Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Law University

2026-05-07T13:25:52Z

Garrydum: put up details

{{Short description|University in Sonipat, Haryana, India}}
{{distinguish|Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{update|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Law University
| image =
| image_size = 180px
| motto = Nīyate vivakṣitārthaḥ anena iti nyāyaḥ
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = That by which the intended meaning is conveyed is Nyāya — the principle of justice
| head_label = Registrar
| head = Prof. (Dr.) Ashutosh Mishra
| chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]
| vice_chancellor = Prof. (Dr.) Devinder Singh<ref name="vc-2025"></ref>
| established = {{Start date and age|2012|04|26|df=y}}
| address = Plot No.5, [[Rajiv Gandhi Education City]]
| city = [[Sonepat]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| type = [[National Law University]]
| postalcode = 131021
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|56|49|N|77|06|23|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Suburban area|Suburban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|25|acre}}
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| accreditation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]
| academic_affiliation = Consortium of National Law Universities<ref name="consortium"></ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.dbranlu.ac.in}}
}}
'''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Law University''' ('''DBRANLU''') is a [[National Law University]] located at [[Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]. It was established by the [[Government of Haryana|State Government of Haryana]] in the year 2012 by the State Legislature Act No. 15 of 2012.{{Cite web |title=National Law University, Haryana Act No. 15 of 2012 |url=https://www.highereduhry.ac.in/ActsRules/National_Law_university_ACT%20NO.%2015%20OF%202012.pdf}} The University celebrates its Foundation Day on 26th April. It is recognized by the [[Bar Council of India]] and is a member of the Consortium of National Law Universities.<ref name="consortium">{{cite web |title=Consortium of National Law Universities |url=https://consortiumofnlus.ac.in |website=consortiumofnlus.ac.in |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> By an Amendment{{Cite web |title=The National Law University Haryana (Amendment) Bill, 2014 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/haryana/2014/Bill24of2014HR.pdf}} in 2014, the name of the University was changed from 'The National Law University Haryana' to 'Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University Sonepat', in the honor of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], social reformer and the architect of the [[Constitution of India]]. The University covers an area of 25 acres.
The [[Chief Justice of India]] or his nominee, who shall be a sitting Judge of the [[Supreme court of India|Supreme Court of India]], is the Visitor of the University. Hon'ble [[Ashim Kumar Ghosh]], the Governor of Haryana, is the incumbent Chancellor. Devinder Singh<ref name="vc-2025">{{Cite news |date=27 May 2025 |title=Prof. (Dr.) Devinder Singh Appointed As Vice-Chancellor Of DBRANLU, Sonepat |url=https://www.livelaw.in/lawschool/news/prof-dr-devinder-singh-vice-chancellor-dbranlu-sonepat-law-schools-293431 |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=Live Law |language=en}}</ref> is the incumbent Vice-Chancellor of the University.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Vice-Chancellor
!From
!To
|-
|Kailash Chandra Sharma (Addl.)
|18.01.2018
|10.03.2019
|-
|Viney Kapoor Mehra
|10.03.2019
|10.03.2022
|-
|Archana Mishra
|10.03.2022
|09.03.2025
|-
|Ashok Kumar, IPS (Retd.) (Addl.)
|13.03.2025
|24.05 2025
|-
|Devinder Singh
|24.05.2025
|Till date
|}
DBRANLU started its first batch for B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) Five Year Integrated Course from the academic year 2019–20.
== Academics ==
=== Courses offered ===
DBRANLU currently offers the following courses:
* B.A. LL.B. (Hons.): Five-year Integrated Undergraduate Course
* [[Master of Laws|LL.M Master of Laws]]: Postgraduate Course (One-year)
* [[Master of Laws|LL.M Master of Laws]]: Flagship Postgraduate Course (Two-year)
* [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Law: Doctorate Program
==== Undergraduate ====
===== B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) =====
The total number of seats for the B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) Five-Years Integrated Course are One Hundred and Twenty (120). The University currently offers two honours specializations: Business Law and Criminal Law. Admission to the B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) programme is conducted through the [[Common Law Admission Test]] Undergraduate (CLAT-UG).
==== Postgraduate ====
* LL.M. - Master of Laws (One Year)
* LL.M. - Master of Laws (Two Year)
* Ph.D. - Doctor of Philosophy in Law
== Research ==
There are multidisciplinary Research Centres at DBRANLU which address pressing social issues, conduct conferences, enhance research output, and foster collaborations, contributing to impactful publications, projects, and policy development.
# Centre For Public Policy and Good Governance
# Centre For Competition and Consumer Law and Policy
# Centre for Research in Commercial and Corporate Laws
# Centre for Conflict Management and Dispute Resolution
# Centre for Labour Studies
# Centre for Gender Justice & Human Rights
# Incubation Centre for Legal & Inter- Disciplinary Entrepreneurship
# Centre for Disaster Management & Laws
# Intellectual Property Rights Facilitation & Research Centre
# Centre for Constitutional Law and Transformative Studies
# Centre for Criminal Law Research & Advocacy Skills
# Centre for Law & Technology
# Centre for Performing Arts & Creative Legal Studies

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Autonomous law schools in India}}
{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{List of law schools in Haryana}}
[[Category:Law schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sonipat]]
[[Category:National Law Universities]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Haryana]]

Indore Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T21:28:25Z

Garrydum: started the post v1

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Indore
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Indore.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Indore Lok Sabha constituency
| established = [[Indian general election, 1951–52|1952]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Shankar Lalwani]]
| incumbent_image = Shri Shankar Lalwani.jpg
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = [[Depalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Depalpur]] [[Indore-1 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-1]] [[Indore-2 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-2]] [[Indore-3 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-3]] [[Indore-4 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-4]] [[Indore-5 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-5]] [[Rau (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rau]] [[Sanwer (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanwer]]
}}

'''Indore Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency covers most of the [[Indore district]].

The Member of Parliament from Indore Lok Sabha constituency is [[Shankar Lalwani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/indore-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154435.html|title=Indore Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Shankar Lalvani of BJP wins|website=News18|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> Since 1989, the seat is held by the [[BJP]]. Before Lalwani, the seat was held for record 8 consecutive terms by BJP's [[Sumitra Mahajan]] since 1989, who was also the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] between 2014 and 2019.

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Indore Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|203
|[[Depalpur Assembly constituency|Depalpur]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Indore district|Indore]]
|[[Manoj Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|204
|[[Indore-1 Assembly constituency|Indore-1]]
|[[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
|-
|205
|[[Indore-2 Assembly constituency|Indore-2]]
|[[Ramesh Mendola]]
|-
|206
|[[Indore-3 Assembly constituency|Indore-3]]
|[[Golu Shukla]]
|-
|207
|[[Indore-4 Assembly constituency|Indore-4]]
|[[Malini Gaur]]
|-
|208
|[[Indore-5 Assembly constituency|Indore-5]]
|[[Mahendra Hardia]]
|-
|210
|[[Rau Assembly constituency|Rau]]
|[[Madhu Verma (politician)|Madhu Verma]]
|-
|211
|[[Sanwer Assembly constituency|Sanwer]] (SC)
|[[Tulsiram Silawat]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!|Year
!|Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Nandlal Joshi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Kanhaiyalal Khadiwala
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Homi F. Daji]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|1972^
|[[Ramsingh Bhai Verma|Ram Singh Bhai]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Kalyan Jain]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| rowspan="10" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shankar Lalwani]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1226.htm|website=ECI|title=2024 lok sabha result|accessdate=11 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shankar Lalwani]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=12,26,751|percentage=78.54|change={{increase}}12.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the Above |votes=2,18,674 |percentage=14.00|change={{increase}}13.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Lakshman Solanki|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=51,659|percentage=3.31|change={{increase}}2.78}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 11,75,095 |percentage=74.23|change={{increase}}40.61}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=15,61,968|percentage=61.67|change={{down}}7.66}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Indore]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shankar Lalwani]]|votes=10,68,569|percentage=65.59|change=+0.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pankaj Sanghvi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,20,815|percentage=31.97|change=+2.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Deepchand Ahirwal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=8,666|percentage=0.53|change=-0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 5,045
|percentage = 0.31
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,47,754|percentage=33.62|change=-1.84}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=16,29,595
|percentage=69.33
|change=+7.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +0.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|votes = 8,54,972
|percentage = 64.93
|change = +16.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,88,071
|percentage = 29.47
|change = -17.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anil Trivedi
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 35,169
|percentage = 2.67
|change = +2.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dharamdas Ahirwar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,422
|percentage = 0.56
|change = -0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mohammad Imitiyaz Khan
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 3,862
|percentage = 0.29
|change = +0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 5,944
|percentage = 0.45
|change = +0.45
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,66,901
|percentage = 35.46
|change = +34.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,16,817
|percentage = 62.25
|change = +11.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +16.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|votes = 3,88,662
|percentage = 48.77
|change = -10.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,77,182
|percentage = 47.33
|change = +10.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rahim Khan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,226
|percentage = 0.91
|change = –0.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Anita Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 3,381
|percentage = 0.42
|change = –0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = S. R. Mandloi
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 3,360
|percentage = 0.42
|change = +0.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjay Singh Bhadoriya
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 2,472
|percentage = 0.31
|change = +0.31
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,480
|percentage = 1.44
|change = -21.25
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,96,910
|percentage = 50.76
|change = -7.70
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -10.69
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|votes = 5,08,107
|percentage = 59.46
|change = +2.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rameshwar Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,14,171
|percentage = 36.77
|change = –4.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kailashchander Kanwarlal Sahu
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 10,331
|percentage = 1.21
|change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raju Soni
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,635
|percentage = 0.66
|change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ajit Kumar Jain Patwa
|votes = 4,453
|percentage = 0.52
|change = +0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendra Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 4,142
|percentage = 0.48
|change = +0.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parmanand Tolani
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,211
|percentage = 0.26
|change = +0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nandkishor Agrawal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,075
|percentage = 0.24
|change = +0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Moolchand Rathore
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,933
|percentage = 0.23
|change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nandkishor Agrawal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,445
|percentage = 0.17
|change = +0.17
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,93,936
|percentage = 22.69
|change = +6.79
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,54,503
|percentage = 58.46
|change = +2.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===20th century===
====1999 election====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|votes = 4,74,167
|percentage = 57.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahesh Joshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 342,852
|percentage = 41.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Suresh Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,262
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shaikh Masaruddin
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 984
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,31,315
|percentage = 15.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,25,794
|percentage = 56.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1998 election====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|votes = 4,40,047
|percentage = 52.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pankaj Sanghvi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,90,195
|percentage = 46.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalyan Jain
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 4,536
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Akhtar Baig Karamat Baig
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 984
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49,852
|percentage = 5.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,46,291
|percentage = 59.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1996 election====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|votes = 3,38,327
|percentage = 50.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Madhukar Verma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,33,894
|percentage = 35.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anil Shastri|Anil Lal Bahadur]]
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|votes = 54,460
|percentage = 8.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rana Ram Prasad Yadav
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,081
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,04,433
|percentage = 15.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,64,159
|percentage = 53.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1991 election====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|votes = 3,03,269
|percentage = 54.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalit Jain
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,22,675
|percentage = 40.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 80,594
|percentage = 14.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,52,568
|percentage = 48.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1989 election====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|votes = 3,19,123
|percentage = 50.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,07,509
|percentage = 32.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,11,614
|percentage = 17.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,38,218
|percentage = 58.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1984 election====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Indore]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
|votes = 2,72,122
|percentage = 56.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajendra Dharkar|Rajendra Nilkanth Dharkar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,81,296
|percentage = 37.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 90,826
|percentage = 18.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,78,826
|percentage = 60.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Indore district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|22.75|75.83|display=title}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indore district]]

Karur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T09:46:20Z

Garrydum: started the data first draft

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{coord|10.95|N|78.08|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Karur
| map_image = karur lok sabha constituency.png
|map_caption = Karur constituency, post-2008 delimitation
|established = 1957
|reservation = None
|party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|mp = [[Jothimani|S. Jothimani]]
|latest_election_year = [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2019|2019 Election]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Vedasandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedasandur]] [[Aravakurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Aravakurichi]] [[Karur (State Assembly Constituency)|Karur]] [[Krishnarayapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Krishnarayapuram]] [[Manapparai (State Assembly Constituency)|Manapparai]] [[Viralimalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Viralimalai]]
|electors = 13,86,636<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2014-08-11 }}</ref>
| incumbent_image = Jothimani.jpg
}}

'''Karur''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 23 of 39.

==Assembly segments==

=== From 2009 ===
Karur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-11
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=31 October 2008
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|133
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|None
|[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|134
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Karur district|Karur]]
|-
|135
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|136
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]]
|SC
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|138
| [[Manapparai Assembly constituency|Manapparai]]
|None
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|-
|179
| [[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]
|None
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

=== Before 2009 ===

# [[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
# [[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
# [[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]] (SC)
# [[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]] (defunct)
# [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kuliththalai]] (moved to [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]])
# [[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiyam]] (defunct)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winning Candidate
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=2|Party
|----
|1957
|K. Periyasamy Gounder
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|----
|1962
|[[R. Ramanathan Chettiar]]
|----
|1967
|[[C. Muthuswamy Gounder]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|----
|1971
|rowspan=2|[[K. Gopal (INC politician)|K. Gopal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|----
|1977
|----
|1980
|rowspan=2|A. R. Murugaiah
|----
|1984
|----
|1989
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|1991
|N. Murugesan
|----
|1996
|K. Natrayan
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|----
|1998
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|1999
|[[M. Chinnasamy]]
|----
|2004
|K. C. Palanisamy
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|2009
|rowspan=2|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|2014
|----
|2019
|rowspan=2|[[Jothimani|S. Jothimani]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=27|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|----
|2024
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|56.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|68.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|55.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|53.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.90}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jothimani|S. Jothimani]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=534,906|percentage=47.25|change={{decrease}}16.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. R. L. Thangavel|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=368,090|percentage=32.52|change={{increase}}7.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. V. Sentilnathan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=102,482|percentage=9.05|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. R. Karuppaiya|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=87,503|percentage=7.73|change={{increase}}4.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=8,275|percentage=0.73|change={{decrease}}0.14}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=166,816 |percentage=14.74 |change={{decrease}}23.56 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,132,045|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jothimani|S. Jothimani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=695,697 |percentage=63.36 |change=60.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=275,151 |percentage=25.06 |change=-27.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Karuppaiya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=38,543 |percentage=3.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. N. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=31,139 |percentage=2.84 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. R. Hariharan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=15,967 |percentage=1.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=9,603 |percentage=0.87 |change=-0.46 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=420,546 |percentage=38.30 |change=19.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,097,947 |percentage=79.55 |change= -0.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,387,286 |change =6.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,40,722 |percentage=52.36 |change=6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Chinnasamy|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=3,45,475|percentage=33.45|change=-7.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=N. S. Krishnan|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=76,560|percentage=7.41|change=1.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jothimani|S. Jothimani]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=30,459|percentage=2.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=13,763|percentage=1.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Maruthaiveeran|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=5,694|percentage=0.55|change=-0.11}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,95,247 |percentage=18.91 |change=13.17 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,32,771|percentage=80.65|change=-1.74}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,98,322 |change =28.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,80,542 |percentage=46.21 |change=11.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. C. Palanisamy]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=3,33,288|percentage=40.48|change=-20.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Ramanathan|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=51,196|percentage=6.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Natarajan|party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=14,269|percentage=1.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Shankar|party=Independent politician|votes=6,519|percentage=0.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. Karventhan|party=Independent politician|votes=5,553|percentage=0.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Dharmalingam|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=5,413|percentage=0.66|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,254 |percentage=5.74 |change=-19.93 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=8,23,421|percentage=81.43|change=11.76}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,12,924 |change =-5.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. C. Palanisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,50,407 |percentage=60.57 |change=14.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raja N. Palanichamy|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=2,59,531|percentage=34.90|change=-11.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=N. Jawahar|party=Independent politician|votes=14,552|percentage=1.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. Nagarajan|party=Janata Party|votes=5,672|percentage=0.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Rathinasamy|party=Independent politician|votes=5,578|percentage=0.75|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,90,876 |percentage=25.67 |change=25.27 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,43,592|percentage=69.70|change=6.60}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,69,359 |change =-8.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,34,407 |percentage=46.46 |change=13.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. C. Palanisamy|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=3,31,560|percentage=46.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Natrayan|party=Tamil Maanila Congress|votes=45,539|percentage=6.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Sathiyamoorthy|party=Independent politician|votes=4,970|percentage=0.69|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,847 |percentage=0.40 |change=-6.32 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,19,705|percentage=62.94|change=-8.27}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,70,582 |change =3.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,27,480 |percentage=50.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Natrayan |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,83,807 |percentage=43.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Shanmuga Sundram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,157 |percentage=4.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kamaraj |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=5,449 |percentage=0.84 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,673 |percentage=6.72 |change=-16.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,49,880 |percentage=59.84 |change= -11.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,30,361 |change =5.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -5.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Natrayan |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,09,830 |percentage=56.12 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,41,556 |percentage=33.08 |change=-35.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Moorthy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,188 |percentage=8.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Madhukumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,870 |percentage=0.80 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arokkiam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,338 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,68,274 |percentage=23.04 |change=-16.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,30,328 |percentage=71.20 |change= 3.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,72,924 |change =2.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Murugesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,75,571 |percentage=68.89 |change=3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Thirunavukkarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,05,602 |percentage=29.78 |change=-3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Pakkian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,388 |percentage=0.64 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,69,969 |percentage=39.11 |change=6.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,90,318 |percentage=67.57 |change= -3.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,43,464 |change =-0.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,84,492 |percentage=65.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. C. Palanisamy|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=2,45,741|percentage=33.27|change=3.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Sakthivel|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=3,679|percentage=0.50|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,38,751 |percentage=32.32 |change=-6.62 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,38,596|percentage=71.21|change=-6.05}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,50,778 |change =28.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Murugaiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,13,533 |percentage=68.36 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kandaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,77,970 |percentage=29.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=13,426 |percentage=2.22 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,35,563 |percentage=38.94 |change=24.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,04,929 |percentage=77.25 |change= 9.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,17,972 |change =7.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 12.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Dorai Sebastian |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,81,149 |percentage=55.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kanagaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,07,015 |percentage=40.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Elamaran |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=11,215 |percentage=2.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Apparavo |party=Independent politician |votes=5,250 |percentage=1.04 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=74,134 |percentage=14.63 |change=-14.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,06,788 |percentage=67.44 |change= -3.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,62,973 |change =4.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Gopal (INC politician)|K. Gopal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,15,259 |percentage=62.26 |change=3.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Meenakshisundaram |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,69,739 |percentage=33.52 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sandhanam |party=Independent politician |votes=19,618 |percentage=3.87 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,45,520 |percentage=28.74 |change=10.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,06,396 |percentage=70.67 |change= -0.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,32,872 |change =23.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Gopal (INC politician)|K. Gopal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,38,315 |percentage=59.09 |change=12.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Ramanathan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,65,022 |percentage=40.91 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=73,293 |percentage=18.17 |change=12.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,03,337 |percentage=71.18 |change= -2.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,93,409 |change =6.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= 6.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Muthuswamy Gounder]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,09,380 |percentage=53.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,85,662 |percentage=47.00 |change=-1.59 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,718 |percentage=6.00 |change=-7.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,95,042 |percentage=73.62 |change= 9.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,54,715 |change =20.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Ramanathan (INC politician)|R. Ramanathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,39,385 |percentage=48.59 |change=-2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ponnambala Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,00,229 |percentage=34.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Karuppiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=47,232 |percentage=16.47 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,156 |percentage=13.65 |change=-1.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,86,846 |percentage=64.15 |change= 15.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,61,862 |change =8.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Karur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Periasami Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,05,399 |percentage=50.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. R. Seshiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=73,135 |percentage=35.32 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Chidambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=14,369 |percentage=6.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=14,168 |percentage=6.84 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,264 |percentage=15.58 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,07,071 |percentage=48.45 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,27,431 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Karur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408063525/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/karur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Karur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Karur]]

Katar, Karnataka

2026-05-04T19:26:27Z

Garrydum: started the article from scratch

{{Multiple issues|
{{Verification|date=January 2024}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Katar''' is a village in the [[Uttara Kannada]] district in [[Karnataka]], India.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

==See also==
* [[Uttara Kannada]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

{{Settlements in Uttara Kannada district}}

{{coord|31|18|N|77|26|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Uttara Kannada district]]

{{Uttara Kannada-geo-stub}}

Pratihara dynasty

2026-05-04T18:01:27Z

Garrydum: creating a post w/ refs

{{Short description|Northern Indian dynasty (730–1036)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Gurjara Pratihara dynasty
| common_name = Gurjara Pratihara
| continent =
| region =
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| status = Empire
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader =
| leader1 = [[Nagabhata I]] (first)
| year_leader1 = {{circa|730}}–{{circa|760}}
| leader2 = [[Yasahpala (king)|Yasahpala]] (last)
| year_leader2 = {{circa|1024}}–{{circa|1036}}
| year_start = {{circa|730}}
| year_end = 1036
| event2 = [[Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj|Conquest of Kannauj by Mahmud of Ghazni]]
| date_event2 = 1018
| p1 = Chavda dynasty
| p2 = Varman dynasty of Kannauj
| s1 = Pala Empire
| s2 = Chandela dynasty
| s3 = Paramara dynasty
| s4 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| s5 = Tomara dynasty
| s6 = Chavda dynasty
| s7 = Chahamanas of Shakambhari
| s8 = Ghaznavid Empire
| s9 = Guhila dynasty
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image= Map of the Gurjara-Pratiharas (circa 800-950 CE).png
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|230|5|[[800|South-Asia 800–950 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|125|180|[[Pallava dynasty|PALLAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|115|225|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|125|200|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|105|210|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|70|34|[[Hindu Shahis|HINDU SHAHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|150|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|100|40|[[Utpala dynasty|UTPALAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|170|45|[[Tibetan Empire|TIBETAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|2|[[Tang dynasty|TANG DYNASTY]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|230|110|[[Pala Empire|PALAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|145|135|[[Kalachuris of Tripuri|KALACHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|60|65|[[Emirate of Multan|MULTAN EMIRATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|35|100|[[Habbari dynasty|HABBARI EMIRATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|165|[[Rashtrakuta dynasty|RASHTRAKUTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|5|45|[[Saffarid dynasty|SAFFARID SULTANATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE| ◁ ]][[Template:South Asia in 1000| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Extent of the Pratihara Empire at its peak ({{circa|800—950}} CE) and neighbouring polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (i)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>}}
}}
| image_map_alt = Extent of the Pratihara Empire
| image_map_caption =
| map_width = 300px
| image_coat = Pratihara_bhoja.JPG
| coa_size = 250px
| symbol_type = Gurjara-Pratihara coinage of [[Mihira Bhoja]], King of [[Kanauj]]. Obv: Boar, incarnation of [[Vishnu]], and solar symbol. Rev: Traces of [[Indo-Sasanian coinage|Sasanian type]]. Legend: ''Srímad Ādi Varāha'' "The fortunate primaeval boar".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |last2=Edwardes |first2=S. M. (Stephen Meredyth) |title=The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great |date=1924 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |page=Plate 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit/page/76}}</ref><ref name="HPR164">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000227932 |pages=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr B. |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=20 March 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18074-8 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |language=en}}</ref>
| capital = {{plainlist|
*[[Ujjain|Avanti]]
*[[Kannauj]]
}}
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]]
| today = {{ubl|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]|[[Nepal]]}}
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
}}

The '''Pratihara dynasty''', also called the '''Gurjara-Pratiharas''', the '''Pratiharas of Kannauj''' or the '''Imperial Pratiharas''', was a prominent [[medieval India]]n [[dynasty]] which initially ruled the [[Gurjaradesa]] until its victory in the [[Tripartite Struggle]] in 816 which secured its right to the throne of Kannauj. [[Cadet branch]]es of the dynasty ruled other minor states in the subcontinent.

The Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the [[Indus River]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Al-Hind: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries |first=André |last=Wink |location=Leiden |publisher=BRILL |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA284 |page=284}}</ref> [[Nagabhata I]] defeated the Arab army under Junaid and Tamin in the [[Caliphate campaigns in India]]. Under [[Nagabhata II]], the Pratiharas became the most powerful dynasty in northern India. He was succeeded by his son [[Ramabhadra]], who ruled briefly before being succeeded by his son, [[Mihira Bhoja]]. Under Bhoja and his successor [[Mahendrapala I]], the Pratihara dynasty reached its peak of prosperity and power. By the time of Mahendrapala, the extent of its territory rivalled that of the [[Gupta Empire]] stretching from the border of [[Sindh]] in the west to [[Bengal]] in the east and from the [[Himalayas]] in the north to areas past the [[Narmada]] in the south.{{sfn|Avari|2007|p=303}}{{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=146}} The expansion triggered a [[Tripartite Struggle|tripartite power struggle]] with the [[Rashtrakuta]] and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] empires for control of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. During this period, Imperial Pratihara took the title of ''[[Maharaja]]dhiraja of [[Āryāvarta]]'' (''Great King of Kings of [[Aryan]] Lands'').

Pratihara are known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples. The greatest development of their style of temple building was at [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name="Partha Mitter pp. 66">Partha Mitter, Indian art, Oxford University Press, 2001 pp. 66</ref>

The power of the Pratihara dynasty was weakened by dynastic strife. It was further diminished as a result of a great raid led by the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Indra III]] who, in about 916, sacked Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure rulers, the dynasty never regained its former influence. Their feudatories became more and more powerful, one by one throwing off their allegiance until, by the end of the tenth century, the dynasty controlled little more than the Gangetic [[Doab]]. Their last important king, Rajyapala, was driven from Kannauj by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1018.{{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=146}}

== Etymology and origin ==
{{Main|Origin of the Gurjara-Pratiharas}}
[[File:A panel depicting the Saptamatrikas , Kannauj,9th-10 century, Pratihara dynasty.jpg|thumb|A panel depicting the [[Saptamatrikas]], [[Kannauj]], 9th-10 century, Pratihara dynasty]]
The origin of the dynasty and the meaning of the term "Gurjara" in its name is a topic of debate among historians. The rulers of this dynasty used the self-designation "Pratihara" for their clan, and never referred to themselves as Gurjaras.{{sfn|Sanjay Sharma|2006|p=188}} They claimed descent from the legendary hero [[Lakshmana]], who is said to have acted as a ''pratihara'' ("door-keeper") for his brother [[Rama]].{{sfn|Tripathi|1959|p=223}}{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=7}} <ref>{{cite book |last=Agnihotri |first=V. K. |year=2010 |title=Indian History |volume=26 |page=B8 |quote=Modern historians believed that the name was derived from one of the kings of the line holding the office of Pratihara in the Rashtrakuta court}}</ref>

Multiple inscriptions of their neighbouring dynasties describe the Pratiharas as "Gurjara".{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=9-13}} The term "Gurjara-Pratihara" occurs only in the Rajor inscription of a feudatory ruler named Mathanadeva, who describes himself as a "Gurjara-Pratihara". According to one school of thought, Gurjara was the name of the territory (see [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara-desha]]) originally ruled by the Pratiharas; gradually, the term came to denote the people of this territory. An opposing theory is that [[Gurjar]]a was the name of the tribe to which the dynasty belonged, and Pratihara was a clan of this tribe.{{sfn|Majumdar|1981|pp=612–613}}

Among those who believe that the term Gurjara was originally a tribal designation, there are disagreements over whether they were native Indians or foreigners.{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=1-2}} The proponents of the foreign origin theory point out that the Pratihars suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around sixth century CE, shortly after the [[Hunas]] invasion of that region.{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=2}} According to them Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the [[Alchon Huns]] ("White Huns") and native Indian elements, and can probably be considered as a [[Hunas|Hunnic state]], although its precise origins remain unclear.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |title=The Huns |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34091-1 |pages=62–64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |language=en|quote="Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India, may had a powerful [[Hephthalite|White Hunnic]] element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for centuries..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279 |language=en}}</ref> Critics of the foreign origin theory argue that there is no conclusive evidence of their foreign origin: they were well-assimilated in the Indian culture. Moreover, if they invaded India through the north-west, it is inexplicable why would they choose to settle in the semi-arid area of present-day Rajasthan, rather than the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{sfn|Puri|1957|pp=4–6}} While scholars such as R.K. Gupta and S.R Bakshi who have doubted the theory of foreign origin for Gurjaras have also opined that Gurjara-Pratiharas were among the first Rajput dynasties.<ref name="heritageofrajputs" >{{cite book|series=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages|title=The Heritage Of Rajputs|volume=1|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2008|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2= Bakshi|publication-place=New Delhi|isbn=9788176258418|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHNoU2zcDnIC|chapter=Origin of Rajputs|quote=The Gurjara-Pratiharas were chronologically the earliest, and historically the most important of the Rajput dynasties.|page=3}}</ref>

The [[Agnivansha]] legend first recorded in the 11th century ''Navasahananka charita'' by [[Padmagupta]] narrates the official origin for the Parmara dynasty. This legend was later appropriated by other dynasties including Chaulukyas, eventually making its way into Prithviraj Raso.<ref name="heritageofrajputs"/>{{rp|6-8}}According to the legend, the Pratiharas, Parmar, Chauhan and Chaulukya dynasties originated from a sacrificial fire-pit (agnikunda) at [[Mount Abu]]. Some [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin for these dynasties. According to this theory, the foreigners were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Yadava|1982|p=35}} However, this legend is not found in the earliest available copies of ''Prithviraj Raso''. It is based on a [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] legend composed when the threat of Muslim invasions was not considered serious by Rajput states of North West and Central India.<ref name="heritageofrajputs"/>{{rp|9-10}} This legend was utilised in the 16th century by [[bard]]s to claim a heroic descent of clans in order to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughals]].{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=17–18}}

== History ==
[[File:Pashupatinath, uttar pradesh, 9th -10th century ,pratihara dynasty.jpg|thumb|Pashupatinath, Uttar Pradesh, 9th -10th century, Pratihara dynasty]] [[File:Vishnu and Lakshmi bronze, 10th-11th Century, Pratihara dynasty.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] bronze, 10th-11th century, Pratihara dynasty]]
[[File:Map of the Gurjara-Pratiharas (circa 800-950 CE).png|thumb|300x300px|Extent of the Pratihara Empire at its peak ({{circa|800—950}} CE) and neighbouring polities.]]
The original centre of Pratihara power is a matter of controversy. R. C. Majumdar, on the basis of a verse in the Harivamsha-Purana, 783 CE, the interpretation of which he conceded was not free from difficulty, held that Vatsaraja ruled at Ujjain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=R.C.|title=The Age of Imperial Kanauj|date=1955|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|location=Bombay|pages=21–22|edition=First}}</ref> Dasharatha Sharma, interpreting it differently located the original capital in the Bhinmala Jalor area.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Dasharatha|title=Rajasthan through the Ages|date=1966|publisher=Rajasthan State Archives|location=Bikaner|pages=124–30}}</ref> M. W. Meister<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meister|first1=M.W|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt.2, North India: Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700–900|date=1991|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|location=Delhi|isbn=0195629213|page=153|edition=first}}</ref> and Shanta Rani Sharma<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Shanta Rani|title=Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Chang|date=2017|publisher=University of Rajasthan|location=Jaipur|isbn=978-93-85593-18-5|pages=77–78|edition=First}}</ref> concur with his conclusion since the writer of the Jaina narrative ''[[Kuvalayamala]]'' states that it was composed at Jalor in the time of Vatsaraja in 778 CE, which is five years before the composition of Harivamsha-Purana.

=== Early rulers ===
[[File:Trivikrama, Pratihara, 11th c. CE, Kashipur- UP.jpg|thumb|Trivikrama, Pratihara, 11th c. CE, Kashipur- UP]] Nagabhata I (739–760), was originally perhaps a feudatory of the [[Chavda dynasty|Chavdas]] of Bhillamala. He gained prominence after the downfall of the Chavda kingdom in the course of resisting the invading forces led by the Arabs who controlled Sindh. [[Nagabhata I|Nagabhata Pratihara I]] (730–756) later extended his control east and south from Mandor, conquering [[Malwa]] as far as [[Gwalior]] and the port of Bharuch in Gujarat. He established his capital at [[Ujjain|Avanti]] in Malwa, and checked the expansion of the Arabs, who had established themselves in [[History of Sindh|Sind]]. In this battle (738 CE), Nagabhata led a confederacy of Pratiharas to defeat the Muslim Arabs who had till then been pressing on victorious through [[West Asia]] and [[Iran]]. An inscription by [[Mihira Bhoja]] ascribes Nagabhata with having appeared like [[Vishnu]] "in response to the prayers of the oppressed people to crush the large armies of the powerful [[Mleccha]] ruler, the destroyer of virtue".<ref>A New History of Rajasthan, Rima Hooja pg – 270–274 University of Rajasthan</ref> Nagabhata I was followed by two weak successors, his nephews Devraj and Kakkuka, who were in turn succeeded by [[Vatsraj]]a (775–805).

=== Resistance to the Caliphate ===
{{Main|Caliphate campaigns in India|Caliphal province of Sind}}

In the Gwalior inscription, it is recorded that Pratihara emperor Nagabhata "crushed the large army of the powerful Mlechcha king." This large army consisted of cavalry, infantry, siege artillery, and probably a force of camels. Since Tamin was a new governor he had a force of [[Syria]]n cavalry from [[Damascus]], local Arab contingents, converted Hindus of Sindh, and foreign mercenaries like the [[Turkic peoples|Turkics]]. All together the invading army may have had anywhere between 10 and 15,000 cavalry, 5000 infantry, and 2000 camels.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

The Arab chronicler Sulaiman describes the army of the Pratiharas as it stood in 851 CE, "The ruler of Gurjara maintains numerous forces and no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry. He is unfriendly to the Arabs, still he acknowledges that the king of the Arabs is the greatest of rulers. Among the princes of India there is no greater foe of the Islamic faith than he. He has got riches, and his camels and horses are numerous."<ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book |title=History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D. |first=Radhey Shyam |last=Chaurasia |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2002 |page=207 |isbn=978-81-269-0027-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA207}}</ref>

===Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion===
[[File:Indian Kanauj triangle map.svg|thumb|300px|The Kanauj triangle.]]
After bringing much of [[Rajasthan]] under his control, Vatsaraja embarked to become "master of all the land lying between the two seas." Contemporary Jijasena's ''Harivamsha Purana'' describes him as "master of western quarter".<ref name="8129108909_p274-278">{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan |pages=274–278 |isbn=8129108909}}</ref>

According to the Radhanpur Plate and [[Prithviraja Vijaya]], Vatsaraja led an expedition against the Palas under Dharmapala of Bengal As such, the Palas came into conflict from time to time with the Imperial Pratiharas. According to the above inscription [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]], was deprived of his two white Royal Umbrellas, and fled, followed by the Pratihara forces under general [[Durlabharaja I|Durlabharaja Chauhan]] of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]]. The Prithviraja Vijaya mentions Durlabhraj I as having "washed his sword at the confluence of the river Ganga and the ocean, and savouring the land of the Gaudas". The [[Baroda]] Inscription (AD 812) states [[Nagabhata II|Nagabhata]] defeated the Dharmapala. Through vigorous campaigning, [[Vatsraj]] had extended his dominions to include a large part of northern India, from the [[Thar Desert]] in the west up to the frontiers of [[Bengal]] in the east.<ref name="8129108909_p274-278"/>

The metropolis of Kannauj had suffered a power vacuum following the death of [[Harsha]] without an heir, which resulted in the disintegration of the [[Empire of Harsha]]. This space was eventually filled by [[Yashovarman]] around a century later but his position was dependent upon an alliance with [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]]. When Muktapida undermined Yashovarman, a tri-partite struggle for control of the city developed, involving the Pratiharas, whose territory was at that time to the west and north, the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] of [[Bengal]] in the east and the [[Rashtrakutas]], whose base lay at the south in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Pran Nath |title=A Comprehensive History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA194|year=2003 |isbn=978-81-207-2503-4 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |pages=194–195}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Hermann |last1=Kulke |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |author2-link=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&pg=PA114 |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |publisher=Routledge |orig-year=1986 |year=2004 |edition=4th |page=114}}</ref> [[Vatsraja|Vatsaraja]] successfully challenged and defeated the Pala ruler [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] and [[Dantidurga]], the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj.

Around 786, the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva (c. 780–793) crossed the [[Narmada River]] into Malwa, and from there tried to capture Kannauj. Vatsraja was defeated by the [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]] of the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 800. Vatsaraja was succeeded by [[Nagabhata II]] (805–833), who was initially defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Govinda III]] (793–814), but later recovered Malwa from the Rashtrakutas, conquered Kannauj and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] as far as [[Bihar]] from the Palas, and again checked the [[Muslim]]s in the west. He rebuilt the great [[Shiva]] temple at [[Somnath]] in Gujarat, which had been demolished in an Arab raid from [[Sindh]]. Kannauj became the center of the Pratihara state, which covered much of northern India during the peak of their power, c. 836–910.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

=== Mihira Bhoja ===
{{Main|Mihira Bhoja}}

[[File:Teli ka mandir fort Gwalior - panoramio - Gyanendrasinghchauha… (1).jpg|thumb|[[Teli ka Mandir]] is a Hindu Temple built by [[Mihira Bhoja]].<ref name="Bajpai2006">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=History of Gopāchala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3KcwLKuRnYC&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1155-2|page=31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through The Ages |date=31 December 1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |pages=429–430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA429 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=K. V. Soundara |title=Early Kalinga Art and Architecture |date=1984 |publisher=Sundeep |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydojAAAAMAAJ |language=en|quote="When we have to compare a khākhärä temple of Kalinga with anything outside its borders, the most logical analogue coming to our mind will be that of Teli ka Mandir at Gwalior of the time of Pratihara Mihira Bhoja."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Dr Shiv |title=India – A Travel Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-284-0067-4 |page=531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA531 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Mihira Bhoja first consolidated his territories by crushing the rebellious feudatories in Rajasthan, before turning his attention against the old enemies the Palas and Rastrakutas.<ref name="8129108909 p277-285">{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |pages=277–280|isbn=8129108909}}</ref>

After consolidating his rule, he stepped into a [[war of succession]] for the throne of Gujarat between [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty#Rashtrakutas of Lata (Gujarat)|Dhruva II]] of the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty#Rashtrakutas of Lata (Gujarat)|Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty]] and his younger brother. Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat against the Dhruva while supporting his Dhruva's younger brother. Although the raid was repulsed by Dhruva II, Bhoja was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|pages=187|quote=Perhaps after initially consolidating his inheritance, Bhoja I then turned towards Central India, the Deccan and Gujarat. Stepping into a struggle for the throne of Gujarat between Dhruva Il of the Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty and his younger brother, Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat, with the stated objective of supporting the claim of the latter. The raid was repulsed by Dhruva II. Amoghavarsha's army may also have taken up arms against the Imperial Pratiharas at this point. Bhoia I was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa, but further expansion in that direction was effectively checked. This may have led Bhoja to concentrate on the lands other than those under the Rashtrakutas for the time being.|isbn=8129108909}}</ref>

Bhoja's feudatory, the‌ [[Sisodia dynasty|Guhilas]] [[Samanta]] named Harsha of [[Chaksu|Chatsu]], is described as :
{{blockquote|“defeating the northern rulers with the help of the mighty elephant force”, and “loyally presenting to Bhoja the special ‘Shrivamsha’ breed of horses, which could easily cross seas of sand."<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/>}}
Besides being a conqueror, Bhoja was a great diplomat.<ref name="RSC_207">{{cite book
| title =History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.
| author = Radhey Shyam Chaurasia
| publisher =Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
| year =2002
| page =207
| isbn=978-81-269-0027-5| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA207
| quote=He was undoubtedly one of the outstanding political figures of India in ninth century and ranks with Dhruva and Dharmapala as a great general and empire builder.
}}</ref> The kingdoms which were conquered and acknowledged his suzerainty includes Travani, Valla, Mada, Arya, Gujaratra, Lata Parvarta and [[Chandela]]s of [[Bundelkhand]]. Bhoja's [[Daulatpura]]-[[Dausa]] Inscription (AD 843), confirms his rule in Dausa region. Another inscription states that,"Bhoja's territories extended to the east of the [[Sutlej]] river." [[Kalhana]]'s [[Rajatarangini]] states that the territories of Bhoja extended to [[Kashmir]] in the north, and Bhoja had conquered [[Punjab]] by defeating ruling 'Thakkiyaka' dynasty .<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/><ref>[[Dasharatha Sharma]], Rajasthan Through the Ages "a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan" Bikaner, Rajasthan State Archives 1966, pp.144–54</ref> After Devapala's death, Bhoja defeated the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] emperor [[Narayanapala]] and expanded his boundaries eastward into Pala-held territories near [[Gorakhpur]].

In the early 8th century, [[Abbasid Caliphate|Arabs]] fought on and off to take over [[Sindh]]. Imran ibn-Musa, who governed Sindh, tried to expand Arab rule to nearby areas. When Bhoja became powerful the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] fought back repulsed them from fort of Sindan, pushing the Arabs out of Kutch between 833 and 842 AD. Later on, the Arabs lost a best part of [[Sindh]]. This was the major conflict between the forces of Mihirbhoja and Imran ibn-musa <ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1WgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Age of Imperial Kanauj |date=1955 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=xi-xii |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Hem Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ |title=The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period) |date=1973 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |pages=12–13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/early-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards |title=early-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards |pages=96 |language=English}}</ref>

Around 880, the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratiharas]] were defeated in large battle in [[Ujjain]] by Krishna II, the Rastrakuta king of Gujarat. However, retribution likely soon followed on the part of the Pratiharas, as by the end of his reign, Bhoja had successfully exterminated the Gujarat Rashtrakuta line.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|pages=187|isbn=8129108909}}</ref>

Hudud-ul-Alam, a tenth-century [[Persian language|Persian]] geographic text, states that most of the kings of India acknowledged the supremacy of the powerful 'Rai of Qinnauj', ([[Kannauj]] was the capital of the Imperial Pratiharas) whose mighty army had 150,000 strong cavalry and 800 war elephants.<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/>

===Decline===
{{See also|Pratihara War of Succession}}
{{South Asia in 1000||Much reduced territory of the Gurjara-Pratihara in 1000, and neighbouring South Asian polities, on the eve of the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]] invasions of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=32, 146|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=069}}</ref>|{{Annotation|128|86|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
[[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] (910–912) was overthrown by [[Mahipala I]] (912–944). Several feudatories of the empire took advantage of the temporary weakness of the Pratiharas to declare their independence, notably the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s of Malwa, the [[Chandela]]s of [[Bundelkhand]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuris]] of [[Mahakoshal]], the [[Tomaras]] of [[Haryana]], and the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]].<ref name="SC19" /> The south Indian Emperor [[Indra III]] (c. 914–928) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty briefly captured Kannauj in 916, and although the Pratiharas regained the city, their position continued to weaken in the tenth century, partly as a result of the drain of simultaneously fighting off [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] attacks from the west, the attacks from the Rashtrakuta dynasty from the south and the Pala advances in the east.<ref name="SC19" /> The Pratiharas lost control of Rajasthan to their feudatories, and the Chandelas captured the strategic fortress of Gwalior in central India around 950.<ref name="SC19" /> By the end of the tenth century the Pratihara domains had dwindled to a small state centered on Kannauj.<ref name="SC19">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref>

[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] captured [[Kannauj]] in 1018, and the Pratihara ruler Rajapala fled. He was subsequently captured and killed by the Chandela ruler [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |first=R. K. |last=Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 |page=72 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |first=Sisirkumar |last=Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 |pages=72–73 }}</ref><ref name="SC19" /> The Chandela ruler then placed Rajapala's son Trilochanpala on the throne as a proxy. Jasapala, the last Pratihara ruler of Kannauj, died in 1036.<ref name="SC19" />

The Imperial Pratihara dynasty broke into several small states after the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions. These branches fought each other for territory and one of the branches ruled Mandore till the 14th century. This Pratihara branch had marital ties with [[Chunda of Mandore|Rao Chunda]] of the Rathore clan and gave [[Mandore]] in dowry to Chunda. This was specifically done to form an alliance against the Turks of the [[Tughlaq Empire]].<ref name=DQ>{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142}}</ref>

==Pratihara art==
There are notable examples of architecture from the Pratihara era, including sculptures and carved panels.<ref>{{cite book|title=Epic scenes in Indian plastic art|first=Jayantika |last=Kala|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1988|isbn=978-81-7017-228-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLcGKezqdDIC&pg=PA5|page=5}}</ref> Their temples, constructed in an open pavilion style. One of the most notable Pratihara style of architecture was [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], built by their vassals, the [[Chandelas]] of [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name="Partha Mitter pp. 66"/>

=== Māru-Gurjara architecture ===
[[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] was developed during Pratihara Empire.

* [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]] temple was constructed in 783 CE,{{Sfn|Kalia|1982|p=2}} making it the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=112}}
* [[Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh]] was constructed during the Pratihara Empire between 8th to 11th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/asi-to-resume-restoration-of-bateshwar-temple-complex-in-chambal/story-kBaxGfcRWVsrNbw3Vw8dLN.html |title=ASI to resume restoration of Bateshwar temple complex in Chambal |date=21 May 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Baroli Temples|Baroli temples complex]] are eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Teli ka Mandir (15702266503).jpg|One of the four entrances of the [[Teli ka Mandir]]. This Hindu temple was built by the Pratihara emperor [[Mihira Bhoja]].<ref name="Bajpai2006"/>
File:Jain statues, Gwalior.jpg|Jainism-related cave monuments and statues carved into the rock face inside [[Siddhachal Caves]], Gwalior Fort.
File:Baroli Temple Complex1.jpg|Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at [[Baroli Temples|Baroli Temples complex]]. The complex of eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure.
File:Bateshwar Temples (15695822503).jpg|[[Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh|Bateshwar Hindu temples]] in Madhya Pradesh was built by the Pratiharas.
</gallery>

==Legacy==
{{Continental Asia in 800 CE|right|{{center|The Gurjara-Pratihara and contemporary Asian polities, circa 800.}}|{{Annotation|119|114|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}} }}
Historians of India, since the days of [[Lord Elphinstone|Elphinstone]], have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. The Arabs possibly only stationed small invasions independent of the Caliph. Arguments of doubtful validity have often been put forward to explain this unique phenomenon. Currently it is believed that it was the power of the Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Muslims beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly three hundred years. In the light of later events this might be regarded as the "Chief contribution of the Pratiharas to the history of India".<ref name="Chaurasia"/>

== List of rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Imperial Pratihara dynasty rulers
! Serial No.
! Ruler
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Nagabhata I]]
|730–760
|-
|2
|[[Kakustha (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Kakustha]] and [[Devaraja (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Devaraja]]
|760–780
|-
|3
|[[Vatsaraja]]
|780–800
|-
|4
|[[Nagabhata II]]
|800–833
|-
|5
|[[Ramabhadra]]
|833–836
|-
|6
|[[Mihira Bhoja]] or Bhoja I
|836–885
|-
|7
|[[Mahendrapala I]]
|885–910
|-
|8
|[[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]
|910–913
|-
|9
|[[Mahipala I]]
|913–944
|-
|10
|[[Mahendrapala II]]
|944–948
|-
|11
|Devapala
|948–954
|-
|12
|Vinayakapala
|954–955
|-
|13
|Mahipala II
|955–956
|-
|14
|Vijayapala II
|956–960
|-
|15
|Rajapala
|960–1018
|-
|16
|Trilochanapala
|1018–1027
|-
|17
|[[Yasahpala (king)|Yasahpala]]
|1024–1036
|-
|}

== Mandavyapura branch ==
{{main|Pratiharas of Mandavyapura}}
[[File:Copper plate inscription Pratiharas.jpg|thumb|Copper plate inscription Pratiharas]]

== Baddoch branch ==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
Known Baddoch rulers are-

*Dhaddha I (600 – 627 CE)
*Dhaddha II (627 – 655 CE)
*Jaibhatta (655 – 700 CE)

== Rajogarh branch ==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh

*Parmeshver Manthandev, (885 – 915 CE)
*No records found after Parmeshver Manthandev

== See also ==
* [[History of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of battles of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=India: The Ancient Past. A History of the Indian-Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200|first=Burjor |last=Avari |author-link=Burjor Avari |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-203-08850-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmB_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT204 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Sircar|first1=Dineschandra|title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India|date=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120806900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC|language=en }}
* {{citation |first=D. C. |last=Ganguly |title=Origin of the Pratihara Dynasty |editor=Narendra Nath Law |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=XI |publisher=Caxton |year=1935 |pages=167–168 }}
* {{citation |first=R. C. |last=Majumdar |chapter=The Gurjara-Pratiharas |editor=R. S. Sharma and K. K. Dasgupta |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=3 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
*Majumdar, R.C. (1955). The Age of Imperial Kanauj (First ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
* {{citation |first=V. B. |last=Mishra |title=Who were the Gurjara-Pratīhāras? |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=35 |number=¼ |year=1954 |pages=42–53 |jstor=41784918 }}
*Meister, M.W (1991). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt.2, North India: Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700–900 (first ed.). Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 153. {{ISBN|0195629213}}
* {{citation |first=Baij Nath |last=Puri |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] }}
** {{citation |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=Delhi |year=1986 |orig-year=first published 1957}}
*Sharma, Dasharatha (1966). Rajasthan through the Ages. Bikaner: Rajasthan State Archives
* {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |title=Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Kanauj |journal=Studies in History |volume=22 |number=22 |year=2006 |pages=181–220 |doi=10.1177/025764300602200202 |s2cid=144128358 |ref={{sfnref|Sanjay Sharma|2006}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Shanta Rani |title=Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1177/0376983612449525 |s2cid=145175448 |ref={{sfnref|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012}}}}
* {{citation |title=History of the Chāhamānas |first=R. B. |last=Singh |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ }}
*Sharma, Shanta Rani (2017). Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Change (First ed.). Jaipur: University of Rajasthan. p. 77–78. {{ISBN|978-93-85593-18-5}}.
* {{cite book |first=Rama Shankar |last=Tripathi |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8GPENMw_psC&pg=PA231 |year=1959 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0478-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Yadava |first=Ganga Prasad |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 }}
{{Refend}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n-sycLo3XQC|title=Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D.|first=Asha |last=Kalia|date=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 9780391025585}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC|title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History|first=John E. |last= Cort | author-link=John E. Cort |date=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn= 9780791437865}}

{{Gurjara-Pratihara kings}}
{{Middle Kingdoms of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pratihara Empire| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 8th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1036]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:Agnivansha]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1036 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:11th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Mahaveer Raghunathan

2026-05-02T23:48:20Z

Garrydum: added new stub

{{short description|Indian racing driver (born 1998)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| name = Mahaveer Raghunathan
| image = Mahaveer Raghunathan Italian GT Win.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Raghunathan in 2025
| nationality = {{flag|IND|name=Indian}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref name="RB"/>
| racing_licence = [[File:FIA Silver Driver.png|12px]] FIA Silver
| current_series = [[Italian GT Championship|Italian GT Endurance Championship]]
| first_year = [[2023 Italian GT Championship|2023]]
| current_team = [[AF Corse]]
| former_teams = [[Team Lazarus|Lazarus Corse]], Imperiale Racing
| starts = 12
| wins = 3
| poles = 3
| podiums = 8
| fastest_laps = 0
| best_finish = 2nd
| year = [[2025 Italian GT Championship|2025]]
| prev_series = [[FIA Formula 2 Championship]] [[BOSS GP]] [[GP3 Series]] [[Auto GP]] [[European Formula 3 Championship]] [[MRF Challenge|MRF Formula 2000]] [[Italian Formula 4 Championship]]
| prev_series_years = {{F2|2019}} [[2016 BOSS GP Series|2016]]–[[2017 BOSS GP Series|17]] [[2016 GP3 Series|2016]] [[2016 Auto GP Formula Open Championship|2016]] [[2015 FIA Formula 3 European Championship|2015]] [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|2014–15]] [[2014 Italian F4 Championship|2014]]
}}

'''Mahaveer Raghunathan''' (born 17 November 1998) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] racing driver. He currently competes in the [[Italian GT Championship]] with [[AF Corse]]. He became only the third Indian driver to test a Formula One car when he participated in a private test with Alfa Romeo Racing on 5 August 2021 at the Hungaroring. Raghunathan later conducted another F1 test with McLaren in July 2023 at Portimão, he completed 750kms in two days driving the MCL35M on July 4th and 6th 2023.

