Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

P. T. Punnoose

2026-05-06T18:59:30Z

Gasperalmeida: New the post from scratch

{{short description|Indian politician (1911-1971)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Punnoose|Pulimoottil Thomas}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = P. T. Punnoose
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|20 November 1911}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1971|1911}}
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of Parliament for [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| parliament =
| majority =
| office = Member of Parliament for [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambalapuzha]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor = ''Inaugural Holder''
| successor = ''Himself''
| prior_term =
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = ''Himself''
| successor1 = [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| spouse = [[Rosamma Punnoose]]
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter
| website =
}}

'''Pulimoottil Thomas Punnoose'''<ref name="nic">{{Cite web|last=Punnoose|first=P.T|title=P.T Punnoose|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/931.htm|access-date=3 September 2020|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> (20 November 1911 – 1971) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the [[Ambalapuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambalapuzha]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Parliament Debate |publisher=India Parliament, Lok Sabha Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=1956 |location=India |pages=2871}}</ref> in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Punnoose|first=P.T|title=P.T Punnoose|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-p-t-punnoose-member-of-parliament-mp-from-ambalapuzha-kerala-biodata/|access-date=3 September 2020|website=EntranceIndia}}</ref> Punnoose is one among the five members of [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party's]] temporary [[Travancore|Travancore state]] committee set up at the 1942 Pandalam conference.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anooj |first=M. A. |date=27 February 2022 |title=മറവിയിൽ പതിച്ച ‘വാരിക്കുന്തം’... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2022/02/27/kv-pathros-life-strory.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 April 2026 |work=Manorama Online}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
P. T. Punnoose was born on 20 November 1911 at [[Thiruvalla]] in [[Travancore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members: Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Travancore-Cochin&lsno=1 |access-date=September 6, 2020|website=Loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> His father was I. Thomas. He was educated at [[Changanassery|Changanacherry]] and [[Trivandrum]].<ref name="nic" />

==Marriage and children==
P. T. Punnoose married [[Rosamma Punnoose]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rosamma Punnoose is no more|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131229/news-current-affairs/article/rosamma-punnose-no-more|access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref> who was a Catholic and later leader of the Communist Party of India ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]]), in 1946. Punnoose was a [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Marthoma Syrian]]. No marriage between a Catholic woman and a Marthoma man had ever occurred in the region, at the time. Besides which, Rosamma's family supported the [[Indian National Congress]], and objected to her marrying a communist. Furthermore, he was wanted by police and authorities who were conducting a crackdown against communists at the time. As with all Christian weddings between communist couples, at the time, the two were married at a church in [[Cochin]] with a special letter of consent from the Pope. He had to be brought to the church quietly to evade to police. They have two children a daughter and son.

==Political view==
P. T. Punnoose was one of the early leaders of communist movement in [[Kerala]]. He had started his political career at [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] during the time of [[Indian independence movement|freedom struggle]]. He was attracted to ideologies of [[Communist Party of India]]. He remained in the CPI after the historical split in 1964.

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha]]
*[[List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punnoose, P.T.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]

House of Paigah

2026-05-04T13:54:33Z

Gasperalmeida: new new info

{{Short description|Noble family in the senior aristocracy of Hyderabad State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2012}}
{{COI|date=January 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox family
| name = [[Dynasty|House]] of [[Paigah family|Paigah]]
| other_names =
| type = [[Noble family]]
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image = Paigah Coat of Arms.jpg
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family =
| country = [[Hyderabad State]]
| ethnicity = 
| region = 
| early_forms =
| etymology = 
| origin = 
| founded = 
| founder = [[Nawab Abu'l Fateh Khan]]
| current_head =
| dissolution = {{End date|df=yes|1948}}
| deposition = 
| cadet branches = 
| final_ruler = 
| final_head = 
| titles = Shams ul-Umara.
Amir-i-Kabir.
Bahadur.
Imam Jang.
Umdat-ud-Daula.
Umdat-ul-Mulk.
Namwar Jang.
Umdat-ul-Mulk.
Shams-ud-Daula.
Shams-ul-Mulk.
Amir-i-Akbar.
Azam-ul-Umara.
Rifa’at Jang.
Inayat Jang.
Waliyat Jang.
Viqar ul-Umara.
Iqtaidar ul-Mulk.
Iqtaidar ud-Daula.
Secundar Jang.
Sultan ul-Mulk.
| styles = 
| members = [[Asman Jah]] and his son [[Moin-ud-Daula Bahadur Asman Jah]], Zahir Yar Jung [[Viqar-ul-Umra]] and his son Sultan ul Mulk Khursheed Jah
| other_families = [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] [[Salar Jung family]] [[Pataudi family]] [[Talpur dynasty]] [[Qu'aiti|Qu'aiti Sultanate]]
| distinctions = 
| traditions = 
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| motto_trans =
| heirlooms = 
| estate = 
| properties = [[Devdi Iqbal ud-Dowla]] [[Asman Garh Palace]] [[Paigah Tombs]] [[Paigah Palace]] [[Vikhar Manzil]]
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Paigah family''' was a [[Nobility|noble]] family from the former [[Hyderabad State]].<ref name="Faruqui">{{cite journal|title= At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India|url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/20488070|last= Faruqui|first=Munsid. D|journal= Modern Asian Studies|page=22|year=2009|volume=43|number=1|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi= 10.1017/S0026749X07003290|jstor= 20488070|s2cid= 146592706|access-date=24 August 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The family maintained their own court, individual palaces, and a standing army of about fourteen thousand infantry and cavalry troops.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bhopal14 |title=bhopal14}}</ref>

== History ==
The word ''Paigah'', which means pomp and rank in [[Persian language|Persian]], was a title given by the [[Asaf Jah II|second]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] to [[Nawab Abu'l Fateh Khan|Nawab Abu'l Fateh Khan Tegh Jung Bahadur]] in appreciation of the royal services rendered by him. (According to many scholars, the first half of the word "Pai" refers to "Foot" and the remaining half "Gah" refers to "the place to rest on.") The Paigahs were known to be close to the Nizams and were the army Chieftains. They were also reported to have a marital alliance with Asaf Jahi Family. Many Paigah men married the women of the Nizam's family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh|first=Mainak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&dq=Khursheed+Jah+Devdi&pg=PA508 |title=
Perception, Design and Ecology of the Built Environment A Focus on the Global South|date=2020 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-25879-5 |language=en}}</ref> Nawab Abu'l Fateh Khan Tegh Jung Bahadur was also conferred with the titles of ''Shams-ul-Umra'' ("The Sun among Nobles"), ''Shams-ul-Mulk'', and ''Shams-ud-Daula''. He became the founder of the Paigah family.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-paigahs-necropolis/article22481683.ece|title=The Paigah's necropolis|last=Safvi|first=Rana|date=2018-01-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhYjiciXlwwC&pg=PA83|title=The Days of the Beloved|last1=Lynton|first1=Harriet Ronken|last2=Rajan|first2=Mohini|date=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520024427|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Explore one of Hyderabad's hidden gems — the majestic Paigah tombs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/explore-one-of-hyderabads-hidden-gems-the-majestic-paigah-tombs/cid/2036537 |access-date=30 August 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>

Shaikh Muhammad Bahauddin, who was Governor of [[Shikohabad]] under [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], was the twelfth direct descendant of Shaikh [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]], a saint of the [[Indian subcontinent]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]). His ancestor had migrated from [[Lahore|Lahore, Punjab]] to Shikohabad in the reign of Jalaluddin Akbar.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBq2AAAAIAAJ&dq=abul+khair+khan+hyderabad&pg=PA315 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ... |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=William |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}</ref>

Abul Khair Khan, son of Shaikh Muhammad Bahauddin, was in the service of Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]. During this time, he was bestowed the title of ''Khan Bahadur''. His statesmanship was noticed by [[Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] (the then Prime Minister of Mughal, and later founder of [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] and known as Nizam I) and was appointed as Deputy Governor of [[Malwa]] and [[Khandesh]]. He joined Nizam on his way to [[Deccan]] and accompanied him in the battles against [[Maratha]]. During Nizam I's campaign to [[Delhi]] in the process to negotiate and stop [[Nadir Shah]], Khan safeguarded his Nizamat in Deccan and overthrow rebellion by his son Salabat Jung. During his career under Nizam I, he was appointed as ''Qila Dar'' of [[Dhar]] (1724), ''Faujdar'' of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Nabinagar, Mandu]] (1724), and later elevated up to ''Naib Subadar''-Deputy Governor [[Khandesh]] and [[Aurangabad]]. He died in 1752 and was buried in Burhanpur. His titles are ''Khan Bahadur'', ''Shamsher Bahadur'', and ''Imam Jang I''.

Abul Khair Khan had two sons. The elder son, Abul Barakat Khan Imam Jung II, was shot to death during the lifetime of his father while inspecting the fort near [[Poona]], which was captured from Maratha; he is buried in [[Burhanpur]]. His second son, [[Nawab Abu'l Fateh Khan|Abul Fateh Khan]], joined the services of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam II]]. Regarded as the head of Paigah family,<ref name="Mudiraj">{{cite book|title=Pictorial Hyderabad|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/stream/bhopal14/212129_Pictorial_Hyderabad#page/n87/mode/2up|pages=45–50|last=Mudiraj|first=Krishna Swamy K.|year=1929|publisher=Read Book (2006)|isbn=9781846643651|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> he was appointed to a mansab of 7,000 zat and 5000, sowar 1777, prom. to 9,000 sowars and a Paigah contingent of 12,000 troops in 1781 and received the Naubat, Naqara, and [[Mahi Maratib]] (ensigns of royalty). He constructed Nai Haveli in 1201H (1782 AD). He died at Pongel while on his way to face [[Tipu Sultan]] during the 2nd Mysore War on 1 January 1791. He is interred at [[Paigah Tombs]] beside the [[dargah]] of Beranashah Saheb. His titles at the time of his death were: Abul Fateh Khan, Abul Khair Khan II, Tegh Jung, Shums-ud-Dowlah, Shums-ul-Mulk, and Shams-ul-Umara I. He was survived by his son [[Shams-ul-Umra I]] and daughter Bibi Najeeba. He commanded the Battle of Udgir (1760 AD) against Balaji Baji Rao Peshwa III, accompanied Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II in all his campaigns, commanded the Campaign Adoni against Tipu Sultan (1200 H (1781 AD)), and the Battle of Nirmal (1783 AD) against Ehtasham Jung (Zafar ud Dowla Dhaunsa).

After Abul Fateh died, his son Fakhruddin Khan inherited the estates and titles. He was given the title ''Amir-e-Kabir'', which meant Head of the Nobles. He also married the daughter of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II]] Sahebzadi Bashirunissa Begum in 1797. Thus began the tradition of marrying Nizam's daughters to young men of the Paigah family.

Fakhruddin Khan's grandson through his third son was [[Nawab Asman Jah Bahadur|Sir Asman Jah]]. Jah had one son [[Moin-Ud-Dowlah Bahadur Asman Jah]] who sired 14 sons and 7 daughters. Fakhruddin Khan's fourth son Rasheeduddin Khan had two sons, [[Viqar-ul-Umra]] and Khurshid Jah.<ref name=":0" />

Nawab Mohammed '''Iqbaluddin Khan''', son of [[Moin-Ud-Daula Bahadur]] was married to '''Sahebzadi Ahmed Unisa Begum''', whose maternal grandfather was H.H [[Mahboob Ali Khan]] and paternal grandfather was Sultan ul-Mulk, Viqar-ul-Umrahi Iqtidar ud-Daula. He had 2 sons and 2 daughters, one of whom was Sahebzade Nawab Muhammed Hyder Uddin Khan [''Hyder Nawab'']. He was given this name by his uncle [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] and was the owner of [[Chiraan Fort Palace]], the other half of [[Paigah Palace]].

Bashir Yar Jung, a grandson of [[Viqar-ul-Umra]], married Saleha Sultan, the daughter of [[Sajida Sultan]] and [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]]. Their son [[Saad Bin Jung]] is a member of the Paigah family as well as [[Pataudi family|Pataudi Royal Family]].[[File:Paigah Tombs (7).jpg|thumb|Tomb of Abu'l Fateh Khan]]
[[File:Rafi Uddin Khan.jpg|thumb|Rafiuddin Khan Shams-ul-Umra, II Prime Minister of Hyderabad]]

== Family and [[Emir|Amir]]s ==
Upon the death of [[Shams-ul-Umra I|Fakhruddin Khan Shams-ul-Umra I]], the Paigah estate was divided between his two surviving sons: Rafiuddin Khan (d.1877) and Rashiduddin Khan (d.1881). Rafiuddin Khan's titles at the time of his death were: Abul Khair Khan IV, Namwar Jung, Umdat-ud-Doula, Shums-ud-Doula, Umdat-ul-Mulk, Shums-ul-Umara III, Amir-e-Kabir II. Rashiduddin Khan's titles at the time of his death were: Abul Khair Khan V, Bahadur Jung, Iqtidar-ud-Doula, Shums-ud-Doula, Iqtidar-ul-Mulk, Shums-ul-Mulk, Shums-ul-Umara IV, Viqar-ul-Umara I, Amir-e-Kabir III.
[[File:The Young Nizam Mehboob Ali Khan of Hyderabad, With Attendants, 1870s.jpg|thumb|Imam Jung, Narendar Pesckar, Salar Jung I, HH Nizam Mir Mehboob Ali Khan, Nawab Rasheeduddin Khan Amir e Kabir III, Bashir-Ud-Dowla Bahadur (Nawab Sir Asman Jah Bahadur), Sir Vicar-Ul-Umra Bahadur II]]

When Rafiuddin Khan died in 1877, his Paigah estate was inherited by his two adopted sons - Sabaqat Jung (1839–1880) and [[Asman Jah|Sir Asman Jah]] (1840–1898). However, when Sabaqat Jung died in 1880 without issue, his portion of the Paigah estate was divided into three parts and allocated between his younger brother Sir Asman Jah and his cousins Sir Khurshid Jah and [[Viqar-ul-Umra|Sir Viqar-ul-Umra]]. When Rashiduddin Khan died in 1881, his share of the Paigah estate was divided between his two sons Sir Khurshid Jah Bahadur (1841–1902) and Sir Viqar-ul-Umara Bahadur II (1856–1902). It was decided during this period that there would be no further divisions of the three estates. The Paigah estates were henceforth known as the Asman Jahi Paigah, Khursheed Jahi Paigah, and Viqar-ul-Umarahi Paigah.

Each of the three branches has its own Amir, appointed by the Nizam entirely at his own discretion. Preference was given to individuals whose mothers were daughters of the Nizam, provided that they were fit for the post, regardless of other seniority factors such as age. The newly appointed Amir would inherit the entire jaagir of the previous Amir and would be the ceremonial head of that branch of the Paigah family. The Nizam also had the authority to appoint one Amir from among the three Paigah Amirs to hold the honorary morchal (standard) behind the Nizam during Durbar.

According to the census of 1901, the three Paigah Estates in the Hyderabad State comprised 23 taluks dispersed over the districts of Bidar, Nander, Osmanabad, Gulbarga, Medak, Atraf-i-Balda, and Nizamabad, and a few scattered villages in Aurangabad, Warangal, Mahbubnagar, and Nalgonda, encompassing 1,273 villages, covering 4,134 square miles, over a population of 774,411 (The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 1, 1909).<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage In Stone: The Timeless Architecture of Hyderabad’s Paigah Nobility
|url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/heritage-in-stone-the-timeless-architecture-of-hyderabads-paigah-nobility |website=Outlooktraveller.com}}</ref>
[[File:AsmanGharPalast Hyderabad-Mallapet ca1900.jpeg|thumb|Asman Ghar Palace]]
[[File:The interior of Bashir-bagh Palace, Hyderabad, India.JPG|thumb|The interior of Bashir-bagh Palace]]
[[File:Sir Asman Jah.jpg|thumb|'''Sir Asman Jah Fancy dress party''' ]][[File:H.E The Nawab Sir Asman Jah Bahadur, K.C.I.E.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Asman Jah|Basheer-ud-Dowla Asman Jah]]]]
[[File:Sir Viqar-ul-Umra.jpg|thumb|[[Viqar-ul-Umra|Sir Viqar-ul-Umra]]]][[File:Interiors, Falaknuma Palace - 1.jpg|thumb| Falaknuma Palace]]
[[File:Falaknuma Palace 01.jpg|thumb|upright 1.5|The [[Falaknuma Palace]] in [[Hyderabad]]]]
[[File:Hyderabad, palazzo abbandonato khursheed jah devdi 01.jpg|thumb| [[Khursheed Jah Devdi]]]]

==Family tree==
*[[Nawab Asman Jah Bahadur|Asman Jah, Amir e Akbar, Nawab Sir Muhammad Mazhar ud-din Khan Bahadur]], son of Nawab Sultanuddin Khan (served as [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]])
*Amir-e-Paigah-e-Asman Jahi, [[Moin-ud-Daula Bahadur Asman Jah Innayat Jung]], Nawab Muhammad Moin uddin Khan Bahadur
*[[Viqar-ul-Umra|Viqar ul Umra II, Iqtedar-ul-Mulk, Iqbal-ud-Dowla, Sikandar Jung Amir e Paigah, Nawab Sir Muhammad Fazl ud-din Khan Bahadur]] (served as [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]] - 1893 to 1901).
*Nawab Fareed Nawaz Jung Bahadur<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Sarah |date=2026-04-07 |title=The wilful destruction of Hyderabad's heritage: Chiran Fort is in peril |url=https://www.siasat.com/the-wilful-destruction-of-hyderabads-heritage-chiran-fort-is-in-peril-3448178/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> (third son of Nawab Sultan ul Mulk), married Princess Sahibzadi Ghous unnisa Begum (daughter of [[Mir Mahboob Ali Khan]] Asaf Jah VI Nizam). Their daughter Sahebzadi Ahmed unnisa Begum was a member of both Nizam and Paigah families.
*[[Saad Bin Jung|Nawabzada Muhammad Saad Bin Jung]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/saads-jung/article3894869.ece|title = Saad's Jung|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 14 September 2012|last1 = Borah|first1 = Prabalika M.}}</ref>

==Relationship with the Nizams==
The bond between the [[Nizam]]s and the Paigah nobility strengthened with the marriage of Abul Fatah Khan's son Fakhruddin Khan with the daughter of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II]], Sahebzadi Bashirunissa Begum in 1797. Henceforth, Fakhruddin Khan's descendants married daughters of other [[Nizam]]s and consequently, in protocol, the Paigahs were considered next only to the Nizams. The ''Paigah jagir'' was the largest in the state, second only to the Nizam.

The Paigah nobility, being sons-in-law and brothers-in-law to the Nizams, were to a certain extent ''above the law''. The local police and courts did not have personal or [[in rem jurisdiction]] over their persons or property. They were subject only to the jurisdiction of the Nizam.

== Tombs ==
{{Main|Paigah Tombs}}
The [[Paigah Tombs]] are the tombs belonging to the nobility of Paigah family. They were constructed over a period of time during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. They are located in the [[Santoshnagar]] locality of [[Hyderabad]]. The tombs are made of lime and mortar with beautiful inlaid marble carvings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-paigah-tombs-the-lime-and-mortar-wonders/article19271266.ece|title=The Paigah Tombs: The lime and mortar wonders|last=Sripada|first=Krishna|date=2017-07-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Places Named after the Paigah family ==
[[Vikarabad]], a town in Telangana, is named after [[Viqar-ul-Umra|H.E Viqar-ul-Umra]], and the town of [[Shamshabad]], which houses the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], is also named after The Shams-ul-umra family. [[Moinabad, Ranga Reddy district|Moinabad]] was named after [[Nawab Moin-Ud-Daula Bahadur Asman Jahi]]. The area of [[Begumpet]] was gifted to the Paigah family, when Abul Fateh Khan's son Fakhr uddin Khan married the daughter of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II]] Sahebzadi Bashirunissa Begum. [[Basheerbagh]] is named after [[Asman Jah|H E Sir Asman Jah Bahadur Basheer ud Daula]]. [[Begumpet]], shaikpet orignally Jahandar Bagh Named after Lady Viqar-ul-Umra wife of [[Viqar-ul-Umra]] daughter of [[Afzal-ud-Daulah]] the Vth Nizam of hyderabad, Rashidguda Named aftre Rashid Uddin Khan,

[[Zaheerabad]] in Telangana is named after Nawab Zahir Yar Jung, Amir e Paigah Asman Jah.

==Paigah Deodis and Estate==
The Paigah noblemen were known for their residences, usually known as ''[[Devdi]]s''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/devdis-forgotten-heritage/|title=Forgotten Heritage: The Devdis of Hyderabad - Go UNESCO {{!}} GoUNESCO|website=www.gounesco.com|date=2 February 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref> [[Bashir Bagh Palace]] belonged to [[Sir Asman Jah]], a Paigah Amir and Prime Minister of Hyderabad (1887–1893). [[Sir Vicar-ul-Umra]], the Paigah Amir and the then prime minister of Hyderabad state 1894–1901 (also officiated as prime minister in 1893) presented [[Falaknuma palace]] in 1897, easily one of the most opulent palaces in the country, to the sixth Nizam, [[Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]]. after the annexation of [[Hyderabad State]] into india the paigah estate became one of the biggest high profile and longest running civil suit for an estate in the country known as C.S 7 of 1958<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamshidhar |first=Vujjini |date=2023-01-15 |title=Two-member panel to look into all Asman Jah Paigah pending cases {{!}} Two-member panel to look into all Asman Jah Paigah pending cases |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/140123/two-member-panel-to-look-into-all-asman-jah-paigah-pending-cases.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> and C.S 14 of 1958<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=N. Vamsi |date=2022-09-28 |title=Telangana HC special bench to hear CS 14 land cases on daily basis {{!}} Telangana HC special bench to hear CS 14 land cases on daily basis |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/280922/telangana-hc-special-bench-to-hear-cs-14-land-cases-on-daily-basis.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> 20,000 to 30,000 of acres of lands and jewellery worth millions<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-16 |title=From royal vaults to courtrooms: The never-ending saga of Paigah jewels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/from-royal-vaults-to-courtrooms-the-never-ending-saga-of-paigah-jewels/articleshow/130292917.cms |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Other important Paigah Palaces were:

*[[Asman Garh Palace]]
*[[Paigah Palace]]
*[[Khursheed Jah Devdi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/devdi-khurshid-jah-state-dilapidation-389976/|title=Devdi Khurshid Jah in a state of dilapidation {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|date=12 January 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/khursheed-jah-devdi-cries-for-attention/article6215239.ece|title=Khursheed Jah Devdi cries for attention|last=Khan|first=Asif Yar|date=2014-07-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Vikhar Manzil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/03/24/stories/2004032400410300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Palace with a view|date=2004-03-24|access-date=2018-07-22}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*[[Devdi Iqbal ud-Dowla]]
*[[Basheer Bagh Palace]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-03-28 |title=Hyderabad: Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan’s tomb being restored |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-ustad-bade-ghulam-ali-khans-tomb-being-restored |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jahanuma|Jahanuma Palace]]
*Khana Bagh City Palace
*Vilayat Manzil
*[[Vikhar Manzil]]
*Parwarish bagh palace
*Begumpet Paigah House Zaheer Yar Jung
*Saroornagar Devdi
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!titular
|-
|[[File:‘Abu’l Fath Khan Bahadur, Taigh Jang.jpg|thumb]]
|'''Abu'l Fateh Khan Tegh Jung Bahadur [Imam Jung II] [‘Abu’l Khair Khan II]'''
|-
|'''Abu'l Fakr, Fakhr Uddin Khan'''
|'''Shams ul-Umara, Amir-i-Kabir, Khurshid ul-Mulk, Khurshid ud-Daula, Nawab Imam Jang III [‘Abu’l Khair Khan III]'''
|-
|[[File:Rafi Uddin Khan.jpg|thumb|'''Nawab Rafi ud-din Khan Bahadur,''']]
|'''Amir-i-Kabir, Shams ul-Umara, Umdat ud-Daula, Umdat ul-Mulk''', '''Namwar Jang [Muhammad Abu’l Khair Khan IV]'''
|-
|'''Nawab Muhammad Rashid uddin Khan Bahadur Jang'''
|'''Amir-i-Kabir, Shams ul-Umara, Viqar ul-Umara, Iqtaidar ul-Mulk, Iqtaidar ud-Daula [Muhammad Abu’l Khair Khan V]'''
|-
|'''Nawab Sir Muhammad Muhi ud-din Khan Bahadur, Taigh Jang'''
|'''Khurshid Jah, Shams ul-Umara, Amir-i-Kabir, Khurshid ul-Mulk, Khurshid ud-Daula [Muhammad Abu’l Khair Khan VI], KCIE'''
|-
|[[File:H.E The Nawab Sir Asman Jah Bahadur, K.C.I.E.jpg|thumb|'''Nawab Sir Muhammad Mazhar ud-din Khan Bahadur''']]
|'''Asman Jah, Amir-i-Akbar, Azam ul-Umara, Umdat ul-Mulk, Bashir ud-Daula Rifa’at Jang, KCIE'''
|-
|[[File:Sir Viqar-ul-Umra.jpg|thumb|'''Nawab Sir Muhammad Fazl uddin Khan Bahadur,''']]
|'''Viqar ul-Umara, Iqtidar ul-Mulk, Iqbal ud-Daula, Secundar Jang, KCIE'''
|-
|'''Nawab Muhammad Hafiz uddin Khan'''
|'''Amir-i-Paigah-i-Khurshid Jahi, Shams ul-Mulk, Shams ud-Daula Zafar Jang,'''
|-
|'''Nawab Muhammad Mukhtar uddin Khan'''
|'''Amir-i-Paigah-i-Viqar-ul-Umara, Sultan ul-Mulk, Iqtidar ud-Daula, Namdar Jang'''
|-
|[[File:Moin-ud-daula.jpg|thumb|'''Nawab Muhammad Muin uddin Khan''']]
|'''Amir-i-Paigah-i-Asman Jahi, Muin ud-Daula, Inayat Jang'''
|-
|'''Nawab Muhammad Lutf uddin Khan'''
|'''Amir-i-Paigah-i-Khurshid Jahi, Lutf ud-Daula Latafat Jang'''
|-
|[[File:Amir e Paigah Zahir Yar Jung.jpg|thumb|'''Nawab Muhammad Zahir ud-din Khan Bahadur''']]
|'''Amir-i-Paigah-i-Asman Jahi Zahir Yar Jung (last Amir)'''
|}

==See also==
*[[Falaknuma Palace]]
*[[Paigah Tombs]]
*[[Chiraan Fort Palace]]
*[[Spanish Mosque]]
*[[Mahboob Chowk Clock Tower]]
*[[Nizamia observatory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080212103737/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/06/stories/2006100612200400.htm The Hindu feature]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040919030526/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm The Hindu feature on Paigah palace]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabads-opulent-palaces-a-pale-shadow-of-their-past/articleshow/45878127.cms Timesofindia.indiatimes on Basheerbagh Palace]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Indian noble families]]

Nishant Dev

2026-05-01T22:01:30Z

Gasperalmeida: New new stub with sources

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Nishant Dev
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Dev in 2023
| fullname =
| nicknames =
| nationality = Indian
| club =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|12|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karnal, Haryana]], India
| weight = [[middleweight]]
| height = 6 ft 1 in
|total=5
|wins=5
|KO=3
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[amateur boxing]]}} [[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[IBA World Boxing Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 IBA World Boxing Championships|2023 Tashkent]]|[[2023 IBA World Boxing Championships – Light middleweight|Light middleweight]]}}|stance=Southpaw}}

'''Nishant Dev''' (born 23 December 2000) is an Indian [[professional boxer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Nishant Dev rebounded from shoulder injury to World Championship medal |url=https://khelnow.com/amateur-boxing/2023-05-boxing-player-profile-nishant-dev |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Khel Now |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703122703/https://khelnow.com/amateur-boxing/2023-05-boxing-player-profile-nishant-dev |url-status=live }}</ref> As an amateur, he won a bronze medal in the 71 kg category at the [[International Boxing Association|IBA]] Men's World Boxing Championships in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Nishant Dev wins bronze in 71kg category at World Boxing Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/nishant-dev-india-bronze-medal-71kg-world-boxing-championships-iba-2023-highlights-summary/article66843319.ece |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com }}</ref>

==Early life==
Dev took up boxing in 2012, inspired by his uncle, who was a professional boxer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Nishant Dev wins bronze in 71kg category at World Boxing Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/nishant-dev-india-bronze-medal-71kg-world-boxing-championships-iba-2023-highlights-summary/article66843319.ece |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com }}</ref> He used to train under coach Surendra Chauhan at the Karan Stadium. His father used to wake him up at 4am and accompany him to training to ensure his son was trained well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=From spending most of 2022 out of boxing ring to World Championship medal, the story of Nishant Dev |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/ahead-of-the-world-boxing-championship-semi-final-pugilist-nishant-devs-father-shares-emotional-message-for-son-8604530/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=The Indian Express }}</ref>

== Olympic career ==
Nishant Dev Competed at the 2024 Olympics in the men's 71 kg category <ref>https://khelnow.com/amateur-boxing/paris-olympics-2024-nishant-dev-qualification-202407</ref> after qualifying by virtue of the [[2024 World Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament 2]].<ref>https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/nishant-dev-qualifies-paris-2024-olympics-quota-india-world-olympic-boxing-qualifiers-quarters-cebotari-71-kg-category-news/article68235635.ece#:~:text=Indian%20boxer%20Nishant%20Dev%20qualified%20for%20the%202024,quarterfinal%20at%20the%20World%20Boxing%20Qualifiers%20on%20Friday.</ref> He won the first round against Ecuadorian Boxer [[José Rodríguez Tenorio]] by split decision 3-2,<ref>https://www.sportskeeda.com/summer-olympics/news-nishant-dev-beats-ecuador-s-jose-rodriguez-tenorio-move-paris-2024-olympics-quarter-finals</ref> before losing controversially in the quarter finals against Mexican Boxer [[Marco Verde]],<ref>https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2024/nightmare-indian-boxer-nishant-dev-breaks-silence-on-controversial-paris-olympics-2024-defeat-6262581</ref> denying him a medal.

== Professional career ==
On 11 January 2025, it was reported that Dev had turned professional and signed a promotional contract with [[Eddie Hearn|Eddie Hearn's]] UK based [[Matchroom Boxing]]. One of the reasons for Hearn signing Dev was to expand on his territory, previously promoting events in USA, Australia, Italy, Spain and Middle East. Announcing the signing via his social media, Hearn said, “Boom! This could be a game-changer. Welcome to the team Amateur standout and 2024 Olympian Nishant Dev.” Dev was to be managed by Ireland’s Brian Peters, who also manages the likes of [[Katie Taylor]] and [[Raymond Ford]], amongst others. Dev's goal was to become India's first boxing superstar and first world champion. It was also reported that Dev would train in Las Vegas with former boxer Ronald Simms. On signing, Dev said, “I'm very excited to be joining Matchroom and beginning my professional career in Las Vegas on January 25. My goal is to become India's first-ever world professional boxing champion, and I know I have a whole nation behind me to help me achieve this. I know I have the right team behind me and the biggest promoter in the world to ensure that I reach the very top in the sport. I enjoyed my time as an amateur boxer and competed at the very highest level in the Olympics and [won] a World Championship medal, but now I'm ready for this new chapter in my career. The journey to the world championship starts in Las Vegas on January 25.” His debut was scheduled for the undercard of Steve Nelson vs. Diego Pacheco at [[Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas|The Cosmopolitan]] in Las Vegas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eddie Hearn announces 'game changer' signing of Olympian Nishant Dev |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/eddie-hearn-announces-game-changer-signing-of-olympian-nishant-dev--201206 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.boxingscene.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-11 |title=Boxer Nishant Dev turns professional, debut fight on January 25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/boxer-nishant-dev-turns-professional-debut-fight-on-january-25/articleshow/117144220.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Dev won his debut fight against Alton Wiggins, stopping him after 2 minutes and 48 seconds of the first round. Dev dropped Wiggins twice during the round.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-26 |title=Boxer Nishant Dev triumphs over American rival in rocking pro debut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/boxer-nishant-dev-triumphs-over-american-rival-in-rocking-pro-debut/article69144507.ece |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Dev had his second professional bout on 14 June at the [[The Theater at Madison Square Garden|MSG Theater]] in New York defeating Mexican Josue Silva via unanimous decision over 6 rounds. All three judges scored the bout 60-54 for Dev. There was small difficulty at the start when Silva landed to hard shots, but Dev soon took over and dominated the fight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaquin Moses makes the commute to MSG to dismantle Carl Rogers |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/articles/zaquin-moses-makes-the-commute-to-msg-to-dismantle-carl-rogers |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.boxingscene.com |language=en}}</ref> His third fight was scheduled to take place July 19 at the [[Ford Center at The Star|Ford Center]] in [[Frisco, Texas]] against LaQuan Evans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Jesse 'Bam' Rodriguez vs Phumelele Cafu date, time, tickets, stream - FIGHTMAG |url=https://schedule.fightmag.com/events/jesse-rodriguez-vs-phumelele-cafu/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Schedule - FIGHTMAG |language=en-US}}</ref> There was no knockdowns, however referee Lawrence Cole felt Evans had taken too much punishment and stopped the fight at 1 minute, 58 seconds of the sixth round, giving Dev a stoppage win.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hector Beltran Stops Edgar Gutierrez in 3rd Round at Frisco Prelims {{!}} BoxingScene |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/articles/hector-beltran-wows-frisco-atop-bam-rodriguez-phumelele-cafu-prelims |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=www.boxingscene.com |language=en}}</ref> On 1 November, he improved his professional record to 4–0 after defeating Mexican Juan Carlos Medina via unanimous decision over 6 rounds at Caribe Royale Orlando in [[Orlando, Florida]]. All three judges’ had the same 60-54 scorecards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=Omari Jones, Pat Brown Score Stoppage Wins On Pero-Thompson Undercard |url=https://ringmagazine.com/en/news/lenier-pero-vs-jordan-thompson-undercard-results |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=RingMagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omari Jones rips through Yusuph Metu in three rounds in Orlando |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/articles/omari-jones-rips-through-yusuph-metu-in-three-rounds-in-orlando |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.boxingscene.com |language=en}}</ref> He was scheduled to close out the year on the undercard of Matchroom's event in Ghana on 20 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Craig Richards-Dan Azeez Headlines Matchroom Ghana Show Dec. 20 |url=https://ringmagazine.com/en/news/craig-richards-dan-azeez-headlines-matchroom-ghana-show-dec-20 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=RingMagazine.com |language=en}}</ref> Dev fought Tanzanian boxer Ally Mbukwa in a six-round bout. Dev won via fourth-road knockout. It was his first professional fight outside the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-21 |title=Nishant Dev claims fifth successive win on his debut year in pro boxing |url=https://thebridge.in/boxing/nishant-dev-registers-fifth-consecutive-win-pro-circuit-55507 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> His next fight was announced to take place on the [[Jarrell Miller]] vs. [[Lenier Pero]] undercard, on 25 April 2026 at the [[Fontainebleau Las Vegas]] in Nevada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alan Chaves-Miguel Madueno to co-feature under Jarrell Miller-Lenier Pero |url=https://www.boxingscene.com/articles/alan-chaves-miguel-madueno-to-co-feature-under-jarrell-miller-lenier-pero |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.boxingscene.com |language=en}}</ref> It was Dev's first scheduled 8 round fight. It only took Dev two rounds to defeat Juan Carlos Guerra Jr. via TKO.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pardo-Marrero |first=Nate |date=2026-04-26 |title=Miller-Pero undercard results: Alan Chaves KOs Miguel Madueno in three |url=https://www.ringmagazine.com/news/miller-pero-undercard-results-alan-chaves-kos-miguel-madueno-in-three-5TbE10OBVl9k64HxE4oikK |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=The Ring |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Professional boxing record ==
{{BoxingRecordSummary
|draws=
|nc=
|ko-wins=3
|ko-losses=
|dec-wins=2
|dec-losses=
|dq-wins=
|dq-losses=
}}
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{nowrap|6–0}}
|style="text-align:left;"|Juan Carlos Guerra Jr.
|TKO
|2 (8), {{Small|2:57}}
|Apr 25, 2026
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Fontainebleau Las Vegas]], [[Winchester, Nevada]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|5
|{{Yes2|Win}}
|5–0
|style="text-align: left;" |Ally Mbukwa
|TKO
|4 (6), {{Small|1:38}}
|20 Dec 2025
|style="text-align: left;" |{{Small|[[Legon Sports Stadium]] [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]}}
|
|-
|4
|{{Yes2|Win}}
|4–0
|style="text-align: left;" |Juan Carlos Campos Medina
|UD
|6
|1 Nov 2025
|style="text-align: left;" |{{Small|Caribe Royale Orlando, [[Orlando, Florida]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|3
|{{Yes2|Win}}
|3–0
|style="text-align: left;" |LaQuan Evans
|TKO
|6 (6), {{Small|1:58}}
|19 Jul 2025
|style="text-align: left;" |{{Small|[[Ford Center at the Star]], [[Frisco, Texas]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
|style="text-align:left;" |Josue Silva
|{{abbr|UD|Unanimous Decision}}
|6
|14 Jun 2025
|style="text-align:left;" |{{small|[[Madison Square Garden Theater]], [[New York City, New York]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style="text-align:left;" |Alton Wiggins
|{{abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}}
|1 (6), {{small|2:48}}
|25 Jan 2025
| style="text-align:left;" |{{small|[[Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas|Chelsea Ballroom]], [[Paradise, Nevada]], U.S.}}
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
{{BoxRec|id=1037559}}
* [http://indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=17095 Indian Boxing Federation profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dev, Nishant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Featherweight boxers]]
[[Category:IBA Men's World Boxing Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Karnal]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic boxers for India]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games boxers for India]]

R. Krishnan (Pattali Makkal Katchi politician)

2026-04-30T02:18:25Z

Gasperalmeida: New a biography more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Krishnan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1953|10|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chithakkavundanpalayam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[P. Selvarasu]]
| successor1 = [[S. Gurusamy]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Weaving
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''R. Krishnan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from the village of Chithakkavundanpalayam in the Erode district. Having completed his education up to the eighth standard, Krishnan is a member of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) party. He contested the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]s from the [[Anthiyur Assembly constituency]] and emerged victorious to become a Member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 357-359.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=IndiaVotes AC: All Candidates of PMK for 2001 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/www.indiavotes.com/ac/allcabdidateparty?stateac=40&emid=153&party=202 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anthiyur<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2001 |title=2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Election Commission of India |page=284}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Krishnan (PMK politician)|R. Krishanan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=53,436 |percentage=54.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvarasu. P |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,374 |percentage=36.00% |change=-16.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavel . M. D |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,808 |percentage=3.88% |change=-0.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raja . M |party=Independent politician |votes=2,167 |percentage=2.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sellammal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,556 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnusamy. G |party=Independent politician |votes=1,083 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gurusamy. V |party=MNK(PLP) |votes=466 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam . G |party=Independent politician |votes=379 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,062 |percentage=18.38% |change=-6.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,269 |percentage=56.66% |change= -9.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,432 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, R.}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]

Mahesh (Malayalam actor)

2026-04-29T05:06:14Z

Gasperalmeida: creating page

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh
| image =
| birth_place = Tanzania
| occupation = actor
| spouse = Hema
| children = Malavika Nair, Meghna Nair
| parents = {{ubl|P K Padmanabhan Nair (father)|P Padmakumari (mother)}}
| years_active = 1984–present
}}

'''Mahesh''' is an Indian actor in [[Malayalam]] films and television serials.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=2175 | title=Mahesh }}</ref> He started his movie career as a hero and later shifted his focus to negative roles and then supporting roles in Television series.

==Career==
He started his career as an assistant director for the director [[J. Sasikumar]] in the early 1980s. Then he worked as an associate director for 16 Malayalam movies with different leading directors. Later he turned to the acting career. He first acted in the movie ''[[Mudra (1989 film)|Mudra]]'', directed by [[Sibi Malayil]] in 1989 at the age of 23. He went on to act in classic movies like ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]'', ''[[Sadayam]]'' ''[[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]'', etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thiranottam| date=22 May 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yOcl8KQ8Ng|publisher=ACV Channel|access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> He took a break in the late 1999s and went to [[United States]] and settled there. He made a comeback in 2006 and directed a Malayalam movie in 2008; ''[[Calendar (2009 film)|Calendar]]'', with [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Zarina Wahab]] and [[Navya Nair]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mahesh-into-direction-malayalam-news-42285|title = Mahesh into direction - Malayalam News|date = 14 October 2008}}</ref> He did story, screenplay and dialogue for the Malayalam movie ''[[Ashwaroodan]]''. Currently he is active in direction for Malayalam films.

==Personal life==
He was born to P. K. Padmanabhan Nair and Padmakumari in Tanzania, though he originally hails from Thiruvananthapuram. His father was working for the British government in Tanganyika, then he moved back to India in the early 1970s. They settled down in Alappuzha near to Udaya Studio, which attracted him to the film industry. He had his primary education from St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Pulinkunnoo and graduation in Bcom from S.D.([[Sanatana Dharma College]]), [[Alappuzha]]. His father died when he was eleven years old.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/289719?page=0,0 |title=സിനിമ വിളിച്ചില്ലെങ്കിലും പട്ടിണി കിടക്കില്ല (Even if the movie doesn't call, you won't go hungry) |access-date=4 March 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306023907/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/289719?page=0,0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is married to Hema. They have two daughters, Malavika and Meghna. He currently resides at Tripunithura. His elder daughter Malavika married Ajay Nair, a senior sub-editor for Sky news, in September 2021. They are settled in UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=വീടിനു സിനിമസ്റ്റൈല്‍ വേണ്ട :അനുഭവം|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=17583635&tabId=20&BV_ID=@@@|publisher=manoramaonline.com|access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As an actor===

====Malayalam====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1989 || ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]'' || Thomaskutty ||
|-
| ''[[Mudra (1989 film)|Mudra]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[The News (1989 film)|News]]'' || Roy Jacob ||
|-
| ''Shilpi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1990 || ''[[Purappadu (1990 film)|Purappadu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Commander'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Marupuram]]'' || Binoy's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnaranjaanam]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[Vembanaad]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1991 || ''[[Arangu (film)|Arangu]]'' || Vineeth Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Parallel College (film)|Parallel College]]'' || Ashok ||
|-
| ''Cheppukilukkana Changathi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttapathram]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1992 || ''[[Priyapetta Kukku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sadayam]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''Chevaliyar Michael'' || ||
|-
| ''Soorya Chakram'' || ||
|-
| ''Neelakkurukkan'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaazhchaykkappuram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kakkatholaayiram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kasarkode Khaderbai]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1993 || ''[[Uppukandam Brothers]]'' || Ettuveettil Sunil ||
|-
| ''Padhavi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aacharyan]]'' || Jeevan Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[City Police]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1994 || ''Kambolam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'' || Rameshan ||
|-
| ''[[Sudhinam]]'' || School Manager ||
|-
| ''[[Simhavaalan Menon]]'' || Arun Nambiar ||
|-
| ''Dollar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sukham Sukhakaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Njaan Kodeeshwaran]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Mimics Action 500]]'' || Rajan Thampan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1995 || ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Martin ||
|-
| ''Kidilol Kidilam'' || ||
|-
| ''Thirumanassu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Minnaminuginum Minnukettu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tom & Jerry (1996 film)|Tom & Jerry]]'' || Ramanan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1996 || ''Man of the Match'' || ||
|-
| ''Mimics Super 1000'' || ||
|-
| ''Sulthan Hyderali'' || ||
|-
| ''KL-7-95- Eranakulam North'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1997 || ''Kalyana Unnikal'' || Krishnanunni ||
|-
| ''Moonukodiyum Munnurupavanum'' || ||
|-
| ''Poothumbiyum Poovalanmarum'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Irattakuttikalude Achan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oral Mathram]]'' || Hameed ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Achamakuttiyude Achayan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Gloria Fernandes From U.S.A.'' || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''Auto Brothers'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Soothradharan]]'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Chakkara Muthu]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2008 || ''[[Malabar Wedding]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Best Friends'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || || Video Archive
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Calendar (2009 film)|Calendar]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010 || ''[[Puthumukhangal]]'' || John ||
|-
| ''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]'' || || Video archive
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action]]'' || || Video archive
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2012 || ''[[Last Bench]]'' || Rejimon ||
|-
| ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Face2Face (2012 Malayalam film)|Face2Face]]'' || Raghuprasad ||
|-
| ''Second Innings'' || ||
|-
| ''White Paper'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manthrikan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''[[Lokpal (film)|Lokpal]]'' || Tomichan ||
|-
| ''Omega.exe'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Geethaanjali]]'' || Koshy ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[The Dolphins (film)|The Dolphins]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ore Mukham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' || Geo's father ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2017 || ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshyam (2017 film)|Lakshyam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kala Viplavom Rashtreeyam'' || || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Angarajiyathile Ginmanmmaar'' || ||
|-
| ''Ayaal Jeevichirippundu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2018 || ''Vallikudilile Vellakkaran'' || ||
|-
| ''Theater'' || ||
|-
| ''Wonder Boys'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || Renjith ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[Janaadhipan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Orma'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kottayam'' || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Ellom'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Eesho]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Sheela'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Autorickshawkarante Bharya]]'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Garudan (2023 film)|Garudan]]'' || Judge ||
|-
|2024|| ''Kurukku''|| ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/kurukku-malayalam-movie-trailer-sfdwwq|title=മലയാളത്തില്‍ മറ്റൊരു ത്രില്ലര്‍ കൂടി; 'കുരുക്ക്' ട്രെയ്‍ലര്‍|website=Asianet News Malayalam}}</ref>
|}

====Tamil====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''Reengaara Oosai'' || || Also director and writer
|-
|}

====Hindi====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]'' || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''Galat Sambandh'' || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''Shauqeen Haseena'' || ||
|-
|}

====Kannada====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2023 || ''Sheela'' || ||
|-
|}

===Story===
*''[[Ashwaroodan]]'' (2007)
*''[[Calendar (2009 film)|Calendar]]'' (2009)

===Direction===
*''Street Of Harmony'' (documentary) (2004) (Won the New York film award in documentary category 2005.)
*''[[Calendar (2009 film)|Calendar]]'' (2009)
*''Paarkathonnume Unmayalli'' (2011)
*''Reengaara Oosai'' (Tamil) (2016) (Won special jury award for environmental friendly movie at Goa international Film festival 2022.)

===Dialogue===
*''[[Ashwaroodan]]'' (2007)

===Screenplay===
* ''[[Ashwaroodan]]'' (2007)
* ''Reengaara Oosai'' (2016)

==Television==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Serial !! Channel !!Notes
|-
|1988||''Nezhelyoudham''||[[DD Malayalam]]||Serial debut
|-
|2007||''Pavithra Jailelannu'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Return to serials
|-
|2007||''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''||Asianet||
|-
|2008||''Mounanombaram''||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2008-2011||''[[Paarijatham (2008 TV series)|Paarijatham]]'' ||Asianet||
|-
|2009||''Vigraham''||Asianet||
|-
|2010||''[[Rahasyam (2010 film)|Rahasyam]]'' ||Asianet||
|-
|2012||''Kadhyile Raajakumari'' ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2012||''Agniputhri'' ||Asianet||
|-
|2012||''Achante Makkal'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2012||''Snehakoodu'' ||Surya TV||
|-
|2014||''Amma Manasam'' ||Surya TV||
|-
|2014||''Ganga''||DD Malayalam||
|-
|2014||''Ithalukal'' ||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2014-2015||''[[Balaganapathy]]''||Asianet||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet television award 2015 for best Character actor (Special Jury)]]
|-
|2015||''Arayikkal Bivi''||Sakhi TV||
|-
|2015||''Junior Chanakyan''||Flowers TV||
|-
|2015||''[[Sthreedhanam]]''||Asianet||
|-
|2015||''My.Marumakan''||Surya TV||
|-
|2015||''[[Kalyanasougandhikam (TV series)|Kalyanasougandhikam]]''||Asianet||
|-
|2016||''Jagratha''||Amrita TV||
|-
|2016-2017||''Sathyam Shivam Sundaram''||Amrita TV||
|-
|2017||''Ennu Swantham Jani''||Surya TV||
|-
|2017-2018||''[[Mamangam (TV series)|Mamankam]]''||Flowers TV||
|-
|2017-2018||''Parishudhan''||Flowers TV||
|-
|2018–2019||''[[Bhagyajathakam (TV series)|Bhagyajathakam]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Pournami Thinkal]]''||Asianet||
|-
|2019-2020||''[[Bhadra (2019 TV series)|Bhadra]]''||Surya TV||
|-
|2020 ||''Koodathayi''||Flowers TV||
|-
|2021–2022||''Priyankari''||Flowers TV
|
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV Series)|KaanaKanmani]]''||Surya TV||
|-
|2024–present||''Madhura Nombara Kattu'' || Zee Keralam||
|-
|2024–present||[[Meenu's Kitchen]]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Ilayidam Thirumeni (Guest Artist - Episode 1)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1643472}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Mahesh&limit=20 Mahesh at MSI]
*{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/mahesh-malayalam-actor.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304131457/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/mahesh-malayalam-actor.html | archive-date=2014-03-04 | url-status=live | title=Mahesh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahesh}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Thalavai N. Sundaram

2026-04-23T08:40:46Z

Gasperalmeida: done...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thalavai Sundaram N
| image = ThalavaiSundaram.jpg
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[S. Austin (politician)|S. Austin]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanyakumari]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[N. Suresh Rajan]]
| successor1 = N. Suresh Rajan
| constituency1 = [[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanyakumari]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 1996
| term_end2 = 18 May 2001
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Thalavai Sundaram N''' is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thalavai Sundaram N.(AIADMK):Constituency- KANNIYAKUMARI(KANNIYAKUMARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=77|access-date=2021-05-09|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party. He was elected as a member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanyakumari Constituency]] in May 2021<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=2021-05-02|title=Kanniyakumari Election Result: Thalavai Sundaram of AIADMK Wins|url=https://www.india.com/tamil-nadu/kanniyakumari-election-result-live-updates-round-wise-counting-of-votes-lead-trail-sasikala-austin-thalavai-sundaram-p-t-selvakumar-sasikala-4622094/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> and in [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> He served as Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Rajya Sabha member from 3 April 1996 to 18 May 2001.<ref>[http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/alphabeticallist_all_terms.asp?alphabet=S List of Rajya Sabha members]</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{{transcluded section|source=Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|2016}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|2006}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|2001}}}}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundaram, Thalavai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Cyclone Nilofar

2026-04-17T06:11:27Z

Gasperalmeida: created a post w/ sources

{{Short description|North Indian cyclone in 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Nilofar
| image = Nilofar 2014-10-28 0939Z.jpg
| caption = Nilofar shortly before peak intensity on October 28
| formed = October 25, 2014
| dissipated = October 31, 2014
}}
{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 110
| pressure = 950
}}
{{Infobox weather event/SSHWS
| winds = 115
| pressure = 937
}}
{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| fatalities = 4 total
| damages = Minimal
| areas = [[Oman]], India, Pakistan
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

'''Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Nilofar'''{{efn|The name ''Nilofar'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: نیلوفر, [[Help:IPA/Urdu|[niːloːˈfəɾ]]]) was contributed by [[Pakistan]] and means "water lily" in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref name=dw>{{cite news|author=Tooba Masood|author2=Sameer Mandhro|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/783140/cyclone-nilofar-whats-in-a-name/|title =Cyclone Nilofar: What's in a name?|work=The Express Tribune|date=October 30, 2014|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref>}} was, at the time, the third-[[List of the most intense tropical cyclones|strongest cyclone]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. In late October 2014, it reached peak [[maximum sustained wind]]s estimated between {{convert|110|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on|round=5}} and {{convert|115|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on|round=5}}. The western fringes of the storm caused [[flash flood]]ing in northeastern [[Oman]], killing four people.

Nilofar originated from a [[low-pressure area]] between [[India]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. It developed into a depression on October 25 and moved generally northward through an area of favorable conditions. The system intensified into a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|cyclonic storm]] on October 26. Quickly organizing due to the conditions, Nilofar developed a well-defined [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] and structure, attaining its peak intensity on October 28. At the time, Nilofar was expected to make [[landfall]] in western India, prompting evacuations and preparations. However, high [[wind shear]] caused the storm to rapidly weaken, and Nilofar degraded into a remnant low-pressure area on October 31 off the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nilofar 2014 track.png}}
Toward the middle of October 2014, the [[monsoon trough]] was active over the [[Arabian Sea]] off the west coast of India. A circulation formed on October 19 near the [[Lakshadweep]] archipelago, remaining nearly stationary for several days. It developed a distinct [[low-pressure area]] on October 21,<ref name="imd">{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|pages=87–97|title=WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones: Annual Review 2014|date=February 2015|access-date=March 25, 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/annual-cyclone-review/Annual%20Review-2014.pdf}}</ref> and produced an intense area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]] by the next day. Despite moderate [[wind shear]], conditions favored further [[tropical cyclogenesis|development]], including warm water temperatures and good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory |date=October 22, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201410222330.htm |access-date=March 25, 2016 |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522045050/https://www.webcitation.org/6TXBSvINs?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201410222330.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> amplified by an [[anticyclone]] to its east-northeast.<ref name="imd"/> The structure became more organized by October 24, when broken [[rainband]]s were rotating around a poorly defined circulation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory |date=October 24, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201410240630.htm |access-date=March 27, 2016 |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522045131/https://www.webcitation.org/6TYfg5qsP?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201410240630.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> That day, the American-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) classified it as a tropical depression, although the agency did not issue warnings at the time.<ref name="bt">{{cite web|title=Best Track Data for Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar)|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=March 27, 2016|date=June 11, 2015|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2014/2014s-bio/bio042014.dat|format=DAT|archive-date=June 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602110551/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2014/2014s-bio/bio042014.dat|url-status=dead}}</ref> At 00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on October 25, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) classified the system as a depression about 1270 km (790 mi) southeast of [[Muscat, Oman]].<ref name="imd"/>

When the system first formed, it benefited from warm water temperatures of {{convert|28|to|30|C|F|abbr=on}} and a favorable phase of the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]]. Moderate wind shear and continued interaction with the monsoon dislocated the bulk of the deepest convection to the western periphery.<ref name="imd"/> By 12:00 UTC on October 25, the system organized enough for the JTWC to classify it as Tropical Cyclone 04A, and there were hints of an [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] within the thunderstorms. By the time of classification, the storm was moving to the northeast, steered by the [[subtropical ridge]] to the south,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Four) Warning NR 001 |access-date=March 27, 2016 |date=October 25, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410251500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044202/https://www.webcitation.org/6TajnKB8P?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410251500.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> although the motion slowed on October 26 due to competing influence of another subtropical ridge to the northwest.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Four) Warning NR 003 |access-date=March 27, 2016 |date=October 26, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044243/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tbk4GOXQ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410260300.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> That day, the system strengthened quickly; the IMD upgraded the depression to a deep depression at 03:00 UTC, to Cyclonic Storm Nilofar at 06:00 UTC, and further to a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|severe cyclonic storm]] at 21:00 UTC.<ref name="imd"/> At 00:00 UTC on October 27, the JTWC upgraded Nilofar to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, based on the development of a 54 km (33 mi) eye.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 007 |access-date=March 27, 2016 |date=October 27, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410270300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044326/https://www.webcitation.org/6TdPBhFvc?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410270300.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Throughout that day, the cyclone turned more to the northwest as a ridge built to the east, while the inner core of convection became more symmetrical and compact. Also by that time, [[tropical cyclone forecast model]]s anticipated that Nilofar would eventually recurve to the northeast and make [[landfall]] in western India.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 008 |access-date=March 27, 2016 |date=October 27, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410270900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044405/https://www.webcitation.org/6TdPBSSaX?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410270900.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref>

At 06:00 UTC on October 27, the IMD upgraded Nilofar to a very severe cyclonic storm. The storm was [[rapid intensification|rapidly intensifying]] at the time, after the wind shear had decreased,<ref name="imd"/> and the eye contracted to a diameter of 19 km (12 mi).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 010 |access-date=March 27, 2016 |date=October 27, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410272100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044445/https://www.webcitation.org/6TeoyTMuV?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410272100.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> At 09:00 UTC on October 28, the IMD upgraded Nilofar further to an extremely severe cyclonic storm.<ref name="imd"/>{{#tag:ref|The [[India Meteorological Department]] implemented the category of [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm]] in 2015 for storms with winds of {{convert|167|to|221|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}; such intensity was previously considered a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm.<ref>{{cite report|year=2015|title=Joint Session of Panel on Tropical Cyclones & Typhoon Committee|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=April 9, 2016|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/3JS_Reportdraft_FINAL.pdf}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Six hours later, the JTWC estimated peak 1-minute winds of {{convert|115|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on|round=5}};<ref name="bt"/> at the time, the agency anticipated further strengthening due to the favorable conditions and good organization.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 013 |access-date=March 28, 2016 |date=October 27, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410281500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044930/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tk8RwNUL?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410281500.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> At 18:00 UTC on October 28, the IMD estimated peak 3-minute winds of {{convert|110|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="imd"/> At the time, it was the third-strongest storm on record in the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 2, 2014|title=Cyclone Nilofar|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84650}}</ref> On October 29, Nilofar started weakening due to increased wind shear, and the convection diminished in intensity.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 015 |access-date=March 28, 2016 |date=October 29, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410290300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522045009/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tk8RXitx?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410290300.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> At the same time, the storm turned northeastward while rounding the ridge to the east.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 017 |access-date=March 28, 2016 |date=October 29, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410291500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044808/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tk8R7hER?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410291500.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Increasingly cooler and drier air, as well as cooler waters, caused the storm to degrade rapidly.<ref name="imd"/> The eye, previously small and well defined, dissipated by 06:00 UTC on October 29.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 016 |access-date=March 28, 2016 |date=October 29, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410290900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044852/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tk8RJlM0?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410290900.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Later that day, the center began decoupling from the convection, a sign of rapid weakening,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 018 |access-date=March 28, 2016 |date=October 29, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410292100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044727/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tk8QwB6F?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410292100.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> and by 21:00 UTC the IMD downgraded it to a severe cyclonic storm.<ref name="imd"/> Early on October 30, the JTWC downgraded Nilofar to a tropical storm,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 019 |access-date=March 28, 2016 |date=October 30, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044646/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tk8QiL42?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410300300.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> and subsequently the circulation became exposed from the convection.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 021 |access-date=March 28, 2016 |date=October 30, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410301500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044608/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tk8Q6Rxj?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410301500.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> At 18:00 UTC that day, the JTWC posted their final advisory.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Nilofar) Warning NR 022 |access-date=March 28, 2016 |date=October 30, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410302100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044525/https://www.webcitation.org/6Tk8PqPzy?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410302100.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Nilofar weakened further into a depression on October 31, and soon after degenerated into a remnant low off coast of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].<ref name="imd"/>

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nilofar 2014-10-30 0635Z.jpg|thumb|Cyclone Nilofar succumbing to strong wind shear on October 30. Note part of the low-level circulation exposed on the west side of the [[central dense overcast]]]]
Offshore buoys recorded 3.2 m (10.5 ft) waves and winds of 41 km/h (25 mph).<ref name="imd"/> The outskirts of the storm caused flash flooding in [[Al-Rustaq]] in northeastern Oman, killing four people after a vehicle was swept away in a flooded [[wadi]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Times of Oman|date=November 1, 2014|title=Flash flood toll in Oman rises to four}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Five people were rescued when another car was stranded amid floods west of Al-Rustaq.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Green Prophet|author=Basel Ismaiel|title=Cyclone Nilofar is Oman's new meteorological nemesis|date=November 1, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=http://www.greenprophet.com/2014/11/nilofar-omans-new-meteorological-nemesis/}}</ref>

In the storm's developmental stages, the outskirts of Nilofar dropped {{convert|410|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall in [[Margao]], [[Goa]],<ref name="imd"/> helping the state record its wettest October in four years.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Times of India|date=November 4, 2014|title=Hudhud, Nilofar give Goa its wettest October in 4 years}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Other nearby areas along India's west coast received heavy rainfall.<ref name="imd"/> The threat of the storm prompted officials to evacuate nearly 30,000 people in western India, utilizing 200 storm shelters.<ref name="bbc30"/> Most of the displaced people were living in thatched huts and weak structures.<ref name="exp"/> In coastal areas, schools were canceled for two days.<ref name="bbc30">{{cite news|agency=BBC News|title=India's Gujarat state braces for Cyclone Nilofar|date=October 30, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29828799}}</ref> Most of the evacuees quickly returned home after the storm weakened.<ref name="toi31"/> To minimize damage, trees were trimmed down to eliminate damage due to falling debris, and a total suspension of fishing activities was ordered,<ref name="exp">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/cyclone-nilofer-likely-to-hit-gujarat-coast/|title=Cyclone Nilofar: Severe storm to hit Gujarat on Oct 31 morning |work=The Indian Express|date=October 27, 2014}}</ref> with about 5,000 boats advised to return to port.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|title=Cyclone Nilofar approaches India's Gujarat state|date=October 27, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29782656}}</ref> Officials in Gujarat sent a warning of the storm to all operators of [[Amateur radio|ham radios]].<ref>{{cite news|date=November 2, 2014|title=Shortage of Ham radio operators in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana|work=The Times of India|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Shortage-of-Ham-radio-operators-in-Andhra-Pradesh-Telangana/articleshow/45008509.cms}}</ref> A distant warning signal 2 was hoisted in the ports of [[Kandla]] and [[Mundra]]. [[National Disaster Response Force]] deployed rescue and rehabilitation teams at [[Gandhidham]], [[Dwarka]], [[Porbandar]], [[Veraval]], [[Rajkot]] and [[Bhuj]] while standby teams were stationed at [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Vadodara]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/ndrf-positions-teams-as-nilofar-approaches-gujarat-coast_1490648.html|publisher=Zee News|date=October 28, 2014|title=NDRF positions teams as 'Nilofar' approaches Gujarat coast}}</ref><ref name=toia>{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilofar: NDRF pre-positioning teams in Gujarat, DoT announces measures|work=The Times of India|date=October 27, 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cyclone-Nilofar-NDRF-pre-positioning-teams-in-Gujarat-DoT-announces-measures/articleshow/44958805.cms|access-date=October 27, 2014}}</ref> After facing problems during [[2014 India–Pakistan floods|deadly floods]] in September and [[Cyclone Hudhud]] in October, mobile companies enacted greater preparations during Nilofar to guarantee operations during the storm, including an emergency hotline, setting up internet in shelters, and mobile cell towers.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=October 31, 2014|title=Telcos better prepared to tackle Cyclone Nilofar}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Despite the threat from the storm, Nilofar only produced light rainfall and gusty winds along the Gujarat coast.<ref name="toi31">{{cite news|date=October 31, 2014|title=Gujarat heaves sigh of relief as cyclone Nilofar fizzles out|work=The Times of India|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-heaves-sigh-of-relief-as-cyclone-Nilofar-fizzles-out/articleshow/44994689.cms}}</ref> Unseasonable rainfall damaged mangoes in [[Maharashtra]], causing prices to rise.<ref>{{cite news|work=Pune Mirror|author=Sandip Dighe|access-date=March 28, 2016|date=March 2, 2015|title=Showers to Rain on Mango Lovers' Parade|url=http://www.punemirror.in/pune/civic/Showers-to-rain-on-mango-lovers-parade/articleshow/46424266.cms}}</ref> Shifting air patterns brought cooler temperatures to western India, signaling the end of the monsoon season,<ref>{{cite news|date=November 1, 2014|title=Cool weather sets in, winter ahead|work=The Times of India|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Cool-weather-sets-in-winter-ahead/articleshow/45001264.cms}}</ref> while also bringing haze and smog over [[Delhi]] from polluting areas to the south.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 31, 2014|title=Haze in Delhi due to agri-waste burning|work=The Times of India|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Haze-in-Delhi-due-to-agri-waste-burning/articleshow/44999488.cms}}</ref>

In Pakistan, fishermen were also warned to avoid the sea, and people in coastal areas were evacuated. The country's [[Pakistan Navy|navy]], [[Pakistan Coast Guard|coast guard]], [[Pakistan Maritime Security Agency]], and fishermen organizations helped rescue fishermen stationed offshore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pakistan-braces-up-of-cyclone-nilofar-2029858|title=Pakistan braces for cyclone Nilofar|publisher=DNA|date=October 28, 2014}}</ref> Along the coast of [[Sindh]] province, bathing and swimming were banned for several days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone Nilofar: Sindh coastal belt closed till November 2|work=The News International, Pakistan|date=October 27, 2014|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-163962-Cyclone-Nilofar:-Sindh-coastal-belt-closed-till-November-2|access-date=October 27, 2014}}</ref> There were minor power outages in [[Karachi]] due to heavy rainfall from Nilofar.<ref>{{cite news|work=Pakistan Today|date=November 1, 2014|title=K-Electric's 120 feeders trip as first rains lash city|access-date=March 28, 2016|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/11/01/city/karachi/k-electrics-120-feeders-trip-as-first-rains-lash-city/}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of Gujarat tropical cyclones]]
*[[Cyclone Gonu]] – strongest tropical cyclone on record in the Arabian Sea
*[[Cyclone Chapala]] – second-strongest tropical cyclone on record in the Arabian Sea

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc14/IO/04A.NILOFAR/ 04A.NILOFAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922052431/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc14/IO/04A.NILOFAR/ |date=2021-09-22 }} from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

{{2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nilofar (2014)}}
[[Category:2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Extremely severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:2010s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2014]]

