Siddharth Shukla|date=24 February 2014|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=29 March 2020|last3=Ist|first3=2014 16:18|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329134648/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/balika-vadhu-is-best-thing-to-happen-to-me-says-siddharth-shukla-182477-2014-02-24|url-status=live}}</ref> It was his portrayal of Shiv in the long-running [[Colors TV]] social drama series ''Balika Vadhu'' which earned him widespread recognition and popularity, including several awards and nominations. He received the "GR8! Performer of the Year (Male)" award at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy (ITA) Awards]].<ref name="ITA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ita-awards-2013-red-carpet-kapil-sharma-jeniffer-jitendra-and-more-photos-516656|title=ITA Awards 2013 Red Carpet: Kapil Sharma, Jeniffer, Jitendra and More [PHOTOS]|last=Reporter|first=IBTimes Staff|date=24 October 2013|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325173623/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ita-awards-2013-red-carpet-kapil-sharma-jeniffer-jitendra-and-more-photos-516656|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=boosting TRPs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/anandis-new-hero-3/|date=15 June 2012|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721130743/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/anandis-new-hero-3/|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> He left the show in 2015, when his character, Shiv, died fighting with terrorists.<ref name="BV">{{Cite news|title=Sidharth Shukla bids adieu to Balika Vadhu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sidharth-Shukla-bids-adieu-to-Balika-Vadhu/articleshow/45776519.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109133348/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sidharth-Shukla-bids-adieu-to-Balika-Vadhu/articleshow/45776519.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Shukla participated in the celebrity dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]],''<ref name="JDJ6">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Was-hesitant-to-be-part-of-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-Siddharth-Shukla/articleshow/20308109.cms|title=Was hesitant to be part of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa: Siddharth Shukla - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 May 2013 |language=en|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011205852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Was-hesitant-to-be-part-of-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-Siddharth-Shukla/articleshow/20308109.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and was eliminated in the 11th week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/siddharth-shukla-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-174180-2013-08-18|title=Siddharth Shukla eliminated from Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|date=18 August 2013|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329141726/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/siddharth-shukla-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-174180-2013-08-18|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that Shukla had signed a 3-film-deal with [[Dharma Productions]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In 2014, Shukla made his [[Bollywood]] debut in the romantic comedy ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]'' in a supporting role playing the character of Angad Bedi, an [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]] doctor and fiancé of the female protagonist played by [[Alia Bhatt]]. The film earned him an award for "Breakthrough Supporting Performance (Male)" in the 2015 [[Stardust Awards]].<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2014-list-of-winners-713190|title=Stardust Awards 2015: List of Winners|work=NDTVMovies.com|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215120722/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2014-list-of-winners-713190|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2014–2018: Television hosting, ''Khatron Ke Khiladi'' and ''Dil Se Dil Tak'' ===
In 2014, Shukla was named the host of ''[[Savdhaan India]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sidharth-Shukla-turns-host/articleshow/45057714.cms|title=Sidharth Shukla turns host - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 November 2014 |language=en|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011205852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sidharth-Shukla-turns-host/articleshow/45057714.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He introduced stories of common people who fought against crime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/star-bharat-on-sushant-singhs-removal-from-savdhaan-india-shows-next-format-doesnt-require-host-2428547.html|title=Savdhaan India's New Format Didn't Require Presenter, Says Channel on Sushant Singh's Removal|date=18 December 2019|website=News18|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628135756/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/star-bharat-on-sushant-singhs-removal-from-savdhaan-india-shows-next-format-doesnt-require-host-2428547.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, after exiting from ''Balika Vadhu'', he hosted ''[[India's Got Talent (season 6)|India's Got Talent 6]]'', with [[Bharti Singh]], and the season finale was aired in June 2015.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> In 2016, Shukla won the stunt reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]].''<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sidharth-shukla-wins-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-7/|title=Sidharth Shukla wins Khatron Ke Khiladi season 7|date=4 April 2016|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920184252/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sidharth-shukla-wins-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-7/|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, he hosted ''[[India's Got Talent (season 7)|India's Got Talent 7]]'' with Bharti Singh, and the season finale was aired in July 2016.<ref name="auto2"/> Later in 2016, Shukla appeared as Mr. Chakraborty,<ref name="Бизнес по-казахски - Трейлер 1080p">{{Cite web|url=https://nurtv.kz/trailers/view-28539-biznes-po-kazakhski-treiler-1080p|title=Бизнес по-казахски - Трейлер 1080p|website=Nurtv|language=en|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> an [[Indian people|Indian]] businessman, in a [[Kazakhstan]] movie, ''Business in Kazakhstan''.<ref name="Бизнес по-казахски">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/1045811/|title=Бизнес по-казахски|website=КиноПоиск|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011205856/https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/1045811/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, he appeared as Parth Bhanushali in ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]'' with co-stars [[Rashami Desai]] and [[Jasmin Bhasin]]. The series was inspired by the Bollywood movie, ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''.<ref name="DSDT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2016/jasmin-bhasin-siddharth-shukla-rashami-desai-dil-se-dil-tak-244809.html|title=Siddharth Shukla & Jasmin Bhasin's Show Titled Dil Se Dil Tak; Jasmin Plays A Bar Dancer On The Show|date=18 October 2016|language=en|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630172012/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2016/jasmin-bhasin-siddharth-shukla-rashami-desai-dil-se-dil-tak-244809.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He left the series in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sidharth-shukla-has-quit-dil-se-dil-tak-here-why-lifetv-1102164-2017-12-07 |title= Sidharth Shukla has quit Dil Se Dil Tak; here's why |date= 7 December 2017 |language= en |access-date= 4 September 2020 |archive-date= 11 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201011205854/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sidharth-shukla-has-quit-dil-se-dil-tak-here-why-lifetv-1102164-2017-12-07 |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== 2019–2021: ''Bigg Boss 13'' and ''Broken But Beautiful 3'' ===
In 2019, he participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]],''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-contestant-sidharth-shukla-profile-biography-photos-and-video-6027260/|title=Meet Bigg Boss 13 contestant Sidharth Shukla|date=30 September 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=3 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103201605/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-contestant-sidharth-shukla-profile-biography-photos-and-video-6027260/|url-status=live}}</ref> and was declared the winner in February 2020.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 13 Grand Finale: Sidharth Shukla Is The Winner Of The Show|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-grand-finale-sidharth-shukla-is-the-winner-of-the-show-2180809|access-date=3 October 2020|website=NDTV.com|date=15 February 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009014209/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-grand-finale-sidharth-shukla-is-the-winner-of-the-show-2180809|url-status=live}}</ref> Ormax media rated Shukla to be the most popular contestant of ''Bigg Boss 13,'' ranking him as number one throughout 20 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/television/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-as-per-ormax-media-final-list-2178128|title=Bigg Boss 13: बिग बॉस 13 के विनर का हो गया है ऐलान, इस कंटेस्टेंट के फैन्स में खुशी की लहर|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325063655/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/television/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-as-per-ormax-media-final-list-2178128|url-status=live}}</ref> He was voted the most favourite contestant of ''Bigg Boss 13'' in polls conducted by [[Hindustan Times]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 13 winner is Sidharth Shukla, says HT poll|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-winner-is-sidharth-shukla-says-ht-poll-asim-riaz-is-second-favourite/story-bay9WxHOv10EjVSE7Wo83K.html|date=15 February 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302110430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-winner-is-sidharth-shukla-says-ht-poll-asim-riaz-is-second-favourite/story-bay9WxHOv10EjVSE7Wo83K.html|archive-date=2 March 2020|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> [[India TV News]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-shehnaaz-poll-trends-589201|title=Sidharth Shukla will win 'Bigg Boss 13', says IndiaTV Showbiz poll|last=Gera|first=Sonal|date=15 February 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216134659/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-shehnaaz-poll-trends-589201|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[The Times of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 13 winner: Sidharth Shukla is the winner of BB 13 says TOI-TV poll|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-to-bag-the-trophy-says-toi-tv-poll-asim-riaz-close-competitor/articleshow/74148327.cms|website=The Times of India|date=16 February 2020 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310022823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-to-bag-the-trophy-says-toi-tv-poll-asim-riaz-close-competitor/articleshow/74148327.cms|archive-date=10 March 2020|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> He was the most tweeted contestant of ''Bigg Boss 13''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