== Career ==
=== Junior series ===
Raghunathan started his racing career in karting in 2012, where he remained active until 2013. He also made his formula racing debut in 2012 in four races of the [[JK Racing Asia Series]] for the Meco Racing team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JK Racing Asia Series 2012 standings {{!}} Driver Database|url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/jk-racing-asia-series/2012/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref>

In 2013, Raghunathan competed in the [[MRF Challenge]] Formula 1600, finishing sixth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MRF Challenge - Formula 1600 2013 standings {{!}} Driver Database|url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/mrf-formula-1600-international-challenge/2013/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> He also took part in the final race weekend of the [[2013 Formula Masters China|Formula Masters China]] series at the [[Shanghai International Circuit]] for the [[KC Motorgroup|Cebu Pacific Air by KCMG]] team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Formula Masters China Series 2013 standings {{!}} Driver Database|url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/formula-masters-china-series-fmcs/2013/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref>

In 2014, Raghunathan moved to the new [[Italian F4 Championship]], debuting on the second race weekend for the [[Target Racing|F&M]] team. He finished 12th in the championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Italian Formula 4 Championship 2014 standings {{!}} Driver Database|url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/italian-formula-4-championship/2014/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref>

=== Formula 3 ===
At the beginning of 2015, Raghunathan took part in the final race weekend of the [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|MRF Challenge Formula 2000]] series at the [[Madras Motor Race Track]]. He then returned to Europe to take part in the [[2015 FIA Formula 3 European Championship|European Formula 3 Championship]] for the [[Motopark Academy|Motopark]] team.<ref name="thecheckeredflag">{{Cite web|date=2016-03-16|title=Mahaveer Raghunathan joins Koiranen GP's GP3 line-up|url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2016/03/mahaveer-raghunathan-joins-koiranen-gps-gp3-line/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=The Checkered Flag|language=en-GB}}</ref> He failed to get any points, finishing 39th in the championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIA Formula 3 European Championship 2015 standings {{!}} Driver Database|url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/formula-3-europe/2015/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> He participated in the official [[GP3 Series|GP3]] post season test with the [[Campos Racing|Campos]] and [[Trident Racing|Trident]] teams, in preparation for the [[2016 GP3 Series]], but he only raced in the first round of the championship for [[Koiranen GP]]. He also tested with the Coloni Motorsport team in Auto GP.<ref name="thecheckeredflag"/>

=== Auto GP and BOSS GP ===
In 2016, Raghunathan raced in the [[Auto GP]] championship with Italian team PS Racing, finishing second in the championship. In the same year, he also raced in the [[BOSS GP]] series in the Formula Class and secured two podiums in his class.<ref name="RB">{{Cite web|title=How Raghunathan is carving his own path in motorsport|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-raghunathan-is-carving-his-own-path|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Red Bull|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Raghunathan continued racing in BOSS GP's Formula Class Championship races in his class. He ended the season as the champion of the Formula Class, as the only driver to compete in all of the season's races. He is the first and only Indian to win the BOSS GP Championship.<ref name="RB"/>

=== World Endurance Championship ===
Raghunathan took part in the [[2017 FIA World Endurance Championship|FIA WEC]] rookie test at the end of the 2017 season, driving an [[Oreca 07]] for [[G-Drive Racing]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=6H Bahrain: Rookie Test Paddock Notes |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2017/11/19/6h-bahrain-rookie-test-paddock-notes.html |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=www.dailysportscar.com}}</ref>

In November 2022, Raghunathan drove for [[Algarve Pro Racing]] at the rookie test in [[Bahrain International Circuit|Bahrain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahrain Rookie Test Line-up Announced |url=https://www.fiawec.com/en/news/bahrain-rookie-test-line-up-announced-1/7486 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.fiawec.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== FIA Formula 2 Championship ===
Following a season in which he made just one race appearance in the [[2018 Le Mans Cup|Le Mans Cup]], Raghunathan progressed to the [[FIA Formula 2 Championship]] in 2019, racing alongside [[Jordan King]] for [[MP Motorsport]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gillard|first=Aaron|date=2019-03-22|title=Jordan King And Mahaveer Raghunathan Completes MP Motorsport F2 Roster|url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2019/03/jordan-king-and-mahaveer-raghunathan-completes-mp-motorsport-f2-roster/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=The Checkered Flag|language=en-GB|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328014534/https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2019/03/jordan-king-and-mahaveer-raghunathan-completes-mp-motorsport-f2-roster/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Raghunathan collected numerous penalty points throughout the season. Infringements included passing the chequered flag twice in [[2019 Sakhir Formula 2 round|Bahrain]], failing to stop at the weighbridge during practice at [[2019 Baku Formula 2 round|Baku]], overtaking a car before the safety car line in Baku, collided with [[Jack Aitken]] and left the track to gain an advantage twice at [[2019 Monte Carlo Formula 2 round|Monaco]] and three virtual safety car infringements at [[2019 Le Castellet Formula 2 round|Paul Ricard]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Collantine |first=Keith |date=2019-11-30 |title=Rules loophole means no ban for Raghunathan despite reaching 12 penalty points again |url=https://www.racefans.net/2019/11/30/rules-loophole-means-no-ban-for-raghunathan-despite-reaching-12-penalty-points-again/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=RaceFans |language=en-GB}}</ref> Following the French round, Raghunathan had 12 penalty points on his licence, resulting in a race ban for [[2019 Red Bull Ring FIA Formula 2 round|the Austrian round]].<ref name=":0" /> Raghunathan returned to the series at [[2019 Silverstone Formula 2 round|Silverstone]], however he continued to collect penalty points – failing to slow down for yellow flags in qualifying at [[2019 Spa-Francorchamps FIA Formula 2 round|Spa-Francorchamps]], not following track-limit procedures in [[2019 Sochi FIA Formula 2 round|Sochi]] and failed to follow the practice start procedure at [[2019 Yas Island Formula 2 round|Abu Dhabi]].<ref name=":0" /> Raghunathan consequently ended the season with 12 penalty points on his licence, which would have resulted in another race ban if the season had additional races.<ref name=":0" /> After he received his ban in France, Formula One Grand Prix winner [[Johnny Herbert]] labelled him as "someone who is not aware of what is going on around him".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://vk.com/video-166936650_456239368?t=5m40s|title=Formula-2 2019 - Round5 - Paul Richard Race2 ENG|publisher=Adam99 Motorsport Videos on [[VK (service)|VK Video]]|date=24 June 2019}}</ref>

Raghunathan collected his only point of the season thanks to a reduced field in [[2019 Monza FIA Formula 2 round|Italy]]. He finished the season 20th in the standings, scoring only a single point and being the last-placed driver among those who had scored points.<ref name="F22019Standings">{{Cite web|title=Driver Standings for the FIA Formula 2 2019 Championship|url=https://www.fiaformula2.com/Standings/Driver?seasonId=176|access-date=2020-07-05|website=FIA_F2® - The Official F2® Website|language=en}}</ref>

=== Formula One ===
In August 2021, nearly two years after his last appearance behind the wheel of a race car, Raghunathan became the third Indian to drive a Formula One car when he tested the [[Alfa Romeo Racing C38]] alongside [[Théo Pourchaire]] at the [[Hungaroring]] where he set a time 1.9 seconds slower than the Frenchman.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-05|title=Photo: Raghunathan & Pourchaire complete first F1 test with Alfa Romeo|url=https://formularapida.net/photo-raghunathan-pourchaire-complete-first-f1-test-with-alfa-romeo/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=FormulaRapida.net|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Freddie |date=2021-08-05 |title=Mahaveer Raghunathan Has Been Given The Opportunity To Test An F1 Car |url=https://wtf1.com/post/mahaveer-raghunathan-has-been-given-the-opportunity-to-test-an-f1-car/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=WTF1 |language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2023, nearly two years after his last Formula One test, Raghunathan tested a [[McLaren MCL35]] at [[Algarve International Circuit|Portimão]], completing a distance of 750km over two days.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=feeder_series|number=1677276351366144005|title=Mahaveer Raghunathan tested a McLaren F1 car at Portimao|date=7 July 2023|access-date=8 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

=== Italian GT ===
Raghunathan competed in the [[2023 Italian GT Championship|Italian GT Endurance Championship]] in 2023, driving a [[Lamborghini Huracán GT3]] for Imperiale Racing in the Pro-Am class alongside teammates Jack Bartholomew and Miguel Garcia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahaveer Raghunathan completes Imperiale Racing's lineup for the Italian Endurance Championship |url=https://www.imperialeracing.it/mahaveer-raghunathan-completes-imperiale-racings-lineup-for-the-italian-endurance-championship/?lang=en |website=imperialeracing.it |access-date=9 July 2023 |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> Raghunathan achieved his first professional career podium by coming in third at Round 3.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-20 |title=A PRO-AM podium for Imperiale Racing in Monza’s round of the Italian GT Endurance Championship |url=https://www.imperialeracing.it/podio-in-pro-am-per-imperiale-racing-a-monza-nel-campionato-italiano-gran-turismo-endurance/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Imperiale Racing |language=en-US}}</ref> He returned to the series in 2024, having been inducted into Aston Martin's AMR Driver Academy.<ref name="amr">{{Cite web |title=Record entry for 2024 AMR Driver Academy as the search begins again to uncover GT racing’s most promising new talent {{!}} Aston Martin |url=https://www.astonmartin.com/en/our-world/news/2024/4/3/record-entry-for-2024-amr-driver-academy-as-the-search-begins-again-to-uncover-gt-racing-s-most-promising-new-talent |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.astonmartin.com |language=en}}</ref> He was signed by [[Team Lazarus|Lazarus Corse]] to compete in the endurance rounds of the championship alongside [[William Alatalo]] and three-time [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] champion [[Jorge Lorenzo]].<ref name="itgt">{{Cite web |title=Vallelunga, pronto a scendere in pista nel GT Endurance anche l’ex campione della MotoGP Jorge Lorenzo con la Aston Martin Vantage GT3|lang=it|url=https://www.acisport.it/it/CIGT/notizie/2024/120335/vallelunga%2C-pronto-a-scendere-in-pista-nel-gt-endurance-anche-l-rsquo%3Bex-campione-della-motogp-jorge-lorenzo-con-la-aston-martin-vantage-gt3/Vallelunga|date=8 June 2024|access-date=8 June 2024|website=[[Automobile Club d'Italia]]}}</ref>

In 2025 he joined the [[AF Corse]] team in the Sprint and Endurance Championship, finished 2nd in the championship winning 3 races and finishing 8 times on the podium driving the Ferrari 296 GT3.<ref>https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/indias-sole-italian-gt-championship-2025-contender-mahaveer-raghunathan-basks-in-p1-glory-in-race-2-at-monza-ending-the-season-on-a-high-for-af-corse-587208</ref>

==Racing record==
===Racing career summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Season
! Series
! Team
! Races
! Wins
! Poles
! F/Laps
! Podiums
! Points
! Position
|-
! 2012
|align=left| [[2012 JK Racing Asia Series season|JK Racing Asia Series]]
|align=left| Meco Racing
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| NC†
|-
!rowspan=2| 2013
|align=left| MRF Challenge Formula 1600 Championship
|align=left| [[MRF Racing]]
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| 6th
|-
|align=left| [[2013 Formula Masters China|Formula Masters China]]
|align=left nowrap| [[KC Motorgroup|Cebu Pacific Air by KCMG]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 21st
|-
! 2014
|align=left| [[2014 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4 Championship]]
|align=left| [[Target Racing|F & M]]
| 18
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 45
| 12th
|-
!nowrap| 2014–15
|align=left nowrap| [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship]]
|align=left| [[MRF Racing]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 5
| 21st
|-
!rowspan=4| 2015
|align=left| [[2015 FIA Formula 3 European Championship|FIA Formula 3 European Championship]]
|align=left rowspan=2| [[Motopark]]
| 26
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 39th
|-
|align=left| [[2015 Masters of Formula 3|Masters of Formula 3]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 17th
|-
|align=left| [[2015 Euroformula Open Championship|Euroformula Open Championship]]
|align=left nowrap| [[Team West-Tec|Motul Team West-Tec F3]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| NC†
|-
|align=left| [[2015 Formula Renault 2.0 Alps Series|Formula Renault 2.0 Alps Series]]
|align=left| [[Cram Motorsport]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| NC†
|-
!rowspan=3| 2016
|align=left| [[2016 Auto GP Formula Open Championship|Auto GP Formula Open Championship]]
|align=left rowspan=2| PS Racing
| 10
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 151
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2nd'''
|-
|align=left| [[2016 BOSS GP Series|BOSS GP Series - Formula Class]]
| 8
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 118
| 5th
|-
|align=left| [[2016 GP3 Series|GP3 Series]]
|align=left| [[Koiranen GP]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 27th
|-
! 2017
|align=left| [[2017 BOSS GP Series|BOSS GP Series - Formula Class]]
|align=left| PS Racing
| 14
| 3
| 4
| 1
| 13
| 263
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1st'''
|-
!2018
|align=left|[[2018 Le Mans Cup|Le Mans Cup - LMP3]]
|align=left|[[United Autosports]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|46th
|-
! 2019

|align=left| [[2019 FIA Formula 2 Championship|FIA Formula 2 Championship]]
|align=left| [[MP Motorsport]]
| 20
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 20th
|-
! 2023
|align=left| [[2023 Italian GT Championship|Italian GT Endurance Championship - GT3 Pro-Am]]
|align=left| Imperiale Racing
|3
|0
|0
|0
|1
|32
|6th
|-
! 2024
|align=left nowrap| [[2024 Italian GT Championship|Italian GT Endurance Championship - GT3 Pro-Am]]
|align=left| [[Team Lazarus|Lazarus Corse]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 14
| NC
|-
! rowspan=2| 2025
|align=left | [[2025 Italian GT Championship|Italian GT Endurance Championship - GT3 Pro-Am]]
|align=left rowspan=2| [[AF Corse]]
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 74
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2nd'''
|-
|align=left | [[2025 Italian GT Championship|Italian GT Sprint Championship - GT3 Pro-Am]]
| 8
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 4
| 103
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2nd'''
|-
|}

=== Complete JK Racing Asia Series results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2012 JK Racing Asia Series|2012]]
! nowrap| Meco Racing
|[[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 1]]
|[[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 2]]
|[[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 3]]
|[[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 4]]
|[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]]
|[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]]
|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]]
|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]]
|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 1]]
|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 2]]
|[[Buddh International Circuit|IND1 1]]
|[[Buddh International Circuit|IND1 2]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Buddh International Circuit|IND2 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Buddh International Circuit|IND2 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Buddh International Circuit|IND2 3]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Buddh International Circuit|IND2 4]] {{small|10}}
! NC
! -
|-
|}

=== Complete Formula Masters China results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2013 Formula Masters China|2013]]
! nowrap| [[KCMG (auto racing team)|Cebu Pacific Air by KCMG]]
|[[Zhuhai International Circuit|ZHU 1]]
|[[Zhuhai International Circuit|ZHU 2]]
|[[Zhuhai International Circuit|ZHU 3]]
|[[Shanghai International Circuit|SHI 1]]
|[[Shanghai International Circuit|SHI 2]]
|[[Shanghai International Circuit|SHI 3]]
|[[Ordos International Circuit|ORD 1]]
|[[Ordos International Circuit|ORD 2]]
|[[Inje Speedium|INJ 1]]
|[[Inje Speedium|INJ 2]]
|[[Inje Speedium|INJ 3]]
|[[Inje Speedium|INJ 4]]
|[[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 1]]
|[[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 2]]
|[[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 3]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Shanghai International Circuit|SHI 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Shanghai International Circuit|SHI 2]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Shanghai International Circuit|SHI 3]] {{small|12}}
! 21st
! 0
|-
|}

=== Complete Italian F4 Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2014 Italian F4 Championship|2014]]
!nowrap| [[Target Racing|F & M]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Adria International Raceway|ADR 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Adria International Raceway|ADR 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Adria International Raceway|ADR 3]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO1 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO1 2]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO1 3]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 3]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo dell'Umbria|MAG 1]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo dell'Umbria|MAG 2]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo dell'Umbria|MAG 3]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 2]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 3]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 3]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO2 1]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO2 2]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO2 3]] {{small|6}}
! 12th
! 45
|}

=== Complete MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! DC
! Points
|-
| nowrap| [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|2014-15]]
|[[Losail International Circuit|LOS 1]]
|[[Losail International Circuit|LOS 2]]
|[[Losail International Circuit|LOS 3]]
|[[Losail International Circuit|LOS 4]]
|[[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR 1]]
|[[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR 2]]
|[[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR 3]]
|[[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR 4]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Irungattukottai Race Track|MMR 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Irungattukottai Race Track|MMR 2]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#FFFFFF;" | [[Irungattukottai Race Track|MMR 3]] {{small|DNS}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Irungattukottai Race Track|MMR 4]] {{small|10}}
! 21st
! 5
|-
|}

===Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! Entrant
! Engine
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! 25
! 26
! 27
! 28
! 29
! 30
! 31
! 32
! 33
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2015 FIA Formula 3 European Championship|2015]]
! [[Motopark Academy|Motopark]]
! [[Volkswagen]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 1]] {{small|26}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 2]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 3]] {{small|29}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|31}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 3]] {{small|30}}
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 1]] {{small|DNQ}}
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 2]] {{small|DNQ}}
|style="background:#FFCFCF;"| [[Pau Grand Prix|PAU 3]] {{small|DNQ}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 3]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|29}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|27}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 1]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 2]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Norisring|NOR 3]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|27}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|30}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 3]] {{small|28}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|31}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|29}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG 1]] {{small|30}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG 2]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Algarve International Circuit|ALG 3]] {{small|DNS}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|30}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|26}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 3]] {{small|22}}
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 3]]
! 39th
! 0
|}

=== Complete Masters of Formula 3 results ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!Year
!Team
!Car
!Qualifying
!Quali Race
!Main race
|-
![[2015 Masters of Formula 3|2015]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Motopark Academy|Motopark]]
| align="left" nowrap|[[Dallara F312|Dallara F315]]
|17th
|17th
|17th
|}

=== Complete Auto GP Formula Open Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! Pos
! Pts
|-
| [[2016 Auto GP Formula Open Championship|2016]]
!nowrap| PS Racing
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Adria International Raceway|ADR 1]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Adria International Raceway|ADR 2]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 1]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 2]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Brno Circuit|BRN 1]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Brno Circuit|BRN 2]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]] {{small|Ret}}
! style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2nd
! style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 151
|}

===Complete GP3 Series results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! Pos
! Pts
|-
| [[2016 GP3 Series season|2016]]
!nowrap| [[Koiranen GP]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT FEA]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT SPR]] {{small|24}}
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR FEA]]
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR SPR]]
| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL FEA]]
| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL SPR]]
| [[Hungaroring|HUN FEA]]
| [[Hungaroring|HUN SPR]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC FEA]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC SPR]]
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA FEA]]
| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA SPR]]
| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ FEA]]
| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ SPR]]
| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP FEA]]
| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP SPR]]
| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC FEA]]
| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC SPR]]
! 27th
! 0
|}

=== Complete BOSS GP Series results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! Pos
! Pts
|-
| [[2016 BOSS GP Series|2016]]
!nowrap| PS Racing
| style="background:#;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 1]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 2]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Brno Circuit|BRN 1]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Brno Circuit|BRN 2]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|colspan=2|
! 5th
! 118
|-
| [[2017 BOSS GP Series|2017]]
!nowrap| PS Racing
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[Circuit Zolder|ZOL 1]] {{small|1}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[Circuit Zolder|ZOL 2]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 1]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 2]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Brno Circuit|BRN 1]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Brno Circuit|BRN 2]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]] {{small|2}}
! style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1st
! style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 263
|}

=== Complete FIA Formula 2 Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! DC
! Points
|-
| {{F2|2019}}
!nowrap| [[MP Motorsport]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR FEA]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR SPR]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Baku City Circuit|BAK FEA]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Baku City Circuit|BAK SPR]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT FEA]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT SPR]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Monaco|MON FEA]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Circuit de Monaco|MON SPR]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC FEA]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC SPR]] {{small|18}}
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR FEA]] {{small|EX}}
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR SPR]] {{small|EX}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL FEA]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL SPR]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN FEA]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN SPR]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA FEA]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA SPR]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ FEA]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|MNZ SPR]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Sochi Autodrom|SOC FEA]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Sochi Autodrom|SOC SPR]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC FEA]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC SPR]] {{small|15}}
! 20th
! 1
|}


=== Complete Italian GT Championship results ===
==== Italian GT Endurance Championship ====
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap.)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!Car
!Class
!1
!2
!3
!4
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2023 Italian GT Championship|2023]]
!nowrap| Imperiale Racing
!nowrap| [[Lamborghini Huracán#Huracán GT3 Evo (2019–2022)|Lamborghini Huracán GT3 Evo]]
! Pro-Am
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Autodromo di Pergusa|PER]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG]]
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" |[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL]] {{small|6}}
! 6th
! 32
|-
| [[2024 Italian GT Championship|2024]]
!nowrap| [[Team Lazarus|Lazarus Corse]]
!nowrap| [[Aston Martin Vantage (2018)|Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3 Evo]]
! Pro
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Vallelunga Circuit|VAL]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Mugello Circuit|MUG]] {{small|11}}
| [[Imola Circuit|IMO]]
| [[Monza Circuit|MON]]
! NC{{Efn|name=Round 2|Not classified, as Raghunathan did not participate in at least three events according to series regulations.}}
! 0
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=N}}{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}} https://www.thehindu.com/sport/mahaveer-ferrari-win-race-2-of-italian-gt-sprint-championship/article69621256.ece/

https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/mahaveer-posts-win-in-italian-gt-sprint-championship/article70113234.ece/

https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/formula-one/story/mahaveer-raghunathan-f2-trolling-to-italian-gt-success-and-f1-dream-2813601-2025-11-05

https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/indias-sole-italian-gt-championship-2025-contender-mahaveer-raghunathan-basks-in-p1-glory-in-race-2-at-monza-ending-the-season-on-a-high-for-af-corse-587208

==External links==
*[https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/mahaveer-raghunathan/ Mahaveer Raghunathan] career summary at DriverDB.com

* Race wins at [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/mahaveer-posts-win-in-italian-gt-sprint-championship/article70113234.ece/]

* Profile at [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/mahaveer-ferrari-win-race-2-of-italian-gt-sprint-championship/article69621256.ece/]

{{MP Motorsport}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghunathan, Mahaveer}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Italian F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Indian GP3 Series drivers]]
[[Category:FIA Formula 2 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:MP Motorsport drivers]]
[[Category:MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Euroformula Open Championship drivers]]
[[Category:KCMG drivers]]
[[Category:Motopark Academy drivers]]
[[Category:Koiranen GP drivers]]
[[Category:United Autosports drivers]]
[[Category:Formula Renault 2.0 Alps drivers]]
[[Category:Formula Masters China drivers]]
[[Category:Auto GP drivers]]
[[Category:Cram Competition drivers]]
[[Category:Team West-Tec drivers]]
[[Category:Target Racing drivers]]
[[Category:Le Mans Cup drivers]]
[[Category:Motorsport people from Chennai]]
[[Category:Team Lazarus drivers]]
[[Category:AF Corse drivers]]
[[Category:Italian GT Championship drivers]]

Mehra

2026-05-01T09:26:45Z

Garrydum: added a article

{{wiktionary|Mehra}}
{{Infobox surname
| name = Mehra
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| meaning = Sun / Chief / Master
| motto =
| region = Punjab, India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Hindi]]
| family =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mehra''' is a Khatri Hindu surname found in India, predominantly in the Punjab, Delhi and Jammu regions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mehra Surname Origin, Meaning and Last Name History |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/mehra |website=Forebears }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India}}</ref> They generally come under the [[Dhai Ghar]] group of the [[Khatri]] caste. Mehra surname are mainly Khatri in origin but many clans from other states also uses this surname as well. This surname derives from the word Mihir, meaning sun or master.<ref name="oxfordmehra">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |editor1-last=Hanks |editor1-first=Patrick |editor-link=Patrick Hanks |editor2-last=Coates |editor2-first=R. |editor3-last=McClure |editor3-first=P}}</ref> According to Aditya Malik, the Mehras of Uttarakhand are a community of [[Rajput]] landowners in the [[Kumaon Division]] of the Central Himalayas.<ref name="Malik">{{cite book
|author1=Malik, Aditya|title=Tales of Justice and Rituals of Divine Embodiment: Oral Narratives from the Central Himalayas |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199325092 |page=39 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref>

== Variations ==

Later modifications of this surname are [[Mehrotra]], [[Mahotra]] and [[Malhotra]] a subclan. Malhotra is the [[Punjabi language]],<ref name="oxfordmehra" /> version of Mehrotra.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |editor1-last=Hanks |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Coates |editor2-first=R. |editor3-last=McClure |editor3-first=P}}</ref>

==Notable persons==
Notable people with the surname, who may or may not be affiliated with Rajputs or Khatris, include:
* [[Ajay Mehra]] (born 1969), Indian cricketer and sports commentator
* [[Amit Mehra]] (born 1992), Indian model and actor
* [[Amod Mehra]], Indian analyst and film journalist
* [[Ayush Mehra]] (born 1991), Indian actor
* [[Benita Mehra]], British engineer
* [[Bhanu Sri Mehra]] (born 1986), Indian actress in Telugu, Tamil and Punjabi films
* [[Bharat Mehra]], Indian-American researcher
* [[Brij Bhushan Mehra]] (died 1991), Indian politician
* [[Divya Mehra]] (born 1981), Canadian artist
* [[Gulshan Mehra]] (1937–1986), Indian cricketer
* [[Hiten Mehra]] (born 1997), Indian cricketer
* [[Jagdish Mehra]] (1931–2008), Indian-American physicist and science historian
* [[Jankidas Mehra]] (1910–2003), Indian actor
* [[Kailash Mehra Sadhu]] (born 1956), Indian singer in Kashmiri languages
* [[Kapish Mehra]], Indian publishing executive
* [[Karan Mehra]] (born 1982), Indian television actor, model and fashion designer
* [[Karan Veer Mehra]] (born 1982), Indian television actor
* [[Lal Chand Mehra]] (1897–1980), Indian-American actor
* [[Madan Mehra]] (born 1934), Indian cricketer
* [[Mandeep R. Mehra]] (born 1964), Indian-American cardiologist
* [[Moti Ram Mehra]] (died 1704), Sikh disciple and martyr
* [[Narinder Kumar Mehra]] (born 1949), Indian immunologist
* [[Neelam Mehra]] (born 1955), Indian actress
* [[Nitya Mehra]] (born 1980), Indian film director and screenwriter
* [[Om Prakash Mehra]] (1919–2015), Indian Air Force chief from 1973 to 1976
* [[Prakash Mehra]] (1939–2009), Indian film director and producer of Hindi films
* [[Prince Mehra]], Indian social worker
* [[Puneet Mehra]] (born 1988), Indian cricketer
* [[Raj Mehra]] (1913–1993), Indian character actor in Bollywood films
* [[Raj Kumar Mehra]] (1918–2001), Indian cyclist
* [[Rajan Mehra]] (1933–2010), Indian cricket umpire
* [[Rajnish Mehra]] (born 1950), Indian-American economist
* [[Ramprakash Mehra]] (1917–1983), Indian cricketer and cricket administrator
* [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]] (born 1963), Indian filmmaker and screenwriter
* [[Rebecca Mehra]] (born 1994), American middle-distance runner
* [[Ribbhu Mehra]], Indian television actor, model and DJ
* [[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)]], Indian actor and model
* [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)]], Indian Hindi film actor
* [[Rohit Mehra (cricketer)|Rohit Mehra]] (born 1978), Indian cricketer
* [[Rooma Mehra]] (born 1967), Indian poet, painter, sculptor, newspaper writer and columnist
* [[Sachit Mehra]], Canadian businessman and political organizer
* [[Shiela Mehra]], Indian gynaecologist and obstetrician
* Shiv Mehra, guitarist in the American black metal band [[Deafheaven]]
* [[Smriti Mehra]] (born 1972), Indian golfer
* [[Surinder Mehra]] (1932–2003), Indian Air Force chief from 1988 to 1991
* [[Umesh Mehra]], Indian director and producer of Bollywood films
* [[Usha Mehra]] (born 1941), Indian judge
* [[Vijay Mehra (Emirati cricketer)]] (born 1963)
* [[Vijay Mehra (Indian cricketer)]] (1938–2006)
* [[Vinod Mehra]] (1945–1990), Indian actor in Bollywood films

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindustani origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Khatri surnames]]

Sandeep Karnik

2026-04-27T09:27:10Z

Garrydum: new initial info more to come.

{{Short description|Indian police service officer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sandeep Karnik
| image = File:Sandeep Karnik IPS.jpg
| image_size = 238 px
| office = Commissioner of Police, Nashik City
| term_start = 24 November 2023
| term_end =
| office1 = Joint Commissioner of Police, Pune
| term_start1 = 21 April 2022
| term_end1 = 22 November 2023
| office2 = Additional Commissioner of Police, Mumbai
| term_start2 = 31 July 2018
| term_end2 = 21 April 2022
| alma_mater = [[Mumbai University]], [[Pune University]], [[Osmania University]]
| education = {{hlist|[[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]]|[[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]]|MDPM}}
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|3|21|df=yes}}
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed=yes
| service = [[Indian Police Service]]
| service_label = Service
| department = [[Maharashtra Police]]
| service_years = 2004–Present
| rank = [[File:Insignia of Inspector General of Police in India- 2013-10-02 16-14.png|25px]] [[Inspector-general of police|Special IGP]]
}}
}}
'''Sandeep Karnik''' is an [[Indian Police Service|Indian police]] service [[officer]] from the 2004 batch, currently serving as the [[Commissioner of Police]] [[Nashik]]. Appointed by the [[Maharashtra government]], he took charge in November 2023. Sandeep Karnik also held the position of Joint Commissioner of Police in Pune, starting in April 2022. Before this, he served as the Superintendent of Pune Rural Police.<ref name="r820">{{cite web | last=Sonawane | first=Santosh | title=New 'CP WhatsApp' number to gather feedback on policing Nashik | website=The Times of India | date=28 December 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/new-cp-whatsapp-number-to-gather-feedback-on-policing-nashik/articleshow/106335543.cms | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="v786">{{cite web | title=Pune: Joint Commissioner of Police Sandip Karnik transferred to Nashik | website=The Indian Express | date=21 November 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-joint-commissioner-of-police-sandip-karnik-transferred-to-nashik-9036749/ | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="s760">{{cite web | last=Pal | first=Pragati | title=Maharashtra Govt Appoints IPS Officer Sandeep Karnik as Head of SIT to Probe Maratha Quota Violence | website=News18 | date=11 March 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/india/maharashtra-govt-appoints-ips-officer-sandeep-karnik-as-head-of-sit-to-probe-maratha-quota-violence-8811919.html | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

==Early life & education==
Sandeep Karnik completed his Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) in Electronics from [[University of Mumbai]], an MBA in Marketing, and a Master’s in Police Management.

Currently serving as the Commissioner of Police, Nashik City, he assumed office in November 2023. He served in districts such as Ahmednagar, Thane, Nagpur, Jalna, and Nanded before being appointed as the Superintendent of Police for Pune Rural.<ref name="n374">{{cite web | title=People-police interact during 'CP at Your Doorsteps' event | website=The Times of India | date=13 February 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/people-police-interact-during-cp-at-your-doorsteps-event/articleshow/118189813.cms | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
He has held several executive positions and has extensive experience in law enforcement. In his tenure as Nashik Police Commissioner, he gained recognition for his citizen-friendly initiatives and role in curbing drug-related activities.<ref name="s402">{{cite web | title=New Nashik CP Karnik to focus on citizen-friendly policing | website=The Times of India | date=25 November 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/new-nashik-cp-karnik-citizen-friendly-policing/articleshow/105487061.cms | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="z219">{{cite web | last=Nikale | first=Prashant | title=Nashik Police Chase Smugglers For 25 KM, Nab One; Seize 28 KG Of Marijuana | website=Free Press Journal | date=8 January 2025 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/nashik-police-chase-smugglers-for-25-km-nab-one-seize-28-kg-of-marijuana | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

In March 2024, the Maharashtra government appointed Karnik as the head of a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to probe the [[Maratha Kranti Morcha#Violence|Maratha quota violence]].<ref name="f912">{{cite web | last=Naik | first=Yogesh | title=State appoints IPS officer Sandeep Karnik as head of SIT to probe Maratha agitation | website=Hindustan Times | date=12 March 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/state-appoints-ips-officer-sandeep-karnik-as-head-of-sit-to-probe-maratha-agitation-101710184255540.html | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="y737">{{cite web | title=Maratha quota violence: Maharashtra govt appoints IPS officer Sandeep Karnik as head of SIT | website=Mid-day | date=11 March 2024 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maratha-quota-violence-maharashtra-govt-appoints-ips-officer-sandeep-karnik-as-head-of-sit-23339442 | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

In October 2025, while serving as Nashik Police Commissioner, he initiated a policing operation called ''Nashik Jilla Kaydacha Ballekilla'', meaning “Nashik District, Fortress of Law.” The operation used [[focused deterrence]] and [[hot-spot policing]] methods. Police identified criminal gangs, extortion groups, and offenders with political links, and took coordinated action against them.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nashik police's special campaign manages to deter criminals in city|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/nashik-polices-special-campaignmanages-to-deter-criminals-in-city/amp_articleshow/126258016.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257|last=Sonawane|first=Santosh}}</ref>

== Notable cases ==

=== Ashok Kharat case ===
Karnik oversaw the police action in the case against Ashok Kharat, where women alleged sexual exploitation under the guise of spiritual and occult practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं संदीप कार्णिक? महाराष्ट्र के तेजतर्रार IPS जिन्होंने 'कुंभनगरी' नासिक किए बैक टू बैक दो बड़े 'ऑपरेशन' |trans-title=Who is Sandeep Karnik? The IPS officer from Maharashtra who carried out two major back-to-back operations in ‘Kumbh city’ of Nashik. |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/maharashtra/pune/who-is-sandeep-karnik-maharashtra-2004-batch-ips-in-buzz-after-busted-tcs-conversion-case-and-godman-ashok-kharat-arrest-know-all/articleshow/130333246.cms |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Vinaya Deshpande |date=2026-04-26 |title=Ashok Kharat case: Oshnology and other deceptions of a godman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/ashok-kharat-case-oshnology-and-other-deceptions-of-a-godman/article70898935.ece |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following complaints, the Nashik Police Crime Branch investigated, leading to a late-night arrest and multiple cases. A Maharashtra Government [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] is now examining the complaints to ensure a coordinated probe into organized exploitation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shelke |first=Gitesh |date=2026-03-29 |title=SIT to seek forensic auditor appointment amid large cash transactions in Kharat cases |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/sit-to-seek-forensic-auditor-appointment-amid-large-cash-transactions-in-kharat-cases/articleshow/129871906.cms |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== TCS Nashik workplace harassment case ===
In 2026, Karnik investigated a case involving allegations of sexual harassment, assault, and coercion at a [[business processing office]] of [[Tata Consultancy Services]] in Nashik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Ranjan |date=2026-04-24 |title=Inside the TCS Nashik case: A deep dive into allegations, arrests and the unanswered questions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tcs-nashik-case-what-we-know-so-far-allegations-arrests-and-questions-nida-khan-religious-conversion-mumbai-101776993015930.html |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Prateek |date=2026-04-20 |title=TCS Nashik case: The complaints, the crowd and the FIRs |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/tcs-nashik-case-the-complaints-the-crowd-and-the-firs |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Multiple FIRs were registered and several accused, including team leaders, were arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Samidha |title=TCS Nashik Case Explained: FIRs, Arrests and POSH Compliance Questions |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/deep-dive/what-is-the-tcs-nashik-case-allegations-arrests-and-next-steps/2993095/1 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref> An SIT was constituted by him to probe the matter, based on complaints from multiple women employees and supporting digital forensic evidences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-13 |title=‘Victims allegedly forced to offer namaz, eat beef, sexually harassed’: What we know about Nashik IT firm case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/victims-allegedly-forced-to-offer-namaz-eat-beef-sexually-harassed-what-we-know-so-far-about-nashik-it-firm-case-7-arrested/articleshow/130187754.cms |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
[[File:Devendra_Fadnavis-Sandeep_Karnik.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Under Karnik, the Nashik Police Commissionerate ranked first in Maharashtra in the Chief Minister’s 150-day e-governance programme (2026), receiving the award from [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]]]

* First rank for the Nashik Police Commissionerate in the Chief Minister of Maharashtra’s 150-day e-governance programme (2026).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-29 |title=Nashik police commissionerate tops state govt’s 150 day e-governance reform programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/nashik-police-commissionerate-tops-state-govts-150-day-e-governance-reform-programme/articleshow/127731366.cms |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Controversies==

=== Maval firing incident ===
In August 2011, while serving as Superintendent of Police (Pune rural), a police firing incident occurred on the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] (Maval).<ref name="c712">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Krishna | title=Six policemen suspended for firing on Pune farmers | website=India Today | date=12 August 2011 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/six-policemen-suspended-for-firing-on-pune-farmers-139196-2011-08-11 | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> Following the incident in which four farmers died, allegations arose regarding the appropriateness of the use of force, with claims that the firing was unprovoked and not directed into the air.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-09 |title=Four killed in police firing on protesting farmers in Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/four-killed-in-police-firing-on-protesting-farmers-in-pune/articleshow/9541795.cms |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Within a month, the state government appointed judicial commission led by Justice M.G. Gaikwad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-02 |title=Retired judge to probe Maval firing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/retired-judge-to-probe-maval-firing/article2419079.ece |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> But the commission found no direct evidence linking him to any injuries and recommended administrative action only against certain officers for excessive response, which the State Government accepted. The [[Bombay High Court]], while hearing petitions, too upheld this decision, confirming that due legal procedures were followed.<ref name="t136">{{cite web | title=Court refuses to interfere in state decision to let off ex-SP | website=The Indian Express | date=24 April 2015 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/court-refuses-to-interfere-in-state-decision-to-let-off-ex-sp/ | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="v875">{{cite web | last=Mahajani | first=Urvi | title=Maval firing: Bombay High Court calls for original report | website=DNA India | date=11 March 2015 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maval-firing-bombay-high-court-calls-for-original-report-2067734 | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="b390">{{cite web | title=Karnik deposition,logbook entry raise doubts on firing order | website=The Indian Express | date=17 May 2012 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/karnik-deposition-logbook-entry-raise-doubts-on-firing-order/ | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="o735">{{cite web | last=Sequeira | first=Rosy | title=Clean chit to top cop in Maval firing not arbitrary : HC | website=The Times of India | date=23 April 2015 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/clean-chit-to-top-cop-in-maval-firing-not-arbitrary-hc/articleshow/47026606.cms | access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Nashik Dargah demolition drive incident ===
On April 16, 2025, violence broke out in [[Nashik]] during a demolition drive targeting the Satpeer Baba Dargah, declared illegal by the Bombay High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=Clashes erupt in Nashik during demolition of unauthorised structure around dargah; 15 arrested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/clashes-erupt-nashik-demolition-unauthorised-structure-dargah-arrest-9947123/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Clashes with police injured 21 officers.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-16 |title=Illegal dargah demolished in Nashik hours before SC stay; police deploy tear gas, lathis against stone-pelting protestors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/21-cops-injured-in-violence-during-demolition-drive-at-nashik-dargah-15-persons-held/article69455839.ece |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Despite the case being sub judice, the structure was demolished, prompting the Supreme Court to stay further action and demand an explanation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikale |first=Prashant |date=17 April 2024 |title=Supreme Court Stays Action In Nashik's Saat Peer Baba Dargah Case |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/supreme-court-stays-action-in-nashiks-saat-peer-baba-dargah-case |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Karnik, as a Nashik Police Commissioner, noted intelligence about attempts to incite unrest prior to the incident, prompting preemptive police action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nashik Dargah Clash: 21 Cops Injured as Mob Resists Demolition Drive |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/21-cops-injured-in-violence-during-demolition-drive-at-nashik-dargah-15-persons-held-3496136 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Supreme Court of India]] allowed the Dargah Trust’s [[Special Leave Petitions in India|special leave petitions]] against the demolition notice to be withdrawn voluntarily.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court stays demolition notice to Nashik dargah, seeks report from HC|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-stays-nashik-dargah-demolition-bombay-hc-report-9951798/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-04-19|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|last=Gokhale|first=Omkar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Supreme Court allows Nashik dargah to withdraw petition; high court may list matter this week if requested, says top court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/supreme-court-allows-nashik-dargah-to-withdraw-petition-high-court-may-list-matter-this-week-if-requested-says-top-court/articleshow/120494887.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-04-21|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite news |last=Deshmukh |first=Chaitraly |date=13 August 2011 |title=Sandeep Karnik: An 'arrogant' gentleman |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-sandeep-karnik-an-arrogant-gentleman-1575437 |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}
*{{Cite news |date=29 January 2026 |title=Nashik police commissionerate tops state govt's 150 day e-governance reform programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/nashik-police-commissionerate-tops-state-govts-150-day-e-governance-reform-programme/amp_articleshow/127731366.cms |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Ministry of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (Maharashtra)

2026-04-23T07:16:23Z

Garrydum: added a info

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry}}

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय सामाजिक आणि शैक्षणिकदृष्ट्या मागासवर्गीय विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Socially And Educationally Backward Classes [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and Minister of Socially And Educationally Backward Classes
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Socially And Educationally, Backward Classes - SEBC''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].
state.

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' is Current [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and Minister of Socially And Educationally Backward Classes [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Socially And Educationally Backward Classes (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Socially And Educationally Backward Classes}} '''मंत्री सामाजिक आणि शैक्षणिकदृष्ट्या मागासवर्गीय विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]] {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Atul Save]]'''
(2022- 2023)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Socially And Educationally, Backward Classes - SEBC
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''T. R. Narawane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla Constituency No. 174]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nirmala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' Chaudhari {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sundarrao Solanke]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon Constituency No. 229]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|
|'''Bhausaheb Surve''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central Constituency No. 55]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Baburao Kale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ghansavangi Jalna Constituency No. 190]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Baliram Waman Hiray''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Dabhadi Constituency No. 74]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Dr._Daulatrao_Aher.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Daulatrao Aher]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 21 - [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Haribhau Bagade]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Dr._Daulatrao_Aher.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Daulatrao Aher]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 21 - [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vimal Mundada]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij Constituency No. 232]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:rajendra_darda_wiki_profile.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Rajendra Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Pune Graduates Constituency No. 05 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2019|06|16}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister)
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Nitin Raut.jpeg|75px]]
|'''[[Nitin Raut]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North Constituency No. 57]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vijay wadettiwar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Atul Save]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes - SEBC
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Constituency No. 42]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]] Supported Party [[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Atul Save]] (2023–2023)
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2023–2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Sukumar De

2026-04-21T22:43:14Z

Garrydum: new initial biography w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukumar De
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| successor =
| birth_place = [[Nandakumar (community development block)|Nandakumar]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|9 October 1960}}
| spouse =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sukumar De''' (born 1960)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He won as an three time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Nandakumar Assembly constituency representing the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=SUKUMAR DE (Winner) – West Bengal 2021 – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=267|access-date=12 October 2024|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nandakumar-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title= Nandakumar Election Result 2021| publisher=Times Now|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web | url =https://resultuniversity.com/election/nandakumar-west-bengal-assembly-constituency | title = Nandakumar Assembly Constituency Election Result| publisher =Result University|access-date = 12 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-nandakumar-constituency-207.html?noHeader=true | title = Nandakumar West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 Results Vote Counting LIVE Updates| publisher =ABP Live|access-date = 12 October 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
De is from [[Nandakumar (community development block)|Nandakumar]], Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal. He is the son of Kshudiram De. He is a graduate in arts.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
De first became an MLA winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Brahmamoy Nanda of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name=":2" /> He retained the seat in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Trinamool Congress]]. In 2016, he defeated his nearest rival Siraj Khan, who was an independent candidate supported by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]] - [[Indian National Congress|INC]] alliance.<ref name=":2" /> He won for the third consecutive time in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Nilanjan Adhikary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhratiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 5,406 votes.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De, Sukumar}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Shyam Bihari Jaiswal

2026-04-21T12:14:58Z

Garrydum: new basic entry w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shyam Bihari Jaiswal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|10|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ratanpur, [[Koriya District|Koriya]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Shyam Bihari Jaiswal
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| office = Minister of Health and Family Welfare Minister of Medical Education, [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| successor =
| predecessor = [[T. S. Singh Deo]]
| term_start = 22 December 2023
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Dr. Vinay Jaiswal
| constituency2 = [[Manendragarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manendragarh]]
| term_start2 = 8 December 2013
| term_end2 = 11 December 2018
| predecessor2 = Deepak Kumar Patel
| successor2 = Dr. Vinay Jaiswal
}}
'''Shyam Bihari Jaiswal''' (born 1 October 1976) is an Indian politician. He has been serving as the Minister of Health and Family Welfare and Minister of Medical Education in the [[Sai ministry|Ministry of Vishnudeo Sai]] since [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-22|title= बीजेपी के दूसरी बार विधायक बने श्याम बिहारी जायसवाल को मिला।मंत्री पद, जानें कैसा रहा है सियासी सफर|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-news-shyam-bihari-jaiswal-became-mla-from-bjp-for-the-second-time-got-the-post-of-minister-ann-2567109/amp|access-date=2024-07-02|website=ABP Live|language=hi}}</ref>
He represents [[Manendragarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manendragarh]] in the legislative assembly of Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09|title= बीजेपी विधायक श्याम बिहारी जायसवाल का जीवन परिचय|url=https://npg.news/amp/politics/bjp-mla-shayam-bihari-jaiswal-biography-in-hindi-biography-of-bjp-mla-shayam-bihari-jaiswal-1250666 |access-date=2024-07-02|website=npg|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaiswal, Shyam Bihari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Koriya district]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]

Kamalesh Chatterjee

2026-04-19T22:19:30Z

Garrydum: started the entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamalesh Chatterjee
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur, West Bengal]]
| predecessor = [[Id Mohammad]]
| successor = [[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Kandi Raj College]]
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kamalesh Chatterjee''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Bharatpur, as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KAMALESH CHATTERJEE (Winner) BHARATPUR (MURSHIDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1122|access-date=2025-05-24|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-05-24|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharatpur Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bharatpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-05-24|website=Result University}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Kamalesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

J. Jayasingh Thiyagaraj Natterjee

2026-04-19T16:42:16Z

Garrydum: started first bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Jayasingh Thiyagaraj Natterjee
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2014
| term_end = 24 May 2019
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[S. R. Jeyadurai]]
| successor = [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
| constituency = [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
| office1 = Chairperson – District Development Coordination and Monitoring Committee
| term_start1 = 4 June 2014
| term_end1 = 24 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[S. R. Jeyadurai]]
| successor1 = [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
| office2 = Chairperson – [[Tuticorin Airport]] Advisory Committee
| term_start2 = 4 June 2014
| term_end2 = 24 May 2019
| predecessor2 = [[S. R. Jeyadurai]]
| successor2 = [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|04|15}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| parents =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Lawyer
| website =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4876?from=members
}}
'''J. Jayasingh Thiyagaraj Natterjee''' is an Indian lawyer and politician belonging to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). He was a former [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi constituency]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]]) from 2014 to 2019.

J.J.T.Natterjee is a native of the Jacobpuram village, which is located in the [[Radhapuram taluk]]. He joined the AIADMK in 1984 before M.G R. He was the party's organizing secretary from 2015-2019, now he is the deputy secretary of AIADMK lawyers' wing. He is also an administrative committee member of the [[Church of South India]]'s [[Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese of the Church of South India|Tuticorin-Nazareth Diocese]].<ref name="TheHindu_profile_2014">{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/profile-of-aiadmk-candidates-in-southern-districts/article5724772.ece| title = Profile of AIADMK candidates in southern districts | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 2014-02-25 }}</ref>

In the [[2014 Lok Sabha elections]], he defeated P. Jegan of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] by a margin of 1,24,002 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2236.htm?ac=36 | title = Constituency-wise results: Thoothukkudi | publisher = Election Commission of India | accessdate = 2014-05-19 | archive-date = 19 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140519100843/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2236.htm?ac=36 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{16th LS members from Tamil Nadu |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natterjee, Jeyasingh Thiyagaraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]

Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma

2026-04-18T02:55:13Z

Garrydum: added a details

{{Short description|Indian historian (1891–1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma''' (24 December 1891 – 7 January 1963) was an Indian historian, who worked at the [[Andhra University]].<ref name=Reddi>{{citation |last1=Sarma |first1=M. Somasekhara |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066 |year=1946 |publisher=Andhra University |at=title page}}</ref> He was born at Miniminchilipadu Agraharam, a village in West Godavari district of [[Andhra Pradesh]] to Bhadrayya and Nagamma.
Somasekhara Sarma couldn't continue his education beyond matriculation due to poverty. He started his career as a menial employee in Kannemera Library in Madras (now called Chennai) where he could have interactions with intellectuals like Lakshmanrao Komarraju and Chilukuri Veerabhadra Rao.
Then he went to Rajahmundry to work for Deshamata, published by Chilakamarthi Lakshminarasimham.
He worked for Andhra Patrika magazine from 1924 to 1940.
He taught research in history at Andhra University from 1940 to 1946.<ref name="MallampalliCommemorationVolume"/>{{rp|1}}

== Works ==
* ''A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History (History of the Musunūri Nāyaks)'', Andhra University, 1945.<ref name="worldcat">[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n89-215550 Excerpts from worldcat database]</ref>
* ''History of Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to circa 1448 A.D.)'', Andhra University, 1946.<ref name="Reddi" />
* {{transliteration|te|ISO|Āndhra Deśa Charitra Sangrahamu}} (in Telugu), Vishalaandhra Book House.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=looMGwAACAAJ|title=Andhra Desa Charitra Sangrahamu|publisher= Visalaandhra Book House|author= Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma
|language=Telugu}}</ref>
* {{transliteration|te|ISO|Āndhrasaṃskrti taraṅgiṇī}} (in Telugu), Published by Andhra Pradesh Government, 1976.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdXOPgAACAAJ|title={{transliteration|te|ISO|Āndhrasaṃskrti taraṅgiṇī}}|publisher= Andhra Pradesh Government|author= Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma
|language=Telugu|year=1976}}</ref>

The two books ''Forgotten Chapter'' and ''History of Reddi Kingdoms'' deal with the immediate aftermath of the fall of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Empire]], the former covering the history of [[Musunuri Nayakas]] and the latter the history of [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddi kingdom]]. Some of his other works in Telugu include {{transliteration|te|ISO|Rohiṇī Candraguptamu}} novel, {{transliteration|te|ISO|Amarāvati Stūpamu}} and {{transliteration|te|ISO|Āndhra Virulu}} skteches.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56PWDwAAQBAJ|title=Who's Who Of Indian Writers|publisher= Dalcassian Publishing Company|author= Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi
|language=Telugu|year=1961|page=344}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sarma is a well known Telugu historian and after his death the Government of Andhra Pradesh published a commemoration volume in his memory.<ref name="MallampalliCommemorationVolume">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sri-mallampalli-somasekara-sarma-commemoration-volume-ed-r-subrahmanyam-n-ramesa|title=Sri Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma Commemoration Volume|publisher= Government of. Andhra Pradesh
|language=English|year=1976}}</ref>

Sarma hypothesised that the Reddi kings were subordinate to the Musunuri chiefs during their inception:
{{blockquote|The Reḍḍi kings of Koṇḍavīḍu, who began as the subordinates of the Musunūri chiefs of Rēkapalli and Waraṅgal, soon became independent, and played an important role during the revival of Hindu supremacy in the post-Kakatiya period.<ref>{{citation |last1=Sarma |first1=Mallampalli Somasekhara |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066 |year=1948 |publisher=Andhra University |page=v}}</ref>}}
The theory was criticised by historian M. Rama Rao, who noted that the founder of the Reddi line, [[Prolaya Vema Reddi]], predated [[Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka]].<ref>{{citation |first=M. Rama |last=Rao |title=The Fall of Warangal and After |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=10 |year=1947 |pages=292–297 |jstor=44137150 |ref={{sfnref|Rama Rao, The Fall of Warangal and After|1947}}}}</ref> He concludes:
{{blockquote|It is thus clear that various parts of Andhradeśa were rescued from the Muslims at various dates—Rajahmundry and the coastal region in 1324, the territory south of the Krishna in 1325 AD, the Rekapalli region in 1330 and western Andhra between 1330-35 AD. Several individuals—Prolaya Vema Reddi, Musunuri Prolaya nayaka, and Arviti Somadeva liberated these parts and they had no political connection with each other.}}

Modern historian Cynthia Talbot has warned against taking the inscriptional evidence at face value.<ref>{{citation |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C |pages=177–178}}</ref>
{{blockquote|One way a warrior could assume the Kakatiya aura was through simple juxtaposition of his exploits with those of the Kakatiyas in the introductory portion of an inscription. We find this strategy employed in the Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka, the Musunuri chief.}}
She also opined that Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka being a lord of 75 subordinates was a formulaic device.<ref>{{citation |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |title=Political intermediaries in Kakatiya Andhra, 1175-1325 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=31 |number=3 |year=1994 |pages=261–289|doi=10.1177/001946469403100301 |s2cid=145225213 }}: For instance, [[Rudrama Devi]] was mentioned to have had 75 subordinate chiefs, [[Prataparudra]] 77 subordinates, Velugoti chiefs 77 subordinates, Induluris 72 subordinates, etc.</ref>

==Legacy==
{{Quote box
| quote = I would not like you to go away from us without a work of appreciation from me on behalf of myself and the [[Andhra University|University]] for the very valuable work you have done. Your researches appear to me to possess a high scientific value as they embody the results of patience and accurate investigation and the application of sound historical methods.
| source = — [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy|C. R. Reddy]]'s comment on Somasekhara Sarma's early retirement.<ref name="MallampalliCommemorationVolume"/>{{rp|5}}
| align = right
| width = 27%
}}
Recognizing his valuable contribution to the field of historical research, he was invited in 1940s to join in [[Andhra University]] by Dr. [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]], then Vice-Chancellor of [[Andhra University]].<ref name="MallampalliCommemorationVolume" />{{rp|4}} He discovered some copper plate grants and the Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka got deciphered by him and N. Venkataramanayya.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06115/page/n9/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Archeological Survey of India |year=1987 |volume=XXXII (1957-58) |page=239 |language=English}}</ref> His research work on history is considered as a major contribution to Indian history by many historians. For example, his work on the Telugu history after the fall of Kakaitya empire resulted in rectification of some versions of Indian history based on [[Firishta]] and considered to be an original and greatly significant contribution.<ref name="MallampalliCommemorationVolume" />{{rp|4}}

The ''Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma Historical Research Foundation'' was established in [[Visakhapatnam]] in honour of Sarma. It awards annual memorial awards in his name to acclaimed historians of Andhra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-09 |title=Historian felicitated |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/historian-felicitated/article7967864.ece |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somasekhara Sarma, Mallampalli}}
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]

Bahraich Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:39Z

Garrydum: Put Up A Pg More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bahraich
| map_image = 286-Bahraich.svg
| mla = [[Anupama Jaiswal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Waqar Ahmad Shah]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]
| constituency_no = 286
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
}}

'''Bahraich''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Bahraich in the [[Bahraich district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. Bahraich is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 286 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Anupama Jaiswal]] who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Rubab Sayda]] by a margin of 6,702 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Bahraich.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313191019/http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bahraich.html|archive-date=13 March 2019|access-date=2017-08-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{{main|Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | 01 || rowspan="2" | [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || Raj Kishore || rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="2" | 20 May 1952 || rowspan="2" | 31 March 1957 || rowspan="2" | 1,776 || Bahraich East || rowspan="2" | <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Triloki Nath Kaul || Bahraich West
|-
| rowspan="2" | 02 || rowspan="2" | [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Zargham Haider || [[Praja Socialist Party]] || rowspan="2" | 1 April 1957 || rowspan="2" | 6 March 1962 || rowspan="2" | 1,800 || Bahraich North || rowspan="2" | <ref name="1957 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Birendra Bikram Singh || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Bahraich South
|-
| rowspan="2" | 03 || rowspan="2" | [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Jadish Prasad || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="2" | 7 March 1962 || rowspan="2" | 9 March 1967 || rowspan="2" | 1,828 || Bahraich North ||rowspan="2" | <ref name="1962 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Daljit Singh || Bahraich South
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || K. B. Misra || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || 10 March 1967 || 15 April 1968 || 402 || rowspan="15" | Bahraich || <ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" |Kedar Nath Agarwal || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]|| 26 February 1969 || 4 March 1974 || 1,832 || <ref name="1969 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || 4 March 1974 || 30 April 1977 || 1,153 || <ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mohammad Atif Khan || [[Janata Party]] || 23 June 1977 || 17 February 1980 || 969 || <ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dharam Pal || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 9 Jun 1980 || 10 March 1985 || 1,735 || <ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|09th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Maharan Nath Kaul || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || 10 March 1985 || 29 November 1989|| 1,725 || <ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dharam Pal || 2 December 1989 || 4 April 1991 || 488 || <ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Brij Raj Tripathi || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 22 June 1991|| 6 December 1992 || 533 || <ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="5" |[[Waqar Ahmad Shah]] || rowspan="5" | [[Samajwadi Party]] ||4 December 1993|| 28 October 1995 || 693 || <ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] ||17 October 1996 || 7 March 2002 || 1,967 || <ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || 26 February 2002 || 13 May 2007 || 1,902 || <ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || 13 May 2007 || 9 March 2012 || 1,762 || <ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || 8 March 2012 || 11 March 2017 || 1,829 || <ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 December 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | [[Anupama Jaiswal]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 14 March 2017 || 11 March 2017 || 1,823 ||<ref name="Constituencywise-All Candidates">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS24286.htm?ac=286|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|website=eciresults.nic.in|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225054516/http://eciresults.nic.in/error.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 18 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || March 2022 || Incumbent || - ||<ref name="Constituencywise-All Candidates"/>
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahraich<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anupama Jaiswal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:107628}}
|percentage = 46.45
|change = {{increase}}5.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Yasar Shah]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103550}}
|percentage = 44.69
|change = {{increase}}6.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Naeem
|votes = {{formatnum:10299}}
|percentage = 4.44
|change = {{decrease}}12.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jai Prakash Mishra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:3275}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rashid Jamil
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:2240}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2076}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change = {{decrease}}0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4078}}
|percentage = 1.76
|change = {{decrease}}1.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:231708}}
|percentage = 59.14
|change = {{decrease}}0.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahraich<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anupama Jaiswal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87479}}
|percentage = 41.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rubab Sayda]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:80777}}
|percentage = 37.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ajeet Pratap Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:36325}}
|percentage = 17.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2604}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6702}}
|percentage = 3.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213375}}
|percentage = 59.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
[[Waqar Ahmad Shah]] has won the seat five times.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bahraich]]<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Waqar Ahmad Shah]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 50,759
|percentage = 29.5102
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Shekhar Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 35263
|percentage = 20.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Bahraich]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bahraich district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bahraich district]]
{{coord|27.58|81.60|display=title}}

Baikunthanath Swain

2026-04-04T03:37:51Z

Garrydum: Put Up A Details Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| image =
| name = Baikunthanath Swain
| native_name = ବୈକୁଣ୍ଠନାଥ ସ୍ୱାଇଁ
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=y|1935|01|13}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age |df=y|1995|10|02|1935|01|13}}

| office = Member: [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|11th Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency]]
| salary =
| term_start = 1995
| term_end = 2 Octoeber 1995
| predecessor = [[Surendranath Nayak]]
| successor = Surendranath Nayak

| office1 = Member: 8th Odisha Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = Kakatapur
| salary1 =
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 1985
| predecessor1 = Surendranath Nayak
| successor1 = Surendranath Nayak

| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = politician
| parents = Achyutananda Swain (father)
| spouse = Kadambini Swain
| children =
| relations =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Baikunthanath Swain''' (13 January 1935 – 2 October 1995) was an [[Odia people|Odia]] politician. He was elected to the 8th and 11th [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency]] in [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]] and [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Baikunthanath Swain, Kakatpur Assembly Elections 1980 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/1980/kakatpur/baikunthanath-swain/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Swain was born to Achutananda Swain on 13 January 1935. His wife's name was Kadambini Swain.<ref name="Baikunthanath Swain">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Shri Baikunthanath Swain |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=410 |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in |publisher=Odisha Assembly}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was active in Odisha politics as a member of [[Indian National Congress]] and elected twice to [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Baikunthanath Swain" />

== Death ==
He died on 2 October 1995 at 60.<ref name="Baikunthanath Swain" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Puri district]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]

Luso-Maratha War (1729–1732)

2026-04-03T05:49:06Z

Garrydum: added new entry

{{Short description|Historical conflict in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{One source|date=August 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Luso–Maratha War
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = May 1729 – 30 January 1732
| place = [[Konkan]], [[Indian subcontinent|India]]
| result = [[Status quo ante bellum]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Portuguese Empire]] {{flagcountry|East India Company|1707}}
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} {{ill|João de Saldanha da Gama|pt}} {{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Francisco Guerra de Mesquita|Francisco Mesquita]] {{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Martinho da Silveira|Martinho Silveira]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Bajirao I]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] Pilaji Jadhavrao
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''Luso–Maratha War''' was a military conflict fought between the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and the [[Maratha Empire]]s, initiated by the Marathas invading and raiding Portuguese-controlled villages near the walled city of [[Daman, India|Damaon]].