Maval Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:24:56Z

Gasperalmeida: creating stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maval
| constituency_no = 204
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 204-Maval.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sunil Shelke]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =386,301
}}
'''Maval Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and 21 located in Pune district.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It is a part of [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies: [[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]] and [[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]] from Pune district and [[Karjat]], [[Uran]] and [[Panvel]] from [[Raigad district]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/maval.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Maval Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maval Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/maval.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan =4 |{{center|''Maval North Mulshi''}}

|-
|[[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Veedharval Dabhade
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| colspan =4 |{{center|''Maval''}}

|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Rambhau Mhalgi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Namdeo Mohol
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Raghunath Satkar
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" | Krishnarao Bhegade
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| B. S. Gade Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" | Madanlal Bafna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Ruplekha Dhore
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" | Digambar Bhegde
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bala Bhegade]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Sunil Shelke]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Maval">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Maval |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13204.htm |accessdate=8 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208173059/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13204.htm |archivedate=8 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Shelke]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 191,255 |percentage = 69.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Alias Bapu Jaywantrao Bhegade |party=Independent politician |votes = 82,690 |percentage = 29.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,715 |percentage = 0.98% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 108,565 |percentage = 39.28% |change= {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 279,081 |percentage = 72.24% |change= {{increase}}0.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 276,366}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 386,301|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Shelke]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 167,712 |percentage = 67.97% |change={{increase}}35.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bala Bhegade|Bala Vishwanath Bhegade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,770 |percentage = 29.90% |change={{decrease}}16.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Ananda Ovhal |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,728 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,490 |percentage = 0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 93,942 |percentage = 38.07% |change= {{increase}}24.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 248,358 |percentage = 71.25% |change= {{increase}}0.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 246,734}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 348,581|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}21.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bala Bhegade|Bala Vishwanath Bhegade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 95,319 |percentage = 46.21% |change={{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyanoba Alias Mauli Dabhade |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 67,318 |percentage = 32.64% |change={{decrease}}4.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Shankar Gaikwad |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,624 |percentage = 8.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Macchindra Babanrao Kharade |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 17,385 |percentage = 8.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mangesh Dnyaneshwar Walunj |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,792 |percentage = 1.84% |change={{decrease}}2.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,006 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Pramod Eknath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,955 |percentage = 0.95% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,001 |percentage = 13.57% |change= {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 208,549 |percentage = 71.20% |change= {{increase}}5.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 206,274}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,898|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=21 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bala Bhegade|Bala Vishwanath Bhegade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 83,158 |percentage = 45.30% |change={{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapu Jaywantrao Bhegade |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 68,840 |percentage = 37.50% |change={{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Ramchandra Salve |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 15,160 |percentage = 8.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Namdev Pinjan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 8,472 |percentage = 4.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalokhe Dnyanoba Kisan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,559 |percentage = 1.39% |change={{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakashdada Jain |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,100 |percentage = 1.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Navnath Kundlik Gade |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,356 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,318 |percentage = 7.80% |change= {{increase}}5.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 183,632 |percentage = 65.41% |change= {{decrease}}1.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 183,574}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,748|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhegde Digambar Baloba |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,612 |percentage = 33.73% |change={{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bafna Madanlal Harakchand |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 46,300 |percentage = 31.48% |change={{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dabhade Dnyanoba Savlaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 40,219 |percentage = 27.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Bharat Dagdu |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,456 |percentage = 2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansode Tukaram Vamanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,300 |percentage = 2.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tukaram Appa Ransingh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,639 |percentage = 1.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharatlal Mithailal Pardeshi |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,312 |percentage = 2.25% |change= {{decrease}}12.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,105 |percentage = 66.48% |change= {{increase}}8.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,089}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,286|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhegde Digambar Baloba |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,970 |percentage = 43.09% |change={{decrease}}9.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhegade Krishnarao Dhondiaba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 30,725 |percentage = 28.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satkar Chandrakant Appaso |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,628 |percentage = 27.18% |change={{decrease}}10.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,245 |percentage = 14.90% |change= {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,898 |percentage = 62.01% |change= {{decrease}}18.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,014}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,913|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhore Ruplekha Khanderao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,452 |percentage = 53.07% |change={{increase}}16.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bafna Madanlal Harakchand |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,900 |percentage = 37.81% |change={{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhalaskar Sopan Baburao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,382 |percentage = 2.51% |change={{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Bharat Dagadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,839 |percentage = 2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Awale Sambhaji Gundu |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,377 |percentage = 1.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Unkule Anil Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,152 |percentage = 1.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Pandurang Ganpat |party=Doordarshi Party |votes = 960 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,552 |percentage = 15.27% |change= {{increase}}10.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,785 |percentage = 78.70% |change= {{increase}}11.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,627}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,340|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bafna Madanlal Harakchand |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,469 |percentage = 41.53% |change={{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhegde Vishwanath Rambhau |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,004 |percentage = 36.54% |change={{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satkar Chandrakant Appaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,881 |percentage = 16.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Sadashiv Ganpat |party=Janata Dal |votes = 4,323 |percentage = 3.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Tryambak Ganpat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,465 |percentage = 4.99% |change= {{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,642 |percentage = 66.27% |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,486}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,461|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bafna Madanlal Harakchand |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,028 |percentage = 47.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhegde Vishwanath Rambhau |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,071 |percentage = 38.79% |change={{increase}}16.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shetty Umesh Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,948 |percentage = 6.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Shashikant Bhimrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,138 |percentage = 4.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Murlidhar Maruti |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,542 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,957 |percentage = 8.97% |change= {{increase}}6.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,409 |percentage = 62.89% |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,526}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,269|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}10.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gade Patil B. S. |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,032 |percentage = 37.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnarao Bhegade |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 21,500 |percentage = 34.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanth Bhegade |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,599 |percentage = 22.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raj Salve |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,217 |percentage = 5.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,532 |percentage = 2.49% |change= {{decrease}}10.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,243 |percentage = 55.94% |change= {{decrease}}14.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,642}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,057|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhegade Krishnarao Dhondiaba |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,514 |percentage = 53.89% |change={{increase}}10.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhegade Nathubhau Baburao |party=Janata Party |votes = 29,181 |percentage = 40.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Shashikant Bhimrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,777 |percentage = 5.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,333 |percentage = 13.06% |change= {{increase}}6.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,133 |percentage = 71.86% |change= {{increase}}2.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,472}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,165|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhegade Krishnarao Dhondiaba |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 27,730 |percentage = 49.41% |change={{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satkar Raghunath Shankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,094 |percentage = 42.93% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad T. Ganpat |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,496 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Ismail Ibrahim |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,799 |percentage = 3.21% |change={{decrease}}3.9 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,636 |percentage = 6.48% |change= {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,373 |percentage = 69.76% |change= {{increase}}2.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,119}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,676|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunath Satkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,525 |percentage = 42.86% |change={{decrease}}13.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. D. Bhegade |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 19,066 |percentage = 41.85% |change={{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. L. Gaikwad |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,239 |percentage = 7.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. R. Tkale |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,207 |percentage = 4.84% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Y. S. Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,168 |percentage = 2.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 459 |percentage = 1.01% |change= {{decrease}}25.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,958 |percentage = 69.84% |change= {{increase}}4.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,558}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,105|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Sadashiv Mohol |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,247 |percentage = 56.78% |change={{increase}}22.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nathu Baburao Bhegade |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 13,862 |percentage = 29.99% |change={{decrease}}26.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhan Jayarani Vaidya |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 3,564 |percentage = 7.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Gopal Baware |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,555 |percentage = 5.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,385 |percentage = 26.79% |change= {{increase}}4.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,515 |percentage = 64.50% |change= {{increase}}12.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,228}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,771|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rambhau Mhalgi]] |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 17,258 |percentage = 56.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chitale Sharadabai Ganesh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,360 |percentage = 33.90% |change={{increase}}8.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khalade Dattatraya Laxman |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,553 |percentage = 5.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moghe Rajaram Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,392 |percentage = 4.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,898 |percentage = 22.57% |change= {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,563 |percentage = 48.11% |change= {{increase}}0.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,563}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,527|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Maval North Mulshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dabhade Veedharval Yeshwantrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,407 |percentage = 54.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gupe Gajanan Maheshwar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,288 |percentage = 25.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baware Moreshwar Gopal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 3,726 |percentage = 13.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Soman Moreshwar Chintaman |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 904 |percentage = 3.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhamale Shankarrao Vithalrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 899 |percentage = 3.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,119 |percentage = 28.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,224 |percentage = 47.86% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,224}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,972|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Maval]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.90|73.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bhajan Lal Jatav

2026-04-04T03:46:41Z

Gasperalmeida: added

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhajan Lal Jatav
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Bhajanlal Jatav.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Jatav in 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Weir, Rajasthan|Jhalatala, Weir]] [[Bharatpur District|Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Manoj Rajoria]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli–Dholpur]]
| majority =
| office1 = [[Third Gehlot ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| governor1 = [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| term_start1 = 21 November 2021
| term_end1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Sachin Pilot]]
| successor1 = [[Diya Kumari]]
| 2blankname1 = [[Third Gehlot ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata1 = {{Collapsible list| * [[Third Gehlot ministry|Public Works Department (PWD)]]}}
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Ashok Gahlot]]
| office2 = [[Third Gehlot ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| governor2 = [[Kalyan Singh]] [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| term_start2 = 24 December 2018
| term_end2 = 20 November 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
| successor2 = [[Rajendra Singh Gudha]]
| 2blankname2 = [[Third Gehlot ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata2 = {{Collapsible list| * Home Defense & Civil Defense (I/C)
* Printing & Stationery (I/C)
* Agriculture
* Animal Husbandry
* Fisheries}}
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Ashok Gahlot]]
| office3 = [[Chairman]] Of RSRDC [[Corporation]]
[[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start3 = 7 January 2022
| term_end3 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor3 = Rajesh Yadav
| successor3 = [[Diya Kumari]]
| office4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 11 December 2018
| term_end4 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor4 = ''Self''
| successor4 = [[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
| term_start5 = 16 September 2014
| term_end5 = 11 December 2018
| predecessor5 = [[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
| successor5 = ''Self''
| constituency5 = [[Weir Assembly constituency|Weir]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|Saroopi Devi Jatav|1986}}
| partner =
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession =
| education =
| other_party =
| business =
| children = 0
}}

'''Bhajan Lal Jatav''' (born 12 October 1968; {{IPA|hi|bʱəd͡ʒən̪.laːl d͡ʒaːʈəʋ}}) is an Indian politician. He is currently serving [[Member of Parliament]], [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli–Dholpur]] since 2024. He served as [[Cabinet Minister|Minister]] of [[Third Gehlot ministry|Public Works Department]] in the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2021 |title=Ramesh Meena, Mamta Bhupesh Bairwa, Bhajan Lal Jatav, Teekaram Juli take oath as Rajasthan cabinet ministers |work=ANI |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/ramesh-meena-mamta-bhupesh-bairwa-bhajan-lal-jatav-teekaram-juli-take-oath-as-rajasthan-cabinet-ministers20211121165444/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhajan Lal Jatav, INC Candidate from Karauli-Dholpur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing – News18 Lok Sabha Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/lok-sabha/rajasthan/bhajan-lal-jatav-candidate-s20led2008p010e2024c004/ |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He was [[Minister of State]] as [[Third Gehlot ministry|Home Defense and Civil Defense Department (I/C)]] in [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=bharatpursky |date=26 April 2023 |title=Bhajanlal Jatav |url=https://bharatpursky.in/bhajanlal-jatav/ |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=Bharatpur Sky |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625182052/https://bharatpursky.in/bhajanlal-jatav/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the 14th and 15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Weir Assembly constituency]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate=12 February 2021}}</ref> He served as [[President (corporate title)|Chairman]] of RSRDC (Rajasthan State Road Development and Construction Corporation).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mela |first=Digital Baal |date=24 April 2024 |title=Know about Congress Party's candidate from Karauli-Dholpur Lok Sabha seat, Bhajan Lal Jatav. |url=https://www.digitalbaalmela.com/know-about-congress-partys-candidate-from-karauli-dholpur-lok-sabha-seat-bhajan-lal-jatav/ |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=Digital Baal Mela |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mela |first=Digital Baal |date=24 April 2024 |title=Know about Congress Party's candidate from Karauli-Dholpur Lok Sabha seat, Bhajan Lal Jatav. |url=https://www.digitalbaalmela.com/know-about-congress-partys-candidate-from-karauli-dholpur-lok-sabha-seat-bhajan-lal-jatav/ |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=Digital Baal Mela |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806121923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archivedate=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Posts held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2014 || 2018 || [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of 14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
| 02 || 2014 || 2018 || [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member, Scheduled Caste Welfare Committee, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
| 03 || 2018 || 2023 || [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of 15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
| 04 || 2018 || 2021 || [[Third Gehlot ministry|Minister of State]] [[Government of Rajasthan]]
* Home Defense & Civil Defense (I/C)
* Printing & Stationery (I/C)
* Agriculture
* Animal Husbandry
* Fisheries
|-
| 05 || 2021 || 2023 || [[Third Gehlot ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Rajasthan]]
* Public Works Department (PWD)
|-
| 06 || 2022 || 2023 || [[Chairman]] Of RSRDC [[Corporation]]
[[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
| 07 || 2024 || Incumbent || [[Member of Parliament]], [[18th Lok Sabha]] ||
|-
| 08 || 26 September 2024 || Incumbent || Member, Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatav, Bhajan Lal}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Mirza Khalil Ahmad Beg

2026-03-30T17:28:11Z

Gasperalmeida:

{{Short description|Indian linguist (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mirza Khalil Ahmad Beg
| image = خلیل احمد بیگ.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| occupation = Linguist, critic, writer, professor
| language = [[Urdu]] (mainly), [[English language|English]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| genre = Linguistics, Literary criticism
| notable_works = ''Urdu ki Lisani Tashkeel'' ''Zaban, Usloob aur Usloobiyat'' ''Urdu Zaban ki Tareekh''
| awards =
| years_active = 1970–present
| subjects = Urdu Linguistics, Stylistics, Semantics
}}

'''Mirza Khalil Ahmad Beg'''{{efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|مرزا خلیل احمد بیگ}}}}}} (born 1 January 1945, [[Gorakhpur]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|UP]], [[British Raj]]) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[linguist]], [[critic]], and [[literary]], primarily known for his contributions to the study of [[Urdu]] linguistics.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Parekh |first=Rauf |author-link=Rauf Parekh |date=29 February 2016 |title=Literary Notes: Two books on origin and history of Urdu language |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1242548 |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Ashrafi |first=Wahab |author-link=Wahab Ashrafi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-adab-e-urdu-volume-002-wahaab-ashrafi-ebooks?lang=ur#501 |title=(تاریخِ ادب اردو: (ابتداء سے ٢٠٠٠ء تک |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2007 |edition=1st |volume=2 |location=[[Delhi]] |page=1130 |language=ur-IN |trans-title=History of Urdu Literature: From Its Origins to the Year 2000 |quote=Khalil Ahmad Beg is among the few distinguished individuals in the country who are making significant contributions to the field of linguistics. In fact, if we set aside his mentors, it would not be an exaggeration to say that he has been the most active scholar in advancing linguistic studies through the medium of Urdu. His books, which largely focus on linguistic issues related to Urdu, continue to be published regularly.}}</ref> He served as a professor and the head of the Department of Linguistics at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU), [[Aligarh]], India. He was also a visiting faculty at [[Cornell University]], [[United States]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Butt |first=Muhammad Usman |date=July–December 2020 |title=مرزا خلیل احمد بیگ کی لسانی خدمات |trans-title=The linguistic contributions of Mirza Khalil Ahmad Beg |url=https://urdu.atup.org.pk/website/journal/article/5feed597b47fd/file/5ff01721bd6bf/download |journal=Half-yearly Urdū |language=ur-PK |publisher=[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu|Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu Pakistan]] |volume=96 |issue=2 |page=119}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mirza Khalil Ahmad Beg was born on 1 January 1945, in [[Gorakhpur]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] (present day [[Uttar Pradesh]]), [[British India|India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saeedi |first=Makhmoor |author-link=Makhmoor Saeedi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/sheeraaza-229-shaeron-kaa-muntakhab-kalam-swanehi-ishare-ebooks?lang=ur#210 |title=شیرازہ: ٢٢٩ شاعروں کا منتخب کلام، سوانحی اشارے|publisher=[[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi|Ghalib Academy]] |year=1972 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |page=208 |language=ur-IN |trans-title=Shīrāzah: Anthology of 229 Poets with Selected Verses and Biographical Sketches}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqi |first=Iftikhar Imam |date=August 2007 |title=اردو کے ادبی گھرانے |trans-title=Literary Families of Urdu |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shair-mumbai-shumara-number-008-iftikhar-imam-siddiqi-magazines-19?lang=ur#57 |journal=Shāʻir |language=ur |volume=78 |issue=8 |pages=56}}</ref> He completed his early education in Uttar Pradesh before pursuing advanced studies in linguistics. He earned his PhD in linguistics from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Narang |first1=Gopi Chand |author-link1=Gopi Chand Narang |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hindostaan-ke-urdu-musanafeen-aur-shora-gopi-chand-narang-ebooks?lang=ur#141 |title=ہندوستان كے اردو مصنفین اور شعرا |last2=Azmi |first2=Abdul Lateef |author-link2=Abdul Lateef Azmi |publisher=[[Urdu Academy, Delhi|Urdu Academy]] |year=1996 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |page=141 |language=ur-IN |trans-title=Urdu Writers and Poets of India}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== Career ==
Beg joined the Department of Linguistics at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], where he became a professor and later served as the head of the department.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Narang |first=Gopi Chand |author-link=Gopi Chand Narang |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-zaban-aur-lisaniyat-gopi-chand-narang-ebooks?lang=ur#14 |title=اردو زبان اور لسانیات |publisher=[[Rampur Raza Library]] |year=2006 |edition=1st |location=Rampur |page=14 |language=ur-IN |trans-title=Urdu Language and Linguistics |quote=I am also deeply grateful to the renowned linguist and my esteemed mentor, Professor Dr. Mirza Khalil Ahmad Beg, Head of the Department of Linguistics at Aligarh Muslim University, for his assistance in the selection of these essays and for graciously writing a comprehensive preface.}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> His academic expertise includes phonetics, semantics, and stylistics, with a special focus on [[Urdu]] [[linguistics]]. He is also known for his research on the stylistic features of Urdu literature and the linguistic dynamics of South Asian languages. He was a visiting faculty member at [[Cornell University]], where he contributed to research and teaching in South Asian linguistics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

== Notable works ==
Beg has authored over 20 books and numerous research articles. Some of his notable works include:<ref name=":0" />
* ''Urdu ki Lisani Tashkeel'' (The Linguistic Formation of Urdu)<ref name=":1" />
* ''Urdu Zaban ki Tareekh'' (History of Urdu language)
* ''Zaban, Usloob aur Usloobiyat'' (Language, Style, and Stylistics)
* ''Bhasha Vigyan aur Urdu'' (Linguistics and Urdu)
* ''Urdu Phonetics and Phonology''
* ''Urdu Grammar: History & Structure''
* ''Psycholinguistics and Language Acquisition''
* ''Sociolinguistic perspective of Hindi and Urdu in India''

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beg, Mirza Khalil Ahmad}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Linguists of Urdu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Indian critics]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Central Armed Police Forces

2026-03-29T19:33:01Z

Gasperalmeida: basic updated intro also and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{short description|Central Armed police forces of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Central Armed Police Forces
| abbreviation =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|class=skin-invert-image|140px]]
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| budget = {{INRConvert|116789.30|c|lk=on}} (2026–27)<ref>{{cite news|author=The Hindu Bureau|title=Union Budget 2022 {{!}} ₹1.85 lakh crore allocation to MHA; CAPF, police get funds for modernisation|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/185-lakh-crore-allocation-to-mha-in-budget/article38358957.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 February 2022|access-date=3 February 2023|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| legalpersonality = Government organisations
| legaljuris =
| country = India
| governingbody = [[Government of India]]
| speciality1 = paramilitary
| speciality2 = border
| speciality3 = property
| headquarters =

| minister1name = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| chief1name =
| chief1position =
| parentagency = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| child1agency = {{flagicon image|Assam Rifles Flag.svg}} [[Assam Rifles]]
| child2agency = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force]]
| child3agency = {{flagicon image|CISF Flag.svg}} [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
| child4agency = {{flagicon image|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png}} [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
| child5agency = {{flagicon image|ITBP Flag.svg}} [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]|
| child6agency = {{flagicon image|NSG Flag.svg}} [[National Security Guard]]
| child7agency = {{flagicon image|Sashastra Seema Bal Flag.svg}} [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.mha.gov.in/about-us/central-armed-police-forces|mha.gov.in/central-armed-police-forces}}
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}
The '''Central Armed Police Forces''' ('''CAPF''') are a group of seven armed police units under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA), [[Government of India]], tasked with maintaining [[internal security]], law and order, [[counterinsurgency]], and [[Border control|protecting borders]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) {{!}} Indian Police in Service of the Nation |url=https://police.gov.in/poi-internal-pages/central-armed-police-forces-capfs |publisher=Police.gov.in |access-date=14 December 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628120134/https://www.police.gov.in/poi-internal-pages/central-armed-police-forces-capfs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Previously referred to as "[[paramilitary]]" forces, the term was officially discontinued in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2011 |title=No.I-45020/2/2011-Pers-II, Government of India/Bharat Sarkar, Ministry of Home Affairs/Grih ManOtralaya, OFFICE MEMORANDUM, Adoption of new nomenclature of: Central Armed Forces (CAPFs) |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/OM2-020513.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094329/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/OM2-020513.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-04 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref>

The CAPF is classified into three groups: Border Guarding Forces ([[Assam Rifles]], [[Border Security Force]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]], and [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]), Forces for Internal Security ([[Central Industrial Security Force]] and [[Central Reserve Police Force]]), and Special Task Force ([[National Security Guard]]).<ref name=StandingCommitteeReport>{{cite book |author=Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs |title=Working conditions in Border Guarding Forces Sashastra Seema Bal, Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Border Security Force) |date=12 December 2018 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] |page=1 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/15/107/214_2019_11_11.pdf?source=rajyasabha |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref> While the Assam Rifles is administratively under the MHA and part of the CAPF, its operational control is handled by the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="AR"/> These forces are categorized under the "other armed forces" in the [[Union List|Central List]] of the [[Constitution of India]] and function in accordance with [[Article 355]], which mandates the [[Central government|Central]] to protect [[State governments of India|states]] against "external aggression" and "internal disturbances". Since "police" and "public order" fall under the [[State List]], CAPF units are deployed to support state governments as required, while their powers, jurisdiction, privileges, and liabilities remain under the control of the Central government as specified in the Central List.<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Standing Committee on Home Affairs]] |title=Two Hundred Fifteenth Report |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/15/107/215_2019_11_14.pdf?source=rajyasabha |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] |access-date=14 December 2024 |date=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Terminology==
{{Indian Armed Forces sidebar}}
CAPF were formerly known as '''Central Para-Military Forces''' (CPMF), also variously referred to by Central Police Organisations (CPOs), Para-Military Forces (PMF), and Central Police Forces (CPF) interchangeably. In 2011, the [[Government of India]] released a circular adopting a uniform nomenclature to change the name of the forces to Central Armed Police Forces under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. Initially, only five forces—BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP, and SSB were covered under the new nomenclature, since AR was under the operational control of the Indian Army, and NSG personnel were completely deputed from the Indian Army and other CAPFs.

The name change was made for political reasons, to improve the international impression of the force, since in some countries the paramilitary refers to militant groups.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web |last1=Online |first1=The Telegraph |title=For the paramilitary, all's in a new name |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/for-the-paramilitary-all-s-in-a-new-name/cid/415027 |website=telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph |access-date=19 September 2020 |date=26 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of India |first1=Ministry of Home Affairs |title=Office Memorandum |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/OM1-020513.pdf |website=mha.gov.in |publisher=Director (Personnel), MHA |access-date=19 September 2020 |date=23 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of India |first1=Ministry of Home Affairs |title=Office Memorandum |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/OM2-020513.pdf |website=mha.gov.in |publisher=Director (Personnel), MHA |access-date=19 September 2020 |pages=1 |date=18 March 2011}}</ref> Currently, all the seven forces are listed under the CAPF definition by the Ministry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Armed Police Forces {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/about-us/central-armed-police-forces |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>

== Role ==
[[File:Hon'ble Home Minister of India Shri Amit Shah with the Chiefs of the CAPFs..jpg|thumb|Hon'ble Home Minister of India Shri Amit Shah with the Central Home Secretary and Chiefs of the CAPFs]]
Central Armed Police Forces are organised with the primary role of border guarding for AR, BSF, ITBP, SSB; Security of sensitive establishments by CISF, Assisting Police to tackle Law & Order, Counter-Terrorist Operations, Counter-Naxal Operations by CRPF, [[National Security Guard|NSG]]. Apart from the primary role, all CAPFs are involved in assisting the Police in Law & Order situations and also the Army in Counter-Terrorist Operations. BSF, ITBP, and CRPF have assisted the army during external aggression in the past. CAPFs work along with both [[Indian Army]] & Police in different roles assigned to them.

Central Armed Police Forces personnel also serve in various important organisations such as [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), [[Special Protection Group]] (SPG), [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA), [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] (NCB), State Armed Police Force (Jharkhand Jaguars, [[Bihar Military Police]], UP/MP STF, DRG, IRB, Chattishgarh Armed Police etc.) on deputation and have attachment/training in various levels/formations/courses along with the [[Indian Army]]. Their role and performance, therefore, assume a great significance due to the special features of an emergency force that is pressed in aid of the civil power to perform multiple roles in extremely difficult situations.

==Organisations==
===Assam Rifles (AR)===
The [[Assam Rifles]] is [[paramilitary force]] of india responsible for [[border security]], [[counter-insurgency]], and [[rule of law|law and order]] in [[Northeast India]]. Its primary role is to guard the 1,643-kilometre-long [[Indo-Myanmar border]]. The AR comes under the administration of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA), while its operational control is maintained by the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="AR">{{cite news |author1=ANI |title=MHA to explain functioning of Assam Rifles in northeastern states before Parliamentary panel |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/mha-to-explain-functioning-of-assam-rifles-in-northeastern-states-before-parliamentary-panel20220525105037/#:~:text=Assam%20Rifles%20is%20the%20only,Ministry%20of%20Defence%20(MoD). |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=[[ANI News]] |date=25 May 2022}}</ref> It is the oldest paramilitary force in India.

=== Border Security Force (BSF) ===
[[File:Indian BSF Soldier.jpg|thumb|A member of India's [[Border Security Force]] in ceremonial attire|271x271px]]
The primary role of the [[Border Security Force]] is to guard the [[India–Pakistan border|Indo-Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh–India border|Indo-Bangladesh]] borders; it is deployed both on the international border and the [[Line of Control|LOC]]. The BSF also has active roles during times of war. It has 292,000 personnel in 192 battalions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bsf.nic.in/en/air-wing.html|title=Border Security Force|website=bsf.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820142102/http://www.bsf.nic.in/en/air-wing.html|archive-date=20 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 1, 2 and 7 battalion of [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]] are requisitioned from [[Border Security Force|BSF.]] It is also known for being the largest dedicated border guarding force in the world.

=== Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) ===
One of the largest industrial security forces in the world, the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] provides security to various [[List of public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertakings]] (PSUs) and other critical infrastructure installations, [[List of airports in India|major airports]] across the country and provides security during [[Elections in India|elections]] and other [[internal security]] duties and [[Very important person|VVIP]] protection. It has a total strength of about 160,500 personnel in 132 battalions<ref name=":0" />, including 12 reserve battalions.

=== Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) ===
The [[Central Reserve Police Force]] is the largest of the Central Armed Police Forces units with 313,678 personnel in 247 battalions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf|title=MHA Annual Report 2016-2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200948/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Central Reserve Police includes:
*The [[Rapid Action Force]] (RAF), a 15 battalion [[riot police|anti-riot force]] trained to respond to sectarian violence.
*The [[Commando Battalion for Resolute Action]] (COBRA), a 10 battalion strong anti-[[Naxalite]]/[[Counter-insurgency|COIN]] force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/COBRA-to-sting-Naxal-virus-new-force-gets-Centre-nod/354579/ |title=COBRA to sting Naxal virus: new force gets Centre nod |publisher=Financial Express |date=2008-08-29 |access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref>

=== Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) ===
The [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] is deployed for guarding duties on the [[China–India border|Indo-China border]] from [[Karakoram Pass]] in [[Ladakh]] to [[Diphu Pass]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] covering a total distance of 3,488 km.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/armedforces.php?id=16 |title=Indo-Tibetan Border Police |publisher=Archive.india.gov.in |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112174707/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/armedforces.php?id=16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has 89,432 personnel in 56 fighting battalions, 2 DM and 4 specialised battalions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/index.html|title=Home {{!}} Indo Tibetan Border Police, Ministry of Home Affairs|website=itbpolice.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===National Security Guard (NSG)===
The [[National Security Guard]] (NSG), commonly known as Black Cats, is a [[counter-terrorism]] unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was founded on 16 October 1984 under the National Security Guard Act, 1986. All personnel are deputed from other CAPFs and the Indian Army.

=== Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) ===
The objective of the [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (English: ''Armed Border Force'') is to guard the [[India–Nepal border|Indo-Nepal]] and [[Bhutan–India border|Indo-Bhutan]] borders. It has 76,337 personnel and 73 battalions, as well as some reserve battalions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egov.eletsonline.com/2013/03/guarding-the-nations-frontiers/ |title=Guarding the Nation's Frontiers | eGov Magazine |publisher=Egov.eletsonline.com |date=2013-03-06 |access-date=2014-01-05}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssb.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=37&lev=2&lid=9&langid=1&Cid=0|title=Force Profile- SSB Ministry Of Home Affairs, Govt. Of India|website=ssb.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-12|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629121431/https://www.ssb.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=37&lev=2&lid=9&langid=1&Cid=0|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
On 5 February 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] of India ruled that five CAPFs would be granted Non-Functional Financial Upgradation (NFFU),<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEPARTMENT OF PERSONNEL AND TRAINING ESTT. (RR) DIVISION FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON NON-FUNCTIONAL UPGRADATION (NFU) |url=https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/14017_47_2011-Estt.RR-01082012.pdf |website=dopt.gov.in}}</ref> and the status of Organised Group ‘A’ Services (OGAS), ending a nearly decade-long battle for the central armed police. In the judgment by [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]] and M. R. Shah, the court said that officers from BSF, CRPF, SSB, ITBP, and CISF should be granted the NFFU and will be considered as Organised Group A Central Services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-upholds-hc-order-on-nffu-for-capf-officers-5571027/|title = Give paramilitary officers higher grade salary if you can't promote them when eligible: SC to Govt|date = 6 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICITON CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1474/2019 (Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) NO. 12393 of 2013) |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2013/7829/7829_2013_Judgement_05-Feb-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717091922/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2013/7829/7829_2013_Judgement_05-Feb-2019.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-17 |url-status=live |website=main.sci.gov.in}}</ref>

In July 2019, the [[Union Council of Ministers|Central Cabinet]] granted<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1576843|title = Cabinet approves proposal for Grant of Organized Group 'A' Service (OGAS) to Group 'A' Executive Cadre Officers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/centre-gives-nods-to-grant-ogas-status-to-group-a-executive-cadre-officers-119070301021_1.html|title=Centre gives nods to grant OGAS status to Group 'A' Executive Cadre Officers|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=3 July 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref> Organised Group 'A' Service (OGAS) status to Group 'A' executive cadre officers of five Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF). It also extended the benefit of Non-Functional Financial Up-gradation(NFFU) and Non-Functional Selection Grade (NFSG) to the executive cadre officers at an enhanced rate of 30%.

However, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA) interpreted this judgment narrowly, clarifying that the OGAS status granted was for the limited purpose of extending the benefit of NFFU and NFSG to the eligible officers, and not for all purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/capfs-wont-upgrade-their-recruitment-rules-for-pay-parity-with-ips-officers/284874/|title = CAPFs won't upgrade their Recruitment Rules for pay parity with IPS officers}}</ref>

On 23 May 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] of India ruled that the Group 'A' Executive cadres of the five CAPFs are OGAS for all purposes, and that they cannot be granted one benefit and denied the other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-rules-that-capf-officers-to-be-organised-services-for-all-purposes/article69611058.ece|title = Supreme Court rules that CAPF officers to be ‘organised services’ for all purposes}}</ref> In the judgment by [[Abhay Shreeniwas Oka|Abhay S. Oka]] and [[Ujjal Bhuyan]], the court held the view that the number of posts earmarked for deputation up to the level of the Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) in each of the five CAPFs should be progressively reduced within an outer limit of two years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-orders-cadre-review-in-capfs-within-6-months-calls-for-ips-deputation-cut-101748029331297.html|title = SC orders cadre review in CAPFs within 6 months, calls for IPS deputation cut}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2020/21834/21834_2020_3_1507_62112_Judgement_23-May-2025.pdf|title = IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 13104 OF 2024 SANJAY PRAKASH & ORS. VERSUS UNION OF INDIA & ORS.}}</ref>

On 28 October 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] of India dismissed the review petition filed by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] against the judgment dated 23 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-rejects-centres-plea-against-reduction-of-ips-deputation-in-capfs/article70225781.ece|title = Supreme Court rejects Centre’s plea against reduction of IPS deputation in CAPFs}}</ref>

As of March 2026, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] continues to appoint [[Indian Police Service]] officers to senior positions up to the level of the Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) in the five CAPFs without notifying any amendment in the service rules/recruitment rules of the Group 'A' Executive cadres of the CAPFs or carrying out a cadre review in any of the CAPFs which was due in the year 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ips-appointments-in-capfs-continue-despite-supreme-court-order-against-the-move/article69769448.ece|title = IPS appointments in CAPFs continue despite Supreme Court order against the move}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/Rekha_28112025.pdf|title = Appointment of Smt. Rekha Lohani, IPS (OD-1997) as IG, CRPF-reg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/Homkar_26122025.pdf|title = Appointment of Shri Homkar Amol Vinukant, IPS(JH:2004) as Inspector General in Central Reserve Police Force(CRPF) on deputation basis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/2012BatchSSB_29122025.pdf|title = Appointment of Shri Sudipta Das, IPS(TR:2012), presently working as Group Commander in NSG, as DIG in SSB on promotion - reg.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/DaljeetSingh_13012026.pdf|title = Appointment of Shri Daljeet Singh, IPS (BH:2007) as IG, BSF on deputation basis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/RajeevMishra_13012026.pdf|title = Appointment of Shri Rajeev Mishra, IPS (BH:2010) as DIG, CISF on deputation basis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/Shalabh%20Mathur13012026.pdf|title = Appointment of Shri Shalabh Mathur, IPS (UP:2006) as IG, CRPF on deputation basis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/send-more-ips-officers-to-centre-union-home-secretary-tells-states-despite-supreme-court-order/article70506338.ece/|title = Send more IPS officers to Centre, Union Home Secretary tells States despite Supreme Court order}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/14/depute-more-ips-officers-to-centre-union-home-secretary-tells-states-despite-sc-order|title = Depute more IPS officers to Centre, Union Home Secretary tells States despite SC order}}</ref>

Several contempt petitions against the Central Home Secretary, [[Govind Mohan]] have been filed in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] pending adjudication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-capf-officials-file-contempt-plea-against-home-secretary-for-not-implementing-supreme-court-order/article70529897.ece|title = Ex-CAPF officials file contempt plea against Home Secretary for not implementing Supreme Court order}}</ref>

===Recruitment===
Recruitment of candidates to the CAPFs may be conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] CAPF- AC exam, the [[Staff Selection Commission]] CPO exam, or the respective service HQs, depending on the post to be filled. The medical officers of the CAPFs, NSG, and AR are recruited via a common interview/personality test by the medical officers selection board (MOSB) constituted by the office of ADG(Medical), CAPFs, NSG, and AR.
The allotment of the force to the officer in any above exams is based on the merit rank and preference list.

The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and the [[Staff Selection Commission]] of the [[Union Government of India|Central Government of India]] allowed the recruitment examination of the CAPF be conducted in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 13 of the [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic]], in addition to [[Hindi]] and English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri among 13 regional languages approved for CAPF exam |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925174356/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=CAPF Recruitment Examination In Assamese, Manipuri, Bengali, Odia & Other Regional Languages - NE India Broadcast |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2023/04/15/capf-recruitment-examination-in-assamese-manipuri-bengali-odia-other-regional-languages/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Rank structure===
;Officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Assam Rifles)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (BSF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CISF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CRPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (ITBP)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (NSG)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (Sashastra Seema Bal)}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=1| '''Police equivalent'''
| colspan=4|
| style="vertical-align:top;" colspan=2 rowspan=1 |
{| style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"
| Director General of Police
| Director General
| Additional Director General
|}
| colspan=2| Inspector General
| colspan=2| Deputy Inspector General
| colspan=2| Senior Superintendent
| colspan=2| Superintendent
| colspan=2| Additional Superintendent
| colspan=2| Deputy Superintendent
| colspan=6| ACP/ASP
|- style="text-align:center;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
|}

;Personnel other than officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Assam Rifles)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (BSF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CISF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CRPF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (ITBP)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (NSG)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (Sashastra Seema Bal)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
|}

;Officers
Officers in CAPFs are recruited through the Central Armed Police Forces (Assistant Commandants) Examination conducted by UPSC. They are appointed as Assistant Commandants and are Gazetted Officers generally referred to as DAGOs (Directly Appointed Gazetted Officers) in CRPF, AC (Direct Entry) in BSF. DEGOs (Departmental Entry Gazetted Officers) are those officers who have been promoted through departmental exams conducted internally for Subordinate Officers. They are known as encounter specialists among the police forces of India.

;Enlisted ranks
Sub Inspectors are recruited through a competitive examination conducted by the Staff Selection Commission, and they are referred to as DASOs (Directly Appointed Subordinate Officers). DESOs (Departmental Entry Subordinate Officers) are those officers who have been promoted through departmental exams conducted internally for Constables, Head Constables, and Assistant Sub Inspectors. Constables are recruited through a competitive examination conducted by [[Staff Selection Commission]]. Apart from the above modes, CAPFs conduct recruitment for specialized posts such as Engineers, Doctors, etc., among DAGOs and Wireless operators, Technicians, Nursing Staff, etc., among subordinate officers and constables directly under their own authority ([[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|MHA]]).

===Women in CAPF===
Women were not recruited for the Central Armed Police Forces until 1992. Earlier, the role of women was limited to supervisory roles.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=Government allows women to be combat officers in all Central Armed Police Forces |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-allows-women-to-be-combat-officers-in-all-central-armed-police-forces/articleshow/51380021.cms |access-date=9 January 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 July 2018}}</ref> The [[Parliamentary Committees of India]] for women's empowerment recommended expanding women's roles in CAPF. The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] declared reservation for women in constabulary, and later declared that they can also be inducted as officers in combat roles in five CAPFs.<ref name="ET"/> The Central Home Minister announced that women's representation in the CRPF and CISF would be made 15 percent while it would be 5 percent in the BSF, ITBP and SSB.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women quota in CRPF, CISF to be made 15 percent |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/women-quota-in-crpf-cisf-to-be-made-15-per-cent/cid/1681181 |access-date=9 January 2020 |work=telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, it was decided that 33 percent of posts at the constabulary level would be reserved for women in the CRPF and the CISF, and 14-15 percent of posts at the constable level in the BSF, SSB and ITBP in a phased manner.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selvaraj |first1=A. |title=Archana Ramasundram becomes first woman to head paramilitary forces |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Archana-Ramasundram-becomes-first-woman-to-head-paramilitary-forces/articleshow/50811752.cms |access-date=9 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[State Armed Police Forces]]
*[[Paramilitary forces of India]]
*[[Law enforcement in India]]
*[[Indian Armed Forces]]
*[[People's Armed Police]] - A similar agency in China

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Central Armed Police Forces of India| ]]
[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]

Sonitpur district

2026-03-25T15:45:11Z

Gasperalmeida: basic add content for consistency and improved wording

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sonitpur district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]
| image_skyline = Landscape of Nameri National Park.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Kameng River]] in [[Nameri National Park]] with [[Himalayas]] in background
| nickname =
| image_map = Sonitpur in Assam (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.63|N|92.8|E|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Assam|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Assam Division|North Assam]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tezpur]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name = [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Barchalla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barchalla]], [[Tezpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]], [[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]], [[Sootea (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sootea]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2076.70
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 48-560
| population_total = 13,11,619
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AS12
| website = {{URL|https://sonitpur.assam.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Sonitpur district''' [Pron: ˌsə(ʊ)nɪtˈpʊə or ˌʃə(ʊ)nɪtˈpʊə] is an administrative [[List of districts of Assam|district]] in the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]]. The district headquarters is located at [[Tezpur]].

==Etymology==
The name of the district is derived from a story found in [[Indian epic poetry|Hindu epics]] specifically the [[Bhagavata Purana]] and in the locally composed [[Kalika Purana]] where the city was established by [[Banasura]] the eldest son of [[Bali]] who did great penance or [[tapasya]] to Lord [[Shiva]] who promised to look over the city. The [[Sanskrit]] word ''Śōṇita'' means blood. The etymology of [[Tezpur]], the headquarter of this district is also based on the story.

==History==
===Duars===
{{main|Dooars|Monpa people}}
Sonitpur district falls under the [[Dooars#Darrang Dooars|Darrang Duars]] which includes the region between the [[Bornadi River]] and [[Dhansiri River]].

===Trade and relation with Tibet===
According to Tibetan chronicles, the ruler of Darrang (now Sonitpur district) used to pay tribute to Wongme Palder the ruler of [[Thembang]] (now [[West Kameng district]], Arunachal Pradesh) who was a descendant of an exiled Tibetan prince named [[Prince Tsangma|Lhase Tsangma]], brother of Tibetan ruler [[Ralpacan]] in the 9th century C.E.<ref>{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|pp=16–18}}</ref>
The Koriapar Dooar falls under the Sonitpur district and was held by Bhutias known as the [[Monpa people|Monpas]] ({{bo|t=མོན་པ་}}) and to the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] as Monbas.<ref>{{harvcol|Eilmer|2014|p=127}}</ref> These chiefs were subordinate to the ruler of [[Tawang]], who in turn were a tributary to the [[Ganden Phodrang|Tibetan government]] at [[Lhasa]].<ref name="harvcol|Das|1998|p=26">{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=26}}</ref>

Koriapar Dooar under Sonitpur district acted as a trading point between Assam and [[Tibet]].

Under Ahom government, the management was under the Sat Rajas and revenue was collected by an officer called Sanzati.

The Tibetan government at Lhasa appointed Tibetan officials called Gellongs to supervise the local Monpa chief. The Monpa chief who looked after the Duar were called Tsorgon. This office was created in the 16th-century.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|pp=38–39}}</ref>

It was occupied by the [[Baro-Bhuyan]] feudal lords in the 14th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Assam District Gazetteers Volume V: Darrang|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/assam-district-gazetteers-volume-v-darrang-0|access-date=2021-05-07|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>

The Koriapar Dooars was annexed by British [[East India Company]] in 1844 and added to the Assam province.<ref name="harvcol|Das|1998|p=26" />

===16th century===

In the 16th century, the eastern part of the district, up to the [[Kameng River]], was conquered by the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]]. In 1523, they deported a large number of [[Chutia people|Chutia]] families to a place on the east bank of the Kameng. In 1532, they defeated a [[Mughal Empire]] army sent against them at the banks of the Kameng.

Starting in the 16th century, under the reign of [[Nara Narayan]], the [[Kamata Kingdom|Koch kingdom]] expanded to a great extent. Several years after the Ahom victory at the Kameng, [[Nara Narayan]] sacked the Ahom capital at [[Gargaon]] and forced the Ahoms to pay tribute. Its eastern conquests were completed by Raghudev, the nephew of the king and heir as Nara Narayan had no son. However eventually one of Nara Nayaran's queens gave birth to a child, Lakshmi Narayan. Raghudev rebelled, supported by the Ahoms, but was eventually defeated. In response Nara Narayan gave Koch territory east of the [[Sankosh River]] to Raghudev and the rest to Lakshmi Narayan. Raghudev's kingdom became known as [[Koch Hajo]], and quickly fell under Ahom hegemony, while the western [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] kingdom fell under Mughal influence. Koch Hajo's boundary with the Ahoms was at the [[Kameng River]], also known as the Bareli, which flowed through the middle of what is now Sonitpur district.<ref name=":0" />

Soon war broke out between Raghudev and Lakshmi Narayan. Lakshmi Narayan was defeated and appealed to the Mughals for help. The Mughals sent a large force and defeated Raghudev, although Sonitpur was on the eastern boundary and so was not conquered. Raghudev's brother Bali Narayan then fled to his Ahom overlords for help, and when the Mughals demanded his return, the Ahoms refused. This led to [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts|several wars]] between the Ahoms and Mughals, most of which were in [[lower Assam]]. In 1615, a Mughal army advanced as far as the Kameng, but was soon defeated on both land and water. In 1637, the Mughals defeated and killed Bali Narayan and in the treaty that followed, the entirety of Sonitpur came into Ahom possession. During the chaos that followed the death of [[Shah Jahan]] in 1658, the Ahoms tried to push their boundary to the [[Sankosh River|Sankosh]] river but were pushed back by Mir Jumla, who captured Gargaon. On their advance, the Mughals took a fort near Silghat while the Ahoms evacuated the Chandara fort near Tezpur. However the rains that set in during their retreat, as well as the diseases, took a huge toll on the Mughal army, and the Ahoms soon took back [[Guwahati]] and kept it.<ref name=":0" />

The rajas of [[Darrang district|Darrang]] quickly became reduced in territory to a small area around [[Mangaldoi]]. In 1792, the [[Moamoria rebellion]] broke out, and fighting soon ensured the entirety of Ahom territory fell into anarchy. Several outside kingdoms, including [[Manipur]], attempted to send help but could not do much. The [[Moamoria]]s raised an Ahom prince to kingship, and in 1786 conquered [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]], the Ahom capital. The Ahom raja Gaurinath Singh was forced to flee. While the Ahoms were beset by the Moamoria rebellion, the Darrang raja and a descendant of Bali Narayan, Krishna Narayan, tried to reassert their independence with the help of Bengali mercenaries. However, in 1792, a British force sent to help the Ahom kings managed to take back Guwahati and defeated Krishna Narayan. In 1794, they retook Rangpur. However much of the kingdom was still only under weak Ahom control, and subject to constant raids from the surrounding hill-tribes like the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]]s. In 1818, the Burmese invaded to restore their preferred monarch on the throne, and forced out the Ahom king and took over his land. The Burmese occupation of Assam resulted in massive death and destruction. In 1826, the British declared war on Myanmar and defeated them in the first [[Anglo-Burmese Wars|Anglo-Burmese]] War. In the subsequent [[Treaty of Yandabo]], the territory came under British control.<ref name=":0" />

Darrang, including present-day Sonitpur district, became a separate district in 1833, and the capital was shifted to Tezpur in 1835.

The British introduced tea plantation to the district, and imported large numbers of labourers from the tribal belt of [[Chota Nagpur plateau|Chota Nagpur]] to the Sonitpur area.<ref name=":0" />

==Administration==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}
* Headquarters: Tezpur
* Number of Revenue Circles/Tehsils
* Number of Mouza: 26
* Number of Community Development(C.D.) Blocks: 17
* Number of Police Stations: 11
* No. of Anchalik Panchayats: 7
* Name of Gaon Panchayats: 158
* Number of Villages: 1615 (including 19 under [[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTAD]])
* Number of Towns: 6
* Names of Towns: [[Tezpur]], [[Dhekiajuli]], [[Rangapara]] & [[Jamugurihat]]
* Number of Municipality Board: 2
* Number of Town Committees: 4
* Number of Police District: 1 (Sonitpur Police District)

==Geography==
Sonitpur district lies on the plains between the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] and the valley of the [[Brahmaputra]] which forms its southern border.<ref name="Dutta-2012">{{Citation|last=Dutta |first=Joydev |year=2012 |chapter=Chapter 2. Study Area |title=Assessment of soil and water quality in and around the small tea gardens of Gohpur and Biswanath Chariali sub divisions of Sonitpur district Assam India |series=thesis, [[Gauhati University]] |hdl=10603/116399 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/116399/10/10_chapter%202.pdf |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/116399 }}</ref><ref name="Saikia">{{Citation|last=Saikia |first=Bipul |year=2013 |chapter=Chapter 3. Study Area |title=Taxonomic diversity, utilization and market potential of wild edible plants in Sonitpur District of Assam |series=thesis, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST) |hdl=10603/45986 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/45986/11/11_chapter%203.pdf |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/45986 }}</ref> Sonitpur district had the second largest area of districts in Assam, after [[Karbi Anglong district]], at {{Convert|5324|sqkm|sqmi|0}},<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{Cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Assam: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1116 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparable in size to the island of [[Guadalcanal]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Guadalcanal 5,353km2}}</ref> Other than the [[Brahmaputra]], the major rivers in the district are its right tributaries and include the [[Jiabharali]], [[Gabharu river|Gabharu]], Borgang and Buroi.<ref name="Saikia" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarma |first=Nayan |chapter=An Overview of the Brahmaputra River System |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Vijay P. |editor-last2=Sharma |editor-first2=Nayan |editor-last3=Ojha |editor-first3=C. Shekhar P. |title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |date=9 March 2013 |location=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Verlag |pages=72–87, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RjrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83 page 83] |isbn=978-94-017-0540-0 }}</ref>

===National protected area===
Sonitpur District is home to several wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. In 1998, Sonitpur district became home to [[Nameri National Park]] in the north, which has an area of {{convert|200|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Assam|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=September 25, 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> It is also home to [[Orang National Park]], which it shares with [[Darrang district]]. Orang National Park was established in 1999 and has an area of {{convert|79|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks/>

Sonitpur is home to two [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|wildlife sanctuaries]]: [[Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=parks /> It is also home to the registered forests (RF) of Behali RF (140 km2), Naduar RF (69 km2), and Charduar RF (260 km2).<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Mazoomdaar |first=Jay |date=20 June 2011 |title=Where the Forests Have No Trees |magazine=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/where-the-forests-have-no-trees/ }}</ref>

===Climate===
Sonitpur District falls in the [[Climatic regions of India#Sub-tropical humid climate group|Sub-Tropical Rainforest climate region]], ('''Af''' ) in Koppen's climate classification and enjoys Hot & Wet type of climate. Summers are hot and humid; with an average temperature of 27 °C. Rainfall is heavy above 3,000 mm (9 ft) in wet months January to June which is both a boon and a bane for the people. A boon, for it, provides natural irrigation to the fields; and a bane, as it causes the rivers to overflow their banks and cause floods. All months have average precipitation of at least 60 mm and the average temperature of the cold month is above 18 °C. As anyone can expect, Tropical rainforest is the vegetation in and around the city. {{Citation needed|date= August 2019}}

===Flora and fauna===
The forests of Sonitpur district are semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests and bamboo forests, with hydrophytes in the wetlands.<ref name="Saikia" /> Species include: ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'', ''[[Albizia procera]]'', ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'', ''[[Arundo donax]]'', ''[[Bambusa balcooa]]'', ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'', ''[[Dipterocarpus macrocarpus]]'', ''[[Duabanga grandiflora]]'', ''[[Eichhornia crassipes]]'', ''[[Mesua#Species|Mesua assamica]]'', ''[[Melocanna baccifera]]'', ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'', ''[[Shorea assamica]]'' (mekai) and ''[[Shorea robusta]]''.<ref name="Saikia" />

[[File:Salnabari - Sonitpur Assam.jpg|800px|center|Explore Slana Bari, where the serene Jia Bharali meets nature's beauty in Assam]]

==Demographics==

The population of Sonitpur district is 1,924,110 as per 2011 Census. It is the third most populous district of Assam (out of [[Districts of Assam|27]]), after [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]] and [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Sonitpur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/242/download/618/DH_2011_1807_PART_A_DCHB_SONITPUR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The demography of Sonitpur district is not entirely homogenous as several linguistic, religious and ethnic communities and groups live in Sonitpur district.

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Sonitpur district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,924,110,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Lesotho]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Lesotho 1,924,886}}</ref> or the US state of [[West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote = West Virginia 1,852,994}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 245th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 365 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.67%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Sonitpur has a [[sex ratio]] of 946 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 69.96%.

The divided district has a population of 13,11,619, of which 142,477 (10.86%) live in urban areas. Sonitpur has a sex ratio of 950 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 65,367 (4.98%) and 139,033 (10.60%) of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sonitpur district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|69.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|22.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|7.30}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.68}}
}}

The major religions of the populace of Sonitpur district are [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]], As per 2011 census there are approximately 908,565 (69.27%) Hindus and 298,381 (22.75%) Muslims in the district. There are around 95,774 (7.30%) Christians in the district. Other small population following [[Buddhism]] (0.5%), [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]] is also present in the district.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Ethnic groups and languages===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Sonitpur district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 37.01 |color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 19.27 |color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value3 = 12.52 |color3 = burlywood
|label4 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |value4 = 8.93 |color4 = royalblue
|label5 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value5 = 6.63 |color5 = lightcoral
|label6 = [[Hindi]] |value6 = 3.79 |color6 = orange
|label7 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value7 = 2.54 |color7 = saddlebrown
|label8 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value8 = 1.98 |color8 = teal
|label9 = Others |value9 = 7.33 |color9 = grey
}}
Almost 600,000 people in the district are from communities residing in Assam since pre-colonial times, making up around 46% of the population. These are [[Kalita (caste)|Kalita]], [[Assamese Brahmins]], [[Rajbongshi people|Koch Rajbongshis]], [[Karbi people|Karbi]], [[Jalia Kaibarta|Keot]] (Kaibarta), [[Mising people|Mising]], Nath Jogis, [[Boro people|Bodo]], Thengal Kachari, [[Sutiya community|Chutia]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], Gorkhas and other communities of Assam. They have become a minority in the district due to the colonial and post-colonial era settlement of communities like Bengalis (both Hindu and Muslim), Biharis, Marwaris etc.<ref name="languages"/>

The immigrant [[Bengali people|Bengali]] speaking Hindus came from erstwhile undivided Bengal and Bangladesh, as officials and clerks of the British administration and the Tea Industry; and stayed back. Later, on account of the partition of India, Hindu people from Bangladesh coming as refugees added significantly to the community. Their primary language is Bengali, most of them are also fluent in Assamese too. They are mostly urbanised having a sizeable population in towns of Rangapara, Tezpur, Dhekiajuli, Biswanath Chariali, and Balipara. The population of Bengali Hindus is over 100,000 in the district. There has a sizeable population of immigrant-origin Bengali speaking Muslims living since colonial times in the district mainly in and around char areas of Brahmaputra river and surrounding areas of Dhekiajuli, Thelamara, and Tezpur (Napam). The population of Bengalis total is now around 250,000 in the district and make up almost 20% of the population.

The third largest community is the [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Adivasis]], or tea garden tribes. Their ancestors were brought from tribal areas of central India to work as labourers on tea plantations. They are now spread all over the district. However, they are mostly concentrated in the surrounding regions of [[Dhekiajuli]], [[Rangapara]], Balipara, [[Jamugurihat]], [[Biswanath Chariali|Biswanath chariali]], [[Behali]], [[Gohpur]], Helem and northern parts of the district. They use [[Sadri language|Sadri]], a dialect of [[Hindi]] as their first and primary language amongst themselves and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as their second or third language. Around 50,000 still speak their original languages like [[Mundari language|Mundari]] and [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]. Almost 100,000 of them practices Christianity.

There are nearly 50,000 speakers of Hindi and it's dialect [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] living in the district who are primarily immigrated into the district from Hindi-speaking regions of India particularly [[Bihar]] and [[Rajasthan]].

As per the 2011 census, 37.01% of the population spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 19.36% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 12.52% [[Sadri language|Sadri]], 8.93% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], 6.63% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 3.79% [[Hindi]], 2.54% [[Odia language|Odia]] and 1.98% [[Mundari language|Mundari]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== List of Guardian Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!Guardian_Minister
!Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|'''1.'''
|[[Pijush Hazarika]]
|2021 Incumbent
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

==Notable people==
The district has produced notable people, including:-


*[[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]] (1903–1951) playwright, songwriter, poet, writer and film maker
*[[Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Assam)|Kamalakanta Bhattacharya]], Assamese essayist and poet
*[[Ankushita Boro]], boxer
*[[Jamuna Boro]], boxer
*[[Bhupen Hazarika|Dr. Bhupen Hazarika]], playback singer, poet and film-maker
*[[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]] (1909–69), promoter of Assamese culture
*[[Phani Sarma]] (1909–70), theatre and film actor, playwright and director



==Transportation==
* Major Railway Station : [[Dekargaon Railway Station|Dekargaon]], [[Rangapara North Junction railway station|Rangapara]] & [[Viswanath Charali railway station|Biswanath Chariali]].
* Nearest Airport : [[Salonibari Airport]], [[Tezpur]].
* [[Assam State Transport Corporation]] (ASTC) Stand : At the midst of Tezpur town.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949 |type=PhD |publisher=Guwahati University |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195 |hdl=10603/67909}}
* {{cite book|last=Eilmer|first=David|title=The Emperor Far Away:Travels at the Edge of China|year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury}}
*{{cite book|last1=Mizuno|first1=Kazuharu|last2=Tenpa|first2=Lobsang|title=Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India : A Study of Monpa|year=2015|publisher=Springer
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://sonitpur.assam.gov.in/ Sonitpur District Official Website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sonitpur district
|North = [[East Kameng district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|Northeast = [[Papum Pare district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|East = [[Lakhimpur district]]
|Southeast = [[Golaghat district]]
|South = [[Nagaon district]]
|Southwest = [[Morigaon district]]
|West = [[Udalguri district]], [[Darrang district]]
|Northwest = [[West Kameng district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
}}

{{Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sonitpur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Assam]]

Priyobrata Singh

2026-03-24T14:49:47Z

Gasperalmeida: New new biography and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyobarta Singh
| birth_name = Maharaj Kumar Priyobrata Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| parents = [[Meidingngu Churachand|Churachand Maharaj]] Rani Chingakham Ningol Shyamasakhi
| family = (male siblings) [[Bodhchandra Singh|Maharaja Bodh Chandra]] (1908-55) M.K. Ghanendrajit (1922-2008) M.K. Lokendra (Born 1915) M.K. Joy (1921-73) M.K. Tokendra Bir Singh (Born 1932)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1911|2|17}}
| birth_place = Sana Konung, [[Imphal]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|10|29|1911|2|17}}
| death_place = Kombirei, Palace Compound, [[Imphal]]
}}

'''Maharaj Kumar Priyobrata Singh''' was a member of the royal family and a political official in the [[princely state]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]], under [[British Raj]] and later [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]]. He served as chief minister of the princely state in independent India from 15 August 1947 to 15 October 1949.

== Early life ==
Priyobrata Singh was the second son of Maharaja [[Churachand Singh]] born to Rani Shyamasakhi on 17 February 1911.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Biography_of_Late_Maharaj_Kumar_Priyabarta_Singh_2019|title=Biography of Late Maharaj Kumar Priyabarta Singh|access-date=3 July 2022|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> He was educated at the [[Rajkumar College, Raipur|Rajkumar College]], Raipur in present-day Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharajkumar Priya Brata Singh (1912-2005) In History |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/02/maharajkumar-priya-brata-singh-19122005-in-history/ |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=kanglaonline.com}}</ref> He continued his studies at the [[Ewing Christian College]], Allahabad and graduated with B.A. from the [[Allahabad University]] in 1934.

== Career ==
Priyobrata Singh was appointed a member of Manipur State Durbar in 1936 and given the portfolio of Education, Police and P.W.D. He also supervised Manipur State Arts and Crafts.<ref>People's Democratic Forum (PDF) Manipur: VOICE OF PEOPLE'S DEMOCRACY (IN MANIPUR) (Document of 53rd Anniversary Celebration of First Manipur Assembly - 1948)</ref>

He was commissioned as an Emergency Commissioned Officer in August, 1942 and served with the 2nd Assam Regiment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/captain-maharaj-kumar-priyobarta-singh-of-the-assam-regiment/|title=CAPTAIN MAHARAJ KUMAR PRIYOBARTA SINGH OF THE ASSAM REGIMENT|author=LT GEN KONSAM HIMALAYA |access-date=3 July 2022|website=salute.co.in}}</ref> Relieved in early 1947, he rejoined the State Durbar and was in charge of police.

He was involved in the Bharat Sevak. He became a member and President of the Manipur Cultural Conference, a socio-cultural organisation, which attempted to increase understanding between the State's various ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.An_autobiography_of_MK_Priyobarta_By_M_Ranjit|title=Down memory lane: An autobiography of MK Priyobarta|author=Retd Lt Col M Ranjit Singh|access-date=3 July 2022|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> He visited all the villages in the hill areas of Manipur.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

He was involved with the Manipur Spinning Mills Corporation at its initial stage. He introduced exotic plants into the state, including sandalwood, Araucaria, [[pinus longifolia]], kendu, yew, Spathodea, Eucalyptus, and Sal Deodarun. He worked to establish [[Dhanamanjuri University|Dhanamanjuri College]] and Shyamasakhi Girls High School.

After the introduction of the [[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]] he became a minister in the Interim Council. On 14 August 1947, he was appointed as the Chief Minister, taking over from the British political officer [[F. F. Pearson|F.F. Pearson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=POLITICAL CLIMATE OF MANIPUR DURING THE TRANSITIONARY PERIOD, 1946-52: SOME REFLECTIONS |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158870 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=www.jstor.org}}</ref> He headed the Interim Council from 14 August 1947 to 7 October 1948. After the election to the Manipur State Assembly, he was reappointed as Chief Minister with the concurrence of the ruling party, the Praja Shanti. He also held the post of Dewan, reporting to the Government of India, until 18 April 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Milan Luwang |title=Manipur's Independence and Merger Agreement 1949 |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/opinion/manipurs-independence-and-merger-agreement-1949 |access-date=3 July 2022 |newspaper=Imphal Free Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur’s independence and Merger Agreement 1949 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/11/30/Milan-LuwangIndia-got-independence-on-15th-August-1947-from-British-colonial-rule-Manipur-being-a.amp.html |access-date=3 July 2022 |newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref>

== Later life ==
After politics, he devoted his life to social activities and painting. He was a pioneer in contemporary painting in Manipur. His contribution to the Imphal Arts College was notable.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Recognition ==

* [[Manipur University]] honoured him with D.Litt. (Honours Causa).
* The Cultural Forum awarded him the Thoibi award in 1991
* [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]] gave him the Srimad Paramhans Swami Yogendra Giri Memorial in 2000.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Priyobrata}}
[[Category:Ningthouja dynasty]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]

Karl Marx

2026-03-23T18:28:02Z

Gasperalmeida: updated page

{{Short description|German philosopher and socialist (1818–1883)}}
{{Redirect|Marx|other uses|Marx (disambiguation)|and|Karl Marx (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Karl Marx
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862 |url=http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&pos=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&pos=9 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Royal Society of Arts]]}}</ref>
| image = Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored & Adjusted (3x4 cropped b).png
| alt = Black-and-white portrait photograph of Marx sitting
| caption = Marx in 1875
| birth_name = Carl Marx{{efn|name=name|His name was spelled ''Carl Marx'' in the birth register of [[Trier]] and he occasionally used this spelling in official contexts up to the 1840s. His full name is sometimes given as ''Karl Heinrich Marx'', but he never officially had a middle name, using the forms ''Karl Heinrich'' or ''Carl Heinrich'' (with his father's first name added after his own) only several times as a student.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=34–35}}}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1818|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Trier]], Prussia
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1883|3|14|1818|5|5}}
| death_place = London, England
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Karl Marx]], London
| citizenship = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prussia]]n (1818–1845)
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (after 1845)
}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Bonn]]
* [[University of Berlin]]
* [[University of Jena]]
}}
| party = {{Plainlist|
* [[Communist Correspondence Committee]]
* [[Communist League]]
* [[International Workingmen's Association]]
}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jenny von Westphalen]]|19 June 1843|2 December 1881|end=died}}
| children = At least 7,<ref name=PadoverXXV>{{cite book |editor-first=Saul |editor-last=Padover |editor-link=Saul K. Padover |chapter=Introduction: Marx, the Human Side |title=Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw Hill]] |year=1975 |page=xxv}}</ref> including [[Jenny Longuet|Jenny]], [[Laura Marx|Laura]] and [[Eleanor Marx|Eleanor]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Heinrich Marx]]|[[Henriette Pressburg]]}}
| era = [[19th-century philosophy]]
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| school_tradition = [[Political economy]]
| thesis_title = [[The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature]]
| thesis_year = 1841
| doctoral_advisor = [[Bruno Bauer]]
| main_interests = {{Hlist|Philosophy|economics|history|politics}}
| notable_ideas = {{Plainlist|
* [[Marx's theory of alienation|Alienation]] and [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of the worker
* [[Class conflict]]
* [[Historical materialism]]
* [[Value form]]
}}
| signature = Karl Marx Signature.svg
| signature_alt =
}}

'''Karl Marx'''{{efn|name=name}} ({{IPA|de|ˈkaʁl ˈmaʁks|lang}}; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German [[Political philosophy|philosopher]], social and political theorist, economist, journalist, and [[revolutionary socialist]]. He is best-known for the 1848 pamphlet ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' (written with [[Friedrich Engels]]), and his three-volume {{lang|de|[[Das Kapital]]}} (1867–1894), a [[critique of political economy|critique of classical political economy]] which employs his theory of [[historical materialism]] in an analysis of [[capitalism]], in the culmination of his life's work. Marx's ideas and their subsequent development, collectively known as [[Marxism]], have had enormous influence.

Born in [[Trier]] in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], Marx studied at the [[University of Bonn]] and the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]], and received a [[doctoral degree]] in philosophy from the [[University of Jena]] in 1841. A [[Young Hegelians|Young Hegelian]], he was influenced by the philosophy of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], and both critiqued and developed Hegel's ideas in works such as ''[[The German Ideology]]'' (written 1846) and the ''[[Grundrisse]]'' (written 1857–1858). While in Paris, Marx wrote his ''[[Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844]]'' and met Engels, who became his closest friend and collaborator. After moving to Brussels in 1845, they were active in the [[Communist League]], and in 1848 they wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', which expresses Marx's ideas and lays out a programme for revolution. Marx was expelled from Belgium and Germany, and in 1849 moved to London, where he wrote ''[[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte]]'' (1852) and {{lang|de|Das Kapital}}. From 1864, Marx was involved in the [[International Workingmen's Association]] (First International), in which he fought the influence of [[Anarchism|anarchists]] led by [[Mikhail Bakunin]]. In his ''[[Critique of the Gotha Programme]]'' (1875), Marx wrote on revolution, the state and the transition to communism. He died [[Statelessness|stateless]] in 1883 and was buried in [[Highgate Cemetery]].

