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Behala Paschim Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T12:32:45Z

GarlandGurule05: new new post

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Behala Paschim
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Behala Paschim.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Behala Paschim Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Indranil Khan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| constituency_no = 154
| established = 1951
| electors = 313,005
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Behala Paschim Assembly constituency''' (earlier known as '''Behala West Assembly constituency''') is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Behala Paschim Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 118, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|118]], [[Ward No. 119, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|119]], [[Ward No. 125, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|125]], [[Ward No. 126, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|126]], [[Ward No. 127, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|127]], [[Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|128]], [[Ward No. 129, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|129]], [[Ward No. 130, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|130]], [[Ward No. 131, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|131]] and [[Ward No. 132, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|132]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=2|XIII
|[[Ward No. 118, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|118]]
|Tarak Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=14}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 119, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|119]]
|Kakali Bag
|-
|rowspan=2|XVI
|[[Ward No. 125, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|125]]
|Chhanda Sarkar
|-
|[[Ward No. 126, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|126]]
|Ghanasree Bagh
|-
|rowspan=6|XIV
|[[Ward No. 127, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|127]]
|Malobika Baidya
|-
|[[Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|128]]
|Partha Sarkar
|-
|[[Ward No. 129, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|129]]
|Sanhita Das
|-
|[[Ward No. 130, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|130]]
|Avijit Mukherjee
|-
|[[Ward No. 131, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|131]]
|[[Ratna Chatterjee]]
|-
|[[Ward No. 132, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|132]]
|Sanchita Mitra
|}

Behala Paschim Assembly constituency is part of No. 23 [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Behala''
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Biren Roy
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|Rabindra Nath Mukhopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
!colspan="4"|''Behala West''
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|Rabin Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Biswanath Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Rabin Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Nirmal Mukherjee
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
!colspan="4"|''Major boundary changes; constituency renamed as Behala Paschim''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Behala Paschim}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Indranil Khan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=113,171{{formatnum:}}|percentage=47.39|change={{increase}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ratna Chatterjee|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=88,472{{formatnum:}}|percentage=37.05|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nihar Bhakta|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=30,676{{formatnum:}}|percentage=12.85|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Saibal Roy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,606{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.67|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,484{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 elections, [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]] of Trinamool Congress, defeated his nearest rival, [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] of BJP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/bengal-polls-bjp-fields-actor-srabanti-chatterjee-against-tmc-heavyweight-partha-chatterjee-in-behala-west-11616118285366.html|title=BJP fields actor Srabanti Chatterjee against Partha Chatterjee in Behala West}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Behala|Behala Paschim]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
|votes = 1,14,778
|percentage = 49.51
|change = +2.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
|votes = 63,894
|percentage = 27.56
|change = +19.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nihar Bhakta
|votes = 47,509
|percentage = 20.49
|change = -22.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,433
|percentage = 1.05
|change = -0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Sanat Kumar Bhakat
|votes = 873
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 50,884
|percentage = 22.14
|change = +17.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,32,249
|percentage = 74.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 elections, Partha Chatterjee of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Kaustav Chatterjee of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Behala|Behala Paschim]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=154| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171323/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=154| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Behala Paschim| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]|votes=1,02,114|percentage=46.90|change=-16.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Kaustav Chatterjee]]|votes=93,218|percentage=42.80|change=+8.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Harikrishna Dutta|votes=17,962|percentage=8.20|change=+6.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=4,137|percentage=1.86|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Mrityunjoy Roy|votes=1,494|percentage=0.70|change=''N/A''}}

{{Election box majority||votes=8,896|percentage=4.01|change=-24.96}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,22,253|percentage=75.49|change=-1.90}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]+[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] vote percentages taken together in 2016.

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Partha Chatterjee of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Anupam Deb Sarkar of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Behala|Behala Paschim]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=154| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171323/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=154| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Behala Paschim| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
|votes = 1,27,870
|percentage = 62.96
|change = 10.57#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Anupam Debsarkar
|votes = 68,849
|percentage = 33.90
|change = -11.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Amalendu Roy Chowdhary
|votes = 4,248
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Jayanta Datta
|votes = 2,140
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 59,021
|percentage = 29.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,03,218
|percentage = 77.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 22.11#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2006===
In the 2006 elections, Partha Chatterjee of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Niranjan Chatterjee of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Behala Paschim constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=154| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171323/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=154| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Behala Paschim| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
|votes = 82,259
|percentage = 48.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Niranjan Chatterjee
|votes = 76,532
|percentage = 45.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anjali Mukherjee
|votes = 5,979
|percentage = 3.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Samir Kumar Halder
|votes = 1,062
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tuhin Sarkar
|votes = 999
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashoke Kumar Halder
|votes = 957
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nirmal Mukherjee
|votes = 648
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,727
|percentage = 3.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 168,504
|percentage = 74.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on BJP+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977-2001===
Nirmal Mukherjee of CPI(M) defeated Kumud Bhattacharya of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Lakshmi Kanta Basu of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Rabin Mukherjee of CPI(M) defeated Lakshmi Kanta Basu of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Aruna Ghosh Dastidar of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Subodh Chandra Das of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp113.htm |title =113 - Behala West Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===1952-1972===
Biswanath Chakraborty of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Rabin Mukherjee of CPI(M) won in 1971,<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Prior to that Behala was a single seat. Rabindra Nath Mukhopadhyay of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the Behala seat in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1952]],<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Biren Roy of [[All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)|Forward Bloc (RG)]] won the Behala seat.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Junagadh Municipal Corporation

2026-05-04T04:05:04Z

GarlandGurule05: Starting new data...