==Context==
After a war against the Marathas, João Saldanha da Gama [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Portuguese viceroy]] at [[Old Goa]], had previously signed with the Maratha Confederacy a peace treaty in 1726, which resulted in the "peace of Bassein", which would prove to be brief.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=100}}

Despite the peace treaty, in May 1729, Maratha forces under the command of Pilaji Jadhavrao raided two villages in the vicinity of the Portuguese fortified city of [[Daman, India|Damaon]].{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=101-102}} Since the Marathas often excused their raids as the work of [[brigands]], the captain of the Portuguese forces in the area, General Francisco da Guerra de Mesquita, was instructed by the viceroy to conduct limited retaliatory attacks against the border Maratha towns from which such raids had come.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=101-102}}
[[File:Fortes de Damão.jpg|thumb|left|Portuguese forts of Daman]]
The Marathas took Portuguese retaliation of their raids as a sign that the peace treaty had been broken.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=103}} By the end of May 1730, the Marathas invaded the areas around [[Bassein (Vasai)]] and war spread across the Konkan region.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=102}} The [[Mahratta Confederacy]] had not attacked Portuguese territory in so much force since the time of [[Sambhaji]].{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=104}}

==Course of hostilities==
[[File:Portuguese possessions in the Province of North.jpg|thumb|Portuguese territory in the north Konkan.]]
In spite of Maratha numerical superiority, lack of internal unity made military operations difficult, and the Portuguese viceroy was approached with a peace offer through the [[East India Company|English East India Company]] governor [[Robert Cowan (governor)|Robert Cowan]] in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]].{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=104-105}} The viceroy proposed to return captured Maratha belongings, however he refused to sign a peace while Portuguese territory was occupied by Maratha forces while the Marathas refused to return captured spoils or make peace unless the Portuguese paid tribute and allowed [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples to be built on their territory.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=107-108}}

Realizing that the Marathas would not make peace unless directly threatened, the viceroy dispatched reinforcements from Goa were to general Guerra de Mesquita, along with instructions to persistently raid Maratha territory and also engage in psychological warfare by threatening to forcibly baptize Hindu prisoners, which in the words of the viceroy, "they resent much" though the general was forbidden from actually carrying out this task.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=108-109}} On 28 October 1730 Bagi Rao wrote to the British governor in Bombay stating: "The dispute between us and the Portuguese over Galiana-Biundi is notorious, and we have been conquering and will conquer their territories."{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=109}}

The British aided the Portuguese in 1730 with 200 musketeers, of which 50 were Europeans and 150 sepoys, 250 sepoys and 6 galliots.<ref>Pedro Nobre: "The East India Company and the Portuguese loss of the Província do Norte" in ''Revista Tempo'', Vol. 21 n. 37, p. 142.</ref>

By then, the shortage of fodder in the region threatened to bring Maratha cavalry incursions to a halt.{{sfn|Lobato|1965}} Although numerically inferior, the Portuguese prevented the Marathas from taking advantage of their numerical superiority by engaging in vigorous offensive warfare with a mobile army, which pinned the Marathas.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=111}} On April 3, 1731, the viceroy decreed a general conscription for all Portuguese except those charged with [[Lèse-majesté]].{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=112-113}} After reinforcements had arrived in Bassein, through persistent Portuguese attacks, Maratha offensive operations ceased.
[[File:Fortaleza de bacaim.jpg|thumb|Portuguese fortified city of Bassein.]]
Successful Portuguese operations brought the Marathas to the negotiating table.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=114}} During negotiations however, in mid June Pilaji Jadhavrao captured a Portuguese fort in Cambá without firing a shot, by convincing its garrison to hand it over.{{sfn|Lobato|1965}}<ref name="pissurlencar">Panduronga Pissurlencar: ''Portuguese-Maratha Relations'', Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, Bombay, 1983, pp. 118-165.</ref> It appears the Portuguese commander Luís de Melo de Sampaio was invited for talks under the guise of a truce and then held hostage until the fort was evacuated.<ref>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India A. D. 1571-1894'' W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, 1894, p. 396.</ref> The viceroy later criticized Melo de Sampaio for having failed the established custom of requesting hostages from the Marathas before talks, which would have uncovered the ruse.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=115}} As a result of the treachery, the Portuguese called off peace negotiations, arrested the Maratha ambassador along with his family and attendants and hostilities continued.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=115-116}}

Persistent Maratha offers for peace in exchange for tribute, without withdrawing from Portuguese territory, were refused. The Marathas threatened to invade Goa, capital of Portuguese India, however this failed to intimidate the viceroy.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=117}} At the same time, the Portuguese sought to convince the Mughals to attack the Marathas.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=117-118}} Local Indian lords proved unreliable in their support for either side, inconsistently favouring whoever appeared to have the military advantage or initiative.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=113}}

==Treaty of Bombay 1732 and peace==
[[File:Bombay Castle, 1666.jpg|thumb|Bombay Castle.]]
By January 1732, the Marathas had been immobilized for six months, unable to effectively combat the Portuguese due to internal civil affairs in their territories beyond the Konkan, and a Mughal army under the command of Quiliscan was fast approaching.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=118-119}} Many Marathas had begun to seek refuge in Portuguese territory from the advancing Mughals. The Portuguese had secretly promised aid to the Mughals against the Marathas.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Under the mediation of the British governor in Bombay, in 30 January a peace treaty was signed in [[Bombay Castle]] between the Portuguese, represented by Francisco de Melo de Castro and the Marathas, represented by Siva Rama Pandit and Raiagi Ramagi.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|pp=121-122}}

==Aftermath==
The Marathas withdrew from Portuguese territory.{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=126}} Nevertheless, Bajirao planned to resume hostilities against the Portuguese with an attack on [[Salsette Island|Salcette Island]] on 13 March 1733.<ref name="pissurlencar"/> Peace would prove to be short, as five years later the Marathas would again [[Battle of Vasai|invade Portuguese territory and attack Bassein]].{{sfn|Lobato|1965|p=126}}

==See also==
*[[Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684)]]
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Mughal-Maratha Wars]]
*[[Battle of Vasai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Lobato |first=Alexandre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exF0vgAACAAJ |title=Relações luso-maratas, 1658-1737 |date=1965 |publisher=Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos |language=pt}}
*Pedro Nobre: "The East India Company and the Portuguese loss of the Província do Norte" in Revista Tempo
*Frederick Charles Danvers: The Portuguese in India A. D. 1571-1894 W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, 1894,
*Panduronga Pissurlencar: Portuguese-Maratha Relations, Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, Bombay, 1983
*[[iarchive:in.gov.ignca.4317|Peshwa Bajirao maratha expansion]]

[[Category:Conflicts in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1729]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:History of Vasai]]
[[Category:History of Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Wars involving Portugal]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Maratha Empire]]

Ratnagiri, Odisha

2026-03-30T20:51:47Z

Garrydum: creating first post basic info - done

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Ratnagiri
| native_name = 
| image = Ratnagiri roof-top view.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Ratnagiri
| caption = Ratnagiri Vihara
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| relief = yes
| map_size = 250
| location = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|20.6412|86.3353|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| rite =
| region =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status =
| type = [[Mahavihara]], [[Monastery]]
| functional_status = Preserved
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architecture =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Stupa]]
| architecture_style = [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist]]
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| completed = 6th century AD
| year_completed =
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =
}}
'''Ratnagiri''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: ରତ୍ନଗିରି, meaning "hill of jewels") is the site of a ruined [[mahavihara]], once the major Buddhist monastery in modern [[Odisha]], India. It is located on a hill between the Brahmani and Birupa rivers in [[Jajpur district]]. Together with the nearby Buddhist sites of [[Lalitgiri]] and [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]] it is known as the '''Diamond Triangle'''.<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Open-air exhibits at Udaygiri, Ratnagiri and Lalitgiri and the lure of Diamond Triangle of Odisha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/travel/open-air-exhibits-at-udaygiri-ratnagiri-and-lalitgiri-and-the-lure-of-diamond-triangle-of-odisha/cid/2082907 |access-date=16 September 2025 |agency=My Kolkata |issue=The Telegraph |date=11 February 2025}}</ref> Ratnagiri is located {{cvt|100|km}} from the state capital [[Bhubaneswar]] and {{cvt|70|km}} from the former state capital [[Cuttack]].<ref>ASI</ref>

The Buddhist monuments were constructed from the 5th century CE onwards, with the last work in the 13th century, and the peak period of work done between the 7th to 10th centuries. After perhaps the 16th century the site ceased to be used and fell into ruins. These were little known until the 1960s when major excavations by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] ("ASI") revealed the site, producing large quantities of very fine sculpture. Monastery 1 has been described as "the finest in terms of carved stone decoration to have survived in India".<ref>Harle, 163</ref> Some of this was removed to museums elsewhere, with much left on site. A museum at the site houses many pieces.<ref>ASI; Harle, 163–164</ref>

The main elements were an impressive [[stupa]] (Stupa 1) surrounded by several hundred smaller stupas of varying dimensions, three quadrangular monasteries (Monasteries 1 to 3). Monastery 1 is by far the largest, with a beautiful carved doorway, spacious open courtyard, cells and verandah facing the courtyard, with a spacious shrine centred on a colossal [[Buddha]].<ref>ASI; Harle, 163–164</ref>
[[File:RATNAGIRI,ORISSA (cropped).jpg|thumb|550px|Monastery 2 at left, Monastery 1 at right]]

The buildings are mainly made up of brick (much of which has now been removed), but the doorways, pillars and sculpture are mostly in two types of stone, which contrast attractively. These are a "blue-green [[Chlorite group|chlorite]] and the local [[khondalite]], a garniferous [[gneiss]] with plum-coloured overtones".<ref>Harle, 163</ref> The large numbers of sculptures in stone, with a few (27) bronze and brass figures,<ref>Donaldson, 59, including his figs. 172, 277, 391</ref> excavated at the site are mostly in the "Post-Gupta" style, the earlier ones continuing the classic style of [[Gupta art]]. They are mostly images of Buddha and the Buddhist pantheon, and analysis of the trends in subjects over time suggests that Ratnagiri turned to become a centre of [[Tantric Buddhism]], as did [[Nalanda]] in [[Bihar]]. In particular, over two dozen colossal Buddha heads have been found.<ref>ASI; Reichle, throughout; Donaldson, 58</ref>

==Remains==
[[File:Ratnagiri Buddhist Complex, Odisha 05.jpg|thumb|Main shrine Buddha in Monastery 1]]

===Monasteries===

====Monastery 1====
Monastery 1 is among the largest of the three monasteries, with an overall size of 55 square metres, including 21 square metres for the paved central courtyard. It had at least two storeys, but everything above the ground floor has now collapsed. There are 24 surviving cells on the ground floor, relatively large and probably occupied by more than one monk. One was used as the monastery treasury. They are windowless, and were fitted with wooden doors, and probably locks. Across the courtyard from the entrance, which has two layers of porch, is the main shrine, whose elaborately sculpted facade is now isolated in the courtyard. The main shrine image is a colossal seated Buddha, {{convert|12|ft|m}} high including the base, flanked by smaller standing figures of [[Padmapani]] and [[Vajrapani]] holding [[chamara]]s. These are in chlorite, with the Buddha carved in a number of horizontal sections.<ref>ASI; Harle, 163; Reichle, 218–219, 227</ref>

Monastery 1 was built in at least two major phases, the first dating to the late 8th century,<ref>Donaldson, 369–370; Reichle, 214</ref> and the second to the 11th or early 12th century;<ref>Reichle, 214</ref> Donaldson prefers the early 10th century for the second phase.<ref>Donaldson, 57, 370–371</ref> The style of sculpture differs considerably between these, and scholars have generally seen the later work as representing a decline in "both moral and artistic standards", as the later work includes some erotic scenes.<ref>Reichle, 214</ref>

The main entrance to the monastery is through an elaborately carved chlorite doorway set back from the main outside wall, which was faced with stone at a later stage than the original construction. The frame was called by Mitra "the loveliest entrance to a structural monastery in the whole of India".<ref>Quoted by Donaldson, 372</ref> It has three main zones, the innermost "an intricate foliated [[arabesque]] pattern" with a thin vine stem undulating up it.<ref>Reichle, 223; Michell (1990), 255</ref> Next comes a zone with stylized lotus petals, usually seen on curved surfaces, and "quite unique" as a flattened pattern.<ref>Donaldson, 372</ref> The outer side elements switch from green chlorite to red stone in mid-composition in the large plant scroll inhabited by playing [[putti]] (''[[gelabai]]''), with some bodies half in one stone and half in the other. Across the top [[lintel]] there was a relief of ''[[vidyadhara]]'' figures, of which only the feet remain.<ref>Reichle, 223; Michell (1990), 255</ref> In the centre an inset guardian figure of [[Gaja-Laksmi]], borrowed from the Hindu pantheon, runs through two zones. At the bottom of the sides there are two panels each with four richly but lightly dressed lay figures, one holding an umbrella. These are "door guardians" and the innermost figures are large males leaning on clubs; however, the overall impression of the groups is hardly intimidating.<ref>Donaldson, 372–373; Reichle, 224</ref>
[[File:Ratnagiri ei3-32.jpg|thumb|[[Pancika]] (the Hindu [[Kubera]]), to the side of the main entrance]]

Around the entrance were a number of large relief panels of standing figures, several now removed elsewhere. On the outside wall the only one left in place is the female figure (illustrated) holding a flowering branch and making the ''[[varadamudra]]'' with her [[proper right]] hand. She is perhaps a river goddess, or [[Marici (Buddhism)|Marici]].<ref>Reichle, 219–223, fig 9:9, 219</ref> In a niche inside the porch is an image of the river goddess [[Yamuna]] in "sisterly camaraderie" with two smaller companions (illustrated below). There was probably a matching [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] panel on the other side, but this is now missing; the pair are very common figures at the threshold of Buddhist and Hindu establishments.<ref>Reichle, 225</ref> Other common figures in monasteries are pairs of [[Pancika]] (the [[Hindu]] [[Kubera]]) and his consort [[Hariti]], representing material and spiritual wealth at more than one level.<ref>Reichle, 226; Donaldson, 330</ref> The style of these figures demonstrates that they were made at the same period as the sculpture on the [[Baitala Deula]] Hindu temple in [[Bhubaneswar]], and it has been suggested that some individual sculptors worked at both sites, "a lack of sectarian specialization" in builders and carvers in India being very common.<ref>Harle, 163</ref>
[[File:View of Ratnagiri from Broken Roof top.jpg|thumb|Monastery 1 courtyard; the main stupa in the distance at left]]

The monastery courtyard had a large [[verandah]], now mostly vanished, probably giving an effect and utility similar to the [[cloister]]s of European Christian monasteries. One part, with a central doorway flanked on both sides by three niches, was exceptionally elaborate, and has been reconstructed by the ASI, replacing missing elements with matching shaped but undecorated stone blocks. This was a later addition, called by Reichle the "third facade to rear shrine". The carving includes numerous small figures, often now hard to identify. This now stands alone in the courtyard, not quite in its original position.<ref>Reichle, fig 9:26, 231–234; Donaldson, 57–58</ref>

====Monasteries 2 and 3====
Monastery 2, next to Monastery 1 but much smaller, features a central paved courtyard flanked by a pillared veranda around which are eighteen cells, a central shrine featuring an image of Shakyamuni in ''Varada Mudra'' flanked by Brahma and Sakra, and elaborately ornamented entrance porticos. It only had a single story.<ref>ASI; Michell (1990), 255</ref>

It may have been the first to be built, as Mitra dates the first construction to about the 5th century (as opposed to the 8th for Monastery 1), with more building in the 7th and 11th centuries.<ref>Donaldson, 57</ref>

Monastery 3 is on a small hillock to the north-west, and much smaller again, with only three cells in a row, and a portico.<ref>Michell (1990), 255</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">

File:Relics at Ratnagiri 03.JPG|Entrance to Monastery 1
File:Ratnagiri ei3-23.jpg|Figure by entrance, Asokakanta-[[Marici (Buddhism)|Marici]].<ref>according to Donaldson, fig. 355; Reichle, fig 9:9, 219, she is less certain of the identification.</ref>
File:CsAca64UMAAuA1f.jpg|[[Vajrapani]] relief panel by entrance.<ref>Reichle, fig 9:10</ref>
File:Ratnagiri ei3-39.jpg|Top-left corner of the scroll round the entrance; the lower boy shows the viewer his bottom
File:Ratnagiri ei3-61.jpg|Colossal Buddha head, in Monastery 1
File:Ratnagiri ei3-47.jpg|"Third facade to rear shrine", a later addition to Monastery 1.<ref>Reichle, fig 9:26, 231-234</ref>
File:The Amazing Stone sculpture Inside the main Area - Ratnagiri (cropped).jpg|Side of the "third facade", showing an erotic scene (with no haircutting) and the plain shaped restoration pieces.
File:Relics at Ratnagiri 04.jpg|Lion statue in front of Monastery 2.
File:Ratnagiri (14).JPG|Monastery 2 (right) from Monastery 1, the main stupa in the distance
</gallery>

===Stupas and temples===
[[File:Ratnagiri (29).JPG|thumb|Stump of main stupa, and smaller stupas]]
The main stupa dates to the 9th century and was likely built on the site of an earlier, [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]-era stupa. It is on the highest point in the site and has a square base, {{convert|47|ft|m}} metres on each side. The stupa is now {{convert|17|ft|m}} high, but was originally a good deal higher, to an unknown extent. There was a pathway between the plinth and outer wall for ritual ''[[pradakshina]]'' or circumambulation;<ref>ASI</ref> this was a later addition.<ref>Michell (1990), 255</ref> Prominent, well-preserved standing statues of the [[bodhisattva]]s [[Vajrapani]] and [[Padmapani]] can be found in niches in a [[portico]].

The stupa is surrounded by large numbers of much smaller stupas, some four or more metres high, but large numbers less than a metre. Most of the smaller ones show a seated deity figure in a niche on one side, and many are decorated with lotus petals and beaded tassels around their shaft.<ref>Jha</ref> These are mostly carved from a single piece of stone. Many Indian Buddhist sites have some of these, but at Ratnagiri there are more than 700 of them in total, which is an exceptionally large number, and they represent an exceptional range of deities, with 22 identified. Some 535 of the total are found to the south-west to the main stupa.<ref>Donaldson, 58</ref>

Most can be dated to between the 9th and 13th centuries, and were evidently made on or very close to the site; some unfinished examples have been found, including those with the space for the figure left blank, to be finished when the customer chose a deity. It is thought they served as memorials and reliquaries for dead monks, and votive offerings by pilgrims.<ref>Donaldson, 58</ref>

A total of 1386 clay seals were found, most bearing the legend ''Sri Ratnagiri Mahavihariya Aryabikshu Sanghasya'',<ref>Jha</ref> which helped to identify the name of Ratnagiri monastery.

One temple has been converted to Hindu use as the Dharma Mahakala temple; this was built over an earlier stupa, and was moved to the side of the site and re-erected by the ASI. It contains a Buddhist standing relief figure of [[Manjushri]].<ref>ASI; Michell (1990), 255</ref> The later parts date to the 11th century.<ref>Donaldson, 58</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Stupas of Ratnagiri.jpg|Rows of small stupas
File:Ratnagiri (15).jpg|A small votive stupa
File:Ratnagiri Monastery , Jajpur. Odisha.jpg|Bases of minor stupas and temples
File:Kkm stupa ratnagiri odisha 4.jpg|Middle-sized stupa in good condition
</gallery>

==History==
[[File:CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg|thumb|The river goddess [[Yamuna]], rear wall of front porch.<ref>Reichle, fig 9:17</ref>]]
Ratnagiri was likely established no later than the reign of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] king Narasimha Baladitya in the first half of the sixth century, and flourished until the twelfth century. The main construction of the surviving part of Monastery 1 was under the rule of the (mainly) Buddhist [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]], whose capital was nearby at [[Jajpur]], although no inscription records patronage at Ratnagiri by the dynasty.<ref>Reichle, 217</ref>

A Tibetan history, the ''Pag Sam Jon Zang'', identifies Ratnagiri as an important centre in the development of the [[Kalachakratantra]] in the 10th century, an assertion supported by the discovery of a number of votive [[stupas]], plaques, and other artifacts featuring [[Kalachakra]] imagery.<ref>Also see [http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_orissa.asp].</ref> It was thought, with Lalitgiri and Udaigiri nearby, to be the [[Pushpagiri Vihara]] mentioned by the 7th-century Chinese pilgrim [[Hiuen Tsang]], but this has been thrown into doubt by the discovery in the 1990s of a previously unknown site in the area on Langudi Hill, which may be Pushpagiri.<ref name="Telegraph_2007">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070129/asp/jamshedpur/story_7319473.asp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204032205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070129/asp/jamshedpur/story_7319473.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 February 2013 | title=ASI hope for hill heritage – Conservation set to start at Orissa site | date=29 January 2007 |newspaper=The Telegraph }}</ref>

The hundreds of small votive stupas at Ratnagiri suggest it was an important site for pilgrimage, and it was very likely connected to the important trade networks of ancient [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], which stretched to [[South-East Asia]].<ref>Reichle, 212–213</ref>

North-East India, Bengal and Odisha, was the last stronghold of Buddhism in India, though greatly weakened by the Muslim invasions of the 12th century, which completely destroyed the greatest centre in the region at [[Nalanda]]. By the end of the 13th century, Ratnagiri was in decline, and new work ceases. Through no longer in an affluent condition the Buddhist establishment at Ratnagiri is thought to have continued until about the 16th century,<ref>Reichle, 212–213</ref> during which there was a "modest revival of structural activity", including a restoration of the main stupa.<ref>Donaldson, 57</ref>

Unlike, for example, the [[Ajanta Caves]], which were completely forgotten for centuries (except by local villagers), the ruins of Ratnagiri were known about, and are briefly discussed in government reports from the late 19th century onwards, with "brief articles by scholars" from the 1920s onwards.<ref>Reichle, 213</ref> However, Debala Mitra records that when the main ASI excavation began in 1958, the local people had lost all memory of the site as a religious foundation, and believed the mounds had been the palace of a "mythical king", calling them "the queen's mound" ("''Ranipukhuri''").<ref>Donaldson, 57</ref>

A large-scale excavation was conducted at the site by the [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] between 1958 and 1961, uncovering most of what is known today. The report of these excavations was published by the ASI (Mitra, 1981 and 1983). In this twenty year interval a thesis and article were published.<ref>Reichle, 213–214</ref> There was a further ASI campaign in 1997–2004, which concentrated on moving the temple which had been built over a stupa. The large amount of sculpture surviving has been analysed in a number of publications.<ref>Reichle, 214 and ''passim'' briefly considers several of these. Donaldson is one such publication.</ref>

==Religious development==
[[File:Beautiful Stone Murti at Ratnagiri..jpg|thumb|[[Pancika]] in second porch.<ref>Reichle, fig 9:18</ref>]]
The identification and [[iconography]] of the figures in sculpture at Ratnagiri have been the subject of considerable analysis, although much remains uncertain. The exceptionally large number and range of figures shown, above all on the small stupas, makes Ratnagiri an outstanding Indian site for the study of Buddhist images.<ref>Donaldson, 57–59</ref> An evolution of the prevailing religious thought has been detected, reflected in the choice of images, and relating them to a wider range of Buddhist texts, despite very little evidence as to what texts or practices were used or even known at Ratnagiri itself.<ref>Reichle, 216</ref> The religious affiliations of the monastery probably changed over its long history, and it seems it was often the case that different Buddhist traditions co-existed within a single monastery.<ref>Reichle, 217</ref>

The "overwhelming majority" of the sculpture can be grouped into two phases, the first dating to the 8–9th centuries, dominated by imagery described as [[Mahayana]] by Donaldson, followed by a second phase of the 10th and 11th centuries, with mainly [[Vajrayana]] choice of subjects and imagery. However, some other scholars question these descriptions, seeing evidence of Tantricism in the earlier phase as well. The issue revolves around the choice of deities, and the form, aspect or just the pose and iconography in which they are depicted.<ref>Donaldson, 58; Reichle, 214, 217–218</ref>

The site features statues of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], [[Avalokiteshvara]], [[Manjusri]], [[Aparajita]], [[Hariti]] and a range of other [[bodhisattva]]s. Ratnagiri is notable for a larger proportion of female figures than other groups of Buddhist sculpture, which has been connected with an increasing interest in esoteric forms of Buddhism, though writers disagree over which traditions were involved.<ref>Reichle, 217–218</ref>
[[File:Ratnagiri (9).JPG|thumb|Sculptures now protected by a grille]]

Apart from the clay seals mentioned above, only three inscriptions of any significance have been found at the site, all extracts from Buddhist texts, in two cases dealing with the rewards accruing to those who erect stupas. One is carved on stone slabs, another written on terracotta plaques before firing, and one engraved on the back of a sculpture.<ref>Donaldson, 59</ref>

A growing number of images of "[[wrathful deities]]", that is, fierce "aspects" of enlightened [[Buddha]]s, [[Bodhisattva]]s or [[Deva (Buddhism)|Devas]] (divine beings), may be taken as evidence of a turn towards esoteric Buddhism. Examples include [[Heruka]].<ref>Reichle, 217–218</ref> Two small scenes, now difficult to interpret, seem to show erotic activity combined with the cutting of hair.<ref>Reichle, 231</ref> These are very rare, and may relate to the practice, described in some Hindu [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantric]] texts but no known Buddhist ones, of offering both [[semen]] and cut hair to a deity ([[Kali]] especially). They are on the later second and third facades to the main shrine room.<ref>Reichle, 231</ref>

==Museums==
The Ratnagiri museum occupies a purpose-built modern building at the site. It has three storeys and four galleries, with a range of objects found on the site on display. Three galleries mainly feature stone sculpture, and the fourth bronze and ivory sculptures, terracottas, clay seals, inscribed copper plates, and other finds.<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/museum-ratnagiri/ ASI page on the museum]</ref>

Other sculptures are "scattered in local villages", and several are in museums, including the [[Patna Museum]], [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]], [[National Museum, New Delhi]], and [[Odisha State Museum]] in Bhubaneswar. The only holding outside India mentioned by Donaldson is a figure in the [[Brooklyn Museum]], New York.<ref>Donaldson, 59, and his figs. 212 (Kolkata); 273, 284, 292 (Patna); 274 (Delhi); 286 (Brooklyn)</ref>

==Diamond Triangle==
Together with the comparable nearby monastic sites of [[Lalitgiri]] and [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]], it is part of the so-called "Diamond Triangle" of the "Ratnagiri-Udayagiri-Lalitgiri" sites.<ref name=Kumar>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first= Arjun |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/news/31224944_1_cuttack-buddhist-heritage-monastery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022075809/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/news/31224944_1_cuttack-buddhist-heritage-monastery|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2013|title=Sounds of silence at Buddhist sites in Odisha, Ratnagiri-Udayagiri-Lalitgiri|date=22 March 2012|newspaper=Economic times}}</ref> It used to be thought that one or all of these were the [[Pushpagiri Vihara]] known from ancient records,<ref>Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). ''Students' Britannica India'', 175-176, Popular Prakashan. {{ISBN|9780852297605}}</ref> but this has now convincingly located at a different site. As the crow flies, Ratnagiri and Udaygiri are about 11 km apart, and both about 7 km from Lalitgiri. The site now recognised as Puspagiri is some 18 km distant from Udaygiri, the closest to it of the "triangle" sites.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Stone Made Buddha Head - Ratnagiri Museum.jpg|Colossal Buddha head, in the Ratnagiri Museum
File:026 Tara 8c Ratnagiri (9218655035).jpg|Tara in the [[Patna Museum]]
File:Ratnagiri ei3-73.jpg|Seated Buddha, 11th century, in Ratnagiri Museum
File:013 Buddha calling Earth, 11c Ratnagiri (9221471240).jpg|''Crowned Buddha calling Earth'', 11th century, in [[Patna Museum]]
File:Statue at Ratnagiri.jpg|[[Vajrapani]] relief panel
File:Sculpture Ratnagiri Hill.jpg|Detail of last
File:Kkm ratnagiri jajpur odisha 2.jpg|Relief panel
File:Ratnagiri ei3-40.jpg|Seated [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], minor figure from next photo (bottom left)
File:Ratnagiri Deities.jpg|Statues in porch, [[Avalokiteshvara]] at centre.<ref>Reichle, fig 9:9</ref>
File:Sculpture Ratnagiri.JPG|Relief "standing figure of [[Manjushri]]" in the Buddhist temple.<ref>Michell (1990), 255; Donaldson, fig. 165</ref>

</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
* "ASI": [http://asi.nic.in/excavated-buddhist-site-ratnagiri/ "Excavated Buddhist site, Ratnagiri"], [[Archaeological Survey of India|A.S.I.]] website, accessed 5 November 2019
* Donaldson, Thomas Eugene, ''Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Odisha'', 2001, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|81-7017-375-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC Volume 1 is the text], given page references, and [https://books.google.com/books?id=PvevNuX6c04C&pg=PT71Volume 2 the plates], given figure numbers.
* Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* Jha, Amit, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040707222856/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/TSA/VIIN1/Jha.htm "Patronage and Authority: Buddhist Monasteries in Early Medieval India"], ''Teaching South Asia'', Volume II, No. 1, Spring 2003
* Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}
* Reichle, Natasha, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2HV8DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 "Imagery, Ritual and Ideology: Examining the Mahavirara at Ratnagiri"], in ''Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia: Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons'', ed. Andrea Acri, 2016, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, {{ISBN|9814695084}}, 9789814695084

==Further reading==
* Mitra, Debala (1981 and 1983) ''Ratnagiri (1958–61)'', Vol. I (1981) & Vol. II (1983), published as SI. No. 80 of the [[Archaeological Survey of India|A.S.I.]]'s "Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India" [http://asi.nic.in/asi_publ_memoirs.asp]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ratnagiri, Odisha}}
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/nbg90455/sets/72157623748395202/detail/ Flickr.com: Photos of Ratnagiri]
*[http://rangan-datta.info/diamond-triangle.html Rangan-datta.info: Travelogue on the Diamond Triangle − Ratnagiri, Udaygiri, Lalitgiri]

{{Odisha}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Ancient universities of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Buddhist universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Defunct Buddhist monasteries]]
[[Category:Former Buddhist temples]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Ruins in India]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:6th-century Buddhist temples]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]

Fukrey

2026-03-29T19:16:44Z

Garrydum: updated page

{{Short description|2013 Indian comedy thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fukrey
| image = Fukrey film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Farhan Akhtar]]
*[[Ritesh Sidhwani]]
}}
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Vipul Vig Mrighdeep Singh Lamba '''Dialogues:''' Vipul Vig '''Additional Dialogues:''' Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
| story = Vipul Vig
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Pulkit Samrat]]
* [[Manjot Singh]]
*[[Ali Fazal]]
*[[Varun Sharma]]
*[[Priya Anand]]
*[[Vishakha Singh]]
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
*[[Richa Chadda]]
}}
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cinematography = [[K. U. Mohanan]]
| editing = Anand Subaya
| studio = [[Excel Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|06|14}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}8 crore<ref name="Fukrey - Movie - Box Office India">{{Cite web|title=Fukrey - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1284|access-date=18 February 2022|website=boxofficeindia.com|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218170732/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1284|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}53 crore<ref name="Fukrey - Movie - Box Office India"/>
}}

'''''Fukrey''''' ({{translation|Slackers}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy thriller film]], directed by Mrighdeep Singh Lamba, produced by [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Ritesh Sidhwani]], and starring [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Manjot Singh]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Vishakha Singh]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]] and [[Richa Chadda]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Priya Anand signed for Fukrey|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1575474/Priya%20Anand%20signed%20for%20Fukrey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622003638/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1575474/Priya%20Anand%20signed%20for%20Fukrey|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vishakha's part of Fukrey|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/news-interviews/34972086_1_vishakha-vikram-bhatt-film-richa-chadda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417084707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/news-interviews/34972086_1_vishakha-vikram-bhatt-film-richa-chadda|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> The story and dialogues are written by Vipul Vig and the screenplay is written by Vig and Lamba. Produced under the [[Excel Entertainment]] banner, the film was released on 14 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bring on the madness|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bring-on-the-madness/1125603/|work=The Indian Express|date=6 June 2013|access-date=6 June 2013|archive-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613155818/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bring-on-the-madness/1125603|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite a poor opening, the film went on to become a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fukrey Emerges A HIT|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5784&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624231008/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5784&nCat=|archive-date=24 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lootera and Policegiri Make Little Impact Raanjhanaa Strong Second Week|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5834&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706055917/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5834&nCat=|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film later spawned two sequels, ''[[Fukrey Returns]]'' (2017) and ''[[Fukrey 3]]'' (2023), making it the first installment in the [[Fukrey (film series)|''Fukrey'' franchise]].

==Plot==
Delhi-based school backbenchers Vikas "Hunny" Gulati and Dilip "Choocha" Singh are perpetually dreaming of making it big and want to get into the local college but don't have the required grades. The college guard Pandit tells them that he can provide them with the leaked class XII papers for a large sum of money. Choocha has the power to get the winning number of any lottery in his dream, and Hunny has the talent to sand the exact number out of his dream. They cannot afford or collect the money required, so they decide to sell the papers to other students but fail there too. Meanwhile, through Pandit, they meet Zafar, a former student of the college and a struggling musician. The fourth character is Lali, whose father Billa runs a sweet shop. Lali is currently pursuing his degree through correspondence and, like Hunny and Choocha, also wants to get into the same college, where his girlfriend Shalu, who ignores him all the time, studies. Pandit asks Lali to donate ₹250,000 in the college development fund to get admission, but Billa refuses to, saying college is too costly. Zafar's girlfriend, Neetu, who has broken up with him over his career choices, is now giving private tuition to Lali so that he can get the marks to get into the college of his dreams. On the other hand, Zafar's father faces a stroke and is paralysed. Zafar badly needs money for his treatment.

The four meet up at Pandit's office, where Hunny explains his scheme. However, since now they all together need a lot of money, they need someone to invest their money. On Zafar's insistence, Pandit is talked into taking them to meet a local gangster, Bholi Punjaban, where Hunny tells them their scheme. Bholi is ready to invest, and Lali also gives his shop papers as a mortgage. Bholi tells them to come the next day with the number. However, the same night, everyone except Choocha falls asleep. The next morning, Choocha narrates a fake dream, which Hunny interprets and gets a number. They go to Bholi and tell the number, but it backfires, and Bholi loses her money. Now to recover her money, she gives them a packet containing drug pills, which Zafar, Hunny, and Lali have to sell at a rave party the same night. She keeps Choocha as security with her. At the party, police and the Narcotics division conduct a raid, and Lali escapes with a packet with the police chasing him. Lali manages to fool the cops and reaches Neetu's place. He also sees Zafar there. Neetu throws the drugs down the drain just as the police are about to search her home. The cops leave her place, warning Lali. Meanwhile, Zafar tells the whole story to Neetu, and he was thinking that Neetu was falling for him, but she refuses. Zafar also warns him. Lali also calls Choocha, telling him to run from Bholi's house, which he succeeds in doing.

The next morning, all five of them land up at Bholi's place. She gives them 24 hours to pay all the money due; otherwise, she would take the money by selling Lali's shop. The four are fighting at Zafar's place, where Choocha tells them the truth about not seeing the dream. However, he says to them that he slept last night, and he saw a dream. Zafar is not interested, while Lali, Hunny, and Neetu are. Hunny interprets the dream, but they are short of cash even after Neetu is ready to give her savings. However, next morning Lali is able to borrow some money from a homeless man who used to remove parts from Lali's motorcycle. They invest and win a huge amount. They go to Bholi's house and give her the money. Hunny tells Bholi that he wants to sell the drug pills again and gives her an advance. Impressed, Bholi goes inside and returns with the pills, only to be caught red-handed by the police and Narcotics Division, who have raided her home. While Hunny, Choocha, Lali, and Neetu were investing the money, Zafar met the Narcotics Division and made a plan to catch Bholi and also called Neetu, Lali, Choocha, and Hunny, where they confessed to the police. Now with Bholi behind bars, the police pardon the four, and they are free.

Three months later, it is shown that Hunny and Choocha have become rich and are entering the same college on horses as they had planned at the beginning of the film, while Pandit is shocked to see them. Lali is making new girlfriends. Priya reunites with Hunny, and Neetu gets engaged to Zafar. Lali, Zafar, Neetu, and Priya are having a good laugh.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Pulkit Samrat]] as Vikas "Hunny" Gulati
* [[Manjot Singh]] as Lali Halwai
* [[Ali Fazal]] as Zafar Bhai
* [[Varun Sharma]] as Dilip "Choocha" Singh
* [[Priya Anand]] as Priya Sharma, Hunny's love interest
* [[Vishakha Singh]] as Neetu Raina, Zafar's fiance
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Narayan Pandit "Panditji"
* [[Richa Chadha]] as Bholi Punjaban; Bholi's character is loosely based on alleged pimp [[Sonu Punjaban]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sex Racket Queen Sonu Punjaban Arrested Again For Forcing A Girl Into Prostitution |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sex-racket-queen-sonu-punjaban-arrested-again-for-forcing-a-girl-into-prostituti/305954 |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=Outlook |date=26 December 2017 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703091933/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sex-racket-queen-sonu-punjaban-arrested-again-for-forcing-a-girl-into-prostituti/305954 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Bhupesh Rai as Bhuppa Ali
* [[Ashraful Haque (actor)|Ashraful Haque]] as Smakiya
* Anurag Arora as a narco officer
* Ajay Trehan as Inspector Khanna
* Pooja Kalra as a fat woman on the bus
* [[V K Sharma]] as Hunny's and Choocha's schoolteacher
* Smarty as a young boy in Gurudwara
* S.K. Lalwani as Zafar's father
* Kumkum Ajit Kumar Das as Zafar's mother
* Divya Phadnis as Shalu, Lali's former girlfriend
* [[Tejeshwar Singh]] as Monty
* Sanjeeva Vats as a lottery seller
* Shrikant as Minister's P.A.
* [[Arun Verma]] as Pradhan
* Jatinder Bakshi as Jagrata Singer
* [[Mehak Manwani]] as Lali's new girlfriend in college
* Michael Obidke as Eddie
* Sukhwinder Chahal as a passerby in Gurudwara
* Majinder Singh P. Kareer as Billa Halwai, Lali's father
{{colend}}

==Production==
===Filming===

[[File:Front Lawn and College..JPG|thumb|{{center|Many parts of the film were shot in Miranda House}}]]

The film was shot extensively in [[Delhi]] at various locations, including [[Miranda House]], where most of the college sequences and opening song were shot.<ref name="timesofindia13">{{Cite web | title = Scared to approach Delhi girls: Pulkit Samrat | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/scared-to-approach-delhi-girls-pulkit-samrat/articleshow/20631250.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621005136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-18/news-interviews/40048024_1_delhi-boys-delhi-girls-ali-fazal | url-status = live | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | date = 18 June 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2 July 2013 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Distributed and released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], the soundtrack of ''Fukrey'' is composed by [[Ram Sampath]], with lyrics by writers Vipul Vig and Mrighdeep Singh Lamba for one song each, and [[Munna Dhiman]] for the rest. ''Fukrey'' is thus the first [[Excel Entertainment]] production to not feature songs written by producer [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s father and regular lyricist [[Javed Akhtar]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Fukrey
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 April 2013 (India)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:19
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] [[Farhan Akhtar]]
| prev_title = ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = ''[[Purani Jeans]]''
| next_year = 2014
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =25:19
| title1 = Fuk Fuk Fukme
| extra1 = [[Ram Sampath]], Yash Divecha, Amjad Bagadwa & Vrashal Chavan
| lyrics1 = Vipul Vig, [[Munna Dhiman]]
| length1 = 3:26
| title2 = Bhutt Poosay
| extra2 = Tarannum Malik, [[Mika Singh]]
| lyrics2 = Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Lag Is So Gayi
| extra3 = Tarannum Malik, Mimosa Pinto, Neisha Maskarenhas, Clint Cabral, [[Rana Mazumdar]], Ram Sampath
| lyrics3 = Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
| length3 = 3:18
| title4 = Karl [[Jughead]] Shoot Speecks
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]], Pradipta Guha, [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| lyrics4 = [[Patrick Crusius]]
| length4 = 6:01
| title5 = Rabbi On Fire
| extra5 = Ram Deep, Ki Ke, [[Clinton Cerejo]], Keerthi Sagathia
| lyrics5 = My Dheek
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Ambarsariya
| extra6 = [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| lyrics6 = Munna Dhiman
| length6 = 4:08
}}

===Reception===
The music of the film received good reviews, especially for the song "Ambarsariya", an adaptation of a traditional Punjabi folk song, performed by [[Sona Mohapatra]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Fukrey – Times of India Music Review | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/music-reviews/39369345_1_mika-singh-kailash-kher-title-track | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627090846/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/music-reviews/39369345_1_mika-singh-kailash-kher-title-track | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 June 2013 | date =6 June 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = I'm desi all the way, and am proud to be one: Sona Mohapatra | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-14/news-and-interviews/39975695_1_ram-sampath-music-label-punjabi | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130911145808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-14/news-and-interviews/39975695_1_ram-sampath-music-label-punjabi | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 September 2013 | date = 14 June 2013|work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2 July 2013 }}</ref>

==Re-release==
The film was re-released in theatres due to public demand and popularity. The [[PVR Cinemas]] showed ''Fukrey'' along with other movies in September 2013.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web | title = 'Fukrey' to be re-released on public demand | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fukrey-to-be-rereleased-on-public-demand/1173513/ | work = The Indian Express | date = 24 September 2013 | access-date = 4 October 2013 | archive-date = 30 September 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930001232/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fukrey-to-be-rereleased-on-public-demand/1173513/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|50|5|6|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fukrey {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fukrey |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated it 3.5/5 and quoted, "''Fukrey'' is a twisted and delectably uproarious take on the shortcuts the youth of today indulge in".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904102038/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566624 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=Fukrey (2013) Hindi Movie Critic Review |author= Taran Adarsh |work= Bollywood Hungama|date=13 June 2013|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] rated the movie 2.5/5 and noted that, "A tighter script and more screen time for the excellent Pankaj Tripathi, as enterprising campus security guard Panditji, might have helped turn this moderately entertaining film into a rollicking good caper."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fukrey-review-too-many-gags-not-enough-plot-spoil-the-film/398870-47-84.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618025537/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fukrey-review-too-many-gags-not-enough-plot-spoil-the-film/398870-47-84.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 18 June 2013 |title='Fukrey' review: Too many gags, not enough plot spoil the film|work= CNN-IBN|author=Rajeev Masand | date=14 June 2013|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] gave the film a 3/5 rating.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Fukrey movie review | author = Saibal Chatterjee | url = http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/fukrey-movie-review-826 | publisher = NDTV movies | date = 13 June 2013 | access-date = 2 July 2013 | archive-date = 1 October 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001223123/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/fukrey-movie-review-826 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Box office===
''Fukrey'' grossed around {{INR}}142 million within the first five days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Box Office Collection: 'Fukrey' Holds Well, 'Ankur Arora Murder Case' Bombs in India | last = Mehta | first = Ankita | work = International Business Times, India Edition | date = 19 June 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2016 | url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-039fukrey039-holds-well-ankur-arora-murder-case-bombs-in-india-480618 | archive-date = 14 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160914220408/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-039fukrey039-holds-well-ankur-arora-murder-case-bombs-in-india-480618 | url-status = live }}</ref> By the end of its second week, the film had collected {{INR}}290 million nett in the domestic markets.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5802&nCat= |title=Fukrey Collects 29 Crore In Two Weeks |work=Boxofficeindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701033606/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5802&nCat= |archive-date=1 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The business of the film was varied across India.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> It was a success in Delhi/UP and East Punjab, as well as in Rajasthan but average in the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5806&nCat= |title=Ghanchakkar Average Opening Raanjhanaa Good First Week |work=Boxofficeindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011916/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5806&nCat= |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film collected around {{INR}}20 million net on its second Friday which was just 20% less than the first day. The second weekend and second week business were excellent for the film.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Fukrey: 2nd Saturday Box Office Collections | author = Koimoi | work = koimoi.com | date = 23 June 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2016 | url = http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/fukrey-2nd-saturday-box-office-collections/}}</ref> ''Fukrey'' collected {{INR}}360 million in the domestic markets by the end of its theatrical run.<ref name="bollyh">{{Cite web | title = Fukrey (2013) Box Office Earnings | work = Bollywoodhungama.com | access-date = 5 September 2016 | url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/566624 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904153507/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/566624 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5854&nCat= |title=Bhaag Milkha Bhaag Picks Up Strongly Lootera Is Poor |work=Boxofficeindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192216/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5854&nCat= |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Recipient
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Screen Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Comic Role (Male/Female)
|{{won}}
|[[Richa Chadda]] (Bholi Punjaban)
|<ref name="cinebag">{{cite web|url=http://cinebag.com/winners-20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-2014/|title=Winners of 20th Annual Life OK Screen Awards 2014|publisher=cinebag.com|date=9 January 2014|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116120123/http://cinebag.com/winners-20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-2014/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in a Comic Role (Male/Female)
|{{nom}}
|[[Varun Sharma]] (Choocha)
|<ref name="boll_Nomi">{{Cite web | title = Nominations for 20th Annual Screen Awards | work = Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 8 January 2014 | access-date = 5 September 2016 | url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6002 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140110093128/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6002 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 January 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{nom}}
|''Fukrey''
|<ref name="boll_Nomi"/>
|-
|Best Screenplay
|{{nom}}
|Mrigdeep Singh Lamba & Vipul Vig
|<ref name="apunikachoice">{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100018018-check_out_the_nominations_of_life_ok_20th_annual_screen_awards/|title=Life OK 20th Annual Screen awards|publisher=apunkachoice.com|date=9 January 2014|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116121719/http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100018018-check_out_the_nominations_of_life_ok_20th_annual_screen_awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award|Big Star Awards]]
|BIG Star Most Entertaining Comedy Film
|{{nom}}
|''Fukrey''
|<ref name="cinebag2">{{cite web|url=http://cinebag.com/big-star-awards-2013-2014-nominations/|title=Big Star Awards 2013 – 2014 Nominations Nominations|publisher=cinebag.com|date=9 January 2014|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116120154/http://cinebag.com/big-star-awards-2013-2014-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|BIG Star Most Entertaining Singer
|{{nom}}
|[[Sona Mohapatra]] ("Ambarsariya")
|<ref name="cinebag2"/>
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Star Guild Awards]]
|Best Dialog
|{{nom}}
|Vipul Vig & Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
|<ref name="indi_9thR">{{Cite web | title = 9th Renault Star Guild Awards releases list of nominees | author = India Today Online | work = India Today | date = 16 January 2014 | access-date = 5 September 2016 | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/9th-edition-renault-star-guild-awards-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-177126-2014-01-15 | language = en-us | archive-date = 6 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006123106/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/9th-edition-renault-star-guild-awards-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood/1/336548.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|Best Performance In A Negative Role
|{{nom}}
|[[Richa Chadda]]
|<ref name="indi_9thR"/>
|-
|Most Promising Debut - Male
|{{nom}}
|[[Varun Sharma]]
|<ref name="indi_9thR"/>
|-
|Best Performance In A Comic Role
|{{won}}
|[[Varun Sharma]] (Choocha)
|<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-wins-eight-awards-at-star-guild-1952631|title='Bhaag Milkha Bhaag' wins eight awards at Star Guild|publisher=dnaindia.com|date=17 January 2014|access-date=18 January 2014|archive-date=18 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118224215/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-wins-eight-awards-at-star-guild-1952631|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Female Singer
|{{nom}}
|[[Sona Mohapatra]] ("Ambarsariya")
|<ref name="indi_9thR"/>
|-
|}

==Sequel==
{{main|Fukrey Returns|Fukrey 3}}
On 30 January 2016, a sequel to the film was announced, featuring the original cast and directed by Lamba and produced by [[Excel Entertainment]]. Filming began in August 2016 in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fukrey-sequel-announced-pulkit-varun-sharma-richa-chadha-ali-fazal-will-be-back|title=Fukrey sequel announced: Pulkit, Varun Sharma, Richa Chadha, Ali Fazal will be back|publisher=indianexpress.com|date=30 January 2016|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=12 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712143713/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fukrey-sequel-announced-pulkit-varun-sharma-richa-chadha-ali-fazal-will-be-back/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 8 December 2017.<ref name="'Fukrey Returns' to release on December 8">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/fukrey-2-to-release-on-december-8/articleshow/57715183.cms|title='Fukrey Returns' to release on December 8|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 March 2017|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326015635/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/fukrey-2-to-release-on-december-8/articleshow/57715183.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/heres-how-pulkit-samrat-is-prepping-for-fukrey-2/|title=Here's how Pulkit Samrat is prepping for Fukrey 2|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 March 2016|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-date=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612200706/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/heres-how-pulkit-samrat-is-prepping-for-fukrey-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A threequel titled ''[[Fukrey 3]]'' commenced shooting on 13 March 2022 with the cast of the previous two films reprising their roles and Mrighdeep Singh Lamba as the director.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Shriya |title=After Varun Sharma, Pulkit Samrat begins shooting for 'Fukrey 3' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/after-varun-sharma-pulkit-samrat-begins-shooting-for-fukrey-3-2022-03-13-764102 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=India TV News |date=13 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712143713/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/after-varun-sharma-pulkit-samrat-begins-shooting-for-fukrey-3-2022-03-13-764102 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 28 September 2023.

==Animated series==
An animated series for kids, titled as ''Fukrey Boyzzz'', jointly produced by [[Excel Entertainment]] and [[Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Kids India]], premiered on 12 October 2019 on Discovery Kids India, which showcases the animated avatars of popular characters Hunny, Choocha, Laali, and Bholi Punjaban, along with other characters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title='Fukrey Boyzzz' to add value to 'Fukrey' franchise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/26/fukrey-boyzzz-to-add-value-to-fukrey-franchise-2039499.html |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005192844/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/26/fukrey-boyzzz-to-add-value-to-fukrey-franchise-2039499.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Fukrey Boyzzz: Space Mein Fukrapanti'', an Indian animated comedy film directed by Avinash Walzade was released in 2020 continuing from the series.<ref>{{Netflix title|title=Fukrey Boyzzz: Space Mein Fukrapanti|qid=Q112186463}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Bollywood comedy films]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{Netflix title}}
* {{IMDb title|2806788|Fukrey}}
* {{mojo title|fukrey|Fukrey}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|fukrey|Fukrey}}
{{Farhan Akhtar}}
{{Ritesh Sidhwani}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fukrey}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Palk Strait

2026-03-29T03:56:54Z

Garrydum: slightly improved content based on references and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Strait between India and Sri Lanka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Palk Strait
| native_name =
| other_name =
| image = File:Adams bridge map.png
| alt =
| caption = Palk Strait separating [[Palk Bay]] from the [[Gulf of Mannar]]
| image_bathymetry = File:Palk Bay bathymetry.jpg
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry = [[Bathymetry]] of the Palk Strait, with water depth in metres
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]–[[Laccadive Sea]]
| group =
| coordinates = {{coord|10|00|N|79|45|E|region:LK_type:waterbody_scale:2500000|display=title,inline}}
| type = [[Strait]]
| etymology = [[Sir Robert Palk, 1st Baronet|Robert Palk]]
| basin_countries = India, Sri Lanka
| width = {{cvt|137|km}}
| min_width = {{cvt|64|km}}
| length = {{cvt|137|km}}
| max-depth = {{cvt|35|m}}
| cities = [[Rameswaram]] [[Jaffna]]
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the strait between India and Sri Lanka
| pushpin_map_caption =
}}

'''Palk Strait''' is a [[strait]] between the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of Sri Lanka. It links the [[Palk Bay]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the [[Gulf of Mannar]] in the [[Laccadive Sea]]. It stretches for about {{cvt|137|km}} and is {{cvt|64 to 137|km}} wide. It is named after [[Robert Palk]], who was a governor of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (1755–1763) during the [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] period.

Several rivers including the [[Vaigai river|Vaigai]] flow into the strait. The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a [[archipelago|chain]] of low islands and [[reef]] [[shoals]] that are collectively called [[Ram Setu]] or [[Adam's Bridge]]. The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. [[Dredging]] the sea to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed.

== <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dlugos |first1=Jenn |chapter=It's Computation, Not a Competition |date=2021-10-13 |title=Awesome Space Tech |pages=26–27 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003233190-17 |access-date=2026-03-27 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-23319-0 |last2=Hatton |first2=Charlie |doi=10.4324/9781003233190-17 }}</ref>Geography ==
[[File:Tamil Nadu topo deutsch mit Gebirgen.png|thumb|left|[[Gulf of Mannar]]]]

The Palk strait extends between [[Pamban Island]] in the southeastern tip of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Thalaimannar]] in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of Sri Lanka. It connects the [[Palk Bay]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the north with the [[Gulf of Mannar]] in the [[Laccadive Sea]] in the south. It stretches for about {{cvt|137|km}} and is {{cvt|64 to 137|km}} wide. Several rivers including the [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]] flow into the strait.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Palk Strait|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palk-Strait|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a [[archipelago|chain]] of low islands and [[reef]] [[shoals]] that are collectively called [[Ram Setu]] or [[Adam's Bridge]].<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Palk Straits|volume=20|page=635}}</ref> As per the
[[Hindu mythology|Hindu]] [[Indian epic|epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', the bridge was purportedly constructed by the [[vanara]] army of [[Rama]] to rescue Rama's wife [[Sita]] from the [[Asura]] king [[Ravana]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ram Setu|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003680|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|year=2007|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The strait is relatively shallow with the region around the shoals typically around {{cvt|1-3|m}} deep, while the central part of the strait is typically around {{cvt|20|m}} deep. The strait reaches a maximum depth of {{cvt|35|m}}.<ref name="Geo">{{Cite journal |last1=Dubey |first1=K.M. |last2=Chaubey |first2=A.K. |last3=Gaur |first3=A.S. |last4=Joglekar |first4=M.V. |date=January 2023 |title=Evolution of Ramasetu region as a link between India and Sri Lanka during the late Pleistocene and Holocene |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589422000412/type/journal_article |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=111 |pages=166–176 |doi=10.1017/qua.2022.41 |issn=0033-5894|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Geology ==
Due to lowered sea levels during the [[Last Glacial Period]] (115,000-11,700 years [[Before Present]]) where sea levels reached a maximum of {{cvt|120|m}} below present values, the entirety of the relatively shallow strait was exposed as dry land. Following the rise to present sea levels during the [[Holocene]], by around 7,000 years ago, the strait became submerged.<ref name="Geo"/> The [[Ocean wave|waves]] around it, to its north and south are of high contrast. To the north, the waves in the Bay of Bengal are mostly [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] while that on the south, in the Palk Bay, the waves are mostly smaller [[wind waves]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Observation on dominance of swells over wind-seas in the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar, India|last=Kumar|first=Sanil|date=2017-08-09|doi=10.5194/os-2017-16-ac1|journal=Ocean Science Discussions |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[significant wave height]]s is relatively low with an average of around {{cvt|0.5|m}} close to the Ram Setu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=George|first1=victor|last2=Kumar|first2=V. Sanil|date=October 2019|title=Wind-wave measurements and modelling in the shallow semi-enclosed Palk Bay|journal=Ocean Engineering|volume=189|article-number=106401|doi=10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106401|s2cid=203096484 |issn=0029-8018}}</ref>

== Transport and navigation ==
The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. [[Dredging]] the strait to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed.<ref name="Canal">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india-the-world/harnessing-the-troubled-waters-sethusamudram-canal-project-1508.html |title=Harnessing the Troubled Waters: Sethusamudram Canal Project |work=IPCS|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Construction of a shipping channel through the strait was first proposed to the British government of India in 1860, and a number of commissions have studied the proposal. The latest of these was the [[Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project]], commissioned by the [[Government of India]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Brunn |editor-first1=Stanley D. |title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects |date=19 March 2011 | chapter=When Megaengineering Disturbs Ram: The Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project |last1=van Dijk |first1=Michiel |last2=Mamadouh |first2=Virginie |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-90-481-9920-4 |pages=296–310 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEyjMx7EV8IC&pg=PA296 |access-date=23 May 2022 }}</ref> However, the plan encountered opposition on religious grounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman bridge is myth: Experts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hanuman-bridge-is-myth-Experts/articleshow/25601383.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811080809/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-19/india/27311963_1_adam-s-bridge-nasa-rama-or-ramayana|url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011|date=19 October 2002 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref>

The [[Pamban Island]] is linked to the [[mainland India|Indian mainland]] by the [[Pamban Bridge]], which was opened for traffic on 24 February 1914.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/pamban-bridge-10-awesome-facts-about-indias-first-sea-bridge/will-turn-100-in-february-2014/slideshow/25683811.cms|title=Pamban bridge: 10 awesome facts about India's first sea bridge - Pamban bridge: India's first sea bridge|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711112517/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/pamban-bridge-10-awesome-facts-about-indias-first-sea-bridge/will-turn-100-in-february-2014/slideshow/25683811.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[New Pamban Bridge|new railway bridge]] was completed near the old Pamban Bridge in 2024 after rail transportation on the old bridge was suspended permanently in February 2023 due to concerns on stability of the bridge.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 February 2023 |title=Rail traffic on old Pamban bridge permanently stopped|newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rail-traffic-on-old-pamban-bridge-permanently-stopped/article66467820.ece |access-date=4 February 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://press108.online/india/ministry-of-railways-confirms-new-bridge-in-pamban/ |title=Ministry of Railways confirms New Bridge in Pamban|date=25 December 2018 |work=Press108|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140327/https://press108.online/india/ministry-of-railways-confirms-new-bridge-in-pamban/}}</ref> An adjacent road bridge was opened in 1988.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta|first1=Rangan |title=Rameswaram: A holy island town along India's southern borderland |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/travel-to-the-edge-of-india-on-a-trip-to-pamban-islands-rameswaram/cid/1913631|access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 February 2023|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209171347/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/travel-to-the-edge-of-india-on-a-trip-to-pamban-islands-rameswaram/cid/1913631|url-status=live}}</ref> Trains used to traverse from [[Madras]] to [[Dhanushkodi]] at the southern tip of the Pamban island and a ferry connected to Talaimannar on the [[Mannar Island]], before a train carried passengers to [[Colombo]]. The railway line to Dhanushkodi was destroyed during [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone|1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone]] along with the Pamban-Dhanuskodi passenger train, killing around 200 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027141816/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm |archive-date=27 October 2007|title=Their sentiment to metre gauge train is unfathomable |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 July 2006 |first=C. |last=Jaishankar |access-date=1 December 2006}}</ref> The ferry service continued till the 1970s between Rameswaram and Talaimannar, but was discontinued by the Indian Government in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2025 |title=Mannar- Rameswaram ferry service: Update from President |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/04/17/mannar-rameswaram-ferry-service-update-from-president/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Newswire }}</ref>

The [[Palk Strait Bridge]] is a proposed undersea tunnel and bridge linking India and Sri Lanka. It was first discussed in 2002, and has been examined several times since.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hegadekatti |first1=Kartik |title=Tunnel from India to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.blog.indianrailways.gov.in/the-tunnel-from-india-to-sri-lanka/ |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=6 January 2016|archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109204813/http://www.blog.indianrailways.gov.in/the-tunnel-from-india-to-sri-lanka/}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Andaman Sea]]
* [[Coral reefs in India]]
* [[Borders of India]]
* [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Palk Strait}}
* [http://www.theodorekaye.com/palk-strait-2 Photo essay on the Palk Strait.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405140858/http://www.theodorekaye.com/palk-strait-2 |date=5 April 2018 }}

{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Geography of Sri Lanka}}
{{list of seas}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palk Strait| ]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Jaffna District]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka border]]
[[Category:International straits]]
[[Category:Landforms of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Straits of India]]
[[Category:Straits of Sri Lanka]]

Khortha language

2026-03-20T15:09:40Z

Garrydum:

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan dialect spoken in India}}
{{distinguish| Khotta Bhasha}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Khortha
| altname =
| nativename = खोरठा भाषा
| image = Khortha language.svg
| imagecaption = कला लांड "Khortha" written in Devanagari script
| states = [[India]]
| ethnicity = '''[[First language|L1]]''': [[Sadan peoples|Sadan]]s '''L1''' or '''[[Second language|L2]]''':{{sfn|Paudyal|Peterson|2021|p=343}} [[Munda people|Munda]]s, [[Santal people|Santals]], [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]]s, [[Korwa people|Korwa]]s, [[Kurukh people|Kurukhs]]
| region = [[North Chotanagpur division|North Chotanagpur]] and [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Pargana]], [[Jharkhand]]
| speakers = 8.04 million
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mag|title=Magahi |website=ethnologue}}</ref>(additional speakers counted under Hindi)
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| fam6 =
| script = [[Devanagari]]
| nation = {{IND}}
* [[Jharkhand]] (additional)<ref name="avenuemail.in">{{Cite web|title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/|date=2018-03-21|website=Avenue Mail|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| iso2 =
| iso3 = none
| glotto =
| glottorefname =
| map = Khortha language distribution.svg
| mapcaption = {{align|center|Distribution of Khortha language}}
}}

'''Khortha''' is an Indo-Aryan language<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326895570_Khortha_a_Dying_Language_and_Urgency_to_Retain_its_Pure_Variety|title=(PDF) Khortha, a Dying Language and Urgency to Retain its Pure Variety|website=ResearchGate}}</ref> spoken primarily in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]], mainly in 13 districts of two [[Administrative divisions of Jharkhand|divisions]]: [[North Chotanagpur division|North Chotanagpur]], and [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Pargana]].<ref name="avenuemail.in"/> Khortha is one of the native languages of the [[Sadan people|Sadaans]] and is used by tribal populations as a link language.<ref name="researchgate">{{Cite web|author=Atul Aman, Niladri Sekhar Dash, Jayashree Chakraborty|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343035416|title=DESIGNING A LINGUISTIC PROFILE OF KHORTHA: A LESS RESOURCED LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE STATE OF JHARKHAND, INDIA.|website=ResearchGate|date=January 2020|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="dsal">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/161/mode/1up |publisher=dsal |page=145 |quote="Eastern Magahi"}}</ref> It is the most spoken language variety of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pattanayak|first=Binay|url=https://www.academia.edu/4227936|title=Language Diversity in Jharkhand|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-17 |title=Magahi |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language-of-the-day/2014-03-16 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khortha a Dying Language and Urgency to Retain its Pure Variety |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326895570 |website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Khortha language in the state of India<ref name=MT2011Census>{{Cite web |title=C-16: Population by Mother tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604072054/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|value1 = 96.27
|label1 = Jharkhand
|value2 = 1.93
|label2 = West Bengal
|value3 = 1.67
|label3 = Bihar
|other = yes
|other-color = orange
}}
Khortha is spoken in [[North Chota Nagpur division]] and [[Santal Pargana division]] of Jharkhand. The 13 districts are [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]], [[Koderma district|Koderma]], [[Giridih district|Giridih]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]], [[Chatra district|Chatra]], [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]], [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]], [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]], [[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]], [[Pakur district|Pakur]] and [[Godda district|Godda]].<ref name="ethnologue.com"/>

In Bihar, districts where Khortha is spoken include [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and [[Nawada district|Nawada]].<ref>Shekhar Dash, Niladri. "Language Attitude of Khortha Speakers in Giridih: A Survey Report". Linguistic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata.</ref>

==Classification==
Magahi speakers claim that George Grierson classified Khortha as a dialect of the [[Magahi language]] in his linguistic survey,<ref name="researchgate"/> while Khortha speakers do not associate themselves with Magahi and also protest<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-new-language-domicile-protest-jharkhand-7773864/ protest]</ref> to remove Magahi from Jharkhand, as they think it can endanger their native Khortha language. A recent study demonstrates that Khortha is more similar to other Bihari languages of [[Jharkhand]] called [[Sadanic languages|Sadani languages]].{{sfn|Paudyal|Peterson|2021|p=328}}

==Literature==
In 1950, Sriniwas Panuri translated Kalidasa's ''Meghadutam'' in Khortha. In 1956, he composed two works ''Balkiran'' and ''Divyajyoti''. Bhubaneswar Dutta Sharma, Sriniwas Panuri, Viswanath Dasaundhi and Viswanath Nagar were among the first people who started literature in Khortha. Some prominent writers in Khortha language are A.K Jha, Shivnath Pramanik, B.N Ohdar.<ref name="researchgate"/> For the first time, efforts were made to reach Khortha language and literature to the people of Jharkhand through the Internet by the founder of the Sarkari Library, Mananjay Mahato.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Khortha consonant inventory{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|pp=19-20}}
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|({{IPA link|mʱ}})
|({{IPA link|nʱ}})
|
|
|({{IPA link|ŋʱ}})
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|affricate]]
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|({{IPA link|lʱ}})
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}
|({{IPA link|ɽ}})
|
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɾʱ}}~{{IPA link|rʱ}}
|({{IPA link|ɽʱ}})
|
|
|
|}
* Aspirated plosives /pʰ/, /dʱ/, /ɖʱ/, and /kʰ/ rarely appear in word-final position.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=20}} /ɖ/ and /ɖʱ/ never stay on the same word with their allophones /ɽ/ and /ɽʱ/.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=22}}
* Four affricates /t͡ʃ/, /t͡ʃʰ/, /d͡ʒ/, /d͡ʒʱ/ can be found in initial, medial, and final positions. When articulating these phonemes, the blade of the tongue touches the back of the teeth-ridge. When a stop consonant is articulated, the touch continues longer, and the separation of the tongue is slower than it is for the affricates.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=23}}
* /s/ occurs with all positions, while /h/ is mostly found in word-initial. In rapid conversation, there seems to be a case for h-elision between vowels. Eg. /d͡ʒohɛk/ 'to wait' is realized as [d͡ʒoɛk], and /mohor/ 'old coin' as /moːr/.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=24}}
* /ŋ/ is restricted to the word-final position. Breathy nasals [mʱ] [nʱ] [ŋʱ], lateral [lʱ], and flap [ɾʱ] are only attested in word-medial and word-final positions.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=25}}
* Glides mostly occur in intervocalic positions; however, they are also found in word-final position in a few lexical items.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=26}} Inserting glides in intervocalic positions, which is common in Indo-Aryan, is not favored in Khortha.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=27}}
* Aspirated consonants cannot be geminated.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=37}} Gemination of /ɾ/ will yield the first consonant as /r/, and the second as /ɾ/. Eg. ''barɾa'' 'banyan tree'.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=36}}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Khortha vowel inventory{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=28}}
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Closed vowel|Closed]]
|{{IPA link|i}} [iː]
|
|{{IPA link|ʊ}} [ʊː]
|- align="center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} [ɛː, e, eː]
|
|{{IPA link|o}} [ɔ]
|- align="center"
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
|{{IPA link|ʌ}} [ʌː]
|
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}} [aː]
|
|-
![[Diphthong]]s
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ai, ʌi, ʌʊ, eu, oi, oʊ, aʊ/}}
|}
[[Nasalization]] consistently occur with all vowels and positions in Khortha, although it is noted that /a/ is the most nasalized vowel in all accounts,{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=32}} and there is a tendency that phonemic contrast between nasalized and oral vowels is likely to be the strongest in word-medial and final positions.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=33}} Some minimal and near-minimal pairs found in the corpus are listed in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
!Oral
!Nasal
|-
|kʰaʈ ('a rope bed')
|kʰãʈ ('small')
|-
|bʱagɛk ('to run away')
|bʱãgɛk ('to break')
|-
|pakʰa ('cubbyholes')
|pãkʰa ('feather')
|-
|ɖoɽa ('rope')
|ɖõɽa ('a black ant')
|-
|kʌɾʌdʒ ('credit')
|kʌɾʌ̃dʒ ('tropical tree') (Millettia pinnata)
|-
|pʊtʃʰ ('to ask')
|pʊ̃tʃʰ ('tail')
|-
|bɛg ('speed, force')
|bɛ̃g ('frog')
|-
|iʈa ('this one')
|ĩʈa ('brick')
|}

===Vowel rules===
When a word root is bound with an affix that contains a vowel, the internal open central vowel /a/ of the first syllable is replaced by the mid-close central vowel. Eg. ''gʱaɾ'' ('house') + ''wʌin'' (plural) → ''gʱʌɾwʌin'' 'houses'. This process is pretty common, but it is not related to [[vowel harmony]] and is more likely due to intonation. It also does not apply to compounds and reduplicated nouns. Eg. ''gatʃʰ-palha'' 'greenery' (lit. "tree-leave").{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=38}}

Final-vowel stem, when is marked with plural suffix -wʌin, the final vowel is dropped. Eg. kaɽa + wʌin → kʌɽwʌin 'buffalos'. Root with /a/ final merges with the initial /a/ of the following element. Eg. kʰa-a (eat-2PL.IMP.HON) → kʰa 'you eat!' (plural and honorific).{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=39}}

The long open vowel is dropped when it is followed by the mid-close central vowel. In some verbs, the open central vowel is dropped in imperative constructions due to the addition of the suffix ''-o''. Eg. kʰa-o (eat-2SG.IMP) → kʰo 'you eat!'{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=39}}

The nominalizing suffix -bɛ assimilates with additive clitic ''=o'', producing the contracted version -bo 'NMLZ.ADD'.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=40}}

==Morphology==
===Nominal morphology===
====Pronouns====
Khortha pronouns can distinguish the honorific status of the addressee and certain deictics of the third-person addressees.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=105}}
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Nominative/unmarked !! Ergative !! Oblique !! Genitive
|-
! {{gcl|1SG}}
| ham/hʌm|| ham=ẽ || hamra/hʌmra || ham-ʌr/hʌm-ʌr
|-
! {{gcl|1PL}}
| hamin || || hamni=ke || hamnik
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}
| toẽ || || tora || tor
|-
! {{gcl|2SG}}.{{gcl|HON}}
| tohẽ || || tohʌr(a) || tohʌr/tohnik
|-
! {{gcl|2PL}}
| tohin || || tohʌni=ke || tohnik
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}.PROX
| i || i=ẽ || ekra || ekʌr
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|DIST}}
| u || || okra || okʌr/ukʌr
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}.PROX
| ekʰin/ikʰin || || ekʰni=ke || ekʰinek/ekʰinkʌr
|-
! {{gcl|3PL}}.{{gcl|DIST}}
| okʰin || || okʰni=ke || okʰinek/okʰinkʌr
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}.PROX.{{gcl|HON}}
| in || || || inkʰʌr
|-
! {{gcl|3SG}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|HON}}
| un || || || unkʰʌr
|}

====Cases====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! Marker
! Function
|-
! [[Nominative]]
| -Ø
| Intransitive subject, transitive subject, non-human and non-specific objects
|-
! [[Ergative case|Ergative]]
| =ẽ
| Agent in the Perfective
|-
! [[Oblique case|Oblique]]
| =ke
| Indirect object, definite-animate-direct objects
|-
! [[Genitive]]
| =k/=kʌr/=rʌ
| Possession
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| =ĩ/=ẽ
| Medium
|-
! [[Locative case|Locative]]
| -ẽ
| Location
|}

* The ''nominative'' subject of an intransitive clause, transitive agent in non-past tenses, non-human and non-specific objects receive no overt marking.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=93}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=LNK:linker; ADDR:addressee|ham/hamin kãdʌ-l-i|I/We cry-PST-1|'I/We cried.'}}

* Restricted in past tense constructions, the ''ergative'' agent is marked by ''=ẽ'', which is homophonous with the instrumental and locatives.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=94}}
{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=LNK:linker; ADDR:addressee|ham{{=}}ẽ petʃʰu mʌhina e{{=}}go kʌmidʒ ʈip-au-l-i{{=}}e|I{{=}}ERG last month one{{=}}CLF shirt stitch-CAUS-PST-1{{=}}FOC|'I have someone stitch a shirt last month.'}}

It seems that ergative marking is not obligatory in the Parnadiya dialect (spoken in the districts of [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]], [[Chatra district|Chatra]], [[Koderma district|Koderma]], and [[Giridih district|Giridih]]) even though transitivity is prominent and the sentences are in past tenses.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=95}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=LNK:linker; ADDR:addressee|Ram hʌmra kʌlʌm de-l-kʌi|Ram me.OBL pen give-PST-3SG|'Ram gave me a pen.'}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=LNK:linker; ADDR:addressee|ham/hamin piʈʰa kʰa-i-l-i-ʌi|I/We rice.bread eat-LNK-PST-1-3SG|'I/We ate the chapati.'}}

In extremely rare contexts, ''=ẽ'' can occur in the present tense, but likely to express emphasis rather than ergativity.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=96}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=LNK:linker; ADDR:addressee|ham{{=}}ẽ kʌma{{=}}h-i tʌ daru piʌ{{=}}h-i|I{{=}}FOC earn{{=}}AUX.PRES-1 TOP alcohol drink{{=}}AUX.PRES-1|'I am the one who earns, so I (can) drink.' (The speakers focus on themselves)}}

* Patient, object, indirect object (mostly animate and definite indirect objects) arguments are indicated their syntactic roles by the ''Oblique'' case marker ''=ke''. There is a clear preference for object marking for human indirect objects over non-humans, animate over inanimate.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=97}} The hierarchy is animate human > animate nonhuman > inanimate nonhuman. Likewise, when two objects appear in the same noun phrase, then the animate/human object is obligatorily marked while the inanimate/non-human object usually remains unmarked.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=98}} Consider the following example:

{{interlinear
| indent = 2
| top =
|Ram{{=}}ẽ beʈi{{=}}ke lʌwʌntʃus de-l-ʌi.
|Ram{{=}}ERG daughter{{=}}OBL chocolate give-PST-3SG
|Agent Animate.Human.Recipient Inanimate.Indirect.Object Verb | style3 = font-variant: small-caps;
|Ram gave a chocolate to his daughter.
}}

Pronouns and personal names are always marked with the oblique when they are the objects.{{sfn|Paudyal|2025|p=99}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=LNK:linker; ADDR:addressee|okʰin hʌmni{{=}}ke dekʰ-l-a|They.DIST we{{=}}OBL see-PST-PL|'They saw us.'}}

====Honorificity====

===Verbal morphology===
====Person indexation====
The Khortha verbs show indexation of the S/A argument, whether the argument is marked with ergative (perfective only) or non-ergative in other TAMs.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! singular
! plural
! plural (HON)
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| colspan="2" | ''-i''
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
| ''-ẽ/-e''
| ''-a''
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
| ''-Ø/-ʌi/-ʌe/-e''
| ''-a''
| ''-th/-thun/-thin/-thĩ''
|-
! colspan="2" | addressing
| colspan="3" | ''=o''
|-
|}
Note ''-k'' marks 2nd person singular agent in Parnadiya dialect.