Marx's [[#Critique of political economy, history and society|critiques of history, society and political economy]] hold that human societies develop through [[class conflict]]. In the [[Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]], this manifests itself in the conflict between the [[ruling class]]es (the [[bourgeoisie]]) that control the [[means of production]] and the [[working class]]es (the [[proletariat]]) that enable these means by selling their [[labour power]] for wages.<ref name=manifesto/> Employing his historical materialist approach, Marx predicted that capitalism produced [[Internal contradictions of capital accumulation|internal tensions]] like previous socioeconomic systems and that these tensions would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the [[socialist mode of production]]. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism—owing in part to its instability and [[Economic crisis|crisis]]-prone nature—would eventuate the working class's development of [[class consciousness]], leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a [[Classless society|classless]], [[communist society]] constituted by a [[free association of producers]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Karl |last=Marx |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |chapter=Index |title=[[Critique of the Gotha Program]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041955/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm |archive-date=27 October 2007 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised [[proletarian revolution]]ary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic [[emancipation]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures of the [[modern era]]. His work has been both lauded and [[Criticism of Marxism|criticised]].<ref name="Manchester"/> Marxism has exerted major influence on socialist thought and political movements, with [[Marxist schools of thought]] such as [[Marxism–Leninism]] and its offshoots becoming the guiding ideologies of [[Communist revolution|revolutions]] that took power in many countries during the 20th century, forming [[communist state]]s. Marx's work in economics has had a strong influence on modern [[Heterodox economics|heterodox]] theories of labour and [[Capital (economics)|capital]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Unger |first=Roberto Mangabeira |title=Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics |year=2007 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |author-link=Roberto Mangabeira Unger}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hicks |first=John |author-link=John Hicks |date=May 1974 |title=Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern |journal=[[The American Economic Review]] |volume=64 |page=307 |quote=The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history ... |number=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schumpeter |first=Joseph |title=Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes | year=1997 |orig-year=1952 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0415110785 |edition=4th |series=Unwin University books |volume=26 |author-link=Joseph Schumpeter}}</ref> and he is often cited as one of the principal architects of modern [[sociology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm |title=Marxism and Method |last=Little |first=Daniel |access-date=10 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210095117/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%20and%20Method%203.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopaedia |encyclopaedia=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |title=Max Weber |last=Kim |first=Sung Ho |year=2017 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |access-date=10 December 2017 |quote=Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101547/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Childhood and early education: 1818–1836 ===
[[File:Trier BW 2014-06-21 11-11-49.jpg|thumb|left|[[Karl-Marx-Haus|Marx's birthplace]], now Brückenstraße 10, in Trier. The family occupied two rooms on the ground floor and three on the first floor.<ref>{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=178, Plate 1}}.</ref> Purchased by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] in 1928, it now houses a museum devoted to him.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=12–13}}]]

Karl Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to [[Heinrich Marx]] and [[Henriette Pressburg]], at Brückengasse 664 in [[Trier]], then part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=8, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=1}}.</ref> Marx's family was originally [[Jewish secularism|non-religious Jewish]] but had [[Conversion to Christianity|converted to Christianity]] before his birth. His maternal grandfather was a Dutch [[rabbi]], while his paternal line had supplied Trier's rabbis since 1723, a role taken by his grandfather Meier Halevi Marx.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–5}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=7–9, 12}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–3}}.</ref> His father was the first in the line to receive a secular education. He became a lawyer with a comfortably [[upper middle class]] income and the family owned a number of [[Moselle wine|Moselle]] vineyards, in addition to his income as an attorney. After Prussia's annexation of the [[Rhineland]] in 1815 and the subsequent abrogation of [[Jewish emancipation]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&pg=PA419 |title=Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History |last=Carroll |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0547348889 |page=419 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924094733/https://books.google.com/books?id=6q0OHHNyFeEC&pg=PA419 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Heinrich converted from Judaism to the state [[Prussian Union of Churches|Evangelical Church of Prussia]] in order to retain his career as a lawyer.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=4–6}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=2–4}}.</ref>

Largely non-religious, Heinrich was a man of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], interested in the ideas of the philosophers [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Voltaire]]. A [[classical liberal]], he took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, which was then an [[absolute monarchy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=5, 8–12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=11}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=5–6}}.</ref> In 1815, Heinrich Marx began working as an attorney and in 1819 moved his family to a ten-room property near the [[Porta Nigra]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=10}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.</ref> His wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jew from a prosperous business family that later founded the company [[Philips Electronics]]. Her sister Sophie Pressburg married [[Lion Philips]] and was the grandmother of both [[Gerard Philips|Gerard]] and [[Anton Philips]] and great-grandmother to [[Frits Philips]]. Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and [[Jenny von Westphalen|Jenny Marx]] would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London.<ref>{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|loc=chpt. 6}}</ref>

Little is known of Marx's childhood.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}.</ref> The third of nine children, he became the eldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819.<ref>{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=7}}.</ref> Marx and his surviving siblings were [[baptism|baptised]] into the [[Lutheran Church]] on 28 August 1824,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turley |first=Justin |date=2020-08-24 |title=The Baptism of Karl Marx, 1824 |url=https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Landmark Events |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712232703/https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and their mother in November 1825.<ref>{{cite book |title=Karl Marx: Dictionary of National Biography |volume=37 |pages=57–58 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0198613879}}</ref> Marx was privately educated by his father until 1830 when he entered {{Interlanguage link|Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Trier)|de|3=Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Trier)|lt=Trier High School}}, whose headmaster, [[Johann Hugo Wyttenbach|Hugo Wyttenbach]], was a friend of his father. By employing many [[Liberal humanism|liberal humanists]] as teachers, Wyttenbach incurred the anger of the local conservative government. In 1832, police raided the school and discovered that literature promoting political liberalism was being distributed among the students. Viewing the distribution of such material as a seditious act, the authorities implemented reforms and replaced several members of the staff during Marx's time at the school.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976 |pp=12–15}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=13}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=7–11}}.</ref>

In October 1835 at the age of 16, Marx travelled to the [[University of Bonn]] wishing to study philosophy and literature, but his father insisted on law as a more practical field.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=15–16}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=14}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=13}}.</ref> Due to a condition referred to as a "weak chest",{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=15}} Marx was excused from military duty when he turned 18. While at the University at Bonn, Marx joined the Poets' Club, a group containing political radicals that were monitored by the police.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=20}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.</ref> Marx also joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking society and at one point served as the club's co-president.<ref>{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=16}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}</ref><ref name="drinking1">{{cite news |title=Karl Marx: the drinking years|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Rachel |last=Holmes |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{subscription required}}</ref> In August 1836 he took part in a duel with a member of the university's [[Corps Borussia Bonn|Borussian Korps]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.</ref> Although his grades in the first term were good, they soon deteriorated, leading his father to force a transfer to the more serious and academic [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–17}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=14}}.</ref>

=== Hegelianism and early journalism: 1836–1843 ===
{{Main article|Young Marx}}

[[File:Jenny von Westphalen-1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Jenny von Westphalen]] in the 1830s]]

{{multiple image
| direction =
| total_width = 330
| width =
| image1 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.1 raw.jpg
| caption1 = Trierer students in front of the White Horse, among them, Karl Marx
| image2 = David Levy-Elkan - Die „Trierer“ vor dem „Weißen Roß“ in Godesberg (1836) V01-1.2 cropped.jpg
| caption2 = Karl Marx (detail)
| footer = A famous lithograph by [[David Levi Elkan]], simply known as "''Die Trierer''", depicts several students, and among them, Karl Marx, in front of the White Horse in 1836.{{efn|Until 2017, this was the earliest known depiction of Marx, even though he was only identified in 1890 by [Friedrich?] Schneider, a judicial council and senate president in Cologne. However, because this depiction fits into Marx's description, it was accepted as being him since then.{{sfn|Heinrich|2019|pp=131–132}} Depictions of the young Marx by Hellmut Bach (1953) and another drawing that is more idealistic by I. Grinshtein (1961) was based upon this lithography; however they became more famous than the original depiction. The copy preserved in the Stadtmuseum Simeonstift Trier has some lost portions from above (the written year 1836, depictions of the brotherhood's activities etc.) because of ageing: this can be seen from earlier publications of the image.}}
}}

Spending summer and autumn 1836 in Trier, Marx became more serious about his studies and his life. He became engaged to [[Jenny von Westphalen]], an educated member of the [[Edler|petty nobility]] who had known Marx since childhood. As she had broken off her engagement with a young [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]] to be with Marx, their relationship was socially controversial owing to the differences between their religious and class origins, but Marx befriended her father [[Ludwig von Westphalen]] (a liberal aristocrat) and later dedicated his doctoral thesis to him.<ref>{{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=23–30}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=16–21, 33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=15, 20}}.</ref> Seven years after their engagement, on 19 June 1843, they married in a Protestant church in [[Bad Kreuznach|Kreuznach]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=70–71}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=52–53}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=61–62}}.</ref>

In October 1836, Marx arrived in Berlin, matriculating in the university's faculty of law and renting a room in the Mittelstrasse.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=31}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=15}}.</ref> During the first term, Marx attended lectures of [[Eduard Gans]] (who represented the progressive Hegelian standpoint, elaborated on rational development in history by emphasising particularly its libertarian aspects, and the importance of the social question) and of [[Karl von Savigny]] (who represented the [[Historical School of Law]]).<ref>{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}</ref> Although studying law, he was fascinated by philosophy and looked for a way to combine the two, believing that "without philosophy nothing could be accomplished".<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=21}}.</ref> Marx became interested in the recently deceased German philosopher [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], whose ideas were then widely debated among European philosophical circles.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=32–34}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=21–22}}.</ref> During a convalescence in Stralau, he joined the [[Doctors Club]], a student group which discussed [[Hegelianism|Hegelian]] ideas, and through them became involved with a group of [[Radical politics|radical thinkers]] known as the [[Young Hegelians]] in 1837. They gathered around [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] and [[Bruno Bauer]], with Marx developing a particularly close friendship with [[Adolf Rutenberg]]. Like Marx, the Young Hegelians were critical of Hegel's [[metaphysical]] assumptions but adopted his [[Hegelian Dialectic|dialectical method]] to criticise established society, politics and religion from a left-wing perspective.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=34–38}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=25–27}}.</ref> Marx's father died in May 1838, resulting in a diminished income for the family.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=44, 69–70}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=17–18}}.</ref> Marx had been emotionally close to his father and treasured his memory after his death.{{sfn|Sperber|2013|pp=55–56}}

[[File:Gedenktafel Karl Marx im Foyer des Hauptgebäudes der Uni Jena 4 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Inscription at the [[University of Jena]] commemorating the PhD he was awarded there in 1841]]
[[File:Karl Marx dissertation certificate.jpg|thumb|right|Doctoral certificate for Karl Marx from the University of Jena, 15 April 1841]]
By 1837, Marx had completed a short novel, ''[[Scorpion and Felix]]''; a drama, ''[[Oulanem]]''; and a number of love poems dedicated to his wife. None of this early work was published during his lifetime.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=18–19}}</ref> The love poems were published posthumously in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 1''.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=531–632}}</ref> Marx soon abandoned fiction for other pursuits, including the study of English and Italian, [[art history]] and the translation of Latin classics.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=25–26}}.</ref> He began co-operating with [[Bruno Bauer]] on editing Hegel's ''[[Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion|Philosophy of Religion]]'' in 1840. Marx was also engaged in writing his doctoral thesis, ''[[The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature]]'',<ref>Marx's thesis was posthumously published in {{Cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author2-link=Friedrich Engels |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |year=1975 |pages=25–107}}.</ref> which he completed in 1841. It was described as "a daring and original piece of work in which Marx set out to show that theology must yield to the superior wisdom of philosophy".<ref>{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=32}}.</ref> The essay was controversial, particularly among the conservative professors at the University of Berlin. Marx decided instead to submit his thesis to the more liberal [[University of Jena]], whose faculty awarded him his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in April 1841.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=33}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=28–29, 33}}.</ref> As Marx and Bauer were both [[atheists]], in March 1841 they began plans for a journal entitled {{lang|de|Archiv des Atheismus}} (''Atheistic Archives''), but it never came to fruition. In July, Marx and Bauer took a trip to [[Bonn]] from Berlin. There they scandalised their class by getting drunk, laughing in church and galloping through the streets on donkeys.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=38–45}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=34}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=32–33, 37}}.</ref>

Marx was considering an academic career, but this path was barred by the government's growing opposition to classical liberalism and the Young Hegelians.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=49}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=33}}.</ref> Marx moved to [[Cologne]] in 1842, where he became a journalist, writing for the radical newspaper {{lang|de|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]}} (''Rhineland News''), expressing his early views on socialism and his developing interest in economics. Marx criticised right-wing European governments as well as figures in the liberal and socialist movements, whom he thought ineffective or counter-productive.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=50–51}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=34–36, 42–44}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=35–47}}.</ref> The newspaper attracted the attention of the Prussian [[censorship|government censors]], who checked every issue for seditious material before printing, which Marx lamented: "Our newspaper has to be presented to the police to be sniffed at, and if the police nose smells anything un-Christian or un-Prussian, the newspaper is not allowed to appear".<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=57}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=47}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=48–50}}.</ref> After the {{lang|de|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]}} published an article strongly criticising the Russian monarchy, Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] requested it be banned, and Prussia's government complied in 1843.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=60–61}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=47–48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=50–51}}.</ref>

=== Paris: 1843–1845 ===
In 1843, Marx became co-editor of a new, radical left-wing Parisian newspaper, the {{lang|de|[[Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher]]}} (''German-French Annals''), then being set up by the German activist [[Arnold Ruge]] to bring together German and French radicals.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=68–69, 72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=59–61}}</ref> Therefore Marx and his wife moved to Paris in October 1843. Initially living with Ruge and his wife communally at 23 [[Rue Vaneau]], they found the living conditions difficult, so moved out following the birth of their daughter Jenny in 1844.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=77–79}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=62–66}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=73–74, 94}}.</ref> Although intended to attract writers from both France and the German states, the {{lang|de|Jahrbücher}} was dominated by the latter and the only non-German writer was the exiled Russian [[Collectivist anarchism|anarchist collectivist]] [[Mikhail Bakunin]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=64–65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=71–72}}.</ref> Marx contributed two essays to the paper, "[[Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right|Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]]"<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=3}}</ref> and "[[On the Jewish Question]]",<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=[[On the Jewish Question]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |page=146}}</ref> the latter introducing his belief that the [[proletariat]] were a revolutionary force and marking his embrace of communism;{{sfn|McLellan|2006|pp=65–70, 74–80}} "On the Jewish Question" has also been described as evidence of Marx's antisemitic views by writers such as [[Paul Johnson (writer)|Paul Johnson]], [[Bernard Lewis]], [[Hyam Maccoby]], and [[Robert S. Wistrich]], but this view is disputed by [[Wendy Brown (political scientist)|Wendy Brown]], [[Robert Fine]], [[David McLellan (academic)|David McLellan]], and [[Francis Wheen]], among others. Only one issue was published, but it was relatively successful, largely owing to the inclusion of [[Heinrich Heine]]'s satirical odes on King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig of Bavaria]], leading the German states to ban it and seize imported copies (Ruge nevertheless refused to fund the publication of further issues and his friendship with Marx broke down).<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=72, 75–76}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=88–90}}.</ref>

After ''Jahrbücher'''s collapse, Marx began writing for {{lang|de|[[Vorwärts!]]}} (''Forwards!''), the only remaining uncensored German-language radical newspaper. Based in Paris, the paper was connected to the [[League of the Just]], a [[utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] secret society of workers and artisans. Marx attended some of their meetings but did not join.<ref>{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=66–67, 112}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=79–80}}.</ref> In {{lang|de|Vorwärts!}}, Marx refined his views on socialism based upon Hegelian and Feuerbachian ideas of [[dialectical materialism]], at the same time criticising liberals and other socialists operating in Europe.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=90}}

[[File:Engels 1856.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Engels]], whom Marx met in 1844; the two became lifelong friends and collaborators.]]

On 28 August 1844, Marx met the German socialist [[Friedrich Engels]] at the [[Café de la Régence]], beginning a lifelong friendship.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=75}} Engels showed Marx his recently published ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Philip |title=Paris Between Empires |page=390 |publisher=[[St. Martins Press]] |location=New York |year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Engels |author-link=Friedrich Engels |chapter=[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=295–596}}</ref> convincing Marx that the working class would be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.<ref name="Bottomore1991"/>{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=82}} Soon, Marx and Engels were collaborating on a criticism of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former friend, [[Bruno Bauer]]. This work was published in 1845 as ''[[The Holy Family (book)|The Holy Family]]''.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=85–86}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=The Holy Family |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=3–211}}</ref> Although critical of Bauer, Marx was increasingly influenced by the ideas of the Young Hegelians [[Max Stirner]] and [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], but eventually Marx and Engels abandoned Feuerbachian materialism as well.<ref name="et"/>

During the time that he lived at 38 Rue Vaneau in Paris (from October 1843 until January 1845),<ref>Taken from the caption of a picture of the house in a group of pictures located between pages 160 and 161 of {{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973}}.</ref> Marx engaged in an intensive study of [[political economy]] ([[Adam Smith]], [[David Ricardo]], [[James Mill]], ''etc.'')'',''{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=63}} the French socialists (especially [[Henri de Saint-Simon|Claude Henri St. Simon]] and [[Charles Fourier]]){{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=90–94}} and the history of France.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}} The study of, and critique, of political economy is a project that Marx would pursue for the rest of his life<ref>Larisa Miskievich, "Preface" to Volume 28 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. xii.</ref> and would result in his major economic work{{mdash}}the three-volume series called ''Das Kapital''.<ref>Karl Marx, ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', ''Volume 36'' and ''Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1996, 1997 and 1987).</ref> [[Marxism]] is based in large part on three influences: Hegel's dialectics, French utopian socialism and British political economy. Together with his earlier study of Hegel's dialectics, the studying that Marx did during this time in Paris meant that all major components of "Marxism" were in place by the autumn of 1844.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=35–61}} Marx was constantly being pulled away from his critique of political economy{{mdash}}not only by the usual daily demands of the time, but additionally by editing a radical newspaper and later by organising and directing the efforts of a political party during years of potentially revolutionary popular uprisings of the citizenry. Still, Marx was always drawn back to his studies where he sought "to understand the inner workings of capitalism".{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}}

An outline of "Marxism" had definitely formed in the mind of Karl Marx by late 1844. Indeed, many features of the Marxist view of the world had been worked out in great detail, but Marx needed to write down all of the details of his world view to further clarify the new critique of political economy in his own mind.<ref>Note 54 contained on p. 598 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3''.</ref> Accordingly, Marx wrote ''[[Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844|The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts]]''.<ref>Karl Marx, "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3'' (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 229–346.</ref> These manuscripts covered numerous topics, detailing Marx's concept of [[alienated labour]].<ref name=sep/> By the spring of 1845, his continued study of political economy, capital and capitalism had led Marx to the belief that the new critique of political economy he was espousing—that of [[scientific socialism]]—needed to be built on the base of a thoroughly developed materialistic view of the world.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=83}}

The ''Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844'' had been written between April and August 1844, but soon Marx recognised that the ''Manuscripts'' had been influenced by some inconsistent ideas of Ludwig Feuerbach. Accordingly, Marx recognised the need to break with Feuerbach's philosophy in favour of historical materialism, thus a year later (in April 1845) after moving from Paris to Brussels, Marx wrote his eleven "[[Theses on Feuerbach]]".<ref>Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach", contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 3–14.</ref> The "Theses on Feuerbach" are best known for Thesis 11, which states that "philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways, the point is to change it".<ref name=sep/><ref>Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach," contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'', p. 8.</ref> This work contains Marx's criticism of [[materialism]] (for being contemplative), [[idealism]] (for reducing practice to theory), and, overall, philosophy (for putting abstract reality above the physical world).<ref name=sep/> It thus introduced the first glimpse at Marx's [[historical materialism]], an argument that the world is changed not by ideas but by actual, physical, material activity and practice.<ref name=sep/><ref name="Engels1999"/> In 1845, after receiving a request from the Prussian king, the French government shut down {{lang|de|Vorwärts!}}, with the interior minister, [[François Guizot]], expelling Marx from France.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&pg=PA90 90]}}

=== Brussels: 1845–1848 ===
Unable either to stay in France or to move to Germany, Marx decided to emigrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845. However, to stay in Belgium he had to pledge not to publish anything on the subject of contemporary politics.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&pg=PA90 90]}} In Brussels, Marx associated with other exiled socialists from across Europe, including [[Moses Hess]], [[Karl Heinzen]] and [[Joseph Weydemeyer]]. In April 1845, Engels moved from Barmen in Germany to Brussels to join Marx and the growing cadre of members of the League of the Just now seeking home in Brussels.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&pg=PA90 90]}}<ref>Heinrich Gemkow ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild ["New Book Publishing House"]: Dresden, 1972) p. 101.</ref> Later, [[Mary Burns]], Engels' long-time companion, left Manchester, England, to join Engels in Brussels.<ref>Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 102.</ref>

In mid-July 1845, Marx and Engels left Brussels for England to visit the leaders of the [[Chartism|Chartists]], a working-class movement in Britain. This was Marx's first trip to England and Engels was an ideal guide for the trip. Engels had already spent two years living in Manchester from November 1842<ref>Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'' (Verlag Zeit im Bild [New Book Publishing House]: Dresden, 1972) p. 53.</ref> to August 1844.<ref>Heinrich Gemkow, ''et al.'', ''Frederick Engels: A Biography'', p. 78.</ref> Not only did Engels already know the English language,{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} but he had also developed a close relationship with many Chartist leaders.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} Indeed, Engels was serving as a reporter for many Chartist and socialist English newspapers.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=89}} Marx used the trip as an opportunity to examine the economic resources available for study in various libraries in London and Manchester.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=92}}

In collaboration with Engels, Marx also set about writing a book which is often seen as his best treatment of the concept of [[historical materialism]], ''[[The German Ideology]]''.<ref>Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "German Ideology" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 19–539.</ref> In this work, Marx broke with [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], [[Bruno Bauer]], [[Max Stirner]] and the rest of the Young Hegelians, while he also broke with [[Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün|Karl Grün]] and other "true socialists" whose philosophies were still based in part on "[[idealism]]". In ''German Ideology'', Marx and Engels finally completed their philosophy, which was based solely on materialism as the sole motor force in history.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=96–97}} ''German Ideology'' is written in a humorously satirical form, but even this satirical form did not save the work from censorship. Like so many other early writings of his, ''German Ideology'' would not be published in Marx's lifetime and was published only in 1932.<ref name="sep"/><ref name="wk"/>{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=93}}

After completing ''German Ideology'', Marx turned to a work that was intended to clarify his own position regarding "the theory and tactics" of a truly "revolutionary proletarian movement" operating from the standpoint of a truly "scientific materialist" philosophy.<ref>See Note 71 on p. 672 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976).</ref> This work was intended to draw a distinction between the utopian socialists and Marx's own scientific socialist philosophy. Whereas the utopians believed that people must be persuaded one person at a time to join the socialist movement, the way a person must be persuaded to adopt any different belief, Marx knew that people would tend, on most occasions, to act in accordance with their own economic interests, thus appealing to an entire class (the working class in this case) with a broad appeal to the class's best material interest would be the best way to mobilise the broad mass of that class to make a revolution and change society. This was the intent of the new book that Marx was planning, but to get the manuscript past the government censors he called the book ''[[The Poverty of Philosophy]]'' (1847)<ref>Karl Marx, ''The Poverty of Philosophy'' contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 105–212.</ref> and offered it as a response to the "petty-bourgeois philosophy" of the French anarchist socialist [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] as expressed in his book ''[[The Philosophy of Poverty]]'' (1840).{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=107}}

[[File:Marx+Family and Engels.jpg|thumb|Marx (right) with his daughters and Engels]]

These books laid the foundation for Marx and Engels's most famous work, a political pamphlet that has since come to be commonly known as ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''. While residing in Brussels in 1846, Marx continued his association with the secret radical organisation [[League of the Just]].{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=124}} As noted above, Marx thought the League to be just the sort of radical organisation that was needed to spur the working class of Europe toward the mass movement that would bring about a working-class revolution.<ref>Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 671–672.</ref> However, to organise the working class into a mass movement the League had to cease its "secret" or "underground" orientation and operate in the open as a political party.<ref>Note 260 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'', p. 672.</ref> Members of the League eventually became persuaded in this regard. Accordingly, in June 1847 the League was reorganised by its membership into a new open "above ground" political society that appealed directly to the working classes.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|pp=123–125}} This new open political society was called the Communist League.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=125}} Both Marx and Engels participated in drawing up the programme and organisational principles of the new [[Communist League]].<ref>Frederick Engels, "Principles of Communism" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'' (International Publishers, New York, 1976) pp. 341–357.</ref>

[[File:Communist-manifesto.png|thumb|left|upright|The first edition of ''[[The Communist Manifesto|The Manifesto of the Communist Party]]'', published in German in 1848]]

In late 1847, Marx and Engels began writing what was to become their most famous work – a programme of action for the [[Communist League]]. Written jointly by Marx and Engels from December 1847 to January 1848, ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' was first published on 21 February 1848.<ref>Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "The Communist Manifesto" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6'', pp. 477–519.</ref> ''The Communist Manifesto'' laid out the beliefs of the new Communist League. No longer a secret society, the Communist League wanted to make aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding its beliefs as the League of the Just had been doing.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=115}} The opening lines of the pamphlet set forth the principal basis of Marxism: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles".<ref name="ShillingMellor2001">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Shilling |first2=Philip A. |last2=Mellor |title=The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&pg=PA114 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |isbn=978-0761965497 |page=114 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915145130/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CdgJe9Jx0UC&pg=PA114 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> It goes on to examine the antagonisms that Marx claimed were arising in the clashes of interest between the [[bourgeoisie]] (the wealthy capitalist class) and the [[proletariat]] (the industrial working class). Proceeding on from this, the ''Manifesto'' presents the argument for why the Communist League, as opposed to other socialist and liberal political parties and groups at the time, was truly acting in the interests of the proletariat to overthrow capitalist society and to replace it with socialism.<ref>[[#Mar48|Marx and Engels 1848]].</ref>

Later that year, Europe experienced a series of protests, rebellions, and often violent upheavals that became known as the [[Revolutions of 1848]].{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} In France, [[French Revolution of 1848|a revolution]] led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the [[French Second Republic]].{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=125}} Marx was supportive of such activity and having recently received a substantial inheritance from his father (withheld by his uncle Lionel Philips since his father's death in 1838) of either 6,000<ref name="MaltsevN.-93"/> or 5,000 francs<ref>{{cite book |first=Saul Kussiel |last=Padover |title=Karl Marx, an intimate biography |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=1978 |page=205}}</ref>{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} he allegedly used a third of it to arm Belgian workers who were planning revolutionary action.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}} Although the veracity of these allegations is disputed,<ref name="MaltsevN.-93"/><ref>David McLellan 1973 ''Karl Marx: His life and Thought''. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 189–190</ref> the Belgian Ministry of Justice accused Marx of it, subsequently arresting him and he was forced to flee back to France, where with a new republican government in power he believed that he would be safe.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=126–127}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Felix |first1=David |year=1982 |title=Heute Deutschland! Marx as Provincial Politician |journal=[[Central European History]] |volume= 15 |issue=4 |pages=332–350 |doi=10.1017/S0008938900010621 |jstor=4545968 |s2cid=145405027| issn = 0008-9389}}</ref>

=== Cologne: 1848–1849 ===

Temporarily settling down in Paris, Marx transferred the Communist League executive headquarters to the city and also set up a [[German Workers' Society|German Workers' Club]] with various German socialists living there.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=128}} Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne where he began issuing a handbill entitled the ''Demands of the Communist Party in Germany'',<ref>Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "Demands of the Communist Party" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 7'' (International Publishers: New York, 1977) pp. 3–6.</ref> in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the ''Communist Manifesto'', believing that in Germany at that time the bourgeoisie must overthrow the [[feudalism|feudal]] monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=129}} On 1 June, Marx started the publication of a daily newspaper, the {{lang|de|[[Neue Rheinische Zeitung]]}}, which he helped to finance through his recent inheritance from his father. Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, the newspaper featured Marx as a primary writer and the dominant editorial influence. Despite contributions by fellow members of the Communist League, according to [[Friedrich Engels]] it remained "a simple dictatorship by Marx".{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=130–132}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=50}}<ref name="DL-Marx"/>

Whilst editor of the paper, Marx and the other revolutionary socialists were regularly harassed by the police and Marx was brought to trial on several occasions, facing various allegations including insulting the Chief Public Prosecutor, committing a press misdemeanor and inciting armed rebellion through tax boycotting,<ref>{{cite web |title=Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 145 November 1848 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129110224/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&pg=PA192 192]}}; {{harvnb|Splichal|2002|p=115}};</ref><ref name="Mehring2003"/> although each time he was acquitted.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&pg=PA192 192]}}<ref name="Mehring2003"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Gross |first=David M. |year=2014 |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |pages=76–77}}</ref> Meanwhile, the democratic parliament in [[Prussia]] collapsed and the king, [[Frederick William IV]], introduced a new cabinet of his reactionary supporters, who implemented counterrevolutionary measures to expunge left-wing and other revolutionary elements from the country.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}} Consequently, the {{lang|de|Neue Rheinische Zeitung}} was soon suppressed, and Marx was ordered to leave the country on 16 May 1849.<ref name="DL-Marx"/>{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=137–146}} Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counterrevolution and a [[cholera]] epidemic, and was soon expelled by the city authorities, who considered him a political threat. With his wife Jenny expecting their fourth child and with Marx not able to move back to Germany or Belgium, in August 1849 he sought refuge in London.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=147–148}}<ref name="Watson2010"/>

=== Move to London and further writing: 1850–1860 ===
{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 190
| image1 = Karl Marx - 28 Dean Street Soho London W1D 3RY.jpg
| image2 = Karl Marx 1818-1883 lived here 1851-56.jpg
| caption1 = Marx lived at 28 Dean Street, [[Soho]], London from 1851 to 1856. An [[English Heritage]] [[Blue plaque]] is visible on the second floor.
| caption2 = Close up of the Blue plaque.
| align =
| total_width =
}}

Marx moved to London in early June 1849 and would remain based in the city for the rest of his life. The headquarters of the Communist League also moved to London. However, in the winter of 1849–1850, a split within the ranks of the Communist League occurred when a faction within it led by [[August Willich]] and [[Karl Schapper]] began agitating for an immediate uprising. Willich and Schapper believed that once the Communist League had initiated the uprising, the entire working class from across Europe would rise "spontaneously" to join it, thus creating revolution across Europe. Marx and Engels protested that such an unplanned uprising on the part of the Communist League was "adventuristic" and would be suicide for the Communist League.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}} Such an uprising as that recommended by the Schapper/Willich group would easily be crushed by the police and the armed forces of the reactionary governments of Europe. Marx maintained that this would spell doom for the Communist League itself, arguing that changes in society are not achieved overnight through the efforts and will power of a handful of men.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=233}} They are instead brought about through a scientific analysis of economic conditions of society and by moving toward revolution through different stages of social development. In the present stage of development (''circa'' 1850), following the defeat of the uprisings across Europe in 1848 he felt that the Communist League should encourage the working class to unite with progressive elements of the rising bourgeoisie to defeat the feudal aristocracy on issues involving demands for governmental reforms, such as a constitutional republic with freely elected assemblies and universal (male) suffrage. In other words, the working class must join with bourgeois and democratic forces to bring about the successful conclusion of the bourgeois revolution before stressing the working-class agenda and a working-class revolution.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

After a long struggle that threatened to ruin the Communist League, Marx's opinion prevailed and eventually, the Willich/Schapper group left the Communist League. Meanwhile, Marx also became heavily involved with the socialist German Workers' Educational Society.<ref>Note 269 contained on p. 674 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.</ref> The Society held their meetings in [[Great Windmill Street]], [[Soho]], central London's entertainment district.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=151–155}}<ref name="Harriss2006"/> This organisation was also racked by an internal struggle among its members, some of whom followed Marx while others followed the Schapper/Willich faction. The issues in this internal split were the same issues raised in the internal split within the Communist League, but Marx lost the fight with the Schapper/Willich faction within the German Workers' Educational Society and on 17 September 1850 resigned from the Society.<ref>Note 269 on p. 674 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11''.</ref>

=== ''New-York Daily Tribune'' and journalism ===
In the early period in London, Marx committed himself almost exclusively to his studies, such that his family endured extreme poverty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dussel |first1=Enrique D. |editor1-last=Moseley |editor1-first=Fred Baker |translator-last1=Angulo |translator-first1=Yolanda |title=Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=0415215455 |page=xxxiii}}</ref><ref name="egsbio">{{cite web |url=https://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography/ |title=Karl Heinrich Marx – Biography |publisher=[[The European Graduate School]] |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901101839/http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography |archive-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His main source of income was Engels, whose own source was his wealthy industrialist father.{{r|egsbio}} In Prussia as editor of his own newspaper, and contributor to others ideologically aligned, Marx could reach his audience, the working classes. In London, without finances to run a newspaper themselves, he and Engels turned to international journalism. At one stage they were being published by six newspapers from England, the United States, [[Prussia]], Austria, and South Africa.<ref>Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 295.</ref> Marx's principal earnings came from his work as European correspondent, from 1852 to 1862, for the ''[[New-York Daily Tribune]]'',<ref name="Kluger">{{cite book |last=Kluger |first=Richard |title=The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune |url=https://archive.org/details/paperlife00klug |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0394508771}}</ref>{{rp|17}} and from also producing articles for more "bourgeois" newspapers. Marx had his articles translated from German by {{Interlanguage link|Wilhelm Pieper (revolutionary)|de|3=Wilhelm Pieper (Revolutionär)|lt=Wilhelm Pieper}}, until his proficiency in English had become adequate.<ref name="Dispatches"/>

The ''New-York Daily Tribune'' had been founded in April 1841 by [[Horace Greeley]].{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=274}} Its editorial board contained progressive bourgeois journalists and publishers, among them [[George Ripley (transcendentalist)|George Ripley]] and the journalist [[Charles Anderson Dana|Charles Dana]], who was editor-in-chief. Dana, a [[fourierist]] and an [[abolitionist]], was Marx's contact. The ''Tribune'' was a vehicle for Marx to reach a transatlantic public, such as for his "hidden warfare" against [[Henry Charles Carey]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |editor1-last=Ryazanskaya |editor1-first=S. W. |translator-last1=Lasker |translator-first1=I. |chapter=Marx to Engels, June 14, 1853 |title=Selected Correspondence |year=1965 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |pages=83–86 |edition=2nd}}</ref> The journal had wide working-class appeal from its foundation; at two cents, it was inexpensive;<ref>Taken from a picture on p. 327 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979).</ref> and, with about 50,000 copies per issue, its circulation was the widest in the United States.<ref name="Kluger"/>{{rp|14}} Its editorial ethos was progressive and its anti-slavery stance reflected Greeley's.<ref name="Kluger"/>{{rp|82}} Marx's first article for the paper, on the British parliamentary elections, was published on 21 August 1852.<ref>Karl Marx, "The Elections in England – Tories and Whigs" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 327–332.</ref>

On 21 March 1857, Dana informed Marx that due to the economic recession only one article a week would be paid for, published or not; the others would be paid for only if published. Marx had sent his articles on Tuesdays and Fridays, but, that October, the ''Tribune'' discharged all its correspondents in Europe except Marx and B. Taylor, and reduced Marx to a weekly article. Between September and November 1860, only five were published. After a six-month interval, Marx resumed contributions from September 1861 until March 1862, when Dana wrote to inform him that there was no longer space in the ''Tribune'' for reports from London, due to American domestic affairs.<ref name="MECW">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/MarxEngelsCollectedWorksVolume10MKarlMarx|title=Marx & Engels Collected Works, vol.41|date=15 March 2017}}</ref> In 1868, Dana set up a rival newspaper, the ''New York Sun'', at which he was editor-in-chief.<ref>Richard Kluger, ''The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune'' (Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, New York, 1986) p. 121.</ref> In April 1857, Dana invited Marx to contribute articles, mainly on military history, to the ''[[New American Cyclopedia]]'', an idea of George Ripley, Dana's friend and literary editor of the ''Tribune''. In all, 67 Marx-Engels articles were published, of which 51 were written by Engels, although Marx did some research for them in the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{harvnb|McLellan|2006|p=262}}.</ref> By the late 1850s, American popular interest in European affairs waned and Marx's articles turned to topics such as the "slavery crisis" and the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]] in 1861 in the "War Between the States".<ref>Note 1 at p. 367 contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 19'' (International Publishers: New York, 1984).</ref> Between December 1851 and March 1852, Marx worked on his theoretical work about the [[French Revolution of 1848]], titled ''[[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon]]''.<ref>Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11'' (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 99–197.</ref> In this he explored concepts in [[historical materialism]], [[class struggle]], [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], and victory of the proletariat over the [[bourgeois]] state.<ref name="Marx2008"/>

The 1850s and 1860s may be said to mark a philosophical boundary distinguishing the [[young Marx]]'s Hegelian [[idealism]] and the more [[mature Marx]]'s<ref name="Wood"/><ref name="Wood1993"/><ref name="Hook1994"/><ref name="Johnston2000"/> scientific ideology associated with [[structural Marxism]].<ref name="Johnston2000"/> However, not all scholars accept this distinction.<ref name="Hook1994"/><ref name="GeorgeScanlan1975"/> For Marx and Engels, their experience of the [[Revolutions of 1848]] to 1849 were formative in the development of their theory of economics and historical progression. After the "failures" of 1848, the revolutionary impetus appeared spent and not to be renewed without an economic recession. Contention arose between Marx and his fellow communists, whom he denounced as "adventurists". Marx deemed it fanciful to propose that "will power" could be sufficient to create the revolutionary conditions when in reality the economic component was the necessary requisite. The recession in the United States' economy in 1852 gave Marx and Engels grounds for optimism for revolutionary activity, yet this economy was seen as too immature for a capitalist revolution. Open territories on America's western frontier dissipated the forces of social unrest. Moreover, any economic crisis arising in the United States would not lead to revolutionary contagion of the older economies of individual European nations, which were closed systems bounded by their national borders. When the so-called [[Panic of 1857]] in the United States spread globally, it broke all economic theory models, and was the first truly global economic crisis.<ref>Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 320.</ref>

=== First International and ''Das Kapital'' ===
[[File:Karl Marx, May 1861.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Earliest known photograph taken of Marx in London, 1861.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://marx200.org/en/fotografien/index.html|title= All Images of Marx Are Good|website= Marx 200|access-date= 2 December 2024}}</ref>]]

Marx continued to write articles for the ''New York Daily Tribune'' as long as he was sure that the ''Tribune''{{'}}s editorial policy was still progressive. However, the departure of Charles Dana from the paper in late 1861 and the resultant change in the editorial board brought about a new editorial policy.<ref>Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 347.</ref> No longer was the ''Tribune'' to be a strong [[abolitionist]] paper dedicated to a complete [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] victory. The new editorial board supported an immediate peace between the Union and the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] in the Civil War in the United States with slavery left intact in the Confederacy. Marx strongly disagreed with this new political position and in 1863 was forced to withdraw as a writer for the ''Tribune''.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=345}}

In 1864, Marx became involved in the [[International Workingmen's Association]] (known as the First International),{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&pg=PA192 192]}} to whose General Council he was elected at its inception in 1864.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616235612/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&pg=PA269 267]}} In that organisation, Marx was involved in the struggle against the anarchist wing centred on [[Mikhail Bakunin]].{{r|egsbio}} Although Marx won this contest, the transfer of the seat of the General Council from London to New York in 1872, which Marx supported, led to the decline of the International.<ref name="JessopWheatley1999-526"/> The most important political event during the existence of the International was the [[Paris Commune]] of 1871 when the citizens of Paris rebelled against their government and held the city for two months. In response to the bloody suppression of this rebellion, Marx wrote one of his most famous pamphlets, "[[The Civil War in France]]", a defence of the Commune.<ref name="Curtis1997"/><ref>Karl Marx, "The Civil War in France" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 22'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 307–359.</ref>

Given the repeated failures and frustrations of workers' revolutions and movements, Marx also sought to understand and provide a critique suitable for the [[Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]], and hence spent a great deal of time in the reading room of the [[British Museum]] studying.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=20}} By 1857, Marx had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, [[landed property]], wage labour, the state, and foreign trade, and the world market, though this work did not appear in print until 1939, under the title ''[[Grundrisse|Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie]]'' ({{langx|en|Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy}}).<ref name="Segrest2002"/><ref>Karl Marx, "Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 5–537.</ref><ref>Karl Marx, "Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858" contained in the Preparatory Materials section of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'' (International Publishers: New York, 1987) pp. 421–507.</ref>

In 1859, Marx published ''[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy]]'',<ref>Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29'', pp. 257–417.</ref> his first serious critique of political economy. This work was intended merely as a preview of his three-volume ''[[Das Kapital]]'' (English title: ''Capital: Critique of Political Economy''), which he intended to publish at a later date. In ''A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy'', Marx began to critically examine axioms and categories of economic thinking.{{sfn|Postone|1993|pp=54–55, 173, 192}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marx |title=Economic Manuscripts: Appendix I: Production, Consumption, Distribution, Exchange |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |quote=[...] The solitary and isolated hunter or fisherman, who serves Adam Smith and Ricardo as a starting point, is one of the unimaginative fantasies of eighteenth-century romances a la Robinson Crusoe; and despite the assertions of social historians, these by no means signify simply a reaction against over-refinement and reversion to a misconceived natural life. [...] This is an illusion and nothing but the aesthetic illusion of the small and big Robinsonades. It is, on the contrary, the anticipation of 'bourgeois society,' which began to evolve in the sixteenth century and in the eighteenth century made giant strides towards maturity. The individual in this society of free competition seems to be rid of natural ties, etc., which made him an appurtenance of a particular, limited aggregation of human beings in previous historical epochs. The prophets of the eighteenth century, on whose shoulders Adam Smith and Ricardo were still wholly standing, envisaged this 18th-century individual – a product of the dissolution of feudal society on the one hand and of the new productive forces evolved since the sixteenth century on the other – as an ideal whose existence belonged to the past. They saw this individual not as an historical result, but as the starting point of history" [...] "Labour seems to be a very simple category. The notion of labour in this universal form, as labour in general, is also extremely old. Nevertheless 'labour' in this simplicity is economically considered just as modern a category as the relations which give rise to this simple abstraction. |archive-date=8 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208230946/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm#205 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2012|p=138|ps=: "Marx used social criticism as his standard form of social analysis. Marx defined criticism as the 'radical negation of social reality.{{'"}}}}</ref> The work was enthusiastically received, and the edition sold out quickly.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=318}}

[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg|thumb|upright|The first volume of ''[[Capital: Critique of Political Economy|Das Kapital]]'']]

The successful sales of ''[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy]]'' stimulated Marx in the early 1860s to finish work on the three large volumes that would compose his major life's work – {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} and the ''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]'', which discussed and critiqued the theoreticians of political economy, particularly [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Ricardo]].{{r|egsbio}} ''Theories of Surplus Value'' is often referred to as the fourth volume of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} and constitutes one of the first comprehensive treatises on the [[history of economic thought]].<ref name="Rockmore2002"/> In 1867, the first volume of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} was published, a work which critically analysed capital.<ref name="BrewerMarx1984-15"/><ref name=":0" /> {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} proposes an explanation of the "laws of motion" of the [[mode of production]] from its origins to its future by describing the dynamics of the accumulation of capital, with topics such as the growth of [[wage labour]], the transformation of the workplace, [[capital accumulation]], competition, the [[banking]] system, the [[tendency of the rate of profit to fall]] and land-rents, as well as how waged labour continually reproduce the rule of capital.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27. 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}} Marx proposes that the driving force of capital is in the [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of [[Labour (economics)|labour]], whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of [[surplus value]].

Demand for a Russian language edition of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} soon led to the printing of 3,000 copies of the book in the Russian language, which was published on 27 March 1872. By the autumn of 1871, the entire first edition of the German-language edition of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} had been sold out and a second edition was published.

[[File:Karl-Marx (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Photo of Marx, 1875]]

Volumes II and III of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} remained mere manuscripts upon which Marx continued to work for the rest of his life. Both volumes were published by Engels after Marx's death.{{r|egsbio}} Volume II of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} was prepared and published by Engels in July 1893 under the name ''Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital''.<ref>Karl Marx, "Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital" embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 36'' (International Publishers: New York, 1997).</ref> Volume III of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} was published a year later in October 1894 under the name ''Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole''.<ref>Karl Marx, "Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole" embodying the whole volume of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1998).</ref> ''Theories of Surplus Value'' derived from the sprawling ''Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863'', a second draft for {{lang|de|Das Kapital}}, the latter spanning volumes 30–34 of the ''Collected Works of Marx and Engels''. Specifically, ''Theories of Surplus Value'' runs from the latter part of the ''Collected Works'<nowiki/>'' thirtieth volume through the end of their thirty-second volume;<ref>Karl Marx, "Theories of Surplus Value" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30'' (International Publishers: New York, 1988) pp. 318–451.</ref><ref>Karl Marx, "Theories of Surplus Value" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 31'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–580.</ref><ref>Karl Marx, "Theories of Surplus Value" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 32'' (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–543.</ref> meanwhile, the larger ''Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863'' run from the start of the ''Collected Works''' thirtieth volume through the first half of their thirty-fourth volume. The latter half of the Collected Works' thirty-fourth volume consists of the surviving fragments of the ''Economic Manuscripts of 1863–1864'', which represented a third draft for {{lang|de|Das Kapital}}, and a large portion of which is included as an appendix to the Penguin edition of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}}, volume I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |title=Economic Works of Karl Marx 1861–1864 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716154952/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> A German-language abridged edition of ''Theories of Surplus Value'' was published in 1905 and in 1910. This abridged edition was translated into English and published in 1951 in London, but the complete unabridged edition of ''Theories of Surplus Value'' was published as the "fourth volume" of {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} in 1963 and 1971 in Moscow.<ref>See note 228 on p. 475 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30''.</ref>

[[File:Marx8.jpg|thumb|upright|Marx in 1882]]

During the last decade of his life, Marx's health declined, and he became incapable of the sustained effort that had characterised his previous work.{{r|egsbio}} He did manage to comment substantially on contemporary politics, particularly in Germany and Russia. His ''[[Critique of the Gotha Programme]]'' opposed the tendency of his followers [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]] and [[August Bebel]] to compromise with the [[state socialism|state socialist]] ideas of [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] in the interests of a united socialist party.{{r|egsbio}} This work is also notable for another famous Marx quote: "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his need]]".<ref name="CGP P1"/>

In a letter to [[Vera Zasulich]] dated 8 March 1881, Marx contemplated the possibility of Russia's bypassing the capitalist stage of development and building communism on the basis of the common ownership of land characteristic of the village ''[[mir (social)|mir]]''.{{r|egsbio}}<ref>Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Collected Works Volume 46'' (International Publishers: New York, 1992) p. 71.</ref> While admitting that Russia's rural "commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia", Marx also warned that in order for the mir to operate as a means for moving straight to the socialist stage without a preceding capitalist stage it "would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it [the rural commune] from all sides".<ref name="k72"/> Given the elimination of these pernicious influences, Marx allowed that "normal conditions of spontaneous development" of the rural commune could exist.<ref name=k72/> However, in the same letter to Vera Zasulich he points out that "at the core of the capitalist system ... lies the complete separation of the producer from the means of production".<ref name=k72/> In one of the drafts of this letter, Marx reveals his growing passion for anthropology, motivated by his belief that future communism would be a return on a higher level to the communism of our prehistoric past. He wrote: <blockquote>the historical trend of our age is the fatal crisis which capitalist production has undergone in the European and American countries where it has reached its highest peak, a crisis that will end in its destruction, in the return of modern society to a higher form of the most archaic type – collective production and appropriation.</blockquote> He added that "the vitality of primitive communities was incomparably greater than that of Semitic, Greek, Roman, etc. societies, and, a fortiori, that of modern capitalist societies".<ref>K. Marx, First draft of the letter to Vera Zasulich [1881]. In Marx-Engels 'Collected Works', Volume 24, p. 346.</ref> Before he died, Marx asked Engels to write up these ideas, which were published in 1884 under the title ''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State]]'', partially based on Marx's notes to [[Lewis H. Morgan]]'s book ''[[Ancient Society]]''.

== Personal life ==

=== Family ===
[[File:Jenny laura marx.jpg|thumb|upright|Jenny Carolina and Jenny Laura Marx (1869): all the Marx daughters were named Jenny in honour of their mother, Jenny von Westphalen.]]

Marx and von Westphalen had seven children together, but partly owing to the poor conditions in which they lived whilst in London, only three survived to adulthood.<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Singer |author-link=Peter Singer |year=2000 |title=Marx: A very short introduction |page=5 |isbn=0192854054 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}</ref> Their children were: [[Jenny Longuet|Jenny Caroline]] (m. Longuet; 1844–1883); [[Laura Marx|Jenny Laura]] (m. Lafargue; 1845–1911); Edgar (1847–1855); Henry Edward Guy ("Guido"; 1849–1850); Jenny Eveline Frances ("Franziska"; 1851–1852); [[Eleanor Marx|Jenny Julia Eleanor]] (1855–1898) and one more who died before being named (July 1857). According to his son-in-law, [[Paul Lafargue]], Marx was a loving father.<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Lafargue |author-link=Paul Lafargue |editor=[[Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute]] |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1972 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |title=''Reminiscences of Marx'' (September 1890) |quote=He was a loving, gentle and indulgent father. [...] There was never even a trace of the bossy parent in his relations with his daughters, whose love for him was extraordinary. He never gave them an order, but asked them to do what he wished as a favour or made them feel that they should not do what he wanted to forbid them. And yet a father could seldom have had more docile children than he. |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133812/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1962, there were allegations that Marx fathered a son, Freddy,<ref name=Montefiore>{{cite news|last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |title=The Means of Reproduction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926042626/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref> out of wedlock by his housekeeper, [[Helene Demuth]],{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=173}} but the claim is disputed for lack of documented evidence.<ref name="Carver, 1991">{{cite book |quote=this [claim] is not well founded on the documentary materials available |last=Carver |first=Terrell |title=The Cambridge Companion to Marx |year=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521366946 |page=11 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |editor-last=Carver |editor-first=Terrell |chapter=Reading Marx: Life and Works |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608131100/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF |url-status=live }}</ref>

Helene Demuth was also largely entrusted as a confidante. In her obituary, penned by [[Friedrich Engels]], her role is revealed as: "Marx took counsel of Helena Demuth, not only in difficult and intricate party matters, but even in respect of his economical writings".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Helene Demuth Obituary |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/family/demuth/obitry.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>

Marx frequently used pseudonyms, often when renting a house or flat, apparently to make it harder for the authorities to track him down. While in Paris, he used that of "Monsieur Ramboz", whilst in London, he signed off his letters as "A. Williams". His friends referred to him as "Moor", owing to his dark complexion and black curly hair, while he encouraged his children to call him "Old Nick" and "Charley".{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}} He also bestowed nicknames and pseudonyms on his friends and family, referring to Friedrich Engels as "General", his housekeeper Helene as "Lenchen" or "Nym", while one of his daughters, Jennychen, was referred to as "Qui Qui, [[Emperor of China]]" and another, Laura, was known as "[[Cockatoo|Kakadou]]" or "the [[Khoikhoi|Hottentot]]".{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=152}}

=== Health ===
Marx drank heavily after joining the Trier Tavern Club drinking society in the 1830s, and continued to do so until his death.<ref name="drinking1"/>

Marx was afflicted by poor health, what he himself described as "the wretchedness of existence",{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}} and various authors have sought to describe and explain it. His biographer Werner Blumenberg attributed it to liver and gall problems which Marx had in 1849 and from which he was never afterward free, exacerbated by an unsuitable lifestyle. The attacks often came with headaches, eye inflammation, [[neuralgia]] in the head, and rheumatic pains. A serious nervous disorder appeared in 1877 and protracted [[insomnia]] was a consequence, which Marx fought with narcotics.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}}

The illness was aggravated by excessive nocturnal work and faulty diet. Marx was fond of highly seasoned dishes, smoked fish, caviare, pickled cucumbers, "none of which are good for liver patients", but he also liked wine and liqueurs and smoked an enormous amount "and since he had no money, it was usually bad-quality cigars". From 1863, Marx complained a lot about boils: "These are very frequent with liver patients and may be due to the same causes".{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=100}} The abscesses were so bad that Marx could neither sit nor work upright. According to Blumenberg, Marx's irritability is often found in liver patients:

<blockquote>The illness emphasised certain traits in his character. He argued cuttingly, his biting satire did not shrink at insults, and his expressions could be rude and cruel. Though in general Marx had blind faith in his closest friends, nevertheless he himself complained that he was sometimes too mistrustful and unjust even to them. His verdicts, not only about enemies but even about friends, were sometimes so harsh that even less sensitive people would take offence ... There must have been few whom he did not criticize like this ... not even Engels was an exception.{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|pp=99–100}}</blockquote>

According to Princeton historian [[Jerrold Seigel]], in his late teens, Marx may have had pneumonia or pleurisy, the effects of which led to his being exempted from Prussian military service. In later life whilst working on {{lang|de|Das Kapital}} (which he never completed),{{sfn|Blumenberg|2000|p=98}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=494}} Marx suffered from a trio of afflictions. A liver ailment, probably hereditary, was aggravated by overwork, a bad diet, and lack of sleep. Inflammation of the eyes was induced by too much work at night. A third affliction, eruption of carbuncles or boils, "was probably brought on by general physical debility to which the various features of Marx's style of life – alcohol, tobacco, poor diet, and failure to sleep – all contributed. Engels often exhorted Marx to alter this dangerous regime". In Seigel's thesis, what lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his health may have been guilt about self-involvement and egoism, originally induced in Karl Marx by his father.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=495–496}}

In 2007, a [[retrodiagnosis]] of Marx's skin disease was made by [[dermatologist]] Sam Shuster of [[Newcastle University]]. For Shuster, the most probable explanation was that Marx suffered not from liver problems, but from [[hidradenitis suppurativa]], a recurring infective condition arising from blockage of [[apocrine]] ducts opening into [[hair follicles]].{{sfn|Shuster|2008|pp=1–2}} Shuster went on to consider the potential [[psychosocial]] effects of the disease, noting that the skin is an organ of communication and that hidradenitis suppurativa produces much psychological distress, including loathing and disgust and depression of self-image, mood, and well-being, feelings for which Shuster found "much evidence" in the Marx correspondence. Professor Shuster went on to ask himself whether the mental effects of the disease affected Marx's work and even helped him to develop [[Marx's theory of alienation|his theory of alienation]].{{sfn|Shuster|2008|p=3}}

=== Death ===
[[File:Grave of Karl Marx Highgate Cemetery in London 2016 (10).jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Karl Marx]], East [[Highgate Cemetery]], London]]

Following the death of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a [[catarrh]] that kept him in ill health for the last 15 months of his life. It eventually brought on the [[bronchitis]] and [[pleurisy]] that killed him in London on 14 March 1883, when he died a [[Statelessness|stateless person]] at age 64.<ref name="stateless"/> Family and friends in London buried his body in [[Highgate Cemetery]] (East), London, on 17 March 1883 in an area reserved for agnostics and atheists. According to [[Francis Wheen]], there were between nine and eleven mourners at his funeral.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&pg=PA382 382]}}<ref name="GouldMcGarr2007"/> Research from contemporary sources identifies thirteen named individuals attending the funeral: [[Friedrich Engels]], [[Eleanor Marx]], [[Edward Aveling]], [[Paul Lafargue]], [[Charles Longuet]], [[Helene Demuth]], [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], Gottlieb Lemke, [[Frederick Lessner]], G Lochner, Sir [[Ray Lankester]], [[Carl Schorlemmer]] and [[Ernest Radford]].<ref>John Shepperd, 'Who was really at Marx's funeral?', in "Friends of Highgate Cemetery Newsletter ", April (2018), pp. 10–11. https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204074940/https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf |date=4 February 2020 }}</ref> A contemporary newspaper account claims that twenty-five to thirty relatives and friends attended the funeral.<ref>'Dr Karl Marx', in ''[[The Sunday People|The People]]'', 25 March 1883, p. 3.</ref>

A writer in ''[[The Graphic]]'' noted: <blockquote>By a strange blunder ... his death was not announced for two days, and then as having taken place at Paris. The next day the correction came from Paris; and when his friends and followers hastened to his house in [[Haverstock Hill]], to learn the time and place of burial, they learned that he was already in the cold ground. But for this secresy [sic] and haste, a great popular demonstration would undoubtedly have been held over his grave.<ref>'Dr Karl Marx' in ''The Graphic'', 31 March 1883, pp. 319, 322.</ref></blockquote>

Several of his closest friends spoke at his funeral, including [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]] and Friedrich Engels. Engels' speech included the passage: {{blockquote|On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep – but forever.<ref name="1883: The death of Karl Marx"/>}}

Marx's surviving daughters [[Eleanor Marx|Eleanor]] and [[Laura Marx|Laura]], as well as [[Charles Longuet]] and [[Paul Lafargue]], Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, were also in attendance.<ref name="GouldMcGarr2007"/> He had been predeceased by his wife and his eldest daughter, the latter dying a few months earlier in January 1883. Liebknecht, a founder and leader of the German Social Democratic Party, gave a speech in German, and Longuet, a prominent figure in the French working-class movement, made a short statement in French.<ref name="GouldMcGarr2007"/> Two [[telegrams]] from workers' parties in France and Spain were read out;<ref name="GouldMcGarr2007"/> from {{ill|Jose Mesa y Leompart|es}} on behalf of the Madrid branch of the {{ill|Partido Socialista Obrero Español|es}}, and from '''The Secretary, Lipine''<nowiki/>' from the Paris branch of the French Workers' Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1883: The death of Karl Marx |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> Together with Engels's speech, this constituted the entire programme of the funeral.<ref name="GouldMcGarr2007"/> Non-relatives attending the funeral included three communist associates of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for three years after the [[Cologne Communist Trial]] of 1852; G. Lochner, whom Engels described as "an old member of the Communist League"; and [[Carl Schorlemmer]], a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the [[Royal Society]], and a communist activist involved in the 1848 [[Revolution in Baden|Baden revolution]].<ref name="GouldMcGarr2007"/> Another attendee of the funeral was [[Ray Lankester]], a British zoologist who would later become a prominent academic.<ref name="GouldMcGarr2007"/>

Marx left a personal estate valued for probate at £250,<ref name="probate">{{cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk |title=Marx, Karl |author= |date=1883 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807135123/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> equivalent to £38,095 in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=£250 in 1883 → 2024 {{!}} UK Inflation Calculator |url=https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=www.in2013dollars.com |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128173620/https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon his own death in 1895, Engels left Marx's two surviving daughters a "significant portion" of his considerable estate, valued in 2024 at US$6.8 million.<ref name="Montefiore"/>

Marx and his family were reburied on a new site nearby in November 1954. The [[Tomb of Karl Marx|tomb]] at the new site, unveiled on 14 March 1956,<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|title=Marx monument unveiled in Highgate cemetery – archive, 15 March 1956|date=15 March 2016|access-date=7 January 2018|work=The Guardian|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227094820/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956|url-status=live}}</ref> bears the carved message: "[[Workers of the world, unite!|Workers of All Lands Unite]]", the final line of ''The Communist Manifesto''; and, from the 11th "[[Theses on Feuerbach|Thesis on Feuerbach]]" (as edited by Engels), "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways{{mdash}}the point however is to change it".<ref name="wh1" /> The [[Communist Party of Great Britain|Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB)]] had the monument with a portrait bust by [[Laurence Bradshaw]] erected and Marx's original tomb had only humble adornment.<ref name="wh1"/>

The Marxist historian [[Eric Hobsbawm]] remarked: "One cannot say Marx died a failure." Although he had not achieved a large following of disciples in Britain, his writings had already begun to make an impact on the left-wing movements in Germany and Russia. Within twenty-five years of his death, the continental European socialist parties that acknowledged Marx's influence on their politics had contributed to significant gains in their [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] elections.<ref>[[#Hob11|Hobsbawm 2011]]. pp. 3–4.</ref>

== Thought ==
{{Marxism}}

=== Influences ===
{{Main|Influences on Karl Marx}}

Marx's thought demonstrates influence from many sources, including but not limited to:
* [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]'s philosophy{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}
* The classical political economy (economics) of Adam Smith and [[David Ricardo]],<ref name="Sherman1995"/> as well as [[Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi]]'s critique of laissez-faire economics and analysis of the precarious state of the proletariat<ref name="Paresh">{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Paresh |title=Marx's Associated Mode of Production: A Critique of Marxism |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |pages=39–41}}</ref>
* [[History of the Left in France|French socialist thought]],<ref name="Sherman1995"/> in particular the thought of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Henri de Saint-Simon]], [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] and [[Charles Fourier]]<ref name="Beilharz1992"/>{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}
* Earlier German philosophical materialism among the [[Young Hegelians]], particularly that of [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] and [[Bruno Bauer]],<ref name=et/> as well as the French materialism of the late 18th century, including [[Diderot]], [[Claude Adrien Helvétius]] and [[d'Holbach]]
* [[Friedrich Engels|Friedrich Engels']] analysis of the working class,<ref name="Bottomore1991"/> as well as the early descriptions of class provided by French liberals and Saint-Simonians such as [[François Guizot]] and [[Augustin Thierry]]
* Marx's Judaic legacy has been identified as formative to both his moral outlook<ref>Eagleton, Terry. ''[[Why Marx Was Right]]''. Yale University Press, 2011, p. 158.</ref> and his materialist philosophy.{{sfn|Seigel|1978|pp=112–119}}

Marx's view of history, which came to be called [[historical materialism]] (controversially adapted as the philosophy of [[dialectical materialism]] by Engels and Lenin), certainly shows the influence of Hegel's claim that one should view reality (and history) [[dialectic]]ally.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} However, whereas Hegel had thought in [[idealist]] terms, putting ideas in the forefront, Marx sought to conceptualise dialectics in [[materialist]] terms, arguing for the primacy of matter over idea.<ref name=sep/>{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

Where Hegel saw the "spirit" as driving history, Marx saw this as an unnecessary mystification, obscuring the reality of humanity and its physical actions shaping the world.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} He wrote that Hegelianism stood the movement of reality on its head, and that one needed to set it upon its feet.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} Despite his dislike of mystical terms, Marx used [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] language in several of his works: in ''The Communist Manifesto'' he proclaims "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre", and in ''The Capital'' he refers to capital as "[[necromancy]] that surrounds the products of labour".<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |first=Mark |last=Neocleous |title=The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205331/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Though inspired by French socialist and sociological thought,<ref name="Sherman1995"/> Marx criticised [[utopian socialists]], arguing that their favoured small-scale socialistic communities would be bound to marginalisation and poverty and that only a large-scale change in the [[economic system]] could bring about real change.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leopold |first1=David |title=Marx, Engels, and Some (Non-Foundational) Arguments against Utopian Socialism |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |website=ORA - Oxford University Research Archive |access-date=August 22, 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822025856/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other important contributions to Marx's revision of Hegelianism came from Engels's book, ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]'', which led Marx to conceive of the historical dialectic in terms of [[class conflict]] and to see the modern working class as the most progressive force for revolution,<ref name="Bottomore1991"/> as well as from the social democrat [[Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz]], who in {{lang|de|Die Bewegung der Produktion}} described the movement of society as "flowing from the contradiction between the forces of production and the mode of production".<ref name="Levine">{{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Norman |title=Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's method |year=2006 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |page=223}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated144">{{cite book|first=Jonathan |last=Sperber |author-link=Jonathan Sperber |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |page=144}}</ref>

Marx believed that he could study history and society scientifically, discerning tendencies of history and thereby predicting the outcome of social conflicts. Some followers of Marx, therefore, concluded that a communist revolution would inevitably occur. However, Marx famously asserted in the eleventh of his "[[Theses on Feuerbach]]" that "philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point however is to change it" and he clearly dedicated himself to trying to alter the world.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}<ref name="wh1"/>

Marx's theories inspired several theories and disciplines of future, including but not limited to:
* [[Critique of political economy|Contemporary critique of political economy]]
* [[Kondratiev wave]] and [[Kuznets swing]]
* Theory of [[Underconsumption]]
* [[Creative destruction]]
* [[Crisis theory]]
* [[Quantitative Economic History]]
* [[World-systems theory]]

=== Philosophy and social thought ===
Marx has been called "the first great user of [[critical method]] in social sciences", a characterisation stemming from his frequent use of [[polemic]]s throughout his work to effect critiques of other thinkers.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}<ref name="Sherman1995"/> He criticised speculative philosophy, equating [[metaphysics]] with ideology.{{sfn|Bannerji|2001|p=27}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paolucci |first1=Paul |title=Marx's scientific and political criticism: The internal relation |journal=Capital & Class |year=2015|volume=39 |pages=65–78 |doi=10.1177/0309816814564657 }}</ref> By adopting this approach, Marx attempted to separate key findings from ideological biases.<ref name="Sherman1995"/> This set him apart from many contemporary philosophers.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

==== Human nature ====
{{further|Marx's theory of human nature}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| image1 = G.W.F. Hegel (by Sichling, after Sebbers).jpg
| image2 = Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach.jpg
| footer = The philosophers [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G.W.F. Hegel]] (left) and [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], whose ideas on dialectics heavily influenced Marx
}}

Like Tocqueville, who described a faceless and bureaucratic [[despotism]] with no identifiable despot,<ref>[[Annelien de Dijn]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C ''French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915142405/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3SFelqBLw8C&dq= |date=15 September 2015 }}, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 152.</ref> Marx also broke with classical thinkers who spoke of a single tyrant and with [[Montesquieu]], who discussed the nature of the single despot. Instead, Marx set out to analyse "the despotism of capital".<ref>Karl Marx. ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'', vol. 1, trans. [[Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)|Samuel Moore]] and Edward Aveling (New York: Modem Library, 1906), 440.</ref> Fundamentally, Marx assumed that [[human history]] involves transforming [[human nature]], which encompasses both human beings and material objects.<ref name="Ollman1973"/> Humans recognise that they possess both actual and potential selves.<ref name = "Marx_labour">Marx K (1999). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm "The labour-process and the process of producing surplus-value".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018135115/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm |date=18 October 2010 }} In K Marx, ''Das Kapital'' (Vol. 1, Ch. 7). Marxists.org. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Original work published 1867.</ref><ref name = "Marx_critique">See Marx K (1997). "Critique of Hegel's dialectic and philosophy in general". In K Marx, ''Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society'' (LD Easton & KH Guddat, Trans.), pp. 314–347. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Original work published 1844.</ref>

For both Marx and Hegel, self-development begins with an experience of internal [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]] stemming from this recognition, followed by a realisation that the actual self, as a [[Subject (philosophy)|subjective]] agent, renders its potential counterpart an [[Object (philosophy)|object]] to be apprehended.<ref name="Marx_critique"/> Marx further argues that by moulding nature<ref name = "Lefever">See also Lefever DM; Lefever JT (1977). "Marxian alienation and economic organisation: An alternate view". ''The American Economist (21)'' 2, pp. 40–48.</ref> in desired ways<ref name = "Holland_desire">See also Holland EW (2005). "Desire". In CJ Stivale (Ed.), ''Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts'', pp. 53–62. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.</ref> the subject takes the object as its own and thus permits the individual to be actualised as fully human. For Marx, the [[Marx's theory of human nature|human nature]] – {{lang|de|Gattungswesen}}, or [[species-being]] – exists as a function of human labour.<ref name="Marx_labour"/><ref name="Marx_critique"/><ref name="Holland_desire"/>

Fundamental to Marx's idea of meaningful labour is the proposition that for a subject to come to terms with its alienated object it must first exert influence upon literal, [[materialism|material objects]] in the subject's world.<ref name = "Marx_objects"/> Marx acknowledges that Hegel "grasps the nature of work and comprehends objective man, authentic because actual, as the result of his {{em|own work}}",<ref name = "Marx_work">Marx (1997), p. 321, emphasis in original.</ref> but characterises Hegelian self-development as unduly "spiritual" and abstract.<ref name = "Marx_spiritual">Marx (1997), p. 324.</ref>

Marx thus departs from Hegel by insisting that "the fact that man is a corporeal, actual, sentient, objective being with natural capacities means that he has actual, sensuous objects for his nature as objects of his life-expression, or that he can only express his life in actual sensuous objects".<ref name = "Marx_objects">Marx (1997), p. 325, emphasis in original.</ref> Consequently, Marx revises Hegelian "work" into material "[[labour (economics)|labour]]" and in the context of human capacity to transform nature the term "[[labour power]]".<ref name=sep/>

==== Labour, class struggle and false consciousness ====
{{further|Alienation (Marxism)|Class struggle|Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)}}
{{blockquote|The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.|Karl Marx, ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''<ref name="MarxEngels2009pp5">{{cite book|first1=Karl |last1=Marx |first2=Friedrich |last2=Engels |author-link2=Friedrich Engels |title=The Communist Manifesto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&pg=PA5 |year=2009 |publisher=Echo Library |isbn=978-1406851748 |page=5 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912161744/https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1RMZh4iC0C&pg=PA5 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>}}
[[File:Marx et Engels à Shanghai.jpg|upright|thumb|A monument dedicated to Marx and Engels in [[Shanghai]], China]]

Marx had a special concern with how people relate to their own labour power.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} He wrote extensively about this in terms of the problem of [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]].{{sfn|Mészáros|2006|p=96}} As with the dialectic, Marx began with a Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a more materialist conception.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} [[Capitalism]] mediates social relationships of production (such as among workers or between workers and capitalists) through commodities, including labour, that are bought and sold on the market.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} For Marx, the possibility that one may give up ownership of one's own labour – one's capacity to transform the world – is tantamount to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a spiritual loss.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}} Marx described this loss as [[commodity fetishism]], in which the things that people produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement of their own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt.<ref name="Balibar1995"/>

[[Commodity fetishism]] provides an example of what Engels called "[[false consciousness]]",<ref name="KołakowskiFalla2005">{{cite book|first1=Leszek |last1=Kołakowski |author-link1=Leszek Kołakowski |first2=Paul Stephen |last2=Falla |title=Main currents of Marxism: the founders, the golden age, the breakdown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUCxpznbkaoC&pg=PA226 |access-date=8 March 2011 |year=2005 |publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0393060546 |page=226 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233048/http://books.google.com/books?id=qUCxpznbkaoC&pg=PA226 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> which relates closely to the understanding of ideology. By "ideology", Marx and Engels meant ideas that reflect the interests of a particular class at a particular time in history, but which contemporaries see as universal and eternal.<ref name="Hernadi1989"/> Marx and Engels's point was not only that such beliefs are at best half-truths, as they serve an important political function. Put another way, the control that one class exercises over the means of production include not only the production of food or manufactured goods but also the production of ideas (this provides one possible explanation for why members of a subordinate class may hold ideas contrary to their own interests).<ref name=sep/><ref name="Thompson1990"/>

Marx was an outspoken opponent of [[child labour]],<ref>In ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'', Part II:Proletariats and Communist and ''[[Capital, Volume I]]'', Part III</ref> saying that British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children's blood too", and that U.S. capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children".<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref>{{cite speech |author=Karl Marx |title=Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association |year=1864}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
Marx agreed with [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] that religion is a human construct reflecting human conditions ("man creates religion, religion does not create man"), but analysed this in historical, not abstract terms. He saw religion as both an expression of suffering and a protest against it. In his 1843 essay ''[[Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]],'' Marx sought to distance himself from [[Young Hegelians]] like [[Bruno Bauer]], whose religion-focused critique, in his view, could not be a solution to human suffering without a transformative critique of society. [[Criticism of religion|Critique of religion]] would be ineffective without changing the real social conditions of which religion is only an expression.<ref name=":2"/>
According to [[Shlomo Avineri]], the famous passage from the introduction to this essay is, though often only partially quoted, "both more complex and more profound" than would seem, and Marx here expressed "empathy, not scorn" for religious feelings:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Avineri |first=Shlomo |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1089573903 |title=Karl Marx: Philosophy and Revolution |year=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300211702 |series=Jewish lives |location=New Haven, Connecticut |chapter=2. Transcending Hegel - Religion and Opium |oclc=on1089573903}}</ref><blockquote>Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the [[opium of the people]].