[[File:Photos-Sidharth-Shukla-Rashami-Desai-and-others-snapped-on-the-sets-of-Bigg-Boss-14-at-Film-City-1.jpg|thumb|Shukla at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in 2021]]

In 2020, after winning ''Bigg Boss 13'', Shukla appeared in two music videos, "[[Bhula Dunga]]",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-shehnaaz-gill-sidharth-shukla-share-first-look-poster-of-music-video-bhula-dunga-1176912|title='Bhula Dunga' Poster: Sidharth Shukla & Shehnaaz Gill Share FIRST Look Of Their Music Video, SidNaaz Fans Go Gaga|date=17 March 2020|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330201711/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-shehnaaz-gill-sidharth-shukla-share-first-look-poster-of-music-video-bhula-dunga-1176912|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sidharh-shukla-shehnaaz-gill-shoot-for-music-video-in-the-rain-first-look-revealed-2537437.html|title=Sidharth Shukla, Shehnaaz Gill Shoot for Music Video in the Rain, First Look Revealed|date=15 March 2020|website=News18|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316130342/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sidharh-shukla-shehnaaz-gill-shoot-for-music-video-in-the-rain-first-look-revealed-2537437.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and "Dil Ko Karaar Aaya".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=Sidharth Shukla shares new poster of music video with Neha Sharma: Excited for Dil Ko Karaar Aaya?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/sidharth-shukla-shares-new-poster-of-music-video-with-neha-sharma-excited-for-dil-ko-karaar-aaya-1703334-2020-07-22|access-date=22 July 2020|website=India Today|date=22 July 2020 |language=en|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722172451/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/sidharth-shukla-shares-new-poster-of-music-video-with-neha-sharma-excited-for-dil-ko-karaar-aaya-1703334-2020-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, Shukla entered as one of the "Toofani" Seniors in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'',<ref name = "BB14">{{Cite web |url= https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-14-premiere-salman-khan-is-back-with-a-bang-also-meet-toofani-seniors-siddharth-shukla-hina-khan-and-gauahar-khan-2304770 |title= Bigg Boss 14 Premiere: Salman Khan Is Back With A Bang. Also Meet "Toofani Seniors" Siddharth Shukla, Hina Khan And Gauahar Khan |website= NDTV |date= 3 October 2020 |language= en |access-date= 3 October 2020 |archive-date= 3 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201003174302/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-14-premiere-salman-khan-is-back-with-a-bang-also-meet-toofani-seniors-siddharth-shukla-hina-khan-and-gauahar-khan-2304770 |url-status= live }}</ref> for the first two weeks.<ref name = "BB14-2">{{Cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14-eijaz-khan-and-pavitra-punia-enter-the-red-zone-seniors-sidharth-shukla-gauahar-khan-and-hina-khan-bid-adieu/articleshow/78797495.cms |title= Bigg Boss 14: Eijaz Khan and Pavitra Punia enter the 'Red Zone'; Seniors, Sidharth Shukla, Gauahar Khan and Hina Khan bid adieu |website= Times of India |date= 22 October 2020 |language= en |access-date= 22 October 2020 |archive-date= 22 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201022181101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14-eijaz-khan-and-pavitra-punia-enter-the-red-zone-seniors-sidharth-shukla-gauahar-khan-and-hina-khan-bid-adieu/articleshow/78797495.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> Shukla then appeared in another music video "Shona Shona".<ref name="Shona">{{Cite web|date=22 November 2020|title=Shona Shona: Sidharth Shukla and Shehnaaz Gill to star together in new romantic music video|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/shona-shona-sidharth-shukla-and-shehnaaz-gill-to-star-together-in-new-romantic-music-video/story-aJgiIuKhAcGVZvIJu0879J.html|access-date=25 November 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125030103/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/shona-shona-sidharth-shukla-and-shehnaaz-gill-to-star-together-in-new-romantic-music-video/story-aJgiIuKhAcGVZvIJu0879J.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2021, Shukla hosted 16th week's "Weekend Ka Vaar" of ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'', as Shukla was filling in for [[Salman Khan]], who was missing from the show due to other work commitments.<ref name="BB HOST">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-14-weekend-ka-vaar-sidharth-shukla-is-back-with-a-bang-grills-rahul-vaidya-abhinav-shukla-aly-goni-nikki-tamboli-sonali-phogat-uttaran-rashami-desai-tinaa-dattaa-visit-2870411|title='Bigg Boss 14': Sidharth Shukla is back with a bang, grills Rahul Vaidya, Abhinav Shukla, Aly Goni, Nikki Tamboli|website=dnaindia.com|date=24 January 2021|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124110200/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-14-weekend-ka-vaar-sidharth-shukla-is-back-with-a-bang-grills-rahul-vaidya-abhinav-shukla-aly-goni-nikki-tamboli-sonali-phogat-uttaran-rashami-desai-tinaa-dattaa-visit-2870411|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BB HOST 2">{{Cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shehnaaz-gill-praises-sidharth-shukla-for-filling-in-for-salman-khan-on-bigg-boss-14-1762455-2021-01-25 |title= Shehnaaz Gill praises Sidharth Shukla for filling in for Salman Khan on Bigg Boss 14 |website= indiatoday.in |date= 25 January 2021 |access-date= 25 January 2021 |archive-date= 25 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103355/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shehnaaz-gill-praises-sidharth-shukla-for-filling-in-for-salman-khan-on-bigg-boss-14-1762455-2021-01-25 |url-status= live }}</ref>

Shukla made his [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] debut as Agastya Rao with the third season of the romance web series ''[[Broken But Beautiful]]'' opposite Sonia Rathee streaming on [[ALTBalaji]] and [[MX Player]].<ref name="BBB3"/> The series and Shukla's performance received positive response from critics, Mugdha Kapoor of ''DNA India'' wrote, "It’s the fire and genuineness in Sidharth’s acting and freshness in Sonia’s performance that keeps the viewers glued and wanting to see more."<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 May 2021|title='Broken But Beautiful 3' review: Sidharth Shukla-Sonia Rathee starrer is an imperfectly perfect saga of love, heartbreak|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-broken-but-beautiful-3-review-sidharth-shukla-sonia-rathee-starrer-is-an-imperfectly-perfect-saga-of-love-obsession-and-heartbreak-2892422|access-date=28 June 2021|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628180524/https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-broken-but-beautiful-3-review-sidharth-shukla-sonia-rathee-starrer-is-an-imperfectly-perfect-saga-of-love-obsession-and-heartbreak-2892422|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Sidharth Shukla thanks fans for making Broken But Beautiful 3 a hit|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sidharth-shukla-thanks-fans-for-making-broken-but-beautiful-3-a-hit-1812750-2021-06-09|url-status=live|access-date=28 June 2021|website=India Today|date=9 June 2021|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610165251/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sidharth-shukla-thanks-fans-for-making-broken-but-beautiful-3-a-hit-1812750-2021-06-09}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Sidharth.jpg|thumb|Shukla unveiling Magna magazine’s latest issue]]
In 2014, he won the [[Gold Awards]] Most Fit Actor award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 winners|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/zee-gold-awards-2014-winners|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702000249/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/zee-gold-awards-2014-winners|archive-date=2 July 2020|access-date=3 April 2020|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref> and was included in [[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'s Television's Top 10 Actors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Television's Top 10 Actors|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actors/20140708.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325183827/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actors/20140708.htm|archive-date=25 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vidya">{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=31 March 2015|title=Vidya Balan, Huma Qureshi facilitated with special awards in New Delhi|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/vidya-balan-huma-qureshi-facilitated-with-special-awards-in-new-delhi-115033100988_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629224530/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/vidya-balan-huma-qureshi-facilitated-with-special-awards-in-new-delhi-115033100988_1.html|archive-date=29 June 2020}}</ref> In 2013, Shukla entered the ''[[Times of India]]'s'' Most Desirable Men of 2013 at 34th position,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Babu-most-desirable-actor-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men/articleshow/35481316.cms|title=Mahesh Babu is 2013's most desirable man - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 May 2014 |language=en|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920190054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Babu-most-desirable-actor-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men/articleshow/35481316.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ranking 33rd in 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2014 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 April 2015 |language=en|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809022213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-2014/articleshow/47071834.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> 44th in 2017,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-the-other-winners-of-the-times-50-most-desirable-men-2017/articleshow/64017683.cms|title=Here are the other winners of The Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2017 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506062916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-the-other-winners-of-the-times-50-most-desirable-men-2017/articleshow/64017683.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> 41st in 2018,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms|title=Meet India's most desirable dudes - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824154131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> 15th in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-dudes/articleshow/77683701.cms|title=Meet India's most desirable dudes - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=22 August 2020|access-date=22 August 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822074744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-dudes/articleshow/77683701.cms}}</ref> and 11th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Times Most Desirable Man of 2020: Sushant Singh Rajput - Philosopher, dreamer, charmer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|access-date=5 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605002021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was ranked 5th<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on TV - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-tv/articleshow/64223234.cms|access-date=25 March 2020|website=The Times of India|date=19 May 2018 |language=en|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409015759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-tv/articleshow/64223234.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and 7th<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet television's most desirable dudes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-televisions-most-desirable-dudes/articleshow/69268331.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512212551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-televisions-most-desirable-dudes/articleshow/69268331.cms|archive-date=12 May 2019|access-date=25 March 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> in the ''Times of India''<nowiki/>'s Top 20 Most Desirable Men on Television in 2017 and 2018 respectively, and then he was ranked 1st consecutively in The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television in 2019 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Times 20 Most Desirable Men on TV 2019, Catch all the stars who have bagged a rank in the list|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eB_mg-7_TA|access-date=3 September 2020|website=Youtube| date=2 September 2020 |language=en|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903053639/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eB_mg-7_TA&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2021|title=Sidharth Shukla tops Times Most Desirable Man on TV 2020 for second time in a row!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/sidharth-shukla-tops-times-most-desirable-man-on-tv-2020-for-second-time-in-a-row-2368122.html|access-date=10 June 2021|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610124851/https://zeenews.india.com/television/sidharth-shukla-tops-times-most-desirable-man-on-tv-2020-for-second-time-in-a-row-2368122.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was announced ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' Most Stylish TV Personality 2017.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|date=21 March 2017|title=HT Most Stylish 2017: Meet the nominees for Most Stylish TV Personality|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/ht-most-stylish-2017-meet-the-nominees-for-most-stylish-tv-personality/story-14evi7ESdWxyLprFkjQ9JK.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320045750/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/ht-most-stylish-2017-meet-the-nominees-for-most-stylish-tv-personality/story-14evi7ESdWxyLprFkjQ9JK.html|archive-date=20 March 2020|access-date=20 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Later in the year, he was also placed at the 10th position in the exclusive list of Top 12 Indian Male Hotties of 2017 by [[Trendrr]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.trendrr.net/12458/hottest-most-famous-indian-guys-handsome-male-actors-models-celebrities/ |title= Top 12 Indian Hottest Boys |website= Trendrr |access-date= 23 June 2021 |archive-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203252/https://www.trendrr.net/12458/hottest-most-famous-indian-guys-handsome-male-actors-models-celebrities/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