Verbs can index both A and P when the A argument is the first person and the P argument is a third person, i.e. the 1→3 scenario.

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=LNK:linker|kail{{=}}e bap{{=}}ke ɖagɖʌr{{=}}ke dekha-i de-l-i-ʌi|yesterday{{=}}FOC father{{=}}OBL doctor{{=}}OBL show-LNK v2:AUX-PST-1-3SG|'It was yesterday that I showed father to the doctor.'}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=LNK:linker; ADDR:addressee|ham okra dekh-l-i-ʌi|I he.OBL see-PST-1-3|'I saw him.'}}

====Tense-aspect-mood====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Markers
! Examples
|-
! Future
| ''-b/-t''
| ''rʌhʌ-t'' ("he/she/it will be")
|-
! Present
| ''=hV''
| ''kãdʌ=hʌ-th'' ("They cry")
|-
! Past
| ''-l''
| ''hʌ-l-a'' ("they/them were")
|-
! Imperfective
| ''-it''
|
|-
! Past habitual
| ''-tʌ''
|
|-
! Imperative
| ''-o''
|
|-
! Polite imperative
| ''-a''
|
|-
! Indirect request
| ''-hak''
|
|}

====Complex predicates====
Khortha complex predication employs a wide array of helper verbs ("auxiliary verb", v2) that can add fuller meanings to the semantic head.

{| class="wikitable"
!Verb
!Meaning
!Functional meaning as auxiliary verb
|-
|a-
|'come'
|Cislocative/ventive
|-
|ja
|'go'
|Translocative/itive
|-
|pʌhũch
|'reach'
|Movement towards the deictic center
|-
|paw
|'to get a chance'
|Permissive causative
|-
|de
|'give'
|Benefactive, Telicity
|-
|lag
|'start, begin'
|Inception
|-
|pʌɽ
|'fall'
|Sudden actions
|-
|par
|'can, be able'
|Ability
|-
|li
|'take'
|Autobenefactive
|-
|khoj
|'want, wish, desire'
|Desirative mood
|-
|rakh
|'keep'
|Resulting permanent state
|}

==Sample phrases==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Khortha !! Khortha ([[Devanagari]])
|-
| Ramu felt shy.|| Ramu ke laaj laago hae.||रामु के लाज लागो हए।
|-
| Amit has courage.|| Amit thhin jor he.|| अमित ठिन जोर हए।
|-
| I feel shy|| Hamra laaj laago hae || हमरा लाज लागो हय।
|-
| Give the horse the feed. || Ghora-ke khaay ke dahi.||घोड़ा के खाय के दही।
|-
| The child did not hit his sister.|| Chhaua-ta aapan bahin-ke nai maarle hae.|| छऊवा टा आपन बहिन के नाय मारले हय।
|-
| Ram's sister wedding is tomorrow.|| Kaael ram-ke bahin-ke biha hae. ||काईल रामके बहिनके बिहा हय।
|-
| The boy ate a banana.||Chhourata eego kaera khaelo.||छौड़ाटा एगो कईरा खईलो।
|-
| Buy twenty five rupees’ sugar.||Pacchis taka-ke chini kinle.||पच्चीस टाकाके चीनी किनले।
|-
| Ajay wrote a letter to his mother yesterday.|| Ajay kaael aapan maay-ke chitthi likhle hae.|| अजय काईल आपन माय के चिट्ठी लिखले हय।
|}

==See also==
*[[Khortha cinema]]
* [[2021–2022 Language Movement in Jharkhand]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|last=Paudyal|first=Netra P.|year=2025|title=A Grammar of Khortha, in Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages|publisher=[[Brill Publishing|Brill]]|place=[[Leiden]]|isbn=978-90-04-71266-9|doi=10.1163/9789004712676}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Ray|first1=Bablu|last2=Kumar|first2=Akash|date=2022|title=Person Agreement in Khortha: A Language of Jharkhand|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Linguistics|volume=15|pages=85–98}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=2021|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}

{{Bihari languages}}
{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Bihari languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

St. Jude Syro-Malankara Catholic Church

2026-03-19T18:05:11Z

Garrydum: new a details first draft.

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox church
|name = St. Jude Syro Malankara Catholic Church
|fullname =
|image =
|imagesize = frameless
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|landscape =
|caption =

|pushpin map = USA Pennsylvania
|pushpin label position = none
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|40|3|12.587|N|75|7|25.5385|W|display=inline,title}}
|osgraw = 
|osgridref = 
|location = 1200 Park Avenue. [[Bensalem, Pennsylvania]]
|country = United States
|denomination = Syro [[Malankara Catholic Church]]
|previous denomination =
|churchmanship =
|membership =
|attendance =
|website = {{URL|http://www.syromalankarausa.org/content/st-jude-syro-malankara-catholic-parish}}
|former name =
|bull date =
|founded date = March 1985 (Mission) August 16, 2009 (Parish)
|founder =
|dedication =
|dedicated date =
|consecrated date =
|cult =
|relics =
|events =
|past bishop =
|people =

|status =
|functional status =
|heritage designation =
|designated date =
|architect =
|architectural type =
|style =
|groundbreaking = 1948
|completed date = 1948
|construction cost =
|closed date =
|demolished date =

|capacity =
|length =
|width =
|width nave = 
|height = 
|diameter = 
|other dimensions =
|floor count =
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|spire quantity =
|spire height =
|materials =
|bells =
|bells hung =
|bell weight = 

|diocese = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada]]

|bishop = Most Rev. [[Philippos Stephanos Thottathil]]
|priest = Rev Fr. Babu Madathiparambil
}}'''St. Jude Syro Malankara Catholic Church''' is a parish of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada]] located in Bensalem, Pennsylvania, US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsons |first=Lian |date=2017-09-12 |title=Jocelyn Edathil, physician and nun, adds faith to healing |url=https://temple-news.com/jocelyn-edathil-physician-nun-adds-faith-healing/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=The Temple News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MG |first=CatholicPhilly |date=2021-01-22 |title=New commission invites personal encounter in work of racial healing |url=https://catholicphilly.com/2021/01/news/local-news/new-commission-invites-personal-encounter-in-work-of-racial-healing/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=CatholicPhilly |language=en-US}}</ref> St Jude celebrates [[Holy Qurobo|Qurbono]] in Malayalam and English and serves members of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] in the Delaware Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bullock |first=Mac |date=1 June 2023 |title=Temple Student Shot Dead: Jude Chacko Mourned In Philadelphia |url=https://dailyvoice.com/pa/lower-merion-narberth/temple-student-shot-dead-jude-chacko-mourned-in-philadelphia/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Lower Merion-Narberth Daily Voice |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] paved the way for many Indians to immigrate into the U.S. During the early 1970s, many Malankara Catholics began to migrate to the U.S. and settle in different parts of the country. Many of them chose Philadelphia as their new home town, but Malankara Liturgical Services were not available then.

A Malankara community became possible when [[Benedict Mar Gregorios]] OIC, the Archbishop of Trivandrum and the head of the Malankara Catholic Hierarchy, visited the U.S. and Canada in August 1982 and established prayer groups in major North American cities. Regular prayer meetings were held at the residences of members and Holy Masses were celebrated when Malankara priests were available.
The presence of Ignatius Thangalathil OIC, a Malankara missionary priest on special assignment in New York, helped in the formation of a Malankara Community in early 1983.
The subsequent visits of the Archbishop in 1993 and 1994 helped the community. Then the Malankara Catholic Mission of North America was inaugurated in New York in 1984.

In March 1985, Archbishop Mar Gregorios, in consultation with [[John Cardinal Krol]], Archbishop of Philadelphia, appointed John Kalloor (now [[Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom]]) as pastor of the Malankarites in Philadelphia and Washington. The Malankara Catholic Community in Philadelphia then had regularly scheduled Malankara Liturgy celebrated at Incarnation of Our Lord Church. While organizing the community, Fr. Kalloor initiated the [[Malankara Catholic Youth Movement|Malankara Catholic Youth Movement (MCYM)]], which became the cornerstone of building the parish.
Varghese Edathil, the successor of Fr. Kalloor, took charge of the community on March 30, 1987. He served as an associate pastor of Incarnation Church and spiritual director of the Malankara faithful. A Malankara Children’s League was inaugurated for youngsters, and religious instruction classes were initiated.[[File:Perunaal .jpg|thumb]]At the urging of Mar Gregorios, Cardinal [[Anthony Bevilacqua]], Archbishop of Philadelphia, officially established the Malankara Catholic Mission of Philadelphia on May 2, 1988.
Fr. Alexander Panamkunil was the successor of Fr. Varghese and took charge as the Associate pastor of Incarnation Church and spiritual director of Malankara Catholics in October 1991.
Geevarghese Mar Timotheos, Bishop of Thiruvalla and Cyril Mar Baselious visited the community.

In April 1995, Rev. John Kalloor succeeded Fr. Alexander as the parochial vicar of Incarnation Church and spiritual director of the Malankara Catholic Mission.
Two family conferences of the Malankaraites of the Eastern regions, (New York, New Jersey, Washington and Philadelphia) were conducted at Philadelphia (1993, 1995) to discuss and evaluate issues pertaining to Malankaraite life in the U.S. The second Family conference was directed by Mar Thimotheos.

==21st century==
The name "[[St. Jude]]" was chosen by the Archbishop of Tiruvilla [[Thomas Mar Koorilos]]. On October 31, 2008, St Jude purchased a church building in Philadelphia.

The current parish site was purchased from the Archdiocese of Philadelphia on January 16, 2020. In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, live streams of the Holy Qurbono and other liturgical services were provided to comply with restrictions on gatherings in place at that time.

St. Jude Syro Malankara Catholic Church consists of 130 families with over 400 members. Holy Qurbono, prayer meetings, and Malankara Qurbono are held in English on 1st and 3rd Sundays and in Malayalam on 2nd, 4th and 5th Sundays. Major church feasts are primarily in Malayalam with elements of English. Sunday School classes are held before Sunday Mass.

There are numerous ministries supporting the efforts of the church. Malankara Catholic Children’s League (MCCL) is for Sunday School students. A unit of the Malankara Catholic Youth Movement (MCYM) serves Malankara Catholics aged 13-30. Mothers Forum is a group for Mothers. Malankara Catholic Association (MCA) is for parish members 35 and older. Recently, a Family Ministry initiative has been launched in part to help support parents and families who grew up outside of Kerala.

Altar servers are trained to carry on the Malankara Liturgy under the direction of the liturgical coordinator. Choir ministries also exist to help lead Malankara liturgical songs.

== Vicars ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Vicars
|-
! No. !! Title !! Name !! Tenure
|-
| 1 || Priest || [[Yoohanon Chrysostom|Rev. Fr. John Kalloor]]|| 1983–1987
|-
| 2 || Priest || Rev. Fr. Varughese George Edathil || 1987–1991
|-
| 3 || Priest || Rev. Fr. Alexander Panamkunil || 1991–1994
|-
| 4 || Chorbishop || [[Yoohanon Chrysostom|Rev. Fr. John Kalloor]]|| 1994–1998
|-
| 5 || Priest || Rev. Fr. Chacko Thadathil || 1998–2002
|-
| 6 || Priest || Rev. Fr. Geevarghese Vaidyan || 2002–2006
|-
| 7 || Priest || Rev. Fr. Joseph Sundaram || 2006 – June 2010
|-
| 8 || Priest || Rev. Fr. John Thundiyath || June 2010 – Sep 2010
|-
| 9 || Priest || Rev. Fr. Thomas Malayil || Sep 2010 – Aug 2014
|-
| 10 || Priest || Rev. Fr. Saji Mukkoot || Aug 2014 – October 2021
|-
| 11 || Priest || Rev. Fr. Babu Madathilparambil || October 2021 - Present
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Jude Syro-Malankara Catholic Church}}
[[Category:Indian-American culture in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Churches in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Malayali diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1948]]

Srinath Krishnamoorthy

2026-03-13T10:18:11Z

Garrydum: new the page w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian novelist and blogger (born 1986)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Srinath Krishnamoorthy
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Srinath Thazhatheveetil Krishnamoorthy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|6|24|df=y}} 
| birth_place = Palakkad, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Lecturer in Artificial Intelligence, University of West of England, Villa College Malè Maldives, Novelist, Blogger, Motivational Speaker<ref name="techie" />
| language =
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = Government Engineering College, Sreekrishnapuram; [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]], [[Kothamangalam]]
| period =
| genres = Novel, Thriller, Short Stories 
| subjects = Psychology, Mysticism, Erotism, Literature, Mythology, Theology 
| movement = Postmodern literature, Psychoanalytics
| notableworks = ''Hope We Never Meet Again'', ''The Boy Who Dreamed of Booker'' 
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 2015–present
| module =
| website = {{url|hopewenevermeetagain.com}}
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Srinath Krishnamoorthy''' (born 24 June 1986 in Palakkad, Kerala) is an Indian novelist and blogger.<ref name="techie">{{Cite news|title = A psycho-analytic thriller from a techie|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-psychoanalytic-thriller-from-a-techie/article7998682.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-12-17|access-date = 2016-01-25|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> His first novel, ''Hope We Never Meet Again'', a psycho-analytic thriller which deals with murderers that go unpunished, became one of the most sold out books at the Delhi World Book Fair 2016, Asia's largest book fair. There has also been news of a movie adaptation of the novel, but neither the author nor the makers have come out in open with a confirmation.

He right now serves as Lecturer for the University of West of England program in Artificial Intelligence at Villa College; Malè Maldives.
{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamoorthy, Srinath}}
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad]]

Maratha reservation agitation

2026-03-12T08:02:26Z

Garrydum: adding new bio - done

{{Short description|Movement for Maratha caste reservations}}{{Missing information|2=2024 movement|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

'''Maratha Aarakshan Chalwal''' (English: '''Maratha reservation movement'''), also known as Maratha Aarakshan movement, is a long-running campaign by the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha community]] in Maharashtra, seeking to be recognized as [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] to avail [[Reservation in India|quotas in education and government jobs]]. The demand, which began in the early 1980s, intensified after incidents of violence and social unrest, notably following the [[Kopardi gang rape and murder|2016 rape and murder]] of a Maratha girl in Kopardi. The Maharashtra government granted 16% reservation to the Maratha community in 2018, but legal challenges have repeatedly affected its implementation. In 2021, the Supreme Court ruled the reservation unconstitutional, leading to further political and legal battles. As of 2023, the state government has been working on issuing Kunbi caste certificates to Marathas to help them access benefits under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) quota.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/fadnavis-calls-for-bjp-meet-over-maratha-reservation-1303454-2018-08-02|title=Fadnavis calls for BJP meet over Maratha reservation|first=Kamlesh Damodar|last=Sutar|date=2 August 2018|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maratha-quota-stir-fifth-suicide-as-man-ends-life-in-beed-eight-attempt-self-immolation-5285539/|title=Maratha quota stir: Fifth suicide as man ends life in Beed, eight attempt self-immolation|date=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/why-are-marathas-protesting-all-you-know-need-to-know-news-313980|title=Why Are Marathas Protesting: All You Need To Know|date=24 July 2018|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

==Background==
{{see also|Reservation in India}}
The [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], a prominent community in Deccan, have historically been regarded as a farmer/warrior caste. Over time, however, the economic conditions of many Marathas, particularly those in lower and middle classes, have declined. The demand for Maratha reservation began in 1981, when Annasaheb Patil, a leader of the Mathadi Labour Union, organised a rally in Mumbai advocating for the cause. Despite this early push, the issue remained largely dormant until the early 2000s.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-maratha-reservation-1706514100-1|title=What is the Maratha Reservation, Explained?|date=29 January 2024|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

In 2004, the Maharashtra government included Maratha-Kunbis and Kunbi-Marathas in the [[Other Backward Classes]] (OBC) category. However, this did not extend to those who identified solely as Marathas, leaving a significant portion of the community without benefits.<ref name="auto"/>

The issue gained renewed urgency in 2016 and 2017, particularly following the tragic death of a minor in Kopardi village, Ahmednagar. The [[Maratha Kranti Morcha]] led peaceful protests across the state, calling for both reservation and justice for the victim, along with support for farmers. In response, the Maharashtra government formed the NG Gaikwad Commission in 2017 to assess the viability of granting Marathas reservation. The Commission recommended that Marathas be included in the Socially and Educationally Backward Class (SEBC) category.<ref name="auto"/>

In 2018, the Maharashtra State Socially and Educationally Backward Class Act was passed, providing 16% reservation for Marathas in education and employment. The move garnered support from various political parties, including the Congress and NCP. However, legal challenges were raised in the Bombay High Court regarding the constitutionality of the reservation, particularly the issue of exceeding the 50% limit for total reservations. The High Court upheld the reservation but reduced it to 13% for jobs and 12% for education.<ref name="auto"/>

In 2020, the Supreme Court intervened, ruling that the Maratha quota was unconstitutional and violated the provisions of the Indian Constitution, particularly Article 14. The Court issued a stay, and in May 2021, it quashed the Maratha reservation entirely. Following this, the Maharashtra government instructed economically weaker members of the Maratha community to avail benefits from the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) quota until the matter was resolved.<ref name="auto"/>

==Maratha Kranti Morcha==
{{main|Maratha Kranti Morcha}}
[[File:Manoj jarange patil.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Manoj Jarange Patil]]
Manoj Jarange Patil, a prominent Maratha social-activist has been working hard to give voice to his fellow Maratha Kunbi community members.

In September 2025, under his leadership thousands of Maratha citizens rushed to Mumbai to protest.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Mumbai At Standstill': Bombay High Court On Manoj Jarange, Maratha Quota Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mumbai-at-a-standstill-bombay-high-on-manoj-jarange-maratha-quota-row-9197090 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251018192112/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mumbai-at-a-standstill-bombay-high-on-manoj-jarange-maratha-quota-row-9197090 |archive-date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/maratha-reservation-a-saga-of-half-a-century-2902080|title=Maratha reservation: A saga of half a century|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maratha-reservation-a-timeline-of-events/article34487593.ece|title=Maratha reservation: A timeline of events|first=Sonam|last=Saigal|date=5 May 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

* 1980: The demand for reservation for Marathas gained momentum following the submission of the Mandal Commission Report.
* March 1983: The first morcha in Mumbai demanding reservation for Marathas was led by the late Annasaheb Patil, a leader of the Mathadi workers from Satara. (Mathadi workers means head-loaders and coolies)
* February 2014: A committee, headed by veteran leader Narayan Rane, submitted a report to the Congress-NCP Democratic Front government, led by Prithviraj Chavan, recommending reservation for Marathas.
* June 2014: The Congress-NCP Democratic Front government, under Prithviraj Chavan, approved a proposal to reserve 16 percent of government jobs and educational seats for Marathas, and 5 percent for Muslims.
* November 2014: The Bombay High Court stayed the decision of the Democratic Front government to provide 16 percent reservations to Marathas in government jobs and educational institutions. The BJP-Shiv Sena government, headed by Devendra Fadnavis, decided to appeal the decision in the Supreme Court.
* 18 December 2014: The Supreme Court refused to vacate the Bombay High Court's interim order that stayed the Maratha reservation in jobs.
* July 2016: The [[Kopardi gang rape and murder|2016 rape and murder]] of a Maratha girl in Kopardi, Ahmednagar district, intensified the demand for Maratha rights.
* August 2016 - 2017: A total of 58 large-scale Maratha morchas were held across the state during this period.
* 2017: A commission, headed by retired Justice M G Gaikwad, recommended that Marathas be granted reservation under the Socially and Economically Backward Class (SEBC) category.
* November 2018: Justice (Retd) NG Gaikwad, Chairman of the Maharashtra State Backward Classes Commission, submitted a report to the government. The government decided to create a special category for Marathas called the Socially and Economically Backward Class (SEBC) for the purpose of reservation. The Maharashtra legislature approved a 16 percent reservation for Marathas.
* June 2019: The Bombay High Court upheld the Maratha reservation, but ruled that the 16 percent quota was not justifiable.
* July 2019: The Supreme Court agreed to urgently hear petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the Maratha reservation law. A bench led by Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi took note of the submissions.
* May 2021: The Supreme Court struck down the Maratha reservation law while the Uddhav Thackeray-led Maha Vikas Aghadi government was in power.
* November 2022: After the Supreme Court upheld the 10 percent quota for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), the state government stated that until the Maratha reservation issue is resolved, economically weaker members of the Maratha community could benefit from the EWS quota.
* August 2023: Shivba Sanghatana founder [[Manoj Jarange|Manoj Jarange - Patil]] launched a hunger strike demanding the issuance of Kunbi caste certificates to Marathas in the Marathwada region.
* October 2023: The Maharashtra government established a committee led by Justice Sandeep Shinde (Retd) to review the records of Maratha Kunbi and Kunbi Maratha entries, and to formulate a procedure for issuing certificates that would enable the community to avail reservation under the OBC category (as of October 2023, 57 lakh records have been found.)
* October 2023: The Eknath Shinde-led BJP-Shiv Sena-NCP government filed a curative petition in the Supreme Court.
* October 2023: The government formed a three-member panel of retired judges—Justice Dilip Bhosale, Justice M G Gaikwad, and Justice Sandeep Shinde—to advise on the progress of the curative petition.
* January 2024: The BJP-Shiv Sena-NCP government expanded the scope of Maratha reservation by issuing Kunbi certificates, thereby enabling Marathas to secure benefits under the OBC quota through the definition of ‘sage-soyare’, a Marathi term for 'relatives from the family tree.'

== See also ==

* [[Court cases related to reservation in India]]
* [[Jat reservation agitation]]
* [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990]]
* [[Patidar reservation agitation]]
* [[Women's Reservation Bill, 2010]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Reservation in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Reservation in India]]
[[Category:Protest marches in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:2024 protests]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Indian caste movements]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]

Bharathan (1992 film)

2026-03-10T02:40:07Z

Garrydum: quick fix

<noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=Bharathan (film)|2=Talk:Bharathan (1992 film)#Requested move 10 March 2026}}
</noinclude>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bharathan 1992.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]]
| story = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''|Rajkumar Santoshi}}
| producer = [[Ibrahim Rowther|A. S. Ibrahim Rowther]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vijayakanth]]|[[Bhanupriya]]}}
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = G. Jayachandran<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2020 |title=Film editor G. Jayachandran dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/film-editor-g-jayachandran-dead/article31914312.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628085214/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/film-editor-g-jayachandran-dead/article31914312.ece |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Rowther Films
| distributor = Srinivasulu<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 1992 |title=பரதன் |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |pages=15 |language=ta}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|04|16}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bharathan''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ər|ə|ð|ən}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]], directed by [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]] in his debut,<ref name="IE" /> and produced by [[Ibrahim Rowther|A. S. Ibrahim Rowther]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Bhanupriya]], while [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Sumitra]], and [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] play supporting roles. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=33 years of 'Ghayal': Sunny Deol recalls how no one else wanted to make the film |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/33-years-of-ghayal-sunny-deol-recalls-how-no-one-else-wanted-to-make-the-film-23293753 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804015411/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/33-years-of-ghayal-sunny-deol-recalls-how-no-one-else-wanted-to-make-the-film-23293753 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> The film was released on 16 April 1992,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref> and completed a 100-day run.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 January 1993 |title=Run-of-the-mill fare |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bharathan is sent to jail for a murder and is sentenced to the death penalty.

In the past, Bharath was in love with Indhu. He had a brother named Ramkumar and a sister-in-law named Janaki. His brother dreamt to see him as a government official, but Bharath preferred to be a [[kickboxing]] champion.

One day, Ramkumar disappeared, and Bharath began to look for him. Finally, Ramkumar's labourer explained to Bharath what happened to his brother. Gangadharan, a powerful businessman, helped Ramkumar in his business. Ramkumar was grateful to him, and Gangadharan took some advantages and began to smuggle [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] illegally in Ramkumar's company. When Ramkumar decided to report it to the police, he was kidnapped by Gangadharan. Gangadharan killed Ramkumar, and the innocent Bharath is arrested for the murder. Bharath appointed his family friend Viswanathan as the advocate, but Viswanathan, an ally of Gangadharan, betrayed him, and Bharath was sentenced to capital punishment. Thereafter, Janaki committed suicide.

In jail, Bharath makes friends with his cellmates, and they escape from jail to punish Gangadharan. Johnson, an honest [[Criminal Investigation Department#India|CID]] officer, is appointed to protect Gangadharan. Bharath first kills the traitor Viswanathan. He then threatens the commissioner and his family to kill Gangadharan more easily.

In the meantime, Indhu is kidnapped by Gangadharan's henchmen, and Bharath saves her in time. Shameful to protect a criminal and worried to punish an innocent, the commissioner and Johnson try to stop Bharath. In the end, Bharath kills Gangadharan and gets sent to jail.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Bharathan a.k.a. Bharath
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Indhu
*[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Ramkumar
*[[Anandaraj]] as Gangadharan
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as CID Johnson
*[[Sumitra]] as Janaki
*[[Auditor Sridhar]] as Viswanathan
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Ramkumar's labourer
*[[Vasu Vikram]] as Bharath's cellmate
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Gangadharan's man
*[[Srividya]] as Lakshmi
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Gangadharan's right hand
*[[Srihari]] as Uttam Singh (guest appearance)
*[[Prabhu Deva]] in a special appearance
*[[Disco Shanti]] in an [[item number]]}}

== Production ==
Anandaraj reprises the role originally played by [[Amrish Puri]]. Due to the wide age gap between the actors, Anandaraj sported a certain getup to match his character's age, and claimed the others on set did not recognise him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2017-06-18 |title=The villain who isn't: Anandraj |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/Jun/18/the-villain-who-isnt-634.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130204101/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/jun/18/the-villain-who-isnt-634.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 1992 |title=Bharathan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bharathan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1604518541 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122354/https://music.apple.com/us/album/bharathan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1604518541 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Azhage Amuthe" || rowspan=2|[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || rowspan=2|Ponnadiyan || 4:45
|-
| "Nalveenai Naatham" || 1:55
|-
| "Pottathalem" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:00
|-
| "Punnakaiyil Minsaram" || Ilaiyaraaja, [[S. Janaki]] ||5:04
|-
| "Vaa Vaathiyare" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:49
|}

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Despite the remake of the original being before the eyes, debutant director Saba has been able to warm up for viewers only a lukewarm concoction of various box-office elements".<ref name=IE>{{Cite news |date=24 April 1992 |title=Bharathan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1992 action drama films]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]]
[[Category:Films produced by Ibrahim Rowther]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sirohi State

2026-03-09T13:17:21Z

Garrydum: new first post first draft.

{{Short description|Former Hindu kingdom in present Rajasthan (India)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox country
| native_name = Sirohi State
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sirohi
| event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
| status = *[[Sovereign state|Sovereign]] [[monarchy]] (1311–1823)
*[[Princely state]] of the [[British East India Company]] (1823–1858) and [[British Raj|India]] (1858–1947)
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
|capital = {{ubl|Chandravati (1311–1405)|Shivpuri (1405–1425)|[[Sirohi]] (1425-1947)}}
|year_start = 1311
|year_end = 1949
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Sirohi.svg
|image_coat = Sirohi State Coat of Arms.png
|image_map = Map of Sirohi.jpg
|image_map_caption = Sirohi State (orange) within [[Rajputana]] (yellow), in 1909
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|today = [[India]]
}}

'''Kingdom of Sirohi''', known as '''Sirohi State''' in [[British Raj|colonial times]], was a kingdom and later [[princely state]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]]. The state was founded in 1311 CE by the [[Deora (clan)|Deora]] subclan of [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]] and lasted for six centuries till 1949 CE.

The [[Sirohi sword]] is a traditional Indian weapon originating from the town of [[Sirohi]].

==Geography==
Sirohi State was in the [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana agency]]. It had an area {{convert|1,964|sqmi|sqkm}} The territory was much broken up by hills and rocky ranges; the Aravalli range divided it into two portions, running from north-east to south-west. The south and south-east part of the territory is mountainous and rugged, containing the lofty Mount Abu, an isolated mass of granite rock, culminating in a cluster of hills, enclosing several valleys surrounded by rocky ridges, like great hollows. On both sides of the Aravallis the country is intersected with numerous water channels, which run with considerable force and volume during the height of the rainy season, but are dry for the greater part of the year. The only river of any importance is the Western Banas.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

In 1911 the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] recorded that a large portion of the state was covered with dense jungle, in which wild animals, including the tiger, bear and leopard, abounded; and that the climate was on the whole dry (in the south and east there was usually a fair amount of rain. On Abu the average annual rainfall is about {{convert|64|in|cm}}, whereas in Erinpura, less than {{convert|50|mi|km}} to the north, the average fall is only between {{convert|12|and|13|in|cm}}.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

During the 19th century the Rajputana Railway was built. It traversed the state, and a station was built at [[Abu Road]], {{convert|28|mi|km}} south of the town of Sirohi.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

In 1901 the population of the state was 154,544, showing a decrease of 17% in the decade, due to the results of famine. Gross revenue was £28,000, tribute to the [[British Raj]] was £450. The population of the town of [[Sirohi]] was 5,651 and its main business was the manufacturing of sword-blades and other weapons.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}} The [[Sirohi sword]] is noted for its craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=आन-बान-शान की प्रतीक हैं सिरोही की तलवार,अब भी होती है सोने-चांदी की नक्काशी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/sirohi-swords-of-sirohi-are-a-symbol-of-pride-and-honour-gold-and-silver-carvings-make-them-special-8369062.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
{{Rajputana 1525 CE|right|Location of Sirohi within [[Rajputana]] circa 1525, with neighbouring polities, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref>|{{Annotation|75|103|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|22px]]}}}}
Sirohi State was founded by Maharaja of [[Deora (clan)|Deora]] [[Rajput]]s before c. 1311, and formed the area into a state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413|title=History of Sirohi Raj|last=Ram|first=Lala Sita|publisher=The Pioneer Press|year=1920|location=Allahabad}}</ref> In 1405, then-ruler Shivabhan established the capital of the state at Shivpuri, 3 kilometers east of the present-day town of [[Sirohi]].<ref name="Gupta_Bakshi_Rajasthan">{{cite book |title=Rajasthan through the ages: Volume 5, Marwar and British Administration |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC/ |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> In 1425, Rao Sains Mal built the town of Sirohi, while later became the capital of the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/westernrajputan04adamgoog/|title=A medico-topographical and general account of Marwar, Sirohi, and Jaisalmir|last=Adams|first=Archibald|publisher=Junior Army and Navy Stores|year=1899}}</ref> The rulers of this state belong to Deora Chauhan clan of Rajputs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/deora.php | title=History of Deoras }}</ref> In 1452, the state was attacked by [[Rana Kumbha]] of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/3403-princely-state-of-sirohi/ | title=Princely State of Sirohi | date=15 March 2017 }}</ref>

During the early years of the 19th century, Sirohi suffered much from wars with [[Jodhpur]] and the hill tribes of the area. The protection of the British was sought in 1817; the pretensions of Jodhpur to suzerainty over Sirohi were disallowed, and in 1823 a treaty was concluded with the British government. Sirohi became a self-governing [[princely state]], and part of the Rajputana Agency.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

For services rendered during the [[Revolt of 1857]], the Rao received a remission of half his tribute. Rao Keshri Singh (ruled 1875-1920) and his successors were granted the title ''[[Maharao]]'' (equivalent to Maharaja) in 1889.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=257}}

When India became independent in 1947, there was no immediate consensus about whether Sirohi State should be merged with the new states of [[Bombay State|Bombay]] or [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="IndianStates">{{cite book |title=White Paper on Indian States |date=1950 |publisher=Government of India Press |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276192}}</ref> Initially, the area under Sirohi State was merged into Bombay 1949, but was transferred to Rajasthan in 1950.<ref name="IndianStates" /><ref name="SirohiCensus2011-B">{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook: Sirohi (Series 9: Part XII-A) |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/08/0819_PART_A_DCHB_SIROHI.pdf |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
'''[[Alhanadeva|Rao Alhana]]''', the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Chauhan ruler of Nadol]], was the ancestor of rulers of [[Jalore district|Jalor]], [[Chandravati|Chandrawati]] and Sirohi.

=== List of Raos ===
;Raos of Jalore
* [[Alhanadeva|Rao Alhana]]
* Rao Kirtipal – founder of Jalore in 1181, and ancestor of the [[Songara|Songara Chauhan clan]].
* Rao Samarsinha
* Rao Udaysinha
* Rao Man Singh I (1213–1228)
* Rao Devraj (1228–1250)
* Rao Vijayraj Singh (1250–1311)

;Raos of Chandrawati
* Rao Lumba (1311–1321)– founder of Sirohi in 1311
* Rao Tej Singh (1321–1336)
* Rao Kanhar Dev (1336–1343)
* Rao Samant Singh (1343–?)
* Rao Salkha (?–1374)

;Raos of Sirohi
* Rao Ranmal (1374–1392)
* Rao Sobhajit (Shivbhan) (1392–1424)
* Rao Sahasmal (Sainsmal) (1424–1451)
* Rao Lakharaj Singh (Lakha) (1451–1483)
* Rao Jagmal I (1483–1523)

=== List of Maharaos ===
* Maharao Akshayraj I (Akheraj) (1523–1533)
* Maharao Rai Singh (1533–1543)
* Maharao Dudaji (Durjan Sal) (1543–1553)
* Maharao Udai Singh I (1553–1562)
* Maharao Man Singh II (1562–1572)
* Maharao [[Rao Surtan Deora|Surtan Singh]] (Surtan Deora)(1572–1610)
* Maharao Rai Singh II (1610–1620)
* Maharao Akheraj II (1620–1673)
* Maharao Udaibhan II (1673–1676)
* Maharao Varisal Singh I (1676–1697)
* Maharao Surtan Singh II (1697),(deposed)
* Maharao Chattarsal Singh (Durjan Singh) (1697–1705)
* Maharao Umaid Singh (Maan Singh III) (1705–1749)
* Maharao Prithviraj Singh (1749–1772)
* Maharao Takhat Singh (1772–1781)
* Maharao Jagat Singh (1781–1782)
* Maharao Bairisal II (Varisal) (1782–1809)
* Maharao Udaibhan Singh III (1809–1817)
* Maharao Sheo Singh (1817–1846)
* Maharao [[Umaid Singh II]] Bahadur (1862–1875)
* HH Maharao [[Sir]] [[Kesari Singh]] Bahadur (1875–1920)
* HH Maharao [[Sarup Ram Singh|Sir Sarup Ram Singh]] Bahadur (1920–1946)
* HH Maharao [[Tej Ram Singh]] Bahadur (1946–1947)
* Maharani Krishna (Kunverba) (1946–1947)

=== Titular ruler ===

* Maharao Tej Ram Singh Bahadur (1947–1950)
* Maharao Abhai Singh Bahadur (1950–1998)
• Maharao Raghubir Singh Bahadur (1988 - to present

==Revenue system==
The traditional practice of revenue collection consisted of bhog batai and halbandi. Bhog batai, the more prevalent practice, consisted of direct collection of a part of the harvested produce by the state. In some areas of the state, halbandi was used, under which a cash tax was imposed on the implements used by farmers. In 1904, a new revenue-collection system was introduced which consisted of revenue collection based on average productivity of the cultivated area as the criterion for payment. From the state's perspective, the new revenue system was largely successful, leading to a large increase in the state's revenue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Violence and Truth: A Rajasthani Kingdom Confronts Colonial Authority|last=Vidal|first=Denis|author-link=Denis Vidal|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780195641059|location=Delhi|pages=69–71}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Jodhpur State]]
*[[Udaipur State]]
*[[Chahamanas of Naddula]]
*[[Chahamanas of Jalor]]
*[[Rajputana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Sirohi|volume=25|page=257}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{Princely states of India}}

{{coord|24|53|N|72|52|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1311 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sirohi district]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1311]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]

Nishchal Chandan

2026-03-06T15:55:25Z

Garrydum:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nishchal Chandan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Nishchal Chandan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|06|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| height = 1.90 m
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| clubnumber = 2
| youthyears1 = 2015–2019
| youthclubs1 = [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]]
| years1 = 2019–2020
| clubs1 = [[Minerva Academy FC|Punjab FC B]]
| caps1 = 3
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2020
| clubs2 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2020–2021
| clubs3 = [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2021
| clubs4 = [[Delhi FC]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2021
| clubs5 = [[Hyderya Sports FC|Hyderya Sports]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2021–2023
| clubs6 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| caps6 = 21
| goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2023–2024
| clubs7 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps7 = 19
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2024
| clubs8 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps8 = 0
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2024–2025
| clubs9 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps9 = 19
| goals9 = 1
| years10 = 2025–
| clubs10 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| caps10 = 3
| goals10 = 0
| club-update = 14:00, 13 February 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Nishchal Chandan''' (born 20 June 1999)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/65223?type=club |title=Nishchal Chandan |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=13 February 2026|publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Centre-back (association football)#Centre-back|centre-back]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]].

== Early life ==
Chandan is born in Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamshedpur FC sign Nishchal Chandan for upcoming Indian Super League |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/jamshedpur-fc-sign-nishchal-chandan-for-upcoming-indian-super-league20240717100726/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

===Minerva Academy FC===
Chandan's journey started with Minerva Academy in 2015, where he learnt his basic skills and honed them. Later, became a champion in the U-18 I-League North Zone Championship with [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva FC]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/young-nishchal-chandan-added-to-the-men-of-steel-defense|date=16 July 2024|title=Young Nishchal Chandan Added to the Men of Steel Defense}}</ref>

===Punjab FC===
He progressed to make his debut in the I-League second division with [[Punjab FC]] in 2020-21.<ref name=":0" />

===Sudeva Delhi FC===
He followed by a stint with [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva FC]] from 2021-23, where he not only made his I-League debut as captain but also scored a goal.<ref name=":0" />

===Churchill Brothers FC Goa===
He later followed by a move to [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] in 2023-24 playing all 19 games.<ref name=":0" />

===Jamshedpur FC===
On 16 July 2024, Nishchal penned a deal with [[Jamshedpur FC]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|match played 13 February 2026}}<ref>{{BeSoccer|927011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup{{efn|Includes [[Durand Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Minerva Academy FC|Punjab FC B]]
|[[2020 I-League qualifiers|2020]]
|[[I League 2nd Division]]
|3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||3||0
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
| rowspan="2"| [[I-League]]
|14||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||14||1
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|7||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||11||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!21!!1!!4!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!25!!1
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[2023–24 Churchill Brothers FC Goa season|2023–24]]
|I-League
|19||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||19||0
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2024–25 Jamshedpur FC season|2024–25]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||0||0
|-
|Churchill Brothers
|[[2024–25 Churchill Brothers FC Goa season|2024–25]]
|I-League
|19||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||19||1
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|Indian Super League
|0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!62!!2!!4!!0!! colspan="2" |—!!66!!2
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Minerva academy Fc'''
* U-18 I-League North Zone Championship

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|new_id=chandan-nishchal/MPRLmEdm}}
* {{BeSoccer|927011}}

{{Inter Kashi FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nischal, Chandan}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Minerva Academy FC players]]
[[Category: Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:Inter Kashi FC players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Moondru Mudichu

2026-03-04T04:49:24Z

Garrydum: added data

{{short description|1976 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Moondru Mudichu poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| screenplay = K. Balachander
| based_on = {{based on|''[[O Seeta Katha]]''|[[K. Viswanath]]}}
| producer = R. Venkataraman
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Sridevi]] [[Rajinikanth]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1976|10|22}}
| studio = RMS Productions
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}10 lakh<ref name="deccanchronicle" />
}}

'''''Moondru Mudichu''''' ({{translation|The three knots}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed and co-written by [[K. Balachander]]. A remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[O Seeta Katha]]'' (1974), it stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Rajinikanth]]. The film revolves around an 18-year-old girl and two roommates who fall in love with her.

''Moondru Mudichu'' marked Sridevi's first leading adult role, and Rajinikanth's first major role in Tamil. It was released on 22 October 1976 and became a success.

== Plot ==
Balaji and Prasath are roommates in Chennai. Balaji falls in love with 18-year-old Selvi, who lives in the same apartment complex. Prasath, who has his eyes on Selvi, pretends to back Balaji's love while secretly hoping to create a divide between them. Selvi realizes Prasath's intentions when she finds out that he has seduced Menaka, an innocent girl living in the same apartment complex. However, she is unable to convince Balaji, who hero-worships Prasath.

Things come to a head when Selvi, Balaji, and Prasath go for a picnic by the lake. Balaji falls into the lake by accident. Prasath refuses to jump in and save Balaji, on the pretext that he does not know how to swim. A devastated Selvi returns home to another shock: her sister, who plays small roles in films, has been in a fire accident which has left her face permanently scarred. Overnight, Selvi's life undergoes a change.

Selvi comes across an advertisement in the paper for a second marriage to Viswanathan, a wealthy man in Salem with four children, and applies for the same. However, Viswanathan refuses to marry a young girl like Selvi and asks her to take care of the kids instead. Impressed by her service, he requests her to marry his eldest son, who turns out to be none other than Prasath, who visits his father during the weekend.

Prasath continues to harass Selvi and orders her to marry him. He gives her a week to decide and returns to Chennai. In an attempt to salvage her life, Selvi successfully persuades Viswanathan to marry her before Prasath returns the next weekend. This puts Prasath in an uncomfortable situation, as Selvi taunts him back using her 'mother' status. Meanwhile, Selvi spots Menaka, who has given birth to Prasath's child, brings them home, and tries to convince Prasath to marry her, but he rejects them.

Viswanathan accidentally finds out about the prior relationship between Prasath and Selvi and enacts an accident to make Prasath agree to his immoral past. Prasath repents for his mistakes and agrees to marry Menaka.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Balaji{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=50}}
* [[Sridevi]] as Selvi{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=50}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Prasath<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=25 February 2018 |title=Sridevi: a picture of divine grace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-a-picture-of-divine-grace/article22849681.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225111250/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-a-picture-of-divine-grace/article22849681.ece |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Subhadra{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=50}}
* [[N. Viswanathan|N. Viswanath]] as Viswanathan, Prasath's father{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=52}}
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao|Krishna Rao]] as a servant
* [[K. Natraj]] as Prasath's conscience<ref name="dinamalar" />
* [[Sivachandran]] as a stage poet<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/552599-sivachandran-1-rewindwithramji-2.html|title=' ’கிழக்கே போகும் ரயில்’ படத்துல நடிக்க பாரதிராஜா என்னைத்தான் கூப்பிட்டார்; நான் முடியாதுன்னு சொல்லிட்டேன்!' - நடிகர் சிவசந்திரன் பிரத்யேகப் பேட்டி|date=3 May 2020|website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|language=ta|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902211847/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/552599-sivachandran-1-rewindwithramji-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Baby Rani]] as Prasath's sister
}}

== Production ==
''Moondru Mudichu'' is a remake of the 1974 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[O Seeta Katha]]''.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=50}} [[Jayabharathi (director)|Jayabharathi]] was offered to play a negative role but did not accept, resulting in [[Rajinikanth]] being cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title='21 ரூபாயுடன் படத்தைத் தொடங்கினேன்' - இயக்குநர் ஜெயபாரதி நேர்காணல் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/230766-21.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195816/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/230766-21.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was Rajinikanth's first major role in Tamil.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=53}} [[Kamal Haasan]], who portrayed a negative role in ''O Seeta Katha''{{'}}s [[Malayalam]] remake ''[[Mattoru Seetha]]'' (1975), played a different role this time.<ref name="dinamalar" /> This was the first film where [[Sridevi]] played an adult character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Shoba |date=27 December 2014 |title=The rebels of Tamil cinema |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/h1HOB1skosqYXHdCj9lufO/The-rebels-of-Tamil-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131210338/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/h1HOB1skosqYXHdCj9lufO/The-rebels-of-Tamil-cinema.html |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=31 August 2020 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> She was paid {{INR}}5000, Haasan was paid {{INR}}30,000 and Rajinikanth was paid {{INR}}2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2018 |title=Did you know Sridevi was paid more than Rajinikanth for 'Moondru Mudichu'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-you-know-sridevi-was-paid-more-than-rajinikanth-for-moondru-mudichu/articleshow/63081754.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191121133307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-you-know-sridevi-was-paid-more-than-rajinikanth-for-moondru-mudichu/articleshow/63081754.cms |archive-date=21 November 2019 |access-date=31 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The budget of the film was {{INRConvert|10|l|year=1976}}.<ref name="deccanchronicle" /> The filming was held at [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 1976 |title=பாலச்சந்தரின் 'மூன்று முடிச்சு' பெங்களூரில் படப்பிடிப்பு |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_40/3.jp2/full/1000,1481/0/default.jpg |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moondru Mudichchu Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/moondru-mudichchu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720081825/https://mossymart.com/product/moondru-mudichchu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aadi Velli
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 = 3:46
| title2 = Naanoru Kadhanayagi
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length2 = 3:07
| title3 = Vasantha Kaala
| extra3 = P. Jayachandran, Vani Jairam, [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length3 = 3:20
| total_length = 10:13
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Moondru Mudichu'' was released on 22 October 1976, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2021 |title=தீபாவளி பண்டிகையும் ரஜினியின் அதிரடி ஹிட் படங்களும்! |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18687&id1=3&issue=20211031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115050328/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18687&id1=3&issue=20211031 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=54}} Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for its cast performances, and called the pre-[[Intermission|interval]] portions better than the post-interval ones.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=21 November 1976 |title=மூன்று முடிச்சு |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/nov/21-11-1976/p39.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728035957/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/nov/21-11-1976/p39.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=39 |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' lauded Rajinikanth for performing an "unsympathetic yet challenging role with style and fineness".<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2025 |title=50 years of Rajinikanth: What 'The Hindu' film critics wrote about the superstar's performances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/50-years-of-rajinikanth-from-apoorva-raagangal-to-coolie-what-the-hindu-critics-have-said-about-the-superstar-over-the-years/article69927797.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250814040245/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/50-years-of-rajinikanth-from-apoorva-raagangal-to-coolie-what-the-hindu-critics-have-said-about-the-superstar-over-the-years/article69927797.ece |archive-date=14 August 2025 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film became a success, and many of Prasath's traits became signature moves of Rajinikanth in his future films, such as his tendency to flip cigarettes into his mouth. Critic [[Naman Ramachandran]] felt that with Prasath's recurring Hindi catchphrase "Teek Hai?" ({{Translation|Okay?}}), "the seed for future Rajini catchphrases had been sown."{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=54}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=27 June 2016 |title=From small screen to big screen |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270616/from-small-screen-to-big-screen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217141524/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270616/from-small-screen-to-big-screen.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? மூன்று முடிச்சு |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/88008/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma-:-Moondrumuduchu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604012552/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/88008/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma-:-Moondrumuduchu.htm |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=31 August 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Bishnu Charan Ghosh

2026-02-28T09:59:56Z

Garrydum: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indian bodybuilder and yoga practitioner (1903–1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1903|06|24}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|7|9|1903|6|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Modern yoga]]
| occupation = [[Bodybuilding]]
| relatives = [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] (brother)
}}
'''Bishnu Charan Ghosh''' (24 June 1903 – 9 July 1970) was an Indian [[bodybuilder]] and [[Hatha Yoga|Hathayogi]]. He was the younger brother of yogi [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], who wrote the 1946 book ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''. In 1923, he founded the '''College of Physical Education, Calcutta'''. His writings influenced the development of modern [[yoga as exercise]] [[Postural yoga in India|in India]] and [[Bikram Choudhury]] founded [[Bikram Yoga]] based on his teachings.

Annual yoga championships in Los Angeles are named the '''Bishnu Charan Ghosh Cup''' in his honour.

== Life ==
Bishnu Charan Ghosh was born in a well to do [[Bengali language|Bengali]] family in [[Lahore]], the youngest of eight children of Bhagabati Charan Ghosh (1853–1942) and brother of Mukunda Lal Ghosh, better known by his spiritual name, [[Paramahansa Yogananda]].{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=132–135}}<ref name="Knight 2014"/> His parents' guru was [[Lahiri Mahasaya]], who taught [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]].<ref name="Knight 2014"/>

Yogananda introduced Ghosh to [[yoga]] at his Ranchi School for Boys in [[Bengal]], where he was one of the first seven pupils. As well as Yogananda's set of 84 "Yogoda" asanas gathered from different sources, his brother taught him the abdominal muscle isolation exercise traditionally used in hatha yoga as the purification ([[shatkarma]]) known as [[nauli]]; Yogananda had used the exercise to impress Western audiences with his muscle control. In 1923, at the age of twenty, Ghosh opened the College of Physical Education in Calcutta, today run by his granddaughter Muktamala Ghosh under the name Ghosh's Yoga College. In 1925, he trained in physical education at the [[University of Calcutta]], taught according to India's traditional (medieval) physical culture of training, diet, and lifestyle. The equipment consisted of rough "nal" stones with a hole for use as a handle.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=132–135}}<ref name="Newcombe2017">{{cite journal |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |title=The Revival of Yoga in Contemporary India |journal=Religion |publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedias |volume=1 |year=2017 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.253|isbn=9780199340378 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48147/1/April_Yoga_Revival_Newcombe.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Vancouver">{{cite web |title=Bishnu Ghosh Biography |url=http://www.bikramyogavancouver.com/history-of-yoga/bishnu-ghosh-biography/ |publisher=Bikram Yoga Vancouver |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903043715/http://www.bikramyogavancouver.com/history-of-yoga/bishnu-ghosh-biography/ |archive-date=3 September 2013 |date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

In 1930, he published his book ''Muscle Control'', which relied heavily on the German bodybuilder Maxick ([[Max Sick]])'s 1913 book of the same name.{{sfn|Maxick|1913}}{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=132–135}}<ref name="Knight 2014"/> The book features his adoptive nephew, Buddha Bose, demonstrating nauli and uddiyana bandha; Bose wrote a manuscript on ''84 Asanas'', not published until the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Jerome |author-link=Jerome Armstrong |title=Buddha Bose {{!}} 84 Asanas |url=http://www.buddhabose.com/about-buddha.html |website=Buddha Bose |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604122711/http://www.buddhabose.com/about-buddha.html |archive-date=4 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1939, Ghosh went to America and taught at [[Columbia University]], [[New York City|New York]]. In 1968, he went on a lecture tour of [[Japan]].<ref name="Knight 2014"/>

== Philosophy ==
Bishnu's muscle control was strongly influenced by Yogananda's Method ''Yogoda'', as described in his 1925 book on that subject.<ref>[[Paramahansa Yogananda]]: ''General Principles and Merits of Yogoda or Tissue-Will System of Body and Mind Perfection, Originated and Taught by Swami Yogananda.'' Los Angeles 1925.</ref> This "Body Perfection by Will" relied on the use of weights and special apparatus for musclebuilding. Added to this was the weaving in of traditional [[asana]]s from [[Hatha yoga]]; he became well known in India as a Hathayogi, teaching a yoga that was "a fusion of asanas, [[physical culture]], and the muscle manipulation techniques that Ghosh had first learned from his brother".{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=132–135}}{{sfn|Ghosh|1980|p=249}}<ref name="Knight 2014">{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Bonnie |title=Bishnu Charan Ghosh and His Influence on Modern Postural Yoga |url=http://lmuits.wpengine.com/historyofmodernyoga/bishnu-charan-ghosh/ |website=History of Modern Yoga |access-date=27 March 2019 |date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224754/http://lmuits.wpengine.com/historyofmodernyoga/bishnu-charan-ghosh/ |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The yoga researcher [[Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)|Mark Singleton]] has argued that Ghosh's method contributed significantly to the development of [[yoga as exercise|modern postural yoga]].{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=132–135}} It has been stated that Ghosh also influenced the development of [[Sivananda Yoga]]'s sequence of 12 basic asanas.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=135}}

==Legacy==

Ghosh's Yoga College in North Kolkata continues to offer training in therapeutic yoga in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghosh's Yoga College Teacher Training |url=https://www.ghoshyogatraining.com/ |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216162554/https://www.ghoshyogatraining.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Bikram Choudhury]], creator of [[Bikram Yoga]], claimed to have been taught by Ghosh from the age of five. However, he did not become a regular student at Bishnu's gymnasium until 1962 at the age of 18. At that time Bikram was a bodybuilder. His system of yoga was based on Ghosh's teachings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=Jerome |title=Calcutta Yoga |date=9 January 2020 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-1-5290-4811-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvjCDwAAQBAJ&dq=bikram+yoga-bayam&pg=PP320 |access-date=12 December 2021 |page=320|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Schickel 2003">{{cite news |url=https://www.laweekly.com/body-work/ |title=Body Work |last=Schickel |first=Erica |date=25 September 2003 |work=[[L.A. Weekly]] |access-date=21 November 2019 |publisher=[[LA Weekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |last=Henderson |first=Julia L. |title=Bikram. ''30for30'', season 3, episodes 4&5 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=2018 |url=https://30for30podcasts.com/bikram/}}</ref> Choudhury named the Bishnu Charan Ghosh Cup, awarded annually at the International Yoga Asana Championships in Los Angeles, in Ghosh's honor.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Yoga Asana Championship |url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2012/06/11/sports/SPTSYOGA0611.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 June 2013 |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Beck |first1=Sara |title=Yoga Is Not Just Posing as Sport at World Event |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/sports/world-yoga-tournament-displays-real-athleticism.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 June 2012 |quote=Silence prevailed during the yoga asana routines of the ninth annual Bishnu Charan Ghosh Cup ... Onstage, a garland-draped image of Bishnu Ghosh, Bikram’s guru, looked on while seven judges sat with pencils raised, critiquing the routines.}}</ref><ref name="Whitworth 2010">{{cite news |last1=Whitworth |first1=Melissa |title=Are you cool enough for competitive yoga? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/wellbeing/7803435/Are-you-cool-enough-for-competitive-yoga.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 June 2010}}</ref>

== Pupils ==
* [[Reba Rakshit]] (1933–2010), who could withstand the weight of cars and elephants driven over her chest.<ref>{{cite news |title=No more a traditional celebration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-more-a-traditional-celebration/articleshow/802785664.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 October 2001}}</ref>
* [[Monotosh Roy]] (1917–2005), who in 1951 became the first Indian bodybuilder to win the title of [[Universe Championships|Mr. Universe]].<ref name="ie03072005">{{cite news |title=The Indian Atlas |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/73754/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 July 2005 |access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="sandow">{{cite web |url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/India/Monotosh/roy.htm |title=Monotosh Roy |work=Sandow and the Golden Age of Iron Men: The Online Physical Culture Museum |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021227004108/http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/India/Monotosh/roy.htm |archive-date=27 December 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ibbf">{{cite web |url=http://worldchampion2011.in/monotosh_roy.php |title=Monotosh Roy: The first Asian to be crowned Mr. Universe (1917–2005) |work=Mr. Universe 2011 |publisher=Indian Bodybuilding and Fitness Federation |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321210118/http://www.worldchampion2011.in/monotosh_roy.php |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Works ==
* B.C. Ghosh and K.C. Sen Gupta: ''[[iarchive:217858632-muscle-control-and-barbell-exercise|Muscle Control and Barbell Exercise]]''. College of Physical Education, Calcutta, 1930.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga teacher) |title=Yoga body : the origins of modern posture practice | publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539534-1 |oclc=318191988 }}
* {{cite book |author=Maxick |title=Muscle Control, or Body Development by Will-Power |year=1913 |publisher=Ewart, Seymour & Co. |url=https://archive.org/stream/MuscleControl/Muscle_Control#page/n5/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=S. L. |title=Mejda, the Family and Early Life of Paramahansa Yogananda |date=1980 |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |location=Los Angeles }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.ghoshtrustfund.com/bishnu-charan-ghosh/ Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004041211/http://www.ghoshtrustfund.com/bishnu-charan-ghosh/ |date=4 October 2017 }}

{{Modern yoga}}
{{Physical culture}}
{{Paramahansa Yogananda}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]
[[Category:Paramahansa Yogananda]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Bodybuilders from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Lahore]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Mayawati

2026-02-27T09:56:22Z

Garrydum: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|18th Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{for|Hindu goddess|Mayavati}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mayawati
| office = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|2nd National President of the Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| image = Mayawati in 2016.jpg
| caption = Mayawati in 2016
| predecessor = [[Kanshi Ram]]
| footnotes =
| signature =
| office2 =
| predecessor2 = [[President's rule]]
| successor2 = Mulayam Singh Yadav
| birth_name = Kumari Mayawati Das
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|01|15}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| residence = {{ubl|13-A, Mall Avenue, [[Lucknow]]}}
| alma_mater = *[[University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Laws |LL.B]], [[Bachelor of Arts |B.A]])
*[[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] ([[Bachelor of Education |B.Ed]])
| occupation = {{ubl|[[Politician]]|social worker|lawyer}}
| blank1 =
| website =
| term_start = 18 September 2003
| term_end =
| term_start3 = 21 April 1997
| term_end3 = 21 September 1997
| predecessor3 = [[President's rule]]
| successor3 = [[Kalyan Singh]]
| term_start4 = 3 June 1995
| term_end4 = 18 October 1995
| predecessor4 = Mulayam Singh Yadav]
| governor4 = [[Motilal Vora]]
| governor3 = [[Romesh Bhandari]]
| governor2 = [[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]
| governor1 = [[T. V. Rajeswar]] [[Banwari Lal Joshi]]
| successor4 = [[President's rule]]
| term_start5 = 3 April 2012
| term_end5 = 20 July 2017
| constituency6 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency7 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor8 = [[Tribhuvan Dutt]]
| successor8 = [[Shankhlal Majhi]]
| constituency8 = [[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor9 = Ghanshyam Kharwar
| successor9 = [[Tribhuvan Dutt]]
| constituency9 = [[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency10 = [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh]]
| termstart10 = 1989
| termend10 = 1991
| predecessor10 = [[Meira Kumar]]
| successor10 = [[Mangal Ram Premi]]
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| office1 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|18th]] [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| termstart1 = 13 May 2007
| termend1 = 15 March 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| successor1 = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| termstart6 = 5 July 2004
| termend6 = 5 July 2007
| termstart7 = 3 April 1994
| termend7 = 25 October 1996
| constituency5 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| office8 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| termstart2 = 3 May 2002
| termend2 = 29 August 2003
| termstart8 = 2004
| termend8 = 2004
| termstart9 = 1998
| termend9 = 2002
| office11 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| termstart11 = 28 June 2007
| termend11 = 12 April 2012
| constituency11 = ''Elected by the MLAs''
| office12 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart12 = 2002
| termend12 = 2003
| constituency12 = [[Harora Assembly constituency|Harora]]
| termstart13 = 2002
| termend13 = 2002
| constituency13 = Jahangirganj
| termend14 = 1998
| termstart14 = 1996
| constituency14 = [[Harora Assembly constituency|Harora]]
| successor13 = Jai Ram Vimal
| successor14 = [[Jagpal]]
| predecessor13 = Bheem Prasad
| predecessor14 = [[Mohar Singh Rathore]]
| predecessor12 = [[Jagpal]]
| successor12 = Vimla Rakesh
| termstart15 = 1996
| termend15 = 1997
| predecessor15 = Yogender Kumar Sagar
| successor15 = Bhola Shanker Morya
| constituency15 = [[Bilsi Assembly constituency|Bilsi]]
}}

'''Kumari Mayawati''' (born '''Kumari Mayawati Das''';<ref name="Guardian_2009"/> 15 January 1956) is an Indian politician<ref name="cm_profile" /> who served as the 18th [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] from 1995 to 1995, 1997 to 1997, 2002 to 2003 and from 2007 to 2012. She is the national president of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), which focuses on a platform of social change for ''Bahujans'', more commonly known as [[Other Backward Class]]es, [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] as well as [[Religion in India|religious minorities]] since 2003.