The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions.<ref name="MarxO'Malley1977"/></blockquote>Similar to the later views of [[Max Weber]], Marx believed that religion plays a [[Legitimation|legitimating function]] for the dominant classes by providing a divine sanction for [[Economic inequality|inequality]] and existing social conditions, and that for subordinate classes religion offers an escape:<ref name="SwatosKivisto1998"/> like an [[opiate]], alleviating pain but not offering a cure.<ref name=":2"/> Marx's [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] senior thesis at the {{Interlanguage link|Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Trier)|de|3=Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Trier)|lt=Gymnasium zu Trier}} argued that religion had as its primary social aim the promotion of [[solidarity (sociology)|solidarity]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==== Critique of political economy, history and society ====
{{further|Critique of political economy|Marxian economics}}
{{Quote box
|width=25em
|align=right
|quote=But you Communists would introduce community of women, screams the whole bourgeoisie in chorus. The bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production. He hears that the means of production are to be exploited in common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion than that the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the women. He has not even a suspicion that the real point aimed at is to do away with the status of women as mere mean of production.
|source=—Karl Marx, ''The Communist Manifesto''<ref>Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "The Communist Manifesto", page 55, translation made by Samuel Moore in 1888</ref>
}}
Marx's thoughts on labour and its function in reproducing capital were related to the primacy he gave to social relations in determining the society's past, present and future.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}<ref name="Turner2005"/><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Grundrisse 06 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |quote=the demand that wage labour be continued but capital suspended is self-contradictory, self-dissolving. |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121201428/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics have called this [[economic determinism]]. Labour is the precondition for the existence of, and [[accumulation of capital]], which both shape the [[social system]].<ref name=":1" /> For Marx, [[social change]] was driven by conflict between opposing interests, by parties situated in the historical situation of their [[mode of production]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2012}} This became the inspiration for the body of works known as the [[conflict theory]].<ref name="Turner2005"/>

In his [[sociocultural evolution|evolutionary]] model of history, he argued that [[human history]] began with free, productive and creative activities that was over time coerced and dehumanised, a trend most apparent under capitalism.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} Marx noted that this was not an intentional process, but rather due to the immanent logic of the current [[mode of production]] which demands more human labour ([[Abstract labour and concrete labour|abstract labour]]) to reproduce the social relationships of capital.{{sfn|Postone|2006|pp=190, 26–27. 135, 374–375}}{{sfn|Pepperell|2010|pp=104–105}}

The organisation of society depends on [[means of production]]. The means of production are all things required to produce material goods, such as land, natural resources, and technology but not human labour. The [[relations of production]] are the social relationships people enter into as they acquire and use the means of production.<ref name="Turner2005"/> Together, these compose the [[mode of production]] and Marx distinguished historical eras in terms of modes of production. Marx differentiated between [[base and superstructure]], where the base (or substructure) is the [[economic system]] and superstructure is the cultural and political system.<ref name="Turner2005"/> Marx regarded this mismatch between economic base and social [[base and superstructure|superstructure]] as a major source of social conflict.<ref name="Turner2005"/>

Despite Marx's stress on the critique of capitalism and discussion of the new [[communist society]] that should replace it, his explicit critique is guarded, as he saw it as an improved society compared to the past ones ([[slavery]] and [[feudalism]]).<ref name=sep/> Marx never clearly discusses issues of [[morality]] and [[justice]], but scholars agree that his work contained [[Logical implication|implicit]] discussion of those concepts.<ref name=sep/>

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 =
| caption1 = Memorial to Karl Marx in Moscow, whose inscription reads: "[[Workers of the world, unite!|Proletarians of all countries, unite!]]"
| image2 = Murales Rivera - Treppenhaus 7 Marx.jpg
| caption2 = A mural by [[Diego Rivera]] showing Karl Marx, in the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] in Mexico City
}}

Marx's view of capitalism was two-sided.<ref name=sep/><ref name="Wood1993"/> On one hand, in the 19th century's deepest critique of the dehumanising aspects of this system he noted that defining features of capitalism include alienation, exploitation and recurring, cyclical [[economic depression|depressions]] leading to mass unemployment. On the other hand, he characterised capitalism as "revolutionising, industrialising and universalising qualities of development, growth and progressivity" (by which Marx meant industrialisation, urbanisation, technological progress, increased [[productivity]] and growth, [[rationality]], and [[scientific revolution]]) that are responsible for progress, at in contrast to earlier forms of societies.<ref name=sep/><ref name="Wood1993"/>{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}}

Marx considered the capitalist class to be one of the most revolutionary in history because it constantly improved the means of production, more so than any other class in history and was responsible for the overthrow of [[feudalism]].{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}<ref name="Gilbert2010" /> Capitalism can stimulate considerable growth because the capitalist has an incentive to reinvest profits in new technologies and [[capital equipment]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=22}}

According to Marx, capitalists take advantage of the difference between the labour market and the market for whatever commodity the capitalist can produce. Marx observed that in practically every successful industry, input unit-costs are lower than output unit-prices. Marx called the difference "[[surplus value]]" and argued that it was based on [[surplus labour]], the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive, and what they can produce.<ref name=sep/> Although Marx describes capitalists as [[vampire]]s sucking worker's blood,{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} he notes that drawing profit is "by no means an injustice" since Marx, according to [[Allen W. Wood]] "excludes any trans-epochal standpoint from which one can comment" on the morals of such particular arrangements.<ref name=sep/> Marx also noted that even the capitalists themselves cannot go against the system.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} The problem is the "cancerous cell" of [[Capital (economics)|capital]], understood not as property or equipment, but the social relations between workers and owners, (the selling and purchasing of labour power) – the societal system, or rather [[mode of production]], in general.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}}

At the same time, Marx stressed that capitalism was unstable and prone to [[crisis theory|periodic crises]].<ref name=wk/> He suggested that over time capitalists would invest more and more in new technologies and less and less in labour.<ref name=sep/> Since Marx believed that profit derived from surplus value appropriated from labour, he concluded that the rate of profit would fall as the economy grows.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} Marx believed that increasingly severe crises would punctuate this [[business cycles|cycle]] of growth and collapse.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} Moreover, he believed that in the long-term, this process would enrich and [[empowerment|empower]] the capitalist class and impoverish the proletariat.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}}{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} In section one of ''The Communist Manifesto'', Marx describes [[feudalism]], capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process:

{{blockquote|We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged ... the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes ... The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property.<ref name=manifesto/>}}

[[File:MandK Industrial Revolution 1900.jpg|thumb|Outside a factory in [[Oldham]], 1900. Marx believed that industrial workers, the [[proletariat]], would rise up around the world.]]

Marx believed that those structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism, or a [[post-capitalism|post-capitalistic]], communist society:

{{blockquote|The development of modern industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.<ref name="manifesto"/>}}

Thanks to various processes overseen by capitalism, such as urbanisation, the working class, the proletariat, should grow in numbers and develop [[class consciousness]], in time realising that they can and must change the system.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} Marx believed that if the proletariat were to seize the means of production, they would encourage social relations that would benefit everyone equally, abolishing the exploiting class and introducing a system of production less vulnerable to cyclical crises.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=20–23}} Marx argued in ''[[The German Ideology]]'' that capitalism will end through the organised actions of an international working class: {{blockquote|Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence.<ref name="Elster1985"/>|sign=|source=}}

In this new society, the alienation would end and humans would be free to act without being bound by selling their labour.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} It would be a democratic society, enfranchising the entire population.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} In such a [[utopia]]n world, there would also be little need for a state, whose goal was previously to enforce the alienation.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=23}} Marx theorised that between capitalism and the establishment of a socialist/communist system, would exist a period of [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] – where the working class holds political power and forcibly socialises the means of production.{{sfn|Clark|1998|pp=57–59}} As he wrote in his ''[[Critique of the Gotha Program]]'', "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the [[communist revolution|revolutionary transformation]] of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat".<ref name="Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme"/> While he allowed for the possibility of peaceful transition in some countries with strong [[democracy|democratic]] institutional structures (such as [[United Kingdom|Britain]], the [[United States]], and the [[Netherlands]]), he suggested that in other countries in which workers cannot "attain their goal by peaceful means" the "lever of our revolution must be force".<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm La Liberté Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716015355/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm |date=16 July 2018 }} delivered by Karl Marx on 8 September 1872, in [[Amsterdam]]. "You know that the institutions, mores, and traditions of various countries must be taken into consideration, and we do not deny that there are countries – such as America, England, and if I were more familiar with your institutions, I would perhaps also add Holland – where the workers can attain their goal by peaceful means. This being the case, we must also recognise the fact that in most countries on the Continent the lever of our revolution must be force; it is force to which we must some day appeal to erect the rule of labour."</ref>

==== Biology ====
Marx reacted with approval to the publication of ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' by [[Charles Darwin]], favourably viewing the challenge Darwin's theory posed to teleology in the natural sciences. However, together with Engels, he rejected on ideological grounds Darwin's application of Malthusian theory to the natural world and that biological competition and natural selection were the main mechanisms behind evolution, rejecting these aspects of the Darwinian theory of evolution as a reflection of bourgeois society that led Darwin to erroneous conclusions. Marx viewed [[Pierre Tremaux|Pierre Tremaux's]] environmental theory of evolution, articulated in his 1865 work ''Origine et transformations de l'homme et des autres êtres'' which purported that differences between human races can be explained by differences in soil content, to be a superior theory to Darwin's.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mikulak |first=Maxim W. |date=July-September 1970 |title=Darwinism, Soviet Genetics, and Marxism-Leninism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708511?seq=7 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.2307/2708511 |issn=0022-5037 |access-date=19 March 2026 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

=== International relations ===
[[File:Karl Marx memorial.jpg|thumb|[[Karl Marx Monument]] in [[Chemnitz]], known as ''Karl-Marx-Stadt'' from 1953 to 1990]]

Marx viewed [[Tsarist autocracy|Russian Tsarism]] as the main threat to European revolutions.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} During the [[Crimean War]], Marx backed the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its allies Britain and France against [[Russian Empire|Russia]].{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} He was absolutely opposed to [[Pan-Slavism]], viewing it as an instrument of Russian foreign policy.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} Marx considered the [[Slavs|Slavic]] nations except [[Polish people|Poles]] as 'counter-revolutionary'. Marx and Engels published in the ''[[Neue Rheinische Zeitung]]'' in February 1849:

{{blockquote|To the sentimental phrases about brotherhood which we are being offered here on behalf of the most counter-revolutionary nations of Europe, we reply that hatred of Russians was and still is the primary revolutionary passion among Germans; that since the [[Revolutions of 1848|revolution]] [of 1848] hatred of Czechs and Croats has been added, and that only by the most determined use of terror against these Slav peoples can we, jointly with the Poles and Magyars, safeguard the revolution. We know where the enemies of the revolution are concentrated, ''viz''. in Russia and the Slav regions of Austria, and no fine phrases, no allusions to an undefined democratic future for these countries can deter us from treating our enemies as enemies. Then there will be a struggle, an "inexorable life-and-death struggle", against those Slavs who betray the revolution; an annihilating fight and ruthless terror – not in the interests of Germany, but in the interests of the revolution!"<ref>Cited in: B. Hepner, "Marx et la puissance russe," in: K. Marx, ''La Russie et l'Europe'', Paris, 1954, p. 20. Originally published in ''[[Neue Rheinische Zeitung]]'', no. 223, 16 February 1849.</ref>}}

Marx and Engels sympathised with the [[Narodniks|Narodnik]] revolutionaries of the 1860s and 1870s. When the [[Narodnaya Volya|Russian revolutionaries]] assassinated Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia]], Marx expressed the hope that the assassination foreshadowed 'the formation of a Russian commune'.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Selected Correspondence'' (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975).</ref> Marx supported the [[Polish–Russian Wars|Polish uprisings]] against tsarist Russia.{{sfn|Anderson|2016|pp=49–239}} He said in a speech in London in 1867:

{{blockquote|In the first place the policy of Russia is changeless... Its methods, its tactics, its manoeuvres may change, but the polar star of its policy – world domination – is a fixed star. In our times only a civilised government ruling over barbarian masses can hatch out such a plan and execute it. ... There is but one alternative for Europe. Either Asiatic barbarism, under Muscovite direction, will burst around its head like an avalanche, or else it must re-establish Poland, thus putting twenty million heroes between itself and Asia and gaining a breathing spell for the accomplishment of its social regeneration.<ref>Speech delivered in London, probably to a meeting of the International's General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867, text published in ''Le Socialisme'', 15 March 1908; ''Odbudowa Polski'' (Warsaw, 1910), pp. 119–123; ''Mysl Socjalistyczna'', May 1908. From Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''The Russian Menace to Europe'', edited by Paul Blackstock and Bert Hoselitz, and published by [[George Allen and Unwin]], London, 1953, pp. 104–108.</ref>}}

Marx supported the cause of [[Irish Home Rule movement|Irish independence]]. In 1867, he wrote Engels: "I used to think the separation of Ireland from England impossible. I now think it inevitable. The English working class will never accomplish anything until it has got rid of Ireland. ... English reaction in England had its roots ... in the subjugation of Ireland."<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/01/archives/karl-marx-and-the-irish.html Karl Marx and the Irish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509153123/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/01/archives/karl-marx-and-the-irish.html |date=9 May 2018 }}". ''[[The New York Times]]''. December 1971.</ref>

Marx spent some time in [[French Algeria]], which had been [[French conquest of Algeria|invaded]] and made a [[French colonial empire|French colony]] in 1830, and had the opportunity to observe life in colonial North Africa. He wrote about the colonial justice system, in which "a form of torture has been used (and this happens 'regularly') to extract confessions from the Arabs; naturally it is done (like the English in India) by the 'police'; the judge is supposed to know nothing at all about it."<ref name="alahram"/> Marx was surprised by the arrogance of many [[Pied-Noir|European settlers]] in Algiers and wrote in a letter: <blockquote>when a European colonist dwells among the 'lesser breeds,' either as a settler or even on business, he generally regards himself as even more inviolable than handsome William I [a Prussian king]. Still, when it comes to bare-faced arrogance and presumptuousness vis-à-vis the 'lesser breeds,' the British and Dutch outdo the French.<ref name="alahram"/></blockquote>

According to the ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'': <blockquote>Marx's analysis of colonialism as a progressive force bringing modernization to a backward feudal society sounds like a transparent rationalization for foreign domination. His account of British domination, however, reflects the same ambivalence that he shows towards capitalism in Europe. In both cases, Marx recognizes the immense suffering brought about during the transition from feudal to bourgeois society while insisting that the transition is both necessary and ultimately progressive. He argues that the penetration of foreign commerce will cause a social revolution in India.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Colonialism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2017 |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611042603/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Marx discussed British [[British Raj|colonial rule]] in [[Colonial India|India]] in the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' in 1853:

{{blockquote|There cannot remain any doubt but that the misery inflicted by the British on Hindostan [India] is of an essentially different and infinitely more intensive kind than all Hindostan had to suffer before. England has broken down the entire framework of Indian society, without any symptoms of reconstitution yet appearing... [however], we must not forget that these idyllic village communities, inoffensive though they may appear, had always been the solid foundation of Oriental despotism, that they restrained the human mind within the smallest possible compass, making it the unresisting tool of superstition.<ref name="alahram">{{cite news |title=Marx in Algiers |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/24784.aspx |work=Al-Ahram |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810144250/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/24784.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Marx on India under the British |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/marx-on-india-under-the-british/article3209143.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 June 2006 |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630051005/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/marx-on-india-under-the-british/article3209143.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

== Legacy ==
{{main|Marxism}}

{{See also|Karl Marx Avenue (Petrozavodsk, Karelia)|label 1=Karl Marx Avenue}}
[[File:Marx und Engels Denkmal, alter Platz - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels monument in [[Marx-Engels Forum]], [[Berlin-Mitte]], Germany]]
[[File:Stamp Soviet Union 1948 CPA 1246.jpg|thumb|upright|1948 [[Soviet Union stamp catalogue|Soviet Union stamp]], featuring Marx and Engels, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the ''Manifesto'']]

Marx's ideas have had a profound impact on world politics and intellectual thought,{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}<ref name="Manchester"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |date=17 July 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/17/comment.theobserver1 |title=Why Marx is man of the moment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718233606/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html |archive-date=18 July 2005 |url-status=live |work=[[The Observer]]}}</ref><ref name="Allan2010"/> in particular in the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Magness |first1=Phil |last2=Makovi |first2=Michael |year=2022 |title=The Mainstreaming of Marx: Measuring the Effect of the Russian Revolution on Karl Marx's Influence |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=1507–1545 |doi=10.1086/722933 |issn=0022-3808 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230081241/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Followers of Marx have often debated among themselves over how to interpret Marx's writings and apply his concepts to the modern world.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} The legacy of Marx's thought has become contested between numerous tendencies, each of which sees itself as Marx's most accurate interpreter. In the political realm, these tendencies include [[political theories]] such as [[Leninism]], [[Marxism–Leninism]], [[Trotskyism]], [[Maoism]], [[Luxemburgism]], [[libertarian Marxism]],{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} and [[Open Marxism]]. Various currents have also developed in [[academic Marxism]], often under influence of other views, resulting in [[structuralist Marxism]], [[historical materialism]], phenomenological Marxism, [[analytical Marxism]], and [[Hegelian Marxism]].{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}}

From an academic perspective, Marx's work contributed to the birth of modern sociology. He has been cited as one of the 19th century's three masters of the "[[Hermeneutics of suspicion|school of suspicion]]",<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricoeur |first=Paul |title=Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation |location=New Haven and London |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1970 |page=32}}</ref> and as one of the three principal architects of modern [[social science]].<ref name="plato.stanford.edu"/> In contrast to other philosophers, Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the [[scientific method]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}

Both Marx and [[Auguste Comte]] set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European [[secularisation]] and new developments in the [[philosophy of history|philosophies of history]] and science. Working in the Hegelian tradition, Marx rejected Comtean [[sociological positivism]] in an attempt to develop a ''science of society''.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=19}} [[Karl Löwith]] considered Marx and [[Søren Kierkegaard]] to be the two greatest philosophical successors of Hegel.<ref>{{cite book |last=Löwith |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Löwith |title=From Hegel to Nietzsche |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1991 |page=49}}</ref>

In modern [[sociological theory]], [[Marxist sociology]] is recognised as one of the main classical perspectives. [[Isaiah Berlin]] considers Marx the true founder of modern sociology "in so far as anyone can claim the title".{{sfn|Berlin|1963|p=130}} Beyond social science, he has also had a lasting legacy in philosophy, literature, the arts, and the humanities.{{sfn|Singer|1980|p=1}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bridget |last=O'Laughlin |date=October 1975 |title=Marxist Approaches in Anthropology |journal=[[Annual Review of Anthropology]] |volume=4 |pages=341–370 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013}} William Roseberry (1997) ''Marx and Anthropology'' Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: pp. 25–46 (October 1997) {{doi|10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=S.L. |year=1984 |title=Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience |journal=Critical Studies in Mass Communication |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1080/15295038409360014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Manuel |last1=Alvarado |author1-link=Manuel Alvarado |first2=Robin |last2=Gutch |first3=Tana |last3=Wollen |year=1987 |title=Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]}}</ref>

[[File:Karl-Marx-Statue in Trier.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Marx statue in Trier, Germany]]

Social theorists of the 20th and 21st centuries have pursued two main strategies in response to Marx. One move has been to reduce it to its analytical core, known as analytical Marxism. Another, more common move has been to dilute the explanatory claims of Marx's social theory and emphasise the "relative [[autonomy]] working-class agenda" of aspects of social and economic life not directly related to Marx's central narrative of interaction between the development of the "forces of production" and the succession of "modes of production". This has been the [[neo-Marxist]] theorising adopted by historians inspired by Marx's social theory such as [[E. P. Thompson]] and Eric Hobsbawm. It has also been a line of thinking pursued by thinkers and activists such as [[Antonio Gramsci]] who have sought to understand the opportunities and the difficulties of transformative political practice, seen in the light of Marxist social theory.<ref>Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism: the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. Translated by P.S. Falla. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.</ref><ref>Aron, Raymond. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1965.</ref><ref>Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB, 1976.</ref><ref>Hobsbawm, E. J. How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 314–44.</ref> Marx's ideas had a profound influence on subsequent artists and art history, with avant-garde movements across literature, visual art, music, film, and theatre.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hemingway |first=Andrew |title=Marxism and the History of Art: From William Morris to the New Left |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |year=2006}}</ref>

[[File:Communist states (including DPRK).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of current communist states]]
[[File:Socialist states in 1980.svg|thumb|A map of all communist states]]

Politically, Marx's legacy is more complex. Throughout the 20th century, revolutions in dozens of countries labelled themselves "Marxist"{{mdash}}most notably the [[Russian Revolution]], which led to the founding of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="April Thesis">{{cite web|last1=Lenin |first1=V.I. |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |title=The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution|year=1917 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109111834/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Major world leaders including [[Vladimir Lenin]],<ref name="April Thesis"/> [[Mao Zedong]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary of People – Ma |url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060241/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fidel Castro]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Savioli |first1=Arminio |title=L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism|year=1961 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907221742/https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Salvador Allende]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Allende |first1=Salvador |author-link=Salvador Allende |title=First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election |date=1970|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044153/http://marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Josip Broz Tito]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Broz Tito |first1=Josip |author-link=Josip Broz Tito |title=Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism|date=1959 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426215819/https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nkrumah |first1=Kwame |author-link=Kwame Nkrumah |title=African Socialism Revisited|date=1967 |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212248/https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |title=Nehru's economic philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226013014/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |archive-date=26 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 May 2017}}</ref> [[Nelson Mandela]],<ref>"[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509223406/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ |date=9 May 2018 }}". ''The South African''. 6 November 2013.</ref> [[Xi Jinping]],<ref name="euronews">{{cite news |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |last=Churm |first=Philip Andrew |title=Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx |work=[[Euronews]] |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403030931/https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Joseph Stalin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marxism and the National Question |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03a.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> and [[Thomas Sankara]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Harsch |first=Ernest |date=20 May 2015 |title=Resurrecting Thomas Sankara |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023094513/https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination |url-status=live }}</ref> have all cited Marx as an influence. Beyond where Marxist revolutions took place, Marx's ideas have informed political parties worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Why Marxism is on the rise again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108185759/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |url-status=live}}</ref> Many prominent communist revolutionaries and activists throughout the world such as [[Rosa Luxemburg]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Class Consciousness Georg Lukacs |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/ch02.htm |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Indian National Congress}}</ref> [[Ernst Thälmann]], [[Che Guevara]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeitlin |first=Maurice |date=1974-11-01 |title=The Marxism of Che Guevara: Philosophy, Economics, and Revolutionary WarfareChe: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=715–718 |doi=10.1215/00182168-54.4.715 |issn=0018-2168}}</ref> [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], [[Antonio Gramsci]] and [[Fred Hampton]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The communism of the Black Panther Party {{!}} Red Flag |url=https://redflag.org.au/node/7352 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=redflag.org.au}}</ref> were deeply influenced by Marxist ideology.

In countries associated with Marxism, political opponents have blamed Marx for millions of deaths,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Tim |title=The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/ |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=1 November 2013|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407225246/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/|url-status=dead}}</ref> while others argue for a distinction between the legacy and influence of Marx specifically, and the legacy and influence of those who have shaped his ideas for political purposes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elbe |first1=Indigo |title=Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory |url=https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |work=Viewpoint Magazine |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108194200/https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |archive-date=8 January 2015 |date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Arthur Lipow describes Marx and his collaborator [[Friedrich Engels]] as "the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lipow |first=Arthur |year=1991 |title=Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |page=1 |isbn=978-0520075436 |quote={{'}}We are not among those communists who are out to destroy personal liberty, who wish to turn the world into one huge barrack or into a gigantic workhouse. There certainly are some communists who, with an easy conscience, refuse to countenance personal liberty and would like to shuffle it out of the world because they consider that it is a hindrance to complete harmony. But we have no desire to exchange freedom for equality. We are convinced ... that in no social order will freedom be assured as in a society based upon communal ownership.' Thus wrote the editors of the ''Journal'' of the Communist League in 1847, under the direct influence of the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels.}}</ref>

The cities of [[Marks, Russia]] and [[Chemnitz|Karl-Marx-Stadt, Germany]], now known as Chemnitz, were named after Marx.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2010 |title=Где находится Екатериненштадт? Города России |url=http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Ижевский новостной сайт |language=ru |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142040/http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf ''Chemnitzer Tourismus-Broschüre'', Herausgeber: City-Management und Tourismus Chemnitz GmbH, 4. Jahrgang • Ausgabe 12 • Sommer 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826225659/http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf|date=26 August 2010}}; [http://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/de/stadt_chemnitz/geschichte/stadtarchiv/downloads/q_bildarchiv.pdf O-Ton-Nachweis im Chemnitzer Stadtarchiv]{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In May 2018, to mark the bicentenary of his birth, a statue of him by leading Chinese sculptor [[Wu Weishan]] and donated by the Chinese government was unveiled in his birthplace of [[Trier]], Germany. The then-[[European Commission]] president [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] defended Marx's memory, saying that today Marx "stands for things which he is not responsible for and which he didn't cause because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite".<ref name="independent">{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=4 May 2018 |title='Today he stands for things which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx's legacy |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424005321/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |archive-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |title=Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622182403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, [[UNESCO]] added two documents with Marx's handwriting to its [[Memory of the World International Register]]. These are his annotated first edition of ''Das Kapital'' Volume 1 and a manuscript page from ''The Communist Manifesto''. These are held among more of Marx's papers at the [[International Institute of Social History]] in Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, draft manuscript page and Das Kapital. Erster Band, Karl Marx's personal annotated copy |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/manifest-der-kommunistischen-partei-draft-manuscript-page-and-das-kapital-erster-band-karl-marxs |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

As well as influencing 20th century cinema, Marx's life and times and his principal works have all been represented in film as subjects in their own right. [[Karl Marx in film|Films depicting Marx and his ideas]] range from documentary to fictional drama, art house and comedy. In 2017, ''[[The Young Karl Marx]]'' received good reviews for both its historical accuracy and its brio in dealing with intellectual life.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=22 February 2018 |title=Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507004940/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
{{See also|Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe|Marx/Engels Collected Works}}

{{Div col}}
* ''[[The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature]]'' (doctoral thesis),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |title = English translation online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420103907/http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/ |archive-date=20 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 1841
* ''[[The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law]]'', 1842
* ''[[Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]]'', 1843
* ''[[On the Jewish Question]]'', 1843
* ''[[Notes on James Mill]]'', 1844
* ''[[Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844]]'', 1844
* ''[[The Holy Family (book)|The Holy Family]]'', 1845
* ''[[Theses on Feuerbach]]'', written 1845, first published posthumously 1888 by Engels
* ''[[The German Ideology]]'', 1845
* ''[[The Poverty of Philosophy]]'', 1847
* ''[[Wage Labour and Capital]]'', 1847
* ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Manifesto of the Communist Party]]'', 1848
* ''[[The Class Struggles in France 1848-1850|The Class Struggles in France]]'', 1850
* ''[[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon]]'', 1852
* ''[[Grundrisse]]'' (''Foundations of a Critique of Political Economy''), 1857
* ''[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy]]'', 1859
* ''[[Writings on the U.S. Civil War]]'', 1861
* ''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]'' (posthumously published by [[Karl Kautsky|Kautsky]]), 3 volumes, 1862
* "[[Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln]]", 1864
* ''[[Value, Price and Profit]]'', 1865
* [[Capital, Volume I|''Capital''. Volume I: ''A Critique of Political Economy: The Process of Production of Capital'']] (''Das Kapital''), 1867
* ''[[The Civil War in France]]'', 1871
* ''[[Critique of the Gotha Programme]]'', 1875
* ''[[Notes on Adolph Wagner]]'', 1883
* [[Capital, Volume II|''Das Kapital'', Volume II]] (posthumously published by Engels), 1885
* [[Capital, Volume III|''Das Kapital'', Volume III]] (posthumously published by Engels), 1894
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=30em}}
* [[2807 Karl Marx]] – An asteroid
* [[Biographies of Karl Marx]]
* [[Criticisms of Marxism]]
* [[Karl Marx in film]]
* {{anl|Marx Memorial Library}}
* {{anl|Marx Reloaded|''Marx Reloaded''}}
* {{anl|Marx's method}}
* {{anl|Marxian class theory}}
* {{anl|Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx}}
* {{anl|Pre-Marx socialists}}
* {{anl|Scientific socialism}}
* [[Timeline of Karl Marx]]
* ''[[Why Socialism?]]'' – An article by [[Albert Einstein]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="1883: The death of Karl Marx">{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |title=1883: The death of Karl Marx |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=21 December 2009 |archive-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114229/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Allan2010">{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Allan |title=The Social Lens: An Invitation to Social and Sociological Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&pg=PA68 |access-date=25 March 2011 |year=2010 |publisher=Pine Forge Press |isbn=978-1412978347 |page=68 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622084122/http://books.google.com/books?id=KEgg5g0d-fgC&pg=PA68 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Balibar1995">{{cite book |last=Balibar |first=Étienne |title=The philosophy of Marx |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&pg=PA56 |access-date=8 March 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=978-1859849514 |page=56 |archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617021319/http://books.google.com/books?id=HBw-U1tSZoMC&pg=PA56 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Beilharz1992">{{cite book |last=Beilharz |first=Peter |title=Labour's Utopias: Bolshevism, Fabianism and Social Democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4 |access-date=7 March 2011 |year=1992 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |isbn=978-0415096805 |page=4 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620160709/http://books.google.com/books?id=dJc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Bottomore1991">{{cite book |last=Bottomore |first=T. B. |author-link=Thomas Bottomore |title=A Dictionary of Marxist thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&pg=PA108 |access-date=5 March 2011 |year=1991 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-0631180821 |pages=108– |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622075208/http://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&pg=PA108 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BrewerMarx1984-15">{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=Anthony |last2=Marx |first2=Karl |author2-link=Karl Marx |title=A guide to Marx's Capital |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15 |access-date=9 March 2011|year=1984 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |isbn=978-0521257305 |page=15 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722090920/http://books.google.com/books?id=RyQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CGP P1">{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |title=Critique of the Gotha Program |year=1875 |chapter=Part I |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |title-link=Critique of the Gotha Program |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226042725/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name="Curtis1997">{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Curtis |title=Marxism: the inner dialogues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&pg=PA291 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1560009450|page=291 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220111/http://books.google.com/books?id=hRdyY2f8UcUC&pg=PA291 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DL-Marx">Doug Lorimer. Introduction. In {{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |title=The Class Struggles in France: From the February Revolution to the Paris Commune |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&pg=PA6 |access-date=9 March 2011 |publisher=Resistance Books |isbn=978-1876646196 |page=6 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617100749/http://books.google.com/books?id=xlYfFDJDXewC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Dispatches">{{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |editor-first=James |editor-last=Ledbetter |title=Dispatches for the New York Tribune: Selected Journalism of Karl Marx |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0141441924}}</ref>

<ref name="Elster1985">{{cite book|author=Jon Elster|title=Making sense of Marx|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&pg=PA217|access-date=23 April 2011|year=1985|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521297059|page=217|archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617012124/http://books.google.com/books?id=I14p3dFLerYC&pg=PA217|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Engels1999">Doug Lorimer, in {{cite book|author=Friedrich Engels|title=Socialism: utopian and scientific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&pg=PA34|access-date=7 March 2011|year=1999|publisher=Resistance Books|isbn=978-0909196868|pages=34–36|archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617114803/http://books.google.com/books?id=_A7P0fL_kYsC&pg=PA34|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GeorgeScanlan1975">{{cite book|author1=Richard T. De George|author2=James Patrick Scanlan|title=Marxism and religion in Eastern Europe: papers presented at the Banff International Slavic Conference, September 4–7, 1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&pg=PA20|access-date=16 March 2011|year=1975|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9027706362|page=20|archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617023911/http://books.google.com/books?id=gO_mQQU8-GIC&pg=PA20|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Gilbert2010">{{cite book|author=Dennis Gilbert|title=The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&pg=PA6|access-date=8 March 2011|year=2010|publisher=Pine Forge Press|isbn=978-1412979658|pages=6–|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221658/http://books.google.com/books?id=4JyQus8r9JYC&pg=PA6|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GouldMcGarr2007">{{cite book |author1=Stephen Jay Gould|author2=Paul McGarr|author3=Steven Peter Russell Rose|title=The richness of life: the essential Stephen Jay Gould|url=https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul|url-access=registration|access-date=9 March 2011|year=2007|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0393064988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul/page/167 167]–168}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Harriss2006">{{cite book |first=Phil |last=Harriss |title=London Markets |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&pg=PA20 |access-date=23 April 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=[[New Holland Publishers]] |isbn=978-1860113062 |page=20 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620190116/http://books.google.com/books?id=zv6GxJzhrbgC&pg=PA20 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Hernadi1989">{{cite book|author=Paul Hernadi|title=The Rhetoric of interpretation and the interpretation of rhetoric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&pg=PA137|access-date=8 March 2011|year=1989|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0822309345|page=137|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215140/http://books.google.com/books?id=yNGAg_yK6R4C&pg=PA137|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Hook1994">{{cite book|author=Sidney Hook|title=From Hegel to Marx: studies in the intellectual development of Karl Marx|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&pg=PR24|access-date=16 March 2011|year=1994|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0231096652|pages=24–25|archive-date=23 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923164300/http://books.google.com/books?id=JXQ_cwiMhAUC&pg=PR24|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="JessopWheatley1999-526">{{cite book|author1=Bob Jessop|author2=Russell Wheatley|title=Karl Marx's social and political thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&pg=PA526|access-date=9 March 2011|year=1999|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] US|isbn=978-0415193276|page=526|archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617103720/http://books.google.com/books?id=vz-4LDWCnlAC&pg=PA526|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Johnston2000">{{cite book|editor1=Ronald John Johnston|title=The Dictionary of Human Geography|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhuma0000unse_w3r7/page/795/mode/1up|edition=4th|year=2000|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|isbn=978-0631205616|pages=795–797|editor2= Derek Gregory | editor3= Geraldine Pratt | editor4= Michael Watts | author= Derek Gregory | chapter= structural Marxism | chapter-url-access= registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|chapter=Critique of the Gotha Programme, Part IV |via=marxists.org| author= Karl Marx | orig-date= 1875 | title =Marx/Engels Selected Works| volume= 3 | pages= 13–30 | publisher= Progress Publishers|place= Moscow| date= 1970 |archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702071606/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MaltsevN.-93">{{cite book|author1=Maltsev|author2=Yuri N.|title=Requiem for Marx|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&pg=PA93|access-date=9 March 2011|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute|isbn=978-1610161169|pages=93–94|year=1993|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722083729/http://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC&pg=PA93|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Manchester">{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/461545.stm |title=Marx the millennium's 'greatest thinker' |work=BBC News World Online |date=1 October 1999 |access-date=23 November 2010 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902192653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/461545.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Marx2008">{{cite book |first=Karl |last=Marx |author-link=Karl Marx |title=The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&pg=PA141 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |isbn=978-1434463746 |page=141 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722084040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ryOVzGSq0zYC&pg=PA141 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarxO'Malley1977">{{cite book |first1=Karl |last1=Marx |author1-link=Karl Marx |first2=Joseph |last2=O'Malley |title=Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of right' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131 |access-date=23 April 2011 |year=1977 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |isbn=978-0521292115 |page=131 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004239/http://books.google.com/books?id=uxg4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Mehring2003">{{cite book|author=Franz Mehring|title=Karl Marx: The Story of His Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&pg=PR19|access-date=9 March 2011|year=2003|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-0415313339|pages=19–20|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220242/http://books.google.com/books?id=486z9lE-jdsC&pg=PR19|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Ollman1973">{{cite book|author=Bertell Ollman|title=Alienation: Marx's conception of man in capitalist society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81|access-date=8 March 2011|year=1973|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]]|isbn=978-1001331355|page=81|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622092831/http://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Rockmore2002">{{cite book|author=Tom Rockmore|title=Marx after Marxism: the philosophy of Karl Marx|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&pg=PA128|access-date=9 March 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0631231899|page=128|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233929/http://books.google.com/books?id=FkMgeGZuCOwC&pg=PA128|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Segrest2002">{{cite book|author=Mab Segrest|title=Born to belonging: writings on spirit and justice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&pg=PA232|access-date=9 March 2011|year=2002|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0813531014|page=232|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220203/http://books.google.com/books?id=gOmpSMh3y3YC&pg=PA232|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Sherman1995">{{cite book |last=Sherman |first=Howard J. |title=Reinventing marxism |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher |url-access=registration |access-date=7 March 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0801850776 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher/page/5 5]}}</ref>

<ref name="SwatosKivisto1998">{{cite book|author1=William H. Swatos|author2=Peter Kivisto|title=Encyclopedia of religion and society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&pg=PA499|access-date=8 March 2011|year=1998|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0761989561|pages=499–|archive-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620152445/http://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&pg=PA499|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Thompson1990">{{cite book|author=John B. Thompson|title=Ideology and modern culture: critical social theory in the era of mass communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&pg=PA37|access-date=8 March 2011|year=1990|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0804718462|pages=37–38|archive-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620184832/http://books.google.com/books?id=ql5Ab8OXiPMC&pg=PA37|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Turner2005">{{cite book|author=Jonathan H. Turner|title=Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|access-date=9 March 2011|year=2005|publisher=[[Pearson Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-0131134966|pages=17–18|archive-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172806/http://books.google.com/books?id=90vMAAAACAAJ|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Watson2010">{{cite book|first=Peter |last=Watson|title=The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution, and the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&pg=PA250|access-date=9 March 2011|year=2010|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0060760229|pages=250–|archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617094656/http://books.google.com/books?id=lktG_12nBXEC&pg=PA250|url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Wood">{{cite book |first=John Cunningham |last=Wood |author-link=John Cunningham Wood |title=Karl Marx's economics: critical assessments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&pg=PA346 |access-date=16 March 2011 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0415065580 |page=346 |year=1987 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620212506/http://books.google.com/books?id=0Pr97rppN2EC&pg=PA346 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Wood1993">{{cite book |first=John Cunningham |last=Wood |author-link=John Cunningham Wood |title=Karl Marx's economics: critical assessments: second series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&pg=PA232 |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=1993 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0415087117 |page=232 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082303/http://books.google.com/books?id=zoNIh_NYeRwC&pg=PA232 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

<ref name="et">Several authors elucidated this long neglected crucial turn in Marx's theoretical development, such as Ernie Thomson in ''The Discovery of the Materialist Conception of History in the Writings of the Young Karl Marx'', [[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 2004; for a short account see [http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html Max Stirner, a durable dissident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518155939/http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html |date=18 May 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name="k72">Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''Collected Works Volume 46'' (International Publishers: New York, 1992) p. 72.</ref>

<ref name="manifesto">Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1848).[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm ''The Communist Manifesto''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902090238/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm |date=2 September 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="plato.stanford.edu">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ |title=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |chapter=Max Weber |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |year=2017 |access-date=29 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 Feb 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/64WuU}}</ref>

<ref name="sep">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |title=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |chapter=Karl Marx |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |year=2017 |access-date=28 May 2005 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208100606/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |url-status=live}}. First published Tue 26 August 2003; substantive revision Mon 14 June 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2011.</ref>

<ref name="stateless">McLellan 1973, p. 541</ref>

<ref name="wh1">{{Cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |title=Karl Marx: A Life |publisher=Norton |location=New York | year=2002 |pages=Introduction |no-pp=true}}</ref>

<ref name="wk">{{Cite book |last1=Baird |first1=Forrest E. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Walter |title=From Plato to Derrida |publisher=[[Pearson Prentice Hall]] |year=2008 |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |isbn=978-0131585911}}</ref>
}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Heine |last2=Kaspersen |first2=Lars Bo |title=Classical and modern social theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PeGtsC2Hp4C&pg=PA123 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2000 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-0631212881 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617000227/http://books.google.com/books?id=_PeGtsC2Hp4C&pg=PA123 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Kevin B. |date=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxCZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 |title=Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0226345703 |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Bannerji |first=Himani |title=Inventing subjects: studies in hegemony, patriarchy and colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQqos58kEPwC&pg=PA27 |access-date=2 May 2011 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Anthem Press]] |isbn=978-1843310723 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617014040/http://books.google.com/books?id=rQqos58kEPwC&pg=PA27 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Berlin |first=Isaiah |author-link=Isaiah Berlin |title=Karl Marx: His Life and Environment |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London |date=1963}}
* {{cite book |last=Blumenberg |first=Werner |translator-first=Douglas |translator-last=Scott |title=Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London; New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85984-254-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Calhoun |first=Craig J. |author-link=Craig Calhoun |title=Classical Sociological Theory |year=2002 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-631-21348-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912174103/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Calhoun |first=Craig J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlmBgDM-shoC |title=Classical sociological theory |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-65567-2 |edition=3rd |location=Chichester, West Sussex |oclc=794037359 |access-date=5 October 2021 |via=Google Books}}
* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Barry Stewart |title=Political economy: a comparative approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&pg=PA57 |access-date=7 March 2011 |year=1998 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0275963705 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620161105/http://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&pg=PA57 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{cite book |last=Fedoseyev |first=Petr Nikolaevich |year=1973 |title=Karl Marx: A Biography |publisher=[[Progress Publishers]] |location=Moscow |oclc=1365346}}
* {{cite book |last=Heinrich |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Heinrich |title=Karl Marx and the Birth of Modern Society: The Life of Marx and the Development of His Work. Volume I: 1818–1841 |location=New York |publisher=Monthly Review P. |year=2019 |isbn=978-1583677353}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Hobsbawm |title=How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism |year=2011 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=London |isbn=978-1408702871|ref=Hob11}}
* {{Cite book |last=McLellan |first=David |author-link=David McLellan (political scientist) |title=Karl Marx: A Biography |edition=4th |year=2006 |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |location=Hampshire |isbn=978-1403997302}}
* {{cite book |last=Mészáros |first=István |author-link=István Mészáros (philosopher) |title=Marx's Theory of Alienation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lckAQAAIAAJ |access-date=8 March 2011 |year=2006 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=Merlin Press |isbn=978-0850365542 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233058/http://books.google.com/books?id=5lckAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nicolaievsky |first1=Boris |last2=Maenchen-Helfen |first2=Otto |title=Karl Marx: Man and Fighter |author1-link=Boris Nicolaevsky |author2-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |year=1976 |orig-year=1936 |publisher=Pelican |location=Harmondsworth and New York |isbn=978-1406727036 |translator1-first=Gwenda |translator1-last=David |translator2-first=Eric |translator2-last=Mosbacher |translator2-link=Eric Mosbacher}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nicolaievsky |first1=Boris |last2=Maenchen-Helfen |first2=Otto |title=Karl Marx: Man and Fighter |author1-link=Boris Nicolaevsky |author2-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&pg=PA192 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2007 |publisher=Read Books |isbn=978-1406727036 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&pg=PA192 |url-status=live |via=Google Books }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Pepperell |first=Nicole |date=April 2010 |title=Disassembling Capital |type=PhD |publisher=[[RMIT University]] |url=https://rtheory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/disassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331022416/https://rtheory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/disassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pilling |first=Geoff |title=Marx's Capital, Philosophy and Political Economy |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Keagan Paul |year=1980 |isbn=978-1138874107 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/pilling/works/capital/index.htm |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110212321/https://www.marxists.org/archive/pilling/works/capital/index.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Postone |first=Moishe |author-link=Moishe Postone |title=Time labour and social domination |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0511570926 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570926 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511570926 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051213/https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511570926 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Postone |first=Moishe |author-link=Moishe Postone |title=Time, labor, and social domination: a reinterpretation of Marx's critical theory |date=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521565400 |oclc=475188205 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Schwarzschild |first1=Leopold |author1-link=Leopold Schwarzschild |title=The Red Prussian: Life and Legend of Karl Marx |year=1986 |orig-year=1948 |publisher=Pickwick Books Ltd |isbn=978-0948859007}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seigel |first=Jerrold |author-link=Jerrold Seigel |title=Marx's fate: the shape of a life |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=1978 |isbn=0271009357}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shuster |first=Sam |title=The nature and consequence of Karl Marx's skin disease |journal=British Journal of Dermatology |volume=158 |issue=1 |date=January 2008 |pages=071106220718011–– |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08282.x |pmid=17986303 |s2cid=40843002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Singer |title=Marx |year=1980 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0192875105}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sperber |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Sperber |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |year=2013 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0871404671}}
* {{cite book |last=Splichal |first=Slavko |title=Principles of publicity and press freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8fO_b0lxDAC&pg=PA115 |access-date=9 March 2011 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0742516151 |page=115 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617083504/http://books.google.com/books?id=u8fO_b0lxDAC&pg=PA115 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]] }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Stedman Jones |first1=Gareth |title=Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion |date=2016 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-0713999044}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Philip |title=Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers |year=2004 |publisher=Index Books |location=Kettering |isbn=978-0572029357}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vygodsky |first=Vitaly |title=The Story of a Great Discovery: How Karl Marx wrote 'Capital' |year=1973 |publisher=Verlag Die Wirtschaft |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121940/https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |title=Karl Marx |year=2001 |publisher=Fourth Estate |location=London |isbn=978-1857026375}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}

=== Biographies ===
{{main|Biographies of Karl Marx}}
{{div col}}
* {{cite book |author=[[Max Beer|Beer, Max]] |title=The Life and Teaching of Karl Marx |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/37290 |year=1921 |publisher=[[National Labour Press]]}}
* [[Isaiah Berlin|Berlin, Isaiah]]. ''Karl Marx: His Life and Environment'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 1963) {{ISBN|0195200527}}
* Gemkow, Heinrich. ''Karl Marx: A Biography''. Dresden: Verlag Zeit im Bild. 1968.
* {{cite ODNB|id=39021|title=Marx, Karl Heinrich|year=2004|last=Hobsbawm|first=E.J.|ref=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |year=1967 |orig-year=1913 |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |location=Peking |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702055230/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm |url-status=live |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}
* Liedman, Sven-Eric. ''A World to Win: The Life and Works of Karl Marx.'' [2015] Jeffrey N. Skinner, trans. London: [[Verso Books]], 2018.
* McLellan, David. ''Karl Marx: his Life and Thought'' Harper & Row, 1973 {{ISBN|978-0060128296}}
* [[Franz Mehring|Mehring, Franz]]. ''Karl Marx: The Story of His Life'' ([[Routledge]], 2003)
* [[David McLellan (academic)|McLellan, David]]. ''Marx before Marxism'' (1980), Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0333278826}}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Teacher: Karl Marx, Who Sowed Dragon's Teeth |title=Apostles of Revolution |first=Max |last=Nomad |author-link=Max Nomad |year=1961 |orig-year=1939 |location=New York |publisher=[[Crowell-Collier Publishing Company|Collier Books]] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrevolu00noma/page/83/ |lccn=61018566 |oclc=984463383 |pages=83–150}}
* [[Maximilien Rubel|Rubel, Maximilien]]. ''Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work'' (Blackwell, 1975) {{ISBN|0631157808}}
* [[Angelo Segrillo|Segrillo, Angelo]]. ''Two Centuries of Karl Marx Biographies: An Overview'' (LEA Working Paper Series, nº 4, March 2019).
* Sperber, Jonathan. ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life.'' New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.
* Stedman Jones, Gareth. ''Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion'' (Allen Lane, 2016). {{ISBN|978-0713999044}}.
* Walker, Frank Thomas. ''Karl Marx: a Bibliographic and Political Biography''. (bj.publications), 2009.
* [[Francis Wheen|Wheen, Francis]]. ''Karl Marx: A Life'', (Fourth Estate, 1999), {{ISBN|1857026373}}
{{div col end}}

=== Commentaries on Marx ===
{{div col}}
* [[Althusser, Louis]]. ''[[For Marx]]''. London: Verso, 2005.
* Althusser, Louis and [[Balibar, Étienne]]. ''[[Reading Capital]]''. London: Verso, 2009.
* [[Jacques Attali|Attali, Jacques]]. ''Karl Marx or the thought of the world''. 2005
* [[Shlomo Avineri|Avineri, Shlomo]]. ''The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx'' (Cambridge University Press, 1968) {{ISBN|0521096197}}
* [[Shlomo Avineri|Avineri, Shlomo]]. ''Karl Marx: Philosophy and Revolution'' (Yale University Press, 2019) {{ISBN|978-0300211702}}
* [[Kostas Axelos|Axelos, Kostas]]. ''Alienation, Praxis, and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx'' (translated by Ronald Bruzina, University of Texas Press, 1976).
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=Janet |author-last=Beals Kaidantzis |title=Karl Marx (1818–1883) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Marx.html |encyclopedia=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0865976665 |editor-first=David R. |editor-last=Henderson |editor-link=David R. Henderson |pages=563–564}}
* Blackledge, Paul. ''Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History'' (Manchester University Press, 2006)
* Blackledge, Paul. ''Marxism and Ethics'' (SUNY Press, 2012)
* Bottomore, Tom, ed. ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought''. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
* {{Cite book |last=Callinicos |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Callinicos |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx |year=2010 |orig-year=1983 |publisher=Bookmarks |location=Bloomsbury; London |isbn=978-1905192687}}
* [[Harry Cleaver|Cleaver, Harry]]. ''Reading Capital Politically'' (AK Press, 2000)
* [[Gerald Cohen|G.A. Cohen]]. ''Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence'' ([[Princeton University Press]], 1978) {{ISBN|0691070687}}
* [[Andrew Collier (philosopher)|Collier, Andrew]]. ''Marx'' (Oneworld, 2004)
* [[Hal Draper|Draper, Hal]], ''Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution'' (4 volumes) [[Monthly Review]] Press
* Duncan, Ronald and [[Colin Wilson|Wilson, Colin]]. (editors) ''Marx Refuted'', (Bath, UK, 1987) {{ISBN|090679871X}}
* [[Eagleton, Terry]]. ''Why Marx Was Right'' (New Haven & London: [[Yale University Press]], 2011).
* [[Ben Fine|Fine, Ben]]. ''Marx's Capital.'' 5th ed. London: [[Pluto Press]], 2010.
* [[John Bellamy Foster|Foster, John Bellamy]]. ''Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000.
* [[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, Stephen Jay]]. ''A Darwinian Gentleman at Marx's Funeral – E. Ray Lankester'', p. 1, Find Articles.com{{cbignore}} (1999)
* [[David Harvey|Harvey, David]]. ''A Companion to Marx's Capital.'' London: [[Verso Books]], 2010.
* Harvey, David. ''The Limits of Capital''. London: Verso, 2006.
{{Clear}}
* [[Michel Henry|Henry, Michel]]. ''Marx I'' and ''Marx II''. 1976
* Holt, Justin P. ''The Social Thought of Karl Marx''. Sage, 2015.
* Iggers, Georg G. "Historiography: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge."([[Wesleyan University Press]], 1997, 2005)
* [[Leszek Kołakowski|Kołakowski, Leszek]]. ''Main Currents of Marxism'' Oxford: [[Clarendon Press]], OUP, 1978
* [[Robert Kurz (philosopher)|Kurz, Robert]]. ''Read Marx: The most important texts of Karl Marx for the 21st Century'' (2000) {{ISBN|3821816449}}
* Little, Daniel. ''The Scientific Marx'', (University of Minnesota Press, 1986) {{ISBN|0816615055}}
* [[Ernest Mandel|Mandel, Ernest]]. ''Marxist Economic Theory''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.
* Mandel, Ernest. ''The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx''. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.
* Miller, Richard W. ''Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power, and History''. Princeton, N.J: [[Princeton University Press]], 1984.
* [[Murray Rothbard|Rothbard, Murray]]. ''An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Volume II: Classical Economics'' (Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995) {{ISBN|094546648X}}
* [[Alfredo Saad-Filho|Saad-Filho, Alfredo]]. ''The Value of Marx: Political Economy for Contemporary Capitalism''. London: [[Routledge]], 2002.
* [[Kohei Saito|Saito, Kohei]]. ''Karl Marx's Ecosocialism: Capital, Nature, and the Unfinished Critique of Political Economy'', Monthly Review Press 2017.
* [[Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)|Schmidt, Alfred]]. ''The Concept of Nature in Marx''. London: NLB, 1971.
* {{cite journal |last=Seigel |first=J.E. |title=Marx's Early Development: Vocation, Rebellion and Realism |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1973 |pages=475–508 |jstor=202551 |doi=10.2307/202551}}
* [[Paul Strathern|Strathern, Paul]]. "Marx in 90 Minutes", (Ivan R. Dee, 2001)
* Thomas, Paul. ''Karl Marx and the Anarchists''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.
* [[Kozo Uno|Uno, Kozo]]. ''Principles of Political Economy. Theory of a Purely Capitalist Society'', Brighton, Sussex: Harvester; Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities, 1980.
* [[Fernando Vianello|Vianello]], F. [1989], "Effective Demand and the Rate of Profits: Some Thoughts on Marx, [[Michał Kalecki|Kalecki]] and [[Piero Sraffa|Sraffa]]", in: Sebastiani, M. (ed.), ''Kalecki's Relevance Today'', London, Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0312024116}}.
* Wendling, Amy. ''Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
* Wheen, Francis. ''Marx's Das Kapital'', (Atlantic Books, 2006) {{ISBN|1843544008}}
* Wilson, Edmund. ''[[To the Finland Station]]: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History'', Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1940
{{div col end}}

=== Fiction works ===
* {{cite book |last=Barker |first=Jason |author-link=Jason Barker |title=[[Marx Returns]] |location=Winchester, UK |publisher=Zero Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-1785356605}}

{{refend}}

{{wikisource|works=or}}

== External links ==
* {{Gutenberg author|id=46|name=Karl Marx}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Karl Marx}}
* {{Librivox author|id=2426}}
* {{cite SEP|url-id=marx|title=Karl Marx}}
* {{marxists.org|marx|Karl Marx}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels1|title=Selected Works|author=Marx and Engels |location=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|volume=1|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels2|title=Selected Works|author=Marx and Engels |location=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|volume=2|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels3|title=Selected Works|author=Marx and Engels |location=Moscow |publisher=Progress Publishers |volume=3 |year=1973}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedcorrespondencemarxengels |title=Selected Correspondence |author=Marx and Engels |location=Moscow |publisher=Progress Publishers |edition=3rd rev. |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/KarlMarxABiography |title=Karl Marx: a Biography |author=Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union |location=Moscow |publisher=Progress Publishers |edition=4th |year=1989}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |title=The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx |editor-last=Krader |editor-first=Lawrence |location=Assen |publisher=Van Gorcum |edition=2nd |year=1974 |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020025302/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf |url-status=live }}
* Archive of [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608151012/https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860 |date=8 June 2018 }} at the [[International Institute of Social History]]
* The ''Collected Works'' of Marx and Engels, in English translation and in 50 volumes, are published in London by Lawrence & Wishart and in New York by International Publishers. (These volumes were at one time put online by the [[Marxists Internet Archive]], until the original publishers objected on copyright grounds: {{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|title=Marx/Engels Collected Works|publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061207/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm|url-status=live}}) They are available online and searchable, for purchase or through subscribing libraries, in the ''[https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory Social Theory]'' ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164706/https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory |date=3 March 2018 }}) collection published by [https://alexanderstreet-com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/page/history-imprints Alexander Street Press] in collaboration with the [[University of Chicago]].
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg "Marx"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405042734/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg |date=5 April 2018 }}, [[BBC Radio 4]] discussion with Anthony Grayling, Francis Wheen & Gareth Stedman Jones (''[[In Our Time (radio series)|In Our Time]]'', 14 July 2005)
* [http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk The 1887 ''NY Times'' review of ''Das Kapital''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506191145/http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review#.XtAB0mhKizk |date=6 May 2020 }}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011971}}

{{Karl Marx|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Karl Marx
|list1=
{{Marx/Engels}}
{{Social democracy}}
{{Socialism}}
{{Communism}}
{{Social and political philosophy}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{Philosophy of religion}}
{{Critique of political economy}}
{{Continental philosophy}}
}}
{{Subject bar|Biography|Society|Germany|Communism
|Socialism|Philosophy|Economics|History
|b = Sociological Theory/Karl Marx
|commons = Karl Marx
|d = Q9061
|q = Karl Marx
|s = Author:Karl Marx
|v = Karl Marx
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marx, Karl}}
[[Category:Karl Marx| ]]
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German historians]]
[[Category:19th-century German journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century German philosophers]]
[[Category:19th-century German social scientists]]
[[Category:19th-century people from the Kingdom of Prussia]]
[[Category:19th-century atheists]]
[[Category:Anti-consumerists]]
[[Category:Anti-globalization activists]]
[[Category:Anti-nationalists]]
[[Category:Atheist philosophers]]
[[Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery]]
[[Category:Conflict theory]]
[[Category:Critics of Judaism]]
[[Category:Critics of political economy]]
[[Category:German critics of religions]]
[[Category:German critics of work]]
[[Category:Deaths from bronchitis]]
[[Category:Epistemologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts]]
[[Category:German atheism activists]]
[[Category:German anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:German anti-imperialists]]
[[Category:German anti-poverty advocates]]
[[Category:German writers on atheism]]
[[Category:German communist writers]]
[[Category:German emigrants to England]]
[[Category:German expatriates in Belgium]]
[[Category:German expatriates in England]]
[[Category:German expatriates in France]]
[[Category:German former Christians]]
[[Category:German male journalists]]
[[Category:German Marxist historians]]
[[Category:German Marxist writers]]
[[Category:German opinion journalists]]
[[Category:German people of Dutch-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:German philosophers of law]]
[[Category:German philosophers of mind]]
[[Category:German political philosophers]]
[[Category:German revolutionaries]]
[[Category:German socialist feminists]]
[[Category:German sociologists]]
[[Category:German tax resisters]]
[[Category:Hegel scholars from Germany]]
[[Category:Historians of economic thought]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:Jewish communists]]
[[Category:Jewish historians]]
[[Category:Jewish philosophers]]
[[Category:Jewish sociologists]]
[[Category:Jewish socialists]]
[[Category:Jewish German journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Brussels]]
[[Category:Journalists from London]]
[[Category:Journalists from Paris]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]
[[Category:Marxian economists]]
[[Category:Marxist journalists]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Materialists]]
[[Category:Members of the International Workingmen's Association]]
[[Category:Metaphysicians]]
[[Category:Ontologists]]
[[Category:Pamphleteers]]
[[Category:People from Soho]]
[[Category:People from the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine]]
[[Category:People from Trier]]
[[Category:Philosophers of culture]]
[[Category:Philosophers of economics]]
[[Category:Philosophers of education]]
[[Category:Philosophers of history]]
[[Category:Philosophers of religion]]
[[Category:Philosophers of science]]
[[Category:Philosophers of technology]]
[[Category:Philosophical anthropologists]]
[[Category:Revolution theorists]]
[[Category:Social philosophers]]
[[Category:Socialist economists]]
[[Category:Socialist feminists]]
[[Category:Stateless people]]
[[Category:Theorists on Western civilization]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:University of Jena alumni]]
[[Category:Victorian writers]]
[[Category:Writers about activism and social change]]
[[Category:Writers about globalization]]
[[Category:Writers about religion and science]]
[[Category:Writers from Cologne]]
[[Category:Writers from the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:Polemicists]]

List of schools in Rajasthan

2026-03-21T11:07:50Z

Gasperalmeida: cleaned up references per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|None}}

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:India Rajasthan locator map.svg|thumb|State of Rajasthan in India's map.]]