In 2019, Shukla was the ninth most searched personality in India on [[Google]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 13's Sidharth Shukla in 10 most searched personalities on Google in 2019; Koena Mitra too finds a spot - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13s-sidharth-shukla-in-10-most-searched-personalities-on-google-in-2019-koena-mitra-too-finds-a-spot/articleshow/72482601.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220003951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13s-sidharth-shukla-in-10-most-searched-personalities-on-google-in-2019-koena-mitra-too-finds-a-spot/articleshow/72482601.cms|archive-date=20 December 2019|access-date=18 January 2020|website=The Times of India|date=12 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he was declared [[The Times of India]]'s Charismatic TV personality.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-wins-times-men-of-the-year-2020-award-actor-expresses-gratitude/articleshow/80563200.cms |title= Bigg Boss 13 winner Sidharth Shukla wins Times Men of The Year 2020 award; actor expresses gratitude |website= Times of India |date= 29 January 2021 |access-date= 9 February 2021 |archive-date= 4 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204132312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-wins-times-men-of-the-year-2020-award-actor-expresses-gratitude/articleshow/80563200.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> Before the ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'' premiere, Sidharth was voted as the '' [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' Greatest Of All Times in a series of polls conducted by [[Colors TV]],<ref>{{Cite web | title=AND HE DID IT AGAIN! Phir ek baar aapka dil jeet kar @sidharth_shukla has become the ultimate #BiggBossGOAT! | url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1310519626531401728 | access-date=28 September 2020 | website=ColorsTV | language=en | archive-date=28 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928103009/https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1310519626531401728 | url-status=live }}</ref> where 16 popular contestants across all the previous 13 seasons were nominated for the title.<ref>{{Cite web | title = 16 contestants that won your heart, par ek hi hoga the #BiggBossGOAT! Who will you choose? | url = https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1304796911568814086 | access-date = 12 September 2020 | website = ColorsTV | language = en | archive-date = 12 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200912150641/https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1304796911568814086 | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Death ==
Shukla died on 2 September 2021 after suffering a [[heart attack]] at the age of 40.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2021|title=Actor Sidharth Shukla dies of heart attack at the age of 40 in Cooper Hospital Mumbai: Cooper Hospital|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/actor-siddharth-shukla-dies-of-a-heart-attack-mumbai-s-cooper-hospital-101630562780558.html|access-date=2 September 2021|work=Hindustan Times|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902065314/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/actor-siddharth-shukla-dies-of-a-heart-attack-mumbai-s-cooper-hospital-101630562780558.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Initial speculations about the causes of his death looked at his smoking habits, but Shukla, who was a former [[Chain smoking|chain smoker]], had quit smoking by then, thus another reason being invoked was potential [[Anabolic steroid|steroids]] abuse, especially as Shukla frequented the gym and aimed to keep a certain body image at his age;<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=DNA Special: 40-year-old star betrayed by his own heart |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/report-dna-special-40-year-old-star-betrayed-by-his-own-heart-2909267/amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218002410/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/report-dna-special-40-year-old-star-betrayed-by-his-own-heart-2909267/amp |archive-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dr Saranjeet |date=9 September 2021 |title=Extra Dose Of Steroids? Why Sidharth Shukla’s Death Confounds Sports Medicine Experts |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/opinion-extra-dose-of-steroids-why-sidharth-shuklas-death-confounds-sports-medicine-experts-news-394018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218002553/https://www.outlookindia.com/amp/story/sports/opinion-extra-dose-of-steroids-why-sidharth-shuklas-death-confounds-sports-medicine-experts-news-394018 |archive-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> this theory would be further substantiated when Shukla’s personal trainer during his last six years, Sonu Chaurasia, would state that, some two months before his death, Shukla told him that "his stomach had begun bloating because of the steroids and had to do something about it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Bharti |date=3 September 2021 |title=Sidharth Shukla's Trainer Sonu Chaurasia Remembers The Late Actor, Says He Never Overexerted As Fitness Was His Way Of Life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sidharth-shuklas-trainer-sonu-chaurasia-remembers-the-late-actor-says-he-never-overexerted-as-fitness-was-his-way-of-life/articleshow/85887482.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218002846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sidharth-shuklas-trainer-sonu-chaurasia-remembers-the-late-actor-says-he-never-overexerted-as-fitness-was-his-way-of-life/amp_articleshow/85887482.cms |archive-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''
| Angad Bedi
|Hindi film
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="autogenerated2" />
|-
| 2016
| ''Business In Kazakhstan''
| Mr. Chakraborty
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] film
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Бизнес по-казахски"/><ref name="Бизнес по-казахски - Трейлер 1080p"/>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Broken But Beautiful|Broken But Beautiful 3]]''
| Agastya Rao
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Sidharth Shukla's Broken But Beautiful 3 premieres on May 29, Harleen Sethi announces|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sidharth-shukla-s-broken-but-beautiful-3-premieres-on-may-29-harleen-sethi-announces-1801669-2021-05-12|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=India Today|date=12 May 2021|language=en|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513213353/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sidharth-shukla-s-broken-but-beautiful-3-premieres-on-may-29-harleen-sethi-announces-1801669-2021-05-12}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na]]''
| Shubh Ranawat
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Siddharth-Shukla|title=Siddharth Shukla: TV Shows, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510191745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Siddharth-Shukla|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Jaane Pehchaane Se... Ye Ajnabbi]]''
| Veer Vardhan Singh
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Shukla-is-not-ready-to-mingle/articleshow/13966819.cms|title=Siddharth Shukla is not ready to mingle - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 June 2012 |access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011205857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Shukla-is-not-ready-to-mingle/articleshow/13966819.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Sidharth
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Love U Zindagi]]''
| Rahul Kashyap
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="auto" />
|-
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Karan
| Episode 747 - Paagal Aashiq
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="aajtak.intoday.in"/>
|-
| 2012–2015
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| Shivraj Shekhar
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="BV"/>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
| Contestant
| 7th place
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="JDJ6"/>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Savdhaan India]] ''
| rowspan="2" | Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[India's Got Talent (season 6)|India's Got Talent 6]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="indiatoday.in"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[India's Got Talent (season 7)|India's Got Talent 7]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="auto2"/>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
| Parth Bhanushali
| Replaced by [[Rohan Gandotra]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="DSDT"/>
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-bags-the-trophy-wins-cash-prize-of-rs-40-lakh/articleshow/74155218.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13 winner: Sidharth Shukla bags the trophy, wins cash prize of Rs 40 lakh - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216004202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-bags-the-trophy-wins-cash-prize-of-rs-40-lakh/articleshow/74155218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| Senior
| For first two weeks
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name = "BB14-2"/>
|-
| 2021
| Host
| For 16th week
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name = "BB HOST"/>
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Role
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ek Packet Umeed]]''
| Unnamed
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-do-miss-pratyusha-siddharth-shukla/articleshow/19018875.cms|title=I do miss Pratyusha: Siddharth Shukla|website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=You have done shows like Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na, Ek Packet Umeed, Jaane Pehchaane Se Ye Ajnabbi, Love You Zindagi. But Balika Vadhu got you immense popularity.|date=18 March 2013|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902130150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-do-miss-pratyusha-siddharth-shukla/articleshow/19018875.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Love Ne Mila Di Jodi]]''
| rowspan="5" | Veer Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| rowspan="2" | Rahul Kashyap
|
|-
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
| rowspan="5" | Shivraj Shekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay — Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| ''[[Rangrasiya]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