Mayawati had also served as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from 2012 to 2017 from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Mayawati's rise from humble beginnings has been called a "miracle of democracy" by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], former [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]].<ref name="Tehelka 2008" /> In 1993, [[Kanshi Ram]] formed a coalition with the [[Samajwadi Party]] and Mayawati became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1995. She was the first female [[Scheduled Caste]] chief minister in India. In 1997 and in 2002 she was chief minister with outside support from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the second time only for a year up to 26 August 2003 due to BJP withdrawing support.<ref name="The Tribune 03">{{cite web | title=Mayawati resigns, Mulayam stakes claim BSP snaps ties with NDA * Governor sends report to Centre | website=tribuneindia.com | date=27 August 2003 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030827/main1.htm | access-date=19 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223233424/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030827/main1.htm | archive-date=23 February 2007 }}</ref>

Mayawati's tenure has attracted praise and criticism. Millions of [[Dalit]]s across India popularly view her as an icon, and refer to her as ''Behen-ji'' (elder sister).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Ashutosh |title=Behenji gets a new party prefix: Iron Lady Maya - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/behenji-gets-a-new-party-prefix-iron-lady-maya/663465/ |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=Indian Express |date=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Swati |title=India: Where on earth is Miss Mayawati? |url=https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/india-where-on-earth-is-miss-mayawati-1.93556056 |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=Gulf News |date=1 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601125207/https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/india-where-on-earth-is-miss-mayawati-1.93556056 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party and her birthdays have been widely celebrated by her supporters. On the contrary, the rise in her personal wealth and that of her party have been criticised as indicative of corruption.<ref name="CNN 2012" />

== Early life and education ==
Mayawati was born as Kumari Mayawati Das<ref name="TOI_Sep2011">{{cite news |title=On Race Course road? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/On-Race-Course-road/articleshow/10025018.cms |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601124754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/On-Race-Course-road/articleshow/10025018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian_2009">{{cite news |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Gethin |title=Mayawati: Power broker of the lower castes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/26/profile-mayawati-india-election-dalit |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=25 April 2009 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601124754/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/26/profile-mayawati-india-election-dalit |url-status=live }}</ref> on 15 January 1956 at [[Lady Hardinge Medical College|Shrimati Sucheta Kriplani Hospital]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="hindudalit1">{{cite web|date=16 April 2016|first=Pankaj|last=Shah|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bewildering-turn-of-events-whats-behind-mayawatis-refusal-to-embrace-buddhism-2734192.html|title=A bewildering twist: Why did Mayawati refuse to embrace Buddhism?|work=First Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419203303/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bewildering-turn-of-events-whats-behind-mayawatis-refusal-to-embrace-buddhism-2734192.html|archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="hindudalit2">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/BSP-Mayawati-wont-embrace-Buddhism-now/articleshow/51849413.cms|date=18 April 2016|first=Ambikanand|last=Sahay|title=BSP: Mayawati won't embrace Buddhism now|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419140628/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/BSP-Mayawati-wont-embrace-Buddhism-now/articleshow/51849413.cms|archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=7 February 2012|title=Mayawati – the untouchable idol of India's most populous state|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/07/mayawati-profile-uttar-pradesh-chief-minister|access-date=18 June 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205113042/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/07/mayawati-profile-uttar-pradesh-chief-minister|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Mayawati talks of a secret successor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mayawati-talks-of-a-secret-successor-28178-2008-08-09 |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=India Today |date=9 August 2008 |language=en|location=Lucknow|url-status=live|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607032508/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mayawati-talks-of-a-secret-successor-28178-2008-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zanane |first=Anant R |date=25 January 2019 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/when-mayawati-didnt-recognize-akhilesh-dimple-yadav-a-bodyguards-story-1983228 |title=I Was Mayawati's Bodyguard For 18 years, She Was ''Behen-ji'' The Great |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=7 June 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607035651/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/when-mayawati-didnt-recognize-akhilesh-dimple-yadav-a-bodyguards-story-1983228 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |quote=Padam Singh is a Jatav Dalit, the same caste that Mayawati belongs to.}}</ref> Her father Prabhu Das, was a post office employee at [[Badalpur, Gautam Buddh Nagar|Badalpur]] village, near [[Dadri]] in [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]].<ref name="cm_profile" /> The sons in the family were sent to private schools, while the daughters went to "low-performing government schools".<ref name="Bose 2008" />

Mayawati studied for her B.A. in 1975 at the [[Kalindi College]], [[University of Delhi]] and obtained her [[LL.B.]] from the prestigious [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1983. She completed a [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed.]] from [[Meerut University]]'s VMLG College, [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]], in 1976.<ref name="cm_profile" /> She was working as a teacher in Inderpuri JJ Colony, Delhi, and studying for the [[Indian Administrative Services]] exams, when [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and Other backward castes politician [[Kanshi Ram]] visited her family home in 1977. According to biographer [[Ajoy Bose]], Ram told her: "I can make you such a big leader one day that not one but a whole row of IAS officers will line up for your orders."<ref name="Bose 2008" /> [[Kanshi Ram]] included her as a member of his team when he founded the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) in 1984.<ref name="Singh 2003" /> Mayawati was first elected to [[Indian parliament|Parliament]] in 1989.<ref name="Al Jazeera" />

== Early political career ==

Kanshi Ram founded the BSP in 1984. Influenced by [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the party's primary focus is to improve the situation of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and other [[Other Backward Class|disadvantaged groups]] through policy reform, [[affirmative action]] on hiring of members of scheduled castes for government posts, and providing rural development programmes.<ref name="Singh 2003" /> [[Reservation in India]] is a system whereby a percentage of government positions and seats at universities are reserved for persons of backward classes and scheduled castes and tribes. Throughout her political career, Mayawati supported reservation in both government and private sectors for backward classes, with an increase in quotas and inclusion of more communities such as religious minorities and economically weak upper castes.<ref name="IBN Live 2007" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/06/mayawati-reservation-private-sector-amendment-constitution-1202307300.html|title=Mayawati demands reservation in private sector, wants amendment in Constitution|work=oneindia|date=6 February 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208184012/http://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/06/mayawati-reservation-private-sector-amendment-constitution-1202307300.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mayawati-wants-dalit-quota-in-judiciary-and-private-sector/articleshow/10197095.cms|title=Mayawati wants dalit quota in judiciary and private sector|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002065811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mayawati-wants-dalit-quota-in-judiciary-and-private-sector/articleshow/10197095.cms|archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/modi-govt-privatising-projects-to-deny-reservation-in-jobs-mayawati/|title=Modi govt privatising projects to deny reservation in jobs: Mayawati|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129111334/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/modi-govt-privatising-projects-to-deny-reservation-in-jobs-mayawati/|archive-date=29 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-should-have-gone-into-reservation-in-private-sector-mayawati/article7932880.ece|title=PM should have gone into reservation in private sector: Mayawati|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321065606/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-should-have-gone-into-reservation-in-private-sector-mayawati/article7932880.ece|archive-date=21 March 2018|last1=Singh|first1=Vijaita}}</ref> In August 2012 a bill was cleared that starts the process of amending the constitution so that the reservation system can be expanded to promotions in state jobs.<ref name="Hindustan Times August 2012" /> Mayawati's career has been called a "miracle of democracy" by former Prime Minister of India [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name="Tehelka 2008" /> Millions of Dalit supporters view her as an icon and refer to her as "Behen-ji" (sister).<ref name="BBC 2009" /> Her public meetings have been attended by large audiences, who use slogans such as ''"Kanshi Ram ka mission Adhoora; karegi Behen Mayawati poora"'' (Kanshi Ram's unfulfilled mission will be completed by Mayawati) and ''"Behenji tum sangharsh karo; hum tumhare saath hain"'' (Sister, go ahead with your struggle; we are with you).<ref name="Rediff 2006" />

In its first election campaign in 1984, BSP fielded Mayawati for the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House) seat of [[Kairana]] in the [[Muzaffarnagar district]], for [[Bijnor]] in 1985, and for [[Haridwar]] in 1987. In 1989 she was elected as the representative for [[Bijnor]], with 183,189 votes, winning by 8,879 votes.<ref name="CNN-IBN 1989" /><ref name="Subrahmaniam 2010" /> Although BSP did not win control of the house, the electoral experience led to considerable activity for Mayawati over the next five years, as she worked with Mahsood Ahmed and other organisers. The party won three seats in the 1989 national election<ref name="1989 election" /> and two seats in 1991.<ref name="1991 election" />

Mayawati was first elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper House) of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP) in 1994.<ref name="cm_profile" /> In 1995 she became, as head of her party, [[Chief Minister]] in a short-lived coalition government, the youngest [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] in the history of the state up until that point, and the first female Dalit Chief Minister in India.<ref name="BBC 2009" /><ref name="Patni 2007" /> She won election to the Lok Sabha in two different constituencies in 1996 and chose to serve for [[Harora (Assembly constituency)|Harora]].<ref name="cm_profile" /> She became Chief Minister again for a short period in 1997 and then from 2002 to 2003 in coalition with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In 2001 Ram named her as his successor to the party leadership.<ref name="Al Jazeera" />

On 15 December 2001, in an address during a rally Lucknow, [[Kanshi Ram]] named Mayawati as his successor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kanshi Ram, Messiah of Dalits, is no more|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/09/kanshi-ram-messiah-of-dalits-is-no-more-1160401116.html|date=9 October 2006|work=OneIndia|publisher=Greynium Information Technologies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406073713/http://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/09/kanshi-ram-messiah-of-dalits-is-no-more-1160401116.html|archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> She was elected national president of the BSP for her first term on 18 September 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Ramendrah |title=Mayawati @60: BSP chief charting out strategy for UP assembly elections |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mayawati-60-bsp-chief-charting-out-strategy-for-up-assembly-elections/ |date=14 January 2016 |work=Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413164028/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mayawati-60-bsp-chief-charting-out-strategy-for-up-assembly-elections/ |archive-date=13 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=8 March 2022 |title=Mayawati, Kanshi Ram's political heir and UP's first Dalit CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mayawati-kanshi-ram-political-heir-and-up-first-dalit-cm-7807303/ |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402210016/https://indianexpress.com/elections/mayawati-kanshi-ram-political-heir-and-up-first-dalit-cm-7807303/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She was elected unopposed for a second consecutive term on 27 August 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayawati elected BSP chief for 2nd term |date=27 August 2006 |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/27/mayawati-elected-bsp-chief-2nd-term.html |work=OneIndia |publisher=Greynium Information Technologies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406102222/http://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/27/mayawati-elected-bsp-chief-2nd-term.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ==
As the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]], Mayawati gained a reputation for [[Good governance|efficient governance]]<ref name="Times 2016">{{cite web | last=Bose | first=Ajoy | title=Mayawati's USP to return as CM is not caste but good governance | date=22 January 2016 | url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/mayawatis-usp-to-return-as-cm-is-not-caste-but-good-governance/ | work=Economic Times | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517063736/http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/mayawatis-usp-to-return-as-cm-is-not-caste-but-good-governance/ | archive-date=17 May 2016 }}</ref> and promoting law and order,<ref name="Lal 2014">{{cite web | last=Lal | first=Ratan Mani | title=Why Badaun gangrape could mark Mayawati's big political return | work=Firstpost | date=3 June 2014 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/why-badaun-gangrape-could-mark-mayawatis-big-political-return-1553959.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106080402/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/why-badaun-gangrape-could-mark-mayawatis-big-political-return-1553959.html | archive-date=6 November 2016 }}</ref> winning praise even from opposition parties<ref name="TNN PTI 2003">{{cite web | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | title=BJP praises Mayawati's governance | work=The Times of India | date=10 March 2003 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-praises-Mayawatis-governance/articleshow/39890663.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321065607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-praises-Mayawatis-governance/articleshow/39890663.cms | archive-date=21 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="PTI 2013">{{cite news | agency=Press Trust of India | title=BSP's regime better than SP, says Digvijay | newspaper=The Hindu | date=8 September 2013 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bsps-regime-better-than-sp-says-digvijay/article5107048.ece | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002053127/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bsps-regime-better-than-sp-says-digvijay/article5107048.ece | archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="http://aninews.in 2016">{{cite web | title='Dalit dominant' BSP better than 'Goonda Raj' SP: Beni Prasad Verma | work=ANI News | date=16 May 2016 | url=http://aninews.in/newsdetail2/story39943/-039-dalit-dominant-039-bsp-better-than-039-goonda-raj-039-sp-beni-prasad-verma.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605043420/http://aninews.in/newsdetail2/story39943/-039-dalit-dominant-039-bsp-better-than-039-goonda-raj-039-sp-beni-prasad-verma.html | archive-date=5 June 2016 }}</ref> and other rivals.<ref name="PTI 13">{{cite news | agency=Press Trust of India | title=Maulana Ahmed Bukhari praises Mayawati, says she only knows how to rule | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=22 April 2013 | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maulana-ahmed-bukhari-praises-mayawati-says-she-only-knows-how-to-rule/articleshow/19679214.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234733/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maulana-ahmed-bukhari-praises-mayawati-says-she-only-knows-how-to-rule/articleshow/19679214.cms | archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Dixit 2014">{{cite web | last=Dixit | first=Neha | title=In western Uttar Pradesh, riot-affected Muslims bank on Mayawati | work=Scroll.in | date=10 April 2014 | url=http://scroll.in/article/661223/in-western-uttar-pradesh-riot-affected-muslims-bank-on-mayawati | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604035400/http://scroll.in/article/661223/in-western-uttar-pradesh-riot-affected-muslims-bank-on-mayawati | archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="TNN 2011">{{cite web | agency=[[Times News Network]] | title=Sonia praises Mayawati, calls her symbol of women's empowerment | work=The Times of India | date=19 March 2011 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sonia-praises-Mayawati-calls-her-symbol-of-womens-empowerment/articleshow/7739939.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321065607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sonia-praises-Mayawati-calls-her-symbol-of-womens-empowerment/articleshow/7739939.cms | archive-date=21 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="TOI 2013">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title=BSP's regime better than SP, Digvijaya says | work=The Times of India | date=8 September 2013 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSPs-regime-better-than-SP-Digvijaya-says/articleshow/22414101.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321065607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSPs-regime-better-than-SP-Digvijaya-says/articleshow/22414101.cms | archive-date=21 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="India Today 2009">{{cite web | agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] | title=Mayawati deserves to be PM more than Advani, Manmohan: Bardhan | work=India Today | date=20 March 2009 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-north/uttar-pradesh/story/mayawati-deserves-to-be-pm-more-than-advani-manmohan-bardhan-42249-2009-03-19 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604122406/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Mayawati+deserves+to+be+PM+more+than+Advani+Manmohan:+Bardhan/1/33221.html | archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> In 2007, MP [[Umakant Yadav]] of her own political party, accused in a [[land grabbing]] case, was arrested near her dwelling on her orders.<ref name="oneindia.com 2007">{{cite web | title=Mayawati gets her MP arrested over firing, encroachment | website=www.oneindia.com | date=30 May 2007 | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/30/mayawati-gets-her-mp-arrested-over-firing-encroachment-1180517936.html | access-date=17 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611153457/http://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/30/mayawati-gets-her-mp-arrested-over-firing-encroachment-1180517936.html | archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu 07">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Atiq | title=BSP MP held outside Mayawati's house | newspaper=The Hindu | date=31 May 2007 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/bsp-mp-held-outside-mayawatis-house/article1849870.ece | access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> During September–October 2010, at the time of the [[Ayodhya dispute#Title cases|Ayodhya verdict]], her government maintained law and order<ref name="dna 2010">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title=Ayodhya verdict: Mayawati warns of strict action against trouble makers | work=dna | date=1 October 2010 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ayodhya-verdict-mayawati-warns-of-strict-action-against-trouble-makers-1446050 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203131651/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ayodhya-verdict-mayawati-warns-of-strict-action-against-trouble-makers-1446050 | archive-date=3 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Zee News 2010">{{cite web | title=UP CM asks officials to be vigilant in view of Ayodhya verdict | work=Zee News | date=23 September 2010 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-cm-asks-officials-to-be-vigilant-in-view-of-ayodhya-verdict_656928.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924151721/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-cm-asks-officials-to-be-vigilant-in-view-of-ayodhya-verdict_656928.html | archive-date=24 September 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Rediff 10">{{cite web | title=Mayawati prepares for fallout of Ayodhya verdict | work=Rediff News | date=21 September 2010 | url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/21/ayodhya-mayawati-prepares-for-verdict-fallout.htm | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611023410/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/21/ayodhya-mayawati-prepares-for-verdict-fallout.htm | archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> and the state remained peaceful.<ref name="Rediff 2010">{{cite web | title=Images: India accepts Ayodhya verdict peacefully | work=Rediff News | date=1 October 2010 | url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/01/slide-show-1-india-accepts-ayodhya-verdict-peacefully.htm | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611020658/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/01/slide-show-1-india-accepts-ayodhya-verdict-peacefully.htm | archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> Several high-profile criminals and mafia dons were jailed during her terms in office.<ref name="The Tribune, Chandigarh, India 2008">{{cite web | title=Fugitive mafia don Brijesh Singh in police net after 20 yrs | work=The Tribune | date=25 January 2008 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080125/main2.htm | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502175636/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080125/main2.htm | archive-date=2 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="India Today 10022003 2003">{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Subhash |title=Uttar Pradesh CM Mayawatis Dalit-led regime makes life miserable for Rajput leader Raja Bhaiya |work=India Today |date=10 February 2003 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/states-uttar-pradesh/story/20030210-uttar-pradesh-cm-mayawatis-dalit-led-regime-makes-life-miserable-for-rajput-leader-raja-bhaiya-793509-2003-02-09 |access-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604112229/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttar-pradesh-cm-mayawatis-dalit-led-regime-makes-life-miserable-for-rajput-leader-raja-bhaiya/1/207121.html |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="India Today 30061997 1997">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Subhash | title=Mulayam Singh Yadav takes on Mayawati, but key UF allies stay away | work=India Today | date=30 June 1997 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19970630-mulayam-singh-yadav-takes-on-mayawati-but-key-uf-allies-stay-away-830274-1997-06-29 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604100125/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mulayam-singh-yadav-takes-on-mayawati-but-key-uf-allies-stay-away/1/274356.html | archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="TNN 2007">{{cite web | agency=Times News Network | title=Mayawati tables MCOCA-like Bill to end mafia run | work=The Times of India | date=1 November 2007 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mayawati-tables-MCOCA-like-Bill-to-end-mafia-run/articleshow/2506742.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029201513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mayawati-tables-MCOCA-like-Bill-to-end-mafia-run/articleshow/2506742.cms | archive-date=29 October 2017 }}</ref> She called for strong anti-rape laws.<ref name="IBN7">{{cite web | title=More amendments needed to make anti-rape law stronger: Mayawati | work=IBN7 | date=16 May 2016 | url=http://www.ibn7.com/india/item/35168-more-amendments-needed-to-make-anti-rape-law-stronger-mayawati | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624042738/http://www.ibn7.com/india/item/35168-more-amendments-needed-to-make-anti-rape-law-stronger-mayawati | archive-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="IBN7 16">{{cite web | title=Rise above party politics to stop rapes: Mayawati | website=IBN7 | date=16 May 2016 | url=http://www.ibn7.com/politics/item/35137-rise-above-party-politics-to-stop-rapes-mayawati | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624045806/http://www.ibn7.com/politics/item/35137-rise-above-party-politics-to-stop-rapes-mayawati | archive-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref> Fewer riots,<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2013">{{cite web | last=Rai | first=Manmohan | title=Samajwadi Party ruling: Over 3 dozen riots reported in UP in less than 2 years | work=Economic Times | date=9 September 2013 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-09/news/41903441_1_akhilesh-yadav-government-muzaffarnagar-two-youths | access-date=16 May 2016 | archive-date=24 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624172841/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-09/news/41903441_1_akhilesh-yadav-government-muzaffarnagar-two-youths | url-status=dead }}</ref> lowest rapes,<ref name="Shankar Raghuraman 2011">{{cite web | last=Raghuraman | first=Shankar | title=UP has lowest rape rate among all states: NCRB | work=The Times of India | date=28 June 2011 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UP-has-lowest-rape-rate-among-all-states-NCRB/articleshow/9020594.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208073910/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UP-has-lowest-rape-rate-among-all-states-NCRB/articleshow/9020594.cms | archive-date=8 February 2017 }}</ref> and least corruption<ref name="ABP Live 2016">{{cite web | title=ABP News Opinion Poll: BSP less corrupt | work=ABP Live | date=22 April 2013 | url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/abp-news-opinion-poll-bsp-to-win-185-seats-if-up-polls-are-held-now-306920 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525112733/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/abp-news-opinion-poll-bsp-to-win-185-seats-if-up-polls-are-held-now-306920 | archive-date=25 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="In 2009">{{cite web | title=Mayawati cracks whip on corrupt officials: An FIR was lodged against over 5000 people | work=The Indian Express | date=11 September 2009 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/mayawati-cracks-whip-on-corrupt-officials/ | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807002224/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/mayawati-cracks-whip-on-corrupt-officials/ | archive-date=7 August 2016 }}</ref> occurred during her tenure as compared to previous or successive governments. In the 2007–2012 assembly, only 124 MLAs were [[wikt:crorepati|crorepati]]s as compared to 271 crorepatis in successive assembly elected in 2012.<ref name="Mishra 2012">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Akshaya | title=The crorepati leader: Oh my, how well politics pays! | work=Firstpost | date=12 March 2012 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-crorepati-leader-oh-my-how-well-politics-pays-241516.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106024322/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-crorepati-leader-oh-my-how-well-politics-pays-241516.html | archive-date=6 November 2016 }}</ref> Uttar Pradesh achieved higher [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] [[Economic growth|growth rate]] at 17 per cent<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-k-bhattacharya-are-we-underestimating-mayawati-111111600029_1.html|title=A K Bhattacharya: Are we underestimating Mayawati?|last=Bhattacharya|first=A. K.|date=16 November 2011|work=Business Standard India|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808011322/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-k-bhattacharya-are-we-underestimating-mayawati-111111600029_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/average-growth-rate-in-akhileshs-first-4-years-was-below-mayawati-and-nowhere-near-nitishs/articleshow/57404960.cms|title=Average growth rate in Akhilesh's first 4 years was below Mayawati and nowhere near Nitish's|last=Aiyar|first=Swaminathan S. Anklesaria|date=1 March 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111151326/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/average-growth-rate-in-akhileshs-first-4-years-was-below-mayawati-and-nowhere-near-nitishs/articleshow/57404960.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and lesser [[Crime in India|crime]]s under Mayawati regime as compared to previous and successive governments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/XhW7GrobjR4RRPeLfdscCN/Are-Akhilesh-Yadavs-claims-of-development-in-UP-correct.html|title=Are Akhilesh Yadav's claims of development in Uttar Pradesh correct?|last=Jain|first=Dipti|date=14 October 2016|work=Livemint|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108093229/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/XhW7GrobjR4RRPeLfdscCN/Are-Akhilesh-Yadavs-claims-of-development-in-UP-correct.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== First term, 1995 ===
Mayawati first served as Chief Minister from 3 June 1995 to 18 October 1995 with support of BJP. During this term, the new districts of [[Ambedkar Nagar district]] and [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] were created.<ref name="Singh 2015">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Anand Raj | title=Mayawati may create new district to tame old foe | work=The New Indian Express | date=12 March 2015 | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article398789.ece | access-date=14 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604045449/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article398789.ece | archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref>

=== Second term, 1997 ===
Her second term was from 21 March 1997 to 20 September 1997. A drive under her government allotted ''pattas'' or gram sabha lands on lease to thousands of landless residents.<ref name="Prashar 1998">{{cite web | last=Prashar | first=A. S. | title=A powder keg about to explode? | work=The Tribune | date=25 July 1998 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98jul25/saturday/head2.htm | access-date=14 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605115059/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98jul25/saturday/head2.htm | archive-date=5 June 2016 }}</ref> In April 1997, she created [[Gautam Budh Nagar district]] from the district of Ghaziabad, [[Kaushambi district]] was separated from Allahabad district, and [[Amroha district|Jyotiba Phule Nagar district]] (now called Amroha district) from [[Moradabad district]]. In May 1997, [[Hathras district|Mahamaya Nagar district]] (now called Hathras district) was created out of [[Aligarh district]] and [[Banda district (India)|Banda district]] was split into Banda and [[Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Nagar|Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Nagar]].<ref name="India Today 31051997 1997">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Subhash | title=Uttar Pradesh CM Mayawati wants to improve administration by creating more districts | work=India Today | date=31 May 1997 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/states-uttar-pradesh/story/19970531-uttar-pradesh-cm-mayawati-wants-to-improve-administration-by-creating-more-districts-831441-1997-05-30 | access-date=14 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604111215/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttar-pradesh-cm-mayawati-wants-to-improve-administration-by-creating-more-districts/1/275869.html | archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> Mayawati carried out review meetings with bureaucrats and suspended 127 officers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Our|title=Maya's meetings rattle IAS men|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021224/nation.htm#3|publisher=tribuneindia.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323012114/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021224/nation.htm#3|archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> She set up the Dr Ambedkar Awards and erected over 100 statues of various sizes of Ambedkar in Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad and other key towns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mayawatis-ambedkar-fetish/203926|title=Mayawati's Ambedkar Fetish|website=Outlook|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104134145/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mayawatis-ambedkar-fetish/203926|url-status=live}}</ref>

Her third term was from 3 May 2002 to 26 August 2003, in which she had the support of BJP. She suspended 12 [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officers]], including [[Divisional Commissioner (India)|Divisional Commissioners]] and [[District magistrate|District Magistrates]]. Six [[IPS Officers|IPS officers]] were suspended for failing to maintain law and order, while 24 officers were warned to improve.<ref name="The Tribune, Chandigarh, India 2002">{{cite web | title=Maya's meetings rattle IAS men | website=The Tribune | date=24 December 2002 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021224/nation.htm#3 | access-date=15 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323012114/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021224/nation.htm#3 | archive-date=23 March 2016 }}</ref> She started 511 acre [[Gautam Buddha University]].<ref name="http://www.outlookindia.com/ 2016">{{cite web | title=Bodhi Has Writ | website=outlookindia.com/ | date=17 May 2016 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/bodhi-has-writ/237041 | access-date=17 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611083357/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/bodhi-has-writ/237041 | archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> She renamed King George's Medical University to Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University.<ref name="India Today 28102002 2002">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Subhash | title=Mayawati pursued Dalit agenda, ignored governance during her tenure as Uttar Pradesh CM | work=India Today | date=28 October 2002 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20021028-mayawati-pursued-dalit-agenda-ignored-governance-during-her-tenure-as-uttar-pradesh-cm-794012-2002-10-27 | access-date=15 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104923/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mayawati-pursued-dalit-agenda-ignored-governance-during-her-tenure-as-uttar-pradesh-cm/1/218338.html | archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref> She suspended three senior officials after review in a couple of administrative divisions.<ref name="Rediff.com 2002">{{cite web | last=Pradhan | first=Sharat | title=Mayawati does it again; suspends 3 top officials | work=Rediff News | date=19 December 2002 | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/19sharat.htm | access-date=15 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804144529/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/19sharat.htm | archive-date=4 August 2016 }}</ref>

=== Fourth term, 2007–12 ===
{{Further|2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Fourth Mayawati ministry}}
[[File:Ms. Mayawati's statues akin to Emblem of India, the four Asiatic lions.jpg|thumb|Mayawati's statue [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]].]]
[[Uttar Pradesh]], India's most populous state and one of its poorest, is considered pivotal in the politics of India because of its large number of voters.<ref name="Chandrahas 2011" /><ref name="Times July 2010" /> BSP won a majority in the [[2007 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election|2007 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections]], due to support of Brahmans.<ref name="Rediff 2007" /> The campaign was accompanied by a colourful slogan: ''Haathi nahin, [[Ganesh]] hain, [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahesh]] Hain'': "The elephant (the BSP logo) is really the Lord Ganesha, the trinity of gods rolled into one".<ref name="Desai 2007" /> 37 per cent Brahmins voted for the party.<ref>{{cite web | title="Nobody can stop me" | website=Inside Story | date=14 January 2009 | url=https://insidestory.org.au/nobody-can-stop-me/ | access-date=30 December 2021 | archive-date=30 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230071414/https://insidestory.org.au/nobody-can-stop-me/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Mayawati was sworn in as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for the fourth time on 13 May 2007. She announced an agenda that focused on providing social justice to the weaker sections of society and providing employment instead of distributing money to the unemployed. Her slogan was to make "Uttar Pradesh" ("Northern Province") into "Uttam Pradesh" ("Excellent Province").<ref name="Raina 2007" /> Her government began a major crackdown on irregularities in the recruitment process of police officers recruited during the previous [[Mulayam Singh]] government. Over 18,000 policemen lost their jobs for irregularities in their hiring, and 25 [[Indian Police Service]] officers were suspended for their involvement in corruption while recruiting the constables.<ref name="News Track 2007" /><ref name="Times May 2012" /> Mayawati instituted reforms to introduce transparency into the recruiting process, including posting the results of selection exams online.<ref name="Gupta 2010" />

On 10 August 2007, the Mayawati government proposed 30 per cent reservation in jobs in the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/mayawati-proposes-30-reservation-in-private-sector_388160.html|title=Mayawati proposes 30% reservation in private sector|publisher=ZEE NEWS|date=11 August 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208112720/http://zeenews.india.com/home/mayawati-proposes-30-reservation-in-private-sector_388160.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> A quota for promotions was also introduced, but was later quashed by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Supreme-Court-upholds-High-courts-decision-to-quash-quota-in-promotion/articleshow/12903017.cms?referral=PM|title=Supreme Court upholds High court's decision to quash quota in promotion|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107133419/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Supreme-Court-upholds-High-courts-decision-to-quash-quota-in-promotion/articleshow/12903017.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> In September 2007, Bhimrao Ambedkar Rural Integrated Development Programme was started.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | title=Mayawati to develop gram sabhas | newspaper=The Hindu | date=14 September 2007 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/mayawati-to-develop-gram-sabhas/article1911189.ece | access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> The Dr Ambedkar Gram Vikas Yojana scheme was launched for supplying water, electricity, and constructing roads in villages with a Dalit majority.<ref name="Raote 2012">{{cite news | last=Raote | first=Rrishi | title=Under the elephant's spell | work=Business Standard News | date=24 March 2012 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/under-the-elephant-s-spell-112032400005_1.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611135820/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/under-the-elephant-s-spell-112032400005_1.html | archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="The Independent 2008">{{cite web | last=Buncombe | first=Andrew | title=Mayawati Kumari: Untouchable and unstoppable | work=The Independent | date=4 February 2008 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/mayawati-kumari-untouchable-and-unstoppable-777695.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610180818/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/mayawati-kumari-untouchable-and-unstoppable-777695.html | archive-date=10 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Forbes India Magazine 2012">{{cite web | title=The Battle For U.P. | work=Forbes India Magazine | date=30 January 2012 | url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/32110 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531161545/http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/32110 | archive-date=31 May 2016 }}</ref> Under this scheme, 24,716 villages received improvements.

In 2008, Mayawati launched, ''Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Shahri Garib Awas Yojna'', a scheme for building low-cost housing colonies for urban poor with 90,000 low-cost homes under the first round of construction in different towns and cities across the state while a second and a third round were still underway when government ended in 2012 and next government scrapped the scheme including cutting down electricity of these colonies.<ref name="Sharma 2014">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Supriya | title=Powerless under Akhilesh, the poor in Lucknow want either Mayawati or Aamir Khan | website=Scroll.in | date=19 April 2014 | url=http://scroll.in/article/662299/powerless-under-akhilesh-the-poor-in-lucknow-want-either-mayawati-or-aamir-khan | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604031055/http://scroll.in/article/662299/powerless-under-akhilesh-the-poor-in-lucknow-want-either-mayawati-or-aamir-khan | archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref>

Mayawati government started efforts to set up solar power plants and the first 5 MW solar power plant located in [[Naini]] of [[Allahabad district]] started functioning in March 2012 and was developed by EMC Limited.<ref name="Sify 2012">{{cite web | agency=IBNS | title=Akhilesh Yadav gets Mayawati's dividends | work=Sify News | date=22 March 2012 | url=http://www.sify.com/news/akhilesh-yadav-gets-mayawati-s-dividends-news-politics-mdwrF4cjidfsi.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630065446/http://www.sify.com/news/akhilesh-yadav-gets-mayawati-s-dividends-news-politics-mdwrF4cjidfsi.html | archive-date=30 June 2016 }}</ref> UP government signed a MoU with [[NTPC Limited]] for 1,320-MW power plant.<ref name="Reporters 2007">{{cite news | title=NTPC, UP ink MoU for 1,320-Mw plant | work=Business Standard News | date=23 November 2007 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ntpc-up-ink-mou-for-1-320-mw-plant-107112301059_1.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611144852/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ntpc-up-ink-mou-for-1-320-mw-plant-107112301059_1.html | archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> Mayawati's dream project of 165 km six lane [[Yamuna Expressway]] connected Delhi to Agra through [[Noida–Greater Noida Expressway]], touching 1,182 villages in the state.<ref name="SENSEX 1977">{{cite news | agency=Times News Network | title=Yamuna expressway to become operational this month | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=7 April 2012 | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/yamuna-expressway-to-become-operational-this-month/articleshow/12566796.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | archive-date=28 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128084939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/yamuna-expressway-to-become-operational-this-month/articleshow/12566796.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Later, [[Indian Air Force]] fighter jet [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] test-Landed on Yamuna Expressway as Part of Trials.<ref name="NDTV.com 2015">{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Deepshikha | title=Mirage 2000 Fighter Jet Test-Lands on Yamuna Expressway Near Delhi as Part of Trials | publisher=NDTV | date=21 May 2015 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mirage-fighter-jet-test-lands-on-yamuna-expressway-near-delhi-764830 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605135042/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mirage-fighter-jet-test-lands-on-yamuna-expressway-near-delhi-764830 | archive-date=5 June 2016 }}</ref> On 15 January 2008, Mayawati inaugurated the construction of the 1,047 km [[Ganga Expressway]] at the cost of {{INRConvert|30000|c}} for joining [[Ballia]] to Greater Noida.<ref name="Indian Express 2008">{{cite web | agency=Express News Service | title=Ganga Expressway a dead end for Mayawati | work=Indian Express | date=15 January 2008 | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ganga-expressway-a-dead-end-for-mayawati/463891/ | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807011539/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ganga-expressway-a-dead-end-for-mayawati/463891/ | archive-date=7 August 2016 }}</ref> In 2008, her government established [[Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University]] for the [[Physical disability|Physically challenged]] students.<ref name="Dr Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University 2013">{{cite web | title=Dr Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University | publisher=Dr Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University | date=7 November 2013 | url=http://dsmru.up.nic.in/User/AboutUs.aspx | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719040424/http://dsmru.up.nic.in/User/AboutUs.aspx | archive-date=19 July 2016 }}</ref> In November 2009, Mayawati dedicated [[Noida-Greater Noida Metro|Noida Metro]] constructed at the cost of {{INRConvert|557|c}}.<ref name="Ramachandran 2009">{{cite news | last=Ramachandran | first=Smriti Kak | title=Mayawati hails Delhi Metro's maiden journey into Noida | newspaper=The Hindu | date=12 November 2009 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mayawati-hails-delhi-metros-maiden-journey-into-noida/article47204.ece | access-date=16 May 2016 | archive-date=17 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217180114/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Mayawati-hails-Delhi-Metrorsquos-maiden-journey-into-Noida/article16891717.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rawat 2009">{{cite news | last=Rawat | first=Virendra Singh | title=Mayawati launches Noida Metro | work=Business Standard News | date=13 November 2009 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mayawati-launches-noida-metro-109111300067_1.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611152814/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mayawati-launches-noida-metro-109111300067_1.html | archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> She had vigorously proposed for construction of [[Jewar|Jewar airport]] near [[Noida]].<ref name="The Pioneer 2016">{{cite web | first=Biswajeet | last=Banerjee | title=Decks cleared for Jewar int'l airport in UP | work=The Pioneer | date=2 April 2016 | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/decks-cleared--for-jewar-intl--airport-in-up.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506103608/http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/decks-cleared--for-jewar-intl--airport-in-up.html | archive-date=6 May 2016 }}</ref> In October 2011, Mayawati government under public-private partnership with [[Jaypee Group]] successfully executed and delivered First [[Formula One|F1]] [[Indian Grand Prix]], an international event at [[Buddh International Circuit]], [[Greater Noida]] constructed by Jaypee Group. The event was hailed as flawlessly conducted salvaging some of India's prestige when compared to minor embarrassments in [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] (Before opening ceremony) conducted in [[Delhi]].<ref name="By 2011">{{cite news | agency=Times News Network | title=F1 race: Mayawati, Jaypee show Delhi, Gurgaon how to get it right | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=31 October 2011 | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com//articleshow/10550170.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803031056/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com//articleshow/10550170.cms | archive-date=3 August 2016 | last1=Keelor | first1=Vandana }}</ref><ref name="Rangaswami 2011">{{cite web | last=Rangaswami | first=Anant | title=Vettel won the Indian GP, Maya might have won UP | work=Firstpost | date=31 October 2011 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/maya-scores-with-buddha-on-f1-circuit-before-up-poll-119428.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105025409/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/maya-scores-with-buddha-on-f1-circuit-before-up-poll-119428.html | archive-date=5 November 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Keelor 2011">{{cite web | last=Keelor | first=Vandana | title=F1: Mayawati, Jaypee show Delhi, Gurgaon how to get it right | work=The Times of India | date=31 October 2011 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/F1-Mayawati-Jaypee-show-Delhi-Gurgaon-how-to-get-it-right/articleshow/10547203.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102154242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/F1-Mayawati-Jaypee-show-Delhi-Gurgaon-how-to-get-it-right/articleshow/10547203.cms | archive-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref> Mayawati presented the winning trophy to winner [[Sebastian Vettel]].<ref name="ht 2011">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title=Mayawati presents winning trophy of Indian GP to Vettel | work=Hindustan Times | date=30 October 2011 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mayawati-presents-winning-trophy-of-indian-gp-to-vettel/story-ERZubQzJ1MvdTsY4E1b3PO.html | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809015058/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mayawati-presents-winning-trophy-of-indian-gp-to-vettel/story-ERZubQzJ1MvdTsY4E1b3PO.html | archive-date=9 August 2016 }}</ref> Foreigners found the track as 'impressive'<ref name="Baldwin 2011">{{cite web | last=Baldwin | first=Alan | title=Indian F1 track shines despite teething problems | work=Reuters India | date=27 October 2011 | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-60152020111027 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605045901/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-60152020111027 | archive-date=5 June 2016 }}</ref> and 3 Indian teenagers picked by a [[Formula One|F1]] panel to train them as future Formula One drivers in Europe.<ref name="Chakraborty 2011">{{cite web | last=Chakraborty | first=Amlan | title=Three Indian teenagers picked for F1 fast track | work=Reuters India | date=27 October 2011 | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-60161820111027 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605061912/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-60161820111027 | archive-date=5 June 2016 }}</ref>

Mayawati has seen through to completion of several memorials dedicated to icons of [[Bahujan Samaj]] build first time in India, including the [[Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Green Eco Garden]] (inaugurated March 2011),<ref name="The Hindu 4 March 2011"/> the [[Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden]] (inaugurated October 2011),<ref name="Yaho News 14 Oct 2011"/> and the [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]] (opened November 2012).<ref name="Srivastava 2012"/> She renamed Amethi district as Chattrapati Sahuji Maharaj Nagar,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-amethi-to-form-part-of-new-uttar-pradesh-district-1403841|title=Amethi to form part of new Uttar Pradesh district|date=1 July 2010|work=DNA India|access-date=4 November 2019|language=en-US|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104134144/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-amethi-to-form-part-of-new-uttar-pradesh-district-1403841|url-status=live}}</ref> Kanpur Dehat as Rambai Nagar, Sambhal as Bheem Nagar, Shamli as Prabuddha Nagar, Hapur as Panchsheel Nagar, Kasganj as Kanshiram Nagar, Hathras as Mahamaya Nagar and Amroha as JP Nagar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/up-government-changes-names-of-eight-districts-mayawati-fumes/articleshow/15109160.cms|title=UP government changes names of eight districts, Mayawati fumes|date=23 July 2012|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218140738/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/up-government-changes-names-of-eight-districts-mayawati-fumes/articleshow/15109160.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mayawati during her tenure directed all the Commissioners and the District Magistrates to distribute 3 acre land pieces or pattas to weaker sections of society by launching special drive for illegal possesses of pattas be dispossessed of them and the eligible poor be identified by regular monitoring of pattas and strict action against the mafias and musclemen through spot verification of different development and public welfare programmes.<ref name="OdishaDiary 2010">{{cite web | title=Uttar Pradesh CM Mayawati directs officials to distribute pattas by launching special drive | website=Orissa Diary | date=16 June 2010 | url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=19170 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617160409/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=19170 | archive-date=17 June 2016 }}</ref> In 2010, 5596 people belonging to the SC and ST communities were allotted 1054.879 hectares of agriculture land. In a special drive 74 FIRs were filed and 88 people were arrested for illegal occupation from agricultural land.<ref name="PTI 2016">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title=Mayawati upset over encroachment on SC, ST land | work=The New Indian Express | date=19 June 2010 | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article440442.ece | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605052146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article440442.ece | archive-date=5 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2010">{{cite web | title=Mayawati give land holdings to dalits | work=Economic Times | date=11 June 2010 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-06-11/news/27575728_1_allotment-landless-patta | access-date=16 May 2016 | archive-date=24 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624181009/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-06-11/news/27575728_1_allotment-landless-patta | url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Sugar Information Service'' a model website supported by [[SMS]] and [[Interactive voice response|IVRS]] facility was developed.<ref name="economictimes 12">{{cite web | first=Manmohan | last=Rai | title=Sugarcane farmers benefit through SIS system in Uttar Pradesh | work=Economic Times | date=24 February 2012 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-24/news/31095613_1_cane-farmers-cane-commissioner-kamran-rizvi-cane-cultivation | access-date=16 May 2016 | archive-date=24 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624174513/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-24/news/31095613_1_cane-farmers-cane-commissioner-kamran-rizvi-cane-cultivation | url-status=dead }}</ref> Mayawati dedicated the {{INRConvert|63.5|c}} 286-bed super-specialty Centenary hospital in Lucknow and 50-bed critical care unit at [[King George's Medical University|CSMMU]]<ref name="Indian Express 10">{{cite web | title=...and a 286-bed hospital 'dedicated' to people in Lucknow | website=Indian Express | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/...and-a-286bed-hospital--dedicated--to-people-in-lucknow/567680/ | access-date=17 May 2016 | archive-date=31 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231193103/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/...and-a-286bed-hospital--dedicated--to-people-in-lucknow/567680/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and increased salaries of doctors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D6810|title="Mayawati Government's Decision Will Improve Medical Teaching": Prof. Rama Kant|website=The Seoul Times|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231185654/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D6810|url-status=live}}</ref> Mayawati, in 2007, launched<ref name="www.oneindia.com 2007">{{cite web | title=Super speciality hospital for poor in Kanshi Ram's memory | website=www.oneindia.com | date=29 September 2007 | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/27/super-speciality-hospital-for-poor-in-kanshi-rams-memory-1191039668.html | access-date=17 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611154335/http://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/27/super-speciality-hospital-for-poor-in-kanshi-rams-memory-1191039668.html | archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> {{INRConvert|500|c}} Manyawar Kanshiram Multi-speciality Hospital in Greater Noida which started its OPD services in April 2013.<ref name="TNN13">{{cite web | last=N | first=TN | title=OPD at Kanshiram hospital in Greater Noida starts | website=The Times of India | date=3 April 2013 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/OPD-at-Kanshiram-hospital-in-Greater-Noida-starts/articleshow/19353484.cms | access-date=17 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031083728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/OPD-at-Kanshiram-hospital-in-Greater-Noida-starts/articleshow/19353484.cms | archive-date=31 October 2017 }}</ref> Mayawati government also spent {{INRConvert|510|c}} on Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Multi Speciality Hospital in Sector 30 of Noida.<ref name="Aradhak 2013">{{cite web | last=Aradhak | first=Purusharth | title=Noida to have India's best child medical institute: UP chief secretary | website=The Times of India | date=2 September 2013 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-to-have-Indias-best-child-medical-institute-UP-chief-secretary/articleshow/22222572.cms | access-date=17 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904075137/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-to-have-Indias-best-child-medical-institute-UP-chief-secretary/articleshow/22222572.cms | archive-date=4 September 2015 }}</ref>

Her government also instituted ''Sant Ravidas Kala Samman Award'' with a cash prize of {{INRConvert|1.25|l}}.<ref name="Zee News 2009">{{cite web | title=UP Govt institutes Sant Ravidas Kala Samman Award | work=Zee News | date=9 December 2009 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-govt-institutes-sant-ravidas-kala-samman-award_586078.html | language=la | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924151312/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-govt-institutes-sant-ravidas-kala-samman-award_586078.html | archive-date=24 September 2016 }}</ref> Under ''Savitri Bai Phule Balika Shiksha Madad Yojna'', Mayawati distributed over 10 lakh bicycles among Muslim and poor school girls from 2008 to 2011.<ref name="India Today 21112011 2011">{{cite web | first=Amitabh | last=Srivastava | title=UP polls: Mayawati uses rival Mulayams election symbol bicycle | work=India Today | date=12 November 2011 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20111121-up-polls-mayawati-uses-rival-mulayam-singh-yadavs-election-vehicle-749669-2011-11-12 | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604123902/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/up-polls-mayawati-uses-rival-mulayam-singh-yadavs-election-vehicle/1/159608.html | archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Zee 2011">{{cite web | title=UP: Scholarship, cycle for Muslim girls' education | website=Zee News | date=26 July 2011 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-scholarship-cycle-for-muslim-girls-education_722271.html | language=la | access-date=17 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924161451/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-scholarship-cycle-for-muslim-girls-education_722271.html | archive-date=24 September 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh - proposals.svg|thumb|A geographical comparison of Mayawati's bifurcation plan of Uttar Pradesh compared to that of Ambedkar's.]]
After coming to power in 2007, Mayawati wrote letters to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] regarding partitioning of Uttar Pradesh into four different states in 2007, in March 2008 and December 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP division Mayawati asks Congress, BJP to clarify stand |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2011/11/16/up-division-mayawati-asks-congress-bjp-to-clarify-stand/ |work=The Shillong Times |date=16 November 2011 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321132628/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2011/11/16/up-division-mayawati-asks-congress-bjp-to-clarify-stand/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chief Minister Mayawati said the Centre's inaction over a 2007 letter forced her government to take the matter to the House. |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/up-division-plan-not-a-political-trick-says-mayawati-135870.html |work=FirstPost |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106064633/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/up-division-plan-not-a-political-trick-says-mayawati-135870.html |archive-date=6 November 2016 }}</ref> Finally on 15 November 2011, Mayawati's [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] approved partitioning Uttar Pradesh into four different states ([[Harit Pradesh|Pashchim Pradesh]], [[Awadh|Awadh Pradesh]], [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Purvanchal]]) for better administration and governance.<ref name="ZeeNews 2011" />

On 6 March 2012 the Bahujan Samaj Party [[2012 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election|lost its majority]] to the [[Samajwadi Party]] and Mayawati tendered her resignation to the governor of Uttar Pradesh the next day,<ref name="NDTV 2012" /> thereby becoming the first CM to complete five full years in office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mayawati-tenders-resignation/article2969582.ece?ref=relatedNews|title=Mayawati tenders resignation|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519014112/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mayawati-tenders-resignation/article2969582.ece?ref=relatedNews|archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> On 13 March 2012 she filed nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha, and she was declared elected unopposed on 22 March.<ref name="Economic Times 2012" /><ref name="Tripathi 2012-03-22" />

===Later career===

She was elected as the BSP president for a third term on 30 August 2014<ref name="IBN7 2016">{{cite web | title=Mayawati re-elected BSP president | website=IBN7 | date=25 March 2016 | url=http://www.ibn7.com/politics/item/76279-mayawati-re-elected-bsp-president | access-date=25 March 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408115123/http://www.ibn7.com/politics/item/76279-mayawati-re-elected-bsp-president | archive-date=8 April 2016 }}</ref> and for fourth term on 28 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web | author=PTI | title=Mayawati re-elected as BSP President unanimously | website=The Hindu Business Line | date=28 August 2019 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mayawati-re-elected-as-bsp-president-unanimously/article29281055.ece | access-date=7 October 2019 | archive-date=7 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007132935/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mayawati-re-elected-as-bsp-president-unanimously/article29281055.ece | url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

On 10 December 2023 Mayawati named nephew Akash Anand as her successor.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Abhishek |first1=Kumar |date=10 December 2023 |title=BSP chief Mayawati names nephew, Akash Anand, as her successor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bsp-chief-mayawati-names-her-nephew-akash-anand-as-her-successor-sources-2474178-2023-12-10 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210071714/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bsp-chief-mayawati-names-her-nephew-akash-anand-as-her-successor-sources-2474178-2023-12-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Akash Anand, Mayawati's nephew and her successor to lead BSP? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-akash-anand-mayawati-s-nephew-and-her-successor-to-lead-bsp-3071195 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210155840/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-akash-anand-mayawati-s-nephew-and-her-successor-to-lead-bsp-3071195 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

== Political and legal issues ==
[[File:The Middle Portion with the right Dome in the Backdrop.JPG|thumb|[[Ambedkar Memorial Park]] at night]]

Mayawati's political career has attracted praise and controversy.<ref name="Rediff 2003" /><ref name="Reddit 2011" /> She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party, and her birthdays were major media events as well as a symbol for her supporters. The increase in her personal wealth and that of her party<ref name="Times 2010" /><ref name="CNN 2012" /><ref name="CNN 2010" /> have been viewed by critics as signs of corruption.<ref name="BBC 2009" /><ref name="Daily News 2010" />

=== Taj corridor ===
{{main|Taj corridor case}}

In 2002, the government of Uttar Pradesh began improvements of the infrastructure in the Taj Heritage Corridor, the important tourist area in [[Agra]] that includes the [[Taj Mahal]]. The project was soon riddled with problems, including funds being released for the project without the submission of the required detailed project reports to the environmental authorities.<ref name="Kushal Pal 2003" /> Suspecting there were financial irregularities as well, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) raided twelve residences, including Mayawati's. It had filed a [[First Information Report]] against her and seven others two days earlier.<ref name="Rediff 2003 raid" /> The raid uncovered evidence of assets disproportionate to her known income.<ref name="Rediff 2003 Taj" /><ref name="Times Online 2004" /> Afterwards, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not "hungry for power"<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh chief quits |work=BBC News |date=26 August 2003 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181313.stm |access-date=25 March 2016 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715094614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181313.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> She asked the BJP-run [[Government of India]] to remove [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Union Tourism and Culture Minister]], [[Jagmohan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayawati offers to resign |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 August 2003 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-25/news/27544146_1_heritage-corridor-scam-bjp-ministers-bsp-leader |access-date=25 March 2016 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407050252/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-25/news/27544146_1_heritage-corridor-scam-bjp-ministers-bsp-leader |url-status=dead }}</ref> for conspiring this all controversy against her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28up.htm|title=Taj row: Mayawati demands Jagmohan's head|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093912/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28up.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2007, Governor [[T. V. Rajeswar]] said that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her. In his 23-page order, he said: "the fact that the Mission Management Board, consisting of officers of both the State and the Central Government, regularly met and discussed the project and the fact that even a sum of {{INR}} 170,000,000 (17 [[crore]]s) was spent through the Central Government public sector undertaking, NPCC, all go to show that the serious offences with which Mayawati and the Minister were charged do not stand scrutiny."<ref name="The Hindu 2007" /> Advocates unsuccessfully challenged the governor's decision in court. The Supreme Court rejected the plea of the CBI and refused to direct the governor to prosecute her. The Taj corridor case was effectively ended before going to trial.<ref name="NDTV 2007" /><ref name="Hindustan Times 2007" /><ref name="IBN Live" />

=== Disproportionate assets case ===
In the 2007–08 assessment year, Mayawati paid an [[income tax]] of {{INR}}26 crore, ranking among the top 20 taxpayers in the country. Earlier the CBI filed a case against her for owning assets disproportionate to her known sources of income. Mayawati described the CBI investigation against her as illegal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CBI probe in DA case illegal: Mayawati |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/cbi-probe-in-da-case-illegal-mayawati/story-yyuQq9AZQAVIfXfRoWE13H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401210949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/cbi-probe-in-da-case-illegal-mayawati/story-yyuQq9AZQAVIfXfRoWE13H.html |archive-date=1 April 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> Her party asserted that her income comes from gifts and small contributions made by party workers and supporters.<ref name="Thakur 2008" /><ref name="Times of India 2010" />

On 3 August 2011 the Delhi High court dismissed the central government's appeal against Mayawati, stating that "she has fully discharged her obligations by disclosing the identities of all of her donors, the gifts had been donated by her supporters".<ref name="The Hindu August 2011" /> The central government decided not to file an appeal in the Supreme Court.<ref name="Indian Express June 2011" /> On 13 March 2012 Mayawati revealed assets worth {{INR}} 111.26 crore in an affidavit filed with her nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha.<ref name="Economic Times 2012" /> The disproportionate assets case was finally quashed on 6 July 2012—nine years later—by a Supreme Court bench of Justice [[P Sathasivam]] and [[Dipak Misra]]; the court found that the case was unwarranted.<ref name="Indian Express July 2012" /> Based on an opinion received from the Directorate of Prosecution, the CBI decided not to file an appeal.<ref name="Indian Express August 2012" /> On 4 October 2012 a [[review petition]] was filed by Kamlesh Verma, contending that the case had been dismissed merely on technical grounds, and that the evidence had not been adequately reviewed.<ref name="DNA 4 October 2012" /> On 8 August 2013 the Supreme Court declined a request to re-open the case.<ref name="IBN Live 8 Aug 2013" /> After seeking legal advice, the CBI finally closed their file on 8 October 2013.<ref name="Indian Express 2013" />

=== Bahujan monuments ===
In her tenures as a Chief Minister, Mayawati commissioned the production and public display of several monuments<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/10/28/141775668/in-india-once-marginalized-now-memorialized|title=In India, Once-Marginalized Now Memorialized|work=NPR.org|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093833/https://www.npr.org/2011/10/28/141775668/in-india-once-marginalized-now-memorialized|url-status=live}}</ref> having parks, gallerias, museums,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mayawati-unveils-more-ambedkar-parks-1477739|title=Mayawati unveils more Ambedkar parks|date=7 December 2010|work=dna|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123021/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mayawati-unveils-more-ambedkar-parks-1477739|url-status=live}}</ref> memorials, murals<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india/statues-on-display-again/photo-qeyMlF2osyLoBmMnsOMXSO.html|title=Statues on display, again|website=hindustantimes|access-date=15 July 2018|date=5 March 2012|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813084619/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india/statues-on-display-again/photo-qeyMlF2osyLoBmMnsOMXSO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and statues representing Buddhist and Hindu, Dalit/[[Other Backward Class|OBC]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jyotiba-father-of-the-nation/articleshow/37207245.cms|title=Jyotiba, father of the nation? - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817032522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jyotiba-father-of-the-nation/articleshow/37207245.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> icons like [[Gautama Buddha]], [[Gadge Maharaj]], [[Ravidas]], [[Kabir]], [[Narayana Guru]], [[Jyotirao Phule]], [[Shahu IV]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]], BSP party founder [[Kanshi Ram]], and of herself.<ref name="Jha 2005" /> She claims that the expenditure was required because the past governments did not show respect towards Dalit leaders, in whose memory nothing had ever been built.<ref name="Thaindian June 2010" /> She spent somewhere between {{INR}}2,500 and 6,000 [[crore]] (about US$500 million to US$1.3 billion) on projects in five parks and at memorials such as the Ambedkar Memorial Park and Manyavar Kanshiram Smarak Sthal, built in the name of B.R. Ambedkar, Ramabai Ambedkar, and Kanshi Ram in Lucknow between 2007 and 2009.<ref name="India Today 2011" /><ref name="IBN Live 2009" /><ref name="Foy"/> The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] reported that {{INR}} 66 crore (about US$12 million) in excessive costs had been incurred on the construction of the memorials.<ref name="CAG-slams" /> In February 2010 Mayawati's government approved a plan for a special police force to protect the statues, as she feared that her political opponents might demolish them.<ref name="BBC News 2010" /> In December 2010, her government received permission to continue part of the plan, namely maintenance and completion of Ambedkar Memorial Park.<ref name="Foy" />