This is a [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District-wise]] '''list of schools''' in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>https://www.shiksha.com/boards/articles/top-schools-in-rajasthan-blogId-63821</ref>

== Ajmer district ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Ajmer Military School]] <REF>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Rashtriya-Military-School</REF> <REF>https://www.eduvidya.com/Schools/Ajmer-Military-School</REF>
* [[Mayo College]]<REF>https://web.archive.org/web/20040626150546/http://www.hinduonnet.com/jobs/0406/2004060900300800.htm</REF>
* [[Mayo College Girls School]]
}}

== Bikaner district ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Indian Army Public Schools#List of Army Public Schools of India (not all-inclusive)|Army Public School, Bikaner]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Bikaner]]
}}

== Chittorgarh district ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Atomic Energy Central School]], Rawatbhata, Chittorgarh
* [[Sainik School, Chittorgarh]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mandaphia]], Chittorgarh
}}

== Jaipur district ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Imam Rabbani Senior Secondary Public School]]
* [[Jaipur School]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Paota, Jaipur|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]]
* [[Jayshree Periwal High School]], Jaipur
* [[Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls' Public School]]
* [[Mahaveer School]]
* [[Maheshwari Public School]]
* [[Neerja Modi School]]
* [[St. Anselm's North City School, Jaipur|St. Anselm's North City School]]
* [[St. Anselm's Pink City Sr. Sec. School, Jaipur|St. Anselm's Pink City Sr. Sec. School]]
* [[St. Edmund's School Malviya Nagar Jaipur]]
* [[St Xavier's School, Jaipur|St. Xavier's School]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Nevta]]
}}

== Jhunjhunu district ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Birla Balika Vidyapeeth]], Pilani
* [[Birla Public School]], Pilani
* [[Birla Senior Secondary School]], Pilani
* [[Prerana Senior Secondary School]], Nawalgarh, Jhunjhunu
}}

== Jodhpur district ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Central Academy Senior Secondary School]]
* [[Rajmata Krishna Kumari Girls' Public School]]
* [[Sanskar International School]]
* [[St. Anne's School, Jodhpur]]
}}

== Pali district ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]], Pali
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Jojawar]], Pali
}}

== Udaipur District ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Heritage Girls School Udaipur]]
* [[Maharana Mewar Public School]]
}}

== Others ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[St. Xavier's School, Behror]], Alwar
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Churu]]
* [[Lakshmipat Singhania Academy]], Churu
* [[Dholpur Military School]], Dholpur
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jaswantpura]], Jalore
* [[Bal Vidyalaya (Kota)]], Kota
}}

== References ==
<references />
{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Schools in Rajasthan|*]]
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists|Schools]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in India by state or union territory|Rajasthan]]

Jaggayya

2026-03-16T21:13:09Z

Gasperalmeida: improved article

{{short description|Indian actor, politician (1926–2004)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jaggayya
| birth_name = Kongara Jaggayya
| image = Kongara Jaggayya.jpg
| caption = Portrait {{circa|1956}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1926|12|31}}<ref name="thehindu.com" /><ref name="telugucinema" />{{efn|name="DOB"}}
| birth_place = [[Tenali]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|03|05|1926|12|31}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | littérateur | journalist | lyricist | dubbing artist | politician}}
| years_active = 1952-1994
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1992)
| spouse =
| alma mater = [[Andhra Christian College]]
| othername = {{Hlist | Kalavachaspati | Kanchu Kantam}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
|embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 March 1967
| term_end = 27 December 1970
| predecessor = [[Madala Narayana Swamy]]
| successor = [[P. Ankineedu Prasada Rao]]
| constituency = [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole, Andhra Pradesh]]
}}
}}
'''Kongara Jaggayya''' (31 December 1926 – 5 March 2004<ref name="thehindu.com" /><ref name="telugucinema" />{{efn|name="DOB"}}) was an Indian actor, littérateur, journalist, lyricist, dubbing artist and politician known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]] and [[Telugu theatre]]. He was known as ''Kanchu Kantam Jaggayya'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]) for his booming voice. In a film career spanning forty years as a [[matinee idol]], he starred in eighty films, as a lead actor, and lead antagonist in a variety of genres.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|date=2004-03-06|title=Jaggayya passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/06/stories/2004030602830600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040413000753/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/06/stories/2004030602830600.htm |archive-date=13 April 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 1967, he was elected as a member of the fourth [[Lok Sabha]], from the constituency of [[Ongole]], becoming the first Indian film actor to be elected as a member of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].

During his early career he portrayed breakthrough characters in works such as ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955), which was archived by the Film and Television Institute of India, He starred in award-winning works such as ''[[Bangaru Papa]]'' (1954), ''[[Ardhangi]]'' (1955), ''[[Edi Nijam]]'' (1956), ''[[Todi Kodallu]]'' (1957), ''[[Doctor Chakravarty|Dr. Chakravarti]]'' (1964), ''[[Antastulu]]'' (1965), the [[Cannes Film Festival]] featured ''[[Meghasandesam]]'' (1982), and [[Seethakoka Chiluka (1981 film)|Seethakoka Chiluka]] (1981); all of which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|National Film Award for Best Feature Films in Telugu]]. In 1962, he co-produced and starred in the political drama film ''[[Padandi Munduku]]'' based on [[Salt March]], the film was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]], the Tashkent Film Festival, and got a special mention at the 5th [[Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/profile-gummadi.html |title=Profile of Gummadi - Telugu film actor |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |date=9 July 2006 |orig-date=20 March 2000 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718071108/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/profile-gummadi.html |archivedate=18 July 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a [[character actor]] he received critical appreciation for his performance in notable works such as ''[[Velugu Needalu]]'' (1961), ''[[Chitti Tammudu]]'' (1962), ''[[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aaradhana]]'' (1962), ''[[Aathma Balam|Aatma Balam]]'' (1964), ''[[Sumangali (1965 film)|Sumangali]]'' (1965), ''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Nava ratri]]'' (1966), ''[[Aame Evaru? (1966 film)|Aame Evaru?]]'' (1966), ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966), ''Jarigina Katha'' (1969), ''[[Bala Mitrula Katha]]'' (1972), ''[[Badi Pantulu]]'' (1972), ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1972), ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973). He portrayed British official Rutherford in the biographical film ''[[Alluri Seetarama Raju (film)|Alluri Sita Rama Raju]]'' (1974), and essayed [[Pontius Pilate]] in the hagiographical film ''[[Karunamayudu]]'' (1978). He then appeared in works such as ''[[Veta (1986 film)|Veta]]'' (1986), ''[[Chantabbai]]'' (1986), ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' (1987), ''[[Dharma Kshetram]]'' (1992) and ''[[Bobbili Simham]]'' (1994). He won the Andhra Pradesh state [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor]] for his works in some of these films. A recipient of the [[Tamil Nadu]] state's [[Kalaimamani]], the Government of India honored him with the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1992 for his contributions towards [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

== Early life ==
Jaggayya was born on 31 December 1926 to Seetaramaiah and Rajya Lakshmamma in Morampudi village near [[Tenali]] in [[Guntur district]].<ref name="thehindu.com" /> He quoted on several occasions in his essays the influence his father had on his interest towards arts. He started acting at the age of 11, with the role of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] in a [[Hindi]] play during his high school days in [[Duggirala]]. He was trained in [[painting]] under the guidance of [[Adivi Bapiraju]], a noted painter, during his college days.<ref>{{cite web|last=krshychait|date=12 December 2011|title="Kalaa Vachaspati", "Kanchu Kantham": Kongara Jaggayya|url=https://26lettersto24frames.wordpress.com/2011/12/12/kalaa-vachaspati-kanchu-kantham-kongara-jaggayya/}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

As a student, he joined the [[Congress Socialist Party|Congress Socialist party]] in Tenali, which was involved in the [[Indian Independence Movement]] at that time.

He joined the [[Andhra-Christian College]], in 1942, in [[Guntur]] for his higher studies. He used to be a member of Navya Sahitya Parishath in Guntur. Later he joined a periodical named ''Desabhimani'' (meaning "Patriot") as a journalist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmchamber.com/tmpl.asp?it=prfbjagaya |title=Movie Review |access-date=23 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226162504/http://www.filmchamber.com/tmpl.asp?it=prfbjagaya |archive-date=26 December 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later he worked as an editor for the weekly Andhra Republic. During his B.A. days in A-C College, he along with [[N. T. Rama Rao]], acted in several plays. He also used to be a part of Navajyothi Artists, a cultural organisation run by [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]. After working as a teacher in Duggirala for a brief while, he became a news announcer in [[All India Radio|Akashavani]] for three years.<ref name="telugucinema">{{Cite web |url=https://telugucinema.com/c/stars/KJaggayya.shtml |title=Kongara Jaggayya - A Tribute |first1=Sri |last1=Atluri |website=Telugu Cinema |date=5 March 2004 |accessdate=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221232122/https://telugucinema.com/c/stars/KJaggayya.shtml |archivedate=21 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jaggayya won the best actor award in three successive years for ''Chesina Papam'' and ''Telangana''.

== Film career ==
Jaggayya made his cinematic debut in 1952 drama film ''Priyuralu'' directed by [[Tripuraneni Gopichand]].<ref name="apherald">{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/3671|title=Rutherford of Telugu cinema |date=29 August 2012 |first1=Cheruku |last1=Raja}}</ref> This movie was produced by Donepudi Krishnamurthy, also known popularly as Gokul Krishnamurthy. He quit the job as news announcer as he signed three movies on a trot. His second movie, ''Adarsham'', didn't do well at box office. His planned third movie ''Paleru'' did not even see light of the day.

''[[Bangaru Papa]]'', directed by [[B. N. Reddy|B N Reddy]], released in 1955, was the first breakthrough film for Jaggayya. He was distinguished for his booming voice and contributed as a voice artist for more than hundred feature films. He dubbed in Telugu language for veteran [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. He was the narrator, and dubbing artist for internationally recognized works such as [[Maa Bhoomi]], and [[Richard Attenborough]]'s character of John Hammond in the Telugu-dubbed version of the Hollywood film ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''. He acted in almost 100 films as a lead, 100 more as a co-lead and almost 200 films as a character artist. He was a part of almost every film of [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad|VB Rajendra Parasad]]'s ''Jagapathi Pictures'', [[K. B. Tilak|K B Tilak]]'s ''Anupama Pictures'' and ''Ramavijeta Films'' owned by brothers Prabhakar and Baburao. His last film as an actor was ''Kunthi Putrudu'', which starred [[Mohan Babu]] as lead and was directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].

He turned into producer with a film ''[[Padandi Munduku]]'', under the banner of ''Jagruthi Chitra''. The film was released in January 1962 and was a regarded as first Telugu social film made on the basis of Indian Independence movement.

He was awarded the 'Kala Vachaspathi' for his sonorous voice.{{Citation needed |date=May 2024}}

== Political career ==
Jaggayya was active in politics right from his student days and was allied with the socialist group within the Congress party. When the group was disbanded, he joined [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]'s [[Praja Socialist Party]], but returned to Congress in 1956, heeding the call of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. In 1967, he was elected as a member of the fourth [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the constituency of [[Ongole]] on a Congress Party ticket.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=ప్రచారం చేయకుండానే జగ్గయ్య గెలుపు|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/kongara-jaggayya-elected-mp-ongole-without-campaign-1172061|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref> He was the first Indian film actor to be elected as a member of parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Everything you wanted to know about filmstars in Lok Sabha, but didn't know whom to ask - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lok-sabhas-star-parivar-a-blockbuster-saga/articleshow/68517965.cms|access-date=2021-08-05|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-01|title=Star power in south India: Reel life actors don't always make for real life statesmen|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/star-power-south-india-reel-life-actors-don%E2%80%99t-always-make-real-life-statesmen-41015|access-date=2021-08-05|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Literary achievements ==
He translated Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ''[[Geetanjali]]'' and multiple poems into Telugu under the name ''Ravindra Geetha''. He also translated Tagore's play "Sacrifice" into Telugu under the name ''Balidaanam''. He also co-founded ''Manasvini Charitable Trust'' to honor the film literature of ''[[Acharya Aatreya]]''. The lyrics of all the film songs written by Athreya was consolidated into seven volumes.

== Death ==
Due to complications after a [[Hip replacement|hip replacement surgery]], Jaggayya died on 5 March 2004 at [[Chennai]], [[Tamilnadu]].<ref name="thehindu.com" />

== Awards ==
;Civilian honours
* [[Padma Bhushan]], [[Government of India]] in 1992

;Nandi Awards
*[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor]]

;State Awards
*Andhra Pradesh Government cash award for producing ''[[Padandi Munduku]]'' in 1962
* Title of ''[[Kalaimamani]]'' from [[Tamil Nadu]] government

;Other honours
* Title of ''Kala Vachaspathi'' from the ''[[Sanskrit]] Viswa Vidyalaya'', [[Delhi]]
* Title of ''[[Kala Prapoorna]]'' from [[Andhra University]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
* Honorary D.Litt. from the [[Telugu University]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Jaggayya film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1952 ||''Priyuralu''|| Shyam || <ref name="apherald"/> || ||
|-
| 1954 ||''[[Bangaru Papa]]'' || Manohar || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1955 ||''[[Ardhangi]]'' || Nagendra Rao/Nagu || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' || Dr. Mohan || Archived at the Film and Television Institute of India
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1956 || ''[[Muddu Bidda]]'' || Dr.Madhu ||
|-
| ''[[Edi Nijam]]'' ||Lawyer|| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1957 || ''[[Veera Kankanam]]'' ||Chandra Senudu||
|-
| ''[[Manamagan Thevai|Varudu Kavali]]'' ||Vijay Kumar||
|-
| ''[[Thodi Kodallu]]'' || Vaikuntam || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[M.L.A. (1957 film)|MLA]]'' || Dasu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1958 || ''[[Anna Thammudu (1958 film)|Anna Thammudu]]'' ||Rajendra/Raju ||
|-
| ''[[Atha Okinti Kodale]]'' ||Raghuram ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1959 || ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' || Dr. Raghuram||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Pelli Kanuka (1960 film)|Pelli Kanuka]]'' ||Raghu ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1961 ||''[[Velugu Needalu]]'' || Dr. Raghu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1962 ||''[[Chitti Tammudu]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aradhana]]'' || Sarathi ||
|-
| ''[[Padandi Munduku]]'' || Sathyadev|| Producer
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1963 || ''[[Constable Koothuru]]'' ||Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Eedu Jodu]]'' ||Dr.Venu||
|-
| ''[[Thobuttuvulu]]'' || Rajani's husband (Doctor) ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1964 || ''[[Pooja Phalam]]'' || Sriram ||
|-
| ''[[Manchi Manishi]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Dr. Chakravarthi]]'' ||Ravindra || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Aathma Balam]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1965 || ''[[Naadi Aada Janme]]'' || Mohan (Special Appearance)||
|-
| ''[[Sumangali (1965 film)|Sumangali]]'' ||Shekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' || Vasu/SrinivasRao||
|-
| ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' ||Bhaskar ||
|-
| ''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Antastulu]]'' ||Nagu|| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1966 || ''[[Navarathri (1966 film)|Navarathri]]'' ||Doctor (Special Appearance)||
|-
| ''[[Manase Mandiram]]'' ||Ramu||
|-
| ''[[Aame Evaru? (1966 film)|Aame Evaru?]]'' ||Dr.Anand||
|-
| ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' ||Bhachi/Bhaskar||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Prana Mithrulu]]'' || Gopalakrishna Prasad ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1968 || ''[[Bandipotu Dongalu]]'' || Bandipotu Naganna ||
|-
| ''[[Veeranjaneya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeranjaneya (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NEJ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || [[Indrajit]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1969 || ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' || Boss ||
|-
| ''[[Ardharathiri]]'' || Sridhar ||
|-
| ''[[Jarigina Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarigina Katha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NJU |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Sipayi Chinnayya]]'' || Kodandam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1971 || ''[[Ramalayam]]'' || Ramaiah ||
|-
|''[[Vintha Samsaram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintha Samsaram (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OUF |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|'Prestige' Padmanabham
|
|-
| ''[[Chinnanati Snehitulu]]'' || Sridhar||
|-
| ''[[Pattindalla Bangaram]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Pattindalla Bangaram (1971) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/pattindalla-bangaram/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |language=en}}</ref> || Swamy/Inspector Prathap ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972 || ''[[Badi Panthulu]]'' || Police Officer Ramu||||
|-
| ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' || Dr.Manohar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1973 || ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' || Hari Prasad and Smuggler (Dual role)||
|-
| ''[[Nindu Kutumbam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nindu Kutumbam on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/nindu-kutumbam |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref> || Mohan Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Meena (Telugu Film)|Meena]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meena (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUB |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || Sarathi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1974 || ''[[Bhoomi Kosam]]'' || Rajasekharam ||
|-
| ''[[Deeksha]]'' ||Ramayya||
|-
| ''[[Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974 film)|Alluri Sita Rama Raju]]'' || Rutherford Scott Coward||
|-
| ''[[Mangalya bhagyam|Mangalya Bhagyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalya Bhagyam (1974) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QJH |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || Chandram ||
|-
| ''[[Manchi Manushulu]]'' || Dr. Ramesh ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1976
|''[[Padi Pantalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padi Pantalu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RAZ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Civil Engineer Srinivasa Rao
|
|-
| ''Raaja''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaja (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RTZ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || Justice Raghupathi Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Shri Rajeshwari Vilas Coffee Club]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Rajeshwari Vilas Coffee Club {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shri_rajeshwari_vilas_coffee_club |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1977 || ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' || Forest Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]'' || Voice double for Sivaji Ganesan ||
|-
|''[[Jeevithamlo Vasantham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeevithamlo Vasantham (1977) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SHT |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Raghupathy
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1978 || ''[[Karunamayudu]]'' || [[Pontius Pilate]] ||
|-
| ''[[KD No:1]]'' || ||
|-
|''Dongala Veta''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sahasavanthudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahasavantudu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TJN |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Vikram Mahendra Mira
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1979 || ''[[Vetagadu]]'' || Boopathi ||
|-
| ''[[Yugandhar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yugandhar (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UKS |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[Maavari Manchitanam]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981 || ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' || Lawyer Dayanidhi ||
|-
| ''[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]'' || || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Tirugu Leni Manishi|Thiruguleni Manishi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruguleni Manishi (1981) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WEU |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1982 || ''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' || Gopinath ||
|-
|''[[Jagannatha Rathachakralu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagannatha Radhachakralu 1982 Telugu Movie Cast Crew,Actors,Director, Jagannatha Radhachakralu Producer,Banner,Music Director,Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/jagannatha-radhachakralu-3774/cast-crew |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref> || Ranga Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Edi Dharmam Edi Nyayam?]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Desam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yamakinkarudu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983 || ''[[Meghasandesam]]'' || Jagannatham|| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Poratam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1984 || ''[[Disco King (film)|Disco King]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jagan (film)|Jagan]]'' || Dharmamurthy ||
|-
| ''[[Sahasame Jeevitham]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Naagu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raraju (1984 film)|Raraju]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swathi (1984 film)|Swathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anubandham (1984 film)|Anubandham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Palnati Puli]]'' || Lawyer Mukunda Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1985 ||''[[Palnati Simham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palnati Simham (1985) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/palnati-simham-1985 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> || Sadananda Swamy ||
|-
| ''[[Tirugubatu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adavi Donga]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi 1985 film|Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Inti Mahalakshmi (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/CVZF |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Nagabhushanam
|
|-
|''Maharaju''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maha Manishi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali|Nyayam Meere Chepali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Parvatam]]'' || Jagannadha Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pachani Kapuram]]'' || Lakshmi Varaprasada Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1986 || ''[[Brahmastram (1986 film)|Brahmastram]]'' || Parthasarathi ||
|-
| ''[[Kirathakudu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ugra Narasimham]]'' || Chakravarthy ||
|-
|''Sri Vemana Charithra''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Veta (1986 film)|Veta]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chantabbai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1987 || ''[[Ramu (1987 film)|Ramu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[President Gari Abbai|President Gari Abbayi]]'' || President Chandraiah ||
|-
| ''[[Thene Manasulu (1987 film)|Thene Manasulu]]'' || Rao Bahadur Ratnagiri Ranga Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]'' || Voice double for Sivaji Ganesan ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Samrat]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Prema Samrat {{!}} Telugu Full Movie {{!}} Suman {{!}} Bhanu Priya {{!}} Tiger Prabhakar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoKlqdfXiso |date=21 December 2018 |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=en |via=Telugu Movie Zone on YouTube}}</ref> || Lawyer Raghava Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1988 || ''[[Manchi Donga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aswaddhama]]'' || Public Prosecutor Shankaram ||
|-
| ''[[Raktabhishekam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Rocky''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raktha Tilakam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aakhari Poratam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jhansi Rani (1988 film)|Jhansi Rani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhansi Rani (1988) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACTW |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || Advocate Jagadish Chandra ||
|-
| ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Janaki Ramudu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma Teja]]'' || D.S.P. Chakrapani ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1989 ||''[[Ajatha Satruvu]]'' || Raghavaiah Naidu ||
|-
|''[[Vintha Dongalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinta Dongalu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/vinta-dongalu/cast/2000145213/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Duggirala Kesava Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Bala Gopaludu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[State Rowdy]]'' || Vice-Chancellor Mukunda Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1990 || ''[[Alludugaru]]'' || Ramachandra Prasad ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1991
|''[[Ramudu Kadhu Rakshasudu]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=RAMUDU KADHU RAKSHASUDU {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}}SUMAN {{!}}BHANUPRIYA {{!}} RADHA{{!}}JAGGAYYA {{!}} TELUGU CINEMA ZONE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0XNGujd1h8 |access-date=2024-03-26 |language=en}}</ref>
|Judge Jaganmohana Rao
|
|-
|''Bhargav''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992 || ''[[Dharma Kshetram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Detective Narada]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Repati Rowdy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Repati Rowdy (1993) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/repati-rowdy-1993 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> || Raghuramaiah ||
|-
| ''[[Joker (1993 film)|Joker]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Bobbili Simham]]'' || ||
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name="DOB"|''Idlebrain.com'' cites his date of birth as "09-07-1927".<ref name="idlebrain" />}}

}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=0415582}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaggayya, Kongara}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Tenali]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Parachute

2026-03-16T02:14:23Z

Gasperalmeida: fixed structure also and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
[[File:Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) paratroopers jump from a U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules aircraft over Bangladesh during exercise Cope South 14 Nov. 10, 2013 131110-F-SI013-240.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Paratroopers deploying their parachutes during an exercise]]

A '''parachute''' is a device designed to slow an object's descent through an [[atmosphere]] by creating [[Drag (physics)|drag]] or aerodynamic [[Lift (force)|lift]]. It is primarily used to safely support people exiting aircraft at height, but also serves various purposes like slowing cargo, aiding in space capsule recovery on Earth, landing spacecraft on other planets, and stabilizing vehicles or objects. Modern parachutes are typically made from durable fabrics like [[nylon]] and come in various shapes, such as dome-shaped, rectangular, and inverted domes, depending on their specific function.

The concept of the parachute dates back to ancient attempts at flight. In AD 852, [[Armen Firman]], in [[Córdoba, Spain]], made the first recorded jump with a large cloak to slow his fall. Renaissance figures like [[Francesco di Giorgio Martini]] and [[Leonardo da Vinci]] later sketched designs resembling modern parachutes, but it was not until the 18th century that the first successful jumps occurred. French [[Louis-Sébastien Lenormand]] made the first public jump in 1783, and he coined the term "parachute" in 1785. In the following years, key advancements were made by figures like [[André Garnerin]], with parachutes becoming lighter, more reliable, and easier to deploy.

By the time of [[World War I]], parachutes had become essential for aviators, and significant improvements were made to their designs, including the introduction of the backpack-style parachute by [[Charles Broadwick]] and [[Gleb Kotelnikov]]'s knapsack parachute. After [[World War II]], [[parachuting]] became a popular sport, and new materials like nylon replaced silk. Today, parachutes are used in military, recreational, and emergency situations, continuing to evolve with advances in technology and design.

== History ==
{{See also|Early flying machines|History of aviation|History of ballooning}}

=== Middle Ages ===
In 852, in [[Córdoba, Spain]], the Andalusian [[Armen Firman]] attempted unsuccessfully to fly by jumping from a tower while wearing a large cloak. It was recorded that "there was enough air in the folds of his cloak to prevent great injury when he reached the ground."<ref>{{cite book |last=Moolman |first=Valerie |title=The Road to Kitty Hawk |publisher=[[Time-Life Books]] |year=1980 |isbn=9780809432608 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |pages=19–20}}</ref>

=== Early Renaissance ===
[[File:Conical Parachute, 1470s, British Museum Add. MSS 34,113, fol. 200v.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The oldest known depiction of a parachute, attributed to [[Francesco di Giorgio Martini]] (Italy, 1470s)]]

The earliest evidence for the true parachute dates back to the [[Renaissance]] period.<ref name="Lynn White 1968, 466">{{harnvb|White|1968|p=466}}</ref> The oldest parachute design appears in a manuscript from the 1470s attributed to [[Francesco di Giorgio Martini]] (British Library, Add MS 34113, fol. 200v), showing a free-hanging man clutching a crossbar frame attached to a conical canopy.<ref name="Lynn White 1968, 462f.">{{harnvb|White|1968|pp=462f.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/leonardo-man-saved-science-leonardo-really-invent-parachute/3479/ | title=Leonardo, the Man Who Saved Science ~ Did Leonardo Really Invent the Parachute? | Secrets of the Dead | website=[[PBS]] | date=4 April 2017 }}</ref> As a safety measure, four straps ran from the ends of the rods to a waist belt. Although the surface area of the parachute design appears to be too small to offer effective air resistance and the wooden base-frame is superfluous and potentially harmful, the basic concept of a working parachute is apparent.<ref name="Lynn White 1968, 465"/>

The design is a marked improvement over another folio (189v), which depicts a man trying to break the force of his fall using two long cloth streamers fastened to two bars, which he grips with his hands.<ref name="Lynn White 1968, 465">{{harnvb|White|1968|p=465}}</ref>

Shortly after, a more sophisticated parachute was sketched by the [[polymath]] [[Leonardo da Vinci]] in his ''[[Codex Atlanticus]]'' (fol. 381v) dated to {{circa|1485}}.<ref name="Lynn White 1968, 462f."/> Here, the scale of the parachute is in a more favorable proportion to the weight of the jumper. A square wooden frame, which alters the shape of the parachute from conical to pyramidal, held open Leonardo's canopy.<ref name="Lynn White 1968, 465"/> It is not known whether the Italian inventor was influenced by the earlier design, but he may have learned about the idea through the intensive oral communication among [[Renaissance technology|artist-engineers of the time]].<ref name="Lynn White 1968, 465f.">{{harnvb|White|1968|pp=465f.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Marc |last=van den Broek |author-link=Marc van den Broek |title=Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention. A Search for Traces |publisher=A.TE.M. |location=[[Hamburg]] |isbn=978-3-00-063700-1 |date=2019 |language=en}}</ref> The feasibility of Leonardo's pyramidal design was successfully tested in 2000 by [[British people|Briton]] [[Adrian Nicholas]] and again in 2008 by the Swiss skydiver Olivier Vietti-Teppa.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/808246.stm |title=Da Vinci's Parachute Flies |year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Fox News]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/swiss-man-safely-uses-leonardo-da-vinci-parachute |title=Swiss Man Safely Uses Leonardo da Vinci Parachute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421072140/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352917,00.html |archive-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=live |year=2008}}</ref> According to historian of technology [[Lynn Townsend White Jr.|Lynn White]], these conical and pyramidal designs, much more elaborate than early artistic jumps with rigid [[parasol]]s in Asia, mark the origin of "the parachute as we know it."<ref name="Lynn White 1968, 466"/>
[[File:Homo Volans.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fausto Veranzio|Faust Vrančić]]'s parachute design, titled ''Homo Volans'' ("Flying Man"), from his ''Machinae Novae'' ("New Contraptions", published in 1615 or 1616)]]

The [[Croats|Croatian]] polymath and inventor [[Fausto Veranzio|Faust Vrančić]] (1551–1617), examined da Vinci's parachute sketch and kept the square frame but replaced the canopy with a bulging sail-like piece of cloth that he came to realize decelerates a fall more effectively.<ref name=" Lynn White 1968, 465"/> A now-famous depiction of a parachute that he dubbed ''Homo Volans'' (Flying Man), showing a man parachuting from a tower, presumably [[St Mark's Campanile]] in [[Venice]], appeared in his book on mechanics, ''Machinae Novae'' ("New Machines", published in 1615 or 1616), alongside a number of other devices and technical concepts.<ref name="World in Air">{{cite book |first=Francis Trevelyan |last=Miller |author-link=Francis Trevelyan Miller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdDNAAAAMAAJ |title=The world in the air: the story of flying in pictures |publisher=[[G.P. Putnam's Sons]] |year=1930 |pages=101–106 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

It was once widely believed that in 1617, Vrančić, then aged 65 and seriously ill, implemented his design and tested the parachute by jumping from St Mark's Campanile,<ref name="Paratroops">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/HesInTheParatroopsNow |title=He's in the paratroops now |first=Alfred Day |last=Rathbone |location=New York |publisher=[[Robert M. McBride & Company]] |year=1943 |via=[[University of California]], [[Internet Archive]] |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref> from a bridge nearby,<ref name="Croatian Language">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kWNmVnolz0C&pg=PA8 |last=Bogdanski |first=René |title=The Croatian Language by Example |year=2007 |quote=[As an example for [[Synchronic analysis|Diachronic analysis]]:] "One of his most important inventions, is, without doubt, the parachute, which he experimented and tested on himself, by jumping off a bridge in Venice. As documented by the English bishop John Wilkins (1614–1672) 30 years later, in his book ''Mathematical Magic'' published in London in 1648." |page=8 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=9783638740869 |via=Google Books}}</ref> or from [[St. Martin's Cathedral, Bratislava|St Martin's Cathedral]] in [[Bratislava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.321chutelibre.fr/parachute/parachute-1.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120204857/http://www.321chutelibre.fr/parachute/parachute-1.php |archive-date=20 January 2012 |title=Parachute |website=321chutelibre |language=fr}}</ref> Various publications incorrectly claimed the event was documented some thirty years later by [[John Wilkins]], one of the founders of, and secretary of, the [[Royal Society]] in [[London]], in his book ''[[Mathematical Magick|Mathematical Magick or, the Wonders that may be Performed by Mechanical Geometry]]'', published in London in 1648.<ref name="Croatian Language" /> However, Wilkins wrote about flying, not parachutes, and does not mention Vrančić, a parachute jump, or any event in 1617. Doubts about this test, which include a lack of written evidence, suggest it never occurred, and was instead a misreading of historical notes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aero.com/publications/parachutes/9511/pc1195.htm |title=Parachuting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014746/http://www.aero.com/publications/parachutes/9511/pc1195.htm |archive-date=17 November 2015 |website=Aero.com |quote=Like his countryman's concept, Veranzio's seems to have remained an idea only. Though his idea was greatly publicized, no evidence has been found that there ever was a homo volans of his or any other time who tested and proved Veranzio's plan.}}</ref>

===17th to 19th centuries===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2009}}
[[Simon de la Loubère|Simon de La Loubère]] reported the existence of devices similar to parachutes used in the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] during the reign of [[Narai|King Narai]] in the late 17th century. He reported in his 1691 book that a man would jump from a high place with two large umbrellas to entertain the king of [[Thailand|Siam]], landing into trees, rooftops, and sometimes rivers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=La Loubère |first=Simon de |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RvpBAQAAMAAJ |title=A new historical relation of the kingdom of Siam |date=1693 |publisher=London : Printed by F.L. for Tho. Horne, Francis Saunders, and Tho. Bennet |others=University of Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernon |first=Olivier de |date=2021-12-01 |title=The Parachute, a French Invention of Distant Siamese Origin |url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/252152 |journal=The Journal of the Siam Society |language=en |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=95–101 |issn=2651-1851}}</ref> The report was later read a century later by French physicist Louis-Sébastien Lenormand and would later be used to create the modern parachute. [[File:Early flight 02561u (3).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Louis-Sébastien Lenormand]] jumps from the tower of the Montpellier observatory, 1783. Illustration from the late 19th century.]]
[[File:Early flight 02561u (4).jpg|thumb|upright| The first use of a frameless parachute, by [[André-Jacques Garnerin|André Garnerin]] in 1797]]
[[File: First parachute2.jpg|thumb|upright|Schematic depiction of Garnerin's parachute, from an early nineteenth-century illustration.]]
The modern parachute was invented in the late 18th century by [[Louis-Sébastien Lenormand]] in [[France]], who made the first recorded public jump in 1783. Lenormand also sketched his device beforehand.

Two years later, in 1785, Lenormand coined the word "parachute" by hybridizing an Italian prefix ''para'', an imperative form of ''parare'' = to avert, defend, resist, guard, shield or shroud, from ''paro'' = to parry, and ''chute'', the French word for ''fall'', to describe the aeronautical device's real function.

Also in 1785, [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard]] demonstrated it as a means of safely disembarking from a [[hot-air balloon]]. While Blanchard's first parachute demonstrations were conducted with a dog as the passenger, he later claimed to have had the opportunity to try it himself in 1793 when his hot air balloon ruptured, and he used a parachute to descend. (This event was not witnessed by others.)

On 12 October 1799, [[Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin]] ascended in a gondola attached to a balloon. At {{convert|900|m}} she detached the gondola from the balloon and descended in the gondola by parachute. In doing so, she became the first woman to parachute.<ref>{{cite book |title=Folies, tivolis et attractions: les premiers parcs de loisirs parisiens |author=Gilles-Antoine Langlois |year=1991 |language=fr |publisher=Délégation à l'action artistique de la ville de Paris |page=144 |isbn=9782905118356 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ8kAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> She went on to complete many ascents and parachute descents in towns across France and Europe.<ref name="Duhem">{{cite book|first=Jules |last=Duhem|title=Histoire des idées aéronautiques avant Montgolfier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7SqV0wAYP0C&pg=PA263|accessdate=25 July 2012|year=1943|publisher=Nouvelles Editions Latines|page=263|language=French|editor-first=Fernand |editor-last=Sorlot}}</ref>

Subsequent development of the parachute focused on it becoming more compact. While the early parachutes were made of [[linen]] stretched over a wooden frame, in the late 1790s, Blanchard began making parachutes from folded [[silk]], taking advantage of silk's strength and light [[weight]]. In 1797, [[André-Jacques Garnerin|André Garnerin]] made the first descent of a "frameless" parachute covered in silk.<ref name="soden">{{cite book |last=Soden |first=Garrett |title=Defying Gravity: Land Divers, Roller Coasters, Gravity Bums, and the Human Obsession with Falling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4K0rfx_E_kC&pg=PA18 |year=2005 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-32656-7 |pages=21–22 |via=Google Books}}</ref> In 1804, [[Jérôme Lalande]] introduced a vent in the canopy to eliminate violent oscillations.<ref name="soden"/> In 1887, [[Park Van Tassel]] and [[Thomas Scott Baldwin]] invented a parachute in San Francisco, California, with Baldwin making the first successful parachute jump in the western United States.<ref name="fogel">{{cite book |last=Fogel |first=Gary B. |author-link=Gary B. Fogel |title=Sky Rider: Park Van Tassel and the Rise of Ballooning in the West |url=https://unmpress.com/books/sky-rider/9780826362827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122010926/https://unmpress.com/books/sky-rider/9780826362827 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |year=2021 |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] |isbn=978-0-8263-6282-7 |pages=38–43 |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>

===Eve of World War I===
[[File:FirstParachute.png|left|thumb|upright|Picture published in the Dutch magazine ''[[De Prins der Geïllustreerde Bladen]]'' (18 February 1911).<ref name="DePrins">''De Prins der Geillustreerde Bladen'', 18 February 1911, pp. 88-89.</ref>]]
[[File:Gleb Kotelnikov.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Gleb Kotelnikov]] and his invention, the [[knapsack]] parachute]]
In 1907 [[Charles Broadwick]] demonstrated two key advances in the parachute he used to jump from [[hot air balloon]]s at [[fair]]s: he folded his parachute into a [[backpack]], and the parachute was pulled from the pack by a [[static line]] attached to the balloon. When Broadwick jumped from the balloon, the static line became taut, pulled the parachute from the pack, and then snapped.<ref name="airspace2010">{{cite magazine |last=Ritter |first=Lisa |title=Pack Man: Charles Broadwick Invented a New Way of Falling |magazine=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian|Air & Space]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=68–72 |date=April–May 2010 |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/Pack-Man-.html |access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref>

In 1911 a successful test took place with a [[Crash test dummy|dummy]] at the [[Eiffel Tower]] in [[Paris]]. The puppet's weight was {{convert|75|kg|abbr=on}}; the parachute's weight was {{convert|21|kg|abbr=on}}. The cables between the puppet and the parachute were {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="DePrins" /> On February 4, 1912, [[Franz Reichelt]] jumped to his death from the tower during initial testing of his wearable parachute.

Also in 1911, [[Grant Morton]] made the first parachute jump from an [[airplane]], a [[Wright Model B]] piloted by [[Phil Parmalee]], at [[Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach|Venice Beach]], [[California]]. Morton's device was of the "throw-out" type where he held the parachute in his arms as he left the aircraft. In the same year (1911), Russian [[Gleb Kotelnikov]] invented the first knapsack parachute,<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.bibliotekar.ru/divo/40-22.htm |title=Parachuting |website=Divo: The Russian Book of records and achievements |language=ru}}</ref> although [[Hermann Lattemann]] and his wife [[Katharina Paulus|Käthe Paulus]] had been jumping with bagged parachutes in the last decade of the 19th century.

[[File:Albert Berry parachute.jpg|right|thumb|[[Albert Berry (parachutist)|Albert Berry]] collapses his parachute on Kinloch Field at [[Jefferson Barracks Military Post|Jefferson Barracks]], [[Missouri]], after his jump on 1 March 1912.]]

In 1912, on a road near [[Tsarskoye Selo]], years before it became part of [[St. Petersburg]], Kotelnikov successfully demonstrated the braking effects of a parachute by accelerating a [[Russo-Balt]] automobile to its top speed and then opening a parachute attached to the back seat, thus also inventing the [[drogue parachute]].<ref name="history"/>

On 1 March 1912, [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] Captain [[Albert Berry (parachutist)|Albert Berry]] made the first (attached-type) parachute jump in the [[United States]] from a [[fixed-wing aircraft]], a [[Benoist Aircraft|Benoist]] pusher, while flying above [[Jefferson Barracks]], [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. The jump utilized a parachute stored or housed in a cone-shaped casing under the airplane and attached to a harness on the jumper's body.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Reichhardt |first=Tony |date=29 February 2012 |title=Berry's Leap |url=http://blogs.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/2012/02/berrys-leap/ |url-status=live |department=The Daily Planet |magazine=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426101011/http://blogs.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/2012/02/berrys-leap/ |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

[[Štefan Banič]] patented an umbrella-like design in 1914,<ref>{{US patent|1108484}}</ref> and sold (or donated) the patent to the United States military, which later modified his design, resulting in the first military parachute.<ref name="obit">[http://www.mat.savba.sk/MATEMATICI/matematici.php?cislo=7 Štefan Banič, Konštruktér, vynálezca], Matematický ústav, Slovenská akadémia vied, obituary. Retrieved 21 October 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osobnosti.sk/osobnost/stefan-banic-982 |title=Banic: The inventor of the parachute |website=osobnosti.sk |language=sk}}</ref> Banič had been the first person to patent the parachute,<ref name="dcmp.org">{{cite web |url=https://dcmp.org/media/7825-inventions-that-shook-the-world-1910s |title=Inventions That Shook The World: 1910s |website=dcmp.org |language=en |access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref> and his design was the first to properly function in the 20th century.<ref name="dcmp.org"/>{{clarify|date=September 2018}}

On June 21, 1913, [[Georgia Broadwick]] became the first woman to parachute-jump from a moving aircraft, doing so over [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref name="airspace2010"/> In 1914, while doing demonstrations for the [[U.S. Army]], Broadwick deployed her chute manually, thus becoming the first person to jump [[free-fall]].

===World War I===
[[File: Photography Q27506.jpg|thumb|Kite balloon observers preparing to descend by parachute.]]

The first military use of the parachute was by [[artillery observer]]s on tethered [[observation balloons]] in [[World War I]]. These were tempting targets for enemy [[fighter aircraft]], though difficult to destroy, due to their heavy [[anti-aircraft]] defenses. Because it was difficult to escape from them, and dangerous when on fire due to their hydrogen inflation, observers would abandon them and descend by parachute as soon as enemy aircraft were seen. The ground crew would then attempt to retrieve and deflate the balloon as quickly as possible. The main part of the parachute was in a bag suspended from the balloon with the pilot wearing only a simple waist harness attached to the main parachute. When the balloon crew jumped the main part of the parachute was pulled from the bag by the crew's waist harness, first the shroud lines, followed by the main canopy. This type of parachute was first adopted on a large scale for their observation balloon crews by the Germans, and then later by the British and French. While this type of unit worked well from balloons, it had mixed results when used on fixed-wing aircraft by the Germans, where the bag was stored in a compartment directly behind the pilot. In many instances where it did not work the shroud lines became entangled with the spinning aircraft. Although this type of parachute saved a number of famous German fighter pilots, including [[Hermann Göring]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n-MDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA809 May 1931, ''Popular Mechanics''] photo of observation balloon gondola with external bag parachutes used by British Royal Navy</ref> no parachutes were issued to the crews of Allied "[[heavier-than-air]]" aircraft. It has been claimed that the reason was to avoid pilots jumping from the plane when hit rather than trying to save the aircraft, but Air Vice Marshall [[Arthur Gould Lee]], himself a pilot during the war, examined the British War Office files after the war and found no evidence of such claim.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steven T. |first1=Tom |title=First to Fight: An American Volunteer in the French Foreign Legion and the Lafayette Escadrille in World War I |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780811768108 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRajDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>

Airplane cockpits at that time also were not large enough to accommodate a pilot and a parachute, since a seat that would fit a pilot wearing a parachute would be too large for a pilot not wearing one. This is why the German type was stowed in the fuselage, rather than being of the "backpack" type. Weight was—at the very beginning—also a consideration since planes had limited load capacity. Carrying a parachute impeded performance and reduced the useful offensive and fuel load.

In the UK, [[Everard Calthrop]], a railway engineer and breeder of Arab horses, invented and marketed through his Aerial Patents Company a "British Parachute" and the "Guardian Angel" parachute. As part of an investigation into Calthrop's design, on 13 January 1917, test pilot [[Clive Franklyn Collett]] successfully jumped from a [[Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2]]c flying over Orford Ness Experimental Station at {{convert|180|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Yarwood |first=Vaughan |title=Leap of Faith |magazine=[[New Zealand Geographic]] |volume=173 |date=January 2022 |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/leap-of-faith/?source=homepage}}</ref><ref name= Mackersey>{{cite book |last=Mackersey |first=Ian |title=No Empty Chairs: The Short and Heroic Lives of the Young Aviators Who Fought and Died in the First World War |location=London |publisher=[[Hachette UK]] |date=2012 |type=Paperback |isbn=9780753828137}}</ref> He repeated the experiment several days later.

Following on from Collett, balloon officer [[Thomas Orde-Lees]], known as the "Mad Major", successfully jumped from Tower Bridge in London,<ref name="ant2005">{{cite journal |url=http://www.antarctic.org.nz/pdf/Antarctic/Antarctic.V23.4.2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121220349/http://antarctic.org.nz/pdf/Antarctic/Antarctic.V23.4.2005.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2016 |title=Testing the Limits at Cape Hallett |journal=The Journal of the [[New Zealand Antarctic Society]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=2005 |page=68}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/Research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal-37-Seminar-Flight%20Safety.pdf "Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal, #37"], 2006, Page 28</ref> which led to the balloonists of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] using parachutes, though they were issued for use in aircraft.

In 1911, [[Solomon Lee Van Meter, Jr.]] of Lexington, Kentucky, submitted an application for, and in July 1916 received, a patent for a backpack style parachute—the Aviatory Life Buoy.<ref>Aviatory Life Buoy, {{US patent|1192479}}, July 25, 1916, awarded to inventor Solomon Lee Van Meter, Jr.</ref> His self-contained device featured a revolutionary quick-release mechanism—the [[Ripcord (skydiving)|ripcord]]—that allowed a falling aviator to expand the canopy only when safely away from the disabled aircraft.<ref name=ket>{{cite web |url=http://www.ket.org/trips/aviation/vanmeter.htm |title=Solomon Lee Van Meter Jr. (1888–1937) |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706200110/http://www.ket.org/trips/aviation/vanmeter.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010 |publisher=[[Kentucky Educational Television]] |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>

Otto Heinecke, a German airship ground crewman, designed a parachute which the German air service introduced in 1918, becoming the world's first air service to introduce a standard parachute. Schroeder company of Berlin manufactured Heinecke's design.<ref name= Mackersey/> The first successful use of this parachute was by Leutnant [[Helmut Steinbrecher]] of [[Jagdstaffel 46]], who bailed on 27 June 1918 from his stricken fighter airplane to become the first pilot in history to successfully do so.<ref name= Mackersey/> Although many pilots were saved by the Heinecke design, their efficacy was relatively poor. Out of the first 70 German airmen to bail out, around a third died,<ref name=MilHistMagHeinecke>{{cite magazine |last=Guttman |first=Jon |title=Heinecke Parachute: A Leap of Faith for WWI German Airmen |magazine=Military History Magazine |date=May 2012 |page=23 |url=http://www.historynet.com/heinecke-parachute-a-leap-of-faith-for-wwi-german-airmen.htm}}</ref> These fatalities were mostly due to the chute or ripcord becoming entangled in the airframe of their spinning aircraft or because of harness failure, a problem fixed in later versions.<ref name="MilHistMagHeinecke"/>

The French, British, American and Italian air services later based their first parachute designs on the Heinecke parachute to varying extents.<ref name=SMilHistJournal>{{cite journal |last=Mahncke |first=J O E O |title=Early Parachutes, An evaluation of the use of parachutes, with special emphasis on the Royal Flying Corps and the German Lufstreitkräfte, until 1918 |journal=South African Military History Journal |date=December 2000 |volume=11 |issue=6 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol116jm.html}}</ref>

In the UK, Sir [[Frank Mears]], who was serving as a Major in the [[Royal Flying Corps]] in France (Kite Balloon section), registered a patent in July 1918 for a parachute with a quick release buckle, known as the "Mears parachute", which was in common use from then onwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C2987551 |title=The Discovery Service |first=The National |last=Archives |author-link=The National Archives (United Kingdom)}}</ref>

===Post-World War I===
[[File:Ben Turner making a parachute jump 1938.jpg|thumb|Ben Turner making a parachute jump from a plane at Camden, Sydney, 14 August 1938.]]
The experience with parachutes during the war highlighted the need to develop a design that could be reliably used to exit a disabled airplane. For instance, tethered parachutes did not work well when the aircraft was spinning. After the war, Major Edward L. Hoffman of the [[United States Army]] led an effort to develop an improved parachute by bringing together the best elements of multiple parachute designs. Participants in the effort included [[Leslie Irvin (parachutist)|Leslie Irvin]] and [[James Floyd Smith]]. The team eventually created the Airplane Parachute Type-A. This incorporated three key elements:
* storing the parachute in a soft pack worn on the back, as demonstrated by [[Charles Broadwick]] in 1906;
* a [[Ripcord (skydiving)|ripcord]] for manually deploying the parachute at a safe distance from the airplane, from a design by [[Albert Leo Stevens]]; and
* a [[pilot chute]] that draws the main canopy from the pack.

In 1919, Irvin successfully tested the parachute by jumping from an airplane. The Type-A parachute was put into production and over time saved a number of lives.<ref name="airspace2010"/> The effort was recognized by the awarding of the [[Robert J. Collier Trophy]] to Major Edward L. Hoffman in 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/collier-1920-1929-winners |title=Collier 1920–1929 Recipients |website=[[National Aeronautic Association]] |access-date=2015-03-12 |archive-date=2017-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609012128/https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/collier-trophy/collier-1920-1929-winners |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Irvin became the first person to make a premeditated free-fall parachute jump from an airplane. An early brochure of the Irvin Air Chute Company credits William O'Connor as having become, on 24 August 1920, at [[McCook Field]] near [[Dayton, Ohio]], the first person to be saved by an Irvin parachute.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ralph S. |last=Cooper |url=http://home.earthlink.net/~ralphcooper/pimagz17.htm |title=The Irvin Parachute, 1924 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030830123556/http://home.earthlink.net/~ralphcooper/pimagz17.htm |archive-date=30 August 2003 |via=[[Earthlink.net]] |access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> Test pilot Lt. [[Harold R. Harris]] made another life-saving jump at McCook Field on 20 October 1922. Shortly after Harris' jump, two Dayton newspaper reporters suggested the creation of the [[Caterpillar Club]] for successful parachute jumps from disabled aircraft.

Beginning with [[Italy]] in 1927, several countries experimented with using parachutes to [[paratroopers|drop soldiers behind enemy lines]]. The regular [[Soviet Airborne Troops]] were established as early as 1931 after a number of experimental military mass jumps starting from 2 August 1930.<ref name="history"/> Earlier the same year, the first Soviet mass jumps led to the development of the parachuting sport in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=" history"/> By the time of [[World War II]], large [[airborne forces]] were trained and used in surprise attacks, as in the battles for [[Battle of Fort Eben-Emael|Fort Eben-Emael]] and [[Battle for The Hague|The Hague]], the first large-scale, opposed landings of paratroopers in military history, by the Germans.<ref>Dr L. de Jong, 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog', (Dutch language) part 3, RIOD, Amsterdam, 1969</ref> This was followed later in the war by airborne assaults on a larger scale, such as the [[Battle of Crete]] and [[Operation Market Garden]], the latter being the largest airborne military operation ever.<ref>Dr L. de Jong, 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog', (Dutch language) part 10a-II, RIOD, Amsterdam, 1980</ref> Aircraft crew were routinely equipped with parachutes for emergencies as well.<ref>Airborne Equipment: A History of Its Development, John Weeks (1976), ISBN 0715371177</ref>

In 1937, [[drag chute]]s were used in aviation for the first time, by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] airplanes in the [[Arctic]] that were providing support for the polar expeditions of the era, such as the first [[drifting ice station]], [[North Pole-1]]. The drag chute allowed airplanes to land safely on smaller [[drift ice|ice floes]].<ref name="history"/>

Most parachutes were made of silk until World War II cut off supplies from Japan. After [[Adeline Gray (parachutist)|Adeline Gray]] made the first jump using a nylon parachute in June 1942, the industry switched to nylon.<ref>{{cite web |title=obit-adeline-gray |url=http://www.oxford-historical-society.org/adeline/obit-adeline-gray.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=www.oxford-historical-society.org |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804163648/http://www.oxford-historical-society.org/adeline/obit-adeline-gray.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Types ==
{{Multiple issues|section=y|{{More sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Missing information|section|ringslot and ringsail parachutes|talksection=Talk:Apollo command and service module#Ringslot vs ringshot||date=August 2022}}
{{Expert needed|aviation|section|reason=Ignorance about these parachute types has led to an error in the [[Apollo command and service module]] page|date=August 2022}}}}

Today's modern parachutes are classified into two categories—ascending and descending canopies.<ref>{{cite web |first=Paul |last=McWilliams |title=A summary of different parachute types: Styles of canopy for skydiving |url=https://awe365.com/a-summary-of-different-parachute-types/ |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424004321/https://awe365.com/a-summary-of-different-parachute-types/ |archive-date=24 April 2024 |date=18 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> All ascending canopies refer to [[paraglider]]s, built specifically to ascend and stay aloft as long as possible.{{Cn|date=October 2024}} Other parachutes, including ram-air non-elliptical, are classified as descending canopies by manufacturers.{{Cn|date=October 2024}}

Some modern parachutes are classified as semi-rigid wings, which are maneuverable and can make a controlled descent to collapse on impact with the ground.{{Cn|date=October 2024}}

=== Round ===
[[File:USMC Paratrooper.jpg|thumb|upright|An American [[paratrooper]] using an MC1-1C series "round" parachute.]]

Round parachutes are purely a drag device (that is, unlike the ram-air types, they provide no [[lift (force)|lift]]) and are used in military, emergency and cargo applications (e.g. [[airdrop]]s). Most have large dome-shaped canopies made from a single layer of triangular cloth [[Gore (segment)|gores]]. Some skydivers call them "jellyfish 'chutes" because of the resemblance to the marine organisms. Modern sports parachutists rarely use this type. The first round parachutes were simple, flat circulars. These early parachutes suffered from instability caused by oscillations. A hole in the apex helped to vent some air and reduce the oscillations. Many military applications adopted conical, i.e., cone-shaped, or parabolic (a flat circular canopy with an extended skirt) shapes, such as the United States Army [[T-10 parachute|T-10]] static-line parachute. A round parachute with no holes in it is more prone to oscillate and is not considered to be steerable. Some parachutes have inverted dome-shaped canopies. These are primarily used for dropping non-human payloads due to their faster rate of descent.

Forward speed ({{cvt|5|–|13|km/h|disp=or}}) and steering can be achieved by cuts in various sections (gores) across the back, or by cutting four lines in the back, thereby modifying the canopy shape to allow air to escape from the back of the canopy, providing limited forward speed. Other modifications sometimes used are cuts in various gores to cause some of the skirt to bow out. Turning is accomplished by forming the edges of the modifications, giving the parachute more speed from one side of the modification than the other. This gives the jumpers the ability to steer the parachute (such as the United States Army MC series parachutes), enabling them to avoid obstacles and to turn into the wind to minimize horizontal speed at [[landing]].

=== Cruciform ===
The unique design characteristics of cruciform parachutes decrease oscillation (its user swinging back and forth) and violent turns during descent. This technology is used by the United States Army as a replacement for the older [[T-10 parachute]]s with [[T-11 parachute]]s under a program called Advanced Tactical Parachute System (ATPS). The ATPS canopy is a highly modified version of a cross/ cruciform platform and is square in appearance. The ATPS system will reduce the rate of descent by 30 percent from {{convert|21|ft/s|m/s|order=flip}} to {{convert|15.75|ft/s|m/s|order=flip}}. The T-11 is designed to have an average rate of descent 14% slower than the T-10D, thus resulting in lower landing injury rates for jumpers. The decline in the rate of descent will reduce the impact energy by almost 25% to lessen the potential for injury. {{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

=== Pull-down apex ===
[[File:C._1970s_'High_Performance'_canopy.jpg|thumb|1970s 'high performance' pull-down apex canopy, as seen in the 'round' (or really, elliptical) parachute's centre.]]
[[File:1970s 'High Performance' round elliptical.jpg|thumb|1970s 'round' elliptical showing 4 controllable turn slots, plus another, small side vent and one of 5 rear vents.]]

A variation on the round parachute is the pull-down apex parachute, invented by a Frenchman named Pierre-Marcel Lemoigne.<ref>Pierre Marcel Lemoigne, {{US patent|3228636}} (filed: November 7, 1963; issued: January 11, 1966).</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jean-Michel |last=Palau |url=http://jmp-pan.blogspot.com/2008/02/historique-du-parachutisme-ascensionnel_988.html |title=Historique du Parachutisme Ascensionnel Nautique |date=February 20, 2008 |access-date=October 22, 2013 |publisher=Le Parachutisme Ascensionnel Nautique |language=fr}} Includes '''photo''' of Lemoigne.</ref><ref>See also: Theodor W. Knacke, "Technical-historical development of parachutes and their applications since World War I (Technical paper A87-13776 03-03)," 9th Aerodynamic Decelerator and Balloon Technology Conference (Albuquerque, New Mexico; October 7–9, 1986) (New York, N.Y.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1986), pages 1–10.</ref> The first widely used canopy of this type was called the ''Para-Commander'' (made by the Pioneer Parachute Co.), although there are many other canopies with a pull-down apex produced in the years thereafter—these had minor differences in attempts to make a higher performance rig, such as different venting configurations. They are all considered 'round' parachutes, but with suspension lines to the canopy apex that apply load there and pull the apex closer to the load, distorting the round shape into a somewhat flattened or lenticular shape when viewed from the side. And while called ''rounds'', they generally have an elliptical shape when viewed from above or below, with the sides bulging out more than the for'd-and-aft dimension, the [[Chord (aeronautics)|chord]] (see the lower photo to the right and you likely can ascertain the difference).

Due to their lenticular shape and appropriate venting, they have a considerably faster forward speed than, say, a modified military canopy. And due to controllable rear-facing vents in the canopy's sides, they also have much snappier turning capabilities, though they are decidedly low-performance compared to today's ram-air rigs. From about the mid-1960s to the late-1970s, this was the most popular parachute design type for sport parachuting (prior to this period, modified military 'rounds' were generally used and after, ram-air 'squares' became common). Note that the use of the word ''elliptical'' for these 'round' parachutes is somewhat dated and may cause slight confusion, since some 'squares' (i.e. ram-airs) are elliptical nowadays, too.

=== Annular ===
Some designs with a pull-down apex have the fabric removed from the apex to open a hole through which air can exit (most, if not all, round canopies have at least a small hole to allow easier tie-down for packing{{snd}}these are not considered annular), giving the canopy an annular geometry. This hole can be very pronounced in some designs, taking up more 'space' than the parachute. They also have decreased horizontal drag due to their flatter shape and, when combined with rear-facing vents, can have considerable forward speed. Truly annular designs{{snd}}with a hole large enough that the canopy can be classified as ''ring-shaped''{{snd}}are uncommon.

=== Rogallo wing ===
Sport parachuting has experimented with the [[Rogallo wing]], among other shapes and forms. These were usually an attempt to increase the forward speed and reduce the landing speed offered by the other options at the time. The ram-air parachute's development and the subsequent introduction of the sail slider to slow deployment reduced the level of experimentation in the sport parachuting community. The parachutes are also hard to build.

=== Ribbon and ring ===
[[File:HiRISE image of MSL during EDL (refined).png|thumb|The [[Mars Science Laboratory]] capsule, carrying the Mars rover [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'']], descending under its supersonic disk-gap-band<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Ian |last2=Tanner |first2=Christopher |title=2017 IEEE Aerospace Conference |chapter=A historical summary of the design, development, and analysis of the disk-gap-band parachute |date=2017-06-08 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1109/AERO.2017.7943854 |isbn=978-1-5090-1613-6 |s2cid=40095390 |via=IEEE}}</ref> parachute.]]

Ribbon and ring parachutes have similarities to annular designs. They are frequently designed to deploy at [[supersonic]] speeds. A conventional parachute would instantly burst upon opening and be shredded at such speeds. Ribbon parachutes have a ring-shaped canopy, often with a large hole in the centre to release the pressure. Sometimes the ring is broken into ribbons connected by ropes to leak air even more. These large leaks lower the stress on the parachute so it does not burst or shred when it opens. Ribbon parachutes made of [[Kevlar]] are used on nuclear bombs, such as the [[B61 nuclear bomb|B61]] and [[B83 nuclear bomb|B83]].<ref>{{Cite journal| last1=Mitcheltree| first1=R| last2=Witkowski| first2=A| title=High Altitude Test Program for a Mars Subsonic Parachute| journal=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics| url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/37615/1/05-0981.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703083934/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/37615/1/05-0981.pdf| url-status=dead| archive-date=2009-07-03}}</ref>

=== Ram-air ===
{{Main|Parafoil}}

The principle of the Ram-Air Multicell Airfoil was conceived in 1963 by Canadian Domina "Dom" C. Jalbert, but serious problems had to be solved before a ram-air canopy could be marketed to the sport parachuting community.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Charles W. |date=1975 |title=Sport Parachuting |location=Chicago |publisher=Henry Regnery Company |page=191 |isbn=0-8092-8378-6}}</ref> Ram-air parafoils are steerable (as are most canopies used for sport parachuting), and have two layers of fabric—top and bottom—connected by airfoil-shaped fabric ribs to form "cells". The cells fill with higher-pressure air from vents that face forward on the leading edge of the airfoil. The fabric is shaped and the parachute lines trimmed under load such that the ballooning fabric inflates into an airfoil shape. This airfoil is sometimes maintained by use of fabric one-way valves called ''[[Airlock (parachute)|airlocks]]''. "The first jump of this canopy (a Jalbert Parafoil) was made{{when|date=June 2020}} by International Skydiving Hall of Fame member Paul 'Pop' Poppenhager."<ref name="Ram-air">{{cite web |url=https://skydivingmuseum.org/hall-of-fame/inductee/domina-c-jalbert |title=International Skydiving Hall of Fame Member Domina C. Jalbert |access-date=6 June 2020 |author=International Skydiving Museum & Hall of Fame}}</ref>

==== Varieties ====
[[File:Ram air square.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[United States Navy]] Parachute Team "Leap Frogs" jumper landing a "square" ram-air parachute.]]

Personal ram-air parachutes are loosely divided into two varieties—rectangular or tapered—commonly called "squares" or "ellipticals", respectively. Medium-performance canopies (reserve-, [[BASE jumping|BASE]]-, canopy formation-, and accuracy-type) are usually rectangular. High-performance, ram-air parachutes have a slightly tapered shape to their leading and/or trailing edges when viewed in plan form, and are known as ellipticals. Sometimes all the taper is on the leading edge (front), and sometimes in the trailing edge (tail).

Ellipticals are usually used only by sport parachutists. They often have smaller, more numerous fabric cells and are shallower in profile. Their canopies can be anywhere from slightly elliptical to highly elliptical, indicating the amount of taper in the canopy design, which is often an indicator of the responsiveness of the canopy to control input for a given wing loading, and of the level of experience required to pilot the canopy safely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dhiman, Chakraborty |date=June 2011 |title=Parachute: The aerodynamic lifting and deaccelerating device |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298449819 |journal=Asian Textile Journal |issue=June 2011 |pages=65–75}}</ref>

The rectangular parachute designs tend to look like square, inflatable air mattresses with open front ends. They are generally safer to operate because they are less prone to dive rapidly with relatively small control inputs, they are usually flown with lower wing loadings per square foot of area, and they glide more slowly. They typically have a lower [[glide ratio]].

Wing loading of parachutes is measured similarly to that of aircraft, comparing exit weight to area of parachute fabric. Typical wing loading for students, accuracy competitors, and BASE jumpers is less than {{convert|5|kg/m2}}{{snd}}often {{convert|3.5|kg/m2}} or less.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wingload Calculator |url=https://skydiveperris.com/wingload-calculator/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Skydive Perris |language=en-US}}</ref> Most student skydivers fly with wing loading below {{convert|5|kg/m2}}. Most sport jumpers fly with wing loading between {{convert|5|and|7|kg/m2}}, but many interested in performance landings exceed this wing loading. Professional canopy pilots compete with wing loading of {{convert|10|kg/m2}} to over {{convert|15|kg/m2}}. While ram-air parachutes with wing loading higher than {{convert|20|kg/m2}} have been landed, this is strictly the realm of professional test jumpers. Luigi Cani's Project 34 successfully landed a {{convert|34|ft2|order=flip|adj=on}} canopy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boole |first=James |date=2021-03-03 |title=World's Smallest Canopy Landing |url=https://www.skydivemag.com/new/worlds-smallest-canopy-landing/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Skydivemag |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Smaller parachutes tend to fly faster for the same load, and ellipticals respond faster to control input. Therefore, small, elliptical designs are often chosen by experienced canopy pilots for the thrilling flying they provide. Flying a fast elliptical requires much more skill and experience. Fast ellipticals are also considerably more dangerous to land. With high-performance elliptical canopies, nuisance malfunctions can be much more serious than with a square design, and may quickly escalate into emergencies. Flying highly loaded, elliptical canopies is a major contributing factor in many skydiving accidents, although advanced training programs are helping to reduce this danger.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

High-speed, cross-braced parachutes, such as the Velocity, VX, XAOS, and Sensei, have given birth to a new branch of sport parachuting called ''swooping''. A race course is set up in the landing area for expert pilots to measure the distance they are able to fly past the {{convert|1.5|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} entry gate. Current world records exceed {{convert|180|m|ft}}.

Aspect ratio is another way to measure ram-air parachutes. Aspect ratios of parachutes are measured the same way as aircraft wings, by comparing span with chord. Low aspect ratio parachutes, i.e., span 1.8 times the chord, are now limited to precision landing competitions. Popular precision landing parachutes include Jalbert (now NAA) Para-Foils and John Eiff's series of Challenger Classics. While low aspect ratio parachutes tend to be extremely stable, with gentle stall characteristics, they suffer from steep glide ratios and a small tolerance, or ''sweet spot'', for timing the landing flare.

Because of their predictable opening characteristics, parachutes with a medium aspect ratio around 2.1 are widely used for reserves, BASE, and canopy formation competition. Most medium aspect ratio parachutes have seven cells.

High aspect ratio parachutes have the flattest glide and the largest tolerance for timing the landing flare, but the least predictable openings. An aspect ratio of 2.7 is about the upper limit for parachutes. High aspect ratio canopies typically have nine or more cells. All reserve ram-air parachutes are of the square variety, because of the greater reliability, and the less-demanding handling characteristics.

==== General characteristics ====
Main parachutes used by [[skydiver]]s today are designed to open softly. Overly rapid deployment was an early problem with ram-air designs. The primary innovation that slows the deployment of a ram-air canopy is the [[slider (parachuting)|slider]]; a small rectangular piece of fabric with a [[grommet]] near each corner. Four collections of lines go through the grommets to the risers (risers are strips of webbing joining the harness and the rigging lines of a parachute). During deployment, the slider slides down from the canopy to just above the risers. The slider is slowed by air resistance as it descends and reduces the rate at which the lines can spread. This reduces the speed at which the canopy can open and inflate.

At the same time, the overall design of a parachute still has a significant influence on the deployment speed. Modern sport parachutes' deployment speeds vary considerably. [citation needed] Most modern parachutes open comfortably, but individual skydivers may prefer harsher deployment.

The deployment process is inherently chaotic. Rapid deployments can still occur even with well-behaved canopies. On rare occasions, deployment can even be so rapid that the jumper suffers bruising, injury, or death. [citation needed] Reducing the amount of fabric decreases the air resistance. This can be done by making the slider smaller, inserting a mesh panel, or cutting a hole in the slider.