| rowspan="6" | Himself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/siddharth-shukla-in-humpty-sharma-ki-dulhania-14763.html|title=Siddharth Shukla gets nostalgic 'Jhalak...' set|date=4 June 2014|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703202555/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/siddharth-shukla-in-humpty-sharma-ki-dulhania-14763.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/comedy-nights-with-kapil/1/360559/varun-and-alia-kill-it-with-kapil/353434|website=Voot|title=S1 E94 - Varun and Alia kill it with Kapil|language=en|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011205905/https://www.voot.com/public_html/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Comedy Classes]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-9-gutthi-siddharth-shukla-and-adaa-khan-to-ring-in-new-year-with-the-housemates-2161054 |title=Bigg Boss 9: Gutthi, Siddharth Shukla and Adaa Khan to ring in New Year with the housemates! |work=DNA.com |date=31 December 2015 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622161738/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-9-gutthi-siddharth-shukla-and-adaa-khan-to-ring-in-new-year-with-the-housemates-2161054 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-9-finale-arjun-kapoor-s-khatron-ke-khiladi-team-has-a-double-trouble-time-with-finalists-2169495 |title=Bigg Boss 9 Finale: Arjun Kapoor's 'Khatron ke khiladi' team has a double trouble time! |work=dnaindia.com |date=23 January 2016 |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811083513/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-9-finale-arjun-kapoor-s-khatron-ke-khiladi-team-has-a-double-trouble-time-with-finalists-2169495 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)|Bigg Boss 10]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-that-will-happen-at-the-bigg-boss-10-grand-finale-2297482|title=All that will happen at the Bigg Boss 10 grand finale!|date=28 January 2017|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710061539/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-that-will-happen-at-the-bigg-boss-10-grand-finale-2297482|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| rowspan="2" | Parth Bhanushali
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman|Ek Shringaar Swabhiman]]''
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
| rowspan="8" | Himself
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''Kitchen Champion''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aapkacolors.com/gallery/pearl-v-puri-and-siddharth-shukla-in-the-house/|title=Pearl V Puri and Siddharth Shukla in the house!|website=ColorsTv|language=en-US|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011205906/https://www.aapkacolors.com/us/gallery/pearl-v-puri-and-siddharth-shukla-in-the-house/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/pics-erica-fernandes-surbhi-jyoti-pearl-v-puri-other-tv-actors-on-madhuri-dixit-dance-deewane-2-ganpati-celebrations-1062601#image3|title=Pics: Erica Fernandes, Surbhi Jyoti, Pearl V Puri & Other TV Actors Grace 'Dance Deewane 2' Ganpati Celebrations|date=27 August 2019|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915145416/https://www.abplive.in/television/pics-erica-fernandes-surbhi-jyoti-pearl-v-puri-other-tv-actors-on-madhuri-dixit-dance-deewane-2-ganpati-celebrations-1062601#image3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shehnaz-gill-breaks-down-in-tears-as-she-reunites-sidharth-shukla-on-mujhse-shaadi-karoge/articleshow/74188588.cms|title=Shehnaz Gill breaks down in tears as she reunites with Sidharth Shukla on Mujhse Shaadi Karoge - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218194233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shehnaz-gill-breaks-down-in-tears-as-she-reunites-sidharth-shukla-on-mujhse-shaadi-karoge/articleshow/74188588.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
| ''[[Namak Issk Ka]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Sidharth Shukla to gift fans a Holi-special performance. Watch video|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/sidharth-shukla-to-gift-fans-a-holi-special-performance-watch-video-1782765-2021-03-23|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2021|website=India Today|date=23 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324075111/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/sidharth-shukla-to-gift-fans-a-holi-special-performance-watch-video-1782765-2021-03-23}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dance Deewane |Dance Deewane 3]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title='Broken But Beautiful 3' star Sidharth Shukla visits 'Dance Deewane 3' show, photos go viral|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-broken-but-beautiful-3-star-sidharth-shukla-visits-dance-deewane-3-show-photos-go-viral-2893372|access-date=4 June 2021|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603212120/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-broken-but-beautiful-3-star-sidharth-shukla-visits-dance-deewane-3-show-photos-go-viral-2893372|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Sidharth Shukla says his Bigg Boss 13 journey wouldn't have been same without Shehnaaz|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/sidharth-shukla-says-his-bigg-boss-13-journey-wouldn-t-have-been-same-without-shehnaaz-1841155-2021-08-15|url-status=live|access-date=19 August 2021|website=India Today|date=15 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815191006/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/sidharth-shukla-says-his-bigg-boss-13-journey-wouldn-t-have-been-same-without-shehnaaz-1841155-2021-08-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dance Deewane |Dance Deewane 3]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=After BB OTT, Sidharth Shukla and Shehnaaz Gill to appear on Dance Deewane 3|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/after-bb-ott-sidharth-shukla-and-shehnaaz-gill-to-appear-on-dance-deewane-3-1841748-2021-08-17|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2021|website=India Today|date=17 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817144011/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/after-bb-ott-sidharth-shukla-and-shehnaaz-gill-to-appear-on-dance-deewane-3-1841748-2021-08-17}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
!Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2004
|''Resham Ka Rumal''
|[[Ila Arun]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="RKR"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| ''[[Bhula Dunga]]''
| [[Darshan Raval]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-friends-shehnaaz-gill-and-sidharth-shukla-to-co-star-in-a-music-video-2195784|title=Bigg Boss 13 Friends Shehnaaz Gill And Sidharth Shukla To Co-Star In A Music Video|website=NDTV.com|date=15 March 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324051735/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-friends-shehnaaz-gill-and-sidharth-shukla-to-co-star-in-a-music-video-2195784|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dil Ko Karaar Aaya''
| [[Yasser Desai]], [[Neha Kakkar]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
| ''Shona Shona''
| [[Tony Kakkar]], [[Neha Kakkar]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Shona" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Habit''
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Sidharth Shukla Last Song Habit Out: Shehnaaz Gill Gets Teary Eyed As She Pays Tribute To The Late Actor|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-sidharth-shuklas-last-song-habit-out-shehnaaz-gill-gets-teary-eyed-pays-tribute-to-late-actor-sidnaz-last-song-watch-5062742/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.india.com|date=21 October 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
[[File:Shukla12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shukla at the [[60th Filmfare Awards]] in January 2015]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Show/Movie
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2005
|[[Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest|Gladrags Manhunt Contest]]
|World's Best Model
|{{N/a|N/A}}
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|[[Star Guild Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Drama Series
| rowspan="6" |''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|{{Nom|Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]]
|GR8! Performer of the Year (Male)
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="ITA"/>
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor (Popular)]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=22 July 2013|title=Photos: 2013 Boroplus Gold Awards Winners List!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/2013-boroplus-gold-awards-2013-winners-list-115204.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730034705/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2013/2013-boroplus-gold-awards-2013-winners-list-115204.html|archive-date=30 July 2014|access-date=3 April 2020|website=filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|[[Star Guild Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Drama Series
|{{Nom|Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|Big Star Entertainment Awards]]
|Most Entertaining Television Actor - Male
|{{Nom|Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]]
|GR8! On-Screen Couple of the Year (With [[Toral Rasputra]])
|{{Nom|Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2014|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/gallery/indian%20of-television-academy-awards-2014/ss-BBcv6Kp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701231541/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/gallery/indian-television-academy-awards-2014/ss-BBcv6Kp|archive-date=1 July 2020|access-date=1 April 2020|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|Most Fit Actor (Male)
|{{N/a|N/A}}
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=20 May 2014|title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007093126/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html|archive-date=7 October 2019|access-date=20 March 2020|website=filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2015
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male|Breakthrough Supporting Performance (Male)]]
|rowspan="3" |''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="autogenerated2" />
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Male Debut
|{{Nom|Nominated}}
|
|-
| Television Style Awards
| Most Stylish Leap from TV to Films
| {{won}}
|-
|2017
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular|Best Actor - Male]]
|''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
|{{Nom|Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2017/113|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2017 Winners: Complete list of winners|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827042437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2017/113|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]
|Style Icon of Television Industry (Male)
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= 25 November 2020|title=Gold Glam and Style Awards 2020: Hina Khan, Sidharth Shukla win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/gold-glam-and-style-awards-2020-hina-khan-sidharth-shukla-win-big-7064808/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]
* [[List of Indian film actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|3983956}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|siddharth-shukla}}