Despite the existing Supreme Court stay, in October 2011 Mayawati inaugurated the [[Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden]], built at a cost of {{INR}}685 crore.<ref name="NDTV 2011" /> Since the memorial also features her own statues, Mayawati was accused by the [[Indian National Congress]] of wasting the taxpayers' money.<ref name="wsj_bane_boon" /> The BSP dismissed the allegations, stating that her statues were erected because Kanshi Ram's will requested that his statues should be constructed next to those of the current President of BSP. Mayawati accused the Congress of being "anti-Dalit".<ref name="wsj_bane_boon" />

In January 2012, the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] ordered that all of the statues of Mayawati as well as recent statues of elephants (the symbol of the Bahujan Samaj Party) should be covered up until after February's Uttar Pradesh election.<ref name="AutoUQ-1"/><ref name="AutoUQ-2"/> On 26 July 2012 the statue in Lucknow was damaged by members of a group calling themselves "Uttar Pradesh Naunirman Sena".<ref name="Hindustan Times 2012" /><ref name="Tripathi 2012-07-27" /><ref name="AutoUQ-3"/> A replacement statue was re-installed overnight by the Lucknow city administration.<ref name="AutoUQ-4"/> Following the Lucknow vandalism, there were similar such incidents in other parts of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="AutoUQ-5"/>

=== World Bank criticism ===
The [[World Bank]] lent India funds for development, and Mayawati was to manage projects with this money in UP. The projects were preplanned and on schedule, but the Mayawati government made changes which put the projects behind schedule, including rapidly transferring upper caste managers in and out of rural posts.<ref name="Kirk 2011" /> The World Bank sent a letter of complaint on 1 August 2002 to India's central government stating, "We have now learnt that project managers have been replaced within three weeks of assuming office. The project coordinator of the Diversified Agriculture Support Project has been changed twice in quick succession and at the moment there is no project coordinator. In the forestry project, numerous changes have been made over past six months ... Such developments do not augur well for these time-bound projects that require consistently good leadership."<ref name="Tripathi 2002" /> Mayawati initially responded by saying the letter was a fake and later said there had been a misunderstanding. She then decreased the number of transfers, stopped creating new posts, and temporarily reduced the level of government spending on furniture and vehicles in response to the allegations. The World Bank continued to criticise the level of corruption even after these measures had been implemented.<ref name="Kirk 2011" />

== Positions held ==
Kumari Mayawati has been elected three times as [[Rajya Sabha]] MP and four times as [[Lok Sabha]] MP.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=245&lastls=14 |title=Member Profile: 14th Lok Sabha |work=Lok Sabha |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014072853/https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=245&lastls=14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/akbarpur.html |title=Akbarpur (UP) Lok Sabha election results |work=Elections.in |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014093907/https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/akbarpur.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As per the election affidavit of 2012 ([[Rajya Sabha]]), Mayawati has assets worth [[₹]]111.64 [[crore]]s and liabilities worth [[₹]]87.68 [[lakh]]s (0.87 crores).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=417 |title=Mayawati (BSP), Uttar Pradesh 2012 |work=Myneta.info |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014091428/https://myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=417 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Party
|-
| 1. || [[1989 Indian general election|1989]] || 1991 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[9th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 2. || 1994 || 1996 || [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] (resigned in Oct 1996) || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 3. || [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || 1997 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (1st term) in 13th Vidhan Sabha from [[Harora Assembly constituency|Harora]] (resigned in 1996) and [[Bilsi Assembly constituency|Bilsi]] (resigned in 1997) || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 4. || 1998 || 1999 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[12th Lok Sabha]] from [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 5. || 1999 || 2002 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[13th Lok Sabha]] from [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]] (resigned in 2002) || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 6. || 2004 || 2004 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (4th term) in [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]] (resigned in July 2004) || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 7. || 2004 || 2007 || [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] (resigned in July 2007) || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 8. || 2007 || 2012 || [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] (4th term) in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 9. || 2007 || 2012 || MLC in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] (resigned in 2012) || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| 10. || 2012 || 2017 || [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] (resigned in July 2017) || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|}

== Personal life and public image ==
[[File:Image of India.jpg|thumb|Statues of Mayawati (L) and Kanshi Ram (R) at [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]]]

Mayawati started her political career after Kanshi Ram, the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party, persuaded her not to join the civil service, but to enter politics.<ref name="Swaminathan S Anklesaria Aiyar 2008">{{cite web | last=Anklesaria Aiyar | first=Swaminathan S | title=The world will love Mayawati as PM | website=The Times of India | date=10 August 2008 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sa-aiyar/swaminomics/The-world-will-love-Mayawati-as-PM/articleshow/3346841.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808041945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sa-aiyar/swaminomics/The-world-will-love-Mayawati-as-PM/articleshow/3346841.cms | archive-date=8 August 2016 }}</ref> Mayawati chose to remain unmarried. She is also known as ''Iron Lady''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mayawati earned her spurs as a tough politician -she's often called Iron Lady | website=The Times of India | date=4 August 2017 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/will-mayawati-take-poll-plunge/articleshow/59911293.cms | access-date=19 November 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223073122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/will-mayawati-take-poll-plunge/articleshow/59911293.cms | archive-date=23 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Bhardwaj | first=Ashutosh | title=Behenji gets a new party prefix: Iron Lady Maya | website=The Indian Express | date=22 August 2010 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/behenji-gets-a-new-party-prefix-iron-lady-maya/ | access-date=19 November 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041115/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/behenji-gets-a-new-party-prefix-iron-lady-maya/ | archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=BSP leader Kumari Mayawati - also called by her other name, Iron Lady. | website=The Times of India | date=4 February 2017 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/videos-from-us-europe-pledge-support-for-mayawati/articleshow/56961350.cms | access-date=19 November 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201053821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/videos-from-us-europe-pledge-support-for-mayawati/articleshow/56961350.cms | archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref>

Kanshi Ram praised Mayawati at her 47th birthday celebrations for her fundraising activities on behalf of the party. He stated that the party's eventual goal is to gain power at the national level, and that Mayawati's efforts had helped in that quest.<ref name="Rediff 2003" /> Her birthdays have since become major media events at which she has appeared laden with diamonds.<ref name="BBC 2009" /> Her supporters have declared her birthday as ''Jan Kalyankari Diwas'' (People's Welfare Day). In 2009, the day was marked by the announcement of welfare schemes targeted towards poor and downtrodden people of the state<ref name="Thaindian 2009" /> and, in 2010, by the launch of social programmes with a value of over {{INR}} 7,312 [[crore]].<ref name="The Hindu 2010" />

In 2007–08, Mayawati paid {{INRConvert|26.26|c}} as income tax.<ref name="Tax 1977">{{cite news | author=SENSEX | title=Mayawati, Shah Rukh Khan among top taxpayers | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 February 1977 | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/mayawati-shah-rukh-khan-among-top-taxpayers/articleshow/3321050.cms | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202090803/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/mayawati-shah-rukh-khan-among-top-taxpayers/articleshow/3321050.cms | archive-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref> She was at number 20 in the I-T department's compilation of the top 200 taxpayers' list with names like [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Mayawati paid {{INRConvert|15|c}} in advance tax in April–December 2007. She paid {{INRConvert|12.5|c}} on other incomes, most of which was declared by her as "gifts" by party members.<ref name="Rediff 2016">{{cite web | title=Mayawati pays Rs 15 crore advance tax | website=Rediff | date=15 May 2016 | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/16maya.htm | access-date=16 May 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213053353/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/16maya.htm | archive-date=13 February 2011 }}</ref>

When BSP workers garlanded Mayawati with currency notes on the occasion of the party's silver jubilee celebrations coinciding with BSP founder Kanshi Ram's birth anniversary on 15 March 2010, Indian news channels and newspapers purported to expose the event as a ‘scandal’ on the presumption that the Chief Minister had publicly committed an act of corruption that was being flaunted openly and declaring that the garland of currency notes was made from money through corrupt means and not from donations of Bahujan Samaj Party supporters as Mayawati, her Ministers and supporters claimed.
At Kanshi Ram's funeral ceremonies in 2006, Mayawati stated that both Kanshi Ram and herself had been, and she would continue to be, observant of [[Buddhist]] traditions and customs. She has stated her intention to [[Dalit Buddhist movement|formally convert to Buddhism]] when the political conditions enable her to become [[Prime Minister of India]]. Her act of performing the [[Antyesti|last rites]] (traditionally done by a male heir) was an expression of their views against [[gender discrimination]].<ref name="legacy" /><ref name="The Hindu 2006" /> When she was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, she publicly called [[Bhikkhu]]s to prayer.<ref name = "Das 2011" />

== Literature about Mayawati ==
Literature about Mayawati includes studies and books. One of the first works about her was journalist Mohammad Jamil Akhter's book, ''Iron Lady Kumari Mayawati''.<ref name="BSP India" /> Her autobiographies are ''Mere Sangarshmai Jeevan Evam Bahujan Movement Ka Safarnama'' in three volumes in Hindi and ''A Travelogue of My Struggle-ridden Life and of Bahujan Samaj'', in two volumes in English.<ref name="UP Leg Assembly" /> ''Behenji : A Political Biography of Mayawati'' is a biography by veteran journalist Ajoy Bose.<ref name="Bose 2008" />

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2003, Mayawati as the Chief Minister, was awarded ''[[Paul Harris (Rotary)#Paul Harris Fellow|Paul Harris Fellow Award]]'' by [[UNICEF]], [[World Health Organization]] and [[Rotary International]], for her initiative in [[Polio eradication]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/20030203-reliance-industries-vice-chairman-anil-ambani-appointed-chairman-of-bses-ltd-793607-2003-02-03|title=Signposts|last=Today|first=India|website=India Today Magazine|date=3 February 2003 |language=en|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104134148/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/20030203-reliance-industries-vice-chairman-anil-ambani-appointed-chairman-of-bses-ltd-793607-2003-02-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/mayawati-1398084259-1|title=Mayawati|date=21 April 2014|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104134145/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/mayawati-1398084259-1|url-status=live}}</ref> Mayawati was also honoured with ''Rajarshi Shahu Award'' by Rajarshi Shahu Memorial Trust.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pawar-to-receive-rajarshi-shahu-award-116062000845_1.html|title=Pawar to receive 'Rajarshi Shahu Award'|agency=Press Trust of India|date=20 June 2016|work=Business Standard India|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622000310/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pawar-to-receive-rajarshi-shahu-award-116062000845_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, ''[[Forbes]]'' added Mayawati in the 59th place on its list of the 100 most powerful women in the world.<ref name="Forbes.com 2005">{{cite web | title=The 100 Most Powerful Women: #59 Mayawati Kumari | website=Forbes.com | date=31 May 2005 | url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_Mayawati-Kumari_RAYH.html | access-date=31 October 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912011351/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_Mayawati-Kumari_RAYH.html | archive-date=12 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="India Today 2008">{{cite web | title=Mayawati enters Forbes' power women list; Sonia slips in rank : Latest Headlines, News | website=India Today | date=28 August 2008 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mayawati-enters-forbes-power-women-list-sonia-slips-in-rank-28978-2008-08-28 | access-date=31 October 2015 | archive-date=17 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217180105/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mayawati-enters-forbes-power-women-list-sonia-slips-in-rank-28978-2008-08-28 | url-status=live }}</ref> She appeared in ''[[Newsweek]]''{{'}}s top woman achievers list in 2007.<ref name="Newsweek list">{{cite web | title=Mayawati in ''Newsweek''{{'}}s top woman achievers' list | publisher=IBN Live | date=16 October 2007 | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/politics/mayawati-icon-274677.html | access-date=4 November 2015 | archive-date=4 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204003032/http://www.news18.com/videos/politics/mayawati-icon-274677.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009 a ''Newsweek'' article described her as the [[Barack Obama]] of India, and a potential candidate for [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite journal | last=Kahn | first=Jeremy | title=Mayawati: The Rise of India's Caste Warrior | date=17 April 2009 | journal=Newsweek | url=http://www.newsweek.com/mayawati-rise-indias-caste-warrior-77597 | access-date=4 November 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204015054/http://www.newsweek.com/mayawati-rise-indias-caste-warrior-77597 | archive-date=4 February 2017 }}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] included Mayawati in India's 15 Most Influential list for 2007.<ref name="Tharoor 2007">{{cite magazine | last=Tharoor | first=Ishaan | title=India's Most Influential | magazine=Time | date=15 August 2007 | url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1652689_1652372_1652356,00.html | access-date=4 November 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107040854/http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1652689_1652372_1652356,00.html | archive-date=7 November 2015 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics|India
}}

* [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]]
* [[List of Jatav]]
* [[Fourth Mayawati ministry]]
* [[BAMCEF]]
* [[Bahujan Volunteer Force]]
* [[Jai Bhim]]
* [[Bhim Army]]

== References ==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="cm_profile">{{cite web | title = Ms. Mayawati, Chief Minister, Uttar Pradesh, Life History: At A Glance (Official Profile of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh) | work = upgov.nic.in | publisher = Government of Uttar Pradesh | date = 16 July 2009 | url = http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/cm_profile_blue%20latest.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608020955/http://www.upgov.nic.in/upinfo/cm_profile_blue%20latest.htm | archive-date = 8 June 2008 | access-date = 26 July 2012}}</ref>
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<ref name="The Hindu 2006">{{cite news |title = Mayawati to embrace Buddhism |date = 17 October 2006 |work = [[The Hindu]] |location = Chennai, India |url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/17/stories/2006101705021200.htm |access-date = 10 September 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110815160013/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/17/stories/2006101705021200.htm |archive-date = 15 August 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Das 2011">{{cite news |last = Das |first = Shiv Shankar |title = Ms. Mayawati and Buddhism in Uttar Pradesh: An Interface |work = The Voice of the Youth |publisher = The Viewspaper |date = 3 April 2011 |url = http://theviewspaper.net/ms-mayawati-and-buddhism-in-uttar-pradesh-an-interface-2/ |access-date = 4 June 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130214034430/http://theviewspaper.net/ms-mayawati-and-buddhism-in-uttar-pradesh-an-interface-2/ |archive-date = 14 February 2013}}</ref>
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<ref name="BBC 2009">{{cite news |publisher = BBC |date = 16 July 2009 |title = Profile: Mayawati Kumari |work = news.bbc.co.uk |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1958378.stm |access-date = 2 May 2010 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101207190912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1958378.stm |archive-date = 7 December 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Rediff 2006">{{cite web |title = 'I will fulfill Kanshi Ram's dream' |work = Rediff.com |date = 18 October 2006 |url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/18maya.htm |access-date = 17 June 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024054507/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/18maya.htm |archive-date = 24 October 2012}}</ref>
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<ref name="Patni 2007">{{cite web |last = Patni |first = Abhishek |date = 16 October 2007 |title = Mayawati in Newsweek's top woman achievers' list |work = ibnlive.in.com |publisher = [[CNN-IBN]] |url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mayawati-in--newsweeks-top-woman-achievers-list/50591-3.html |access-date = 17 June 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024454/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mayawati-in--newsweeks-top-woman-achievers-list/50591-3.html |archive-date = 20 March 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Chandrahas 2011">{{cite web |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-23/an-indian-politician-finds-breaking-up-is-hard-to-do-choudhury.html |title = An Indian Politician Finds Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Choudhury |last = Choudhury |first = Chandrahas |date = 23 November 2011 |publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |access-date = 30 August 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120825142353/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-23/an-indian-politician-finds-breaking-up-is-hard-to-do-choudhury.html |archive-date = 25 August 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Times July 2010">{{cite news | date = 12 July 2010 | title = 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-Indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-African-nations/articleshow/6158960.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-12/india/28276383_1_measure-ophi-multidimensional-poverty-index | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 30 August 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Rediff 2007">{{cite web |title = Uttar Pradesh Elections 2007 |work = Rediff.com |url = http://www.rediff.com/news/uppolls07.html |access-date = 26 July 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120420180022/http://www.rediff.com/news/uppolls07.html |archive-date = 20 April 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Desai 2007">{{cite news |last = Desai |first = Darshan |date = 18 March 2007 |title = Mayawati's Brahmins |newspaper = Indian Express |url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mayawati-s-brahmins/25934/ |access-date = 2 September 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140417080316/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mayawati-s-brahmins/25934/ |archive-date = 17 April 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="Raina 2007">{{cite news |last = Raina |first = J N |date = 30 May 2007 |title = Can Maya recreate another 'rainbow' in Delhi? |newspaper = [[Asian Tribune]] |publisher = World Institute For Asian Studies |url = http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5946 |access-date = 26 July 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141216142017/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5946 |archive-date = 16 December 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="News Track 2007">{{cite web |work = News Track India |date = 1 October 2007 |title = Uttar Pradesh police recruitment scam |url = http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/1036 |access-date = 26 July 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120915041642/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/1036 |archive-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Times May 2012">{{cite journal | date = 24 May 2012 | title = Police recruitment scam: Charges politically motivated, Samajwadi Party says | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Police-recruitment-scam-Charges-politically-motivated-Samajwadi-Party-says/articleshow/13425770.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103115724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-24/lucknow/31839822_1_recruitment-process-police-recruitment-scam-recruitment-drive | url-status = live | archive-date = 3 January 2013 | journal = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 31 August 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta 2010">{{cite news | last = Gupta | first = Kanchan | date = 10 April 2010 | title = To fight Maoists, reform the police | newspaper = [[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|Daily Pioneer]] | publisher = CMYK Printech | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/248224/To-fight-Maoists-reform-police.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616062415/http://www.dailypioneer.com/248224/To-fight-Maoists-reform-police.html | archive-date = 16 June 2011 | access-date = 17 June 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="NDTV 2012">{{cite news |title = Election result: Mulayam, Akhilesh wrest UP from Mayawati, Badals beat incumbency in Punjab |date = 6 March 2012 |publisher = [[NDTV]] |url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/assembly-polls/election-result-mulayam-akhilesh-wrest-up-from-mayawati-badals-beat-incumbency-in-punjab-183132?curl=1387914366 |access-date = 24 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131225153630/http://www.ndtv.com/article/assembly-polls/election-result-mulayam-akhilesh-wrest-up-from-mayawati-badals-beat-incumbency-in-punjab-183132?curl=1387914366 |archive-date = 25 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Economic Times 2012">{{cite news | title = Mayawati's wealth doubles to Rs 111 crore in five years | work = [[The Economic Times]] | publisher = The Times Group | date = 13 March 2012 | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/news/31168811_1_mayawati-nomination-papers-vc-solutions | access-date = 26 July 2012 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044914/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/news/31168811_1_mayawati-nomination-papers-vc-solutions | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi 2012-03-22">{{cite web | last = Tripathi | first = Ashish | date = 22 March 2012 | title = Mayawati, Jaya Bachchan elected to Rajya Sabha | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mayawati-Jaya-Bachchan-elected-to-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/12369221.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104003151/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/india/31224395_1_munawwar-saleem-assembly-elections-jaya-bachchan | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 January 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 31 August 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="ZeeNews 2011">{{cite web |title = Mayawati wants UP divided into four new states |date = 15 November 2011 |work = zeenews.india.com |publisher = Zee News Ltd |url = http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/mayawati-wants-up-divided-into-four-new-states_741932.html?pagenumber=4 |access-date = 2 July 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120935/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/mayawati-wants-up-divided-into-four-new-states_741932.html?pagenumber=4 |archive-date = 16 December 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="The Hindu 4 March 2011">{{cite news | title = Mayawati unveils dream project in honour of mentor | date = 4 March 2011 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/mayawati-unveils-dream-project-in-honour-of-mentor/article1508513.ece | access-date = 2 August 2013 | archive-date = 17 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231217180109/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Mayawati-unveils-dream-project-in-honour-of-mentor/article14933531.ece | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="Yaho News 14 Oct 2011">{{cite web | title = Mayawati inaugurates 'dream project', says Congress ignored Dalit icons | date = 14 October 2011 | work = [[Yahoo!]] | publisher = Yahoo! News UK | url = http://uk.news.yahoo.com/mayawati-inaugurates-dream-project-says-congress-ignored-dalit-165021219.html#VaZcNBC | access-date = 2 August 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Srivastava 2012">{{cite web | last = Srivastava | first = Rajiv | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Mayawatis-dream-project-ready-for-1090-helpline-cell/articleshow/17150034.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130802075045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-09/lucknow/35015267_1_sky-blue-women-cops-dream-project | url-status = live | archive-date = 2 August 2013 | title = Mayawati's dream project ready for 1090 helpline cell | date = 9 November 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2 August 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Rediff 2003">{{cite web |title = Fund collection: Kanshi Ram defends Mayawati |work = Rediff.com |date = 16 January 2003 |url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/16up1.htm |access-date = 17 June 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024054459/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/16up1.htm |archive-date = 24 October 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Reddit 2011">{{cite web |title = Mayawati richest CM in India |work = [[Rediff.com]] |date = 20 January 2011 |url = http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-mayawati-richest-cm-in-india-buddhadeb-poorest/20110120.htm |access-date = 10 September 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110906011744/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-mayawati-richest-cm-in-india-buddhadeb-poorest/20110120.htm |archive-date = 6 September 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Times 2010">{{cite news | title = Mayawati's assets rise from Rs 52 crore to Rs 87 crore in 3 yrs | work = [[The Times of India]] | publisher = [[The Times Group]] | date=27 May 2010 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mayawatis-assets-rise-from-Rs-52-crore-to-Rs-87-crore-in-3-yrs-/articleshow/5978664.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/india/28278578_1_assets-rise-cts-dalits | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | access-date = 26 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="CNN 2012">{{cite news | title = Mayawati's wealth jumps to Rs 111 crore from 88 crore in 2 years | work = The Indian Express | date = 13 March 2012 | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mayawatis-wealth-jumps-25-pct-to-rs-111-crore-in-2-years/923264/ | access-date = 2 September 2014 | archive-date = 3 September 2014 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140903000009/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mayawatis-wealth-jumps-25-pct-to-rs-111-crore-in-2-years/923264/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="CNN 2010">{{cite news |last = Bhonsle |first = Anubha |date = 18 March 2010 |title = BSP's I-T return rises 30 times in 3 years |publisher = CNN-IBN |url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bsps-it-return-rises-30-times-in-3-years/111667-37.html |access-date = 7 September 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121017164550/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bsps-it-return-rises-30-times-in-3-years/111667-37.html |archive-date = 17 October 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Daily News 2010">{{cite web |last = Gidwani |first = Deepak |title = Mayawati has a treasure trove of gold, jewels, but no car |work = [[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher = Diligent Media |date = 27 May 2010 |url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mayawati-has-a-treasure-trove-of-gold-jewels-but-no-car-1388189 |access-date = 24 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131225210335/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mayawati-has-a-treasure-trove-of-gold-jewels-but-no-car-1388189 |archive-date = 25 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Kushal Pal 2003">{{cite web |last = Singh Yadav |first = Kushal Pal |date = 31 July 2003 |title = Taj corridor project compromises heritage |work = Down To Earth |publisher = Society for Environmental Communications |url = http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/13241 |access-date = 31 August 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113142242/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/13241 |archive-date = 13 November 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Rediff 2003 raid">{{cite news |title = Taj controversy: CBI raids Mayawati's residence |newspaper = Redff.com |date = 8 October 2003 |url = http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/08taj.htm |access-date = 2 February 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110614205525/http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/08taj.htm |archive-date = 14 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Rediff 2003 Taj">{{cite news |title = Evidence found against Maya: CBI |work = rediff.com |date = 8 October 2003 |url = http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/08taj1.htm |access-date = 2 February 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110614205608/http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/08taj1.htm |archive-date = 14 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Times Online 2004">{{cite news | last = Dhillon | first = Amrit | date = 31 October 2004 | title = Friend of the poor has rupee fortune | work = [[The Times]] | publisher = [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]] | location = London | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article501126.ece | access-date = 2 February 2011 | archive-date = 31 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220331130708/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article501126.ece | url-status = dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="The Hindu 2007">{{cite news |last = Kumar |first = Vinay |date = 7 June 2007 |title = No element of corruption on Mayawati's part, says Uttar Pradesh Governor |location = Chennai, India |url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/07/stories/2007060700541300.htm |access-date = 1 August 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130910130657/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/07/stories/2007060700541300.htm |work = [[The Hindu]] |archive-date = 10 September 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="NDTV 2007">{{cite web |title = Taj case: Mayawati gets reprieve |work = NDTV |date = 10 October 2007 |url = http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/taj-case-mayawati-gets-reprieve/17992 |access-date = 17 June 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055602/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/taj-case-mayawati-gets-reprieve/17992 |archive-date = 22 February 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="Hindustan Times 2007">{{cite web | title = Maya gets reprieve in Taj corridor case | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | publisher = [[HT Media]] | date = 10 October 2007 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maya-gets-reprieve-in-taj-corridor-case/story-4fhd7Mui9LzSPxyojCaMnO.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163331/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maya-gets-reprieve-in-taj-corridor-case/story-4fhd7Mui9LzSPxyojCaMnO.html | archive-date = 25 September 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Thaindian 2009">{{cite web |title = Mayawati to celebrate birthday as 'People's Welfare Day' |work = Thaindian |date = 29 December 2009 |url = http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/mayawati-to-celebrate-birthday-as-peoples-welfare-day_100296330.html |access-date = 29 April 2010 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320232323/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/mayawati-to-celebrate-birthday-as-peoples-welfare-day_100296330.html |archive-date = 20 March 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="The Hindu 2010">{{cite news |title = The Hindu: States / Other States : Mayawati launches welfare schemes on birthday |work = The Hindu |location = Chennai, India |date = 15 January 2010 |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article80662.ece |access-date = 24 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131226023041/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article80662.ece |archive-date = 26 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Thakur 2008">{{cite news | last = Thakur | first = Pradeep | date = 3 August 2008 | title = Mayawati, Shah Rukh among top taxpayers | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mayawati-Shah-Rukh-among-top-taxpayers/articleshow/3319521.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090615/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-03/india/27949460_1_top-taxpayers-income-tax-top-200 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 26 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Times of India 2010">{{cite news | date = 17 March 2010 | title = Defiant Mayawati felicitated with another cash garland | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Defiant-Mayawati-felicitated-with-another-cash-garland/articleshow/5693422.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090637/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-17/india/28128786_1_cash-garland-currency-notes-bsp | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="The Hindu August 2011">{{cite news |work = The Hindu |date = 3 August 2011 |title = Centre's appeal against Mayawati dismissed |location = Chennai, India |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article2319223.ece |access-date = 24 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131226025131/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article2319223.ece |archive-date = 26 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Express June 2011">{{cite web | last = Chibber | first = Maneesh | date = 15 September 2011 | title = Centre won't appeal against HC order on Maya | work = The Indian Express | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/centre-won-t-appeal-against-hc-order-on-maya/846776/ | access-date = 2 September 2014 | archive-date = 3 September 2014 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140903000016/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/centre-won-t-appeal-against-hc-order-on-maya/846776/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Express July 2012">{{cite news | work = The Indian Express | date = 6 July 2012 | title = SC quashes CBI probe against BSP chief Mayawati in DA case | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com//news/sc-quashes-cbi-probe-against-bsp-chief-mayawati-in-da-case/971112/ | access-date = 2 September 2014 | archive-date = 20 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180520053411/http://archive.indianexpress.com//news/sc-quashes-cbi-probe-against-bsp-chief-mayawati-in-da-case/971112/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Express August 2012">{{cite news |work = The Indian Express |date = 1 August 2012 |title = Assets case: Relief for Mayawati as CBI admits defeat |url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/assets-case-relief-for-mayawati-as-cbi-admits-defeat/982434/ |access-date = 2 September 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202202240/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/assets-case-relief-for-mayawati-as-cbi-admits-defeat/982434/ |archive-date = 2 February 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="DNA 4 October 2012">{{cite news |title = SC agrees to hear review of quashing of Mayawati DA case |newspaper = DNA |publisher = Diligent Media |date = 4 October 2012 |url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sc-agrees-to-hear-review-of-quashing-of-mayawati-da-case-1748926 |access-date = 24 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131225210429/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sc-agrees-to-hear-review-of-quashing-of-mayawati-da-case-1748926 |archive-date = 25 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="IBN Live 8 Aug 2013">{{cite news |title = SC dismisses review plea to reopen CBI probe in Mayawati DA case |date = 8 August 2013 |work = IBN Live |publisher = Time Warner |url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-dismisses-review-plea-to-reopen-cbi-probe-in-mayawati-da-case/412719-3-242.html |access-date = 19 August 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130813044615/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-dismisses-review-plea-to-reopen-cbi-probe-in-mayawati-da-case/412719-3-242.html |archive-date = 13 August 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Express 2013">{{cite news | agency = [[Press Trust of India]] | newspaper = The Indian Express | title = CBI decides to wind up probe in DA case against Mayawati | date = 8 October 2013 | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com//news/cbi-decides-to-wind-up-probe-in-da-case-against-mayawati/1179894/ | access-date = 2 September 2014 | archive-date = 2 September 2014 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140902235958/http://archive.indianexpress.com//news/cbi-decides-to-wind-up-probe-in-da-case-against-mayawati/1179894/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="Jha 2005">{{cite news | last = Jha | first = Rajiv Ranjan | date = 25 May 2005 | title = Mayawati adds another 100 feet to her stature | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Mayawati-adds-another-100-feet-to-her-stature/articleshow/1120843.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-25/lucknow/27848342_1_mayawati-murals-statues | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 26 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Thaindian June 2010">{{cite web |title = Memorials will not cost any more money, says Mayawati |work = Thaindian |date = 29 January 2010 |url = http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/memorials-will-not-cost-any-more-money-says-mayawati_100311830.html |access-date = 17 June 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320230725/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/memorials-will-not-cost-any-more-money-says-mayawati_100311830.html |archive-date = 20 March 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="India Today 2011">{{cite web |title = Mayawati government spends on parks, ignores healthcare, education and infrastructure |work = [[India Today]] |publisher = [[Living Media]] |date = 11 August 2011 |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/mayawati-government-uttar-pradesh-luxury-statue-citizens-neglected-139133-2011-08-10 |access-date = 24 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130914010337/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mayawati-government-uttar-pradesh-luxury-statue-citizens-neglected/1/147733.html |archive-date = 14 September 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="IBN Live 2009">{{cite web |last = Chaubey |first = Bhupendra |title = SC warns Mayawati for overspending on statues |publisher = CNN-IBN |date = 30 June 2009 |url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mayawati-gets-statuetory-warning-from-sc/95951-37.html |access-date = 2 May 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903132343/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mayawati-gets-statuetory-warning-from-sc/95951-37.html |archive-date = 3 September 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Foy">{{cite news |last=Foy |first=Henry |date=4 December 2010 |title=Statutes and statues: Mayawati gets Supreme Court nod for sprawling memorial park |work=Reuters |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2010/12/04/statutes-and-statues-mayawati-gets-supreme-court-nod-for-sprawling-memorial-park/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920190437/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2010/12/04/statutes-and-statues-mayawati-gets-supreme-court-nod-for-sprawling-memorial-park/ |archive-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="CAG-slams">{{cite web | title = CAG slams Mayawati's Rs 66 cr 'excess' on memorials | publisher = The Indian Express | date = 6 August 2011 | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cag-slams-mayawatis-rs-66-cr-excess-on-memorials/828094/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154353/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cag-slams-mayawatis-rs-66-cr-excess-on-memorials/828094/ | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BBC News 2010">{{cite news |title = India minister Mayawati police squad for statues |work = news.bbc.co.uk |publisher = BBC |date = 5 February 2010 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8499673.stm |access-date = 1 August 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327112329/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8499673.stm |archive-date = 27 March 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="NDTV 2011">{{cite news |title = Mayawati to inaugurate 685-crore Noida memorial park today |publisher = NDTV |date = 14 October 2011 |url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mayawati-to-inaugurate-685-crore-noida-memorial-park-today-141006 |access-date = 25 October 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111016182436/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mayawati-to-inaugurate-685-crore-noida-memorial-park-today-141006 |archive-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="wsj_bane_boon">{{cite news |last = Rana |first = Preetika |title = Dalit Park: Boon or Bane for Mayawati? |work = blogs.wsj.com |publisher = The Wall Street Journal |date = 18 October 2011 |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/10/18/dalit-park-boon-or-bane-for-mayawati/ |access-date = 25 October 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111020102611/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/10/18/dalit-park-boon-or-bane-for-mayawati/ |archive-date = 20 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoUQ-1">{{cite news | last = Randolph | first = Eric | date = 9 January 2012 | title = Statues of Uttar Pradesh minister and elephants ordered to be covered | newspaper = [[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] | location = Abu Dhabi | url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/statues-of-uttar-pradesh-minister-and-elephants-ordered-to-be-covered-1.573932/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120110085828/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/statues-of-uttar-pradesh-minister-and-elephants-ordered-to-be-covered | archive-date = 10 January 2012 | url-status = live}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoUQ-2">{{cite web |title=Press Note: Covering of Statues in Uttar Pradesh – Comments reported in Media regarding |date=18 January 2012 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/pn18012012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405044629/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/pn18012012.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Hindustan Times 2012">{{Cite news |title=Mayawati's statue damaged, CM condemns attack |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=26 July 2012 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/mayawati-s-statue-damaged-in-lucknow-3-held/story-KeGCTsYm1jMRHbLvV25EVK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925144002/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/mayawati-s-statue-damaged-in-lucknow-3-held/story-KeGCTsYm1jMRHbLvV25EVK.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi 2012-07-27">{{cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |date=27 July 2012 |title=Political compulsion makes SP govt reinstall Mayawati's statue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Political-compulsion-makes-SP-govt-reinstall-Mayawatis-statue/articleshow/15192030.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302115335/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Political-compulsion-makes-SP-govt-reinstall-Mayawatis-statue/articleshow/15192030.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=2 March 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoUQ-3">{{cite news |date=28 July 2012 |title=Maya statue vandalisation case: Prime accused Amit Jani arrested |newspaper=Jagran Post (Jagran Prakashan Ltd) |location=Kanpur |url=http://post.jagran.com/Maya-statue-vandalisation-case-Prime-accused-Amit-Jani-arrested-1343462432 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926053009/http://post.jagran.com/Maya-statue-vandalisation-case-Prime-accused-Amit-Jani-arrested-1343462432 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoUQ-4">{{cite news |date=27 July 2015 |title=UP city administration replaces Mayawati statues overnight in Lucknow |newspaper=Jagran Post (Jagran Prakashan Ltd) |location=Kanpur |url=http://post.jagran.com/UP-city-administration-replaces-Mayawati-statues-overnight-in-Lucknow-1343382213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926042953/http://post.jagran.com/UP-city-administration-replaces-Mayawati-statues-overnight-in-Lucknow-1343382213 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoUQ-5">{{cite news |date=6 August 2012 |title=Unrest in Uttar Pradesh over vandalisation of Mayawati, Ambedkar statues |newspaper=Jagran Post (Jagran Prakashan Ltd) |location=Kanpur |url=http://post.jagran.com/Unrest-in-Uttar-Pradesh-over-vandalisation-of-Mayawati-Ambedkar-statues-1344241759 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926060016/http://post.jagran.com/Unrest-in-Uttar-Pradesh-over-vandalisation-of-Mayawati-Ambedkar-statues-1344241759 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Kirk 2011">{{cite book | last = Kirk | first = Jason | year = 2011 | title = India and the World Bank: The Politics of Aid and Influence | series = Anthem South Asian Studies | publisher = Anthem Press | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-0-85728-412-9 | page = 89}}</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi 2002">{{cite journal | last = Tripathi | first = Purima S. | date = 27 September 2002 | title = Mayawati in double trouble | journal = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] | volume = 19 | issue = 19 | url = http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1919/19190340.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021111104334/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1919/19190340.htm | archive-date = 11 November 2002 | access-date = 24 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="BSP India">{{cite web |title = Our President: Bahan Kumari Mayawati |work = Bspindia.org |publisher = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] |url = http://www.bspindia.org/kumari-mayawati.php |access-date = 24 December 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130814115547/http://www.bspindia.org/kumari-mayawati.php |archive-date = 14 August 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="UP Leg Assembly">{{cite web | title = Kumari Mayawati | publisher = UP Legislative Assembly | url = http://uplegassembly.nic.in/MAYAWATI%20BOI%20DATA.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213162735/http://uplegassembly.nic.in/MAYAWATI%20BOI%20DATA.htm | archive-date = 13 December 2013 | access-date = 24 September 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="IBN Live">{{cite web |last = Patni |first = Abhishek |title = Wah Taj! Maya gets away scot-free |work = Ibnlive.in.com |url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/monumental-relief-for-maya--wah-taj/42282-4.html |access-date = 17 June 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222173019/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/monumental-relief-for-maya--wah-taj/42282-4.html |archive-date = 22 February 2014}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181535/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Biodata.asp?no=1511 Official biodata]
* [http://www.bspindia.org/ Bahujan Samaj Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928075221/http://www.bspindia.org/ |date=28 September 2019 }}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef
| before = Rampiyare Suman
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| years = 1989 – 1991
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Ram Awadh
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = Ghanshyam Chandra Kharvar
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| years = 1998 – 2002
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Ram Awadh
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Tribhuvan Dutt]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| years = 2004 – 2007
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Shankhlal Majhi
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-par|in-upr}}
{{s-bef
| before = N/A
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]])
| years = 3 April 1994 – 25 October 1996
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = N/A
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]])
| years = 5 July 2004 – 5 July 2007
}}
{{s-aft
| after = N/A
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = Jai Prakash
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{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]])
| years = 3 April 2012 – 20 July 2017
}}
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| after = [[Kanta Kardam]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off
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| before = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 13 June 1995 – 18 October 1995
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{{s-aft
| after = [[President's Rule]]
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{{s-bef
| before = [[President's Rule]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 21 March 1997 – 21 September 1997
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Kalyan Singh]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[President's Rule]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 3 May 2002 – 29 August 2003
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 13 May 2007 – 7 March 2012
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Kanshi Ram]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = National President [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| years = 18 September 2003 – present
}}
{{s-inc
}}
{{s-end}}{{Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dalit politicians]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties in India]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Women chief ministers of Indian states]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:People from Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]

MaRG 155-BR

2026-02-22T06:22:45Z

Garrydum: added info

{{Short description|Mounted Gun System}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Multi-terrain Artillery Gun (MaRG)
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| type = Truck-mounted [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled howitzer]]
| service =
| wars =

| designer = [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems]]
| number =
| spec_label =
| length = {{convert|9391|mm||abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|2650|mm||abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|3160|mm||abbr=on}}
| action =
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged = yes
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery = yes
| is_missile = 
| used_by = [[Armenian Ground Forces]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Forge]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 2020–''present''
| variants =
*MaRG 39
*MaRG 45
*MaRG 52

| weight =
*{{convert|18|t}} - MaRG 39<ref>{{cite web |title=MaRG 155mm / 39 cal - BR |url=https://www.kssl.in/our-business-artillery |publisher=Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>
*{{convert|23.5|t}} - MaRG 45
*{{convert|24|t}} - MaRG 52
| part_length =
| crew = up to 6 personnel<ref name=":3" />

| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber =
*[[155 mm]]/39 calibre
*155 mm/45 calibre
*155 mm/52 calibre
| barrels =
| rate =
*'''Burst''' 3 shots in 30 seconds<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Forge Unveils Indigenous Multi-terrain Artillery Gun 155 –BR |url=https://defensemirror.com/news/31032/Bharat_Forge_Unveils_Indigenous_Multi_terrain_Artillery_Gun_155____BR |website=defensemirror.com |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>
* '''Intense:''' 12 shots in 3 minutes (MaRG 39) ; 10 shots in 3 minutes (MaRG 45)
* '''Sustained:''' 42 shots in 60 minutes
| velocity =
| range =
*{{convert|24|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Armenia ups defence, shows off Indian Akash SAMs, Pinaka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/watch-armenia-ups-defence-shows-off-indian-akash-sams-pinaka/articleshow/128116361.cms |access-date=15 February 2026 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=9 February 2026}}</ref>
*>{{convert|36|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalyani Group Unveils MArG 155mm/45 Cal Mounted Gun System at IDEX 2025 |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/kalyani-group-unveils-marg-155mm-45-cal-mounted-gun-system-at-idex-2025/?srsltid=AfmBOor4BKtpLsXpEywaF9A3npRfgQUVCTCLqF24FFdMIHk32bzFAAv2 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>
| max_range =
| feed =
| sights = 
| breech =
| recoil =
| is_vehicle = yes
| speed =
| elevation = -2°/+72°
| traverse = 25°
| ref =
}}

The '''MaRG 155-BR''' is a family of [[155 mm caliber]] [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled]] multi-terrain mounted gun system (MGS) developed by an Indian private company [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited]] (KSSL), a subsidiary of [[Bharat Forge]] for the [[Indian Army]] as parts of [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]], and [[Make in India]] initiative. The artillery gun is mounted on a 4x4 High Mobility Vehicle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=Bharat Forge unveils multi-terrain artillery gun (MArG) 155-BR |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/article.aspx?d=731&n=-Bharat-Forge-unveils-multi-terrain-artillery-gun-(MArG)-155-BR- |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Inder Singh |date=2025-02-19 |title=India’s Kalyani Group Unveils 155mm Mounted Gun at IDEX 2025 |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2025/02/19/indias-kalyani-mounted/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-US}}</ref> The MaRG family supports 39, 45 and 52 caliber guns.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Arjun Dev |date=2026-01-28 |title=World’s smallest 155 x 52 mm Mounted Gun System |url=https://chakranewz.com/critical-technologies/world-rsquo-s-smallest-155-x-52-mm-mounted-gun-system |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=chakranewz |language=en}}</ref>

With its [[independent suspension]], [[Automatic gearbox|automated gearbox]], and tire pressure adjustment system, the MaRG family can operate efficiently on challenging terrain, including slopes up to 30 degrees.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-07 |title=DEFEA 2025: India's Bharat Forge Targets European Market With Advanced MArG 155mm Howitzers |url=https://www.defencestar.in/military/army/india-bharat-forge-kssl-marg-155mm-mounted-artillery-gun-defea-2025/8997/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=defencestar.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Development ==
[[File:Kalyani Bharat ULH 155mm 39 CAL Howitzer.jpg|left|thumb|Bharat ULH 155-mm/39 caliber (Ultra-Light Howitzer) also called mountain artillery gun (MAG)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=2022-11-24 |title=Kalyani Group develops 155 mm artillery |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/kalyani-group-develops-155-mm-artillery |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=janes.com |language=en}}</ref> ]]
The Bharat ULH 155-mm/39 caliber (Ultra-Light [[Howitzer]]), created by Kalyani Strategic Systems, serves as the basis for the MaRG 155-BR, also known as the '''TS-20'''. Three versions of the ULH were created using various structural materials for the carriage and recoil devices: titanium (weight 4.8 tons), steel (all steel, total weight 6.8 tons), and mixed (Advance Hybrid). Based on the steel version of the ULH, the artillery unit was placed on the MaRG 155-BR. The four-by-four-wheel self-propelled vehicle is based on the [[Ashok Leyland]] Mark 4 military truck and has a five-person armored cabin. It has a contemporary fire control system installed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Joseph P. |date=2022-11-13 |title=Armenia buys the 155-mm / 39 self-propelled howitzers, Kalyani MArG 155 - BR, from India |url=https://frontierindia.com/armenia-buys-the-155-mm-39-self-propelled-howitzers-kalyani-marg-155-br-from-india/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Frontier India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Raghav |date=2025-02-12 |title=Bharat Forge Rolls Out MArG 155mm/45 Wheeled Self-Propelled Howitzer with Rapid Deployment, Extended Range and Precision Fire Capabilities |url=https://defence.in/threads/bharat-forge-rolls-out-marg-155mm-45-wheeled-self-propelled-howitzer-with-rapid-deployment-extended-range-and-precision-fire-capabilities.12850/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref>

On the advice of Indian [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] [[Bipin Rawat]], '''MaRG 39''' was developed by Bharat Forge. At DefExpo 2020, it was showcased for the first time. Mounted on a 4x4 [[BEML]]-[[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] [[chassis]], the 7.8 tonne, 155 x 39 mm lightweight howitzer is known as the truck-mounted MaRG-Steel. With an overall weight of 18 tons, the system is developed for high altitude terrain like [[Ladakh]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where it has proven logistically challenging to deploy heavy artillery. The [[Ilyushin Il-76]], and [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]] are capable of airlifting the MArG. One MaRG MGS can be flown by the IL-76, and the C-17 can airlift two MaRG MGS.<ref name=":1" />

Bharat Forge unveiled the Multi-terrain Artillery Gun (MaRG) 155-BR on 21 December 2021, in front of Indian [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] [[General (India)|General]] [[MM Naravane]], and the [[Defence Minister of India|Defense Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-26 |title=Pune: Indigenous Multi-terrain Artillery Gun launched |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-indigenous-multi-terrain-artillery-gun-launched-7690927/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The MaRG 155-BR is one of the few 155mm/39 caliber gun systems installed on 4x4 High Mobility Vehicle (HMV). It has the capacity to [[shoot-and-scoot]]. The [[Indian Armed Forces]] offered assistance and direction for the project's development.<ref name=":0" /> With a typical [[high-explosive]] [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] round, MaRG 39 can fire up to {{convert|24|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia Strengthens Defense With Indian Akash SAMs and Pinaka MLRS |url=https://militarnyi.com/en/news/armenia-strengthens-defense-with-indian-akash-sams-and-pinaka-mlrs/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Militarnyi |language=en-US|date=2026-02-08|last=Pryhodko|first=Roman}}</ref>

It can fire in Zone 5 and holds 18 artillery rounds. It has a burst rate of 3 shots in 30 seconds, an intense rate of 12 rounds in 3 minutes, and a sustained rate of 42 rounds in 60 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Rajesh |date=2021-12-21 |title=Defence Minister Unveils ‘Made in India’ Multi-Terrain Artillery Gun |url=https://www.defencexp.com/defence-minister-unveils-made-in-india-multi-terrain-artillery-gun/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=defencexp.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-10 |title=From Soviet/russian to Indian Arms: Armenia Breaks with Osa, Smerch, and Giatsint in Favor of Akash, Pinaka, and ATAGS |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/from_sovietrussian_to_indian_arms_armenia_breaks_with_osa_smerch_and_giatsint_in_favor_of_akash_pinaka_and_atags-17458.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=en.defence-ua.com |language=en}}</ref> The '''MaRG 45''', which was introduced at the 2025 [[International Defence Exhibition]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] can accommodate up to six crew members in an armored cabin at the front of the vehicle in a two plus four configuration. A sizable stabilizer attached to the back of the HMV is dropped to the ground when it is necessary to transition it into combat readiness. In addition to offering a platform for the loader and room to store a spare wheel, the stabilizer aids in distributing the considerable forces that are imparted onto the vehicle during the gun's recoil.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Petrov |first=Christopher |date=2025-02-20 |title=IDEX 2025: Kalyani unveils longer-range 4×4 155 mm artillery system |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/land/idex-2025-kalyani-unveils-longer-range-44-155-mm-artillery-system |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=janes.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Variant ==

* The MaRG 45 variant is a 155mm/45 caliber system which is placed on a 4x4 all-terrain high-mobility vehicle. The MaRG 45 is made to deploy quickly. It is compatible with [[NATO]]-standard and Indian Army in-service rounds and can fire conventional ammunition more than {{convert|36|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} away. With Zone 6 firing capability, the system can carry 18 artillery rounds and weighs 23.5 tons in total. The chassis guarantees excellent maneuverability on a variety of terrains. It traverses 25° on both the left and right sides and ranges in elevation from -2° to +72°. For rapid-response operations in tough and inaccessible areas, the deployment time is 1.5 minutes during the day, and 2 minutes at night. MaRG can fire 10 rounds in 3 minutes at an intense rate and 42 shots in 60 minutes at a steady rate. The system was created by KSSL as a substitute for the [[K9 Thunder]], [[ATMOS 2000]], and [[CAESAR self-propelled howitzer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyani Group unveils MArG 155mm/45 Cal MGS at IDEX 2025 |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/Issue/202504041055513540.pdf |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=vayuaerospace.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sathe |first=Vipul |date=2025-02-19 |title=Kalyani Group Unveils MArG 155mm/45 Cal at IDEX 2025 |url=https://www.motoroids.com/interesting-humorous-and-others/kalyani-group-unveils-marg-155mm-45-cal-at-idex-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=motoroids.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

* The smallest 155 x 52 mm mounted gun system in the world, the '''MaRG 52''', was introduced by KSSL in 2026. It weighs 24 tons when mounted on a Kalyani 4x4 vehicle. It makes use of an [[autoloader]] and an aluminum [[gun carriage]]. It features [[shoot-and-scoot]] functionality and can fire five rounds per minute. It is a component of the progression that started with MaRG 39 and continued with MaRG 45. Since 155 x 52 mm howitzers are typically only installed on 6x6 or 8x8 trucks, the MaRG 52 is a compact weapon.<ref name=":1" />

== Export ==
An unidentified friendly foreign nation placed an export order with Kalyani Strategic Systems on 9 November 2022, for the production of 155-mm artillery gun platforms within three years. The deal is for $155.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Joseph P. |date=2022-11-13 |title=Armenia buys the 155-mm / 39 self-propelled howitzers, Kalyani MArG 155 - BR, from India |url=https://frontierindia.com/armenia-buys-the-155-mm-39-self-propelled-howitzers-kalyani-marg-155-br-from-india/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Frontier India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=IDEX: Bharat Forge eyes export market for artillery systems |url=https://aviationweek.com/aerospace/idex-bharat-forge-eyes-export-market-artillery-systems |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref>

The MaRG 39 is the first mounted gun system from India to be sold abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Armenia Strengthens Defence capabilities with India’s MArG 155mm howitzers |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-armenia-strengthens-defence-capabilities-with-indias-marg-155mm-howitzers-3312545/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> On 7 February 2026, the [[Ministry of Defence of Armenia]] publicly unveiled the weapon, which is acquired through agreements with the Indian defense sector. The new weapon system enables digital integration with the domestically produced [[command and control]] (C2) infrastructure of the [[Armed Forces of Armenia|Armenian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malyasov |first=Dylan |date=2026-02-08 |title=Armenia gets new air defense and artillery systems from India |url=https://defence-blog.com/armenia-gets-new-air-defense-and-artillery-systems-from-india/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=defence-blog.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Operators ==

* '''{{ARM}}'''
** {{Army|ARM}} – 72 guns shipped to [[Armenia]] as of January 2026.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[K9 Thunder]] - South Korea
* [[ATMOS 2000]] - Israel
* [[CAESAR self-propelled howitzer]] - France

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Howitzers]]
[[Category:155 mm artillery]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Annpurna Devi

2026-02-16T17:30:10Z

Garrydum:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Annapurna Devi
| image = Annpurna Devi Minister (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Official portrait, 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|02|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ajmeri]], [[Bihar]], India (present-day [[Jharkhand]])
| residence = {{ubl|11, Teen Murti Lane, [[New Delhi]]}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Union Minister of Women & Child Development]]
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start = 10 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Smriti Zubin Irani]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of State for Education]]
| term_start1 = 7 July 2021
| term_end1 = 10 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| successor1 = [[Sukanta Majumdar]] [[Jayant Chaudhary]]
| primeminister1 = Narendra Modi
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma, Jharkhand]]
| term_start3 = 23 May 2019
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Ravindra Kumar Ray]]
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| term4 = 1998–2014
| predecessor4 = [[Ramesh Prasad Yadav (Indian politician)|Ramesh Prasad Yadav]]
| successor4 = [[Neera Yadav (politician)|Neera Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]] ([[Post Graduate|PG]])
| spouse = {{marriage|Ramesh Prasad Yadav|1993|1998|end=died}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/kodarma/news/politics-was-inherited-in-1998-after-husband39s-death-032512-4193827.html|title=पति की मृत्यु के बाद 1998 में विरासत में मिली थी राजनीति|website=www.bhaskar.com|language=hi}}</ref>
| children = 3
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5116?from=members
}}

'''Annapurna Devi Yadav'''<ref name= TheTelegraph>{{Cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/jharkhand/union-minister-annapurna-devi-gets-grand-welcome-in-tribal-belt-of-state/cid/1826811|title = Union minister Annapurna Devi gets grand welcome in tribal belt of state Hailing from the Yadav community, the Koderma MP lauds the present govt for being all inclusive}}</ref> (born 2 February 1970; {{IPA|hi|ən̪ːəpuːɾɳaː d̪eːʋiː jaːd̪əʋ}}) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 5th [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of Women and Child Development]] since 2024.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-cabinet-2-0-full-list-of-union-ministers-profiles-portfolios-all-you-need-to-know-1539036-2019-05-31 |title = Narendra Modi Cabinet 2.0: Full list of Union ministers, profiles, portfolios, all you need to know| date=31 May 2019 }}</ref> She is also a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]], [[Jharkhand]] in which she won the [[2019 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bjp-ajsu-party-alliance-wins-12-of-14-seats-in-jharkhand/articleshow/69480033.cms | title=BJP-AJSU Party alliance wins 12 of 14 seats in Jharkhand | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=24 May 2019 | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> She is also one of the National Vice Presidents of BJP. Previously, she was elected to the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]], from [[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] as a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Who is Annapurna Devi, the Jharkhand MP who replaced Smriti Irani as the women and child minister? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/annapurna-devi-jharkhand-mp-women-and-child-minister-smriti-irani-13781079.html |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

Devi became a union minister in [[Third Modi ministry|PM Modi's cabinet]], she won the [[2024 Indian general election|Lok Sabha Election 2024]] from Kodarma constituency of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Annapurna Devi became a minister in Modi cabinet, has been elected as MP from Koderma |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/koderma-bjp-mp-annapurna-devi-minister-again-in-pm-narendra-modi-cabinet-mtj |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

'''Union minister (Positions held):'''
Annpurna Devi has held various significant positions throughout her political career. Since 10 June 2024, she has been serving as the Union Cabinet Minister of Women and Child Development. She was elected to the [[18th Lok Sabha]] in June 2024. From 7 July 2021, she has served as the Union Minister of State for Education. Additionally, she is a Member of the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Power and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

Previously, she was a Member of the Committee on Empowerment of Women (9 October 2019 - 7 July 2021) and a Member of the Standing Committee on Industry (13 September 2019 - 7 July 2021). In May 2019, she was elected to the [[17th Lok Sabha]].

At the state level, she served as the Cabinet Minister for the Ministry of Irrigation, Women & Child Welfare, and Registration in the [[Government of Jharkhand]] (2012 - 2014). From 2005 to 2009, she chaired the Committee on Women & Child Welfare in the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] and served as a Member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly for two terms (2005 - 2014). Earlier, she was the Minister of State for the Ministry of Mines and Geology, [[Government of Bihar]], in 2000 and a Member of the Bihar/Jharkhand Legislative Assembly from 2000 to 2005 and the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from 1998 to 2000.

<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5116?from=members |title=Profile: Annpurna Devi |accessdate=2024-12-10}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5116?from=members Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Annapurna}}
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Kodarma]]
[[Category:Jharkhand politicians by Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Women union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

BAMCEF

2026-02-09T14:15:41Z

Garrydum:

{{Short description|Organization}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = BAMCEF
| full_name = The All India Backward And Minority Communities Employees Federation
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = Social organization of educated employees<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/pay-back-to-the-society-after-selfintrospection/article2692377.ece|title=Pay back to the society after self-introspection|author=Staff Reporter|date=2011-12-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| formation = {{start date and age|1978|12|06|p=y|df=yes}}
| founding_location = BAMCEF
| founder = [[Kanshi Ram]]<ref>IMC Marg opp Railway station Church Gate Mumbai</ref>
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Waman Meshram
| footnotes =
}}

'''The All India Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation,''' abbreviated as '''BAMCEF''', is an organisation for employees of oppressed communities that was established in 1971 by [[Kanshi Ram]], [[D. K. Khaparde]], Ram Khobragade and Dinabhana.

BAMCEF started at a convention held in [[Delhi]] in 1978, with an official launch on 6 December 1978, the death anniversary of [[B. R. Ambedkar]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2010|p=535}} The goal of BAMCEF is to establish a society and the nation on the values of Equality , [[Freedom]], [[Fraternity]] and Justice.