== Parachute opening ==
A parchute opens in three stages, activation, deployment and inflation.<ref>USPA SIM p. 13 https://www.uspa.org/portals/0/FLIP/SIM/HTML5/index.html</ref>

Activation of a parachute is accomplished in one of three ways, throwing the [[pilot chute]], pulling the [[ripcord (skydiving)]] or by [[static line]].<ref>USPA SIM P.13 https://www.uspa.org/portals/0/FLIP/SIM/HTML5/index.html </ref>

Activation of most modern sport main parachutes in freefall is normally accomplished by manually releasing (throwing) a pull out or throw out pilot chute into the airstream which catches air and pulls out the main parachute deployment bag.<ref>uSPA SIM https://www.uspa.org/skydiveschool/a </ref> The deployment stage begins when the pilot-chute pulls the deployment bag from the container extending the parachute lines, the deployment bag then opens and the canopy starts to inflate.<ref>How do Parachutes open https://www.skydivecarolina.com/blog/how-do-parachutes-open-2/ </ref> A rectangular piece of fabric called the "[[slider (parachuting)|slider]]" slows and controls the inflation of the parachute. During a normal deployment, a skydiver will generally experience a few seconds of intense deceleration, in the realm of 3 to 4 g, while the parachute slows the descent from {{convert|190|km/h|mi/h|-1|abbr=on}} to approximately {{convert|28|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The normal opening sequence takes approximately three to four seconds.<ref>USPA SIM P.19 https://www.uspa.org/portals/0/FLIP/SIM/HTML5/index.html </ref>

Throw-out pilot-chute pouches are usually positioned at the bottom of the container (B.O.C.)<ref>USPA SIM P. 13 https://www.uspa.org/portals/0/FLIP/SIM/HTML5/index.html </ref> but older harnesses often have leg-mounted pouches(R.O.L.). The latter are safe for flat-flying, but often unsuitable for freestyle or head-down flying.<ref>USPA SIM 5-2 C equipment https://www.uspa.org/SIM/5 </ref>

In a typical civilian sport parachute system, the pilot-chute is connected to a line known as the "bridle",<ref>FAAParachute Rigger Handbook 2-12 https://archive.org/details/Parachute_Rigger_Handbook/page/n31/mode/2up </ref> which in turn is attached to a small deployment bag that contains the folded parachute and the canopy suspension lines, which are stowed with rubber bands. At the bottom of the container that holds the deployment bag a closing loop on the container and closing pin on the bridle hold the container closed.<ref>FAA Parachute Rigger Handbook 2-10 https://archive.org/details/Parachute_Rigger_Handbook/page/n29/mode/2up and </ref>

[[File:3Ring release animation.gif|thumb|upright|Animation of [[3-ring release system]] used by a skydiver to cut away the main parachute. It utilizes a [[mechanical advantage]] of 200 to 1.]]
If a skydiver experiences a malfunction of their main parachute which they cannot correct, they pull a "cut-away" handle on the front right-hand side of their harness (on the chest) which will release the main canopy from the harness<ref>USPA SIM emergencies P.132 https://www.uspa.org/portals/0/FLIP/SIM/HTML5/index.html</ref> utilizing the [[3-ring release system]]. Once free from the malfunctioning main canopy, the reserve canopy can be activated manually by pulling a second handle, (commonly called a [[Ripcord (skydiving)|ripcord]]) on the front left harness which releases a spring loaded pilot chute.<ref>USPA SIm p.132 Skydiving EmergenciesP.132 https://www.uspa.org/portals/0/FLIP/SIM/HTML5/index.html</ref> Some containers are fitted with a connecting line from the main to reserve parachutes – known as a [[reserve static line]] (RSL) – which pulls open the reserve container faster than a manual release could. Whichever method is used, a spring-loaded pilot-chute then extracts the reserve parachute from the upper half of the container then the opening sequence of the reserve is the same except the reserve deployment bag(free bag)and pilot chute do not remain attached.<ref>FAA Riggers Handbook 2-13 https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/prh_change1_changes.pdf </ref>

== Safety ==
A parachute is carefully folded, or "packed" to ensure that it will open reliably. If a parachute is not packed properly it can result in a malfunction where the main parachute fails to deploy correctly or fully. [citation needed] In the United States and many developed countries, emergency and reserve parachutes are packed by "[[Parachute rigger|riggers]]" who must be trained and certified according to legal standards. Sport skydivers are always trained to pack their own primary "main" parachutes.

Exact numbers are difficult to estimate because parachute design, maintenance, loading, packing technique and operator experience all have a significant impact on malfunction rates. [citation needed] Approximately one in a thousand sport main parachute openings malfunctions, [citation needed] requiring the use of the reserve parachute, although some skydivers have many thousands of jumps and never needed to use their reserve parachute.

Reserve parachutes are packed and deployed somewhat differently. [citation needed] They are also designed more conservatively, favouring reliability over responsiveness and are built and tested to more exacting standards, making them more reliable than main parachutes. Regulated inspection intervals, coupled with significantly less use contributes to reliability as wear on some components can adversely affect reliability. [citation needed] The safety advantage of a reserve parachute comes from the small [[probability]] of a main malfunction being multiplied by the even smaller probability of a reserve malfunction. [citation needed] This yields an even smaller probability of a double malfunction, although there is also a small possibility of a malfunctioning main parachute not being able to be released and thus interfering with the reserve parachute. In the United States, the 2017 average fatality rate is recorded to be 1 in 133,571 jumps.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uspa.org/Find/FAQs/Safety |title=Skydiving Safety |publisher=United States Parachute Association |access-date=November 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014822/https://uspa.org/Find/FAQs/Safety |url-status=live |archive-date=August 22, 2018|df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Injuries and fatalities in sport skydiving are possible even under a fully functional main parachute, such as may occur if the skydiver makes an error in judgment while flying the canopy which results in a high-speed impact either with the ground or with a hazard on the ground, which might otherwise have been avoided, or results in collision with another skydiver under canopy. [citation needed]

<gallery widths="250" heights="170">
File:typhoon deploying parachute arp.jpg|[[RAF]] [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]] using a [[drogue parachute]] for braking after landing.
File:Premature parachute opening over Tully Airport, Australia - ATSB - 2025.webm|Mishap and human error in exiting the aircraft can compromise safety.<ref name="safety-hart-griffith-2003" /> Video shows a botched exit resulting in premature deployment and impact with aircraft body.
</gallery>

==  Malfunctions ==
{{See also|Malfunction (parachuting)}}
[[File: Apollo 15 descends to splashdown.jpg|thumb|The [[Apollo 15]] spacecraft landed safely despite a parachute line failure in 1971.]]

Below are listed the malfunctions specific to round parachutes:

* A "Mae West" or "blown periphery" is a type of round parachute malfunction that contorts the shape of the canopy into the outward appearance of a large [[brassiere]], named after the generous proportions of the late actress [[Mae West]]. The column of nylon fabric, buffeted by the wind, rapidly heats from friction and opposite sides of the canopy can fuse together in a narrow region, removing any chance of it opening fully.[citation needed]
* A "streamer" is the main chute which becomes entangled in its lines and fails to deploy, taking the shape of a paper streamer. The parachutist cuts it away to provide space and clean air for deploying the reserve.<ref name="scott"/>
* An "inversion" occurs when one skirt of the canopy blows between the suspension lines on the opposite side of the parachute and then catches air. That portion then forms a secondary lobe with the canopy inverted. The secondary lobe grows until the canopy turns completely inside out.
* A "[[barber's pole]]" describes having a tangle of lines behind the jumper's head, who cuts away the main and opens his reserve.<ref name="scott">[http://www.screamingeagle.org/PDFs/JumpSchoolatFortBenning.pdf Scott Royce E. "Bo." ''Jump School at Fort Benning'' (originally published in a column called DUSTOFF in the July–August 1988 Issue of the ''Screaming Eagle Magazine'')] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130034732/http://screamingeagle.org/PDFs/JumpSchoolatFortBenning.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130034732/http://screamingeagle.org/PDFs/JumpSchoolatFortBenning.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-30 |url-status=live |date=November 30, 2010 }}</ref>
* The "[[Malfunction (parachuting)#Horseshoe|horseshoe]]" is an out-of-sequence deployment, when the parachute lines and bag are released before the bag drogue and bridle. This can cause the lines to become tangled or a situation where the parachute drogue is not released from the container.<ref name="scott"/>
* "Jumper-In-Tow" involves a static line that does not disconnect, resulting in a jumper being towed behind the aircraft.<ref name="scott"/>

== Uses ==
In addition to the use of a parachute to slow the descent of a person or object, a [[drogue parachute]] is used to aid horizontal deceleration of a land or air vehicle, including [[fixed-wing aircraft]] and [[drag racing|drag racers]], provide stability, as to assist certain types of [[light aircraft]] in distress,<ref>Ballistic recovery systems {{US patent|4607814 A}}, Boris Popov, August 26, 1986</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Klesius |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/How-Things-Work-Whole-Airplane-Parachute.html |title=How Things Work: Whole-Airplane Parachute |work=Air & Space |date=January 2011 |access-date=October 22, 2013}}</ref> tandem free-fall; and as a pilot triggering deployment of a larger parachute.

Parachutes are also used as [[Play (activity)|play]] equipment.<ref>YPO, [https://www.ypo.co.uk/product/detail/sports/general-play/product/detail/sports/sports-equipment/295329 Multi-Coloured Parachute with 8 Handles—1.75m (Dia)], accessed 1 February 2023</ref>

== Traveling with a parachute ==
When traveling by plane, parachutes' owners may not want to put their parachute in the baggage hold in order to avoid possible deterioration due to possible incorrect handling by airport operators.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilbertson|first=Dawn|title=Travel nightmares: What to do if an airline damages your checked luggage|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/2019/01/07/airlines-damage-checked-baggage-passenger-rights/2237648002/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> In such case, a resulting malfunction in a future use of the parachute could be dramatic.[citation needed][tone]

However, almost all parachutes contain an automatic activation device (AAD),<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Parachute AAD? |url=https://skydivemonroe.com/blog/what-is-a-parachute-aad/ |publisher=Skydive Monroe |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130035530/https://skydivemonroe.com/blog/what-is-a-parachute-aad/ |archive-date=30 November 2022 |date=7 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> thus bringing a parachute to the plane's cabin might cause issues when going through [[airport security]]. AADs can contain either void or pyrotechnic load, and the rest of the parachute also consists of several very uncommon metallic parts and cables, all of which could trigger scanners of the security screening.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In order to justify the presence of "suspicious" content inside the parachute (explosive, vacuum, metal pieces, cables), travelers are encouraged to announce that they are traveling with a parachute when they buy their airplane ticket, and to produce the following documents when asked by the airport security's staff:
*The AAD's explanation card that shows and describes what is seen on X-ray monitors <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vigil » Airport Security Documents|url=https://www.vigil.aero/commercial-flight-information|access-date=2021-12-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CYPRES AAD Travel Documents|url=https://www.cypres.aero/documents/travel-documents/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=CYPRES|language=en-US|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809231023/https://www.cypres.aero/documents/travel-documents/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Documents from a country, airplane company, or airport officials themselves, that denote the exclusion of such devices from the forbidden items <ref>{{Cite web|title=TSA comment on checked bags and carry-on bags|url=https://www.tsa.gov/travel/security-screening/whatcanibring/items/parachutes|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.tsa.gov}}</ref><ref>[https://uspa.org/portals/0/files/Other_TSAletter.pdf TSA's special instructions regarding parachutes]</ref><ref>[https://www.ffp.asso.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2020-09-08-Ministere-de-la-transition-ecolo-exclusion-marchandises-dangereuses.pdf French document excluding AADs from forbidden items in cabin]</ref>
* The parachute's constructor book detailing the anatomy of the whole bag. Similarly to the AAD's card, it can help showing the purpose of all what could raise awareness of the staff

National skydiving associations usually list on their websites a piece of advice concerning this matter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USPA's FAQ : Traveling with Parachutes section|url=https://uspa.org/traveling-with-equipment|access-date=2021-12-19|website=uspa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sauter à l'étranger (French)|url=https://www.ffp.asso.fr/sauter-a-letranger/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.ffp.asso.fr}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col |colwidth=20em}}
* [[Airdrop]]
* [[Ballistic parachute]]
* [[Cirrus Airframe Parachute System]]
* [[Ejection seat]]
* [[Extreme sport]]
* [[Free fall]]
* [[Parachute landing fall]]
* [[Parachuting]]
* [[Paragliding]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist |30em |refs=

<ref name="safety-hart-griffith-2003">{{cite journal|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=jhpee|title=Human Error: The Principal Cause of Skydiving Fatalities|author1=Christian L. Hart|author2=James D. Griffith|journal=Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments|date=December 2003|volume=7|issue=2|access-date=15 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708125620/https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=jhpee|archive-date=8 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin |30em |indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal|last=White|first=Lynn|author-link=Lynn Townsend White Jr.|date=July 1968|title=The Invention of the Parachute|journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=9|issue=3|pages=462–467|doi=10.2307/3101655|jstor=3101655|s2cid=111425847 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin |30em}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Mirsky|first=Steve|date=March 1, 2019|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/volunteers-jumped-with-or-without-a-parachute-to-gauge-its-effectiveness/|title=Volunteers Jumped with or Without a Parachute to Gauge Its Effectiveness|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=December 28, 2021}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Pell|first21=Jill P.|last2=Smith|first2=Gordon C. S.|date=December 20, 2003|title=Parachute Use to Prevent Death and Major Trauma Related to Gravitational Challenge: Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7429|pages=1459–1461|doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1459 |issn=0959-8138|pmid=14684649|pmc=300808 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cspa.ca CSPA] The Canadian Sport Parachuting Association—The governing body for sport skydiving in Canada
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090817181505/http://www.scientificamericanpast.com/Scientific%20American%201910%20to%201919/4/med/sci671913page520.htm First jump with parachute from moving plane]—''Scientific American'', June 7, 1913
* [http://www.ParachuteHistory.com Parachute History]
* [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2531442A/en Cross-chest buckle for parachute harness]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031006/http://peosoldier.army.mil/ Program Executive Office (PEO) Soldier]
* [http://www.skydivesf.com/skydiving/skydiving%20instruction.htm Skydiving education]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160421021656/http://para2000.org/book/index.html Para2000 book]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080730070121/http://www.canopypiloting.co.za/ The 2nd FAI World Championships in Canopy Piloting—2008 at Pretoria Skydiving Club South Africa]
* [http://www.uspa.org USPA] The United States Parachute Association—The governing body for sport skydiving in the U.S.
* [http://contentdm.lindahall.org/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Fparachute The Parachute History Collection at Linda Hall Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034650/http://contentdm.lindahall.org/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Fparachute |date=July 27, 2011 }} (text-searchable PDFs)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=xiADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA128 "How Armies Hit the Silk"], June 1945, ''Popular Science'', James L. H. Peck—detailed article on parachutes
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65550611/f17.item.r=kavanagh%201910.langFR.zoom NuméroLa Revue aérienne / directeur Emile Mousset]—First female parachutist
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ya33hEMwCd0 Everard Calthrop Parachutist—Drop From Tower Bridge Part 1 (1918)]. Film of a successful parachute jump from Tower Bridge during World War I.

{{Authority control}}
{{Subject bar |auto=y |wikt=parachute |q=yes |portal1=Technology |portal2=Modern history }}

[[Category:Airborne military equipment]]
[[Category:French inventions]]
[[Category:Italian inventions]]
[[Category:Military parachuting]]
[[Category:Parachutes| ]]
[[Category:Parachuting]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]

Uyire Uyire

2026-03-12T15:28:14Z

Gasperalmeida:

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by A. R. Rajasekar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{for|the 1995 song|Bombay (soundtrack)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uyire Uyire
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = A. R. Rajasekar
| producer = [[Jaya Prada]]
| writer = [[Vikram Kumar]]
| starring = Siddhu [[Hansika Motwani]]
| music = [[Anoop Rubens]] Aravind–Shankar
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = Suraj Kavi
| studio = Jayaprada Productions Studio 9 Motion Pictures
| distributor = [[Eros International]]<ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=Eros' 2016 lineup |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/eross-2016-line-up-has-over-65-films-in-multiple-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126085615/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/eross-2016-line-up-has-over-65-films-in-multiple-languages/ |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=25 January 2016 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2016|04|01|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Uyire Uyire''''' ({{Translation|Life, life}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[romantic drama]] film directed by A. Rajasekhar and produced by veteran actress [[Jaya Prada]]. The film, a remake of [[Vikram Kumar]]'s 2012 Telugu film ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]'', stars Jaya Prada's nephew Siddhu and [[Hansika Motwani]]. The film was released on 1 April 2016 to mixed reviews from critics.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Siddhu as Rahul
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Priya
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Priya's father
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Shiva
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Rahul's friend
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Shiva's co-worker
* [[Chaya Singh]] as Divya
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as an aunty at the wedding
* [[Uma (Tamil actress)|Uma]] as Priya's mother
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Rahul's mother
* [[Supreeth]]
}}

==Production==
Following the success of [[Vikram Kumar]]'s 2012 Telugu film ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]'', veteran actress [[Jaya Prada]] acquired the Tamil remake rights of the film and announced in June 2012 that she would make the film with her nephew Siddhu in the lead role, while A. Rajasekhar, who had previously made ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]'', would direct the venture.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Jayaprada to remake 'Ishq' in Tamil? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/news-interviews/32509456_1_ishq-jayaprada-tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625021345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/news-interviews/32509456_1_ishq-jayaprada-tamil |archive-date=25 June 2013 |access-date=15 January 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She had initially attempted to launch Siddhu through a bilingual venture titled ''Classmates'' in 2001, where he would feature alongside actresses [[Reemma Sen]], [[Yukta Mookhey]] and [[Dia Mirza]], but the film did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yet another list of new films |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/nfilm.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603203940/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/nfilm.asp |archive-date=3 June 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yet another list of new films |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/nfilm.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040307113118/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/nfilm.asp |archive-date=7 March 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> He later made his acting debut in the Telugu film, ''[[Tapana (film)|Tapana]]'' (2004), co-starring [[Prabhu Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review - Tapana |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tapana.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918084321/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tapana.html |archive-date=18 September 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

The filming was under way by late 2013 with Hansika filming a song in [[Goa]] in December during a three-day schedule.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Hansika is happy being a busy bee! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-is-happy-being-a-busy-bee-news-tamil-nmdl5zccbeb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206120642/http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-is-happy-being-a-busy-bee-news-tamil-nmdl5zccbeb.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=15 January 2014 |website=Sify}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Anup Rubens]] and the duo Aravind–Shankar and released by [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]. All lyrics were written by [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Uyire Uyire
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anup Rubens]] Aravind–Shankar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 October 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 21:42
| label = [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = Anup Rubens Aravind-Shankar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 21:42
| title1 = Oh Priya Priya
| extra1 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| music1 = [[Anup Rubens]]
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = Once Upon A Time
| extra2 = Anup Rubens, [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Ramya NSK]]
| music2 = Anup Rubens
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Devadhai Paarkiral
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Saindhavi]]
| music3 = Aravind–Shankar
| length3 = 5:06
| title4 = Listen To My Heart
| music4 = Aravind–Shankar
| extra4 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Jaya Prada]]
| length4 = 4:29
| title5 = Azhage Azhage
| extra5 = [[Raja Hasan]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| music5 = Anup Rubens
| length5 = 3:44
}}

==Reception==
{{Empty section|date=March 2026}}
<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2016-04-01 |title=Uyire Uyire: Still life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uyire-uyire-movie-review/article8424229.ece |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-01 |title=Uyire Uyire review: A silly romp by two miscast actors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/uyire-uyire-review-a-silly-romp-by-two-miscast-actors/story-OIaS3o5nPu3kERQF9VX72I.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=3 April 2016 |title=Uyire Uyire Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/uyire-uyire/movie-review/51670988.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003100308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Uyire-Uyire/movie-review/51670988.cms |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4439194}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anup Rubens]]

Shri Balaji Photo Studio

2026-03-08T13:10:55Z

Gasperalmeida: stub...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shri Balaji Photo Studio
| image =
| director = Rajesh Dhruva
| writer = Abhishek Sirsi
| screenplay = Pruthvikanth L.
| story = Abhishek Sirsi
| producer = B. Venkateshwar Rao
| starring = Rajesh Dhruva
| cinematography = Manoj Cinestudio
| editing = Ganapathi Bhat
| music = '''Songs''' Shriram Gandharva '''Score:''' Swasthik Kaarekaad
| studio = Srujana Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|01|06}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shri Balaji Photo Studio''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Rajesh Dhruva starring himself in the titular role.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Rajesh Dhruva as Puttu
* Radhika Achuth Rao as Nethra Hakkimane
* Ravi Salian as Suresha
* Sampath J. Ram as Shankar Hakkimane
* Nakul Sharma as Maani
* Ravi Mururu as Subbanna
* Rakshith Naag as Pradeepa
* Shubhalakshmi as Yashodha
* Shishir as Shishir
}}

==Production==
In July 2022, it was announced that television actor Rajesh Dhruva made his feature film debut through this film which he directed and acted in.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film was initially titled ''Sri Balaji Photo Studio (Since 1979)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Sep/07/rajesh-dhruva-to-helm-and-star-insri-balaji-photo-studio-2495512.html|title=Rajesh Dhruva to helm and star in Sri Balaji Photo Studio|date=6 September 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Honnavara]], [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] and [[Yellapura]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tv-actor-rajesh-dhruvas-shri-balaji-photo-studio-trailer-impresses-netizens/articleshow/96594405.cms|title=TV actor Rajesh Dhruva's 'Shri Balaji Photo Studio' trailer impresses netizens|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 December 2022|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Shriram Gandharva and Swasthik Kaarekaad. Pramod Maravante wrote the lyrics for two songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/a-movie-on-regional-content-called-shree-balaji-photo-studio-rvj-dvp-892827.html|title=Regional Content Cinema: ಕಾಂತಾರ ಬಳಿಕ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಕಥೆ! ಉತ್ತರ ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬರ್ತಿದೆ ಶ್ರೀ ಬಾಲಾಜಿ Photo ಸ್ಡುಡಿಯೋ ಸಿನಿಮಾ!|language=kn|date=23 November 2022|trans-title=Regional Content Cinema: Another local story after Kantara! Sri Balaji Photo Studio movie released in Uttara Kannada language!|work=[[News18]]|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was premiered on 5 January 2023,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/agnisakshi-gang-reunites-at-the-premiere-of-co-star-rajesh-dhruvas-debut-movie/articleshow/96790222.cms|title=Agnisakshi gang reunites at the premiere of co-star Rajesh Dhruva's debut movie|work=The Times of India|date=6 August 2024|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> and it was theatrically released the following day.<ref name="T"/>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Overall, it is a feel-good film, which takes off only in the second half".<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shri-balaji-photo-studio/movie-review/96771222.cms|title=Shri Balaji Photo Studio Movie Review : Big dreams of a small-town lad|work=The Times of India|date=5 January 2023|last=Poyyakanda|first=Dheeraj|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|24076206}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Kannanda Doddayya

2026-03-08T09:20:37Z

Gasperalmeida: /* Death */Correction - he was a commander .. There were numerous warriors ..

'''Kannanda Doddayya''' was a [[Kodava people|Kodava]] commander who defeated [[Hyder Ali]]'s forces thrice.<ref name="Richter">{{cite book |last1=Richter |first1=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aadCAAAAIAAJ&dq=kannana+richter&pg=PA189 |title=Manual of Coorg: A Gazetteer of the Natural Features of the Country, and the Social and Political Condition of Its Inhabitants |date=1870 |publisher=C. Stolz |page=189 |language=en |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Ponnappa">{{cite book |last1=Ponnappa |first1=Kongetira Chinnappa |title=A Study of the Origins of Coorgs |date=1999 |page=231}}</ref><ref name="Subbayya">{{cite book |last1=Subbayya |first1=K K |title=Archaeology of Coorg |date=1978 |publisher=Geetha Book House |page=201}}</ref><ref name="Muthanna">{{cite book |last1=Muthanna |first1=Dr I M |title=The Coorg Memoirs: the Story of the Kodavas |date=1971 |publisher=Usha Press |page=214}}</ref><ref name="Kushalappa">{{cite news |last1=Kushalappa |first1=Mookonda |date=25 April 2016 |title=Immortalised in stone |language=en |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/542671/immortalised-stone.html |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref> He was also known as Kannana Doddayya and Doddanna.<ref name="Richter" /><ref name="Subbayya" />

== Career ==
He was a force commander of about 3,000 Kodavas (Coorgs) who defeated Hyder Ali of Mysore.<ref name="Ponnappa" /> He served as the general under Muddu Raja, the Haleri dynasty Raja of Kodagu.<ref name="Subbayya" /> Hyder Ali sent his army under his commander Fazulla Khan who was defeated by Doddayya thrice. The first time was at Igoor.<ref name="Muthanna" /> Before he went on his last battle he told the Raja: “Twice I defeated Hyder’s army and came back to bow to you. But this time I shall not come back.”<ref name="Richter" />

== Death ==
Finally, Doddayya died at the battle of Kajur Bagilu despite winning the same battle in 1767.<ref name="Subbayya" /><ref name="Ponnappa" /><ref name="Richter" /> A stone slab was made in his honour and setup in the rice fields.<ref name="Richter" /> Another Kodava commander, Appachu Mandanna, also died in that same battle.<ref name="Richter" /> Later, when Hyder's son [[Tipu Sultan]] invaded Kodagu, he burnt Kannanda Doddayya's house during the war and hanged twenty-four members of his family in an attempt to defeat and control Kodagu.<ref name="Richter" /><ref name="Kushalappa" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Coorg]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:1767 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Cherpulassery

2026-03-07T13:01:20Z

Gasperalmeida: fixed references further and added references

{{more citations needed|date=May 2009}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cherpulassery
| other_name = Cherpulacherry
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Ayyappan Kavu cherpulassery.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ayyappankavu, Cherpulassery
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.879300|N|76.314750|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal council]]
| governing_body = Cherpulassery Municipality
| leader_party = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson
| leader_name = Jamsiya KT
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 32.68
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 41,267
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679503
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0466
| registration_plate = KL-51
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| leader_name2 = jayakrishnan c (LDF)
| leader_title2 = Deputy chairperson
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:CherpulasserySekharan.jpg|thumb|Cherpulassery Sekharan]]
'''Cherpulassery''' (also known by its former name '''Cherpulacherry''') is a town and [[municipality]] in the [[Palakkad district]], of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224753&rlbtype=V |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235259/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224753&rlbtype=V |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref> Cherpulassery is often called the [[Sabarimala]] of Malabar as the famous Ayyappankavu temple is located here .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cherpulasserysriayyappankavu.in|title=Sree Cherpulassery Ayyappankavu official website|website=www.cherpulasserysriayyappankavu.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref> The Puthanalakkal Bhagavathi temple and the Kalavela and Pooram associated with it is one of the largest festivals in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sreeputhanalkkaltemple.com|title=Sri puthanalkkal Bhagavathi temple official website |website=sreeputhanalkkaltemple.com|language=en|access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref> The town is located about {{cvt|43|km}} west of the district headquarters at [[Palakkad]] on [[State Highway 53]] located in Cherpulassery.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235259/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224753&rlbtype=V</ref>

==History==
Cherpulassery (Cher- east side of pulasseri) was the seat of Nedungethirppad,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajendu |first=S. |title=Neudunganad Carithram |publisher=K. Sanakaranarayanan, Madhavam, Perintalmanna |year=2012 |edition=First |location=Perintalmanna |language=Malayalam}}</ref> the chief of Nedunganad, one of the principalities mentioned in the Chera inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M.G.S. |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=Unknown |year=1996 |location=Calicut}}</ref> The ''Nedunganad'' Swaroopam dynasty, held sway over the present-day [[Pattambi]] and [[Ottapalam]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]]s till it was first conquered by Valluvanad in the early parts of 15th century, and immediately afterwards by the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I) |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2010 |isbn=9788120604476 |location=New Delhi |pages=631–666}}</ref> The Zamorin appointed his local chieftain at Tharakkal Variyam to rule the area.<ref name="Logan"/> Cherpulassery was made the headquarters of [[South Malabar]] during [[British Raj]].<ref name="Logan"/> The Nedunganad Taluk was merged into [[Perinthalmanna taluk|Walluvanad Taluk]] in 1860 as a part of the [[Malappuram]] revenue division of [[Malabar District]], with its headquarters at [[Perinthalmanna]], during [[British Raj|British regime]].<ref name="Logan"/> It later became part of Ottapalam taluk, when Valluvanad Taluk was divided into Perinthalmanna and Ottapalam in 1957.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajendu |first=S |title=Nedunganad Carithram |publisher=K. Sankaranarayanan |year=2012 |location=Perintalmanna |language=Malayalam}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Cherpulassery had a population of 41,267 with 19,808 males and 21,459 females.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881063/20|title=KUDUMBASHREE|website=www.kudumbashree.org|language=en|access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref>

==Transport==
Cherpulassery is well connected by bus with the nearby towns of [[Ottapalam]], [[Pattambi]], [[Shoranur|Shornur]] and [[Perinthalmanna]], all of which are at a distance of 17 kms from here. There are also regular bus services to [[Mannarkkad]] and [[Palakkad]].

The nearest major railway station is the [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur junction]] railway station. Other stations include Ottapalam and Pattambi; all of which are at equal distances from Cherpulassery.

==Politics==
Cherpulassery comes under the [[Shornur Assembly constituency|Shornur assembly constituency]] and the [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad Loksabha constituency]].

==Colleges==
*Cherpulassery College of Science & Technology for Women<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccst.in/ |title=Cherpulassery College of Science and Technology |publisher=Ccst.in |access-date=2013-12-30}}</ref>
*Ideal Campus of Education<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idealcampuscply.com/ |title=Ideal Campus of Educations, TTI, ITC, Arts & Science College, B.Ed College, IGNOU, IT Misson Cherpulassery, Palakkad |publisher=Idealcampuscply.com |access-date=2013-12-30}}</ref>
*Malabar Polytechnic College<ref>{{cite web |url=http://malabarpoly.com/ |title=Malabar Polytechnic Campus |publisher=Malabarpoly.com |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232556/http://malabarpoly.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Kerala Medical College<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralamedicalcollege.com/ |title=Kerala Medical college & Hospital |publisher=Keralamedicalcollege.com |access-date=2013-12-30}}</ref>
*MES College, Cherpulassery<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mescherpulassery.com/ |title=MES College Cherpulassery |publisher=Mescherpulassery.com |access-date=2013-12-30}}</ref>
*K T N COLLEGE OF PHARMACY <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mescherpulassery.com/ |title=MES College Cherpulassery |publisher=Mescherpulassery.com |access-date=2013-12-30}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Appunni Tharakan]] : [[Kathakali]] ''Aniyara'' (behind the curtain) artist<ref>{{cite news |title=The ‘Aniyara’ artist of Kathakali |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/jan/17/the-aniyara-artist-of-kathakali-443792.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[Kalamandalam Kuttan Asan]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=കഥകളി ആചാര്യൻ കലാമണ്ഡലം കുട്ടൻ അന്തരിച്ചു|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/palakkad/2022/01/14/palakkad-kalamandalam-kuttan-passed-away.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>

== See also==
*[[State Highway 53]]
*[[Palakkad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Cherpulassery}}

{{Palakkad district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district]]

Welcome to Kodaikanal

2026-03-03T21:26:19Z

Gasperalmeida: slightly improved section based on references and added references

{{short description|1992 Indian film}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Welcome to Kodaikanal
| image = Welcome to Kodaikannal.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Anil Babu]]
| producer = Hameed
| screenplay = [[Kaloor Dennis]]
| story = Asha Mathew
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jagadish]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] [[Shwetha Menon]] [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
| music = [[C. Rajamani]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = P. C. Mohanan
| studio = Jamee Movies
| distributor = Pratheeksha Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|5|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Welcome to Kodaikanal''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language drama film directed by [[Anil Babu]] and written by [[Kaloor Dennis]] from a story by Asha Mathew. The film stars [[Jagadish]], along with [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]], [[Shweta Menon]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/malayalam-actor-jagadish-s-wife-p-rema-dies-at-61-101648804297676.html | title=Malayalam actor Jagadish's wife P Rema dies at 61 | date=April 2022 }}</ref> The music was composed by C. Rajamani.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=November 2023}}
A man is found dead in a river. The police reveal the flashback about him, James Kutty, who was a music teacher in Kodaikanal and the hardships he faced there.

==Cast==
* [[Jagadish]] as James Kutty
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Vinayachandran
* [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] as Maya
* [[Sukumari]] as Elizabeth Samuel
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Dr.Vilasini
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Biju
* [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]] as Hussain
* [[Shweta Menon]] as Kavitha
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Eradi
* [[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Kunjachan
* K. P. A. C. Sunny as Police officer
* [[Kanakalatha]]

==Production==
The film was originally planned with [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role, who opted out from the film. He was replaced by [[Jagadish]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dennis |first1=Kaloor |author1-link=Kaloor Dennis |title=എന്റെ വാശിയിൽ മുകേഷിനു പകരം ആ പടത്തിൽ ജഗദീഷ് നായകനായി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/05/10/kaloor-dennis-about-actor-jagadish.html |access-date=26 November 2023 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=10 May 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Rajamani]] gave music to the lines written by [[Bichu Thirumala]].

;Song list
# "Pathayoram": [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Minmini]]
# "Manjukuttikal": M. G. Sreekumar
# "Swayam Marannuvo": M. G. Sreekumar, [[R. Usha]]
# "Manjukuttikal": [[K. S. Chithra]]
# "Swayam Marannuvo": ([[Pathos]]): M. G. Sreekumar

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0354198}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

UTV Action

2026-02-17T16:35:51Z

Gasperalmeida: done...

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language movie TV channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = UTV Action
| logo = Utv Action.png
| logo_size = 200px
| launch_date = {{Launch date and age|2010|01|01|df=y}}
| closed_date = {{End date and age|2023|03|15|df=yes}}
| picture_format = [[4:3]] [[576i]] ([[SDTV]])
| replaced_by = [[Star Gold Thrills]]
| owner = [[The Walt Disney Company India]]
| country = India
| network = [[The Walt Disney Company India]]
| sister_channels = [[Disney Star#Owned channels|Disney Star channels]]
| former_names = Bindass Movies
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
}}

'''UTV Action''' (formerly '''Bindass Movies''') was an Indian [[pay television]] movie channel that featured American [[Animation|animated]] and [[Live Action|live-action]] [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood movies]] in [[Hindi]] dub. It also often aired other [[world cinema]]. It was based partly in [[Mumbai]]. Initially launched as Bindass Movies, a youth-oriented Hindi movie channel, it was later rebranded as UTV Action in 2010 and was replaced by [[Star Gold Thrills]] in 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UTV launches India's First Action Channel|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-business/utv-launches-india’s-first-action-channel-113100600045_1.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=www.indiainfoline.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Sister channels ==
=== UTV HD ===
[[UTV HD]] was an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[pay television]] movie channel owned by [[Disney Star]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney India launches HD Hindi Movie Channel |url=https://ficci.in/ficci-in-news-page.asp |accessdate=23 October 2020 |work=ficci |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140450/http://www.ficci.in/ficci-in-news-page.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The channel showcased Hindi dubbed international movies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walt Disney buys 21st Century Fox: What it means for Star India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/walt-disney-company-acquisition-21st-century-fox-star-india-87886-2017-12-15 |accessdate=15 December 2017 |work=businesstoday|date=15 December 2017 }}</ref>

=== UTV Action Telugu ===
UTV Action Telugu was an Indian Telugu Hindi movie channel UTV Action that showed Hollywood movies dubbed into Telugu. It was launched on 26 June 2011 and closed down on 30 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UTV launches UTV Action Telugu {{!}} Media |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/utv-launches-utv-action-telugu/414517 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[Campaign (magazine)|Campaign India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|web.archive.org/web/20100201070203/http://www.utvaction.in/}}

[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Movie channels in India]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2023]]
[[Category:UTV Software Communications]]
[[Category:Disney India Media Networks]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

7th Filmfare Awards Marathi

2026-02-12T19:57:47Z

Gasperalmeida:

{{Short description|Indian film awards}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 7
| award = Filmfare Marathi Awards
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| presented_date = 30 March 2023
| site = Mahakavi Kalidas Natyamandir, [[Mumbai]]
| host = [[Siddhartha Jadhav]], [[Amey Wagh]]
| organizer = Planet Marathi
| website =
| best_film = ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
| most_wins = ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'' (7)
| most_nominations = ''[[Panghrun]]'' (16)
| best_critic = ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| last = [[6th Filmfare Awards Marathi|6th]]
| next = [[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|8th]]
}}

The '''7th Filmfare Marathi Awards''' is a ceremony, presented by Planet Marathi, honored the best Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi-language films]] of [[List of Marathi films of 2022|2022]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planet Marathi Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Planet+Marathi+Filmfare+Awards+Marathi+2022&client=ms-android-xiaomi-rev1&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7th Planet Marathi Presents Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: As it happened |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/7th-planet-marathi-presents-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-live-updates-winners-red-carpet-news-photos-videos/liveblog/99116651.cms |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Panghrun]]'' led the ceremony with 16 nominations, followed by ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'' with 15 nominations, ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'' with 13 nominations, and ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'' and ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'' with 12 nominations each.

''Me Vasantrao'' won the most awards, with 7, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film (Critics)]]. ''Godavari'' was the runner-up of the ceremony with 5 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor (Critics)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner List Of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022/winners |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

Director [[Pravin Tarde]] received dual nominations in the Best Director category for ''[[Dharmaveer]]'' and ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]'', but lost to Nikhil Mahajan who won the award for ''Godavari''. [[Sai Tamhankar]] earned dual nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress (Critics)]] for her performance in [[Pondicherry (film)|''Pondicherry'']], winning for latter, while [[Amruta Khanvilkar|Amruta Khanvikar]] received dual nominations for Best actress and Best Supporting Actress for her performance in ''Chandramukhi'' and ''Pondicherry'' respectively.

== Ceremony ==
It was held at Mahakavi Kalidas Natyamandir, the 7th Filmfare Marathi Awards honored the films released in 2022. At a press conference, the editor of ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine revealed Planet Marathi as the title sponsor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sujata |date=2023-04-01 |title=Planet Marathi presents Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 lauds the outstanding achievements in Marathi Cinema |url=http://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/planet-marathi-presents-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Business News This Week |language=en-US}}</ref> Actors [[Amey Wagh]] and [[Siddhartha Jadhav]] were announced as the co-hosts, while singer [[Usha Uthup]] and actor [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Vaidehi Parashurami]], [[Sanskruti Balgude]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]], [[Pushkar Jog]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]] were announced to be performing during the event. It took place on 27 March 2023, and was broadcast on 31 March 2023 on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planet Marathi Presents Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: From Sai Tamhankar to Tejasswi Prakash, celebs grace the event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/planet-marathi-presents-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-from-sai-tamhankar-to-tejasswi-prakash-celebs-grace-the-event/videoshow/99124229.cms |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Winners and nominees ==
The nominations were announced by Filmfare on 18 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Prasad Oak during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa.jpg|thumb|153x153px|[[Prasad Oak]] – Best Actor winner for ''[[Dharmaveer]]'']]
[[File:Sayali Sanjeev graces Perfect Pati TV serial launch (05).jpg|thumb|150px| [[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjeev]] – Best Actress winner for ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'']]
[[File:Jitendra Joshi.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Jitendra Joshi]] – Best Actor Critics winner for ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'']]
[[File:Sai Tamhankar at the Lakme Fashion Week 2018 – Day 5 (12) (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sai Tamhankar]] – Best Actress Critics winner for ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]'']]
[[File:Actor Nandu Madhav .jpg|thumb|150px|[[Nandu Madhav]] – Best Supporting Actor winner for ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]'']]
[[File:Anita Date (Cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Anita Date-Kelkar]] – Best Supporting Actress winner for ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'']]
[[File:Jabbar Patel.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Jabbar Patel]] – Lifetime Achievement Awardee]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'''''
** ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
** ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
** ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
** ''[[Panghrun]]''
** ''[[Pawankhind]]''
** ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''Nikhil Mahajan''' – '''''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'''''
** [[Digpal Lanjekar]] – ''[[Pawankhind]]''
**[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] – ''[[Panghrun]]''
**[[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
**[[Prasad Oak]] – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
**[[Pravin Tarde]] – ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
**[[Pravin Tarde]] – ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Prasad Oak]]''' – '''''[[Dharmaveer]]''''' '''as [[Anand Dighe]]'''
**[[Adinath Kothare]] – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'' as Daulatrao Deshmane
**[[Ankush Chaudhari]] – ''[[Daagadi Chawl 2]]'' as Suryakant Shinde (Surya)
**[[Jitendra Joshi]] – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'' as Nishikant Deshmukh
**[[Lalit Prabhakar]] – ''[[Sunny (2022 film)|Sunny]]'' as Sunny
**[[Riteish Deshmukh]] – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'' as Satya Jadhav
**[[Sharad Kelkar]] – ''[[Har Har Mahadev]]'' as [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]
|valign="top" |
*'''[[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjeev]]''' – '''''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''''' '''as Indrayani'''
**[[Amruta Khanvilkar]] – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'' as Chandramukhi Umajirao Junnarkar (Chandra)
**[[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia Deshmukh]] – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'' as Shravani Jadhav
**[[Mukta Barve]] – ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]'' as Dr. Aarti Deshmukh
**[[Sai Tamhankar]] – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]'' as Nikita
**[[Sonalee Kulkarni]] – ''[[Tamasha Live]]'' as Shefali
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Nandu Madhav]]''' – '''''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''''' '''as Dr. Purshottam'''
** [[Ajay Purkar]] – ''[[Pawankhind]]'' as [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]
**[[Ashok Saraf]] – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'' as Dinkar Jadhav
**[[Gashmeer Mahajani]] – ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]'' as [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] / [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]]
**[[Priyadarshan Jadhav]] – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'' as Keshav
**[[Rohit Phalke]] – ''[[Panghrun]]'' as Madhav
|valign="top" |
*'''[[Anita Date-Kelkar]]''' – '''''[[Me Vasantrao]]''''' '''as Vasantrao's Mother'''
**[[Amruta Khanvilkar]] – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]'' as Manasi
**[[Kshitee Jog]] – ''[[Sunny (2022 film)|Sunny]]''
**[[Mrinal Kulkarni]] – ''[[Sher Shivraj]]'' as [[Jijabai|Rajmata Jijabai]]
**[[Neena Kulkarni]] – ''[[Medium Spicy]]'' as Nissim' mother
**Veena Jamkar – ''[[Mann Kasturi Re]]'' as Siddhant's mother
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Director Debut]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Female Debut]]
|-
|
*'''Ajit Wadikar''' – '''''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]'''''
*'''Trushant Ingle – ''[[Zollywood]]'''''
**Pratap Phad – ''[[Ananya (film)|Ananya]]''
**[[Riteish Deshmukh]] – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
**Sanket Mane – ''[[Mann Kasturi Re]]''
|valign="top" |
*'''Gauri Ingawle''' – '''''[[Panghrun]]''''' '''as Laxmi'''
*'''[[Hruta Durgule]]''' – '''''[[Ananya (film)|Ananya]]''''' '''as Ananya'''
*[[Jiya Shankar]] – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'' as Nisha Katkar
*[[Tejasswi Prakash]] – ''[[Mann Kasturi Re]]'' as Shruti Sarnaik
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Marathi|Best Music Director]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Ajay-Atul|Ajay Atul]]''' – '''''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'''''
** [[Ajay Atul]] – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
** [[Amitraj]], Pankaj Padghan – ''[[Tamasha Live]]''
** [[Hitesh Modak]], [[Saleel Kulkarni]], Pawandeep Rajan, [[Ajit Parab]] – ''[[Panghrun]]''
** [[Rahul Deshpande]] – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
** Souumil-Siddharth – ''[[Sunny (2022 film)|Sunny]]''
|valign="top" |
* '''Vaibhav Joshi – "Kaivalyagaan"''' – '''''[[Me Vasantrao]]'''''
** [[Ajay-Atul]] – "[[Sukh Kalale]]" – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
** [[Ajay-Atul]], [[Guru Thakur]] – "Bai Ga" – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
** [[Jitendra Joshi]] " Khal Khal Goda" – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
** Mangesh Kangane – "Anand Harapla" – ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
** Vaibhav Joshi – "Hee Anokhi Gaath" – ''[[Panghrun]]''

|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Rahul Deshpande]] – "Kaivalyagaan"''' – '''''[[Me Vasantrao]]'''''
** [[Ajay Gogavale]] – "Kanha" – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
** [[Ajay Gogavale]] – "Ved Tujha"– ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
** [[Anand Bhate]], [[Prathamesh Laghate]] – "Ilusa Ha Deh" – ''[[Panghrun]]''
** [[Avadhoot Gupte]] " Raja Aala" – ''[[Pawankhind]]''
** [[Rahul Deshpande]] – "Khal Khal Goda" – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
** Saurabh Salunke – "Anand Harpla" – ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Aarya Ambekar]] – "Bai Ga" –''' '''''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'''''
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "[[Chandra (song)|Chandra]]" – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
** Shreya Ghoshal – "[[Sukh Kalale]]" – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
** Shreya Ghoshal – "Ram Ram" – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
** [[Priyanka Barve]] – "Bindiya Le Gayi" – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
** Anandi Joshi – "Rang Lagala" – ''[[Tamasha Live]]''
|}
; Critics' awards
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Nipun Dharmadhikari]]''' – '''''[[Me Vasantrao]]'''''
** Ajit Wadikar – ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
** [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] – ''[[Panghrun]]''
** Nikhil Mahajan – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
** [[Sachin Kundalkar]] – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
** Shantanu Ganesh Rode – ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
** Trushant Ingle – ''[[Zollywood]]''
|-
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[Jitendra Joshi]]''' – '''''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''''' '''as Nishikant Deshmukh'''
** [[Prasad Oak]] – ''[[Dharmaveer]]'' as [[Anand Dighe]]
** [[Rahul Deshpande]] – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'' as [[Vasantrao Deshpande]]
** [[Siddharth Jadhav]] – ''[[Baalbhaarti]] as Rahul Desai''
** [[Sumeet Raghavan]] – ''[[Ekda Kaay Zala]]'' as Kiran
|
* '''[[Sai Tamhankar]]''' – '''''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''''' '''as Nikita'''
** Gauri Ingawle – ''[[Panghrun]]'' as Laxmi
** [[Hruta Durgule]] – ''[[Ananya (film)|Ananya]]'' as Ananya
** [[Mukta Barve]] – ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]'' as Dr. Aarti Deshmukh
** [[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjeev]] – ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'' as Indrayani
|}

; Technical Awards
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Story – Marathi|Best Story]]
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay – Marathi|Best Screenplay]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''Shantanu Ganesh Rode''' – '''''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'''''
** [[B. B. Borkar]] – ''[[Panghrun]]''
** [[Salil Kulkarni]] – ''[[Ekda Kaay Zala]]''
** [[Hemant Dhome]] – ''[[Sunny (2022 film)|Sunny]]''
** Nikhil Mahajan, Prajakt Deshmukh – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
** Tejas Modak, [[Sachin Kundalkar]] – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
|valign="top" |
* '''Nikhil Mahajan, Prajakt Deshmukh – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'''''
** Ajit Wadikar, Swapneel Sojwal, Sandeep Dandwate - ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
** Irawati Karnik – ''[[Sunny (2022 film)|Sunny]]''
** [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], Ganesh Matkari – ''[[Panghrun]]''
** Trushant Ingle – [[Zollywood]]
** [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue – Marathi|Best Dialogue]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi|Best Editing]]
|-
|
* '''[[Pravin Tarde]] – ''[[Dharmaveer]]'''''
** [[Digpal Lanjekar]] – ''[[Pawankhind]]''
** Irawati Karnik – ''[[Medium Spicy]]''
** Prajakt Deshmukh – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
** [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
** Shantanu Ganesh Rode – ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
** Upendra Sidhaye, [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Jayant Jathar]] – ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]'''''
** Faisal-Imran – ''[[Daagadi Chawl 2]]''
** Chandan Arora – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
** Pramod Kahar – ''[[Pawankhind]]''
** Sagar Shinde, Vinay Shinde, Ninad Kaskhedikar – ''[[Sher Shivraj]]''
** Vaibhav Dabhade – ''[[Zollywood]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – Marathi|Best Choreography]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – Marathi|Best Cinematography]]
|-
|valign="top" |
*'''Deepali Vichare – "[[Chandra (song)|Chandra]]" – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'''''
**Ashish Patil – "Bai Ga" – ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
**Kiran Borkar – "Raja Aala" – ''[[Pawankhind]]''
**[[Ranju Varghese]] – "Angaat Aalaya" – ''[[Zombivli (2022 film)|Zombivli]]''
**[[Ranju Varghese]] – "Ved Lavlay" – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
** Umesh Jadhav – "Ashatami" – ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Mahesh Limaye]] – ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]'''''
** Bhushankumar Jain – ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
** Karan B Ravat – ''[[Panghrun]]''
** Abhimanyu Dange – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
** Milind Jog – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
** Shamin Kulkarni – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction – Marathi|Best Production Design]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound – Marathi|Best Sound Design]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''Ashok Lokare, A. Rucha – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'''''
** Ashish Mehta – ''[[Medium Spicy]]''
** Divya Goswami – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
** Madan Mane – ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
** Prashant Rane – ''[[Panghrun]]''
** Pratik Redij – ''[[Sher Shivraj]]''
|valign="top" |
*'''Anmol Bhave – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'''''
**Anita Kushwaha – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
**Anita Kushwaha – ''[[Medium Spicy]]''
**Baylon Fonseca – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
**Lochan Kanvinde – ''[[Zombivli (2022 film)|Zombivli]]''
**Sunil Agarwal – ''[[Panghrun]]''
|-
![[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Marathi|Best Background Score]]
![[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design – Marathi|Best Costume Design]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[AV Prafullachandra|AV Prafullchandra]] – ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'''''
** Debarpito Saha – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
** [[Hitesh Modak]] – ''[[Panghrun]]''
** Parag Chhabra – ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
** Sarang Kulkarni, Saurabh Bhalerao – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
** Saurabh Bhalerao – ''[[Medium Spicy]]''
|valign="top" |
*'''Sachin Lovalekar – ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'''''
**Laxman Gollar – ''[[Panghrun]]''
**Manasi Attarde – ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
**[[Nachiket Barve]] – ''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''
**Purnima Oak – ''[[Sher Shivraj]]''
**Amit Divekar – ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
|}
; Special awards
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|-
|colspan=2|
*'''[[Jabbar Patel]]'''
|-
!colspan=2| Best Child Artist
|-
|colspan=2|
*'''Aryan Menghji''' – '''''[[Baalbhaarti]]'''''
* '''[[Khushi Hajare]]''' – '''''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''''' '''as Khushi'''
|}

==Superlatives==
{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
!16
|''[[Panghrun]]''
|-
!15
|''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
|-
!13
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |12
|''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
|-
|''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|-
!10
|''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
|''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
|-
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|-
!7
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
|-
!6
|''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! scope=row|7
|''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
|-
! 5
|''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |3
|''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
|-
|''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |2
| ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|-
|''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
|-
|''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi]]

Pataleshwar Caves, Pune

2026-02-08T16:07:44Z

Gasperalmeida:

{{Short description|Hindu cave temple in Pune, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| name = Pataleshwar caves, Panchaleshvara temple
| image = Pataleshwar cave temple.JPG
| alt = 13th-century Hoysala temple with three sanctums
| coordinates = {{coord|18|31|37.2|N|73|50|59.2|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India#India Maharashtra
| map_relief = yes
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Pune District]]
| locale = Pune
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| creator = Rashtrakuta dynasty
| year_completed = c. 750 CE
}}
The '''Pataleshwar Caves''', also referred to as the Panchaleshvara temple or Bhamburde Pandav cave temple, are an 8th-century [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] Hindu temple from the [[Rashtrakuta]] period located in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Dedicated to Shiva, it was a monumental monolithic excavation with a notable circular Nandi mandapa and a large pillared mandapa. It is a temple of three rock-cut cave sanctums, likely dedicated to Brahma-Shiva-Vishnu originally, but currently to Parvati-original Shiva-Ganesha. A garden now surrounds the site, new idols have been placed elsewhere in the complex. The interior of the caves have suffered damage from vandalism. Outside, the monument shows the effects of natural elements over the centuries.<ref name=fergusson>Fergusson (1880), pp. 426–427</ref><ref name=srinivasan>Srinivasan (1972), pp. 76–77, 80</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Explore history, architecture and spiritual marvels in Pune’s Pataleshwar Cave Temple |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/explore-history-architecture-and-spiritual-marvels-in-punes-pataleshwar-cave-temple/cid/1984765 |access-date=6 December 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

The Pataleshwar temple is a protected [[monument]] of India and managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.<ref name=asi>{{cite web|title=List of the protected monuments of Mumbai Circle district-wise|url=http://www.asimumbaicircle.com/images/list-of-protected-monuments-n-forts.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104211235/http://www.asimumbaicircle.com/images/list-of-protected-monuments-n-forts.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>

==Location==
The Pataleshwar Caves are in the northern side of Pune, on a rocky hill immediately west of the ''sangam'' (confluence) of the Mula and Mutha rivers – sites recommended for temples in historic Sanskrit texts on temple architecture. Surveys of this site done in the 19th-century refer to it as the "Panchaleshvara cave", "Bhamburde caves of Pune", "Pandoo caves", or "Panchaleshvara temple"; they mention it to be situated in a village north of Pune. However, as the Pune city has grown, this site is now a part of Shivajinagar (Pune), surrounded by urban structures. The Pataleshwar caves are about {{Convert|150|km|mi|0}} from Mumbai.<ref name=fergusson/><ref name=asi/><ref name=sinclair>Sinclair (1877), pp. 98–99</ref><ref name="Rangan"/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Pataleshwar Caves, Panchalesvara Hindu temple, Pune Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|left|Floor plan of the Pataleshwar Caves, Pune]]
The Pataleshwar caves are a monolithic excavation of a rocky hillock that gently swells and forms the terrain here. Its entrance is about a 20 feet long path from the east of the complex. It was originally an excavated tunnel but one that collapsed. It was, for a period, restored with a masonry. The path leads into an open court that is nearly a square (95 feet at its maximum in north–south, by 90 feet across east–west).<ref name=fergusson/><ref name=sinclair/>

The floor of this open mandapa was cut into the basaltic rock, part of the vast [[Deccan Traps]]. It features a circular shape Nandi mandapa, all cut out of the original rock to monolithically reveal the Nandi shrine and the Nandi. This mandapa had sixteen pillars, twelve along the circumference and four inside to support the roof of the Nandi mandapa. However, four of the eastern pillars and the roof above they supported is now lost.<ref name=sinclair/><ref name="Rangan"/> The ''shilpins'' (artists) cut the floor around the Nandi mandapa to provide for an annular cistern about 2 feet deep, one that likely held any liquids used to wash or ceremonially rinse the Nandi. The Nandi sits on a pedestal, also monolithically carved out of the natural rock.<ref name=sinclair/>

The covered part of the Pataleshwar site is a large nearly square mandapa, a bit smaller in size than the open court with the Nandi mandapa. The facade consists of eight pillars and two pilasters.<ref name=sinclair/> There are five rows of these pillars, with an eight feet aisle, while the cave walls have pilasters, all monolithically excavated from single rock. The sanctums open to the east, and have a ''pradakshinapatha'' carved out (circumambulation passage) around the three sanctums.<ref name=sinclair/> A notable feature of the sanctums area of this complex is that it is at a lower level, cut deeper into the ground. It is this "underworld" symbolism that gives this site its name – Pataleshwar (many temples in India with deep-in-the ground sanctums are also called Pataleshwar).

A set of steps, flanked with two couchant stone tigers carved in-situ, provide entry into the covered mandapa. Between the third row and the fourth row of pillars, in the front of the sanctums, is another small Nandi hewn in-situ, thus re-affirming that this was a Hindu [[Shaivism]] site from its origins. The three sanctum caves total to about 39 feet long and 27.5 feet deep. The central shrine has a rock-cut Mahadeva Panchalesvara linga (original), while the cella on its side have space for statues.<ref name=sinclair/> The original statues are lost, and were likely of Brahma on one side, Vishnu on the other.<ref name=srinivasan/> Sometime before the mid-19th century, these were reclaimed with the addition of a Parvati statue and a Ganesha statue.<ref name=sinclair/>

The caves have remains and traces of reliefs, most of which is now lost. Of what can be identified, include Saptamatrikas (Shaktism), Gajalakshmi, Tripurantaka, Anantasayin (Vaishnavism) and Lingodbhava.<ref name=srinivasan/><ref name=sinclair/>

The complex includes a small side shrine for Durga.<ref name=srinivasan/>

===Contemporary additions===
The 19th-century survey reports mention a damaged drainage system, which caused rain water to flood the caves for many months of the year.<ref name=fergusson/><ref name=sinclair/> The ASI has attempted to correct this.

The complex of the cave is a part of a 19th-century community garden as reported in the earlier colonial era survey reports. This garden is now more elaborate. There are a few recovered architectural ruins stored in it. The Pune office of the Archaeological Survey of India is located in the adjacent property.<ref name=asi/>

==Related sites==
*The [[Shivleni Caves]] found in Ambajogai, south-central Maharashtra are quite similar to the Pataleshwar caves. They are a bit younger though, and have a square Nandi mandapa.<ref name=fergusson/>
*Bokardan caves, [[Aurangabad|Ch. Sambhaji Nagar]]
*Rudreshwar caves, Ch. Sambhaji Nagar
*Kharusa, Latur
*Bhandak, Chandrapur
*Kailasha, Ellora

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Pataleshwar Caves Internal Temple Columns.jpg|Pataleshwar caves pillars
File:Pataleshwar Caves Internal Temple Corridors.jpg|Pataleshwar Caves Internal Temple Corridors HDR Panorama Image.
File:Exclusive close up of Nandi Bull - Pataleshwar Cave Temple, Pune.jpg|Exclusive close up of Nandi Bull
File:Pataleshwar Caves Internal Temple Corridors 2.jpg|Pataleshwar Caves Internal Temple Columns HDR Image.
File:Pataleshwar Caves temple columns.jpg|A passage with stone pillars inside the Pataleshwar temple
File:Shivalinga Pataleshwar.jpg|The Shiva Linga inside the temple
File:Pataleshwar Nandi.jpg|Circular Nandi Mandapa
File:Pataleshwar temple by Thomas Daniell 019PZZ000000175U00000000(SVC2).jpg|Pataleshwar temple by [[Thomas Daniell]] in 1803. He called it "Pandoo's (Pandav's) cave.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*James Fergusson and James Burgess (1880), ''The Cave Temples of India'', W.H. Allen, {{OCLC|1235946381}}
*W.H. Sinclair (1877), ''Notes on the Cave of Panchalesvara in Mouje Bhamburde, Taluka Haveli, Zilla Puna'', Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Volume 6, pp. 98–99
*Kuthur R. Srinivasan (1972), ''Temples of South India'', National Book Trust, {{OCLC|255727035}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Pataleshwar}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{Historical places of Rashtrakuta}}

[[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pune]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in India]]
[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]

Sushmita Mukherjee

2026-02-08T02:31:25Z

Gasperalmeida: quick update

{{Short description |Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Susmita Mukherjee Actress.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| birth_date = November 11th, 1964
| birth_place = [[Calcutta, West Bengal]], India
| name = Sushmita Mukherjee
| occupation = Actress
| other_names = Sushmita Bundela Mukherjee
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sudhir Mishra]]|1978||end=divorced}} [[Raja Bundela]]
| children = 2
}}
'''Sushmita Mukherjee'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=Sushmita Mukherjee: I didn’t realise the value of a role like Kitty back then |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sushmita-mukherjee-i-didnt-realise-the-value-of-a-role-like-kitty-back-then/articleshow/116054133.cms |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ({{IPA|bn|ʃuʃmita mukʰard͡ʒi}};<ref>{{Cite news |last=চৌধুরী |first=মধুমন্তী পৈত |title=সুস্মিতা মুখার্জীর সাক্ষাৎকার |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-television-actress-sushmita-mukherjee-1.827049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220120203/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-television-actress-sushmita-mukherjee-1.827049 |archive-date=2023-02-20 |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=bn}}</ref> born 11 November 1964) is an Indian actress with a career spanning [[Hindi]] cinema, television, and theatre. She became widely recognized for her performances in the television serial [[Gangaa]], and the film [[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]] (2006). Mukherjee has made notable contributions to both stage and screen.

She studied at [[Jesus and Mary College]] of the University of Delhi. She is an alumnus of [[National School of Drama]], graduating in 1983. Sushmita was married to the director [[Sudhir Mishra]]. After her divorce, she married the actor, producer, and civil activist [[Raja Bundela]] and has two children. Her book 'Baanjh: Incomplete Lives of Complete Women' which is a collection of 11 short stories released in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=If you are passionate about something, then things happen: Susmita Mukherjee on writing 'Baanjh' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/if-you-are-passionate-about-something-then-things-happen-susmita-mukherjee-on-writing-baanjh/articleshow/82880050.cms |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=24 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She has acted in films with [[Jackie Shroff]] such as ''[[Khalnayak]]'' and ''[[King Uncle]]'' which also starred [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]] in the former, and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Paresh Rawal]] in the latter. Currently, she is portraying the role of Kusum Mishra in [[Jagannath Aur Purvi Ki Dosti Anokhi]] at Sony TV. Currently, she is playing Rekha in [[Star Bharat]] show ''[[Meri Saas Bhoot Hai]]'' opposite Kajal Chauhan and [[Vibhav Roy]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-veteran-actress-sushmita-mukherjee-to-be-seen-in-a-new-dramedy/articleshow/96058535.cms | title=Exclusive - Veteran actress Sushmita Mukherjee to be seen in a new dramedy - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 December 2022 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|2024
|''[[Patna Shuklla]]''
|Lata Jha
|-
|2023
|''[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke]]''
|Roshni Chawla
|-
|2022
|[[Mind the Malhotras|''Mind the Malhotras S2'']]
|Rishabh's mother (Web Series)
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|''[[Mind the Malhotras]]''
| Rishabh's mother (Web Series)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/mind-the-malhotras-amazon-prime-video-india-dia-mirza-mini-mathur-cyrus-sahukar-june-2043616 |title=Dia Mirza-Produced Mind the Malhotras Is Amazon's Next Indian Series |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=27 May 2019 |language=en |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[Batti Gul Meter Chalu]]''
| Judge
|-
|''[[Phir Se...]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2016
|''[[Dil Toh Deewana Hai]]''
|
|-
|''[[1920 London]]''
|Kesar Maa
|-
|''[[Mastizaade]]''
|Seema Lele
|-
|''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]''
|Sindoor Bua
|-
| 2015
|''[[Thoda Lutf Thoda Ishq]]''
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Sold (2014 film)|Sold]]''
|Mumtaz
|-
|2013
|''[[Kamasutra 3D]]''
| Queen
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010
|''[[Rakht Charitra]]''
|rowspan="2"|Gomti
|-
|''[[Rakht Charitra 2]]''
|-
|''[[Paathshaala]]''
|Mrs. Bose
|-
|2009
|''[[Teree Sang]]''
|Sushma Punjabi
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
|''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''
| Neha's Aunt
|-
|''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]''
|
|-
|''[[The Other End of the Line]]''
|Priya's Mother
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
|''[[Good Boy, Bad Boy]]''
| Prof. Bebo Chatterjee
|-
|''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]''
|Sharda
|-
|''[[Aaja Nachle]]''
|Mrs. Chojar
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|''[[Vinaash]]''
|Under Production
|-
|''[[Golmaal (2006 film)|Golmaal]]''
|Dadi Ji/Mangala
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
|''[[Koi Aap Sa]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]''
|Mrs. Hingorani
|-
|2004
|''[[Inteqam]]''
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikke Pe Ikka - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=3065 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|Kuntiputhri Kuku
|-
|''[[Parmatma]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|1993
|''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''
|Sweety
|-
|''[[King Uncle]]''
|Shanti ( negative character )
|-
|''[[Gitanjali]]''
|
|-
|''[[Aadmi Khilona Hai]]''
|Roopmati
|-
|''[[Rudaali]]''
|Budhwa's Wife
|-
|rowspan="2"|1992
|''[[Khalnayak]]''
|Mrs. Pandey
|-
|''[[Ghar Jamai (1992 film)|Ghar Jamai]]''
| Prema
|-
|1991
|''[[Pratikar]]''
|Bal Kumari Diwani
|-
|1988
|''[[Main Zinda Hoon]]''
|Friend
|-
|1987
|''[[Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin]]''
|Sabita, Journalist
|-
|}

=== TV serials ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|
|''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]''
|Avanti Rajpal (Ramola Sikand's Jethani)
|-
|
|''[[Talaash (Pakistani TV series)|Talaash]]''
|
|-
|
|''[[Tara (TV series)|Tara]]''
| Anita Seth
|-
|
|''Raam Khilawan CM and Family''
|
|-
|
|''Yeh Public Hai Sab Jaanti Hai''
|
|-
|
|''[[Meri Mrs. Chanchala]]''
| Chanchala
|-
|
|''[[Kavyanjali]]''
|Romilla Nanda
|-
|
|''[[Kulvaddhu]]''
| Rajlaxmi Singh Rathore
|-
|
|''Ghost Banaa Dost''
|
|-
|
|''[[Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''
| Chandy
|-
|
|''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''
| Gangiya (Loha's Mistress)
|-
|
| ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''
| Devki
|-
|
|''[[Karamchand]]''
| Kitty, Karamchand's assistant
|-
|
|''Isi Bahane''
| Lizzie
|-
|
|''[[Kabhi Saas Kabhi Bahu]]''
| Hema Awasthi
|-
|
|''Kab Tak Pukaroon Pyari''
|
|-
|
|''[[Housewife Hai Sab Jaanti Hai]]''
| Indrani Devi
|-
|
|''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
| Dai Maa
|-
|
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| Subhadra
|-
|
|''[[Gangaa]]''
| Kanta Chaturvedi/ Ammaji
|-
|
| ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|rowspan="2"|Dolly Singh Oberoi / Bua Maa
|-
|
|''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
|-
|
| ''[[TV, Biwi aur Main]]''
| Mausi Dadiji / Mausi ka bhoot
|-
|
| ''[[Khichdi Returns]]''
| Sudha (Guest)
|-
|
| ''[[Krishna Chali London]]''
| Krishna's aunt
|-
|2022
|''[[Jagannath Aur Purvi Ki Dosti Anokhi]]''
|Kusum Mishra
|-
|2023
|''[[Meri Saas Bhoot Hai]]''
|Rekha
|-
|2025
|[[Dabba Cartel]]
|Tejasvi Tijori
|-
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0611573}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Supporting Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Sushmita}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]

Government Post-Graduate College, Sambhal

2026-02-05T04:24:18Z

Gasperalmeida: created new data and citations

{{Short description|College in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government PG College Sambhal
| native_name =
| image =
| city = [[Sambhal]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| founder = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| established = 2005
| principal = Prabha Sharma
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]]
| type = Public
| students = {{c|1600}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.gpgcollegesbl.org}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Government Degree College Sambhal''' is a post-graduate college in [[Sambhal]] affiliated with [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]] in [[Bareilly]], India. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in science, arts, and commerce. It is one of the main degree colleges in the city. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hi:मुरादाबाद जनपद में महाविद्यालयों की सूची |url=http://uphed.gov.in/post/hi/moradabad-district-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729213259/http://uphed.gov.in/post/hi/moradabad-district-list |archive-date=2020-07-29 |website=uphed.gov.in |language=hi}}</ref> The college was established in 2005 with graduation in B.A. and B.Com. After some years, the college started offering B.Sc., M.A. and M.Com. classes.