{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}
{{Bigg Boss}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Sidharth}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Best Model of the World winners]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Drug-related deaths in India]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) winners]]
[[Category:Khatron Ke Khiladi winners]]

List of international trips made by Salman Khurshid as Minister of External Affairs of India

2025-09-05T16:48:41Z

Gauravdewasi: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}

This is a '''list of international trips''' undertaken by [[Salman Khurshid]] (in office 2012{{ndash}}2014) while serving as the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] of [[India]]. The list includes both individual visits undertaken by him and visits in which he accompanied the Prime Minister or some other dignitary on their overseas visits. The list includes only foreign travel which he made during his tenure in the position.

==Summary of international trips==
{{Further|Foreign relations of India}}
In his two-year tenure as the Minister of External Affairs, Salman Khurshid made 39 international trips, visiting 43 countries.

[[File:Map of international trips of External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid.svg|500px|thumb|center|Map of international trips made by Salman Khurshid as Minister of External Affairs.]]
{{legend|#a1a7ef|One visit}}
{{legend|#737ce8|Two visits}}
{{legend|#000000|India}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+Minister of External Affairs Salman Khurshid's visits by country
|-
!Number of visits
!Country
|-
|1 visit (38)
|[[Afghanistan]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Belgium]], [[Bhutan]], [[Brazil]], [[Brunei]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[France]], [[Hungary]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Maldives]], [[Morocco]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Philippines]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sudan]], [[Switzerland]], [[Thailand]], [[Tunisia]], [[Turkey]], [[Uganda]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Uzbekistan]]
|-
|2 visits (5)
|[[Germany]], [[Laos]], [[Russia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]]
|}

==2012==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:11em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! Images
|-
! 1
| {{flag|Laos}}
| 5{{ndash}}6 November
| Attended the 9th [[Asia–Europe Meeting]] Summit. Met with Prime Minister [[Thongsing Thammavong]], Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Thongloun Sisoulith]], and other visiting leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/commentary/2012/nov/01/salman-khurshid-to-visit-laos/7540987aa7a966816a1d2d92e0bb4368|title=Salman Khurshid to visit Laos|date=1 November 2012|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid with the Prime Minister of Laos Thongsing Thammavong on 7 November 2012.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 2
| {{flag|Myanmar}}
| 14{{ndash}}16 December
| Met with President [[Thein Sein]], Foreign Minister [[Wunna Maung Lwin]], and National League for Democracy leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]. Inaugurated the International Conference on Buddhist Cultural Heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?20964/Bilateral+Visit+of+the+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Myanmar|title=Bilateral Visit of the External Affairs Minister to Myanmar|date=13 December 2012}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Shri Salman Khurshid with President of Myanmar Mr. U Thein Sein in Nay Pyi Taw (December 14, 2012).jpg|center|180px]]
|}