== History ==
As an employee of the Defence Research and Development Laboratory in [[Pune]], Kanshi Ram realized that the formation of a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] bureaucracy was important to serve depressed class's interests. He set about forming a federation, through which he worked his way up the bureaucratic hierarchy. By identifying a few zealous officers, he was able to influence lower-ranked staff.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/the-man-who-saw-tomorrow-2/|title=The Man Who Saw Tomorrow|date=2014-05-24|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

The motto of this organisation is to 'Change the System', to inspire the SC/ST/OBC and Minority bureaucrats to do their bit for the moolnivasi (SC/ST/OBC and Minority) masses. In this way, a continuous supply of intellectual property, money and talent was ensured. Ram did not want to make BAMCEF an employees' union. He wanted it to become an organisation of educated [[Bahujan]] employees: "the think tank, talent bank, and financial bank of the ''Bahujan samaj''.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|p=392}}

BAMCEF raised funds to promote their agenda and for training. Kanshi Ram appointed state-level conveners as well as mandal conveners to act as links between state and district levels.{{sfn|Franco|Macwan|Ramanathan|2004|p=52}} Suryakant Waghmore says it appealed to "the class among the indigenous moolnivasi bahujans that was comparatively well-off, mostly based in urban areas and small towns working as government servants and partially alienated from their untouchable identities".{{sfn|Waghmore|2013|p=40}}

Others established the [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]] (DS4) in 1981. This organization made an impact on people in North and South India. Later, this group was led by Ishaan Singh Tomar. Before the formation of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), DS4 entered local elections in Delhi and [[Haryana]] in the name of "Limited Political Action". Later on, Ram dissolved DS4 and formed BSP as a completely political wing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860131-bsp-finally-arrives-as-mayawati-stuns-political-observers-with-her-election-performance-800536-1986-01-31|title=BSP finally arrives as Mayawati stuns political observers with her election performance|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> This caused strain within BAMCEF ranks.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCIlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ram+dissolved+DS4&pg=PA101|title=Dalits: Past, present and future|last=Teltumbde|first=Anand|date=2016-08-19|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-52644-7|language=en}}</ref>

In early 1986, BAMCEF split. Kanshi Ram announced that he was no longer willing to work for any organisation other than BSP. One element of BAMCEF, which was associated with Kanshi Ram, became a shadow organisation to help BSP in electoral mobilisation. Those remaining in BAMCEF after Ram's departure registered BAMCEF as an independent non-political organisation in 1987.D.K. Khaparde became 2nd president of BAMCEF until his death in the year 2000.Waman Meshram was presided as the 3rd president of BAMCEF in the year 2000. {{sfn|Waghmore|2013|p=46}}

The current national president of BAMCEF is Waman Meshram.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Controversy===
The organization has been under scanner of [[Maharashtra]] police for spreading fake history by publishing videos on YouTube claiming [[Sambhaji]] was killed by Brahmin [[Nanasaheb Peshwa]] but in reality Sambhaji was killed by [[Aurangzeb]] which resulted in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]] in Maharashtra.<ref name="g849">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/01/04/is-bamcef-spreading-a-culture-of-hate-using-fake-news|title=Is BAMCEF spreading a culture of hate using fake news?|publisher=newslaundry|date=4 January 2019|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Citation|title=BAMCEF at a GlanceE|url=http://www.bamcef.co.in/about_us.html|website=BAMCEF|author=BAMCEF|date=2017|access-date=20 December 2017}}
*{{Citation |title=Journeys to Freedom: Dalit Narratives |last1=Franco |first1=F |last2=Macwan |first2=J |last3=Ramanathan |first3= S |isbn= 81-85604-65-7 |year=2004}}
*{{Citation | last = Jaffrelot | first = Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot | year = 2003 | title = India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics |isbn= 978-81-7824-080-0 |publisher=Permanent Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWms_1WzF1sC}}
*{{Citation| last = Jaffrelot | first = Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot | year = 2010 |publisher=Primus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA535|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India| isbn = 9789380607047 }}
*{{Citation|last=Waghmore|first=Suryakant|title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|publisher=Sage|year=2013|isbn=978-81-321-1308-9}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061023/obituary.html ''India Today'' article about Kanshi Ram]

[[Category:Dalit politics]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ambedkarite organisations]]

Kalmane Kamegowda

2026-02-08T04:05:52Z

Garrydum: started initial stub added tags

{{Short description|Shepherd and environmentalist (c. 1940-2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalmane Kamegowda
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1940}}
| birth_place = Dasanadoddi, [[Mandya district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|10|17|1940||}}
| death_place = [[Mandya]], Karnataka
| other_names = {{hlist|Kere Kamegowda|"Pond man"}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Shepherd]]|[[environmentalist]]}}
| years_active = 1970s—2021
| known_for = Water conservation in India
| notable_works = Construction of ponds in Kundinibetta
| awards = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] {{small|(2018)}}
}}
'''Kalmane Kamegowda''' ({{circa|1940}} {{endash}} 17 October 2022), also known as '''Kere Kamegowda''' or more commonly "'''Pond man'''",<ref name="HTDeath"/> was an Indian [[shepherd]] and [[environmentalist]] from [[Mandya district]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Over four decades, he constructed ponds in the Kundinibetta region that addressed [[water scarcity]] and supported local vegetation and wildlife.<ref name="HTTribute">{{Cite news |title=Kalmane Kamegowda dies, K'taka leaders pay tribute |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kalmane-kamegowda-dies-k-taka-leaders-pay-tribute-101666032626205.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 October 2022 |access-date=9 April 2024 |lang=en }}</ref><ref name="HTDeath">{{Cite news |author=Thadhagath, Pathi Venkata |title=Karnataka's beloved 'water sage' Kalmane Kamegowda dies at 82, CM pays tribute |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnatakas-beloved-water-sage-kalmane-kamegowda-dies-at-82-cm-pays-tribute-101665987669101.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 October 2022 |access-date=9 April 2024 |location=Bengaluru |lang=en }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Kamegowda was born in {{circa|1940}} in Dasanadoddi village, Malavalli taluk, Mandya district, Karnataka.<ref name="Scroll">{{Cite news |title=In Karnataka, a shepherd has spent all his money to dig ponds for birds and wild animals |url=https://scroll.in/article/974749/in-karnataka-a-shepherd-has-spent-all-his-money-to-dig-ponds-for-birds-and-wild-animals |work=Scroll.in |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref> He came from a shepherd family and was not formally schooled.<ref name="HT2020">{{Cite news |title=Karnataka man combats water scarcity by building ponds |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/karnataka-man-combats-water-scarcity-by-building-ponds/story-QI2DomAlO1ekaXKiRFVkrN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 December 2020 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref> While grazing [[livestock]] on Kundinibetta hillock, he observed water shortages affecting animals and birds during summer.<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite news |title=Karnataka's "Water Warrior" Who Ended Crisis Gets Lifetime-Free Bus Pass |url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/kame-gowda-karnatakas-lake-man-who-ended-water-crisis-gets-lifetime-free-bus-pass-2256434 |work=NDTV |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref>

Kamegowda began constructing ponds for wildlife in the late 1970s using basic tools,<ref name="HTTribute"/><ref name="GulfNews">{{Cite news |title=Indian shepherd combats water scarcity by building ponds |url=https://gulfnews.com/amp/story/world/asia/india/indian-shepherd-combats-water-scarcity-by-building-ponds-1.75989357 |work=Gulf News |agency=Associated Press |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref> and later rented mechanical excavators at a cost [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 6,000{{endash}}8,000 per day.<ref name="NDTV"/> The work was financed from his own earnings, and those of his son, through livestock sales, spending over 10 Lakh. The ponds were constructed on slopes and were interconnected so that they would fill sequentially during [[monsoon season]]s,<ref name="HT2020"/><ref name="HTTribute"/><ref name="GulfNews"/><ref name="Scroll"/> hence contributing to groundwater recharge in the Malavalli region. Despite initial dismissive community response,<ref name="HTTribute"/> the ponds provided water for local fauna including bears, leopards, deer, foxes, and birds.<ref name="GulfNews"/><ref name="TM2020">{{Cite news |title=85-yr-old Karnataka conservationist featured in PM's 'Mann ki Baat' gets COVID-19 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/85-yr-old-karnataka-conservationist-featured-pm-s-maan-ki-baat-gets-covid-19-129250 |work=The News Minute |date=23 July 2020 |access-date=9 April 2024 |lang=en }}</ref>

By 2018, Kamegowda had completed fourteen ponds,<ref name="NIE2018">{{Cite news |title='Lake Man' to build 15th pond with award money |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Dec/19/lake-man-to-build-15th-pond-with-award-money-1913579.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 December 2018 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref> and following receipt of the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava award]], he used the funds to construct an additional pond.<ref name="NIE2018"/> By 2020, sixteen ponds were completed,<ref name="HT2020"/> some named after his grandchildren.<ref name="NDTV"/>

In his latter years, Kamegowda experienced health issues including leg uclers and diabetes; and tested positive for [[COVID-19]] in July 2020, and recovered.<ref name="TM2020"/><ref name="DHCovid">{{Cite news |title='Lake Man' Kamegowda tests positive for coronavirus |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/lake-man-kamegowda-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-864379.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=22 July 2020 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref> He died on 17 October 2022 in [[Mandya]], Karnataka.<ref name="HTDeath"/><ref name="ET">{{Cite news |title='Pond Man' Kamegowda, who earned praise of PM for water conservation, dies |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/pond-man-kamegowda-who-earned-praise-of-pm-for-water-conservation-dies/articleshow/94918149.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=19 October 2022 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref><ref name="TheHinduDeath">{{Cite news |title=Mandya's 'water warrior' Kame Gowda passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mandyas-water-warrior-kame-gowda-passes-away/article66020722.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
He was awarded the Rajyotsava award in 2018 by the Karnataka state government.<ref name="TNM2018">{{Cite news |title=Margaret Alva, Justice Dattu, shepherd Kamegowda among recipients of Rajyotsava awards |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/margaret-alva-justice-dattu-shepherd-kamegowda-among-recipients-rajyotsava-awards-92427 |work=The News Minute |date=30 October 2018 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref><ref name="NIEList">{{Cite news |title=Margaret Alva, Jai Jagadish among Kannada Rajyotsava awardees |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/bengaluru/2018/Nov/29/margaret-alva-jai-jagadish-among-kannada-rajyotsava-awardees-1904770.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref> In July 2020, the state government announced that Kamegowda would receive a lifetime free pass for use on [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|state transport buses]].<ref name="NDTV"/> In March 2021, following reports of health issues, the government provided financial assistance for medical treatment and initiated the naming of a park in his honour.<ref name="DHRecovering">{{Cite news |title='Pond Man' Kamegowda recovering: DC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/pond-man-kamegowda-recovering-dc-865679.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=8 March 2021 |access-date=10 January 2026 |location=Bengaluru |lang=en }}</ref> In the same year, the government allocated funds for watershed development in the area.<ref name="GulfNews"/>

In June 2020, Prime Minister of India, Narendra Kumar mentioned Kamegowda during his monthly ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'' radio address,<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="TM2020"/><ref name="TheHinduMannKiBaat">{{Cite news |title=Mandya farmer receives praise from Prime Minister in Mann Ki Baat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mandya-farmer-receives-praise-from-prime-minister-in-mann-ki-baat/article31940437.ece |work=The Hindu |date=29 June 2020 |access-date=10 January 2026 |lang=en }}</ref> and his work was noted in discussions of water conservation approaches in Karnataka.<ref name="VarthaBharati">{{Cite news |title=PM lauds Karnataka environmentalist's efforts at building water tank |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/karnataka/pm-lauds-karnataka-environmentalists-efforts-at-building-water-tank |work=Vartha Bharati |date=28 June 2020 |access-date=10 January 2026 |location=New Delhi |lang=en }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamegowda, Kalmane}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:Shepherds]]
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Durgabai Kamat

2026-02-07T18:57:21Z

Garrydum: minor updated section after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1879)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Durgabai Kamat
| image = Durgabai Kamath.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Durgabai Kamat
| birth_date = 1879
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bomby]], [[Maharashtra]], [[British Raj]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alias = ''The First Female Actress in Indian Cinema''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/international-womens-day-durgabai-kamat-the-forgotten-women-of-indian-cinema-16101461.htm|title=Who was the first-ever Bollywood heroine — and more|website=CNBC TV18|date=7 March 2023}}</ref>
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | singer | dancer | painter}}
| years_active = 1913–1950
| spouse = {{marriage|Anand Nanoskar|1899|1903|reason=div.}}
| children = [[Kamlabai Gokhale]] (daughter)
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Chandrakant Gokhale]] (grandson)
* [[Mohan Gokhale]] (great-grandson)
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] (great-grandson)
}}
}}

'''Durgabai Kamat''' (1879 – unknown) was an Indian actress in [[Marathi films]], who was the first actress in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref name=toi/> She is known as ''The First Female Actress in Indian Cinema'' when she acted in film ''[[Mohini Bhasmasur]]'' in 1913 at that time when it was not considered an appropriate profession for girls from respectable families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/from-housewife-to-first-actress-in-indian-cinema-durgabai-kamats-inspiring-journey-7253311.html|title=From Housewife To First Actress In Indian Cinema, Durgabai Kamat's Inspiring Journey|website=News 18|date=10 March 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kamat was born into a [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Varma|first=Shraddha|date=7 March 2018|url=https://www.idiva.com/womens-month/the-heroes/durgabai-kamat-the-first-female-actor-in-indian-cinema/17074892|title=Durgabai Kamat: The First Female Actor In Indian Cinema|website=Idiva Dot Com|language=en|access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> She was interested in arts from a very young age and her father was a renowned musician. Durga learnt to play musical instruments such as the veena, tabla and sitar. She could sing, dance and paint like most upper-caste families of that time, was very conservative. She studied until 7th standard and later married a history teacher, but it didn't last long. She made her acting debut onstage. She made history as the first female actor, while her daughter [[Kamlabai Gokhale|Kamlabai]] became the first child actress of Indian cinema. Her rather bold decision to raise her child single-handedly and to pursue a career in acting saw her being ostracised by her Brahmin community.<ref name=YahooNewsCanada>{{cite web|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/durgabai-kamat-indian-silver-screens-first-leading-lady-030025541.html|title=Durgabai Kamat: Indian Silver Screen's First Leading Lady|website=Yahoo News Canada|date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

Durgabai Kamat first joined a travelling theatre company called Chittakarshak Natak Company and lived a nomad's life, with her daughter [[Kamlabai Gokhale|Kamlabai]] in tow. As they were on the go all the time, Durgabai also took it upon herself to home school her daughter. Around this time, she took up Dadasaheb Phalke on his offer to star in his next feature film, along with her daughter. ''Mohini Bhasmasur'' was a mythological black and white feature film, starring Kamlabai as Mohini and Durgabai as her mother, Parvati.<ref name=YahooNewsCanada/><ref>{{cite book|first1=Bhawana|last1=Sommya|first2=Jigna|last2=Kothari|first3=Supriya|last3=Madangarli|title=Mother Maiden Mistress : Women in Hindi Cinema,1950–2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dtec0Ykfo1sC&pg=PT4|date=17 April 2012|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-485-7|page=4}}</ref>

==Career==
In the early 1900s, acting in film or theatre was a taboo for women, so much so [[Dadasaheb Phalke]], the father of Indian cinema, had to use male actors for female roles in first Indian film, ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]''.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=54}} However, with its success, female actresses were encouraged. Thus, he introduced Kamat in his 1913 second movie ''[[Mohini Bhasmasur]]'' as a leading lady Parvati, while her [[Kamlabai Gokhale|daughter]] played the role of Mohini, thus becoming the first female child actress of Indian cinema. After Kamat, other actresses started working in cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian cinema@100: First women on screen: Durgabai Kamat and her daughter Kamlabai Ghokhle |author=Riya Chakravarty |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-362362 |publisher=NDTV |date=3 May 2013 |accessdate=9 May 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504160827/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-362362 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1927, she acted in the film ''Babanchi Bayko'' directed by Narayanrao D. Sarpotdar, starring K. Ghaneker, Koregonkar Durgabai, Varne Pandurang and Gondhaleker. With the coming of sound in movies then in 1931 she acted in ''Gulami Janjir'' a social film, directed by [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] and co-starred Takle, [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]], Hyder Shah and Manohar Ghatwani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/durgabai-kamat-the-woman-who-broke-barriers-as-indian-cinemas-first-female-actor/photostory/124683134.cms|title=Durgabai Kamat - The woman who broke barriers as Indian cinema's first female actor|website=Times of India|date=October 28, 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Durgabai married Anand Nanoskar, a history teacher in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] but their marriage did not last long. Despite the societal taboos, they parted ways in 1903. After their separation, Durgabai went on to raise her then three-year-old daughter [[Kamlabai Gokhale|Kamlabai]] on her own.<ref name=YahooNewsCanada/> She was the maternal grandmother of veteran Marathi actor [[Chandrakant Gokhale]],<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103075140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-21/pune/27752775_1_chandrakant-gokhale-marathi-actor Veteran actor Gokhale dead], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 21 June 2008.</ref> and the great-grandmother of actors [[Vikram Gokhale]] and [[Mohan Gokhale]].<ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=Vikram Gokhale has an illustrious family lineage|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/did-you-know-/32605578_1_lineage-artiste-durgabai-kamat |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123325/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/did-you-know-/32605578_1_lineage-artiste-durgabai-kamat |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |date=23 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref>

==Death==
It is unknown where and when Kamat died. Her date of death has been mis-cited as 17 May 1997, which is instead her daughter [[Kamlabai Gokhale|Kamalabai Gokhale's]] date of passing. According to the documentary on her daughter's life which was shot in 1988, she was already deceased by then.<ref>{{cite web | title=कमलाबाई I KAMLABAI I REENA MOHAN I 1991 I Marathi, Hindi with English Subtitles | website=[[YouTube]] | date=18 November 2020 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdpv1xCj4O8&si=C__xOCpl5PEnoeoD }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Silent Movies===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1913 || ''[[Mohini Bhasmasur]]'' || Parvati || Debut
|-
| 1927 || ''Babanchi Bayko'' || Durgabai || Directed by Narayanrao D. Sarpotdar
|}

===Talkie Movies===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1931 || ''Gulami Janjir'' || Renuka || Starred with [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book|title=Dadasaheb Phalke, The Father of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTZnAAAAMAAJ|year=2012|orig-year=2004|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-4319-6|last=Watve|first=Bapu|translator=Virkar, S. A.}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0244038}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamat, Durgabai}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian silent film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Actresses from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

List of CID episodes: 2024–present

2026-02-07T14:29:07Z

Garrydum: added new page

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
The following is a list of episodes from the series ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' that started airing from 2024.

== 2024 ==

{{Episode table
|background=#5AB834
|overall=5 |season=5 |title=20 |airdate=15 |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1548
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Sniper Rifle Murderer
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|21}}
|ShortSummary = During a critical rescue operation Abhijeet's daughter Shreya dies due to a minor mistake made by Daya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=CID 2 promo: Abhijeet, and Daya's friendship takes a shocking twist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/cid-2-promo-abhijeet-daya-friendship-acp-pradyuman-shivaji-satam-dayanad-shetty-aditya-2624001-2024-10-27 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Abhijeet shoots Daya and the former is sent to jail. A few months later a murder takes place in a metro and the CID team comes to investigate it.
|LineColor = 5AB834
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1549
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = A Mid-Air Murder
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|22}}
|ShortSummary =During a flight, an anonymous caller threatens Abhijeet to fulfill his demands otherwise there will be serious consequences.
|LineColor = 5AB834
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1550
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Body In The Red Suitcase
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|28}}
|ShortSummary = During a journey from Nagpur to Mumbai,Richa's husband Alok, vanishes under mysterious circumstances.
|LineColor = 5AB834
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1551
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Chehre Par Chehra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|29}}
|ShortSummary = CID officer Avni is investigating a case of her injured friend Amisha, uncovering a tangled web of deception, identity twists.
|LineColor = 5AB834
}}
}}

== 2025 ==
{{Episode table |background=#06402B |overall=5 |season=5 |title=20 |airdate=15 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1552
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Murder On The Island
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|01|04}}
|ShortSummary = Three charred bodies are discovered in a bungalow on a secluded island by the catering staff.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1553
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Salunkhe's Catwalk
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|01|05}}
|ShortSummary = The CID team investigates the mysterious death of Digvijay, an NRI groom, at his wedding.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1554
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Grehani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|01|11}}
|ShortSummary = Vishal is a tech genius, whose AI, Grehani, leads to his mysterious death.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1555
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Bank Robbery
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|01|12}}
|ShortSummary = A bank robbery in Mumbai leaves manager Rahul as the sole victim of a planned attack.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1556
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Twelfth Victim
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|01|18}}
|ShortSummary = A young man, Vasu, is jailed for his girlfriend Jhanvi’s murder, but years later, a serial criminal confesses.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1557
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Jungle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|01|19}}
|ShortSummary = A foreign photographer’s mysterious crime in a forest sparks an investigation which uncovers illegal activities and local rituals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daya's tribal transformation in CID |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dayas-tribal-transformation-in-cid/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1558
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = Gumnaam Hai Koi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gracious_Heart_ |date=2024-12-12 |title="Gumnaam hai koi.." is a melodious song that reminds us that there's beauty hidden in the unknown mysteries of life! Can you suggest other similar songs like this..? |url=http://www.reddit.com/r/BollywoodMusic/comments/1hcctk9/gumnaam_hai_koi_is_a_melodious_song_that_reminds/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=r/BollywoodMusic}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|01|25}}
|ShortSummary = Tragedy strikes when a dancer suddenly collapses and dies while performing a hula hoop routine on stage.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1559
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = Ready To Eat
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|01|26}}
|ShortSummary = Fingers are found in sausage packets. Tracing the source to a factory, CID uncovers a smuggling ring using victims to transport diamonds to Dubai.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1560
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title = Charcoal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|01}}
|ShortSummary = A corporate party turns deadly when a mysterious poison causes multiple deaths.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1561
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title = Katputli Ka Khel
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|02}}
|ShortSummary = CID investigates a dancer's murder, uncovering a series of killings tied to an artistic pattern and a dark past.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1562
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = Killer Route
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|08}}
|ShortSummary = A series of crimes targeting bus conductors on a specific route every Sunday baffles CID, as victims are found beheaded with no evidence.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1563
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title = The Last Fight
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|09}}
|ShortSummary = There is the sudden death of a famous underground fighter, Vikram, in the ring. His girlfriend, sensing the situation, calls CID.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1564
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title = Flat No 403
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|15}}
|ShortSummary = A gunshot echoes through a society, leading CID to Vikrant's flat, where they find stains and a skull on the wall.Neena<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-15 |title=Exclusive- Bade Ache Lagte hai 3 fame Aarushi Thakkar joins the cast of CID RETURNS says, 'Shivaji Satam sir aka ACP Pradyuman, is a gem of a person' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bade-ache-lagte-hai-3-fame-aarushi-thakkar-joins-the-cast-of-cid-returns-says-shivaji-satam-sir-aka-acp-pradyuman-is-a-gem-of-a-person/articleshow/118277525.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> also comes in CID Bureau.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1565
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18
|Title = Mechanical Trap
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|16}}
|ShortSummary = A deadly threat frames CID, putting Daya under suspicion. As the team investigates, they uncover the real mastermind behind the setup.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1566
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title = Haunted House{{efn|This episode is titled 'Haunted House' on Sony LIV and 'Goat Monster' on Netflix. The Sony LIV title is used here as it comes from the official distributor of the show.}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|22}}
|ShortSummary = Rajveer and his friends find bloodstains in an abandoned bungalow and notify the CID team.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1567
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20
|Title = Murder In The House{{efn|This episode is titled 'Murder In The House' on Sony LIV and 'Shrap' on Netflix. The Sony LIV title is used here as it comes from the official distributor of the show.}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|23}}
|ShortSummary = A woman was found dead in her home when a chandelier mysteriously fell on her.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1568
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21
|Title = Gilheri Rakshas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|01}}
|ShortSummary = A dead body is found in a forest and the locals suspect the Gilheri Rakshas. Inspector Sachin<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once more: Hrishikesh Pandey to play Inspector Sachin in CID's latest season |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/once-more-hrishikesh-pandey-to-play-inspector-sachin-in-cids-latest-season/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> joins CID again by transfer from the Narcotics Department.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1569
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22
|Title = Death Of A Therapist
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|02}}
|ShortSummary = A doctor is found dead in her clinic. As CID investigates, their search leads to the Softech Solutions Company.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1570
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23
|Title = Not Guilty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|08}}
|ShortSummary = Akshita seeks refuge with Dr.Salunkhe after an accident on a jungle road.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1571
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24
|Title = Curse Of The Burning Man
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|09}}
|ShortSummary = A dead body is found with burning footprints leading away. CID's investigation uncovers a deadly plot relating to an old shipyard legend.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1572
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25
|Title = Swimmers
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|15}}
|ShortSummary = A state-level swimmer is found dead in the bathroom.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1573
|EpisodeNumber2 = 26
|Title = Room No 804
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|16}}
|ShortSummary = A man claims that the eighth floor at Forest Woodland Resort has inexplicably disappeared.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1574
|EpisodeNumber2 = 27
|Title = Baby Steps
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|22}}
|ShortSummary = Yoga instructors Rohini and Puja are found killed similarly.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1575
|EpisodeNumber2 = 28
|Title = The Talking Skeleton
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|23}}
|ShortSummary = A restaurant staff member's death leads to a smuggling operation.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1576
|EpisodeNumber2 = 29
|Title = Men's Premier League
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|29}}
|ShortSummary = A biker throws a bag on CID's car, which contains evidence against a cricket match-fixing syndicate.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1577
|EpisodeNumber2 = 30
|Title = Nakabposh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|30}}
|ShortSummary = A man claims to have a vision of a woman being murdered, and later the prediction comes true.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1578
|EpisodeNumber2 = 31
|Title = The End Of The Watch
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|05}}
|ShortSummary = Barboza<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-28 |title=Tigmanshu Dhulia returns to CID after 6 years; says 'When I first joined the show, I was a bit apprehensive' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tigmanshu-dhulia-returns-to-cid-after-6-years-says-when-i-first-joined-the-show-i-was-a-bit-apprehensive/articleshow/119643611.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> of the Golden Eye Gang sets up a bomb and hijacks the CID Bureau.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1579
|EpisodeNumber2 = 32
|Title = The Aftermath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|06}}
|ShortSummary = The CID team, suffering from the loss of ACP Pradyuman, prepare to take down Barboza and the Golden Eye Gang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CID Makers Announce Shivaji Satam Aka ACP Pradhyuman's Exit From Show After 27 Years. Internet Reacts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/cid-makers-announce-shivaji-satam-aka-acp-pradhyuman-s-exit-from-show-after-27-years-fans-react-8100102 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1580
|EpisodeNumber2 = 33
|Title = Ticket To Heaven
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|12}}
|ShortSummary = Rajeev is found dead on a bus, with his face turned red and signs of rigor mortis.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1581
|EpisodeNumber2 = 34
|Title = Purze
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|13}}
|ShortSummary = With ACP Ayushmaan<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-17 |title=CID: Parth Samthaan on returning to Television after 5 years as ACP Ayushman; says 'This show has always been an integral part of our childhood' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cid-parth-samthaan-on-returning-to-television-after-5-years-as-acp-ayushman-says-this-show-has-always-been-an-integral-part-of-our-childhood/articleshow/120389379.cms |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as the new ACP, the team investigates cases of organ harvesting murders.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1582
|EpisodeNumber2 = 35
|Title = Murder At The Studio
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|19}}
|ShortSummary = Podcaster Aniket, who recently solved a two-year-old murder case, is found dead.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1583
|EpisodeNumber2 = 36
|Title = Murder At The Railway Tracks
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|20}}
|ShortSummary = The investigation of a dead girl near the Mahim railway tracks leads to a possible link to Barboza.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1584
|EpisodeNumber2 = 37
|Title = Death In The Car
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|26}}
|ShortSummary = During the launch of a new car, a body is found in it. While patrolling at night, Abhijeet and Sachin meet Rajan Aulakh and Vikram Patel of ''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CID X Jewel Thief: Epic Crossover Promo Unites Abhijeet With Jaideep Ahlawat and Kunal Kapoor |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/cid-x-jewel-thief-epic-crossover-promo-unites-abhijeet-with-jaideep-ahlawat-and-kunal-kapoor_221345 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1585
|EpisodeNumber2 = 38
|Title = The Silent Den
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|27}}
|ShortSummary = A murder takes place in an escape room, and the team has to investigate it without any verbal communication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=CID to air a silent episode, Daya-Abhijeet call it a 'challenging experience' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/cid-silent-episode-sony-tv-daya-abhijeet-dayanand-shetty-aditya-shrivastav-2713658-2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Flashback scenes also reveal a face-off between ACP Pradyuman and ACP Ayushman.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1586
|EpisodeNumber2 = 39
|Title = CID Mein Gaddar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|03}}
|ShortSummary = CID arrives at a school under threat of a bomb. Meanwhile, Abhijeet investigates a different murder and kidnapping case. Flashbacks continue with Ayushmaan informing ACP Pradyuman about a possible mole in the team.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1587
|EpisodeNumber2 = 40
|Title = Accidental Death Or A Planned Murder?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|04}}
|ShortSummary = Two contestants of a reality show die during filming. While investigating it, another hit-and-run occurs.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1588
|EpisodeNumber2 = 41
|Title = The Last Stroke
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|10}}
|ShortSummary = A painter is found dead in his gallery. Sometime later, a news anchor also dies.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1589
|EpisodeNumber2 = 42
|Title = Missing Flight
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|11}}
|ShortSummary = A body tied to a seat is discovered in a lake, and divers uncover pieces of a plane that vanished eight years back in 2017.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1590
|EpisodeNumber2 = 43
|Title = The Mysterious Death Of A Businessman
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|17}}
|ShortSummary = A businessman is found dead in his pool. During the investigation, another murder happens.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1591
|EpisodeNumber2 = 44
|Title = Skeleton At A Construction Site
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|18}}
|ShortSummary = A skeleton is found buried in a construction site. Investigation leads to more skeletons being found.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1592
|EpisodeNumber2 = 45
|Title = Case Of Real Diamonds
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|24}}
|ShortSummary = Two men are killed on the same night, with a broken diamond-studded vase present at both crime scenes.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1593
|EpisodeNumber2 = 46
|Title = The Last Call
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|25}}
|ShortSummary = Secret chips installed in phones cause explosions all over the city when triggered by an unknown number.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1594
|EpisodeNumber2 = 47
|Title = Jewellery Theft
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|31}}
|ShortSummary = Daya's badge being found in a godown with stolen jewellery puts him under suspicion. A doppelganger of ACP Pradyuman attacks Daya in a tent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-01 |title=ACP Pradyuman returns to CID after brief exit from show, tries to kill Daya in new promo; fans say 'legend is back' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/shivaji-satam-acp-pradyuman-returns-to-cid-after-brief-exit-from-show-tries-to-kill-daya-fans-react-101748743167234.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601070325/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/shivaji-satam-acp-pradyuman-returns-to-cid-after-brief-exit-from-show-tries-to-kill-daya-fans-react-101748743167234.html |archive-date=2025-06-01 |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1595
|EpisodeNumber2 = 48
|Title = ACP Pradyuman Is Alive?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|01}}
|ShortSummary = Daya tells the CID team that ACP Pradyuman is still alive but doesn't recognize him and is now a part of the Golden Eye Gang. Umpire Anil Choudhary<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Ishika |date=2025-05-17 |title=Former IPL Umpire Anil Chaudhary to Appear in Famous TV Show CID |url=https://www.sportsdunia.com/cricket-news/ipl-umpire-anil-chaudhary-to-appear-in-cid |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.sportsdunia.com |language=en}}</ref> also appears as a member of the Golden Eye Gang.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1596
|EpisodeNumber2 = 49
|Title = ACP Pradyuman Tricks CID
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|07}}
|ShortSummary = ACP Pradyuman returns to CID, but Abhijeet refuses to believe he is the real ACP. ACP Pradyuman then reveals how he survived the bomb blast and also saved Inspector Shreya<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-10 |title=Janvi Chheda aka Inspector Shreya returns to CID 2; says 'picking up where I left' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/janvi-chheda-aka-inspector-shreya-returns-to-cid-2-says-picking-up-where-i-left/articleshow/121652468.cms |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and her daughter from the Golden Eye Gang.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1597
|EpisodeNumber2 = 50
|Title = Accident Or Murder?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|08}}
|ShortSummary = Dr. Salunkhe is declared a traitor and arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=CID: Narendra Gupta aka Dr. Salunkhe termed 'gaddar', bids adieu to show |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/cid-narendra-gupta-dr-salunkhe-journey-ends-on-the-show-fans-upset-over-gaddar-twist-23564167 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> ACP Ayushmaan<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-10 |title=Parth Samthaan signs off as ACP Ayushman in CID 2; says 'From being trolled by people to making them love, this was a beautiful journey' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parth-samthaan-signs-off-as-acp-ayushman-in-cid-2-says-from-being-trolled-by-people-to-making-them-love-this-was-a-beautiful-journey/articleshow/121731036.cms |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> leaves CID since ACP Pradyuman has returned. The CID team then has to investigate the death of a driver in a car accident, but finds out that he was dead before the impact.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1598
|EpisodeNumber2 = 51
|Title = Behind The Glamour
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|14}}
|ShortSummary = Ira, an actress, is found hanging in her house. Investigation leads to multiple suspects with motives.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1599
|EpisodeNumber2 = 52
|Title = Death In The Jungle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|15}}
|ShortSummary = While trekking, four friends find a headless body in the jungle without any blood. Dr. Tarika<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Returning as Dr Tarika in C.I.D. felt natural, just right: Shraddha Musale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/returning-as-dr-tarika-in-c-i-d-felt-natural-just-right-shraddha-musale/articleshow/121922063.cms |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> joins CID once again.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1600
|EpisodeNumber2 = 53
|Title = Dead Men In Uniform
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|21}}
|ShortSummary = A policeman is pushed from an apartment by someone who looks like Daya. Two more police officers were murdered later.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1601
|EpisodeNumber2 = 54
|Title = Janamdin Par Maut
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|22}}
|ShortSummary = Salil is killed as soon as he enters his house for his birthday party.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1602
|EpisodeNumber2 = 55
|Title = Omkar Sawant Joins The Team
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|28}}
|ShortSummary = Daya shoots Inspector Milan on a moving bus. Superintendent Omkar Sawant <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-26 |title=Veteran actor Sanjay Narvekar joins the cast of CID 2 for the upcoming new twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/veteran-actor-sanjay-narvekar-joins-the-cast-of-cid-2-for-the-upcoming-new-twist/articleshow/122024279.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is sent to help CID.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1603
|EpisodeNumber2 = 56
|Title = Omkar Sawant Has A Breakthrough
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|29}}
|ShortSummary = SOS announces that Daya is the main suspect in the killing of the police officers. Meanwhile, CID has to investigate a triple murder case.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1604
|EpisodeNumber2 = 57
|Title = Officer Daya Is On The Run
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|07|05}}
|ShortSummary = Officer Daya disguises himself and boards a flight. The same flight happens to get hijacked.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1605
|EpisodeNumber2 = 58
|Title = An Encrypted Message{{efn|This episode is titled 'An Encrypted Message' on Sony LIV and 'Inspector Daya's Secret Code' on Netflix. The Sony LIV title is used here as it comes from the official distributor of the show.}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|07|06}}
|ShortSummary = CID discovers that Daya has escaped in disguise. While Daya takes Shreya's help once he lands in Delhi, some members of CID decrypt his secret message left behind.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1606
|EpisodeNumber2 = 59
|Title = Purvi Receives A Message
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|07|12}}
|ShortSummary = As the team prepares to surround the governor's residence, Purvi receives an encrypted message from Daya.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1607
|EpisodeNumber2 = 60
|Title = Double Agent Daya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|07|13}}
|ShortSummary = Omkar Sawant exposes Daya's secret, but Abhijeet has a revelation of his own. Purvi and Abhijeet attempt a daring rescue mission.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1608
|EpisodeNumber2 = 61
|Title = Team CID On A Vacation
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|07|19}}
|ShortSummary = The team attempts to take a vacation, but their resort paradise soon turns into a grisly crime scene when a comedian's manager is killed.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1609
|EpisodeNumber2 = 62
|Title = Officer Purvi's Narrow Escape
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|07|20}}
|ShortSummary = After Purvi narrowly escapes a dangerous acid attack, the CID aggressively pursues a list of suspects.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1610
|EpisodeNumber2 = 63
|Title = Ekk Anokha Case
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|07|26}}
|ShortSummary = When a cryptic note is found on the body of a disgraced CEO, cops realize that they only have 72 hours to stop a murder from taking place.ACP Pradyuman asks Dr Salunkhe<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=CID 2: Narendra Gupta aka Dr Salunkhe’s return as the villain disappoints fans, say ‘Don’t ruin our…’ |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/cid-2-narendra-gupta-aka-dr-salunkhe-return-as-the-villain-in-shivaji-satam-starrer-disappoints-fans-3218846/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref> for help.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1611
|EpisodeNumber2 = 64
|Title = Dr Salunkhe Goes Missing
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|07|27}}
|ShortSummary = With only 42 hours remaining, the CID searches for the missing Salunkhe.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1612
|EpisodeNumber2 = 65
|Title = CID Ke Naam Ek Gift
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|02}}
|ShortSummary = When ACP Pradyuman receives a call from a mysterious figure known as "the Chessmaster<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-22 |title=Exclusive: Aniruddh Roy to feature yet again in Sony Entertainment Television's CID 2 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-aniruddh-roy-to-feature-yet-again-in-sony-entertainment-televisions-cid-2/2025/07/22 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> " the team finds itself caught in a dangerous game.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1613
|EpisodeNumber2 = 66
|Title = Ekk Insaan,Do Maut
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|03}}
|ShortSummary = The discovery of a body draws the CID into a curious case when they learn that the victim has died twice.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1614
|EpisodeNumber2 = 67
|Title = Accident Ya Murder?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|09}}
|ShortSummary = A bike accident takes a shocking turn when the autopsy reveals hidden truths.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1615
|EpisodeNumber2 = 68
|Title = Officer Abhijeet Witnesses A Crime
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|10}}
|ShortSummary = While recovering at home from an injury, Officer Abhijeet believes that he has witnessed a crime taking place in the apartment opposite his house.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1616
|EpisodeNumber2 = 69
|Title = Failed Transactions
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|16}}
|ShortSummary = When multiple payment transactions fail across the city, the team discovers a link to an accident involving a doctor set to receive an award.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1617
|EpisodeNumber2 = 70
|Title = Shraap
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|17}}
|ShortSummary = CID investigates in a chawl where young Prasad dies during Dahi Handi practice.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1618
|EpisodeNumber2 = 71
|Title = Dead Principal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|23}}
|ShortSummary = After a principal's death, the team finds red powder under his nails and scratches on his neck.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1619
|EpisodeNumber2 = 72
|Title = Do Minute, Do Khoon
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|24}}
|ShortSummary = As a major art exhibit opens, two persons are found dead.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1620
|EpisodeNumber2 = 73
|Title = Manch Par Maut
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|30}}
|ShortSummary = Amid Ganpati celebrations, the CID team is called in to investigate the mysterious death of a famous dance teacher.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1621
|EpisodeNumber2 = 74
|Title = The Headless Dead Body
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|31}}
|ShortSummary = Team CID investigates the case of a headless dead body found in a trunk on top of a bus.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1622
|EpisodeNumber2 = 75
|Title = An Author's Murder Mystery
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|06}}
|ShortSummary = While Team CID is busy playing a game of chess, they receive news of the murder of renowned novelist Surya.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1623
|EpisodeNumber2 = 76
|Title = A Serial Killer's Revenge
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|07}}
|ShortSummary = Chaos erupts when a prisoner breaks free, determined to hunt those behind his arrest.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1624
|EpisodeNumber2 = 77
|Title = Shooting Stars
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|13}}
|ShortSummary = Arpan mysteriously dies moments after proposing to his girlfriend through a video under a shooting star.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1625
|EpisodeNumber2 = 78
|Title = High Security Murder
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|14}}
|ShortSummary = When Abhijeet learns that his friend Dhanraaj may be in danger, he rushes to find him.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1626
|EpisodeNumber2 = 79
|Title = Haunted Amusement Park{{efn|This episode is titled 'Haunted Amusement Park' on Sony LIV and 'The Missing Influencer' on Netflix. The Sony LIV title is used here as it comes from the official distributor of the show.}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|20}}
|ShortSummary = A social media experiment to revive an abandoned amusement park turns sinister when an influencer dies mid-stunt.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1627
|EpisodeNumber2 = 80
|Title = Bureau Mein Murder{{efn|This episode is titled 'Bureau Mein Murder' on Sony LIV and 'Attack On Mumbai' on Netflix. The Sony LIV title is used here as it comes from the official distributor of the show.}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|21}}
|ShortSummary = A man reports a threat to his life and an impending attack in Mumbai. Before he can say more, he collapses and dies.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1628
|EpisodeNumber2 = 81
|Title = Influencer Ki Maut{{efn|This episode is titled 'Influencer Ki Maut' on Sony LIV and 'Death During A Live Stream' on Netflix. The Sony LIV title is used here as it comes from the official distributor of the show.}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|27}}
|ShortSummary = On being called by Shanaya's concerned manager, team CID smashes Shanaya's door and finds her murdered.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1629
|EpisodeNumber2 = 82
|Title = Pariyon Ki Duniya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|28}}
|ShortSummary = CID takes on a baffling case where people act possessed, speak of a fairyland, and then die by suicide.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1630
|EpisodeNumber2 = 83
|Title = A Poisoned Necklace
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|04}}
|ShortSummary = Shreya arrives to attend the engagement ceremony of Rashi and Aman. Soon after, Rashi is found murdered.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1631
|EpisodeNumber2 = 84
|Title = Curious Case Of Artificial Intelligence
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|05}}
|ShortSummary = Cricketer Neerav's daughter is kidnapped from school, and CID steps in to investigate.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1632
|EpisodeNumber2 = 85
|Title = Murder At The Resort
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|11}}
|ShortSummary = Team CID reaches a resort to investigate the mysterious death of a young girl who was stabbed.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1633
|EpisodeNumber2 = 86
|Title = Deadly Overtime
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|12}}
|ShortSummary = When a woman working late at her office is found dead,investigation uncovers mysterious CCTV footage and unusual wounds on the body.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1634
|EpisodeNumber2 = 87
|Title = Bungalow Mein Maut
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|18}}
|ShortSummary = When a man named Kunal is found dead, investigators face a twist when they learn that he reported his own death before it happened.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1635
|EpisodeNumber2 = 88
|Title = An Obsessed Fan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|19}}
|ShortSummary = A fatal stabbing occurs in an actor's green room.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1636
|EpisodeNumber2 = 89
|Title = RJ Ki Maut
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|25}}
|ShortSummary = Pankaj is on a call with RJ Rishabh when suddenly, the RJ calls out for help and is then found murdered.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1637
|EpisodeNumber2 = 90
|Title = Karmo Ka Phal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|26}}
|ShortSummary = A man is found dead with his face crushed by a stone and a message scrawled in his blood at an isolated spot.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1638
|EpisodeNumber2 = 91
|Title = Death Of A Fortune Teller
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|01}}
|ShortSummary = A crowd gathers to hear messages from their ancestors through a woman, but suddenly the woman dies right before their eyes.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1639
|EpisodeNumber2 = 92
|Title = Buried In Cement
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|02}}
|ShortSummary = A body is discovered buried in cement inside an abandoned bungalow.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1640
|EpisodeNumber2 = 93
|Title = Cursed Mirror
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|08}}
|ShortSummary = An actress is found unconscious after a mysterious accident that appears to be deliberate.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1641
|EpisodeNumber2 = 94
|Title = Death After Discharge{{efn|This episode is titled 'Death After Discharge' on Sony LIV and 'Industrialist Ki Maut' on Netflix. The Sony LIV title is used here as it comes from the official distributor of the show.}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|09}}
|ShortSummary = Dhiren, a businessman, is found dead in his car after being discharged from the hospital.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1642
|EpisodeNumber2 = 95
|Title = Maut Ki Dhamki
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|15}}
|ShortSummary = Businessman Kuldeep receives a threatening phone call over a bungalow dispute and is later found dead in his meditation room.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1643
|EpisodeNumber2 = 96
|Title = Apsara
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|16}}
|ShortSummary = While team CID heads out for a picnic, they stumble upon a case involving a missing policeman. The prime suspect is a woman who lives by the lake.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1644
|EpisodeNumber2 = 97
|Title = Ekk Anokha Shadyantra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|22}}
|ShortSummary = Team CID investigates a case where they find a woman's body without the head.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1645
|EpisodeNumber2 = 98
|Title = A Chain Of Murders
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|23}}
|ShortSummary = The CID team stumbles upon a strange case where an auto-rickshaw driver is found strangled to death with no signs of struggle and no witnesses.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1646
|EpisodeNumber2 = 99
|Title = SOS Call
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|29}}
|ShortSummary = Team CID follows a set of coordinates to a secluded location after receiving an SOS call.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1647
|EpisodeNumber2 = 100
|Title = Rakshak Baba
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|30}}
|ShortSummary = Three friends trespass onto land owned by Rakshak Baba. One escapes, but the other two are found decapitated and their bodies discovered deeper in the forest.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1648
|EpisodeNumber2 = 101
|Title = The Ghost Of Kalighati Village
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|06}}
|ShortSummary = While Daya is on vacation he stumbles on a case where villagers are being killed, apparently by a witch whose legend goes back years.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1649
|EpisodeNumber2 = 102
|Title = Murder At The Bureau{{efn|This episode is titled 'Murder At The Bureau' on Sony LIV and 'Abhijeet Under Suspicion' on Netflix. The Sony LIV title is used here as it comes from the official distributor of the show.}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|07}}
|ShortSummary = Makrand, a gruesome serial killer, is found dead while in the custody of CID.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1650
|EpisodeNumber2 = 103
|Title = Abhijeet’s Secret Caller
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|13}}
|ShortSummary = A truck driver is found dead and his partner is missing. CID is stunned to discover that the RDX once loaded in the truck has vanished.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1651
|EpisodeNumber2 = 104
|Title = Abhijeet Shoots Daya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|14}}
|ShortSummary = With Abhijeet suspected of having gone rogue, team CID attempts to track 400 kg of RDX across the city.
|LineColor = 06402B
}}

}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of CID episodes: 2024-present}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series episodes]]
[[Category:Hindi serials episodes articles]]
[[Category:Lists of crime television series episodes]]

Muhammad Yasin Khan

2026-02-03T01:11:47Z

Garrydum: added article

{{Orphan|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Yasin Khan
| office = Faujdar of [[Chittagong District|Islamabad (Chittagong)]]
| predecessor = [[Wali Beg Khan]]
| successor = [[Mirza Baqir]]
| term = 1723–1727
| monarch = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| governor = [[Murshid Quli Khan]]
}}
'''Muhammad Yasin Khan''' was a [[Faujdar]] of the [[Chittagong District|Sarkar-e-Islamabad (Chittagong)]] in [[Mughal Bengal]]. He succeeded [[Wali Beg Khan]], governing Chittagong under the first [[Nawab]] of Bengal [[Murshid Quli Khan]] and [[Mughal emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]]. In the same year of his appointment, Khan commissioned the construction of the [[:bn:কদম মোবারক শাহী জামে মসজিদ|Qadam Mubarak Shahi Mosque]] in Chittagong.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Kadam Mubarak Mosque|author=Hossain, Shamsul}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bd-journal.com/life-style/182833/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6|language=bn|title=বাংলাদেশের প্রাচীন ঐতিহাসিক ৫ মসজিদ |access-date=29 September 2022|work=BD Journal}}</ref> He served as the first ''[[Waqf|mutawalli]]'' of the mosque and safeguarded within the compound two [[Petrosomatoglyph|stone imprints]], one of which is attributed to the [[Prophet Muhammad]] which Khan had acquired from his pilgrimage to [[Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah]].<ref name="a">{{cite web|title=পুরাকীর্তির সংক্ষিপ্ত বর্ণনা - চট্টগ্রাম |url=http://www.chittagong.gov.bd/bn/site/page/U6vS-পুরাকীর্তির-সংক্ষিপ্ত-বর্ণনা |access-date=29 September 2022|work=Chittagong.gov.bd}}</ref> In 1727, he was succeeded as the Faujdar of Chittagong by [[Mirza Baqir]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tempest|volume=3|page=40}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of Chittagong]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Wali Beg Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Faujdar of Islamabad (Chittagong)|years= 1723-1727}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mirza Baqir]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Yasin}}
[[Category:Governors of Chittagong]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{Bangladesh-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Andhera (TV series)

2026-02-02T18:01:14Z

Garrydum:

{{Short description|2025 Indian supernatural horror web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Supernatural horror]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = Gaurav Desai
| writer = Gaurav Desai Raaghav Dar Karan Anshuman Chintan Sarda
| director = Raaghav Dar
| starring = [[Priya Bapat]] [[Karanvir Malhotra]] [[Prajakta Koli]] [[Surveen Chawla]] [[Vatsal Seth]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer = [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] [[Farhan Akhtar]] Kassim Jagmania Mohit Shah Karan Anshuman
| cinematography = Huentsang Mohapatra
| editor = Manan Mehta
| runtime = 45–61 minutes
| company = [[Excel Entertainment]]
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Andhera''''' ({{Translation|Darkness}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[supernatural horror]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series created by Gaurav Desai and directed by Raaghav Dar. Produced by [[Excel Entertainment]], it stars [[Priya Bapat]], [[Karanvir Malhotra]], [[Prajakta Koli]] and [[Surveen Chawla]], with [[Vatsal Sheth]], [[Parvin Dabas]] and Pranay Pachauri in supporting roles. The eight-episode first season premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 August 2025.<ref name="TOIReview">{{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=14 August 2025 |title=Andhera Season 1 Review: A supernatural thriller that thrives on atmosphere over jump scares |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/andhera/season-1/seasonreview/123271304.cms |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="ETRelease">{{cite news |date=14 August 2025 |title=Andhera Season 1 released on OTT: When and where to watch Prajakta Koli, Surveen Chawla's supernatural thriller |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/andhera-season-1-released-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-prajakta-koli-surveen-chawlas-supernatural-thriller/articleshow/123292957.cms |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="NIE">{{cite news |date=7 August 2025 |title=Surveen Chawla, Prajakta Koli to star in the supernatural-horror series Andhera |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2025/Aug/07/hindinews2025aug06surveen-chawla-prajakta-koli-to-star-in-the-supernatural-horror-series-andhera |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set in [[Mumbai]], the series follows Inspector Kalpana Kadam and Jay, a medical student, who become entangled in a missing-person case that unearths a sinister presence beneath the city.<ref name="ETTrailer">{{cite news |date=8 August 2025 |title=Andhera trailer drops starring Surveen Chawla and Prajakta Koli: When and where to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/andhera-trailer-drops-starring-surveen-chawla-and-prajakta-koli-netizens-applaud-the-glimpse-of-horror-thrill-when-and-where-to-watch/articleshow/123192039.cms |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="HTReview">{{cite news |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=14 August 2025 |title=Andhera Season 1 review: Supernatural thriller flies high on ambition, low on chills |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/andhera-season-1-review-supernatural-thriller-flies-high-on-ambition-low-on-chills-101755143283932.html |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Priya Bapat]] as Inspector Kalpana Kadam<ref name="HTReview" />
* [[Karanvir Malhotra]] as Jay Sheth <ref name="HTReview" />
* [[Prajakta Koli]] as Rumi<ref name="HTReview" />
* [[Surveen Chawla]] as Ayesha<ref name="TOIReview" />
* [[Vatsal Sheth]] as Darius
* [[Sonali Sachdev]] as Sarita Sheth
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Chaitanya Ji
* [[Parvin Dabas]] as Dr. Sahay<ref name="TOIReview" />
* Pranay Pachauri as Prithvi Sheth<ref name="TOIReview" />
* [[Bandish Bandits|Dilip Shankar]] as Madhu Uberoi
* [[Mission Over Mars|Gaurav Sharma]] as Dr. Aziz
* [[Kavin Dave|Kavin dave]] as Jude Rosario
* Anand ingle as Kanitkar
* Mohit Prajapati as Omar
* Ayam mehta as Barot
* Salim Shah

==Episodes==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #030C40
| link1 = #Season 1 (2025)
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
}}

===Season 1 (2025)===
{{Episode table |background=#030C40 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=26 |airdate=18
|overallT=Season |seasonT=Episode |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Andhera Kha Gaya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = A young woman vanishes into a living, breathing darkness. Inspector Kalpana investigates the case, only to encounter resistance from within her own department. Meanwhile, Jay, a medical student haunted by nightmares of this supernatural darkness, seeks answers. Has darkness truly come alive?
|LineColor = 030C40
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = It watches us
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Kalpana's quest to solve Bani's disappearance reawakens her own traumatic memories. As Jay delves deeper into the mystery of the supernatural darkness, he finds himself caught between reality and hallucination. Meanwhile, Omar's abduction from the child shelter unveils a sinister and clandestine agenda at work.
|LineColor = 030C40
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Patient x
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Jude searches for a comic book he believes holds the key to unraveling the supernatural darkness. Kalpana's investigation intersects with Jay and Rumi's quest, leading to startling new revelations. Meanwhile, the darkness sets its sights on a new victim.
|LineColor = 030C40
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Aatma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Jay’s meeting with Jude and Kalpana’s showdown with Darius unravel a deeper conspiracy. Madhu Uberai, CEO of Uberlife Pharma, reveals a twisted and ruthless plot to exploit human suffering for profit. In the midst of it all, Omar becomes the latest subject of the sinister experiment.
|LineColor = 030C40
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Maut ko maat
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Kalpana’s fight against Darius leads her to a dead end. Desperate to save Prithvi’s life, Jay makes an unthinkable choice. As the stakes rise, the heroes find themselves in a losing battle.
|LineColor = 030C40
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Kya tumhara naam Tama hai?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = The quest to unravel the supernatural darkness and the elusive machine unites Kalpana, Jay, Rumi, and Jude. As their search intensifies, they uncover a chilling revelation—the darkness has a name.
|LineColor = 030C40
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Follow the data
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Aziz sets aside his skepticism and reveals long-buried secrets, hoping they hold the key to defeating the darkness. As Kalpana’s worst nightmare comes true, Jay and Rumi race to uncover the truth, while Jude spirals deeper into despair. With the darkness spreading, the battle against evil hangs in balance.
|LineColor = 030C40
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Eternal Night
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = In the epic final showdown, Jay and Rumi race against time to crack the code that could defeat the darkness. A fierce battle rages on two fronts—reality and the mind. As Tama grows unstoppable, the heroes are pushed to their limits in an ultimate clash that teeters on the brink of disaster.
|LineColor = 030C40
}}
}}

== Production ==
The series was created by Gaurav Desai and directed by Raaghav Dar for [[Excel Entertainment]]. Producers include [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Ritesh Sidhwani]], as reported in multiple outlets. The series is written by Gaurav Desai, Raaghav Dar, Karan Anshuman and Chintan Sarda.<ref name="NIE" /><ref name="ETRelease" />

== Release ==
Season 1 with eight episodes was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 August 2025.<ref name="ETRelease" /><ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2025 |title=From Saare Jahan Se Accha to Tehran… this weekend’s OTT releases |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-saare-jahan-se-accha-to-tehran-and-janaki-v-vs-state-of-kerala-to-alien-earth-watch-these-ott-releases-this-weekend-on-netflix-prime-video-jiohotstar/articleshow/123299351.cms |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Early reviews were mixed. ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' described the series as "high on ambition, low on chills".<ref name="HTReview" /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the atmosphere over jump scares.<ref name="TOIReview" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it a "juvenile mish-mash" in a critical review, while also running a feature interview with Prajakta Koli.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2025 |title=Andhera review: This Prajakta Koli series is a juvenile mish-mash |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/andhera-review-this-prajakta-koli-series-is-a-juvenile-mish-mash-10189268/ |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2025 |title=Prajakta Koli on diving into horror with Andhera: 'It’s good to feel uncomfortable' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/prajakta-koli-on-diving-into-horror-with-andhera-theres-no-sunshine-here-10186336/ |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[Scroll.in]]'' described it as "fitfully frightening... its parts more intriguing than its sum".<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2025 |title=Andhera OTT review: Chills and thrills in a battle between the known and the unimaginable |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1085476/andhera-review-chills-and-thrills-in-a-battle-between-the-known-and-the-unimaginable |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31918578}}
* {{Official website|https://www.primevideo.com/}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]

A for Prayagraj

2026-01-30T23:05:12Z

Garrydum: Put Up Some Pg More To Come.

{{Short description|Biographical account of Prayagraj}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title =
| name = A for Prayagraj
| image = A for Prayagraj.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = Udbhav Agarwal
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Indian English]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Historical]], [[Biographical]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Aleph Book Company]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| published = 10th August, 2021
| media_type =
| pages = 128
| isbn = 9789390652723
}}

'''''A for Prayagraj''''' is a 2021 book by [[Indian people|Indian]] writer Udbhav Agarwal.<ref name=":1" /> Udbhav is a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] candidate at [[Johns Hopkins University]] in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], and previously completed his schooling at the [[The Doon School|Doon School]] and his undergraduate degree at the [[Vassar College]] in [[Poughkeepsie, New York|Poughkeepsie]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-30|title=Udbhav Agarwal {{!}} Aleph Book Company|url=https://www.alephbookcompany.com/authors/udbhav-agarwal/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Aleph Book Company {{!}}|language=en}}</ref> This is his first book, providing a [[Biography|biographical]] account of [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]], formerly known as [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], and its eventual name change.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-08|title=Review: A for Prayagraj: A Short Biography of Allahabad by Udbhav Agarwal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewa-for-prayagraj-a-short-biography-of-allahabad-by-udbhav-agarwal-101633693896590.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Udbhav |date=2021-07-23 |title='A for Prayagraj': This biography of Allahabad is a modern story of an old city |url=https://scroll.in/article/1000861/a-for-prayagraj-this-biography-of-allahabad-is-a-modern-story-of-an-old-city |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary ==
''A for Prayagraj'' is part travelogue and part memoir, portraying various stories of the erstwhile [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] through the eyes of a former resident. The author, born and raised in the city revisits his childhood memories throughout the book.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-28|title=A For Prayagraj: A Short Biography of Allahabad {{!}} Aleph Book Company|url=https://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/a-for-prayagraj-a-short-biography-of-allahabad/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Aleph Book Company {{!}}|language=en}}</ref> Over the span of 128 pages, he meets various people such as lawyers, theatre artists, and former and current residents to share with readers stories that have been lost to time. He describes how the city has transformed over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Udbhav |date=2022-01-22 |title="A for Prayagraj": This book presents a short biography of Allahabad |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/a-for-prayagraj-this-book-presents-a-short-biography-of-allahabad/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref> The book explores various subcultures in the city, along with its vices such as crime and street law. It also delves into other aspects, including education and unemployment.<ref name=":0" /> Throughout the book, we learn how one of India’s oldest cities, with a past both glorious and grim, is rapidly undergoing urbanization. From 'tent city' to the holy rivers, from crime to romance, the author covers every aspect of Prayagraj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A For Prayagraj: A Short Biography of Allahabad |url=https://www.ompublications.in/product/books/OM51393 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=www.ompublications.in}}</ref> This rapid change is, in the words of the author, rendering years of historical importance into 'a battleground of historical clichés.' Yet, as we find in the book, traces of the city’s glorious past still remain, both in its landscape and in the hearts and minds of its residents.<ref name=":0" /> This biography of Allahabad tells the modern story of an ancient city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Udbhav|title='A for Prayagraj':|url=https://scroll.in/article/1000861/a-for-prayagraj-this-biography-of-allahabad-is-a-modern-story-of-an-old-city|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reception ==
Kinshuk Gupta of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' commented on the book, saying ''"''Udbhav Agarwal’s precise detailing brings forth Allahabad-Prayagraj’s contradictions, its past slowly pushed to the corner by bustling malls even as its residents jostle hard to move out."<ref name=":0" />

Alok Rai of ''[[India Today]]'' stated, "Allahabad might have changed its name, but a new book shows that the iconoclastic spirit of its youth remains resolute."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=Book review: 'A For Prayagraj' by Udbhav Agarwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20220124-book-review-a-for-prayagraj-by-udbhav-agarwal-1900157-2022-01-14 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian books]]
[[Category:Aleph Book Company books]]
[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]

Ishwar Chander Nanda

2026-01-20T01:52:45Z

Garrydum: started first post nd citations

{{Short description |Indian dramatist (1892–1965)}}
[[File:IC (Ishwar Chander) Nanda in 1950s.jpg|thumb|Ishwar Chander Nanda in 1950s]]
{{Use dmy dates |date=March 2025}}
'''Ishwar Chand Nanda''' (30 September 1892 – 3 September 1965<ref name="ਪੰਜਾਬ ਕੋਸ਼">{{cite book | title=ਪੰਜਾਬ ਕੋਸ਼ ਜਿਲਦ ਦੂਜੀ| publisher=ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਪੰਜਾਬ | author=ਰਛਪਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਗਿੱਲ |language=Punjabi| year=2004 | pages=201}}</ref>) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] academic and dramatist, known as the father of [[Punjabi drama]].<ref name=pro/><ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0414 | title=Oxford Reference | isbn=978-0-19-564446-3 | accessdate=14 September 2014| last1=Lal | first1=Ananda | year=2004 | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref><ref name="Nāraṅga1987">{{cite book|author=Sī. Aila Nāraṅga|title=History of Punjabi Literature, 850-1850 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LpjAAAAMAAJ|page=9|year=1987|publisher=National Book Shop}}</ref><ref name="Grewal1986">{{cite book|author= Grewal, J. S. |title=The Emergence of Punjabi Drama: A Cultural Response to Colonial Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgkMAAAAIAAJ|page=33|year=1986|publisher= [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]}}</ref>

==Life==
He did B.A. Honors from [[Dayal Singh College, Lahore]], where he was a student of [[Norah Richards]],<ref name="SekhonDuggala1992">{{cite book|author1=Sant Singh Sekhon|author2=Kartar Singh Duggal|title=A History of Punjabi Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srBjAAAAMAAJ|year= 1992|page=333|publisher=Sahitya Akademi Publications|isbn=978-81-7201-292-2}}</ref> and then M.A. English from [[Punjab University, Lahore]]. He later became professor at Dayal Singh College, where he worked till his retirement on 15 August 1947.

After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he settled in [[New Delhi]], where he lived for the rest of life.<ref name=pro>{{cite web | url=http://www.profiles.manchanpunjab.org/people.php?id=18 | title=Ishwar Chander Nanda | accessdate=14 September 2014 | archive-date=14 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914000355/http://www.profiles.manchanpunjab.org/people.php?id=18 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plays==
* ''Suhag or Dulhan'' (1913), one-act play
* ''Bebe Ram Bhajni'' (1914)
* ''Subhaddra'' (1920)
* ''Var Ghar or Lily Da Viah'' (1930)
* ''Shamu Shah'' (1928)
* ''Social Circle'' (1953), three one-act plays<ref>{{cite book|title=ਮੰਚ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ |author=ਡਾ. ਰਘਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ |year=2007 |publisher=ਪਬਲੀਕੇਸ਼ਨ ਬਿਊਰੋ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਪਟਿਆਲਾ |isbn=978-81-7380-153-2|language=Punjabi|pages=147–148, 167 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanda, Ishwar Chander}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of the Punjab]]
[[Category:Academics from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]

Ranjit Sarma

2026-01-16T17:54:53Z

Garrydum: creating some data basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjit Sarma
| image = File:Ranjit_Sarma.JPG
| imagesize = 250px
| birth_date = 21 February 1950
| birth_place = Assam, India
| occupation = Screenplay Writer
}}
'''Ranjit Sarma'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050426044518/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/northeast/story_4631169.asp Portrait of a storyteller Personality - Ranjit Sarma] via The Telegraph</ref><ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/celebs-at-the-5th-jagran-film-fest/15639171 Celebs at the 5th Jagran Film Fest] via Mid Day</ref> (born 21 February 1950, at [[Guwahati]]), has worked in the field of film, stage and radio play, [[film criticism]] since 1980. Third son of freedom fighter Late Pabindra Nath Sarma and Late Kunjabala Devi.