==History==
The college was established in 2005 by the government of Uttar Pradesh with the great effort of [[Ram Gopal Yadav]], then the member of parliament from [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Social worker Parvez Khan donated his 2.597-hectare land to the college. In July 2005, arts and commerce classes were started. In 2008, the construction of the college building was completed, and science classes also started. In 2014, post-graduation classes of Commerce and Arts (Hindi, Sociology, Political Science & Economics) were also started. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpgcollegesbl.org/|title=Govt. Degree College Sambhal Moradabad|website=gpgcollegesbl.org|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713134345/http://www.gpgcollegesbl.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Campus==
The campus is approximately {{cvt|6.6|acre}}. It also has a seminar room. The college maintains a playground and a sports complex. [[Basketball]], [[Cricket]], and [[table tennis]] are organized under the supervision of the director of physical education. The college has well equipped physics, chemistry and Biology laboratories, and [[National Service Scheme|NSS]] rooms.⁣ <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/sambhal/story-aware-of-cleanliness-in-nss-camp-1756201.html|title=NSS Camp in Government Degree College Sambhal}}</ref>

===Library===
The college has a library.

===Hostel===
The college has a boy hostel. The hostel provides residential facilities to undergraduate and postgraduate male students. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/colleges/govt-mahavidyalaya-sambhal/7720/2|title=Govt-mahavidyalaya-sambhal/7720/2}}</ref>

==Courses==
The college gives degrees in
*[[Bachelor of Arts]] ('''B.A.'''),
*[[Bachelor of Commerce]] ('''B.Com'''),
*[[Bachelor of Science]] ('''B.Sc'''),
*[[Master of Arts]] ('''M.A.''') and
*[[Master of Commerce]] ('''M.Com''')

The college has offered '''three-years degree courses''' (T.D.C.) such<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sambhal-city-14265887.html|title=राजकीय महाविद्यालय में प्रवेश प्रक्रिया जारी|archive-date=13 July 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713135030/https://m.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sambhal-city-14265887.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Undergraduate courses===
*[[Hindi]]
*[[English studies|English]]
*[[History]]
*[[Economics]]
*[[Sociology]]
*[[Political science]]
*[[Commerce]]
*[[Physics]]
*[[Chemistry]]
*[[Mathematics]]
*[[Zoology]]
*[[Botany]]

===Postgraduate courses===
*[[Hindi]]
*[[Economics]]
*[[Sociology]]
*[[Political Science]]
*[[Commerce]]

==See also==
*[[Hindu Degree College, Moradabad]]
*[[Government Medical College Badaun, UP|Government Medical College, Badaun]]
*[[Autonomous State Medical College, Hardoi]]
*[[Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Autonomous State Medical College, Shahjahanpur|Autonomous State Medical College, Shahjahanpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Sambhal]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2005]]

List of chief secretaries of Maharashtra

2026-01-24T11:41:53Z

Gasperalmeida: creating details.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chief Secretary of Maharashtra
| body = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| image =Rajesh Aggarwal (IAS 1989 MH).jpg
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Rajesh Aggarwal]]
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2025
| style = 
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| reports_to = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]] & [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] [[Maharashtra]]
| residence = A-10 Bungalow, Madame Cama Road, [[Mumbai]]
| seat = 6th Floor, [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| termlength =
| inaugural =
| formation =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}
The '''[[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary of Maharashtra]]''' is the top-most executive official and [[Civil Services of India|senior-most civil servant]] of the [[Maharashtra State]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100514615/what-are-the-roles-and-functions-of-chief-secretary-of-a-state.html|title=What are the Roles and Functions of Chief Secretary of a State?|website=Preserve Articles|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018150200/http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100514615/what-are-the-roles-and-functions-of-chief-secretary-of-a-state.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Chief Secretary is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' head of the state Civil Services Board, the State Secretariat, the state cadre [[Indian Administrative Service]] and all civil services under the rules of business of the state government.
**The Chief Secretary acts as the principal advisor to the [[chief minister (India)|chief minister]] on all matters of state administration.

The Chief Secretary is the officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The Chief Secretary is the senior-most cadre post in the state administration, ranking 23rd on the [[Indian order of precedence]]. The Chief Secretary acts as an ''[[ex-officio]]'' secretary to the state cabinet, therefore called ''"Secretary to the Cabinet"''. The status of this post is equal to that of a [[Secretary to the Government of India]].

[[Rajesh Aggarwal]] is the current [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the [[Government of Maharashtra]], appointed on 1 December 2025.

==Past Chief Secretaries==

Source:<ref>[https://mahaias.maharashtra.gov.in/mahaias/hpages/Hon_Chief_Secretary_List.pdf Chief Secretary List as on]</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
!Sl.
!Name
!colspan=3|Term of office
!Ref.
|-
!1
|N. T. Mone
|1 May 1960
|16 August 1964
| {{age in years and days|1960|05|01|1964|08|16}}
|
|-
!2
|D. R. Pradhan
|17 August 1964
|4 September 1967
| {{age in years and days|1964|08|17|1967|09|04}}
|
|-
!3
|B. B. Pemaster
|5 September 1967
|24 September 1971
| {{age in years and days|1967|09|05|1971|09|24}}
|
|-
!4
|L. G. Rajwade
|25 September 1971
|7 November 1972
| {{age in years and days|1971|09|25|1972|11|07}}
|
|-
!5
|L. M. Nadkarni
|8 November 1972
|30 September 1973
| {{age in years and days|1972|11|08|1973|09|30}}
|
|-
!6
|D. D. Sathe
|1 October 1973
|30 September 1976
| {{age in years and days|1973|10|01|1976|09|30}}
|
|-
!7
|J. B. D'Souza
|1 October 1976
|31 May 1977
|{{age in years and days|1976|10|01|1977|05|31}}
|
|-
!8
|S. V. Bhave
|1 June 1977
|31 May 1978
|{{age in years and days|1977|06|01|1978|05|31}}
|
|-
!9
|L. S. Lulla
|1 June 1978
|19 April 1979
|{{age in years and days|1978|06|01|1979|04|19}}
|
|-
!10
|P. D. Kasbekar
|20 April 1979
|30 September 1979
| {{age in years and days|1979|04|20|1979|09|30}}
|
|-
!11
|P. G. Gavai
|1 October 1979
|31 July 1982
| {{age in years and days|1979|10|01|1982|07|31}}
|
|-
!12
|R. D. Pradhan
|23 August 1982
|14 January 1985
| {{age in years and days|1982|08|23|1985|01|14}}
|
|-
!13
|B. G. Deshmukh
|7 March 1985
|31 July 1986
| {{age in years and days|1985|03|07|1986|07|31}}
|
|-
!14
|K. G. Paranjape
|1 August 1986 -
|31 August 1988
| {{age in years and days|1986|08|01|1988|08|31}}
|
|-
!15
|D. M. Sukhthankar
|1 September 1988
|31 August 1990
| {{age in years and days|1988|09|01|1990|08|31}}
|
|-
!16
|K. B. Shrinivas
|1 September 1990
|31 December 1991
| {{age in years and days|1990|09|01|1991|12|31}}
|
|-
!17
|S. Ramamurti
|1 January 1992
|10 March 1993
| {{age in years and days|1992|01|01|1993|03|10}}
|
|-
!18
|N. Raghunathan
|11 March 1993
|30 September 1994
| {{age in years and days|1993|03|11|1994|09|30}}
|
|-
!19
|Sharad Upasani
|1 October 1994
|17 January 1996
| {{age in years and days|1994|10|01|1996|01|17}}
|
|-
!20
|Dinesh Afzalpurkar
|24 February 1996
|31 August 1997
| {{age in years and days|1996|02|24|1997|08|31}}
|
|-
!21
|P. Subramanyam
|31 August 1997
|25 May 1999
| {{age in years and days|1997|09|01|1999|05|25}}
|
|-
!22
|A. L. Bongirwar
|25 May 1999
|24 January 2001
| {{age in years and days|1999|05|25|2001|01|24}}
|
|-
!23
|V. Ranganathan
|24 January 2001
|30 September 2002
| {{age in years and days|2001|01|24|2002|09|30}}
|
|-
!24
|Ajit M. Nimbalkar
|1 October 2002
|31 May 2004
| {{age in years and days|2002|10|01|2004|05|31}}
|
|-
!25
|Arun Kumar Mago
|1 June 2004
|30 October 2004
| {{age in years and days|2004|06|01|2004|10|30}}
|
|-
!26
|Navin Kumar
|31 October 2004
|8 December 2004
| {{age in years and days|2004|10|31|2004|12|08}}
|
|-
!27
|R. K. Premkumar
|8 December 2004
|28 February 2006
| {{age in years and days|2004|12|08|2006|02|28}}
|
|-
!28
|D. K. Shankaran
|1 April 2006
|30 April 2007
| {{age in years and days|2006|04|01|2007|04|30}}
|
|-
!29
|[[Johny Joseph (civil servant)|Johny Joseph]]
|30 April 2007
|30 November 2009
| {{age in years and days|2007|04|30|2009|11|30}}
|
|-
!30
|[[JP Dange|J. P. Dange]]
|30 November 2009
|4 January 2011
| {{age in years and days|2009|11|30|2011|01|04}}
|
|-
!31
|R. Y. Gaikwad
|4 January 2011
|31 May 2012
| {{age in years and days|2011|01|04|2012|05|31}}
|
|-
!32
|J. K. Banthiya
|31 May 2012
|30 November 2013
| {{age in years and days|2012|05|31|2013|11|30}}
|
|-
!33
|J. S. Sahariya
|30 November 2013
|31 July 2014
| {{age in years and days|2013|11|30|2014|07|31}}
|
|-
!34
|Swadheen Kshatriya
|31 July 2014
|28 February 2017
| {{age in years and days|2014|07|31|2017|02|28}}
|
|-
!35
|Summet Mallik
|28 February 2017
|30 April 2018
| {{age in years and days|2017|02|28|2018|04|30}}
|
|-
!36
|Dinesh Kumar Jain
|30 April 2018
|26 March 2019
| {{age in years and days|2018|04|30|2019|03|26}}
|
|-
!37
|U. P. S. Madan
|27 March 2019
|13 May 2019
| {{age in years and days|2019|03|27|2019|05|13}}
|
|-
!38
|[[Ajoy Mehta]]
|13 May 2019
|30 June 2020
| {{age in years and days|2019|05|13|2020|06|30}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Secretary of Maharashtra Ajoy Mehta called on Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari. {{!}} Raj Bhavan Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/gallery/chief-secretary-ajoy-mehta/|access-date=2021-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!39
|[[Sanjay Kumar (IAS)|Sanjay Kumar]]
|1 July 2020
|28 February 2021
| {{age in years and days|2020|07|01|2021|02|28}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra: Sitaram Kunte replaces Sanjay Kumar as new Chief Secretary |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/maharashtra-sitaram-kunte-replaces-sanjay-kumar-as-new-chief-secretary/22155 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=IndianMandarins |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!40
|[[Sitaram Kunte]]
|28 February 2021
|30 November 2021
| {{age in years and days|2021|02|28|2021|11|30}}
|
|-
!41
|Debashish Chakrabarty
|30 November 2021
|28 February 2022
| {{age in years and days|2021|11|30|2022|02|28}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Kunte retires as Maharashtra chief secy, Debashish Chakrabarty takes additional charge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kunte-retires-as-chief-secy-debashish-chakrabarty-takes-addl-charge-7649669/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!42
|Manu Kumar Srivastava
|28 February 2022
|30 April 2023
| {{age in years and days|2022|02|28|2023|04|30}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Manoj Saunik is new chief Secretary of Maharashtra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/manukumar-srivastava-is-new-chief-secretary-7795379/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!43
|Manoj Saunik
|30 April 2023
|1 January 2024
| {{age in years and days|2023|04|30|2024|01|01}}
|
|-
!44
|Dr. [[Nitin Kareer]]
|1 January 2024
|30 June 2024
| {{age in years and days|2024|01|01|2024|06|30}}
|
|-
!45
|Mrs.[[Sujata Saunik]]
|1 July 2024
|30 June 2025
| {{age in years and days|2024|07|01|2025|6|30}}
|
|-
!46
|Rajesh Kumar Meena
|1 July 2025
|30 November 2025
|{{age in years and days|2025|07|01|2025|11|30}}
|
|-
!47
|[[Rajesh Aggarwal]]
|1 December 2025
|''[[Incumbent]]''
|{{age in years and days|2025|12|01}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 November 2025|title= Rajesh Aggarwal is new Maharashtra Chief Secretary|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rajesh-agarwal-is-new-maharashtra-chief-secretary-10391888/ |access-date= 29 November 2025|website= [[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of chief secretaries of Mizoram]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Baheri, Bihar

2026-01-20T21:14:33Z

Gasperalmeida: entry

{{more citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baheri
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|5|0|N|86|9|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Bihar state gov.
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = mosta o boughalem
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = mosta
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = esbp
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baheri''' is a town in the [[Darbhanga district]], in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Baheri Population - Darbhanga, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/227653-baheri-bihar.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Railway stations in India]]
* [[Antaur]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}



[[Category:Villages in Darbhanga district]]

{{Darbhanga-geo-stub}}

Sitamarhi Institute of Technology

2026-01-19T13:31:16Z

Gasperalmeida: small changes

{{Short description|Engineering college in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Sitamarhi Institute of Technology logo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| motto = विद्या ददाति विनयम्
| mottoeng = With knowledge comes modesty
| established = {{start date and age|2016}}
| type = Fully Govt.funded
| affiliation = [[Bihar Engineering University]]
| principal = Dr. Sunil Kumar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dst.bih.nic.in/ListOfOfficers.aspx|title=Department of Science & Technology :: List of Principal, Engineering College|website=dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>
| undergrad =
| city = [[Sitamarhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] & [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| logo = SITBihar.jpg
| website = {{URL|https://www.sitsitamarhi.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Sitamarhi Institute of Technology''' is a government engineering college under [[Department of Science and Technology, Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dst.bih.nic.in/EngineeringCollegeDetails.aspx|title=Department of Science & Technology :: List of Engineering College|website=dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> It is situated in [[Sitamarhi district]] of [[Bihar]]. Institute is affiliated with [[Bihar Engineering University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/EngineeringDetails.aspx?SlNo=11|title=.:Official Website : Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna:.|website=akubihar.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> It was established in the year 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/sitamarhi-institute-of-technology-sitamarhi |title=Sitamarhi Institute of Technology, Sitamarhi |website=www.careers360.com |language=en |access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>

== Location ==
Institute is situated in [[sitamarhi district]] of northern [[Bihar]]. campus is located around 140 km away from capital city of [[patna]]. institute is well connected by road and railways from [[Patna]], [[Muzaffarpur]] and [[Darbhanga]]. Nearest airport is [[Darbhanga Airport|Darbhanga]] which is around 75 km from the campus.

== Admission ==
Admission in the institute for four years [[Bachelor of Technology]] course is made through [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board#UGEAC|UGEAC]] conducted by [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sitsitamarhi.ac.in/academics/admission/|title=» Admission|last=www.polytropicservices.com|first=Polytropic Services, Biscoman Patna, website-|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board#UGEAC|UGEAC]] is based on the rank list of [[JEE Main]] conducted by [[National Testing Agency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/UGEACexIndex.php|title=Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board (BCECEB).|website=bceceboard.bihar.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>

== Departments ==

The institute has five departments.

# Department of [[Civil Engineering]]
# Department of [[Computer Science & Engineering]]
# Department of [[Mechanical Engineering]]
# Department of [[Electrical Engineering]]
# Department of [[Applied Science]] and [[Humanities]]

Institute offers four branches in [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech) course with annual intake of 60 students in each branch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collegedunia.com/college/60117-sitamarhi-institute-of-technology-sit-sitamarhi|title=Sitamarhi Institute of Technology - [SIT], Sitamarhi|website=Collegedunia|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>

# B.Tech in Civil Engineering
# B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering
# B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
# B.Tech in Electrical Engineering

== References ==
[[Bihar Engineering University]]{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sitsitamarhi.ac.in/ Official website]
* [https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/ BCECE Board website]
* [[Bihar Engineering University]]
* [http://dst.bih.nic.in/ DST, Bihar website]

{{Aryabhatta Knowledge University}}
{{Engineering Colleges in Bihar}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]

Praveen Kumar (dancer)

2026-01-12T04:17:18Z

Gasperalmeida: New initial biography v1

{{Short description|Indian dancer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Praveen Kumar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|01|25}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = dancer, choreographer, teacher
| known_for = [[Bharatanatyam]]
}}
'''P. Praveen Kumar''' (born 25 January 1971) is an Indian dancer specialized in the classical dance form [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref name="CCRT">{{cite web |author= |date=2020-11-09 |title=P. Praveen Kumar |url=https://ccrtindia.gov.in/artists_profile/p-praveen-kumar/ |publisher=[[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] |access-date=2025-01-19}}</ref>
==Early life and career==
Kumar holds a Bachelor of Commerce and was awarded a state government scholarship to pursue dance.<ref name="CCRT" /> He learned Bharatanatyam under the dancers [[S. Narmada]] and [[C. V. Chandrasekhar]].<ref name="TH">{{cite web |last=Venkataraman |first=Leela |date=2023-01-27 |title=Praveen Kumar revisited old compositions with new interpretations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/praveen-kumar-revisited-old-compositions-with-new-interpretations/article66439307.ece |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=2025-01-19}}</ref>

Kumar has been an 'A' graded artist on [[Doordarshan]] since 2002 and was awarded the [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=List of ‘Top’ and ‘A’ grade artist of all dance style except Kathak |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/List-of-Graded-artist-for-uploading-website123.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=[[Prasar Bharati]] |access-date=2025-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2013-02-15 |title=2011-2012 Sangeet Natak Akademi Annual Report |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/reports/164093189415902.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=2025-01-19}}</ref> He serves on the panel of classical performing artists for cultural missions and festivals abroad for the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="CCRT" />

Kumar had been named the best dancer of the 2019 dance festival by the [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2019-02-05 |title=Dance Festival 2019 Prize Winners Details |url=https://www.musicacademymadras.in/conference_concerts/dance-festival-2019-prize-winners-details/ |publisher=The Music Academy |access-date=2025-01-19}}</ref>

He teaches at the Chithkala School of Dance in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="CCRT" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://chithkala.com/ Chithkala School of Dance]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Praveen}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

5 naye paise (Indian coin)

2026-01-10T01:49:52Z

Gasperalmeida: Starting New Stub From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian unit of currency}}
{{distinguish|5 paise (Indian coin)}}
{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = Five naye paise पाँच नए पैसे
| Country = {{flag|India}}
| Value = {{frac|1|20}} of [[Indian rupee]]
| Unit =
| Mass_g = 4.0
| Mass_troy_oz =
| Mass_grain = 62.5
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special = 
| Gold_troy_oz =
| Silver_troy_oz =
| Diameter_mm = 22
| Diameter_inch = 0.87
| Diameter_special = 
| Thickness_mm = 1.67
| Thickness_inch = 0.066
| Thickness_special = 
| Edge = Smooth
| Composition = [[Cupronickel]]
| Years of Minting = 1957–1963
| Mintage = 4,294,967,295
| Mint marks = ⧫ = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] B = Mumbai proof issue * = [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] ⟐ = [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] No mark = [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]]
| Circulation = [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]]
| Catalog Number = [[Standard Catalog of World Coins|KM#]] 16
| Obverse =
| Obverse Design = [[State Emblem of India]] with country name.
| Obverse Designer =
| Obverse Design Date =
| Obverse Discontinued =
| Obverse2 =
| Obverse2 Design =
| Obverse2 Designer =
| Obverse2 Design Date =
| Obverse2 Discontinued =
| Obverse3 =
| Obverse3 Design =
| Obverse3 Designer =
| Obverse3 Design Date =
| Obverse3 Discontinued =
| Obverse4 =
| Obverse4 Design =
| Obverse4 Designer =
| Obverse4 Design Date =
| Obverse4 Discontinued =
| Reverse =
| Reverse Design = Face value, year and value in Hindi (रूपये का बीसवाँ भाग; Eng: Twentieth of a rupee)
| Reverse Designer =
| Reverse Design Date =
| Reverse Discontinued =
| Reverse2 =
| Reverse2 Design =
| Reverse2 Designer =
| Reverse2 Design Date =
| Reverse2 Discontinued =
| Reverse3 =
| Reverse3 Design =
| Reverse3 Designer =
| Reverse3 Design Date =
| Reverse3 Discontinued =
| Reverse4 =
| Reverse4 Design =
| Reverse4 Designer =
| Reverse4 Design Date =
| Reverse4 Discontinued =
}}
The Indian '''five naye paise''' ({{langx|hi|पाँच नए पैसे}}) (singular: ''Paisa''), was a unit of [[currency]] equaling {{frac|1|20}} of the [[Indian rupee]]. The symbol for paisa is '''p'''.

==History==
Prior to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 [[Anno Domini|AD]] was further divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided to four [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pices]] and each pice into three [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] till 1947 when the pie was demonetized. In 1955, India amended the "[[The Indian Coinage Act, 1906|Indian Coinage Act]]" to adopt the metric system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called "Naya Paisa" (English: ''New Paisa''. Plural: ''Naye paise''). On 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa" (or paise for denomination greater than one). Paisa coins were issued as a part of "The Decimal Series".<ref name="Coin details">{{cite news|title=Coin details|publisher=India Numismatics|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1624.html}}</ref><ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian coins">{{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=India Numismatics|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref>

==Mintage==
Five naye paise coins were minted from 1957 to 1963 at the [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|India Government mint]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present day Mumbai) and borne ⧫ (small dot/diamond) symbol mint mark. Five naye paise coins have been [[Withdrawal of low-denomination coins|demonetized]].<ref name="History of Indian coins"/><ref name="5 naye paise">{{cite news|title=5 naye paise|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/coin/2105-5_Naye_Paise_new-1957~Today_-_Circulation-India_Republic}}</ref>

===Total mintage===
Total 4,294,967,295 coins were minted from 1957 to 1963.<ref name="5 naye paise"/>

===Composition===
Five naye paise coins were minted from [[cupronickel]] alloy in [[Coin orientation|medallic alignment]]. Coins weighed 4.0 grams, had a diameter of {{convert|22|mm|in}} and thickness of {{convert|1.67|mm|in}}. Five naye paise coins were quadrangular shaped and had smooth edge.<ref name="Coin details"/>

==Variants==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="13"|Variants (1957-1963).
|-
! colspan="2"| Image !! rowspan="2"| Value !! colspan="4"| Technical parameters !! colspan="3"| Description !! colspan="2"| Year of minting !! rowspan="2"| Monetary status
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last
|-
| [[File:5 Naye Paise (Obverse).jpg|75px]] || [[File:5 Naye Paise (Reverse).jpg|75px]] || 5 naye paise || 4.0 g || 22 mm || 1.67 mm || [[Cupronickel]] || Smooth || [[State Emblem of India]] & country name in Hindi and English. || Face-value and year. || 1957 || 1963 || [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]].<ref name="Coin details"/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian paisa]]

{{Portal bar|India|Numismatics|Money}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=50em}}

{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Five-cent coins]]

{{Authority control}}

Yamuna Action Plan

2026-01-03T11:29:54Z

Gasperalmeida: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
The '''Yamuna Action Plan''' is a bilateral project between the [[Government of India]] and Japan, introduced in 1993. It is one of the largest river restoration projects in India. The [[Government of Japan]], via the [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]] (JBIC), has provided financial aid to carry out the project, which is being executed by the National River Conservation Directorate, the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], and the Government of India. Phase I, which began in 1993, marked its end in 2003, although it was expected to be completed by 2000.

==Yamuna Action Plan Phase II==
The Yamuna Action Plan Project Phase II, begun in 2003,<ref name="delhigreens">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Aradharna |title=Here We Go Again: Yamuna Action Plan Phase III |url=http://delhigreens.com/2018/12/29/here-we-go-again-yamuna-action-plan-phase-iii/ |website=Delhi Greens |access-date=8 June 2019 |date=December 29, 2018}}</ref> is regarded as the core project under the National River Conservation Plan of Government of India. The project addresses the abatement of severe pollution of the River Yamuna by raising sewage treatment capacity, caused by rapid population growth, industrialization and urbanization in the towns of the river basin, which includes Delhi, the capital of India. Building new sewage treatment plants and expanding capacity of old ones and laying and rehabilitating sewers will be done to enhance the treatment capacity particularly in Delhi and Agra. These works will lead to improvement of the sanitation conditions for the residents of towns in the river basin. Public participation and awareness activities which are part of the project shall ensure the residents' recognition of the necessity of water quality conservation in the River Yamuna, and would establish linkage between the river conservation and their own living environments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/india/english/activities/activity13.html|title=JAP phase II|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525062024/https://www.jica.go.jp/india/english/activities/activity13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{As of| 2019}} the project was still going forward with an additional phase to clean pollution from the river. The Yamuna is a tributary of the Ganges. Water Resources Minister Mr. Gadkari was hopeful that the Ganges River will be completely free of pollution by March 2020.<ref name="delhigreens"/>

==References==
*[[Yamuna Mission]]

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://fore.yale.edu/files/Sharma_and_Kansal-Yamuna_Action_Plan.pdf "The status and effects of the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP)"] Deepshikha Sharma and Arun Kansal, TERI University, 2008, retrieved June 8, 2019

* [http://www.yap.nic.in Yamuna Action Plan website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010121141/http://yap.nic.in/ |date=10 October 2007 }}
* [http://www.pmc4yap2.com Official consultant to the YAP project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827074851/http://www.pmc4yap2.com/ |date=27 August 2007 }}
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000418/haryana.htm#1 An article on the YAP project] at ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]''
*[http://yamunamission.com/ Yamuna Mission]

[[Category:Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Environment of Delhi]]
[[Category:Water pollution in India]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Term of office

2025-12-17T10:47:54Z

Gasperalmeida: correct information also

{{Short description|Set length of time a person serves in an elected position}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2014}}
{{Globalize|article|Anglophone|2name=[[English-speaking world|the English-speaking world]]|date=November 2016}}
}}
A '''term of office''', '''electoral term''', or '''parliamentary term''' is the length of time a person serves in a particular [[elected office]]. In many jurisdictions there is a defined limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to [[re-election]]. Some jurisdictions exercise [[term limit]]s, setting a maximum number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office.

==Terms of office by country==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400px; text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=8|Heads of state
|-
|colspan=8|[[File:Terms of office of heads of state.svg|400px]]
|-
!colspan=8|Upper houses
|-
|colspan=8|[[File:Terms of office of upper houses.svg|400px]]
|-
!colspan=8|Lower houses
|-
|colspan=8|[[File:Terms of office of lower houses.svg|400px]]
|-
!colspan=8|Legend
|-
| style="background:#ff8000; width:14.3%;"|<3 || style="background:#fff000; width:14.3%;"|{{nbsp}}3{{nbsp}}|| style="background:#30c030; width:14.3%;"|{{nbsp}}4{{nbsp}}|| style="background:#00c0ff; width:14.3%;"|{{nbsp}}5{{nbsp}}|| style="background:#00f; width:14.3%;"|{{nbsp}}6{{nbsp}}|| style="background:#8000ff; width:14.3%;"|{{nbsp}}7{{nbsp}}|| style="background:#f0f; width:14.3%;"|>7
|-
| style="background:#ddd;" colspan="2"|Not applicable || style="background:#926e51;" colspan="2"| Unclear || style="background:black;"|Varies || style="background:#c00000;" colspan="2"|Until removed from office
|}
Numbers in years unless stated otherwise. Some countries where [[fixed-term election]]s are uncommon, the legislature is almost always dissolved earlier than its expiry date. "[[Life tenure|Until removed from office]]" refers to offices that do not have fixed terms; in these cases, the officeholder(s) may serve indefinitely until death, abdication, resignation, retirement, or forcible removal from office (such as [[impeachment]]).

In most cases where the [[head of government]] is a different person from the head of state, its term of office is identical to the chamber that elected it (the legislature if it is unicameral, or most usually the [[lower house]] if it is bicameral), unless it does not survive a [[vote of no confidence]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:60%;"
|-
!width=28%|Country !!width=24%|Head of state!!width=24%|Members of the [[upper house]]{{efn|Excludes [[senator for life|senators for life]].}} !!width=24%|Members of the [[lower house]]
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|AFG}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ALB}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ALG}} || 5 || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|AND}} || Until removed from office {{nowrap|([[Bishop of Urgell]])}} 5 ([[President of France]]) || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ANG}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ATG}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ARG}} || 4 || 6 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ARM}} || 7<ref>{{cite web|url=https://president.am/en/constitution-2015/|title=Constitution of Armenia - Library - the President of Armenia|access-date=2022-04-10|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919030629/https://president.am/en/constitution-2015/|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|AUS}} || Until removed from office || 3 to 6 || 3
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|AUT}} || 6 || 5 to 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|AZE}} || 7 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BAH}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BHR}} || Until removed from office || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BAN}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BAR}} || 4 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BLR}} || 5 || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BEL}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BLZ}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BEN}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BHU}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BOL}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BIH}} || 4{{efn|The [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] is composed of three members as a collective head of state, all elected at the same time via popular vote, by different constituencies each, every four years.}} || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BOT}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BRA}} || 4 || 8 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BUL}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BUR}} || 5 || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BDI}} || 7 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|BRU}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CAM}} || Until removed from office || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CMR}} || 7 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CAN}} || Until removed from office || Until removed from office || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CPV}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CAF}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CHA}} || 6 || {{N/A}} || 5<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.laltdh.org/pdf/constution_tchad.pdf | title=La constitution de la Republique du Tchad promulguee le 04 mai 2018 | language=fr | trans-title=The Constitution of the Republic of Chad promulgated on May 4, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410025122/http://www.laltdh.org/pdf/constution_tchad.pdf | archive-date=2021-04-10 }}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CHI}} || 4 || 8 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CHN}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ROC}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|COL}} || 4 || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CGO}} || 5 || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|COM}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CIV}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CRI}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CRO}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CUB}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CYP}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|CZE}} || 5 || 6 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|DRC}} || 5 || 5 || 5<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/30fc959de50075fb86d6f23e93148d2f48056a21.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103200717/http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/30fc959de50075fb86d6f23e93148d2f48056a21.pdf|url-status=dead|title=CONSTITUTION DE LA REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO|archivedate=January 3, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|DEN}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|DJI}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|DMA}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|DOM}} || 4 || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ECU}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|EGY}} || 6 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SLV}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 3
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GNQ}} || 7 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ERI}} || Until removed from office{{efn|name=Eritrea|The 1997 [[Constitution of Eritrea]] defines a ''[[de jure]]'' term length of five years for the [[President of Eritrea|President]] and [[National Assembly (Eritrea)|National Assembly]], however to this date it has not been implemented.}}|| {{N/A}} || Until removed from office{{efn|name=Eritrea}}
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|EST}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SWZ}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ETH}} || 6 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|FIJ}} || 3 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|FIN}} || 6 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|FRA}} || [[President of France|5]] || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GAB}} || 7 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GAM}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GEO}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GER}} || 5 || 4 to 5 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GHA}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GRE}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GRD}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GUA}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GIN}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GNB}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|GUY}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|HAI}} || 5 || 6 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|HON}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|HUN}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ISL}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|IND}} || 5 || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|INA}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|IRN}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|IRQ}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|IRE}} || 7 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ISR}} || 7 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ITA}}{{efn|In [[Italy]] the ''prorogatio'', unlike the real extension of the term, does not affect the duration of the electoral mandate, but only concerns the exercise of the powers in the interval between the deadline, natural or anticipated, of this mandate, and the entry into office of the new elected body.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Buonomo|first1=Giampiero|title=Norme regionali annullate, ma sulla "prorogatio" del Consiglio passa il federalismo|journal=Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online|date=2003|url=https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89371618|access-date=2016-04-03|archive-date=2012-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89371618|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} || 7 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|JAM}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|JPN}} || Until removed from office || 6 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|JOR}} || Until removed from office || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|KAZ}} || 7 || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|KEN}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|KIR}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|KOS}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|KUW}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|KGZ}} ||5|| {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LAO}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LAT}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LIB}} || 6 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LBY}} || Until removed from office || Until removed from office || Until removed from office
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LES}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LBR}} || 6 || 9 || 6
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LIE}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LTU}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LUX}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MKD}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MAD}} || 5 || 5 || 5<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-Pierre Maury |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm#3 |title=Madagascar, Constitution de la IVe République 2010, Digithèque MJP |publisher=Mjp.univ-perp.fr |date= |accessdate=2022-03-08 |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128174717/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mg2010.htm#3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MWI}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MAS}} || 5 || 3 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MDV}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MLI}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MLT}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MHL}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MRT}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MUS}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MEX}} || 6 || 6 || 3
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|FSM}} || 4 || 4 || 2
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MON}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MGL}} || 6 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MDA}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MNE}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MAR}} || Until removed from office || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MOZ}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|MYA}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NAM}} || 5 || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NRU}} || 3 || {{N/A}} || 3
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NEP}} || 5 || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NED}} || Until removed from office || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NZL}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 3
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NIC}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NGR}} || 4 || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NIG}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PRK}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|NOR}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|OMA}} || Until removed from office || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PAK}} || 5 || 6 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PLW}} || 4 || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PLE}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PAN}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PNG}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PAR}} || 5 || 5* || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PER}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|PHI}} || 6 || 6 || 3
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|POL}} || 5 || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|POR}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|QAT}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ROM}} || 5 || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|RUS}} || 6 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|RWA}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|KNA}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LCA}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|VCT}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SAM}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SMR}} || 0.5 (6 months) || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|STP}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SAU}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SEN}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SRB}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SYC}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SLE}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SIN}} || 6 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SVK}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SLO}} || 5 || 5 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SLB}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SOM}} || 4 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ZAF}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ROK}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|South Sudan}} || 5<ref>{{cite web |title=South Sudan 2011 (rev. 2013) |url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/South_Sudan_2013?lang=en |website=Constitute Project |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905052527/https://constituteproject.org/constitution/South_Sudan_2013?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> || Unknown || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ESP}} || Until removed from office || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|LKA}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SUD}} || Until removed from office || Until removed from office || Until removed from office
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SUR}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SWE}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SUI}} || 4{{efn|The [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]] of Switzerland is composed of seven members as a collective head of state, all elected at the same time by the [[Federal Assembly of Switzerland]] every four years.}} || 4 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|SYR}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TJK}} || 7 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TZA}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|THA}} || Until removed from office || 5 || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TLS}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TGO}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TGA}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TTO}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TUN}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TUR}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TKM}} || 7 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|TUV}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|UGA}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|UKR}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|UAE}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|UK}} || Until removed from office || Until removed from office || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|USA}} || 4 || 6 || 2
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|URU}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|UZB}} || 7 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|VAN}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 4
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|Vatican City}} || Until removed from office || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|VEN}} || 6 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|VIE}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|YEM}} || 7 || {{N/A}} || 6
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ZAM}} || 5 || {{N/A}} || 5
|-
|align=left|{{flagcountry|ZIM}} || 5 || 5 || 5
|}

==United Kingdom==
Being the origin of the [[Westminster system]], aspects of the [[United Kingdom]]'s system of government are replicated in many other countries.

===Monarch===
The [[Monarch of the United Kingdom|monarch]] serves as head of state until his or her death or [[abdication]].

===House of Commons===
{{See also|House of Commons of the United Kingdom}}
In the [[United Kingdom]] Members of Parliament (MPs) in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|dissolution]] of the Parliament, a [[General elections (UK)|general election]] is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament. An individual's term may be cut short by death or [[Resignation from the British House of Commons|resignation]]. An MP elected in a [[UK Parliamentary by-elections|by-election]] mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing [[re-election]] at the next general election.

The [[Septennial Act 1715]] provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned; this maximum period was reduced to five years by the [[Parliament Act 1911]]. Prior to the [[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]] parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the [[prime minister]]'s request. Early dissolutions occurred when the make-up of Parliament made forming government impossible (as occurred in [[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|1974]]), or, more commonly, when the incumbent government reasoned an early general election would improve their re-election chances (e.g. [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]]). The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years; early dissolution remained possible but under much more limited circumstances. However, the act was repealed in 2022 and replaced with the [[Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022]], which restored the pre-2011 constitutional situation.

Because the [[government of the United Kingdom|government]] and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] are effectively [[Indirect election|indirectly elected]] through the Commons, the terms of Parliaments and MPs do not directly apply to offices of government, though in practice these are affected by changes in Parliament. While, strictly speaking, a prime minister whose incumbency spans multiple Parliaments only serves one, unbroken, term of office, some writers may refer to the different Parliaments as separate terms.<ref name="Thatcher 3terms">{{cite web|title=Margaret Thatcher|url=http://www.biography.com/people/margaret-thatcher-9504796|website=Biography.com|access-date=5 February 2016|quote="During her three terms…"|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204135624/http://www.biography.com/people/margaret-thatcher-9504796|url-status=live}}</ref>

===House of Lords===
[[Hereditary peer]]s and [[life peers]] retain membership of the [[House of Lords]] for life, though members can resign or be expelled. [[Lords Spiritual]] hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric (e.g. [[George Carey]], made ''Baron Carey of Clifton'' the day after he ceased being [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]).

===Devolved legislatures===
The devolved legislatures in [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]] have fixed terms. In Scotland and Northern Ireland, these are five years, while in Wales the fixed term is four years.

Extraordinary general elections to the devolved legislatures are held if no first minister (or, in the case of Northern Ireland, first minister and deputy first minister) is nominated within a particular period of time, or if two thirds of members of the relevant legislature vote for an extraordinary general election.

===Other elected offices===
Offices of [[Local government in the United Kingdom|local government]] other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years.

==United States==

===Federal===
{{main|Federal government of the United States}}
In the [[United States]], the [[president of the United States]] is elected indirectly through the [[United States Electoral College]] to a four-year term, with a [[term limit]] of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution]], ratified in 1951.

The [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] also serves four-year terms but without any term limit. [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representatives]] serve two-year terms. [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] serve six-year terms.

[[Federal judges]] have different terms in office. [[Article I and Article III tribunals|Article I judges]]; such as those that sit on the [[United States bankruptcy court]]s, [[United States Tax Court]], and [[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]], and certain other [[United States federal courts|federal courts]] and other forms of [[United States administrative law|adjudicative bodies]] serve limited terms: The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces for 15 years, bankruptcy courts for 14. However, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges (such as those of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], [[United States court of appeals|courts of appeal]], and [[United States district court|federal district courts]]), serve for life.

===State and territories===
{{main|State governments of the United States}}
The terms of office for officials in state governments varies according to the provisions of [[State constitution (United States)|state constitutions]] and [[state law]].

The term for [[state governor]]s is four years in all states but [[Vermont]] and [[New Hampshire]]; the [[Governor of Vermont|Vermont]] and [[Governor of New Hampshire|New Hampshire governors]] serve for two years.

The [[National Conference of State Legislatures]] reported in January 2007 that among [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/programs/legismgt/about/numoflegis.htm |title=Number of Legislators, Terms of Office, Next Election |publisher=Webarchive.loc.gov |date= |accessdate=2022-03-08 |archive-date=2009-04-29 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090429232858/http://www.ncsl.org/programs/legismgt/about/numoflegis.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*44 states had terms of office for the [[lower house]] of the state legislature (often termed the state House of Representatives) at two years. Five ([[Alabama House of Representatives|Alabama]], [[Louisiana House of Representatives|Louisiana]], [[Maryland House of Delegates|Maryland]], [[Mississippi House of Representatives|Mississippi]], and [[North Dakota House of Representatives|North Dakota]]) had terms of office at four years. (The [[Nebraska Legislature]] is an exception and has a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]] with members elected for four years, with [[staggered elections]] for half of members.)
*37 states had terms of office for the [[upper house]] of the state legislature (often termed the state Senate) at four years. 20 states had staggered elections for half of the seats in their four-year upper houses, while eight others (Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey and Texas) were elected on a 2-4-4 schedule, depending on the proximity of the election to legislative reapportionments following the [[United States census|decennial census]]. Twelve ([[Arizona Senate|Arizona]], [[Connecticut Senate|Connecticut]], [[Georgia State Senate|Georgia]], [[Idaho Senate|Idaho]], [[Maine Senate|Maine]], [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire Senate|New Hampshire]], [[New York State Senate|New York]], [[North Carolina Senate|North Carolina]], [[Rhode Island Senate|Rhode Island]], [[South Dakota Senate|South Dakota]], [[Vermont Senate|Vermont]]) had terms of office at two years.

Among [[territories of the United States]]:
*In the [[American Samoa Fono]], members of the [[American Samoa House of Representatives|House]] serve two-year terms while members of the [[American Samoa Senate|Senate]] serve six-year terms.
*Members of both chambers of the [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico]] have four-year terms.
*Members of both chambers of the [[Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature]] have two-year terms.
*The [[Legislature of Guam]] and [[Legislature of the Virgin Islands]] are [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] and Senators have two-year terms.

Members of [[Council of the District of Columbia]] serve a four-year term.

==Canada==
As a former British territory following the [[Westminster System]], there are many similarities with the United Kingdom, although with some variations based on local customs, the federal system of government and the absentee monarch.

===Monarch===
Being a [[Commonwealth realm]], Canada shares a [[Monarchy of Canada|monarch]] with the United Kingdom and 14 other countries, who serves as head of state of all 15 realms until his or her death or abdication.

===Viceroys===
The [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] is appointed by the monarch as his/her personal representative on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]], and serves [[At Her Majesty's Pleasure|for an indefinite term]], though the normal convention is 5 years. Similarly, the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governors]], who represent the monarch at the provincial level, are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister (usually also with consultation of the relevant provincial [[Premier (Canada)|premier]]), and generally also serve 5 year terms by convention. The territories have [[Commissioner#Canadian territories|commissioners]], who are not representatives of the monarch, but are instead appointed by and represent the [[King-in-Council|governor-in-council]] (i.e. the [[Cabinet of Canada|federal cabinet]]), and conventionally serve for about 5 years.

===House of Commons===
{{See also|House of Commons of Canada}}
Similar to the United Kingdom, MPs serve for the duration of the Parliament. They may resign before the end of a Parliament or be elected in [[by-election]]s during the middle of a Parliament.

Under the [[Constitution Act, 1867]], a Parliament may last for a maximum of 5 years from the most recent election before expiring, although all Parliaments to date have been dissolved before they could expire. Bill C-16, introduced in the [[39th Canadian Parliament|39th Parliament]], provided for fixed election dates every 4 years on the third Monday in October, beginning in 2009. However, the Prime Minister may still advise the Governor General to dissolve Parliament at any time.

As in the United Kingdom, the cabinet and head of government are indirectly elected based on the composition of the House of Commons, they are not technically affected by the terms of legislators or Parliaments. In practice however, the terms of government office holders are affected by changes in the House of Commons, and those who serve for multiple consecutive Parliaments are generally considered to have served a single term. The term of a government generally ends when it is defeated on a confidence matter or the governing party fails to gain enough seats in a general election.

===Senate===
{{See also|Senate of Canada}}
Senators are appointed to the Canadian Senate to represent a province, territory, or group of provinces, by the Governor General of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serve until the mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators appointed before the passage of the [[British North America Act, 1965]] served for life. Senators may also resign from office or be expelled from the Senate.

===Provincial and Territorial Legislatures===
{{See also|Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories}}

Provincial legislatures and the legislature of the Yukon function very similarly to the federal House of Commons. MLAs (called MPPs in [[Ontario]], MNAs in [[Quebec]], and MHAs in [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]) serve for the duration of the legislature, though they may resign before the legislature is dissolved or be elected in by-elections between general elections. The legislatures of the [[Northwest Territories]] and [[Nunavut]] operate using a [[Consensus government in Canada|consensus]] model, but are similar otherwise. The premiers and their cabinets are selected in the same way as in the House of Commons, and like at the federal level, the term of a provincial government can be ended by defeat in a general election or the loss of the legislature's confidence.

All provincial legislatures have fixed-term election legislation in place, as does the legislature of the Northwest Territories. Premiers may also advise Lieutenant Governors to dissolve legislatures at any time before the prescribed election date.

==Netherlands==
In the Netherlands the position of Minister-President (Prime Minister) is limited to four years (counted from the moment the government is officially formed) although it can be repeated indefinitely after subsequent elections. It is common for the heads of governments in the Netherlands to take up the mantle multiple times, although it's neither expected or required to do so, more often a consequence of governments breaking up internally before their official four years are over and reforming with other parties. This is how the Netherlands ended up with consequent cabinets by:
4x [[Willem Drees]] (Drees-Van Schaik I '48, Drees I '51, Drees II '52 - Drees III '56)
3x [[Dries van Agt]] (Van Agt I '77, Van Agt II '81, Van Agt III '82)
4x [[Jan Peter Balkenende]] (Balkenende I '02, Balkenende II '03, Balkenende III '06, Balkenende IV '07)
4x [[Mark Rutte]] (Rutte I '10, Rutte II '12, Rutte III '17, Rutte IV '22).

==China==
{{Further|General secretaryship of Xi Jinping}}
Between 1982 and 2018, the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|Constitution of China]] stipulated that the [[President of the People's Republic of China|president]], [[Vice President of the People's Republic of China|vice president]], [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier]], [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China|vice premiers]] could not serve more than two consecutive terms. In March 2018, [[China]]'s party-controlled [[National People's Congress]] passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the [[President of the People's Republic of China|president]] and [[Vice President of the People's Republic of China|vice president]], as well as enhancing the central role of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2134791/end-term-limits-top-may-be-start-global-backlash-china|title=End to term limits at top 'may be start of global backlash for China'|last1=Shi|first1=Jiangtao|date=26 February 2018|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227155138/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2134791/end-term-limits-top-may-be-start-global-backlash-china|archive-date=27 February 2018|last2=Huang|first2=Kristin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/04/xi-jinping-from-president-to-china-new-dictator|title=Xi Jinping's power play: from president to China's new dictator?|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=4 March 2018|website=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304005848/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/04/xi-jinping-from-president-to-china-new-dictator|archive-date=4 March 2018|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> On 17 March 2018, the Chinese legislature reappointed Xi as president, now without term limit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-xi/chinas-parliament-re-elects-xi-jinping-as-president-idUSKCN1GT03C|title=China's parliament re-elects Xi Jinping as president|last=Wen|first=Philip|date=17 March 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317042406/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-xi/chinas-parliament-re-elects-xi-jinping-as-president-idUSKCN1GT03C|archive-date=17 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/78ea5b0646564a6eb98d9d20d5fbcbb6|title=Xi reappointed as China's president with no term limits|last1=Bodeen|first1=Christopher|date=17 March 2018|newspaper=[[Associated Press]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317190611/https://apnews.com/78ea5b0646564a6eb98d9d20d5fbcbb6|archive-date=17 March 2018|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', Xi expressed his views of constitutional amendment at meetings with Chinese officials and foreign dignitaries. Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align two more powerful posts—[[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] (CMC)—which have no term limits. However, Xi did not say whether he intended to serve as party general secretary, CMC chairman and state president, for three or more terms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2b449400-413a-11e8-803a-295c97e6fd0b |title=China's Xi Jinping says he is opposed to life-long rule |last1=Mitchell |first1=Tom |date=7 September 2019 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=17 April 2018 |quote=President insists term extension is necessary to align government and party posts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192157/https://www.ft.com/content/2b449400-413a-11e8-803a-295c97e6fd0b |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Term limits in the United States]]
* [[Term limit]]
* [[Reelection]]
* [[Midterm election]]

==Further reading==
* Alexander Baturo and Robert Elgie (eds.). 2019. ''The Politics of Presidential Term Limits''. Oxford University Press.

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://data.ipu.org/data-explorer/?fields=country_name,chamber_name,parliamentary_term&current_page=1&per_page=500&date=2024-10-01&sort=country_name IPU Parline] database on national parliaments

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Term of office| ]]
[[Category:Politics]]

Amina Hamza Bazaar

2025-12-14T13:59:21Z

Gasperalmeida: stub

{{Short description|Market place In Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{For|other places with similar names|Aminabad (disambiguation){{!}}Aminabad}}
{{multiple issues|
{{update|date=August 2022}}
{{format|date=December 2022}}
{{tone|date=December 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Aminabad Hamza Bazaar''' is one of the oldest market centers in the city of [[Lucknow]], India, along with [[Chowk, Lucknow|Chowk]], Nathan's and [[Hazratganj]]. Its traders and shops are involved in both wholesale and retail commerce. The main commodities and goods traded are [[Clothing|clothes]], [[Chikan (embroidery)|''Chikan'' embroidery work]], spices, dry snacks, hosieries and wedding decorations. Aminabad is a combination of various markets, cluster of houses, offices and is often compared to the bustling [[Chandni Chowk]] of Delhi.

It still has his importance in the [[Lucknow]] market and is still the pillar of Lucknow markets. Aminabad is known for the efforts of [[Vedanta Singh]].

==History==

The year the marketplace came into being is not clear. But by all accounts, it was during the rule of the [[Nawab]] that the market got its present basic form and name.

According to the most credible version of history, the land on which Aminabad stands belonged to Rani Jai Kunwar Pandey. The Rani, besides being a vassal of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], was also a great associate of Khadija Khanam's, the [[Begum]] (wife) of the first [[Nawab of Awadh]], Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk, who was also the Grand-Wazir of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://lucknowobserver.com/jhandewala-park/|title=Jhandewala Park – The Lucknow Observer|website=lucknowobserver.com}}</ref>

The Rani constructed a Mosque on the mentioned land of Aminabad, and gifted it to her good ally, the wife of the Nawab. This 18th-century Mosque, known as Padain Ki Masjid<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2009-10-05 |title=From triumph tales to unsung history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/from-triumph-tales-to-unsung-history/articleshow/5087894.cms |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (The Brahmin Woman's Mosque), still currently stands in Aminabad to this day. The [[Maqbara]] of Begum Khadija Khanam was also constructed in front of the masjid, but since has been lost to the vagaries of time, though the grave is still merely visible.<ref name="auto"/>

By the time the Nawabs moved their court from [[Faizabad]] to Lucknow, the site had become the center of activity and irregular commerce. It was a part of the city known as Masarratganj. The actual land on which Aminabad later was built on had passed under the possession of Sikandar Shikoh, a son of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. After the death of Sikandar Shikoh his wife became custodian of the property in Masarratganj and she sold it for [[Indian rupee|Rs]].2800/- to Nawab Imdad Husain Khan Aminuddaulah, who was the Prime Minister of Nawab Amjad Ali Shah, the fourth Nawab of Lucknow. This was around the 1840s.

Aminuddaulah was a visionary, who took upon the task of metamorphosing the area into a developed zone. Over the following years, concrete houses, shops and parks replaced the thatched huts and ramshackle shelters in the open fields. Traders, craftsmen and entertainers were encouraged to set up their establishments there.
Four gates had been erected on all four sides, and each gate had an adjoining mosque. The biggest gate, known as "Kalaan Phatak" was at the main crossing. The mosque near it was also called "Kalaan Phatak Masjid". Towards the west was the smaller Khurd Gate near Mehra Cinema on [[Gwynne Road]]. The gates no longer exist, but the mosques are still intact and are known by their original names. Aminuddaulah also initiated the construction of a big park in the area within the rows of the newly opened shops during this timespan.

After the revolt of 1857, the rule of the Nawabs came to an end and the Aminabad came under British rule. After the mutiny of 1857, the entire area came under the rule of the British. Later in 1905, Lt. Governor Sir [[James Digges La Touche|Sir James Latouche]], visited Aminabad and ordered its renovation. It was then that Latouche Road leading to this market came into existence and to date is called so. The renovated Aminabad was inaugurated by Sir Latouche himself in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tornosindia.com/aminabad-shophistory-walk/|title=Aminabad Shophistory Walk|website=Tornos India}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Babu Ganga Prasad Varma came to live in Aminabad in 1910 and designed the market with big corridors, so that roads could be used for walking. Ganga Prasad Memorial Hall was built by him for public functions. He was the one who came up with the idea of constructing Goonge Nawab Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/lucknow-clearing-encroachments-in-aminabad-a-tough-nut-to-crack/story-vNzoJR5sGzD1mxzOmhFEpM.html|title=Lucknow: Clearing encroachments in Aminabad a tough nut to crack|date=22 December 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 1912 the British government made a master plan for this area and, as per the plan, roads on all four sides of this park were laid out and the park came to be known as Aminuddaulah Park. In the following years, the importance and stature of Chowk and Nakhkhas bazaar started receding and Aminabad gained ascendancy, and Aminuddaulah Park became not only the talk of the town but the nation itself. In 1928 it was at this park where during the struggle for independence the freedom fighters first hoisted the tri-colour. That eventful day was followed by the address to the nation by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for the civil disobedience movement. Many more leaders including Jawahar Lal Nehru, Atal Bihari Bajpayee and Subhash Chandra Bose gave fiery speeches for independence at this platform.

The huge congregation that had gathered at Aminuddaulah Park to listen to [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawahar Lal Nehru]] was brutally lathi-charged by the British force and several people, including Nehru, were hurt. [[Gulab Singh Lodhi]] had climbed up a tree in the park and hoisted the tri-colour flag. The British police shot him down and later on his statue was installed in the centre of the park and still stands there. The park by now had acquired the name of Jhandewala Park<ref name="The Times of India"/> because flags of various Indian political parties fluttered here.
Prior to independence, the literati of the city had made Aminabad their place of dwelling and they eagerly awaited the leading Indian newspapers like Humdum, Haqeeqat and Pioneer each morning. Newspaper vendors would come to the main crossing early morning and their wares were sold until late evening. The writers, poets and educationists even then frequented Danish Mahal in the ground floor of Central Hotel, and the nearby Siddiq Book Depot and Anwar Book Depot. There was a time when at these erudite centres one could have come across the likes of Syed Masood Hasan Rizvi, Dr. Shujaat Ali Sandilavi, Josh Malihabadi, Prof. Ehtesham Husain, Nawab Mirza Jafar Ali Khan ‘Asar’, Majaz and many more. The owner of Danish Mahal, Nasim Ahmad, who died recently, was not only well-conversant with all kinds of books, but was also familiar with the persona and wherewithal of the stalwarts of the town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lucknowobserver.com/aminabad/|title=Aminabad – The Lucknow Observer|website=lucknowobserver.com}}</ref>

Since the time of Nawabs, the market boasts of its unmatched fashion, and being one of the oldest markets, it is still surrounded by buildings and architectures of ''nawabi'' era.

==Famous markets and shops==

Shops sell fashion products, interior decoration, bed sheets bed Covers, carpets, ornaments, jewelry, fashion garments, fancy dresses, chikan [[kurta]], chikan [[Sari|sarees]] and other women's wear, chikan menswear, footwear and other such apparel. Most products are locally produced. A special attraction is Thursday's footpath market.

Among the less wide streets of the ''nawabi'' times, the market shows off a wide variety of products on sale. In spite of being congested at times, Aminabad is a colorful, vibrant and lively market to shop, with products ranging from gold and silver to jewelry and ornaments, ''chikan kurtas'' to fancy sarees loaded with embroidery, from ''Lucknawi paan'' ([[betel]] leaves) to bakeries.

=== Cuisine ===
Eateries include non-vegetarian restaurants, sweet shops, bakeries and ''[[paan]]'' shops, including [[Tunde ke Kabab|''Tunday Kababi'']], ''Wahid Biryani'' and Alamgir, Kalika Chat House, famous Prakash ki kulfi, and Burma bakery.

=== Shopping ===
Some of the oldest shops are Om Prakash Seth, Madan Sarees, Dupatta Mahal, Sargodha Cloth House,
Sri Keshav Handloom, Keshav Decor.
Aminabad has been a business center for traders, merchants, craftsmen and artists since the 18th century.

==== Book Market ====
A place where you can find all educational books of 10th, 12th, Medical, Engineering, Law and other competitive exams books in an economical prices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminabad Market, Lucknow A Shopper's Paradise with a Rich History |url=https://inlucknow.org/post/aminabad-market-lucknow-history-9968 |access-date= |website=In Lucknow |language=en}}</ref>

==== Mohan Market ====
The market was established in 1948 for the refugees who came from the Pakistan after partition, it divided in three lanes, and also known as Refugee Market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-11 |title=Partition-era Mohan Market set to be put up for sale in Lucknow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/partition-era-mohan-market-set-to-be-put-up-for-sale-in-lucknow/story-Fa7gg651gamxQaZ3DzIPIJ.html |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==== Swadeshi Market ====
This market is few steps away from the Mohan Market, most of the shops are imitation jewelry, bangles, clothes, and home decor.

==== Pratap Market ====
This market is located in front of Jhandewala Park, a narrow lane led to this market place where clothes, cosmetics, bags and purse shops, Lingerie shops, and foot wear shops are located. Prices are lower than Mohan Market, wholesale and retail sale are available here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratap Market Aminabad Lucknow |url=https://nicelocal.in/lucknow/stores/pratap_market_aminabad_lucknow/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=nicelocal.in |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==== Mumtaz Market ====
This is another famous wholesale and retail market located in Aminabad, where home decor, cosmetics, Lingerie, apparel, foot wear, and other daily needs items shops are established. Wholesale prices are available for wholesale as well as retail customers.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=In e-tail era, Lucknow's Aminabad is still the go-to market for festive shoppers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/in-e-tail-era-lucknow-s-aminabad-is-still-the-go-to-market-for-festive-shoppers-101699555198731.html |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==== Gadbadjhala ====
Source:<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

Another famous market of Aminabad is Gadbadjhala, basically this market is famous for bangles, imitation jewelry, kitchenware, and school uniforms. All products are available at cheaper prices.

All markets of Aminabad are closed on Thursdays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminabad Market (Lucknow) History |url=https://travelsetu.com/guide/aminabad-market-tourism/aminabad-market-tourism-history |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=travelsetu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
.{{coord|26|50|47.44|N|80|56|48.06|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Bazaars in India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Retail markets in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Lucknow]]

HMIS Assam

2025-12-12T20:21:07Z

Gasperalmeida: new new entry...

{{Short description|Modified Flower-class corvette}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=HMS Bugloss FL4212.jpg
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=United Kingdom
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|name=''Bugloss''
|ordered=15 May 1942
|awarded=
|builder=[[John Crown & Sons Ltd]]
|laid_down=26 November 1942
|launched=21 June 1943
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=19 February 1945
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|British India|naval}}
|name=''Assam''
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|christened=
|acquired=19 February 1945
|commissioned=19 February 1945
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=1947
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=
|homeport=
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} (modified)
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement={{convert|1015|LT|t ST|lk=in}}
|length={{convert|208|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}[[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|33|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
|height=
|draught={{convert|11|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion=single shaft, 2× oil fired water tube boilers, 1 triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine, {{convert|2750|ihp|abbr=on}}
|sail_plan=
|speed={{convert|16|kn|km/h|1}}
|range={{convert|3500|nmi|km|0}} at {{convert|12|kn|km/h|1}}
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=90
|crew=
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=One Type 271 SW2C radar, one Type 144 sonar
|EW=
|armament=*1 × [[BL 4 inch Mk IX naval gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}]] BL Mk.IX single gun
*1 × [[QF 2-pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark VIII|2-pounder Mk.VIII]] single "pom-pom"
*2 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm]] Oerlikon single
*1 × [[Hedgehog (weapon)|Hedgehog A/S mortar]]
*4 × Mk.II [[depth charge]] throwers
*2 Depth charge rails with 70depth charges
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMIS ''Assam''''' was a [[World War II]] {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} of the [[Royal Indian Navy]]. She was originally ordered for and commissioned as '''HMS ''Bugloss''''' of the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the Royal Indian Navy immediately upon commissioning.<ref name=u-assam>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5600.html|title=HMIS ''Assam'' (K306)|publisher=Uboat.net|access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref> She was transferred back to the Royal Navy in 1947 and subsequently scrapped.

==History==
''Bugloss'' was ordered from [[John Crown & Sons Ltd]] for the [[Royal Navy]] 1942. She was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy immediately upon commissioning in 1945, and served as ''Assam'' until her transfer back to the Royal Navy in 1947.

===Operations in World War II===
''Assam'' joined the [[Eastern Fleet]] just months before the end of World War II. She escorted numerous convoys in 1945 during the war.<ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm|title=Eastern Fleet War Diary|publisher=naval-history.net|access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Flower class corvette|modified}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Assam (K306)}}
[[Category:1943 ships]]
[[Category:Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Indian Navy]]

Neminatha

2025-12-07T02:21:43Z

Gasperalmeida:

{{short description|22nd Jain Tirthankara}}
{{distinguish|Naminath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| image = Neminath bhagwan.jpg
| caption = Idol of Neminath at Girnar Hill, Gujarat
| alt = Neminath Bhagwan
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]
| other_names = Nemi, Nem
| symbol = [[Shankha|Shankha (conch)]] {{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=45}}
| color = [[Black]]
| father = [[Samudravijaya]]
| mother = Śivādevī
| height = 10 [[Dhanusha (unit)|bows]] – {{convert|98|feet|m}}{{sfn|Sarasvati|1970|p=444}}
| age = 1000
| predecessor = [[Naminatha]]
| successor = [[Parshvanatha]]
| birth_place = [[Śaurīpura]]
| moksha_place = [[Girnar]]
| member_of = [[Tirthankar]], [[Śalākāpuruṣa|Salakapurusha]], [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]] and [[Siddha#Jainism|Siddha]]
| name = Neminath
| gender = Male
| god_of = 22nd [[Tirthankara]]
| dynasty = [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties#Emperor Yadu dynasty|Yaduvaṁśa—Harivaṁśa]] {{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=317}}{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=225}}
| birth_name = Ariṣṭanemi
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Neminātha''' ([[Devanagari]]: नेमिनाथ) ([[Sanskrit]]: नेमिनाथः), also known as '''Nemi''' and '''Ariṣṭanemi''' ([[Devanagari]]: अरिष्टनेमि), is the twenty-second [[tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]] in the present age ({{lang|sa|[[Avasarpini]]}}). Neminath lived 84,000 years before the 23rd ''Tirthankar'' Parshvanath. According to traditional accounts, he was born to King [[Samudravijaya]] and Queen Shivadevi of the [[Yadu|Yadu dynasty]] in the north Indian city of [[Sauripura (Dvaraka)|Sauripura]]. His birth date was the fifth day of ''Shravan Shukla'' of the Jain calendar. [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]], who were the 9th and last [[Śalākāpuruṣa#Triad of Baladeva, Vasudeva and Prativasudeva|Baladeva]] and [[Śalākāpuruṣa#Triad of Baladeva, Vasudeva and Prativasudeva|Vasudeva]] respectively, were his first cousins.

Neminatha, when heard the cries of animals being killed for his marriage feast, freed the animals and renounced his worldly life and became a Jain ascetic. The representatives of this event are popular in [[Jain art]]. He had attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' on [[Girnar Hills]] near [[Junagadh]], and became a [[siddha]], a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]].

Along with [[Mahavira]], [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Rishabhanatha]], Neminath is one of the twenty-four ''Tirthankars'' who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. His icons include the eponymous deer as his emblem, the [[Ailanthus excelsa|Mahavenu]] tree, ''Sarvanha'' (Digambara) or ''Gomedha'' (Śhvētāmbara) [[Yaksha]], and ''[[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]]'' [[Yakshi]].