==2013==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:11em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! Images
|-
! 3
| {{flag|France}}
| 10{{ndash}}11 January
| Met with President [[François Hollande]] and Foreign Minister [[Laurent Fabius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21039/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+France+January+1011+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to France, January 10-11, 2013|date=9 January 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister meeting with President of France Mr.Francois Hollande in Paris on 11 January 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 4
| {{flag|Bhutan}}
| 14{{ndash}}15 January
| Met with King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], Fourth King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]], Prime Minister [[Jigme Thinley]], and Economic Affairs and Foreign Affairs Minister [[Khandu Wangchuk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21051/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Bhutan+January+1415+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Bhutan, January 14-15, 2013|date=12 January 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister and his wife Smt. Louise Khurshid calling on His Majesty the King of Bhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck in Thimphu (January 15, 2013).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 5
| {{flag|Germany}}
| 28{{ndash}}29 January
| Met with Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], Foreign Minister [[Guido Westerwelle]], Education and Research Minister [[Annette Schavan]], and Berlin Mayor [[Klaus Wowereit]].<ref name="GerBel2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21135/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Germany+and+Belgium+January+2831+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Germany and Belgium, January 28-31, 2013|date=26 January 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meeting with German Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel in Berlin on 28 January 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|European Union}} {{flag|Belgium}}
| 30{{ndash}}31 January
| Met with Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Didier Reynders]] and Vice President of the European Commission and European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy [[Catherine Ashton]].<ref name="GerBel2013"/>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Shri Salman Khurshid meeting with Mr Didier Reynders, Deputy PM and Foreign Minister of Belgium in Brussels (Janaury 31, 2013).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 6
| {{flag|Chile}}
| 5{{ndash}}7 February
| Met with Interior and Public Security Minister [[Andrés Chadwick]], Foreign Minister [[Alfredo Moreno Charme]], and Deputy Foreign Minister Alfonso Silva Navarro.<ref name="ChlArg2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/Feb/05/salman-khurshid-to-visit-latin-america-447655.html|title=Salman Khurshid to visit Latin America|date=5 February 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Shri Salman Kurshid meeting with Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile Mr. Alfredo Moreno Charme on 6 February 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|Argentina}}
| 7{{ndash}}8 February
| Met with President [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]].<ref name="ChlArg2013"/>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Shri Salman Khurshid meeting with the President of Argentina, Ms Cristina Fernandez in Buenos Aires (February 07, 2013).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 7
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| 16{{ndash}}17 February
| Attended the 2nd India-Bangladesh Joint Consultative Commission Meeting. Met with Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], Foreign Minister [[Dipu Moni]], and Opposition Leader[[Khaleda Zia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21178/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Bangladesh+February+1617+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Bangladesh, February 16-17, 2013|date=15 February 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meeting with Prime Minister of Bangladesh H.E. Sheikh Hasina in Dhaka on 16 February 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 8
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| 13 March
| Met with Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Sheikh [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] and Foreign Minister Sheikh [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Shri Salman Khurshid meeting with Foreign Minister of UAE Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi (March 13, 2013).png|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 9
| {{flag|Japan}}
| 26{{ndash}}27 March
| Attended the 7th Annual India-Japan Strategic Dialogue. Met with Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe]] and Foreign Minister [[Fumio Kishida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21438/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Japan+March+2627+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Japan, March 26-27, 2013|date=21 March 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Shri Salman Khurshid calls on the Prime Minister of Japan Mr. Shinzo Abe in Tokyo (March 27, 2013).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 10
| {{flag|Germany}}
| 10{{ndash}}12 April
| Accompanied Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to the Second India-Germany Intergovernmental Consultations. Met with Foreign Minister [[Guido Westerwelle]].
| [[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the German Chancellor, Ms. Angela Merkel in a group photograph with the Ministers of India and Germany, at the Federal Chancellery, in Berlin on April 11, 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 11
| {{flag|Uganda}}
| 17{{ndash}}20 April
| Met with Foreign Minister [[Sam Kutesa]].
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Shri Salman Khurshid and Ugandian counterpart Mr. Sam Kutesa at the delegation level talks in Kampala on 20 April 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 12
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| 26{{ndash}}28 April
| Attended the [[Istanbul Process|Heart of Asia - Istanbul Process]] Ministerial Conference. Met with President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], Foreign Minister [[Erlan Idrissov]] and Turkish Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]].
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid calls on President of Kazakhstan, H.E. Mr. Nursultan Nazarbayev in Almaty on 28 April 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|Russia}}
| 28{{ndash}}30 April
| Met with Deputy Prime Minister [[Dmitry Rogozin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pRT4cu9slcBy7ZbInNMsGO/Foreign-minister-Khurshid-arrives-in-Russia.html|title=Foreign minister Khurshid arrives in Russia|date=27 April 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meeting with Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin in Moscow on 29 April 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 13
| {{flag|Iran}}
| 3{{ndash}}5 May
| Attended the 17th India-Iran Joint Commission Meeting. Met with President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], Foreign Minister [[Ali Akbar Salehi]], and Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly [[Ali Larijani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21643/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Iran+for+the+17th+IndiaIran+Joint+Commission+meeting|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Iran for the 17th India-Iran Joint Commission meeting|date=2 May 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid calling on Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on 4 May 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 14
| {{flag|China}}
| 9{{ndash}}10 May
| Met with Premier of the State Council [[Li Keqiang]], State Councilor [[Yang Jiechi]], and Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21654/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China+May+0910+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the People’s Republic of China (May 09-10, 2013 )|date=6 May 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid calling on Chinese Premier Li Keqiang on 10 May 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 15
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| 25{{ndash}}26 May
| Met with Crown Prince Prince [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] and Foreign Minister Prince [[Saud bin Faisal Al Saud]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21725/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Saudi+Arabia+May+2526+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Saudi Arabia, May 25-26, 2013|date=20 May 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Sh. Salman Khurshid call on Crown Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Defence Minister of Saudi Arabia in Jeddah (May 25, 2013).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 16
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| 30{{ndash}}31 May
| Accompanied Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].
| [[File:Prime Minister Manmohan Singh witnessing the signing of agreements during visit to Thailand on 30 May 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 17
| {{flag|Norway}}
| 11{{ndash}}13 June
| Met with Foreign Minister [[Espen Barth Eide]]. Visited [[Himadri (research station)|Himadri Research Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/Jun/11/khurshid-in-norway-to-tap-funds-for-indias-infrastructure-485961.html|title=Khurshid in Norway to tap funds for India's infrastructure|date=12 June 2013|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Shri Salman Khurshid with Foreign Minister of Norway Mr. Espen Barth Eide, Norway's ambassador to India Mr. Eivind Homme and India's ambassador to Norway Mr. Rajendra Kumar Tyagi outside Longyearbyen, Svalbard.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 18
| {{flag|Iraq}}
| 19{{ndash}}20 June
| Met with Prime Minister [[Nouri al-Maliki]], Deputy Prime Minister [[Hussain al-Shahristani]], and Foreign Minister [[Hoshyar Zebari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?21824/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Iraq+June+1920+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Iraq (June 19-20, 2013)|date=16 June 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid with the Prime minister of Iraq H.E. Mr. Nouri Al- Maliki in Baghdad (June 20, 2013).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 19
| {{flag|Brunei}}
| 1{{ndash}}2 July
| Attended the [[ASEAN]]–India Ministerial, the 20th [[ASEAN Regional Forum]], and the [[Third East Asia Summit|3rd East Asia Summit]] Foreign Ministers Meeting. Met with Foreign Minister [[Prince Mohamed Bolkiah]] and other participating foreign ministers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/596/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Brunei+July+12+2013|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Brunei (July 1-2, 2013)|date=30 June 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:Secretary Kerry Participates in ASEAN Group Photo.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|Singapore}}
| 3{{ndash}}4 July
| Met with Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]], Emeritus Senior Minister [[Goh Chok Tong]], Deputy Prime Minister, Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs [[Teo Chee Hean]] and Foreign Minister [[K. Shanmugam]].
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meeting with Prime Minister of Singapore Mr. Lee Hsien Loong in Singapore on 3 July 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 20
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| 9 July
| Met with President [[Ram Baran Yadav]], Prime Minister [[Khil Raj Regmi]], and Foreign Minister [[Madhav Prasad Ghimire]].
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meeting with President of Nepal Mr. Ram Baran Yadav in Kathmandu on 9 July 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 21
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| 14{{ndash}}16 July
| Met with Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] and Foreign Minister [[János Martonyi]].
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meeting with Prime Minister Mr. Viktor Orban in office of Mr. Martonyi Foreign Minister of Hungary on 16 July 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 22
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| 23{{ndash}}25 July
| Met with President [[Abdullah Gül]], Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], and Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]].
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid with Mr. Abdullah Gul, President of Turkey in Istanbul on 26 July 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 23
| {{flag|Laos}}
| 8{{ndash}}10 September
| Attended the 7th Lao-India Joint Commission Meeting. Met with President [[Choummaly Sayasone]], Prime Minister [[Thongsing Thammavong]], and Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Thongloun Sisoulith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?22174/7th+IndiaLao+Joint+Commission+Meeting+on+Bilateral+Cooperation|title=7th India-Lao Joint Commission Meeting on Bilateral Cooperation|date=9 September 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meeting with H.E. Mr. Choummaly Sayasone, President of the Lao PDR on September 10, 2013 during his visit to Lao PDR.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 24
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| 12{{ndash}}13 September
| Attended the 13th [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]] Council of Heads of State Summit. Met with President [[Almazbek Atambayev]].<ref name="KyrUzb">{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?22182/External+Affairs+Ministers+Visit+to+Kyrgyz+Republic+and+Uzbekistan+September+1215+2013|title=External Affairs Minister’s Visit to Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan (September 12-15, 2013)|date=10 September 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:2013 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| 14{{ndash}}15 September
| Met with Foreign Minister [[Abdulaziz Kamilov]].<ref name="KyrUzb"/>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister received by Foreign Minister Mr. Abdulaziz Kamilov of Uzbekistan at the Foreign Ministry in Tashkent on 14 September 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 25
| {{flag|Canada}}
| 21{{ndash}}23 September
| Met with Foreign Minister [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]], International Trade Minister [[Ed Fast]], Sport Minister of State [[Bal Gosal]], and Parliamentary Secretary [[Deepak Obhrai]].
| [[File:Salman Khurshid in Canada September 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|United Nations}} {{flag|United States}}
| 23{{ndash}}28 September
| Accompanied Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] [[Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly|68th United Nations General Assembly session]]. Met with several participating leaders.
| [[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With Indian External Affairs Minister Khurshid (9936271823).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 26
| {{flag|Russia}}
| 2{{ndash}}3 October
| Met with Deputy Prime Minister [[Dmitry Rogozin]] and Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]].
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid and Foreign Minister of Russia Mr. Sergey Lavrov during a Press Conference in Moscow (October 02, 2013).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 27
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| 7{{ndash}}8 October
| Met with President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], Foreign Minister [[G. L. Peiris]], and Economic Development Minister [[Basil Rajapaksa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/salman-khurshid-visit-to-sri-lanka-india-fishermen-issue-213401-2013-10-05|title=Salman Khurshid to pay 2-day visit to Sri Lanka, to take up Indian fishermen issue|date=6 October 2013|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid with President of Sri Lanka, Mahinda Rajapaksa in Colombo (October 08, 2013).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 28
| {{flag|Indonesia}}
| 10{{ndash}}12 October
| Accompanied Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].
| [[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and the President of Indonesia, Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono witnessing the signing of agreement, in Jakarta, Indonesia on October 11, 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 29
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| 14{{ndash}}17 October
| Attended the India-Brazil Joint Commission Meeting. Met with Foreign Minister [[Luiz Alberto Figueiredo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22316/External+Affairs+Ministers+Visit+to+Brazil+October+1417+2013|title=External Affairs Minister’s Visit to Brazil, October 14-17, 2013|date=11 October 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid with his Brazilian counterpart Luiz Alberto Figueiredo Machado at Joint Commission Meeting in Brasilia on 15 October 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 30
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| 21{{ndash}}23 October
| Attended the 2nd Philippines-India Joint Commission Meeting. Met with Vice President [[Jejomar Binay]] and Foreign Secretary [[Albert del Rosario]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?22362/Joint+Statement+on+2nd+IndiaPhilippines+Joint+Commission+on+Bilateral+Cooperation+October+21+2013|title=Joint Statement on 2nd India-Philippines Joint Commission on Bilateral Cooperation, October 21, 2013|date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid at meeting with Secretary Alberto Del Rosario on 21 September 2013.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|Singapore}}
| 23{{ndash}}24 October
| Attended the 3rd Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting. Met with President [[Tony Tan]], Defence Minister [[Ng Eng Hen]] and Foreign Minister [[K. Shanmugam]].
|
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 31
| {{flag|Australia}}
| 30 October{{ndash}}1 November
| Attended the [[Indian Ocean Rim Association]] Council of Ministers Meeting. Met with Foreign Minister [[Julie Bishop]] and other visiting ministers.
| [[File:Heads of Delegations Photo- Indian Ocean Rim Association- 13th Council of Minister's Meeting at Perth, Australia.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 32
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| 15{{ndash}}17 November
| Attended the [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/pm-to-skip-chogm-in-lanka-khurshid-to-represent-india-sources/20131109.htm|title=PM to skip CHOGM in Lanka, Khurshid to represent India: Sources|date=9 November 2013|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
| [[File:2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting group photo Colombo Sri Lanka.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 33
| {{flag|Bahrain}}
| 7{{ndash}}9 December
| Attended the 9th edition of the Manama Dialogue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?22590/Official+visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+Kingdom+of+Bahrain|title=Official visit of External Affairs Minister to the Kingdom of Bahrain|date=6 December 2013}}</ref>
|
|}