==Work==
Two of his books are printed and published namely, ''Ranjit Sarma’r Nirbasito Sankalan'' (1998) & ''Sanglap'' (1995). He wrote the screenplay of the films named ''Sankalpa'' (1986), ''31st June'' (1992), ''Mimangsa'' (1994), ''Raag Biraag'' (1996), ''Nisiddha Nodi'' (1999), ''Baibhab'' (1999), ''Oniyo Ek Yatra'' (2002), ''Othello'' (2014).<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=112013 Othello: An Assamese Film Portraying Life as a Perennial River] via Press Information Bureau</ref>

==Achievements==

* Assam Sahitya Sabha Award for Best Drama in 1985 for 'Sanglap'
* Best Dramatist Award for 'Prarthana' in around one act play competitions
* Best Screenplay Award for 'Baibhab' (1999) at State Film Award Festival, Assam (2005)
* Best Screenplay Award for 'Othello'<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep2814/city052 Honour for Assamese film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125011454/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep2814/city052 |date=25 January 2020 }} via The Assam Tribune</ref> at Indian [[Cine film|Cine Film]] Festival, Mumbai (2014)
* Best Screenplay Award for 'Othello' at [[Prag Cine Awards North-East 2015]], Assam
* Radio play 'Mayar Udvid' (Enchanted Flora) was broadcast through stations of A.I.R. in Akhil Bharatiya Karjyakram (1998)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/08/25/stories/09250228.htm Sincere attempt at meaningful cinema]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} at The Hindu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075200/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090313/jsp/northeast/story_10650374.jsp Intimate exploration of an actor’s agony] at The Telegraph
*
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, Ranjit}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Guwahati]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Assamese-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Assam]]

P. Pandi

2026-01-05T02:06:34Z

Garrydum: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{short description|Indian criminal}}'''P. Pandi''', also known as '''"Attack" Pandi''', is a gangster from the [[Madurai]] area of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He was an aide to former Union Minister [[M. K. Alagiri|M.K. Alagiri]]. He has at least 20 cases filed against him. He was leader of the [[Dinakaran attack]] in 2007, and the murderer of "Pottu" Suresh. He was sentenced to life in prison for that crime.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hc-sentences-attack-pandi-eight-others-to-life-imprisonment-in-dinakaran-office-attack-case/article26597952.ece|title=HC sentences 'attack' Pandi, eight others to life imprisonment in Dinakaran office attack case|last=Chandar|first=B. Tilak|date=2019-03-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

His nickname came from his haircut, which was very sharp. "Attack" is a word used for "awesome" in Madurai and Chennai slang. According to [[urban legend]], he was skilled at [[Kabbadi]] and was known for aggressive play.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/He-who-pounces-like-a-dog/article20754406.ece|title=He who pounces like a dog|last=Bharathan|first=Bijoy|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>

== Crimes ==

=== Dinakaran attack ===
''[[Dinakaran]]'' conducted a survey that showed most people wanted [[M. K. Stalin]] to succeed [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunamidhi]] as [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leader. Elder brother M. K. Azhagiri was sidelined. This led Pandi, as Azhagiri's aide, to rally his supporters and attack ''Dinakaran''<nowiki/>'s Madurai offices. They firebombed the offices, killing 3 employees. Later he was acquitted in the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/pottu-suresh-murder-case-attack-pandi-arrested-in-mumbai/article7673906.ece|title='Attack' Pandi arrested in Mumbai|last=Sundar|first=S.|date=2015-09-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== 'Pottuu' Suresh murder ===
Later, Pandi felt sidelined by Azhagiri's family, and by Azhagiri's personal secretary 'Pottu' Suresh. He thought Suresh was not letting him see Azhagiri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/hunt-on-for-attack-pandi/article4374958.ece|title=Hunt on for 'Attack' Pandi|last=Srikrishna|first=L.|date=2013-02-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This caused Pandi to plan murder. The killers made Suresh get out of a car near the Azhagiri residence and hacked him to death in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Attack-Pandis-wife-fears-threat-to-his-life/articleshow/49054718.cms|title='Attack' Pandi's wife fears threat to his life|date=22 September 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> According to sources, Pandi negotiated with police through his lawyer, saying he would give himself up if they arrested the DMK bigshot as well. He later absconded to [[Mumbai]], where he was arrested in 2015.

He was convicted of ''Dinakaran'' attack and was sentenced to life. His appeal is currently before Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-admits-attack-pandis-plea-against-sentence/article29412600.ece|title=SC admits 'Attack' Pandi's plea against sentence|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2019-09-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Above it says he was acquitted of Dinkaran.|date=January 2020}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandi, P}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]

Sayyeshaa

2025-12-23T19:05:55Z

Garrydum:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1997)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyeshaa
| birth_name = Sayyeshaa Saigal
| image = Sayyeshaa at Shivaay trailer launch (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sayyeshaa at Shivaay trailer launch
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|08|12|df=y}}<ref name="HBSS" /><ref>{{cite news|title= Happy Birthday: Arya Celebrates Wife Sayyeshaa's Birthday In Style!|url=http://jfwonline.com/article/happy-birthday-arya-celebrates-wife-sayyeshaas-birthday-in-style/|access-date=23 April 2020|newspaper=JWF online|date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]|2019}}<ref name="SSLA" />
| children = 1
| father = [[Sumeet Saigal]]
|mother = Shaheen Banu
| relatives = {{plainlist|
*[[Chamiyan Bai]] (great-great-grandmother)
*[[Mian Ehsan-ul-Haq]] (great-grandfather)
*[[Naseem Banu]] (great-grandmother)
*[[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] (brother-in-law)
*[[Farah (actress)|Farah]] (step-mother)
*[[Saira Banu]] (grand-aunt)
*[[Dilip Kumar]] (grand-uncle)
}}
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015–2023
}}

'''Sayyeshaa Saigal''' (born 12 August 1997), known [[mononymously]] as '''Sayyeshaa''', is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She made her acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]'' (2015), for which she received [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]] nomination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sayyeshaa.com/sayyeshaa_aboutMe.html|title=About Sayyeshaa|website=www.sayyeshaa.com|language=en|access-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412053939/http://www.sayyeshaa.com/sayyeshaa_aboutMe.html|archive-date=12 April 2017}}</ref>

Sayyeshaa made her Hindi film debut with ''[[Shivaay]]'' (2016), receiving [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sayyeshaa-goes-on-learning-spree-with-ajay-devgn-starrer-shivaay-2826119/|title=Sayyeshaa goes on learning spree with Ajay Devgn starrer Shivaay|date=30 May 2016|website=Indian Express|access-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140053/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sayyeshaa-goes-on-learning-spree-with-ajay-devgn-starrer-shivaay-2826119/|archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> She then made her Tamil film debut with ''[[Vanamagan]]'' (2017) and received [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Debut Actress - Tamil]] nomination. Her successful films include ''[[Kaappaan]]'' (2019) and ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' (2021), her Kannada film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayyeshaa: The Rising Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412053939/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/sayyeshaa-saigal/ |archive-date=12 April 2017 |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/sayyeshaa-saigal/}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
[[File:Saiyesha with sumit dad.png|thumb|Sayyeshaa with her father, [[Sumeet Saigal]]]]

Sayyeshaa was born as Sayyeshaa Saigal on 12 August 1997 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="HBSS">{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/arya-shares-adorable-picture-wife-sayyeshaa-saigal-her-birthday-check-it-out-467327?amp |title=Arya shares an adorable picture with wife Sayyeshaa Saigal on her birthday; Check it out |work=Pinkvilla |date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/sayyeshaa-birthday-hubby-arya-soundara-raja-among-other-celebs-share-heartfelt-wishes-for-the-actress/635767 |title=Sayyeshaa birthday: Hubby Arya, Soundara Raja among other celebs share heartfelt wishes for the actress |work=Zoom TV |date=12 August 2020 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> She is the daughter of actors [[Sumeet Saigal]] and Shaheen Banu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/dilip-kumars-21-year-old-grandniece-sayyeshaa-is-a-stunning-beauty-14328/18 |title=Remember Shivaay actress Sayyeshaa Saigal? A look at her personal life in pictures! |work=Mid Day |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jahnavi|last=Patel|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-ajay-devgns-new-heroine/20161026.htm|title=Ajay Devgn's new heroine has so many filmy connections |work=Rediff.com |access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref> Sayyeshaa is the grandniece of actors [[Saira Banu]], who is her mother's aunt and [[Dilip Kumar]], and the great granddaughter of [[Naseem Banu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/saira-banus-grand-niece-sayesha-saigal-all-set-for-telugu-debut-966711.html |title=Saira Banu's grand niece Sayyeshaa Saigal is all set for Telugu debut with Akhil |work=News18 |date=11 February 2015 |access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandya |first1=Haresh |title=Naseem Banu: First Female Superstar of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/sep/04/guardianobituaries.filmnews |access-date=10 October 2014 |agency=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |date=4 September 2002}}</ref>

Sayyeshaa completed her schooling from [[Ecole Mondiale World School, Juhu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/india/ecole-mondiale-world-school-juhu-mumbai-mumbai-maharashtra-india-s10011247/|title=Ecole Mondiale World School, Juhu, Mumbai {{!}} IB, CIE International School {{!}} Day School {{!}} Admission, Fee Structure, Curriculum, Rating & Reviews and Facilities {{!}} SchoolMyKids|work=SchoolMyKids - Find A Great Future for your Kids|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Her parents got divorced in 2003. Actress [[Farah Naaz]] is her step-mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/shivaay-actress-sayyesha-saigal-is-the-step-daughter-of-bwood-actress-farah-grand-niece-of-saira-banu-read-more-see-pics-810312/amp|title='Shivaay' actress Sayyesha Saigal is the step daughter of B'wood actress Farah Naaz and grand niece of Saira Banu|website=ABP Live|date=16 June 2016 |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sayyeshaa started dating Tamil actor [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] after ''[[Ghajinikanth]]'' (2019).<ref name="SSLA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/lifestyle/relationships/article/arya-and-sayyeshaa-love-story-breaking-the-stereotype-heres-how-love-blossomed/585622 |title=Arya and Sayyeshaa love story: Breaking the stereotype, here's how love blossomed |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=Zoom TV|date=May 2020 }}</ref> They got married on 10 March 2019, according to [[Islamic]] traditions in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sayyeshaa-to-marry-tamil-actor-arya-in-hyderabad-details-inside/story-75BxxFWT7M4hlnLZkjN7CN.html |title=Sayyeshaa to marry Tamil actor Arya in Hyderabad. Details inside |access-date=11 March 2019 |website=Hindustan Times|date=February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Sayyeshaa Saigal, Arya wedding: Couple poses with Surya, Rana Daggubati, see pics, video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/inside-sayyeshaa-saigal-arya-wedding-couple-poses-with-surya-rana-daggubati-see-pics-video/story-J45hVwYarQrMsyjoewiuFP_amp.html |access-date=11 March 2019 |website=Hindustan Times|date=11 March 2019 }}</ref> Their daughter Ariana was born on 23 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayyeshaa Saigal shares FIRST glimpses of daughter Ariana on husband's birthday |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/sayyeshaa-saigal-shares-first-glimpses-daughter-ariana-see-pictures/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=11 December 2022 }}</ref> Tamil actor [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] is her brother-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-26 |title=Arya's brother Sathya ties the knot with Bhavna. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/arya-s-brother-sathya-ties-the-knot-see-pics/story-JK9Q4mtc7BzjlHljAtSyyN.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut and career expansion (2015–2018) ===
Sayyeshaa made her film debut in 2015 with the Telugu film ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} She portrayed a medical student opposite [[Akhil Akkineni]]. The film was a commercial failure.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} ''[[Times of India]]'' noted, "Sayyeshaa is a surprise even though she isn’t given much to do. She emotes really well and dances like a dream." She received [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]] nomination for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/akhil/movie-review/49758917.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=12 November 2015 |title=AKHIL MOVIE REVIEW |first=Pranita |last=Jonnalagedda}}</ref>

She made her Hindi film debut opposite [[Ajay Devgn]] in his second directorial film ''[[Shivaay]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sayesha-saigal-to-debut-in-ajay-devgns-shivay/|title=Sayyeshaa to debut in Ajay Devgn's Shivaay |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=6 November 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119164549/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sayesha-saigal-to-debut-in-ajay-devgns-shivay/|archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> She portrayed an IFS officer. It was commercially unsuccessful but ran for more than 50 days at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-shivaay/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Shivaay |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 October 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' stated, "Sayyeshaa does justice to her character."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shivaay/critic-review/shivaay-movie-review/ |title=Shivaay Review: SHIVAAY is a perfect emotional thriller |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref> While ''[[Times of India]]'' termed her performance "decent". She received a [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]] nomination for her performance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-hindi-movie-news-bollywood-movies-news-updates/movie-reviews/Shivaay/movie-review/55092696.cms?from=mdr |title=Shivaay Movie Review: AJAY'S NEVER-ENDING SAGA IS HIGH ON ACTION BUT LACKS SOUL |website=The Times of India |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, she made her Tamil film debut with ''[[Vanamagan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180617/sayyeshaa-upbeat-about-vanamagan.html|title=Sayyeshaa upbeat about Vanamagan|date=18 June 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619113116/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180617/sayyeshaa-upbeat-about-vanamagan.html|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> She portrayed a businesswoman opposite [[Jayam Ravi]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated, "Sayyeshaa looks ravishing and she steals the show with her effortless performance."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanamagan movie review: Definitely worth a watch! |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 June 2017 |access-date=25 June 2017 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/240617/vanamagan-movie-review-definitely-worth-a-watch.html}}</ref>

Sayyeshaa had three releases in 2018. She first appeared opposite [[Karthi]] in ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sayyeshaa-confirmed-for-karthi-pandiraj-project/articleshow/61508026.cms|title=Sayyeshaa confirmed for Karthi-Pandiraj project|work=Times of India|access-date=22 January 2018|last1=Sundar |first1=Mrinalini }}</ref> It was a box-office success.<ref name="final">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pasamalar-namma-veetu-pillai-big-fat-family-drama-tamil-cinema-109913?amp|title=From 'Pasamalar' to 'Kadaikutty Singam': The big fat family drama in Tamil cinema|website=The News Minute|date=3 October 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' mentioned, "Sayyeshaa looks beautiful and hogs the limelight despite limited scope."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadaikutty Singam Review: Karthi is impressive in this feel-good movie |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 July 2018 |access-date=20 July 2018 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140718/kadaikutty-singam-movie-review-karthi-sayyessha-soori-priya-good-pandi.html}}</ref> Next, she appeared in ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'' opposite [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-sethupathi-sayyeshaa-s-new-film-junga-will-be-shot-in-paris/story-YcEBo5S4xDg7OIlXbHWjZO.html|title=Vijay Sethupathi, Sayyeshaa's new film Junga will be shot in Paris and Chennai |access-date=28 August 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=28 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mrinalini Sundar |access-date=1 September 2017 |title=In Junga, the actor is also the producer! |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/in-junga-the-actor-is-also-the-producer/articleshow/60308449.cms}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted, "Sayyeshaa looks gorgeous, her role is minimal but she has done it well."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Junga movie review: Vijay Sethupathi is hilarious in this gangster spoof |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 July 2018 |access-date=27 September 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/junga-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-is-hilarious-in-this-gangster-spoof/story-BjAlg9fRIqcALjIXDm4ZFM_amp.html}}</ref> She next appeared in ''[[Ghajinikanth]]'', a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''. She portrayed a Kuchupudi dancer opposite [[Arya (actor)|Arya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/tamil/news/sayyeshaa-arya-will-make-terrific-pair-ghajinikasnth-heres-proof/|title=Sayyeshaa-Arya will make a terrific pair in Ghajinikanth and here's the proof|work=Pinkvilla |publisher=Pinkvilla Tamil|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ghajinikanth-shoot-complete-in-record-39-days-news-tamil-selqKsijdjgaj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412024738/http://www.sify.com/movies/ghajinikanth-shoot-complete-in-record-39-days-news-tamil-selqKsijdjgaj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2018|title='Ghajinikanth' shoot complete in record 39 days?|work=Sify|access-date=2018-04-12|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' mentioned, "Sayyeshaa looks super gorgeous. The actress scores well with her cute expressions and energetic moves."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ghajinikanth-review-family-friendly-comedy-entertainer-review-tamil-sicrlbbhcfbfc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802181936/http://www.sify.com/movies/ghajinikanth-review-family-friendly-comedy-entertainer-review-tamil-sicrlbbhcfbfc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2018|title = Ghajinikanth review: Family-friendly comedy entertainer|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

=== Further career and recent work (2019–present) ===
Sayyeshaa portrayed PM's press secretary opposite [[Suriya]] in the 2019 film ''[[Kaappaan]]''. It also starred [[Mohanlal]], and Arya.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-next-with-kv-anand-goes-on-the-floors-in-london/articleshow/64732441.cms |title=Suriya's next with KV Anand goes on the floors in London |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180723034335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-next-with-kv-anand-goes-on-the-floors-in-london/articleshow/64732441.cms |archive-date=23 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/2019/oct/11/suriya-and-team-celebrate-as-kaappaan-enters-the-100-crore-club-14824.html|title=Suriya, Sayyeshaa and team celebrate as Kaappaan enters Rs 100-crore club|work=Cinema Express |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]''
termed her role as a "better fleshed out character".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/09/20/Kaappaan-review-An-ambitions-but-predictable-affair.html|title=Kaappaan review: An ambitious but predictable affair|website=The Week|date=2019-09-20|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref>

Sayyeshaa had two releases in 2021. She first portrayed a college student opposite Arya in ''[[Teddy (film)|Teddy]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Motion capture technology brings Teddy alive on screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/motion-capture-technology-brings-teddy-alive-on-screen/articleshow/74552457.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> It released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Teddy' shoot wrapped up, first look from today!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/teddy-shoot-wrapped-up-first-look-from-today-news-tamil-tmkpvaeffdjbj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210183140/https://www.sify.com/movies/teddy-shoot-wrapped-up-first-look-from-today-news-tamil-tmkpvaeffdjbj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2019|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' stated, "Arya's chemistry with Sayyeshaa has worked really well. It makes you root for both the characters."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/teddy-movie-review-arya-and-his-teddy-bear-shine-in-this-medical-thriller-1778378-2021-03-12 |title=Teddy Movie Review: Arya and his teddy bear shine in this medical thriller |work=India Today |date=12 March 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref> She made her Kannada film debut with ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' opposite [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yuvarathnaa Trailer: Puneeth Rajkumar's film is packed with high-voltage action|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/yuvarathnaa-trailer-puneeth-rajkumars-film-is-packed-with-high-voltage-action/articleshow/81607376.cms|access-date=2021-04-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She portrayed a lecturer in this commercially successful film.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/year-ender-2021-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-the-year-4604252.html | title=Year Ender 2021: Highest-grossing Kannada Movies of the Year |access-date=29 December 2021 |work=News18| date=29 December 2021 }}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "Sayyeshaa has limited screen space but she looks gorgeous in those brief moments."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/yuvarathnaa-movie-review-with-unexplored-subject-proves-impressive-78279 |work=The Hans India |access-date=26 December 2021 |title=Yuvarathnaa Movie Review: With unexplored subject it proves impressive |date=April 2021 }}</ref>

In 2023, Sayyeshaa made a special appearance in the song "Raawadi" for the Tamil film ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' starring [[Silambarasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-25 |title='Raawadi' video song: Sayyesha amazes fans with her dance moves in this 'Pathu Thala' item number |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raawadi-video-song-sayyesha-amazes-fans-with-her-dance-moves-in-this-pathu-thala-item-number/articleshow/98996891.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-26 |title=Sayyesha charged Rs. 40 lakhs for 'Raawadi' in 'Pathu Thala' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sayyesha-charged-rs-40-lakhs-for-raawadi-in-pathu-thala/articleshow/99012323.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Media image ==
Sayyeshaa is a prominent celebrity endorser for brands and products including [[PC Jeweller]] and Cinthol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Diamond Wedding Collection P.C. Chandra Jewellers ft. Sayyeshaa |work=Youtube |date=15 May 2021 |access-date=27 July 2021 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fexoCPSKVek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil actress Sayyeshaa's Cinthol Soap Ad gets negative critics among fans |work=Indian Herald |access-date=17 February 2019 |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/302125/Sayyeshaa-s-Soap-Ad-gets-negative-critics-among-fans}}</ref>

Sayyeshaa ranked 19th in 2017 and 13th in 2018 in [[Times of India|Chennai Times' 30 Most Desirable Women]] List.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women in 2017 List |work=Times of India |access-date=16 February 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-in-2017/articleshow/62933106.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women of 2018, Aishwarya Rajesh tops the list |work=Times of India |access-date=18 February 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-of-2018/articleshow/68007082.cms}}</ref> The actress is also widely known for her dancing skills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Videos Specials: Check out Dilip Kumar's grand niece Sayyeshaa showing some off her crazy moves |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=27 August 2021 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/specials/check-out-dilipkumars-grand-niece-sayyeshaa-showing-some-off-her-crazy-moves/}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===

{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
*''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''
| Divya
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Shivaay]]''
| Anushka
|[[Hindi]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivaay ka shubharambh: Watch Ajay Devgn take his first shot |last=Nijhara |first=Apoorva |work=India Today |date=7 November 2015 |access-date=7 September 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shivaay-ka-shubharambh-watch-ajay-devgn-take-his-first-shot-271908-2015-11-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Vanamagan]]''
| Kavya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sayyeshaa is making waves in Kollywood with her debut film!|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vanamagan-shivaay-actor-sayyeshaa-is-making-waves-in-kollywood-with-debut-film/story-3lPs4uNHnYfQf1OogFC1iK.html|language=en|access-date=20 June 2022|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 June 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018
| ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''
| Kannukkiniyal "Iniya"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kadai-kutty-singam-digital-and-satellite-rights-sold-news-tamil-sfolk3bafcbii.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818080450/http://www.sify.com/movies/kadai-kutty-singam-digital-and-satellite-rights-sold-news-tamil-sfolk3bafcbii.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2018 |title='Kadai Kutty Singam' digital and satellite rights sold! |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 May 2018 |access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]''
| Yazhini
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Ghajinikanth]]''
| Vandhana Sathyamoorthy
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/studio-green-s-next-film-has-arya-and-sayyeshaa-in-the-lead-news-tamil-rl3lkVgcgceef.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129143807/http://www.sify.com/movies/studio-green-s-next-film-has-arya-and-sayyeshaa-in-the-lead-news-tamil-rl3lkVgcgceef.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2017|title=Studio Green's next film has Arya and Sayyeshaa in the lead|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kaappaan]]''
| Anjali Vasudev
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-37-is-kaappaan-director-kv-anand-s-film-gets-a-name-1421065-2019-01-01|title=Suriya 37 is Kaappaan: Director KV Anand's film gets a name|date=1 January 2018|website=India Today|access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| [[Teddy (film)|''Teddy'']]
| Srividya "Sri" Purushottaman
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arya and Sayyeshaa's 'Teddy' starts with a pooja today, marks their third collaboration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arya-sayyeshaas-teddy-starts-with-a-pooja-today/articleshow/69458505.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
| Vandana
|[[Kannada]] film
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Puneeth Rajkumar paired with Sayyeshaa in Yuvarathnaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-paired-with-sayyeshaa-in-yuvarathnaa/articleshow/68166853.cms|access-date=2021-01-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Pathu Thala]]''
| Dancer
| Special appearance in the song "Raawadi"
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sayyesha-charged-rs-40-lakhs-for-raawadi-in-pathu-thala/articleshow/99012323.cms?from=mdr|title=Sayyesha charged Rs. 40 lakhs for 'Raawadi' in 'Pathu Thala'|date=26 March 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2015
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Debut Actress
| rowspan="2"|''[[Shivaay]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |title=Stardust Awards 2016: Check Out The Complete List Of Winners |work=NDTV Movies |date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Female Debut - Tamil
| ''[[Vanamagan]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-06-05|work=Sify.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| Classic Icon
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=EDISON AWARDS 2019 |url=https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=36 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108044840/https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=36 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Commons category}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Agni Natchathiram (TV series)

2025-12-21T16:22:26Z

Garrydum: Put Up Basic Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Agni Natchathiram serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Shakthi Jegan (Dialogues)
| screenplay = S. Kumaresan
| director = {{plainlist|
* A.P Rajendhiran (1–67)
* M.K.Arunthavaraja (68–140)
* P.C Raghu (141–196)
* R.Karthikeyan (episodes 197–235)
* Arulrai (episodes 236–414)
}}
| creative_director = {{plainlist|
* P.R. Ravikumar (1–43)
* Dhanpal Ravi Kumar (44–140)
* V. Solairaja (141–414)
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Varshini Arza
* Gayathri Raj
* Vasanth Vasi
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 414
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = P. Divya Priya
| producer = Team Vision (141–414) P. Ravikumar (68–140) P. V. Prasad (1–67)
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] (1–present) Ravi Prasad Productions (1–140) Team Vision (141–414)
| theme_music_composer = Hari
| opentheme = "Azhagana Nadhiyil" Sri Nisha (Singer) Kiruthiya (Lyrics)
| location = [[Chennai]]
| cinematography = S.Mohan
| editor = Christopher
| camera =
| runtime = approx. 23–25 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|05|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|03|df=yes}}
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| image_alt =
}}

'''{{Lang|ta-latn|Agni Natchathiram}}''' is an Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Tamil television drama|television series]] starring Varshini Arza, [[Mersheena Neenu]], Gayathri Raj and Vasanth Vasi. It premiered on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from 27 May 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-agni-natchathiram-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/69483855.cms|title=New TV serial Agni Natchathiram to premiere soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 May 2019|language=en}}</ref> and ended on 3 April 2021 with 414 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/agni-natchathiram-to-go-off-air-soon-actor-vasanth-vasi-confirms-with-his-new-look/articleshow/81755823.cms|title=Agni Natchathiram to go off-air soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2021|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Two girls, Akila and Meera, are polar opposites. Their fathers are friends and also master and driver to one another. Akila is the master's daughter and Meer, the driver's. Unknown to them, they are actually twins of the latter. They are caught in a love triangle with Shridhar. The plot is slightly inspired from ''[[Agni Natchathiram|the 1988 film of the same name]]''. In that film, two men (who are polar opposites) were unknown that they are half-brothers. In this TV series, their gender were reversed.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Varshini Arza as Meera Shridar: Selvam's first daughter, Shridhar's wife
* [[Mersheena Neenu]] (2019–2020) as Akhila
** Gayathri Raj (2020–2021) as Akhila Surya: Selvam's second daughter, Meera's younger sister, Surya's second wife
* Vasanth Vasi as Shridhar: Meera and Akila's love interest, later Meera's husband

===Supporting===
*Raj Kumar Manoharan as Surya: Shridhar's elder brother, Revathi and Akhila 's husband
*[[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/mounika-and-vinothini-join-hands-agains-for-tv-serial-352109.html|title=அந்த 'அக்னி'யில் பிரபு - கார்த்திக் மோதல்.. இந்த 'நட்சத்திரத்தில்' வினோதினி - மெளனிகாவா! |date=27 May 2019 }}</ref>/[[Keerthana (Tamil actress)|Keerthana]] as Jayanthi, Selvam's wife
*Rishi Keshav as Selvam: Meera and Akila's father
*[[Vinodhini]] / Pramodini Pammi / Shilpa Mary Teresa / Gayathri Priya as Nalini Chandrashekar: Selvam's sister, Akila's foster mother
*Bharath Kalyan as Chandrashekar: Selvam's best friend, Akila's foster father
*Sri Vidhya Shankar and Dharini as Mythili: Shridhar's mother
*Murali as Karthikeyan: Surya and Shridhar's father
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Gangadevi: Ayyadurai's mother and Ranjith's grandmother
*Maanas Chavali as Ranjith: Ayyadurai's son
*Baboos as Ayyadurai
*Shanthi Anandaraj as Shanthi
*Naveendhar as Naveen: Shridhar's friend
*Vasavi as Chinnamani
*Uma Rani as Kanchana: Karthikeyan's cousin sister and Shridhar's aunt
*Shabnam as Revathi: Surya's first wife
*Swetha Senthilkumar as Indhu

=== Special appearance ===
* [[Kasthuri Shankar]] as ACP Rudra (2020)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Newcomer actress Varshini Arza was cast as the female lead Meera.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/agni-natchathiram-goes-off-air-actress-varshini-arza-thank-fans/articleshow/81911252.cms|title=Agni Natchathiram goes off-air; actress Varshini Arza thank fans|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2021|language=en}}</ref> Newcomer actress [[Mersheena Neenu]] was cast as Akhila. However she left the series in late July 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/malayalam-actress-mersheena-neenu-quits-agni-natchathiram-feels-risky-to-travel-amid-covid-19-outbreak/articleshow/76953478.cms|title=Malayalam actress Mersheena Neenu quits Agni Natchathiram; eels 'risky' to travel amid COVID-19 outbreak|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/mersheena-quits-sun-tv-agni-natchathiram-serial/articleshow/76976099.cms|title=சன் டிவி அக்னி நட்சத்திரம் சீரியலில் இருந்து திடீரென வெளியேறிய நடிகை! அவரே கூறிய காரணம்|date=13 July 2020 |language=ta}}</ref> and was replaced by Gayathri Raj. Vasanth Vasi was cast as the male lead, Shridhar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-the-team-of-agni-natchathiram-celebrated-vasanth-vasis-birthday-see-pics/articleshow/80448479.cms|title=Here's how the team of Agni Natchathiram celebrated Vasanth Vasi's birthday.|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> [[Mounika]], who was well known for her acting in old-school movies as well as serials, was cast as Jayanthi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/agni-natchathiram-actress-mounika-to-make-her-tv-comeback-after-a-decade/articleshow/68573650.cms|title=Agni Natchathiram: Actress Mounika to make her TV comeback after a decade|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 March 2019|language=en}}</ref> However she left the series and was replaced by [[Keerthana (Tamil actress)|Keerthana]].

In late November 2020, [[Kasthuri Shankar]], known for his acting in Tamil films, was cast as ACP Rudra in a special appearance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-kasthuri-shankar-to-play-a-cop-in-agni-natchathiram/articleshow/79493073.cms|title=Actress Kasthuri Shankar to play a cop in Agni Natchathiram|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 November 2020|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12222972|Agni Natchathiram}}
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/tv/detail/82290/0/agni-natchathiram Agni Natchathiram] on [[Sun NXT]]

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Venkatapuram, Prakasam district

2025-12-16T21:51:03Z

Garrydum: new basic location w/ infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Venkatapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.4724|N|80.0148|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 69
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Addanki
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Venkatapuram''' is a village in the Addanki Mandal of the [[Prakasam district]] in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Venkatapuram Village, Addanki Mandal, Prakasam District">{{cite web |title=Venkatapuram Village, Addanki Mandal, Prakasam District |url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Prakasam/Addanki/Venkatapuram |website=One Five Nine |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Venkatapuram has an average elevation of 24 meters (82 ft). It is located between the three major towns of [[Guntur]] ({{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}), [[Ongole]] ({{convert|35|km|abbr=on}}) and [[Addanki]] ({{convert|6|km|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Venkatapuram Village, Addanki Mandal, Prakasam District" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

Dilshad Hussain

2025-12-16T12:04:48Z

Garrydum: put up new data

{{Short description|Indian artisan and craftsman}}'''Dilshad Hussain''' is an Indian artisan and craftsman from Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=पद्मश्री से नवाजे गए शिल्प गुरु दिलशाद हुसैन, पीएम मोदी का जताया आभार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-shilp-guru-dilshad-hussain-honored-with-padma-shri-award-expressed-gratitude-to-pm-modi-5649101.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=News18 Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayar |first=Lola |date=2020-02-28 |title=Handicraft Uncrafted By Artisan Hands |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/business-news-handicraft-uncrafted-by-artisan-hands-news-302877 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[Padma Shri]] in 2023. In August 2022, during the G-7 Summit, [[Narendra Modi]] gifted an [[Urn]] made by Hussain to the Chancellor of Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parashar |first=Tarun |title=नक्काशी के उस्ताद दिलशाद हुसैन को मिलेगा पद्मश्री पुरस्कार |trans-title=Moradabad Shilp Guru Dilshad Hussain will get Padma Shri Award 2023 |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-moradabad-shilp-guru-dilshad-hussain-will-get-padma-shri-award2023-23309361.html#:~:text=moradabad-city-,Padma%20Shri%20Award%202023:%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B,%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A5%A4 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=नक्काशी के उस्ताद दिलशाद अब... पद्मश्री, PM मोदी कर चुके हैं तारीफ |trans-title=Know About Padma Shri Dilshad Husaain AKA Nakkashi Ustad PM Modi Praise Dilshad Hussain |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-know-about-padma-shri-dilshad-husaain-aka-nakkashi-ustad-pm-modi-praise-dilshad-hussain-23309493.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-02-19 |title=PM Modi's gift to German chancellor sparks demand for hand-engraved vessels of Moradabad, says artisan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modis-gift-to-german-chancellor-sparks-demand-for-hand-engraved-vessels-of-moradabad-says-artisan/article66527954.ece |access-date=2024-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dilshad Hussain was born in [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] and lives at Kaith Wali Masjid Gali with his sons and daughters-in-law. Two of his daughters-in-law have won State Awards by the hands of the [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Shweta |date=2023-01-26 |title=Padma Shri Award 2023 Who is Dilshad Hussain Biography |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/padma-shri-award-2023-who-is-dilshad-hussain-moradabad-dilshad-hussain-padma-shri-in-hindi-swt |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Dilshad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Sadananda Gowda

2025-12-06T05:16:29Z

Garrydum: update lead for clarity for clarity

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Indian name|Sadananda Gowda|Devaragunda Venkappa}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sadananda Gowda
| image = D.V. Sadananda Gowda.jpg
| office = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 14 November 2018
| term_end = 7 July 2021 <ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sadananda-gowda-takes-charge-of-chemicals-and-fertilisers-ministry/articleshow/66619359.cms?from=mdr|title=Sadananda Gowda takes charge of chemicals and fertilisers ministry|work=The Economic Times|date=14 November 2018|last=PTI|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204210526/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sadananda-gowda-takes-charge-of-chemicals-and-fertilisers-ministry/articleshow/66619359.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| successor = [[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start1 = 5 July 2016
| term_end1 = 24 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[V. K. Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start2 = 9 November 2014
| term_end2 = 5 July 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| successor2 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| office3 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start3 = 26 May 2014
| term_end3 = 9 November 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| successor3 = [[Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu]]
| office4 = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
| term_start4 = 5 June 2014
| term_end4 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor4 = [[D. B. Chandre Gowda]]
| successor4 = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
| majority4 = 147,518 (9.4%)
| constituency5 = [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi-Chikmagalur]]
| term_start5 = 22 May 2009
| term_end5 = 4 August 2011
| predecessor5 = ''Constituency established''
| successor5 = [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]
| majority5 = 27,018 (3.2%)
| constituency6 = [[Mangalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]]
| term_start6 = 17 May 2004
| term_end6 = 22 May 2009
| predecessor6 = [[V. Dhananjay Kumar]]
| successor6 = ''Constituency abolished''
| majority6 = 33,415 (4.2%)
| office7 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council| Leader of the Opposition in Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start7 = 23 May 2013
| term_end7 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor7 = [[S. R. Patil]], INC
| successor7 = [[K. S. Eshwarappa]], BJP
| office8 = 20th [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
| term_start8 = 4 August 2011
| term_end8 = 11 July 2012
| predecessor8 = [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]]
| successor8 = [[Jagadish Shettar]]
| office9 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]]
| term_start9 = 2006
| term_end9 = 2010
| predecessor9 = [[Jagadish Shettar]]
| successor9 = [[K. S. Eshwarappa]]
| office10 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start10 = 1994
| term_end10 = 2004
| constituency10 = [[Puttur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Puttur]]
| predecessor10 = [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]]
| successor10 = [[Shakunthala T. Shetty]]
| birthname = Devaragunda Venkappa Sadananda Gowda
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|3|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mandekolu]], [[Madras State]], (present-day [[Karnataka]]) [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fert.nic.in/shri-dv-sadananda-gowda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927232817/http://fert.nic.in/shri-dv-sadananda-gowda |archive-date=27 September 2020 |title=Shri D.V. Sadananda Gowda {{!}} Department of Fertilizers}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Datty|1981}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = St. Philomena's College, Puttur [[Vaikunta Baliga College of Law]]
| website =
}}
'''Devaragunda Venkappa Sadananda Gowda''' (born 18 March 1953) is an Indian politician who served as the Union [[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] of India in the [[Second Modi ministry]] from 14 November 2018 to 7 July 2021. He also served as the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] of India from 5 July 2016 to 24 May 2019 in the First Modi ministry. He has represented the [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] constituency in the parliament from 2014 to 2024. He also held [[Ministry of Railways]] and other cabinet positions in the [[First Modi ministry]]. He also served as the 14th [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]].

He previously served as the [[Minister of Law and Justice]], having been shifted from the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] in the cabinet reshuffle of 5 July 2016.<ref name="Reshuffle">{{cite news|title=Manohar Parrikar gets Defence, Suresh Prabhu Railways, Sadananda Gowda shifted to Law and Justice|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/manohar-parrikar-gets-defence-suresh-prabhu-railways-sadananda-gowda-shifted-to-law-and-justice-725085.html|access-date=10 November 2014|work=News 18|agency=Press Trust of India|date=9 November 2014|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818012905/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/manohar-parrikar-gets-defence-suresh-prabhu-railways-sadananda-gowda-shifted-to-law-and-justice-725085.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of the previous Lok Sabha, he was the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of Statistics and Program Implementation]]. He then stepped down from his post of [[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] ahead of the [[2021 Indian cabinet reshuffle|cabinet reshuffle]] in July 2021.

==Early life==
Sadananda Gowda was born in a [[Tulu Gowda]] family of Venkappa Gowda and Kamala in [[Mandekolu]] village of [[Sulya taluk]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gowda |first1=Aravind |title=Caste war heats up as Sadananda isn't Gowda enough |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/aravind-gowda/story/karnataka-sadananda-gowda-faces-caste-war-in-bjp-141190-2011-09-15 |access-date=7 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=15 September 2011 |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011505/https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/aravind-gowda/story/karnataka-sadananda-gowda-faces-caste-war-in-bjp-141190-2011-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ITProfile">{{cite news |last1=Gowda |first1=Aravind |title=Who is Sadananda Gowda? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/karnataka-who-is-sadananda-gowda-138703-2011-08-03 |access-date=7 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=4 August 2011 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195255/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/karnataka-who-is-sadananda-gowda-138703-2011-08-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=110610|title=Mangalore : D V Sadananda Gowda – Destiny's Child|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195412/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx%3FnewsID%3D110610|url-status=live}}</ref> Gowda graduated in Science from [[Saint Philomena College, Puttur]] and went on to obtain his degree in law at Udupi's [[Vaikunta Baliga College of Law]]. He became active in student politics during this period and was elected General Secretary of the Students Union of the Law College. Subsequently, he became the District General Secretary of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

In 1976, he started practising law at both [[Sulya]] and [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]. He was a public prosecutor for a brief period at Sirsi in the District of Uttara Kannada but resigned from his position to concentrate on his political career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sadanandagowda.com/about/|title=About DVS | D V Sadananda Gowda :: Former Chief Minister of Karnataka|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002020449/http://sadanandagowda.com/about/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Sadananda Gowda has served in the Co-operative Movement in Karnataka in various capacities:{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
* Vice-president of SCDCC Bank, [[Mangalore]]
* Director, SKACM Society, Mangalore
* Director, [[CAMPCO]], Mangalore (1991–94)
* President, Mandekolu S.C.Society, [[Mandekolu]], Sullia
* Member, State PLD Bank staff Selection Committee (1989–90)

Sadananda Gowda has worked for the labour movement being the General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]], Puttur Division and President of Sullia Taluk Auto Rickshaw Drivers and Owners Union.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Political career==
[[File:Shri D.V. Sadananda Gowda taking charge as the Union Minister for Law & Justice, in New Delhi on November 10, 2014. The Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers, Shri Ananthkumar is also seen.jpg|thumb|D.V. Sadananda Gowda taking charge as the Union Minister for Law & Justice, in New Delhi on 10 November 2014.]]
He began his political career as a member of the [[Jan Sangh]]. He was President of the party's Sulya Assembly segment. After the split of the [[Janata Party]], he became a member of the BJP. Later on, he served the BJP as Dakshina Kannada BJP Yuva Morcha President, Dakshina Kannada BJP Vice-president, State BJP Yuva Morcha Secretary (1983–88), State BJP Secretary (2003–04) and National Secretary of the party (2004).{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Karnataka Legislative Assembly===
Sadananda Gowda was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in 1994 and 1999 from the Puttur Assembly seat in Dakshina Kannada. He became Deputy Leader of the Opposition in his second term as MLA. He has served in various committees of the Karnataka State legislature including the Cell for preparing Draft Bill on prohibiting Atrocities on Women, Karnataka, the Committee of Energy, Fuel, and Power, and the Committee for Public Undertaking. He was nominated as the President of the Public Accounts Committee in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3979 |title=Lok Sabha Website Detailed Profile: Shri D.V. Sadananda Gowda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818062933/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3979 |archive-date=18 August 2011 }}</ref>

===Lok Sabha===
He was elected to the 14th Lok Sabha in 2004 from the [[Mangalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]] Lok Sabha seat, defeating [[Veerappa Moily]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 32,314 votes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/14/stories/2004051403620300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627013042/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/14/stories/2004051403620300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2004|title=Moily loses to Sadananda Gowda | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 May 2004}}</ref> In 2009, the party shifted him to the Udupi-Chikmagalur constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-dv-sadananda-the-dark-horse-from-the-coast-1570614|title=DV Sadananda: The dark horse from the coast|first=M.|last=Raghuram|date=29 July 2011|website=DNA India|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> In parliament, he was on the Committee on Science & Technology, Environment & Forests. In the 14th Lok Sabha, he was a member of the Committee on Commerce. The Government of India had appointed him as Director of Coffee Board during January 2005.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

In 2006, Sadananda Gowda was appointed President of Karnataka State BJP. He earned national prominence being the President when BJP won an assembly election for the first time in South India in May 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/2011/sadananda-gowda-a-genial-but-canny-politician.html|title=DV Sadananda Gowda | Karnataka | BJP | Sworn-In|date=4 August 2011|website=oneindia.com|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195357/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/2011/sadananda-gowda-a-genial-but-canny-politician.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was elected to the 15th Lok Sabha from [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi Chikmagalur]] Constituency before he became the Chief Minister of Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Chief Minister of Karnataka===
Sadananda Gowda was chosen as the Chief Minister of Karnataka in August 2011 following the resignation of his mentor [[B.S. Yeddyurappa]] in an illegal mining case.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 May 2019 |last=PTI |title=Sadanand Gowda: From student leader to Union minister {{!}} What you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/sadanand-gowda-student-leader-union-minister-what-you-need-to-know-1538782-2019-05-30 |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921030858/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/sadanand-gowda-student-leader-union-minister-what-you-need-to-know-1538782-2019-05-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> Handpicked by Yeddyurappa, he was the second ethnic [[Tuluva]] Chief Minister of Karnataka after [[Veerappa Moily]]. As Chief Minister, he strived hard to improve the image of his party that had been tarnished due to allegations of corruption. He introduced various schemes such as Sakaala, aimed at providing time-bound services at government offices. But within a few months of becoming Chief Minister, he fell out with Yeddyurappa and was unable to unite the various factions of the party. In July 2012, he was asked to resign to make way for [[Jagadish Shettar]] when dissident activities in the party peaked.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bjp-latest-gowda-out-shettar-in/971624/0| title= BJP latest: Gowda out, Shettar in| date= 8 July 2012}}</ref>

After suffering a big loss in the May 2013 elections, BJP elected DV Sadananda Gowda as the opposition leader of legislative council in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagadish Shettar, DV Sadananda Gowda elected opposition leaders |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-jagadish-shettar-dv-sadananda-gowda-elected-opposition-leaders-1834894 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=DNA India |date=15 May 2013 |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611021108/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-jagadish-shettar-dv-sadananda-gowda-elected-opposition-leaders-1834894 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Shri D.V. Sadananda Gowda taking charge as the Union Minister for Railways, in New Delhi on May 27, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|D.V. Sadananda Gowda taking charge as the Union Minister for Railways, in New Delhi on 27 May 2014]]
On 26 May 2014, Sadananda Gowda was sworn in as a cabinet minister in Prime Minister Narendra Modi's newly elected government. He was put in charge of the Ministry of Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi government: Full list of portfolios and ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/narendra-modi-government-list-of-portfolios-and-ministers/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171234/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/narendra-modi-government-list-of-portfolios-and-ministers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He presented his maiden budget on 8 July 2014.

===Cabinet minister in Modi's second term government===
On 30 May 2019, Sadananda Gowda was sworn in as a cabinet minister in Prime Minister Narendra Modi's second term government. He was put in charge of the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 May 2019|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-modi-20-list-of-nda-leaders-who-have-got-calls-so-far-to-join-council-of-ministers-2755204|title=Modi 2.0 Cabinet: Here's complete list of ministers with portfolios|work=DNA|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712075528/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-modi-20-list-of-nda-leaders-who-have-got-calls-so-far-to-join-council-of-ministers-2755204|url-status=live}}</ref> He then stepped down from his post of [[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] as directed by the prime minister ahead of the cabinet reshuffle in July 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602015648/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Accusations===
As part of the [[Me Too movement|#Metoo movement]], a former [[BJP Mahila Morcha]] member accused Gowda in 2018 of inappropriately behaving with her when Gowda was Karnataka's chief minister. She claimed that Gowda would constantly call her and invite her to meet him at his office and have lunch with him. She also claimed that Gowda touched her body parts and attempted to make physical contact with her in a variety of ways. Gowda said that he was not the CM during that period and said "Everyone knows how I am and what I am. I do not want to say anything about this to anyone right now."<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 October 2018|title=Woman alleges DVS of sexually harassing her; Deletes post later|url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/bengaluru/woman-alleges-dvs-of-sexually-harassing-her-deletes-post-later/|access-date=20 September 2021|website=News Karnataka|language=en-US|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212342/https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/bengaluru/woman-alleges-dvs-of-sexually-harassing-her-deletes-post-later/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 September 2021|title=On viral video, Sadananda Gowda says it's deep fake; complaint filed|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/created-to-malign-image-sadananda-rejects-viral-video-101632078842162.html|access-date=20 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920032508/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/created-to-malign-image-sadananda-rejects-viral-video-101632078842162.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cybersex===
A video clip purportedly showing Gowda in a [[Cybersex|sexually compromising position]] with an unidentified woman over a video call went viral on social media in September 2021. Gowda said that he has lodged a police complaint and alleged that the “fake, fabricated, concocted” video was “politically motivated” and said that it was created to tarnish his image.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Union minister Sadananda Gowda files police complaint against 'lewd, fake' video of him|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1005791/former-union-minister-sadananda-gowda-files-police-complaint-against-lewd-fake-video-of-him|access-date=20 September 2021|work=Scroll|date=20 September 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212710/https://scroll.in/latest/1005791/former-union-minister-sadananda-gowda-files-police-complaint-against-lewd-fake-video-of-him|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Sadananda Gowda files police complaint over 'fake, lewd video' of him; says it is 'morphed'|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/19/sadananda-gowda-files-police-complaint-over-fake-lewd-video-of-him-says-it-is-morphed.html|access-date=20 September 2021|magazine=The Week|date=19 September 2021|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919234602/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/19/sadananda-gowda-files-police-complaint-over-fake-lewd-video-of-him-says-it-is-morphed.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Retirement===
In November 2023, Gowda announced retirement from electoral politics, and stated that he would not be contesting in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha election]]. During a press conference he thanked his party leaders and seniors and said that the party had given him all opportunities in his long career, and wanted to vacate his place for youngsters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sadananda Gowda announces retirement from electoral politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sadananda-gowda-announces-retirement-from-electoral-politics/article67513517.ece |work=The Hindu |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120043118/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sadananda-gowda-announces-retirement-from-electoral-politics/article67513517.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1983–1988 State Secretary, BJP Yuva Morcha Karnataka
* 1994–2004 Member, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] (two terms)
* 1995–1996 Member, Cell for preparing Draft Bill on Prohibiting atrocities on Women, [[Government of Karnataka]]
* 1999–2004 Deputy Leader of Opposition, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* 1999–2001 Member, Committee on Commerce
* 2001–2002 Member, Committee for Energy, Fuel & Power, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* 2002–2003 Member, Public Undertaking Committee, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* 2003–2004 President, Public Accounts Committee, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* 2004 Elected to [[14th Lok Sabha]]
* 2006–2010 State President, [[BJP]], Karnataka
* 2006–2009 Member, Committee on Commerce
* 2006–onwards Member, Sub-committee of the Department Related Parliamentary standing Committee on Commerce for Special Economic Zones
* 2009 Elected to [[15th Lok Sabha]]
* 2011–2012 Elected as 20th [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
* 2013 Elected as the leader of opposition of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
* 2014 Elected to [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] and took oath as [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] in [[Narendra Modi]] cabinet
* 2015–2016 [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Cabinet Minister - Law & Justice]]
* 2016– [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
* 2019–2021 Elected to [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] and took oath as [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/know-your-minister-dv-sadananda-gowda-minister-for-chemicals-and-fertilizers-4050511.html|title=Know your minister {{!}} DV Sadananda Gowda – Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers|date=31 May 2019|work=Moneycontrol|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531113124/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/know-your-minister-dv-sadananda-gowda-minister-for-chemicals-and-fertilizers-4050511.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Family==
Sadananda Gowda married Datty Sadananda in 1981, with whom he had two sons.<ref name="ITProfile"/> In 2003, their elder son Kaushik, a medical student, died in a road accident near [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/18/stories/2006031814400400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207175440/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/18/stories/2006031814400400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2007|title=Sadananda Gowda to head State BJP|location=Chennai, India|date=18 March 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="ITProfile"/> Their younger son, Karthik Gowda, is a businessman.<ref name="ITProfile"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|D. V. Sadananda Gowda}}
* [http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3979 Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha – Parliament of India website]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20040401043309/http://www.bjpkarnataka.org/ BJP Karnataka]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090404032200/http://sadanandagowda.com/ DV Sadananda Gowda]}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5794290}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] |years=2014 – 2024}}
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{{s-off}}
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{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Railway Ministers of India}}{{Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)}}{{15th LS members from Karnataka}}
{{16th LS members from Karnataka}}
{{17th LS members from Karnataka}}
{{KarnatakaChiefMinisters}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party chief ministers|state=collapsed}}

{{Karnataka Cabinets}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, D. V. Sadananda}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Railway ministers of India]]
[[Category:Law ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]

List of Odia films of the 1960s

2025-11-30T21:06:00Z

Garrydum: added a data

{{Short description|none}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]] in the 1960s:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=21% | Title
! width=16% | Director
! width=22% | Cast
! width=13% | Genre
! width=28% | Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1960 in film|1960]]'''
|-
|[[Sri Lokenath]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2013-10-12 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=iffi.nic.in}}</ref>||Prafulla Sengupta ||[[Akshya Mohanty]], Urvashi||Mythological||first Oriya film which got [[National Film Awards]]
|-
|[[Nua Bau]]||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda,Dhira Biswal]]|||Social|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] won [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for Best Actor
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1961 in film|1961]]'''
|-
|[[Parinam (1961 film)|Parinam]]||[[Biswanath Nayak]]||[[Pramod Panigrahi]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2014-05-21 |title=Pramod Panigrahi passes away - OdishaSunTimes.com |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2014/05/21/pramod-panigrahi-passes-away/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007114704/http://odishasuntimes.com/2014/05/21/pramod-panigrahi-passes-away/ |archive-date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=OdishaSunTimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Gitisudha]]||Social||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1962 in film|1962]]'''
|-
|[[Dashyu Ratnakar]]||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]||[[Sharat Pujari]], [[Shanti (actress)|Shanti]], [[Prashanta Nanda]]||Mythological||
|-
|[[Jayadeb]]|| [[Byomakesh Tripathy]]||[[Byomakesh Tripathy]], [[Shefali]]||Historical||
|-
|[[Nua Bou]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Odia movie of yesteryears 'Nua Bou' screened |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/odia-movie-of-yesteryears-nua-bou-screened.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]||[[Sharat Pujari]], [[Leela (actress)|Leela]]||Social||
|-
|[[Lakshmi (1962 film)|Laxmi]]||[[Sharada Nayak]]||[[Gaur Ghosh]], [[Chandana Rajaguru|Chandana]], [[Babi (actress)|Babi]], Dayanidhi Das||Mythological||
|-
|{{Year header}} | '''[[1963 in film|1963]]'''
|-
|[[Manik Jodi]]<ref name=":0" />||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]||[[Akshya Mohanty]], [[Sukhalata]], [[Babi (actress)|Babi]]||social||
|-
|[[Suryamukhi]]||[[Praful Sengupta]]||[[Soumendra]], [[Meenati]]|| ||
|-
|[[Naari (1963 film)|Naari]]||[[Trilochan]]||[[Ashok (Oriya actor)|Ashok]], [[Aneema]]|| ||
|-
|[[Shri Shri Patitapaban]]||[[Sukumar Ganguli]]||[[Shyam (Oriya actor)|Shyam]], [[Laxmipriya]]|| ||
|-
|[[Jeevan Sathi]]||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Meenati]]|| ||
|-
|[[Sadhana (1963 film)|Sadhana]]||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]||[[Sharat Pujari]], [[Meenati]]|| ||
|-
|[[Jayadeba (film)|Jayadeba]]||[[Shiba Bhattacharya]]||, || ||
|-
|{{Year header}} | '''[[1964 in film|1964]]'''
|-
|[[Amada Bata]]||[[Amar Ganguly]]||[[Umakant]], [[Jharana Das]] || ||
|-
|[[manika Jodi]]|| [[Prabhat Mukherjee]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1965 in film|1965]]'''
|-
|[[Naba Janma]]||[[Sachin Mukherjee]]||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Jharana Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Abhinetri (1965 film)|Abhinetri]]|| [[Amar Ganguly]]||[[Umakant]], [[Jharana Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Malajanha]]||[[Nitai Palit]]||[[Akshya Mohanty]], [[Jharana Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Jeevan Sathi]]||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Meenati]]|| ||
|-
|[[Bhagya]]||[[Amar Ganguly]]||[[Gaura Ghosh]]|| ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1966 in film|1966]]'''
|-
|[[Kaa (1965 film)|Kaa]] ||[[Sidharth (director)|Sidharth]]||[[Gaur Ghosh]], [[Chandana Sharma|Chandana]] || ||
|-
|[[Matira Manisha]]||[[Mrinal Sen]]||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Sarat Pujari]], [[sujata Anand]],Bhanumati Devi||Based on Kalindi Charan Panigrahi's Novel ||National Award Silver lotus For Best Oriya Film.
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1967 in film|1967]]'''
|-
|[[Bhai Bhauja]] ||[[Sarathi (director)|Sarathi]]||[[Babi (actress)|Babi]], [[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]] || ||
|-
|[[Arundhati (1967 film)|Arundhati]]||[[Prafulla Sengupta]]||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Minati]]|| ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1968 in film|1968]]'''
|-
|[[Kie Kahara]] ||[[Nitai Palit]]||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Leela (actress)|Leela]]|| ||
|-
|[[Stree (1968 film)|Stree]] ||[[Sidharth (director)|Sidharth]]||[[Gaur Ghosh]], Sadhana|| ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1969 in film|1969]]'''
|-
|[[Bandhana (1969 film)|Bandhana]]||[[Nitai Palit]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Geetanjali]] || ||
|-
| [[Adina Megha]] || [[Amit Mitra]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Jharana Das]], [[Sandhya (Oriya actress)|Sandhya]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by decade|1960s]]
[[Category:Lists of 1960s films|Odia]]
[[Category:1960s in Indian cinema|Films, Odia]]

Trichal

2025-11-19T12:01:52Z

Garrydum: new the entry added tags

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Trichal
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.8468|74.9185|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2915
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], language|
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192301<ref>{{cite web |title=Pin code 192301, Pulwama S.O Post Office in Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir |url=http://www.getpincodes.com/locality/trichal-pulwama-so-pulwama-pulwama-jammu-kashmir-192301 |website=GetPincodes |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pulwama Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/jammu-and-kashmir/pulwama/pulwama-pincode-192301.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name = Tritshal (ترٛیژھٕل)
| native_name_lang = ks
| area_total_ha = 343.2
}}
'''Trichal ,''' also known as '''Tritshal (ترٛیژھٕل)''' is a village in [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Government gazette. |journal=The Jammu and Kashmir Government gazette. |pages=121 |via=WorldCat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scooty rider killed in Pulwama road accident |url=https://www.risingkashmir.com/Scooty-rider-killed-in-Pulwama-road-accident-96931 |access-date=22 July 2022 |work=Rising Kashmir |publisher=[[Rising Kashmir]] |date=12 December 2021}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Trichal village has a total population of 2,915 including 1,528 males and 1,387 females with a literacy rate of 54.27%. There are two private schools among one is a high school and one Government middle school in the village. The most common activities in the village are horticulture and agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Jammu & Kashmir - Series 02 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Pulwama |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/506/download/1674/DH_2011_DCHB_Village_Release_0100.xlsx |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> there are also two shrines of Muslims and also two hindu temples.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pulwama district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Gulabrao Patil

2025-11-10T11:39:26Z

Garrydum:

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = [[File:Gulabrao Patil Original jpg.jpg]]
| name = Gulabrao Patil
| birth_name = Gulabrao Raghunathrao Patil
| caption =
| birth_date = 16 September 1921
| birth_place = [[Benadi]], Bombay State, British India
| residence = [[Sangli]], Mumbai, Delhi
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1989|01|21|1921|09|16}}
| death_place = Pune, Maharashtra, India
| constituency = Western Maharashtra – [[Sangli]].
| office = [[Member of parliament|MP]] – [[Rajya Sabha]], President [[Indian National Congress]] (I) Party Maharashtra, MLC
| term = 1966–1978, 1980–81, 1983–87
| predecessor = Premlatatai Anandrao Chavan
| successor = Prof. S. M. I. Asir
| party = [[Indian National Congress]](I) – INC, [[Shiv Sena]]
| spouse = Smt. Pramiladevi G. Patil
| children =
| website = http://www.gpmthmc.org/
| footnotes =
| date = 15 August|
| year = 2024|
}}
'''Gulabrao Raghunathrao Patil''' (16 September 1921 – 21 January 1989) was a Congress Party leader, '''[[member of parliament]] (MP)-[[Rajya Sabha]]''' India, Maharashtra State [[Sangli]] from 1966 to 1978, '''[[Member of the Legislative Council]]''' (MLC) of Maharashtra 1983−87 and President of Maharashtra Pradesh [[Indian National Congress]] (I) Committee, Mumbai 1981−82.

Patil also served as chairman of [[Maharashtra]] State Co-operative Bank in Mumbai from 1980 to 1982, Chairman of Sangli District Cooperative Bank Sangli and Secretary of National Co-operative Union of India (NCUI), New Delhi.

==Introduction==

Patil was a [[member of parliament]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house of Indian Parliament) for two terms from 1966 to 1972 and 1972−1978. He was the president of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress(I)-MPCC from 1981 to 1982. Later in his life, he served in the Maharashtra State Member of the [[Legislative Council]]- MLC for four years during the period from 1983 to 1987.

Patil also served as chairman of Maharashtra State Co-operative Bank in Mumbai from 1980 to 1982<ref>http://www.mscbank.com.asp?GT=H {{Dead link|date=May 2022}}</ref> and Secretary of National Co-operative Union of India (NCUI) from 1973 to 1975, located in New Delhi. He traveled worldwide on behalf of Indian Government to study Co-operative Movements and Agriculture in different countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Korea, and Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://picasaweb.google.com/112276088204735368470/GulabraoPatilByRuturajPatil|title=Album Archive}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
Gulabrao Patil was born on 16 September 1921 in [[Benadi]], a village on the Maharashtra-Karnataka state border near [[Kolhapur]] and [[Sangli]] districts. He obtained his BA in English and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB(Special)]] from Kolhapur Law college.

==Politics==

Patil was mainly active in cooperative sector but like most other leaders of Maharashtra during that era, he became active in state and national politics. He served as Member of Indian Parliament for 12 years and was president of Maharashtra Congress. In 1978, he joined the [[Indira Gandhi]] led Congress(I), where he was one of the first from Maharashtra to join Congress(I) at that time. Soon in 1981, Indira Gandhi appointed Patil as president of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress(I) Committee. In next general election Congress(I) won by big margin in Maharashtra under his leadership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtrapcc.org/PCC%20Presidents%20of%20Maharashtra.aspx |title=Untitled Page |accessdate=2011-07-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727060333/http://maharashtrapcc.org/PCC%20Presidents%20of%20Maharashtra.aspx |archivedate=27 July 2011 }}</ref>

Patil contested Maharashtra Assembly Election in 1980 from Walva Constituency, Sangli District<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=618&cid=269#A | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011817/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=618&cid=269#A | url-status=usurped | archive-date=24 September 2015 | title=Election Result }}</ref> and lost.

In 1983 G.R Patil was appointed as chairman of the Committee for The Rehabilitation of Financial Weak Sugar Factories of Maharashtra, his recommendations helped in reestablishing many sugar factories; this transparent report on Sugar Factories is still considered as most reliable referral today in Maharashtra State.<ref>http://www.mahasugarfed.org//Audit%20Reports/Pr_Aud_Mum/2006-07/civil_performance_sugar/civil_PA_chap_ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Legacy==
=== Statues and memorials===
[[File:Gulabrao Patil Statue.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Statue of Patil at Sangli DCC Bank]]
On 21 January 2013, Sangli District Central Co-operative Banks craftsman Late. Patil's full size bronze statue was unveiled by Prithviraj Chavan, Then Chief Minister, Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanglidccbank.com/english/news.html |title=Sangli D.C.C. Bank, Sangli |access-date=14 February 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225062145/http://www.sanglidccbank.com/english/news.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Educational institutes===
There is Gulabrao Patil Memorial Trust (GPMT).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gpmtded.org/Default.aspx|title = ::. Gulabrao Patil Memorial Trust's D. Ed. College .::}}</ref>

==References and further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Gulabrao Patil Member of Parliament-https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{Succession box
| before=Premlatakaki Chavan
| title= Gulabrao Patil-President Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee
| years=1981–1982
| after= Prof. S. M. I. Asir
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Mayors of Sangli]]
[[Category:Presidents of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]