==Nomenclature==
The name Neminatha consists of two [[Sanskrit]] words, ''Nemi'' which means "rim, felly of a wheel" or alternatively "thunderbolt",{{sfn|Monier Williams|p=569}} and ''natha'' which means "lord, patron, protector".{{sfn|Monier Williams|p=534}}

According to the Jain text ''[[Uttarapurana]]'', as well as the explanation of [[Hemachandra|Acharya Hemchandra]], it was the ancient Indian deity [[Indra]] who named the 22nd ''[[tirthankara]]'' as Neminatha, because he viewed the ''Jina'' as the "rim of the [[wheel of dharma]]".{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=}}

In ''[[Śvetāmbara]]'' Jain texts, his name ''Aristanemi'' came from a dream his mother had during pregnancy, where she saw a "wheel of ''Arista'' jewels".{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=164-165}} His full name is mentioned as ''Aristanemi'' which is an epithet of the sun-chariot.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=17}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=225}} Neminatha's name is spelled close to the 21st ''tirthankara'' [[Naminatha]].{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=317-318}}

==Life==

Neminatha was the twenty-second ''Tirthankara'' (ford-maker) of the ''[[avasarpiṇī]]'' (present descending cycle of [[Jain cosmology]]).<ref name=britneminatha>{{cite web | title=Arishtanemi: Jaina saint | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arishtanemi | access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}}{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} Jain tradition place him as a contemporary of [[Krishna]], the ninth and last ''vasudev''.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}} There was a gap of 581,750 years between the Neminatha and his predecessor, [[Naminatha]] as per traditional beliefs.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=226}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=317-318}}{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} He lived approx. 81,000 years before the 23rd ''Tirthankara'', [[Parshvanatha]] as per the ''Trishashtishalakapursusha Charitra'' of [[Acharya]] [[Hemachandra]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=226}}{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}

=== Birth ===
[[File:The birth of Aristanemi, one of the founding teac Wellcome L0031374.jpg|thumb|left|The birth of Aristanemi, [[Kalpa Sūtra]]]]

Neminatha is mentioned as the youngest son of king [[Samudravijaya]] and queen Shivadevi of the [[Yadu]] lineage,{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=317}}{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=225}} born at [[Sauripura (Dvaraka)]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} He is believed to have become fond of animals in his early life due to being in a cattle-herding family. Jain legends place him in the [[Girnar]]-[[Kathiawad]] (in [[Saurashtra region]] of modern-day [[Gujarat]]).{{sfn|Dhere|2011|pp=193–196}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=313}}{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=23}} His birth date is believed to be the fifth day of ''Shravana Shukla'' of the [[Hindu calendar]].{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}}

=== Life before renunciation ===

[[File:Neminath Wedding.JPG|thumb|Depiction of wedding procession of Neminatha. His legend states that he renounced after hearing animal cries while they were being sacrificed to prepare his wedding feast.
{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=16–17}}]]
[[File:Idol of Bhagwan Neminath 20250816 072740505.MP.jpg|thumb|Idol of Bhagwan Neminath at Ancient Jain Basadi, [[Gerusoppa]], [[Karnataka]]]]

He is believed to have been born with a dark-blue skin and complexion,{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=164}} a very handsome but shy young man.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=225}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} His height is mentioned as 10 [[Dhanusha (unit)|dhanusha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} His father is mentioned as the brother of [[Vasudeva]], Krishna's father, therefore he is mentioned as the cousin of [[Krishna]] in ''Trishashti-salaka-purusha-charitra''.<ref name=britneminatha/>{{sfn|Johnson|1931|pp=1–266}}{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=16–17}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=165-166}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}}{{sfn|Gaur|1976|p=46}} Sculptures found in [[Kankali Tila]], [[Mathura]] of Kushana period depicts Krishna and [[Balarama]] as cousins of Neminatha.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=19}}

In one of the legends, on being taunted by [[Satyabhama]], wife of Krishna, Neminatha is depicted to have blown [[Panchajanya]], the mighty [[conch]] of Krishna through his nostrils. According to the texts, no one could lift the conch except Krishna, let alone blow it.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=318}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} After this event, the Harivaṃśapurāṇa, as composed by Acharya Jinasena, states that Krishna decided to test Neminatha's strength and challenged him for a friendly duel. Neminatha, being a ''Tirthankara'', is believed to have defeated Krishna easily.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=226}} He is also mentioned as spinning a great Chakra with the right leg toe during his childhood.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}}

=== As a teacher ===
In the [[Kurukshetra War|war]] between Krishna and [[Jarasandha]], Neminatha is believed to have participated alongside Krishna.{{sfn|Beck|2012|p=156}} This is believed to be the reason for celebrating Krishna-related festivals in Jainism and for intermingling with Hindus, who worship Krishna as one of the incarnations of Vishnu.{{sfn|Long|2009|p=42}}

''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'', a religious text in Hinduism, mentions Angiras Ghora as the teacher of Krishna.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}} He is believed to have taught Krishna the five vows, namely, honesty, asceticism, charity, non-violence and truthfulness. Ghora is identified as Neminatha by some scholars.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}} Mahabharata mentions him as the teacher of the path of salvation to [[king Sagara]]. He may also be identified with a Scandinavian or Chinese deity, but such claims are not accepted generally.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=23-24}}

=== Renunciation ===
[[File:Jain temples on Girnar mountain aerial view.jpg|thumb|Neminatha temple complex on Girnar hills near Junagadh, Gujarat.]]
Jain tradition holds that the Neminatha's marriage was arranged with Rajulakumari or Rajimati or Rajamati, daughter of [[Ugrasena]].{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=318}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} Ugrasena is believed to be the king of [[Dvārakā]] and maternal grandfather of Krishna.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} He is believed to have heard animal cries as they were being slaughtered for the marriage feast. Taken over by sorrow and distress at the sight, he is believed to have given up the desire of getting married, and to have become a [[monk]] and gone to Mount [[Girnar]].<ref name=britneminatha/>{{sfn|Sehdev Kumar|2001|pp=143–145}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=7}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=165-166}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=317-318}} His bride-to-be Rajulakumari is believed to have followed him, becoming a nun and his brother Rahanemi became a monk, joining his ascetic order.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=318}}

According to ''Kalpasutras'', Neminatha led an ascetic life thereby eating only once every three days,{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=311}} meditated for 55 days and then obtained omniscience on Mount [[Raivataka]], under a Mahavenu tree.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=164}}

===Disciples===
According to Jain texts Neminatha had 11 Gandhara with ''Varadatta Svami'' as the leader of the Neminatha disciples.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}} Neminatha's ''sangha'' (religious order) consisted of 18,000 ''sadhus'' (male monks) and 44,000 ''sadhvis'' (female monks) as per the mentions in ''Kalpa Sutra''.{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=47}}

=== Nirvana ===
He is said to have lived 1,000 years{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=1551}} and spent many years spreading his knowledge and preaching principles of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]]'' ([[nonviolence]]) and ''[[aparigraha]]'' (asceticism) in the [[Saurashtra region]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=25}}{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} He is said to have attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (nirvana) on the fifth peak or tonk (Urjayant Parvat) of Mount Girnar.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}}<ref name=britneminatha/> Of these 1,000 years, he is believed to have spent 300 years as a bachelor, 54 days as an ascetic monk and 700 years as an omniscient being.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=311}}

The ''[[yaksha]]'' and ''[[yakshi]]'' of Neminatha are ''Sarvanha'' (Digambara) or ''Gomedha'' (Śhvētāmbara) [[Yaksha]], and ''[[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]]'' [[Yakshi]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}}

== Legacy ==
=== Worship ===
[[File:Anonymous - Teaching and Liberation of Nemi, from the Kalpa-sutra - 1932.119.19 - Cleveland Museum of Art (cropped).tiff|upright=0.75|thumb|Teaching and Liberation of Neminatha from ''Kalpa-Sutra'' dated {{circa|1500}}]]

Along with [[Mahavira]], [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Rishabhanatha]], Neminatha is one of the twenty-four ''Tirthankaras'' who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}} Unlike the last two ''tirthankaras'', historians consider Neminatha and all other ''tirthankaras'' to be legendary characters.<ref name=britneminatha/> Scenes from Neminatha's life are popular in [[Jain art]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}} ''Jinastotrāņi'' is a collection of hymn dedicated to Neminatha along with [[Munisuvrata]], [[Chandraprabha]], [[Shantinatha]], Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha.{{sfn|Lienhard|1984|p=137}}

The [[yaksha]] and [[yakshi]] of Neminatha are Sarvanha and [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] according to Digambara tradition and Gomedha and Ambika according to Śhvētāmbara tradition.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}}

[[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra's]] ''Svayambhustotra'' praises the twenty-four ''tirthankaras'', and its eight [[shloka]]s (songs) adore Shantinatha.{{sfn|Jain|2015|pp=150–155}} One such ''shloka'' reads:

{{blockquote|O Worshipful Lord! Endowed with supreme accomplishments, you had burnt the karmic fuel with the help of pure concentration; your eyes were broad as open water-lilies. You were the chief of the Hari dynasty and had promulgated the unblemished tradition of reverence, and control of the senses. You were an ocean of right conduct, and ageless. O Most Excellent Lord Ariṣṭanemi! After illuminating the world (the universe and the non-universe) through powerful ways of omniscience, you had attained liberation|Svayambhūstotra (22-1-121){{sfn|Jain|2015|pp=150-151}} }}

=== Literature ===
[[File:The Kalpasutra (the heroic deeds of the conquerors) Wellcome L0034141.jpg|thumb|[[Kalpa Sūtra]] recto Neminatha's blowing [[Krishna]]'s conch verso text]]
The Jain traditions about Neminatha are incorporated in the ''[[Harivamsa Purana]]'' of [[Jinasena]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=239}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}} A palm leaf manuscript on the life of Neminatha, named ''Neminatha-Charitra'', was written in 1198-1142 AD. It is now preserved in ''Shantinatha Bhandara'', [[Khambhat]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=253}} The incident where Neminatha is depicted as blowing Krishna's mighty conch is given in ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]''.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=17}}

Rajul's love for Neminatha is described in the ''Rajal-Barahmasa'' (an early 14th-century poem of Vijayachandrasuri).{{sfn|Kelting|2009|p=117}} The separation of Rajul and Neminatha has been a popular theme among Jain poets who composed [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ''[[fagu]]s'', a poetry genre. Some examples are ''Neminatha Fagu'' (1344) by Rajshekhar, ''Neminatha Fagu'' (1375) by Jayashekhar and ''Rangasagara Neminatha Fagu'' (1400) by Somsundar. The poem ''Neminatha Chatushpadika'' (1269) by Vinaychandra depicted the same story.{{sfn|Amaresh Datta|1988|p=1258}}{{sfn|K. K. Shastree|2002|pp=56–57}}{{sfn|Nagendra|1988|pp=282–283}}{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=14, 242–243}}{{sfn|Parul Shah|1983|pp=134-156}}

''Arddha Nemi'', the "Unfinished Life of Nemi", is an incomplete epic by [[Janna]], one of the most influential Kannada poets of the 13th century.{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=43}}{{sfn|Sastri|2002|pp=358–359}} ''Nemidutam'' composed by [[Acharya Jinasena]], 9th century, is an adoration of Neminatha.{{sfn|Acharya Charantirtha|1973|p=47}}

Neminatha, along with Rishbhanatha and the Śramaṇa tradition, has been mentioned in the [[Rigveda]]. Neminatha is also referred to in [[Yajurveda]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=269}}{{sfn|Reddy|2023|p=187}}

=== Iconography ===
[[File:Neminatha - National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Tirthankara]]
Neminatha Sculpture, [[National Museum, New Delhi]], 11th Century]]

Neminatha is believed to have had the same dark-bluish-colored skin as Krishna.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=164-168}} Painting depicting his life stories generally identifies him as dark-coloured. His iconographic identifier is a conch carved or stamped below his statues. Sometimes, as with Vishnu's iconography, a [[chakra]] is also shown near him, as in the 6th-century sculpture found at the archaeological site near Padhavali ([[Madhya Pradesh]]).{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=164-170}} Artworks showing Neminatha sometimes include [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] ''[[yakshi]]'', but her colour varies from golden to greenish to dark-blue, by region.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=264-265}}

The earliest known image of Neminatha was found in [[Kankali Tila]] dating back to c. 18 CE.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=166}}

<gallery>
File:Neminatha Jain Tirthankara in Buddha style from Shreyansh giri site, now stored near sculpture shed Parvati and Mahadeva temples, Nachna Madhya Pradesh.jpg|Neminatha Jain statue (c. 475 CE), in Buddha style from Shreyansh giri
File:043 Cave 11, Relief (33969644505).jpg|Neminatha, [[Nasik Caves]], 6th century
File:MET DP161523.jpg|[[Akota Bronzes]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|MET museum]], 7th century
File:Neminath Bhagwan.jpg|[[Pandavleni]]
File:Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum Dhubela Exhibit Item (4).JPG|Image at [[Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum]], 12th century
File:Jain Tirthankara Neminath - Circa 12th Century CE - ACCN 00-B-77 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5079.jpg|Neminath idol, [[Government Museum, Mathura]], 12th Century
File:Neminatha - Parshvanath temple, Tijara.jpg|Depiction of Neminatha on Naag as bed, chakra on foot finger and conch played by nose at [[Tijara Jain temple|Parshvanath temple, Tijara]]
</gallery>

=== Temples ===
[[File:TEMPLE OF NEMINATHA ON MOUNT GIRNAR.jpg|[[Neminath temple, Girnar]] in 1911, from northeast|thumb]]

Neminatha is one of the five most devotionally revered Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Rishabhanatha, Parshvanatha and Shantinatha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}} Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount [[Girnar Jain Temple|Girnar]] of [[Gujarat]], for example, which is believed to have been a place where Neminatha is believed to have achieved [[Moksha (Jainism)|nirvana]].{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=229}}

''Luna Vasahi'' in [[Dilwara Temples]], built in 1230 by two [[Porwad]] brothers - [[Vastupala]] and Tejpal, considered famous for ellaborate architecture and intricate carvings.{{sfn|Ching|Jarzombek|Prakash|2010|p=336}} The ceilings of the temple depicts scenes of the life of Neminatha with image of ''Rajmathi'' (who was to marry Neminatha){{Sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=169}} and [[Krishna]].{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=253}}{{Sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}} [[Shanka Basadi]] in [[Lakshmeshwara]], built in 7th century, is considered one of the most important temple built by [[Kalyani Chalukyas]].{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=300}} The temple derives its name from the image of Neminatha in ''[[kayotsarga]]'' posture standing on a large ''[[shankha]]'' (conch shell).{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=169}} The unique feature of this temple is a monolithic pillar with the carving of 1008 Tirthankaras known as ''Sahasrakuta Jinabimba''.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=295}}{{sfn|Chugh|2016|pp=305–306}} [[Adikavi Pampa]] wrote ''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'', seated in this [[basadi]] (temple) during 9th century.{{sfn|Azer|2011}}{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=437}}

Important Neminatha temple complexes include [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)]], [[Kulpakji]], [[Arahanthgiri Jain Math]], [[Nemgiri]], [[Bhand Dewal]], [[Bhand Dewal]] in [[Arang]] and [[Odegal basadi]].

<gallery>
File:Jain temple at Lakkundi.jpg|[[Brahma Jinalaya]]
File:Shree Kulpakji Jain Temple, Kolanpak, Aler.JPG|[[Kulpakji]]
File:Upper Temple Complex at Tirumalai.jpg|[[Arahanthgiri Jain Math]]
File:Chavundaraya Basadi on Chandragiri hill at Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Chavundaraya Basadi]] in [[Shravanabelagola]]
File:9th century Bhand Deul Jain brick temple, Arang Chhattisgarh.jpg|[[Bhand Dewal]], [[Arang]]
File:Old jain temple belgaum (1).jpg|[[Kamal Basadi]]
File:Kumbhariya Jain Derasar complex, Ambaji Gujarat 240.jpg|[[Neminatha temple, Kumbharia]]
</gallery>

==See also==

{{commons category}}
* [[God in Jainism]]
* [[Arihant (Jainism)]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist|23em}}

===Sources===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=Beck |first=Guy L. |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1 February 2012 |isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC |year=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803037-9 }}
* {{citation |last1=Ching |first1=Francis D. K. |author-link1=Frank Ching |last2=Jarzombek |first2=Mark M. |author-link2=Mark Jarzombek |last3=Prakash |first3=Vikramaditya |title=A Global History of Architecture |url={{Google books|isuTDpkqdk8C|page=336|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=2010 |orig-year=1934 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-471-26892-5 }}
* {{cite book | last=Chugh | first=Lalit | title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture | url={{Google books|JpnoCwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | edition=From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period | publisher=[[Notion Press]] | location=[[Chennai]] | year=2016 | isbn=978-93-5206-825-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Acharya Charantirtha |title=Meghadutam of Mahakavi Kalidas |url={{Google books|EY0qrYmJcPYC|page=47|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1973 |publisher=Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan |series=Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series |location=Varanasi }}
* {{citation |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |author-link=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC |year=1988 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |ref={{sfnref|Amaresh Datta|1988}} }}
* {{citation |last=Dhere |first=Ramchandra C. |author-link=Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tnARaLBZmEC |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977759-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X }}
* {{citation |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |author-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1993 |isbn=0-7914-1381-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Finegan |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4nAAAAYAAJ |title=The archeology of world religions |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1952 }}
* {{citation |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |author-link=Jyotindra Jain |last2=Fischer |first2=Eberhard |author-link2=Eberhard Fischer (art historian) |title=Jaina Iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFZ7vQ2jwlEC |date=1978 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=12 |isbn=978-90-04-05259-8 }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |date=1991 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara |year=2015 |publisher=Vikalp Printer |isbn=9788190363976 |url={{Google books|4QFAEAAAQBAJ|page=150|plainurl=yes}} |quote=Non-Copyright }}
* {{citation |last=Jhaveri |first=Mansukhlal |author-link=Mansukhlal Jhaveri |title=History of Gujarati Literature |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/460465 |year=1978 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031359/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/460465 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |title=Neminathacaritra (Book 8 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc215207.html |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda#Oriental Institute|Baroda Oriental Institute]] |date=1931 }}
* {{citation |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 }}
* {{citation |last=Kelting |first=M. Whitney |title=Heroic Wives Rituals, Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-txAd-dK0tEC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-538964-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Kumar |first=Sehdev |title=A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSDACkmA_ukC |year=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-348-9 |ref={{sfnref|Sehdev Kumar|2001}} }}
* {{citation |last=Long |first=Jeffery D. |title=Jainism: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmRlAgAAQBAJ |year=2009 |author-link=Jeffery D. Long |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-625-5 }}
* {{citation | last=Lienhard | first=Siegfried | author-link=Siegfried Lienhard | title=A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit | url={{Google books|JmRlAgAAQBAJ|page=137|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | volume=1 | series=A history of Indian literature: Classical Sanskrit literature | year=1984 | publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] | isbn=978-1-84511-625-5 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Melton |editor-first=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |editor-last2=Baumann |editor-first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C |edition=Second |volume=One: A-B |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Nagendra |title=Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC |year=1988 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}
*{{cite book|last=Rice|first=E.P.|title=A History of Kanarese Literature|url={{Google books|2fhCH-NRatUC|page=43|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=81-206-0063-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Reddy |first=P. Chenny |author-link=P. Chenna Reddy |title=Kalyana Mitra: A treasure house of history, culture and archaeological studies |volume=5 |url={{Google books|prCqEAAAQBAJ|page=187|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-5741-111-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |date=2001 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 }}
* {{citation|last=Sarasvati|first=Swami Dayananda|title=An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy-vBgAAQBAJ|year=1970|publisher=Swami Dayananda Sarasvati}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=1 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=2004 |isbn=9788120819382 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Parul |title= The rasa dance of Gujarata |volume=1 |type= Ph.D. |chapter= 5 |date= 31 August 1983 |publisher= Department of Dance, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |hdl=10603/59446 |ref={{sfnref|Parul Shah|1983}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shastree |first=K. K. |title=Gujarat Darsana: The Literary History |publisher=Darshan Trust, Ahmedabad |year=2002 |ref={{sfnref|K. K. Shastree|2002}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-208-X |ref={{sfnref|Umakant P. Shah|1987}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Sastri|first= K.A. Nilakanta|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century |date=2008 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2008}} }}
* {{citation |last=Tandon |first=Om Prakash |title=Jaina Shrines in India |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=81-230-1013-3 |date=2002 |orig-year=1968 |edition=1 |location=[[New Delhi]] }}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn |first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{citation |last=Tukol |first=T. K. | author-link=T. K. Tukol |title=Compendium of Jainism |publisher=[[University of Karnataka]] |year=1980 |location=[[Dharwad]] }}
* {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |others=Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.) |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |year=1925 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprint: 1999) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |isbn=81-208-1376-6 |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Vyas |editor-first=Dr. R. T. |author-link=R.T. Vyas |url={{Google books|fETebHcHKogC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara |year=1995 |isbn=81-7017-316-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Williams |first=Monier |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/index.html |title=Nemi - Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Monier Williams}} }}
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last=Gaur | first=R. C. | title=Vedoc Chronology | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=37 | year=1976 | pages=46–49 | jstor=44138897 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44138897 | access-date=11 February 2023}}
* {{cite news | last=Azer | first=Rahman | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/171942/lakshmeshwar-melting-pot-cultures.html | title=Lakshmeshwar, a melting pot of cultures | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=27 June 2011 | access-date=9 May 2021 }}
{{refend}}

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neminatha]]
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]
[[Category:Longevity myths]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]

List of Arjuna Award recipients (1990–1999)

2025-12-04T03:28:36Z

Gasperalmeida: fix

{{Short description|List of recipients of a sports honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Arjuna Award
| image = Receiving the Arjuna award 1990 from President Venkataraman.jpg
| image_size = 255px
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Civilian award for outstanding individual achievements in National Sports
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| established = 1961
| year = 1961
| former name =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 147
| previous = [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]]
| next =
}}

The [[Arjuna Award]], officially known as the Arjuna Awards for Outstanding Performance in Sports and Games,<ref name ="Scheme" /> is the sports honour of the [[India|Republic of India]].It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. Before the introduction of the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] in 1991–1992, the Arjuna award was the highest sporting honour of India.<ref name="EverestNews" /><ref>{{cite press_release|title=Vishwanathan Anand gets Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1992-MIN-OF-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1992-08-18_084.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=18 August 1992|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1992-MIN-OF-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1992-08-18_084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the award comprises "a [[bronze]] [[statuette]] of Arjuna, certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15|l}}."{{efn|name=a}}

==Name==
The award is named after [[Arjuna]], a character from the [[Sanskrit]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' of [[History of India|ancient India]]. He is one of the [[Pandavas]], depicted as a skilled [[archery|archer]] winning the hand of [[Draupadi]] in marriage and in the [[Kurukshetra War]], Lord [[Krishna]] becomes his charioteer teaching him the sacred knowledge of [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691139968/the-bhagavad-gita|title=The Bhagavad Gita|date=26 October 2014|isbn=978-0-691-13996-8|language=en|last1=Davis|first1=Richard H.}}</ref> In [[Hindu mythology]], he has been seen as a symbol of hard work, dedication and concentration.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Sports Ministry unveils new look Sports Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=26 August 2009|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112951/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Instituted in 1961 to honour the outstanding sportspersons of the country,<ref>{{cite web|title=India in Sports: Some Fabulous Achievements|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f100220001.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=11 February 2017|author=Bhardwaj, D. K.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813230542/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f100220001.html|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the award over the years has undergone a number of expansions, reviews, and rationalizations. The award was expanded to include all the recognised disciplines in 1977, has introduced indigenous games and physically handicapped categories in 1995 and introduced a lifetime contribution category in 1995 leading to creation of a separate [[Dhyan Chand Award]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Cash awards for Arjuna winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-10-12_084.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=12 October 1977|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-10-12_084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Awards further expanded|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-05-24_023.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=24 May 1995|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-05-24_023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The latest revision in 2018 stipulates that the award is given only to the disciplines included in the events like [[Olympic Games]], [[Paralympic Games]], [[Asian Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[World championship|World Championship]] and [[World cup competition|World Cup]] along with [[Cricket]], Indigenous Games, and [[Disabled sports|Parasports]]. It also recommends giving only fifteen awards in a year, relaxing in case of excellent performance in major [[multi-sport event]]s, team sports, across gender and giving away of at least one award to physically challenged category.<ref name="Scheme"/>

The nominations for the award are received from all government-recognised National Sports Federations, the [[Indian Olympic Association]], the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI), the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, the state and the union territory governments and the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna, [[Dhyan Chand Award|Dhyan Chand]] and [[Dronacharya Award|Dronacharya]] awardees of the previous years. The recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured for their "good performance in the field of sports over a period of four years" at international level and for having shown "qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline".<ref name="Scheme"/>

==Recipients==
A total of 147 awards were presented in the 1990s{{dash}} thirteen in 1990, followed by eight in 1991, seven in 1992, ten in 1993, eight in 1994, nine in 1995, eighteen in 1996, twenty-one in 1997, thirty in 1998 and twenty-three in 1999. Individuals from twenty-nine different sports were awarded, which includes twenty-one from hockey, twenty from athletics, eleven from kabaddi, nine each from boxing, cricket, shooting and weightlifting, eight from wrestling, four each from badminton, golf, judo, lawn tennis, rowing, swimming and yachting, three each from table tennis and volleyball, two each from archery, football and squash, and one each from basketball, billiards & snooker, bodybuilding, carrom, chess, equestrian, gymnastics, kho kho and powerlifting.<ref name="ArjunaAward" />

Amongst the notable winners was [[Leander Paes]] (awarded in 1990), considered one of the greatest doubles players in tennis history. He won eight [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] doubles titles and ten Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. He also won the bronze medal in men's single tennis at [[1996 Atlanta Olympic Games]], being the first Indian individual medal winner at Olympics since 1952.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leander Paes |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leander-Paes |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=29 September 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814111020/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leander-Paes |url-status=live }}</ref> Cricket legend [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (awarded in 1994), considered one of the greatest batsmen of all time according to the ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'', was the first cricketer to score 100 [[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar|centuries]] in international competition.<ref name=ency/> He is also the highest run scorer of all time in [[International cricket]] and the first sportsperson to be awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian award in 2014.<ref name=ency>{{cite web |title=Sachin Tendulkar |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sachin-Tendulkar |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=29 September 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229194525/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sachin-Tendulkar |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dhanraj Pillay]] (awarded in 1995), was a [[field hockey]] player and the captain of the [[India men's national field hockey team|India national team]]. He is regarded as one of best Indian players of all times, having made three hundred and thirty-nine appearances for the national team and having scored a hundred and seventy goals.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Dhanraj Pillay's 48th birthday: Some interesting facts that you should know|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/dhanraj-pillay-facts-326617-2016-07-15|magazine=India Today|access-date=29 September 2020|date=15 July 2016|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229194428/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/dhanraj-pillay-facts-326617-2016-07-15|url-status=live}}</ref> Another cricketer [[Rahul Dravid]] (awarded in 1998), nicknamed ''The Wall'' for "the sense of permanence to be found in his batting", is the fourth highest run-scorer in [[Test cricket]] and is considered one of the greatest batsmen of all time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=The greatness of Rahul Dravid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17309801 |accessdate=29 September 2020 |work=BBC India |date=9 March 2012}}</ref>

==List of recipients ==
[[File:Sachin Tendulkar 2013 stamp of India 2.jpg|upright|thumbnail|Indian stamp honoring [[Sachin Tendulkar]]]]

[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Shri Rahul Dravid, at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 05, 2013.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Rahul Dravid]]]]

{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by year<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 30
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 =1990 | data1 =13

| label2 =1991 | data2 =8

| label3 =1992 | data3 =7

| label4 =1993 | data4 =10

| label5 =1994 | data5 =8

| label6 =1995 | data6 =9

| label7 =1996 | data7 =18

| label8 =1997 | data8 =21

| label9 =1998 | data9 =30

| label10 =1999 | data10 =23}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by sport<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 21
| label_type = Sport
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 =Archery | data1 =2

| label2 =Athletics | data2 =20

| label3 =Badminton | data3 =4

| label4 =Basketball | data4 =1

| label5 =Billiards & Snooker | data5 =1

| label6 =Bodybuilding | data6 =1

| label7 =Boxing | data7 =9

| label8 =Carrom | data8 =1

| label9 =Chess | data9 =1

| label10 =Cricket | data10 =9

| label11 =Equestrian | data11 =1

| label12 =Football | data12 =2

| label13 =Golf | data13 =4

| label14 =Gymnastics | data14 =1

| label15 =Hockey | data15 =21

| label16 =Judo | data16 =4

| label17 =Kabaddi | data17 =11

| label18 =Kho Kho | data18 =1

| label19 =Lawn Tennis | data19 =4

| label20 =Powerlifting | data20 =1

| label21 =Rowing | data21 =4

| label22 =Shooting | data22 =9

| label23 =Squash | data23 =2

| label24 =Swimming | data24 =4

| label25 =Table Tennis | data25 =3

| label26 =Volleyball | data26 =3

| label27 =Weightlifting | data27 =9

| label28 =Wrestling | data28 =8

| label29 =Yachting | data29 =4}}

|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|{{legend|#E0E0D1| {{small|§}} Indicates Para sports|outline=brown|border=1px solid black}}
|{{legend|#E9D4C9| + Indicates a Lifetime contribution honour|outline=orange|border=1px solid red}}
|{{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Indicates a posthumous honour|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
|+ List of Arjuna award recipients, showing the year, sport, and gender<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
! scope="col" style="width:8%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Sport
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | Gender
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R. |Chandra}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bula |Choudhury}}
| Swimming || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kunjarani |Devi}}
| Weightlifting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. R. |Dharuvala}}
| Squash || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pushpendra Kumar |Garg}}
| Yachting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anupama |Gokhale}}
| Chess || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leander |Paes}}
| Lawn Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deena |Ram}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dalel Singh |Ror}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hardeep |Singh|dab=kabaddi player}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagbir |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ombir |Singh}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1990
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. S. |Walia}}
| Table Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chhaya |Adak}}
| Weightlifting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajeev |Bagga}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Badminton{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Limba |Ram}}
| Archery || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ali |Sher|Ali Sher (golfer)}}
| Golf || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Adhiraj |Singh}}
| Equestrian || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dalvir |Singh|dab=rower}}
| Rowing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. |Udayakumar}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1991
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dharmendra Singh |Yadav}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|E. S. |Bhaskaran}}
| Powerlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep |Byala}}
| Judo || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mervyn |Fernandis}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bahadur |Prasad}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajendra |Prasad|dab=boxer}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjeeva Kumar |Singh}}
| Archery || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pappu |Yadav|dab=wrestler}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cawas |Billimoria}}
| Judo || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok Kumar |Garg}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukund |Killekar}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kiran |More}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Homi |Motivala}}
| Yachting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manoj |Pingale}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manoj |Prabhakar}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. |Saramma}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bharati |Singh|dab=weightlifter}}
| Weightlifting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mansher |Singh}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R. S. |Bhanwala}}
| Rowing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rosa |Kutty}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karnam |Malleswari}}
| Weightlifting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subbiah |Rajaratnam}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jaspal |Rana}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jude Felix |Sabastian}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok D. |Shinde}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sachin |Tendulkar}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mahesh |Bhupathi}}
| Lawn Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Venkatesan |Devarajan}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. |Ganesan|dab=kabaddi player}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Malathi Krishnamurthy |Holla}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics{{small|§}} || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukesh |Kumar|dab=field hockey}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil |Kumble}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhanraj |Pillay}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jyotirmoyee |Sikdar}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shakti |Singh|dab=athlete}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashish |Ballal}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajit |Bhaduria}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shriram |Bhavsar|link=Raju Bhavsar}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Poonam |Chopra}}
| Judo || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neta Moreshwar |Dadwe}}
| Kabaddi || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep Singh |Dhillon}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Badminton{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kalle |Gowda}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics & Cricket{{small|§}}|| Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. Maria |Irudayam}}
| Carrom || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Moraad Ali |Khan}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. |Kutraleeswaran|link=Kutraleeswaran}}
| Swimming || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amit |Luthra}}
| Golf || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gaurav |Natekar}}
| Lawn Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Kelly Subbanand |Rao}}{{sup|{{Hash}}}}
| Yachting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajkumar |Sangwan}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Javagal |Srinath}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. B. |Subbaiah}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Padmini |Thomas}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surender Singh |Waldia}}
| Rowing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Reeth |Abraham}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chetan |Baboor}}
| Table Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sourav |Ganguly}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Misha |Grewal}}
| Squash || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Asif |Ismail}}
| Lawn Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajay |Jadeja}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harmik |Kahlon}}
| Golf || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjay |Kumar|dab = wrestler, born 1967}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satendra |Kumar}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|N. |Laxmi}}
| Weightlifting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. |Mahadev}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics & Cricket{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brahmanand |Sankhwalkar}}
| Football || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok Harishankar |Shandilya}}
| Billiards & Snooker || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naresh Kumar |Sharma}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Shooting{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paramjit |Sharma}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harmik |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagdish |Singh|link=Jagdish Bhola}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajinder |Singh|link=Rajinder Singh Jr.}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Randhir |Singh|dab=kabaddi player}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shilpi |Singh}}
| Shooting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surinder Singh |Sodhi|link=Surinder Singh Sodhi (Field Hockey)}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhaichung |Bhutia}}
| Football || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Baljit Singh |Dhillon}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul |Dravid}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anju |Dua}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Gymnastics{{small|§}} || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. D. |Eshan}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maharaj Krishan |Kaushik}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashan |Kumar}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. Omana |Kumari}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rachita |Mistry}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nayan |Mongia}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shobha |Narayan}}
| Kho Kho || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Biswajit |Palit}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. V. |Pauly}}
| Bodybuilding || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kaka |Pawar}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satheesha |Rai}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sri Chand |Ram}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subramaniam |Raman}}
| Table Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ranjini |Ramanujam}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Badminton{{small|§}} || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Surjit Singh |Randhawa}}{{sup|{{Hash}}}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammed |Riaz}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhanu |Sachdeva}}
| Swimming || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manavjit Singh |Sandhu}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Baldev |Singh|dab = field hockey}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dingko |Singh}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Narender |Singh|dab = judoka}}
| Judo || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neelam Jaswant |Singh}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paramjit |Singh|dab = athlete}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rohtas |Singh}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pritam Rani |Siwach}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roopa |Unnikrishnan}}
| Shooting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|Parduman Singh |Brar}} {{sup|+}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gulab |Chand}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|Sajjan Singh |Cheema}} {{sup|+}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pullela |Gopichand}}
| Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurmeet |Kaur}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|Haripal |Kaushik}} {{sup|+}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|Balbir Singh |Kullar}} {{sup|+}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|Ashok |Kumar|dab = wrestler, born 1959}} {{sup|+}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jitender |Kumar|dab = boxer, born 1977}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nisha |Millet}}
| Swimming || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aashim |Mongia}}
| Yachting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|Victor |Philips}} {{sup|+}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|Tirath |Raj}} {{sup|+}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunita |Rani}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|Balwinder |Singh}} {{sup|+}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dalbir |Singh|dab=weightlifter}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurcharan |Singh|Gurcharan Singh (boxer)}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagjit |Singh|dab = rower}}
| Rowing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeev Milkha |Singh}}
| Golf || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramandeep |Singh|dab = field hockey, born 1971}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sukhpal |Singh}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vivek |Singh|dab = sport shooter}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1999
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E9D4C9" | {{sortname|G. |Venkataravanappa}} {{sup|+}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics{{small|§}} || Male

|}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=a|The cash prize was introduced in the year 1977{{ndash}}1978 as a scholarship of {{INRConvert|200}} a month for 2 years.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Two years Scholarship for winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-&-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=27 October 1978|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-%26-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It was revised to one time cash prize of {{INRConvert|5|k}} in 1986,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Award for 1986 to 13 Sports persons|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=12 January 1988|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|20|k}} in 1987,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=30 May 1989|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|50|k}} in 1993,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna awards, Dronachrya awards for 1998 Presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=22 July 1993|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|1.5|l}} in 1998,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=1 September 1998|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143138/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2001,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Awards scheme Revised|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=3 April 2002|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143222/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2009,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Several initiatives undertaken for transformation of sports|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=22 December 2009|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001163838/http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|url-status=live}}</ref> and to {{INRConvert|15|l}} in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enhancement of cash amount of Sports Awards 2020|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=27 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143104/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ArjunaAward">{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=12 September 2020|format=PDF|df=dmy-all|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |title=List of Arjuna Award Winners |url=http://aiscd.org/arjuna_awards.php |website=All India Sport Council of the Deaf |accessdate=21 September 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229194428/http://aiscd.org/arjuna_awards.php |url-status=live }}
*{{cite press_release|title=Government announces awards for sport persons|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1997-JAN-DEC-MO-HRD-NO-8/PDF/HRD-1997-08-14_159.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=21 September 2020|date=14 August 1997|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229194504/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1997-JAN-DEC-MO-HRD-NO-8/PDF/HRD-1997-08-14_159.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press_release|title=President R.K.Narayan presents sports awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1998-JULY-DEC-MO-HRD-NO-8/PDF/HRD-1998-08-29_063.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=21 September 2020|date=29 August 1998|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229194504/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1998-JULY-DEC-MO-HRD-NO-8/PDF/HRD-1998-08-29_063.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press_release|title=Arjun Awards, Dronarchya Awards for 1998 presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=21 September 2020|date=1 September 1999|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143138/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Awards Presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2000/raug2000/r29082000.html#7|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=21 September 2020|date=29 August 2000|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229194445/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2000/raug2000/r29082000.html#7|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Scheme">{{cite web|title=Revised Scheme of Arjuna Award|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=7 September 2018|format=PDF|df=dmy-all|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143100/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EverestNews">{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Team spirit at its peak for Arjuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |accessdate=22 September 2020 |work=Telegraph India |date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001205604/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[https://yas.nic.in/sports/sports-awards-0 Official website]

{{Arjuna Award}}
{{National Sports Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Arjuna Award recipients (1990-1999)}}
[[Category:Lists of Arjuna Award recipients|1990-1999]]
[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]

Mhalsa

2025-11-27T23:17:58Z

Gasperalmeida:

{{short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Khandoba.jpg
| caption = Khandoba and Mhalsa killing demons Mani-Malla — a popular [[oleograph]], c.1880.
| name = Mhalsa
| Devanagari = म्हाळसा, महालसा
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Mhāḷasā
| god_of =
| abode =
| mantra =
| weapon = [[Trishula]]
| consort = [[Khandoba]] (when identified with Parvati)
| children =
| mount =
| affiliation = {{bulleted list|[[Avatar]] of [[Mohini]]|[[Parvati]] (in Khandoba Sect)}}
}}
'''Mhalsa''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: म्हाळसा [[IAST]]: Mhāḷasā), also spelled as '''Mhalasa''' or '''Mahalasa''', महालसा is a [[Hindu goddess]]. As an independent goddess, she is worshipped as a form of [[Mohini]], the [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. Meanwhile in the [[Khandoba]] sect of [[Maharashtra]], she is worshipped as the consort of the folk deity [[Khandoba]], a form of [[Shiva]]. In this tradition, she is associated with [[Parvati]], Shiva's wife.

Mhalsa's chief temple is at [[Mahalasa Narayani Temple, Mardol|Mardol]] in [[Mardol, Goa]], where she is worshipped as a form of [[Vishnu]] revered as Mahalasa Narayani. She is worshipped as the [[Kuladevi]] (family goddess) of different castes and communities in the region.

==Iconography==
In the Mahalasa Narayani form, Mahalasa has four hands, carrying a [[trishula]], a sword, a severed head, and a drinking bowl. She also wears the [[yajnopavita]] (sacred thread), which is generally dedicated to male deities. She stands on a prostrate man or demon, as a tiger or lion licks blood dripping from the severed head. Goud Saraswat Brahmins and Daivajnya Brahmins as well as [[Vaishnava]]s from Goa and [[Tulunadu]] identify her with [[Mohini]] and call her [[Mohini|Narayani]] and Rahu-matthani, the slayer of Rahu, as told in the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=V. P. Chavan|title=Vaishnavism of the Gowd Saraswat Brahmins and a few Konkani folklore tales|publisher=Asian Educational Services. |pages=26–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBWQIDwNWx4C&q=mahalsa&pg=PA26|isbn=978-81-206-0645-6|year=1991}}</ref>

Mhalsa is often depicted with two arms and accompanying Khandoba on his horse or standing beside him.

==Legends==

According to a folk legend, Mhalsa is considered to be a form of Shiva's wife, [[Parvati]]. As per this legend, Mhalsa was born as the daughter of a rich [[Lingayat]] merchant called Timmaseth.<ref name="Dehejia1999">{{cite book|author=Harsha V. Dehejia|title=Parvati: Goddess of Love|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-85822-59-4|pages=36–7}}</ref> On the divine orders of Khandoba in a dream to her father, Mhalsa was married to Khandoba on [[Pausha]] Pournima (the full moon day of the Hindu calendar month of Pausha) in Pali (Pembar). Two [[Lingam|shiva lingams]] appeared on this occasion. An annual festival marking this event is celebrated in Pali every Pausha Pournima.

== Worship ==
[[Image:mahalasatemple.jpg|thumb|Mardol Temple in [[Goa]]]]
Mahalasa/Mhalsa is worshipped as an independent goddess or ''[[gramadevata]]'' (village guardian deity). Her chief temples stand in [[Mahalasa Narayani Temple, Mardol|Mardol]] in [[Goa]].<ref name="Dehejia1999"/><ref name="dhere">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcdhere.com/RCD_Khandoba/khandoba_3.html|title=Chapter 2: MHAALSA|last=Dhere|first=R C|work=Summary of Book "FOLK GOD OF THE SOUTH: KHANDOBA"|publisher=R C Dhere|accessdate=14 March 2010}}</ref> Her temples also exist in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/buzz/8566-music-concert-to-be-held-at-mardol |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616055809/https://www.navhindtimes.in/buzz/8566-music-concert-to-be-held-at-mardol |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |title=Music concert to be held at Mardol |last=NT Network |date=11 February 2010 |work=[[Navhind Times]] |accessdate=12 March 2010 }}</ref> She is the [[Kuldevta|Kuldevi]] (family goddess) of many Hindus from western and southern India, including [[Goud Saraswat Brahmins]], [[Karhade Brahmin]]s, [[Padye]] Brahmin, [[Daivajna Brahmin]], [[Kalavant]], [[Bhandari caste|Bhandaris]] and many other communities.

Due to the migration of followers of the goddess, new temples have been established in recent years in [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], [[Karwar]], [[Kumta]], [[Mudgeri]], [[Kundapura]], [[Basrur]]u, [[Shirva, India|Shirva]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Kasargod]], Harikhandige, Malpe, Madangeri (a small town near [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]]) and other places along India's west coast.

Mhalsa is also worshipped as the consort of Khandoba in Maharashtra and the reincarnation of [[Goddess Parvati]].<ref name="Dehejia1999"/> She is worshipped with Khandoba in all centres of Khandoba's worship, including [[Jejuri]] in [[Maharashtra]]. <ref name="Dehejia1999"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mahalasa.org Kuladevata Shri Mahalasa Narayani's Temple on the Internet]

[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]

List of Odia films of 2004

2025-09-15T05:48:00Z

Gasperalmeida: creating a article.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 2004:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[2004 in film|2004]]'''
|-
| ''[[Agnee (Oriya film)|Agnee]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Agnee|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1423887/|access-date=2019-02-08}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Swapna Shah]] ||[[Prasonjeet]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] ||||
|-
|''[[Barsa My Darling]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Barsa My Darling|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1459836/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Hara Patnaik]]||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Ankita Banerjee]], [[Hara Patnaik]]|| ||Remake of Telugu movie ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|-
|''[[Join Ra Chauka Ku Sasurara Chhaka]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Join Ra Chauka Ku Sasurara Chhaka|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1423945/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Baby Islam]] ||[[Hari (actor)|Hari]] || ||
|-
|''[[Kotire Gotiye]]''|| ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Rakhile Jadi Se Mariba Kiye]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Rakhiba Jadi Se Maariba Kie|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1459953/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Ritesh Nayak]] ||[[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Deepak Parida]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Saathire]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Sathire|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1435580/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Sritam Das]], [[Madhumita Basu]], [[Hara Patnaik]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2004 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2004]]
[[Category:Lists of 2004 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian cinema]]

Firos (politician)

2025-08-14T08:33:36Z

Gasperalmeida: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Muslim Youth League]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Timli Sanskrit Pathshala

2025-08-11T04:22:12Z

Gasperalmeida: done

{{short description|Sanskrit school}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Shri Timli Vidyapeeth (श्री तिमली संस्कृत पाठशाला)
| location = Timli, P.O. Devikhet [[Pauri Garhwal]] – 246144 [[Uttarakhand]] India
| trust = Shri Timli Trust
| specialist = Sanskrit, Vedanta and Technology
| president = Ashish Dabral
| schooltype = Independent [[boarding school]]
| motto = 'विद्या धर्मेण शोभिते' (Vidya Dharmena Shobhite) – Knowledge Shines with Righteousness.
| founded = 1882
| district = [[Pauri Garhwal]]
| publication = [http://online.fliphtml5.com/vibo/ccoa Gurukul Patrika]
| fees = Free School
| website = {{URL|http://www.shritimli.org}}
}}

'''Shri Timli Sanskrit Pathshala''' (श्री तिमली संस्कृत पाठशाला), established in 1882, is the first [[Sanskrit]] school in [[Garhwal Himalaya]] that was recognized and funded by [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] from 1911 to 1915 and offered high school completion programs in Sanskrit ([[Karmkand|Karmakanda]], [[Tantra]] and [[Vedas|Vedic philosophy]]) to hundreds of students. In 1952 Shri Timli Sanskrit Pathshala introduced an [[English as a Second Language]] program to meet the needs of the students.

From January 2014, Shri Timli Sanskrit Pathshala introduced [[information technology]] and modern science to its curriculum and launched a twelve-month integrated program in Sanskrit and information communication technology.

== History ==

=== Founders ===
Shri Timli Sanskrit Pathshala was founded by Badri Datt Dabral, Damodar Dabral, in association with [[Rao Bahadur]] Kulanand Barthwal, Bhim Singh Bisht and Madho Singh Thokdar in 1882.

The management committee was upgraded in 1950 with [[Rai Saheb]] Radhakrishna Dabral and Umanand Barthwal. Shri Timli Trust was established to revive Shri Timli Sanskrit Pathshala under new name – Shri TImli Vidyapeeth. where modern science and technologies were included into the curriculum.

=== Shri Timli Vidyapeeth ===
Shri Timli Sanskrit Pathshala (श्री तिमली संस्कृत पाठशाला) has been revived in January 2014 by [https://indianexpress.com/article/education/back-to-the-roots-15/ Ashish Dabral] where [[Computer]], Sanskrit and English have been given equal importance. Shri Timli Vidyapeeth is an alias to Shri Timli Sanskrit Pathshala re-registered under Shri Timli Trust.
Shri Timli Sanskrit Pathshala was known for its Sanskrit education and referred as [[Kashi Vidyapeeth|Kashi]] of Garhwal Himalaya. [http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/digitalbook/i/inventory%20of%20sanskrit%20scholars.pdf Pandit Sadanand Dabral] – 1877–1950 and Pandit Lalita Prasad Dabral has significantly contributed to Sanskrit literature and Tantra. Shri Ashish Dabral is the main contributor to revive the Timli Sanskrit pathsala and transform into Universal Gurukul.

=== Sanskrit and Computer Science ===

Shri Timli Vidyapeeth (श्री तिमली संस्कृत पाठशाला) has introduced a unique program in which students are trained with holistic development approach. Gurukul is providing Sanskrit education with Computer Science and also conducts seminars on various topics on regular basis.

=== Sanskrit research ===
Shri Timli Vidyapeeth has a Sanskrit Research Center. There have been suggestions to use Sanskrit as a [[metalanguage]] for [[knowledge representation]] in e.g. [[machine translation]], and other areas of [[natural language]] processing because of its relatively high regular structure. This is due to [[Classical Sanskrit]] being a regularised, prescriptivist form abstracted from the much more complex and richer [[Vedic Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/digitalbook/i/inventory%20of%20sanskrit%20scholars.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501074308/http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/I/Inventory%20of%20Sanskrit%20Scholars.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universalgurukul.in/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi|title=Account Suspended|website=universalgurukul.in|access-date=2018-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111230147/http://www.universalgurukul.in/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi|archive-date=2018-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100730224833/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/466]</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://omshantimandiram.org/pdf/S2013p8.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001419/http://omshantimandiram.org/pdf/S2013p8.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Universal Gurukul Contact Centre ==
[[File:The Universal Gurukul Contact Center.JPG|thumb|The Universal Gurukul Contact Center – Devikhet, Uttarakhand, India – Started by Gurukul Students in March 2015]]
First of its kind in Uttarakhand, Shri Timli Vidyapeeth - Universal Gurukul launched its contact centre in March 2015 at Devikhet, Uttarakhand, India. This contact center is managed by Gurukul students with following key objectives:
* A platform for migrant individuals to connect back to their roots.
* Single point of contact for local individuals to resolve their all queries with government offices and semi-government offices.
* An opportunity for migrant individuals to invest in local projects.
* An opportunity to Gurukul students to learn entrepreneurship skills.

== Primary Education Center ==
Shri Timli Vidyapeeth announced to start a primary education center with modern teaching methodologies and techniques which would be operational from April 2015.
[[File:Mainspring.JPG|thumb|Students of Mainspring (Timli Vidyapeeth), Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India]]

== Conversation with International Space Station (ISS) ==
[[Image:Richardarnoldv2.jpg|thumb|left|Ricky Arnold]]
On 27 Auguzst 2018 students of Shri Timli Vidyapeeth got an opportunity to speak with Astronaut [[Ricky Arnold]] stationed at [[International Space Station]]. Students from various remote Himalayan villages asked their questions directly through teleconferencing via HAM radio station.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Jan on7ux in Activities |title=ARISS telebridge contact in India via ON4ISS – AMSAT-ON |url=https://www.amsat-on.be/2018/08/27/ariss-telebridge-contact-in-india-via-on4iss/ |website=amsat-on.be |accessdate=14 March 2020 |date=27 August 2018}}</ref>

== Partnership ==
Shri Timli Vidyapeeth and Little Dragons Pre School in United Kingdom collaborated in February 2016 to improve teaching technique and education standard. This partnership will help students of both great nations to exchange cultural values.

== Participation in World Robot Olympiad ==
Since 2016, students of Shri Timli Vidyapeeth are participating in [[World Robot Olympiad]]. Robotics is a part of the curriculum and students from remote Himalayan villages learn [[LEGO]] based microprocessor programming and have represented Shri Timli Viyapeeth at National level as well.

== Courses offered ==
Presently, Shri Timli Vidyapeeth is offering free elementary education through a formal School and also upskilling youth of rural Uttarakhand through its Technology Center under the flagship of Uttarakhand Technology Club. Shri Timli Vidyapeeth elementary school is for young children of 3 to 12 years age group and Technology Center offers Information Communication Technology programs for 12- to 24-year-old students at various independent centres in Uttarakhand.

=== Shri Timli Vidyapeeth Courses ===
Shri Timli Vidyapeeth focuses on Vedic education (Vedas, Upanishads, Vedanta) with modern science and technology. Currently, Gurukul school is offering regular education from Nursery to Fifth standard conceptual and level appropriate education using:
* Science Kit and Brain development kits
* Yoga and Meditation
* Sanskrit and Vedic Studies
* Information Communications Technology
* English Language Lab
* Sports Activities

=== Technology Center Courses ===
Presently, Shri Timli Vidyapeeth Technology Center (Also known as Uttarakhand Technology Club) offers following fundamental courses in Information Communication Technology:
* 12 Months program in Computer Fundamentals
* 12 Months Program in Advance Computing
* 06 Months Program in Computer Hardware and Networking
* 06 Months Program in Desktop Publishing and Advance Designing
* 06 Months Program in Application Development
With regular personality development and language skills programs Uttarakhand Technology Club also provided opportunities to students with its Contact Center and mainstream education center.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic organisations]]
[[Category:Vedas]]
[[Category:Yoga schools]]

Vasishtha Siddhanta

2025-06-23T08:07:16Z

Gasperalmeida: added info

{{Short description|Astronomical system}}
'''Vasishtha Siddhanta''' is one of the earliest astronomical systems in use in India, which is summarized in [[Varahamihira]]'s ''[[Pancha-siddhantika]]''(6th century). It is attributed to sage [[Vasishtha]] and claims a date of composition of 1,299,101 BCE.<ref>History of Astronomy (1834), {{ISBN|0-543-94987-7}}, p. 117</ref>
The original text probably dated to the 4th century, but it has been lost and our knowledge of it is restricted to Varahamira's account. [[Alberuni]] ascribes the work to [[Vishnuchandra]].

There is a modern work bearing the title ''Vasishtha Siddhantika''.<ref>[[Albrecht Weber]], The History of Indian Literature, p. 258; Romesh Chunder Dutt, A History of Civilization in Ancient India, p. 209</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{astronomy-stub}}

[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Indian astronomy texts]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian astronomical works]]

Joitabhai Patel

2025-06-18T13:25:43Z

Gasperalmeida: new article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Patel Joitabhai Kasnabhai''' is an Indian politician. He is a Former Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Dhanera Assembly constituency]] since 2012 to 2017. He is associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patel Joitabhai Kasnabhai(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- DHANERA(BANASKANTHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1739 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shivangani |date=2022-12-08 |title=Dhanera Election Result 2022 Live: Nathabhai Patel Wins This Gujarat Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dhanera-election-result-2022-live-news-updates-bjp-aap-congress-gujarat-counting-of-votes-today |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nathabhai Hegolabhai Patel in Gujarat Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/:state_slug:/nathabhai-hegolabhai-patel-dhanera-candidate-s06a009c03/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Joitabhai}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1985–1990]]

INA Defence Committee

2025-06-08T18:58:21Z

Gasperalmeida: basic improve layout to improve readability further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Committee established by the Indian National Congress in 1945}}
{{moresources|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
The '''INA Defence Committee''', later the '''INA Defence and Relief Committee''', was a committee established by the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1945 to [[Defense (legal)|defend]] those officers of the [[Indian National Army]] who were to be charged during the [[INA trials]]. Additional responsibilities of the committee also came to be the co-ordination of information on INA troops held captive, as well as arranging for relief for troops after the war.
The committee declared the formation of the Congress' defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Asaf Ali]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and as The British insisted that this was an Army Court Martial, Lt. Col Horilal Varma Bar at law and Prime minister of the state of Rampur was selected to head the defense Committee.

==See also==
*[[Indian National Army]]
*[[INA trials]], the courts-martial of INA officers at Delhi that began in late 1945.
*[[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Maj Shah Nawaz Khan]], [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]] and [[P.K. Sahgal|Col. Prem Kumar Sahgal]] defendants in the first [[INA trial]].
*[[Lakshmi Sahgal|Captain Lakshmi Sahgal]], who commanded the [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]], and was also the minister in Charge of Women's affairs in the [[Azad Hind Govt]].
*[[Indian National Congress]]

==References==
*[http://www.bl.uk/collections/independenceww7.html Letter from members of the Indian National Army Defence Committee to the Viceroy, 15 Oct 1945.The British Library. Accessed 12/07/07] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714185511/http://www.bl.uk/collections/independenceww7.html |date=14 July 2007 }}
{{Azad Hind Fauj}}
{{Indian National Congress}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian National Army trials]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1945]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Basavanagudi Aquatic Centre

2025-05-27T20:46:30Z

Gasperalmeida: slightly fixed intro per standard format further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Swimming venue in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox swimming pool
| name = Basavanagudi Aquatic Centre
| image = BAC event start diving shot.jpg
| caption = Basavanagudi Aquatic Centre
| address = Pampamahakavi Road, Sankarapuram, [[Basavanagudi]], [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| postcode = 560004
| coordinates = {{coord|12.951751|77.572703|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| opened = 1986
| closed =
| demolished =
| operator =
| owner =
| cost =
| architect =
| type =
| former_names =
| size = 8 - lane 50 metre pool
| length =
| width =
| depth =
| status =
| features =
| facilities = 8 lane 25 metre Elite training pool, Baby pool, Gym
| website = www.swimbac.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Basavanagudi Aquatic Centre''' (BAC) is a premier swimming training centre located in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. At any given time, the Centre caters to more than 400 regular swimmers from different age groups at various levels. Many of India's international swimmers train here. The centre works full-time and has got the status of a professional Aquatic Centre. The staff consists of many well trained coaches under the head coach Pradeep Kumar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swimbac.in/theteam.htm |title=Instructors at BAC |accessdate=2011-01-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208211714/http://swimbac.in/theteam.htm |archivedate=2011-02-08 }}</ref>

Bangalore became the destination for talented swimmers of India in the 1980s as it boasted a swimming academy culture by several clubs and was supported by year round pleasant weather for training. In 1986 Basavanagudi Aquatic Centre was started and soon it became a sought after training centre for elite swimmers from all over India.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/silver-jubilee/Swimming-to-glory/articleshow/4822005.cms | title = Swimming to Glory | accessdate = 2011-01-31 | date = 2009-07-26 | work = Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/124437/dominant-bac-clinch-overall-championship.html | title = BAC Champions | accessdate = 2011-02-08}}</ref>

== International Swimmers ==

Some of India's notable international swimmers who have trained at this pool are [[Nisha Millet]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4§id=edid=&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=09-08-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00400&publabel=TOI | title = Nisha Millet inspires | accessdate = 2011-02-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090706210636/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes | archive-date = 6 July 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Rehan Poncha,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/21/stories/2010082158582000.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825172458/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/21/stories/2010082158582000.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2010-08-25 | title = Rehan Poncha prepares for Commonwealth Games 2010 | accessdate = 2011-02-08 | location=Chennai, India | work = [[The Hindu]] | date=2010-08-21}}</ref><ref name="ind-swimmers-fina2009">{{cite web |url=http://swimmingfederation.in/pagedetail.php?cid=29 |title=Indian swimmers at FINA World Championships 2009 |accessdate=2011-02-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115192310/http://www.swimmingfederation.in/pagedetail.php?cid=29 |archivedate=2011-01-15 }}</ref> Aaron D'souza,<ref name="asiad2010-swimsqad">{{cite web | url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/108506/rehan-aaron-asiad-swim-squad.html | title = Asiad Swim Squad | accessdate = 2011-02-08}}</ref><ref name="asianyouthgames-2009">{{cite web|url=http://swimbac.in/AYG-Singapore2009.htm |title=Asian Youth Games |accessdate=2011-02-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181435/http://swimbac.in/AYG-Singapore2009.htm |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> Rohit Halvaldar,<ref name="asiad2010-swimsqad" /> Mandar Divase,<ref name="ind-swimmers-fina2009" /><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article30050.ece | title = Mandar Divase rises to the occasion | accessdate = 2011-02-08 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | date=2009-10-06}}</ref> Talasha Prabhu,<ref name="ind-swimmers-fina2009" /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.zeenews.com/news575058.html | title = Talasha represents India in Vietnam indoor Asian Games | accessdate = 2011-02-08}}</ref> Arjun JP,<ref name="ind-swimmers-fina2009" /> Fariha Zaman,<ref name="ind-swimmers-fina2009" /> Shubha C,<ref name="ind-swimmers-fina2009" /> Arhata Magavi.<ref name="asianyouthgames-2009" />

== Events ==

Notable events hosted at BAC:

# IWAS [[World Wheelchair and Amputee Games]] 2009 <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/38569/whats-buzz.html | title = IWAS Wheelchair and Amputees Games at BAC | accessdate = 2011-02-08}}</ref>
# Junior National Aquatic Meet, 2010 <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/80847/karnataka-emerge-overall-champions.html | title = Junior National Aquatics Meet at BAC | accessdate = 2011-02-08}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian records in swimming]]
* [[India at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Nisha Millet]]
* [[Swimming at the 2009 Asian Youth Games]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.swimbac.in/|Basavanagudi Aquatic Centre official website}}

[[Category:Swimming venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1968]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Kaire, Punjab

2025-02-19T01:41:22Z

Gasperalmeida: new new entry

{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaire
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.447912|N|75.467979|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barnala district|Barnala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat Kaire
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.59
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,641
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 148100
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kaire''' is a village in [[Barnala district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. It is a very small village with a total population of 1641 inhabitants in the East [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/punjab/barnala/barnala/kaire.html|title=Kaire Village in Barnala (Barnala) Punjab {{!}} villageinfo.in|website=villageinfo.in|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> The village has a local school (which instructs up to 12th class),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.registration.pseb.ac.in/School/Schoollist/Next?currentPageIndex=1107#|title=Schoollist Punjab School Education Board|website=www.registration.pseb.ac.in|access-date=2019-03-25}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a veterinary hospital, a water tank, and a [[grain trade|grain market]]. The village 15 km away from the [[Barnala district]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011||df=}} India [[census]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=45269|title=Census of India: Search Details|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> Kaire had a population of 1641. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kaire has an average literacy rate of 61%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 66.3%, and female literacy is 43.5%<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Barnala district}}

[[Category:Villages in Barnala district]]

Sarih, Jalandhar

2024-11-10T23:11:27Z

Gasperalmeida: formatting fix

{{Other uses|Sarinh (disambiguation){{!}}Sarinh}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarinh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.141|N|75.559|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Nakodar tehsil|Nakodar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144043
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0181-123456
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nakodar]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''''Sarinh''''' ({{langx|pa|ਸਰੀਂਹ}}; also spelled as '''Sarih''') is an old and noted village in the [[Nakodar]] [[tehsil]] of [[Jalandhar district]] in [[Punjab, India]].<ref name="ti">{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070102/punjab.htm | title=Shunning their nomadic traits gradually | date=2 January 2007 | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=10 July 2012 | location=Sarinh (Jalandhar)}}</ref> The marriage party of the fifth [[Sikh guru]], [[Guru Arjan Dev]] stayed here for a while on their way back home.<ref name="yt">{{cite video | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbDXppeMoRE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/jbDXppeMoRE |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live| title=Sade Pind Rabb Vasda - Part 1 ( Sarinh Episode) | publisher=[[YouTube]] | date=13 July 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Geography ==

''Sarinh'' or ''Sarih'', approximately centered at {{coord|31|08|28|N|75|33|32|E}},<ref name=gm>[[Google Maps]]</ref> is located on the [[Nakodar]]-[[Phagwara]] road. [[Shankar, Jalandhar|Shankar]] is the nearest railway station (2 km). [[Tahli, Nakodar|Tahli]] and [[Shekhan Khurd]] are the surrounding villages.

== History ==

The village is a part of an event of the [[History of Sikhism|Sikh history]] as the marriage party of the fifth [[Sikh guru]], [[Guru Arjan Dev]], stayed here for a while on their way back home, after married to ''Mata Ganga Ji''.<ref name=yt/>

== See also ==
*[[Sarinh, Ludhiana]]
*[[Buttar Sarinh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Nakodar tehsil]]

{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}

Moti Mahal, Mandla

2024-09-28T07:35:46Z

Gasperalmeida: creating post.

{{Infobox building
| image = Moti Mahal Mandla.jpg
}}
'''Moti Mahal''' is a palace in [[Mandla district]], Madhya Pradesh, India.

== History ==
The palace was built by the [[Gondi people|Gond]] ruler [[Hridayshah|Hirde Shah]].

In 1984 it was declared a state-protected monument, and in 2024 it was added to the tentative list of the [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=The Gond monuments of Ramnagar, Mandla |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6735/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The palace faces north, and has a view of the [[Narmada River]]. It is a quadrangular structure, three stories tall, with a large central courtyard.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|22.6145|80.5113|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moti Mahal, Mandla}}
[[Category:Palaces in India]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ichhlampur

2024-08-31T19:40:42Z

Gasperalmeida: new new stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ichhlampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.5833|N|88.0493|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.7664
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,015
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03485
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712403
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Suti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suti]]
| website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ichhlampur''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Suti II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of the [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=500| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|24|42|0|N|87|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Farakka, Samserganj, Suti II CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|48|4|N|87|53|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Srimantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Srimantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|47|33|N|87|54|51|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Benia Gram| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Benia Gram]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|48|30|N|87|54|39|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Farakka Barrage |labela3= Township| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Farakka Barrage Township]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|43|21|N|87|56|3|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Arjunpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Arjunpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|42|49|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Sibnagar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Sibnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|41|55|N|87|55|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mamrejpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Mamrejpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|42|16|N|87|56|17|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Pranpara| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Pranpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|41|21|N|87|55|41|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mahadeb Nagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Mahadeb Nagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|40|30|N|87|56|44|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Anup Nagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Anup Nagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|40|8|N|87|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jafrabad| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jafrabad, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|39|45|N|87|57|30|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Kankuria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Kankuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|34|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Uttar Mahammadpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Uttar Mahammadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Chachanda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Chachanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|38|35|N|87|58|50|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Dhusaripara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Dhusaripara]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|0|50|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Serpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Serpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|58|6|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Kohetpur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Kohetpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|38|20|N|87|55|31|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Bhasaipaikar| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Bhasaipaikar]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Jaykrishnapur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Jaykrishnapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|4|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Basudebpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Basudebpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|1|30|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Jagtaj| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Jagtaj]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|37|34|N|88|1|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Debipur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Debipur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|1|25|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Aurangabad| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Aurangabad, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|37|50|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Mahendrapur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Mahendrapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|37|50|N|88|1|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Hafania| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Hafania]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|38|15|N|87|58|40|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Dafahat| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Dafahat]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|36|15|N|88|2|35|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Paschim Punropara| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Paschim Punropara]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|34|49|N|88|2|57|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Ichhlampur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27=Ichhlampur (CT)|shape-color27=black| label-size27=13|label-color27=black 
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|35|50|N|88|2|50|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Chakmeghoan| numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Chakmeghoan]] (CT)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|35|20|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29=Kakramari| numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Kakramari]] (CT)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|34|52|N|88|2|19|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Khanpur| numbered30=CT| mark-title30=[[Khanpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|36|32|N|88|1|40|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Khidirpur| numbered31=CT| mark-title31=[[Khidirpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|36|0|N|88|1|9|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Bhabki| numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Bhabki]] (CT)
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|41|0|N|87|57|14|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Dhuliyan| numbered33=M| mark-title33=[[Dhuliyan]] (M) | shape-color33= #800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Farakka Barrage| numbered34=F| mark-title34= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color34=#967117
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|46|21|N|87|53|39|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Farakka Super TPS| numbered35=F| mark-title35= [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] (F) |shape-color35=#967117
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|47|25|N|87|54|15|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Farakka| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Farakka]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|35|21|N|88|0|33|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Mahesail| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Mahesail]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|39|44|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Nimtita| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Nimtita]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|2|0|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Suti| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Suti]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|46|45|N|87|54|37|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Nabarun| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Nabarun]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|56|40|E}} | label41= Ganges River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 85| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|38|20|N|88|3|10|E}} | label42= Padma River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 45| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|54|10|E}} | label43= Farakka | labela43 = Feeder Canal| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 85| label-pos43=right| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|40|53|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos44=left|label44= Tarapur| numbered44=R| mark-title44= [[Tarapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color44=#C40000
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|46|0|N|88|5|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|53|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}
{{-}}

===Location===
Ichhlampur is located at {{coord|24.5833|N|88.0493|E|display=inline}}.

According to the map of Suti II CD block in the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', [[Dafahat]], [[Jagtaj]], [[Debipur, Murshidabad|Debipur]], [[Aurangabad, West Bengal|Aurangabad]], [[Hafania]], [[Mahendrapur]], [[Paschim Punropara]], [[Bhabki]], [[Khidirpur, Murshidabad|Khidirpur]], [[Khanpur, Murshidabad|Khanpur]], Ichhlampur, [[Chakmeghoan]] and [[Kakramari]], form a cluster of census towns.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 195, Map of Suti II CD block| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 [[census towns]] and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. The subdivision is located in the [[Rarh region]] that is spread over from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities | access-date= 24 July 2017 | archive-date= 29 August 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170829154116/http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | url-status= dead }}</ref> The river [[Ganges]], along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], one of the largest projects of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India’s tobacco industry |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 1,600 MW [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | title= Power Generation | work= Farakka | publisher= NTPC | access-date= 7 August 2016 | archive-date= 30 October 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030445/http://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the [[beedi]] industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The ‘Poor man’s cigarette’ | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref> As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district. [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|Severe erosion]] occurs along the banks.<ref name="erosion1">{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ichhlampur had a total population of 6,015, of which 3,013 (50%) were males and 3,002 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,092. The total number of literate persons in Ichhlampur was 2,194 (44.57% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 313986, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 28 June 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', 2011, Ichhlampur covered an area of 0.7664 km2. It had 0.6 km roads, with closed drains. The protected water-supply involved hand pump. It had 1,410 domestic electric connections, 2 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities it had 3 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 7 primary schools, 1 middle school, other school facilities at Ichlipara 0.25 km away. It had 2 recognised shorthand, typewriting & vocational training institutes, 8 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational & cultural facilities it had 1 auditorium/ community hall. It produced [[beedi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 981-987: Statement I: Growth History, Pages 990-993: Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 993-995: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 995-1001 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities; Pages 1 001- 1002: Statement VI: Industry & Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2021}}</ref>

== Healthcare ==
Suti II CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. The maximum concentration in Suti II CD block is 1,852 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]