==2014==
{|class="wikitable outercollapse sortable"
!
! style="width:11em"| Country
! style="width:7em"| Date(s)
! class="unsortable"| Details
! Images
|-
! 34
| {{flag|Switzerland}}
| 21{{ndash}}23 January
| Attended the International Conference on Syria (Geneva II). Met with several participating foreign ministers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pmindiaun.gov.in/pressrelease/MTM,|title=Visit of Shri Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs to Montreaux for the International Conference on Syria (Geneva II), 22 January 2014.|date=22 January 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid attends the Plenary Session of the Geneva-II Conference (January 22, 2014).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! rowspan="3"| 35
| {{flag|Morocco}}
| 30 January{{ndash}}1 February
| Met with King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]], Prime Minister [[Abdelilah Benkirane]], and Foreign Minister [[Salaheddine Mezouar]].<ref name="MorTun">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/khurshid-to-visit-morocco-tunisia/article5627697.ece|title=Khurshid to visit Morocco, Tunisia|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid with HM King Mohammed VI of Morocco in Marrakesh. (February 03, 2014).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|Tunisia}}
| 2{{ndash}}3 February
| Met with President [[Moncef Marzouki]], Prime Minister [[Mehdi Jomaa]], Foreign Minister [[Mongi Hamdi]], and leaders of various political parties.<ref name="MorTun"/>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid calls on President of the Republic of Tunisia, Dr. Moncef Marzouki at Carthage Presidential Palace, Tunis (February 3, 2014).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
| {{flag|Sudan}}
| 4{{ndash}}5 February
| Met with President [[Omar al-Bashir]] and Foreign Minister [[Ali Ahmed Karti]]. Received honorary doctorate from [[Alzaiem Alazhari University]].<ref name="MorTun"/>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meeting with President of Sudan, H.E. Omar al-Bashir on 4 February 2014.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 36
| {{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}
| 15{{ndash}}17 February
| Met with President [[Hamid Karzai]]. Inaugurated the National University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/delhi-to-kandahar/|title=Delhi to Kandahar|date=17 February 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid and President Hamid Karzai in Kandahar at the inauguration of the Indian assisted Afghan National Agricultural Science & Technology University.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 37
| {{flag|Maldives}}
| 20 February
| Attended the 35th [[SAARC]] Council of Ministers Inter-Summit session. Met with President [[Abdulla Yameen]] and Foreign Minister [[Dunya Maumoon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?22986/Joint+Statement+on+India+Maldives+Bilateral+Talks+during+the+official+visit+of+the+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Maldives|title=Joint Statement on India- Maldives Bilateral Talks during the official visit of the External Affairs Minister to Maldives|date=20 February 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid participates in the inaugural ceremony of the 35th session of SAARC Council of Ministers held in Maldives.jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 38
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| 12{{ndash}}14 March
| Attended the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Ministerial Action Group Meeting. Met with Foreign Secretary [[William Hague]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?23087/Official+Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+United+Kingdom+March+1214+2014|title=Official Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United Kingdom (March 12-14, 2014)|date=14 March 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid meets UK Foreign Secretary the Rt Hon William Hague MP in London (March 13, 2014).jpg|center|180px]]
|-
!colspan="5"|
|-
! 39
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| 24{{ndash}}25 March
| Attended the [[2014 Nuclear Security Summit|3rd Nuclear Security Summit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/salman-khurshid-to-represent-india-at-nuclear-summit-next-month/articleshow/30634488.cms?from=mdr|title=Salman Khurshid to represent India at Nuclear Summit next month|date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid being greeted by the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Mark Rutte at the start of the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague (March 24, 2014).jpg|center|180px]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of international presidential trips made by Pratibha Patil]]
* [[List of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh]]
* [[List of international trips made by S. Jaishankar as Minister of External Affairs of India]]
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mea.gov.in/eam-visits.htm EAM Visits] – by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]

{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khurshid, Salman}}
[[Category:Diplomatic visits by ministers of external affairs of India|Khurshid]]
[[Category:Lists of 21st-century diplomatic visits]]

Bhimrana

2025-09-01T09:19:46Z

Gauravdewasi: Put Up Initial Pg Needs Work - done

{{short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Bhimrana''' is a large village located in [[Okhamandal]] [[Taluka]] of [[Jamnagar district]], Gujarat. It is situated 16km away from sub-district headquarter [[Dwarka]] and 158km away from district headquarter [[Jamnagar]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bhimrana Village Population - Okhamandal - Jamnagar, Gujarat |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/513447-bhimrana-gujarat.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

The village is a religious & tourist attraction; as the Temple of [[Mogal Mata]] is located in village and thousands of devotees visit village especially on Tuesdays and Sundays. The village is believed to be birth place of Mogal Mata.<ref>{{cite news |title=દ્વારકા જિલ્લાના ભીમરાણા ગામમો થયો હતો મોગલ માનો જન્મ, જાણો તેનો ઈતિહાસ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/mogal-ma-was-born-in-bhimrana-village-of-dwarka-district-know-its-history-313180 |access-date=10 August 2025|work=Zee News Gujarati |publisher=z ૨૪ કલાક |date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=આજે મોગલ માતાજીનો પ્રાગટ્ય મહોત્સવ:રાજ્યભરમાંથી હજારોની સંખ્યામાં ભાવિકો દર્શનાર્થે ઉમટી પડશે |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/dwarka/news/today-is-moghal-matajis-famous-festival-132055416.html |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>

The village is also served by a Railway Station of the same name.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhimrana (BMRN) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/bhimrana-bmrn |website=www.railyatri.in |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|22.36195|N|68.97967|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Jamnagar district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Tripunithura N. Radhakrishnan

2025-07-31T07:55:15Z

Gauravdewasi:

{{short description|Indian percussionist}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tripunithura N. Radhakrishnan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| instrument = [[Ghatam]]
| years_active = 1967 – present
}}
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Poonithura]], [[Ernakulam district]], Kerala,
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Percussionist, [[Ghatam]] exponent
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Lalithambika
| domesticpartner =
| children = 2

| parents = G. Narayanaswamy Alamelu Ammal
| website =
| awards = [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Award and Fellowship
}}
'''Tripunithura N. Radhakrishnan''' is a [[Ghatam]] exponent from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He is the first artist to receive the noted [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] for Ghatam.<ref name="IAR"/> He has played the Ghatam in tens of thousands of venues across hundreds of countries.

==Biography==
N. Radhakrishnan is the youngest of four children of Alamelu Ammal and [[Poonithura]] Valiya Parambu Meethil house G. Narayanaswamy, a renowned musician fondly called as ''Achasamy'' by the people in music field in the region.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ രാധാകൃഷ്ണന്‍@60 : ഘടത്തില്‍ ശ്രുതിചേര്‍ത്ത സംഗീതയാത്രയ്ക്ക് 50 വയസ്സ് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-02-12-2017/690136 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> It was his father who taught him the first lessons in mridangam.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=യേശുദാസ് വേദികളിലെ സ്ഥിരം സാന്നിധ്യം, പക്കവാദ്യക്കാരുടെ പാഠപുസ്തകം: തൃപ്പുണിത്തുറ എൻ. രാധാകൃഷ്ണൻ അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2021/09/30/interview-with-tripunithura-n-radhakrishnan.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Thrippunithura Mahadevan, the son of his father's sister, was a Ghatam scholar.<ref name="Manorama"/> Many of the relatives were also [[percussion instrument]] artists.<ref name="Manorama"/> He started practicing the Ghatam from a young age, and made his debut at the age of ten.<ref name="Manorama"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghatam expert Thrippunithura Radhakrishnan shares experience with Manorama News {{!}} Manorama News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_olVL89jLI |work=Manorama News |language=ml}}</ref> Later he got expert training from Parassala Ravi and his cousin Padmabhushan [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]].<ref name="IAR" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-26 |title=Where music once echoed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/where-music-once-echoed/article6151714.ece |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He passed ''Gana Bhushan'' from [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]], Thripunithura in 1982.<ref name="IAR">{{cite web |title=Tripunithura N Radhakrishnan: A Self-Taught Ghatam Player |url=https://www.indiaartreview.com/stories/tripunithura-n-radhakrishnan-a-self-taught-ghatam-player |website=India Art Review|date=17 February 2021 }}</ref> Then he passed ''Gana Praveena'' from [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and later a master's degree in Mridangam from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref name="IAR"/> He later became a teacher in the college where he studied.<ref name="Manorama"/>

Radhakrishnan has been running the GN Swamy Memorial Music School near the Poornathrayesa Temple in Thripunithura for 21 years.<ref name="Manorama"/> During his fifty years as a Ghatam teacher, he was able to impart lessons to many. Many of these are now professional artists.<ref name="Manorama"/> He also leads a fusion band named ''Ghatalayatarangam'', which includes Ghatam, [[Chenda]] and [[Tabla]].<ref name="Manorama"/>

===Personal life===
He and his wife Lalithambika have 2 children, singer Renjith and a daughter.<ref name="Manorama"/> He now resides at Vikram Sarabhai Road, Poonithura.<ref>{{cite news |title=അംഗീകാരം ഘടത്തിന്; രാധാകൃഷ്ണന് സന്തോഷം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/ernakulam/2021/02/07/ernakulam-radhakrishnan-awarded-with-sangeetha-nadaka-academy-fellowship.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

==Musical career==
Radhakrishnan was one of those who sought to give due recognition to the Ghatam which was known only as a supporting instrument in [[Indian classical music]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web |last1=Pradeep |first1=K. |title=The man who makes the ghatam sing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ghatam-artist-tripunithura-radhakrishnan-talks-of-his-50-years-in-music/article21241316.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=1 December 2017}}</ref> His first stage performance was on 16 January 1967.<ref name="Hindu"/> He has played the Ghatam in tens of thousands of venues across hundreds of countries.<ref name="Manorama2">{{cite news |title=സംഗീതസപര്യയുടെ പെരുമയുമായി ഘടം വിദ്വാന്‍ തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ രാധാകൃഷ്ണന്‍ |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/nattuvartha/central/2017/08/10/khadam-musician-tripunithura-radhakrishnan.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>

Radhakrishnan has played the Ghatam in concerts by famous musicians like [[Chembai|Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar]], [[M. D. Ramanathan]], [[Maharajapuram Santhanam]], [[Madurai Somasundaram]], Dr. [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]] and Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]].<ref name="Manorama"/> In instrumental music, he has performed with noted artists like [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]], [[T. N. Krishnan]], [[Kadri Gopalnath]], [[U. Srinivas]], [[L. Subramaniam]], [[N. Ravikiran]] and Shashank.<ref name="Manorama"/>

Radhakrishnan started playing Ghatam for [[K. J. Yesudas|Yesudas]]' concert on 31 March 1976, and has been performing at Yesudas' concerts for the last forty one years.<ref name="Hindu"/> He was also involved in the background music of Malayalam films such as Pooram, [[Rakkuyilin Ragasadassil]], Sriragam, [[Padamudra (film)|Padamudra]] and [[Devaasuram]].<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Awards and honours==
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 പുരസ്‌കാര സമർപ്പണം |url=http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/downloads/ksna_award_2020.pdf |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] |date=31 August 2021 |language=ml}}</ref>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] 1997<ref>{{cite web |title=Classical Music, Awards, Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music-a-ksna/464 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en}}</ref>
*Vasai Fine Arts Society's Lifetime Achievement Award 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=പുരസ്‌കാര നിറവിൽ തൃപ്പൂണിത്തറ രാധാകൃഷ്ണനും കലാമണ്ഡലം ക്ഷേമാവതിയും |url=https://amchimumbaionline.com/?p=5100 |work=Amchi Mumbai News Portal |date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
*Parakkadathu Koyickal Trust's Tripunithura Asthana Vidwan Puraskaram<ref>{{cite web |title=Award for Tripunithura N. Radhakrishnan |url=http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/news/music/2844-award-for-tripunithura-radhakrishnan |website=www.kutcheribuzz.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Tripunithura N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ghatam players]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Geeta Mandir Jalandhar

2025-07-14T17:09:42Z

Gauravdewasi: new

{{Short description|Indian temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Geeta Mandir, Jalandhar
|native_name=गीता मंदिर
|image=
|deity=[[Krishna]]
|locale=[[Jalandhar]]
|state=[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|country=[[India]]
|map_type=India Punjab
|map_caption=Location in Punjab
|coordinates={{coord|31.3069|75.5804|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
|website=https://geeta-mandir.e-temple.in
}}
The Geeta Mandir is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Model Town, [[Jalandhar]], city of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geeta Mandir, Jalandhar |url=https://geeta-mandir.e-temple.in |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Geeta Mandir |language=en-US}}</ref> It is dedicated to Lord [[Krishna]]. Located in Model town, it is one of the most visited temples in the [[Jalandhar]] city after [[Devi Talab Mandir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=जालंधर के सबसे प्रसिद्ध गीता मंदिर की निर्माण शैली है खास, जन्माष्टमी पर देश-विदेश से पहुंचते हैं श्रद्धालु |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/jalandhar-city-geeta-mandir-is-the-most-famous-temple-of-jalandhar-city-21361458.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
Geeta Mandir is dedicated to Lord Krishna and is located near Nikku Park in model town, Jalandhar, Punjab. The temple has a statue of Shree Radha Krishna in the center and about 10 more Deities around it. The temple is crowded during Janmastami festival. The temple is famous for its spiritual enlightenment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geeta Mandir – Hindu Temple Timings, History, Location, Deity, shlokas |url=https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/geeta-mandir-jalandhar/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/pargat-singh-gets-heros-welcome-in-jalandhar-319121 Pargat Singh Mla of Jalandhar Welcome at Geeta Mandir Jalandhar], ''Tribune News''
* [https://www.jagran.com/punjab/jalandhar-city-geeta-mandir-is-the-most-famous-temple-of-jalandhar-city-21361458.html जालंधर के सबसे प्रसिद्ध गीता मंदिर की निर्माण शैली है खास, जन्माष्टमी पर देश-विदेश से पहुंचते हैं श्रद्धालु], "Devotees Visited on Krishna Janmasthami"
* [https://punjab.punjabkesari.in/jalandhar/news/5th-meeting-of-sri-ram-navami-utsav-committee-1134371 श्री राम नवमी उत्सव कमेटी की 5वीं बैठक गीता मन्दिर अर्बन एस्टेट फेज 2 में आज], "Ram Navami"
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/news/latest-jalandhar-news-041003-1499907.html श्री गीता मंदिर में नवनिर्माण मंदिर की स्थापना 20 को], "Gita Temple"

[[Category:Hindu temples in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar]]