{{Short description|Local civic body in Junagadh, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Junagadh Municipal Corporation
| logo = Junagadh Municipal Corporation logo.png
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type = Municipal corporation
|jurisdiction=Junagadh| foundation = {{start date and age|2004}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Dharmesh Posiya (BJP)
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Tejas Parmar (IAS)
| seats = 60
| structure1 = India Junagadh, Gujarat Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (48)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (48)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-local-body-election-results-2025-live-updates-bjp-congress-junagadh-bypolls-9841987/|title=Gujarat Local Body Election Results 2025 Live Updates|work=Indian Express|accessdate=18 February 2025}}</ref>
'''Opposition (11)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (11)
'''Others (1)'''
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]]
| website = {{url|junagadhmunicipal.org}}
| motto =
|last_election1 = 16 February 2025
|next_election1 = 2030
|term_length=5 years
|native_name=''Junāgadha Mahānagarapālikā''
|native_name_lang=Gujarati
}}

The '''Junagadh Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing [[India]]n city of [[Junagadh]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Junagadh Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==

The Junagadh Municipal Corporation was formed in 2004 to improve the infrastructure of the town, as per the needs of its local population.<ref name="ju1">{{cite news |last1=Khakhariya |first1=Nimesh |title=Two Cities Chosen For Global Climate Change Projects {{!}} Rajkot News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/two-cities-chosen-for-global-climate-change-projects/articleshow/91972302.cms |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
The Junagadh Municipal Corporation is categorised into wards, and each ward is headed by a councillor for which elections are held every five years.<ref name="ju3">{{cite news |title=Junagadh Municipal Corporation elections: Defections, withdrawals put Congress in a tight spot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/junagadh-municipal-corporation-elections-defections-withdrawals-put-congress-in-a-tight-spot-5836849/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=19 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The Junagadh Municipal Corporation is administered by a commissioner acting as the chief administrative head, with the assistance of the mayor and deputy mayor.<ref name="ju2">{{cite news |last1=Khakhariya |first1=Nimesh |title=Going green, Junagadh civic body set to earn carbon credits {{!}} Rajkot News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/going-green-junagadh-civic-body-set-to-earn-carbon-credits/articleshow/87633771.cms |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=11 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Functions ==
The Junagadh Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Ju9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation – Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Ju10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town, including its surroundings, which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority

* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes

* Improving of the town's economic and social status

* Arranging the supply of water for commercial, residential and industrial purposes

* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments

* Creating systems for solid waste management, public health and sanitary services.

* Developing ecological aspects, such as urban forestry, and creating guidelines for environmental protection

* Developing assistance for the mentally and physically handicapped, the elderly, and gender biased people

* Improving local slums and removing poverty

== Members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+2025 Junagadh Municipal Corporation election results<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-bjp-sweeps-junagadh-municipal-election-congress-reduced-to-1-seat-5845693/lite/|title=BJP sweeps JMC elections|website=Indian Express|date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/elections/congress-loses-2-of-3-ward-seats-it-held-to-bjp-in-municipal-bypolls-6087092/lite/|title=BJP won JMC by-elections|website=Indian Express|date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
!#
! colspan="2"|Party
!Seats
|-
!1.
|{{party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|48
|-
!2.
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11
|-
!3.
|
|Ind
|1
|-
! colspan="3"| Total
! 60
|}

===List===
{{url|http://junagadhmunicipal.org/ward-wise-list-of-corporators/}}

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ju11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ju12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ju13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]
* [[Veraval Municipal Council]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://junagadhmunicipal.org/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Junagadh]]

Ragini Devi

2026-04-30T03:35:16Z

GarlandGurule05: added a bio more to come

{{Short description|American performer of Indian dance (1893–1982)}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Needs Wikification; Improve narrative style; |date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ragini Devi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Esther Luella Sherman
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1893|8|18}}
| birth_place = [[Petoskey, Michigan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1982|1|23|1893|8|18}}
| death_place = [[Englewood, New Jersey]]<ref name="Obit">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/26/obituaries/ragini-devi-dies-dancer-was-86.html|url-access=subscription|title=RAGINI DEVI DIES; DANCER WAS 86|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=10|date=26 January 1982|author=Anna Kisselgoff|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]]r, choreographer
| yearsactive =
| spouse = {{marriage |Ramalal Balram Bajpai|1921|1962|reason=his death}}
| children = [[Indrani Rahman]]
| relatives = [[Habib Rahman (architect)|Habib Rahman]] (son-in-law)
| othername =
| awards =
}}
'''Esther Luella Sherman''' (18 August 1893 – 23 January 1982), better known as '''Ragini Devi''', was an American performer of [[Indian classical dance]] of [[Bharata Natyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathakali]] and [[Odissi dance|Odissi]], which she popularized in the West.

==Early life==
Ragini Devi was born Esther Luella Sherman in 1893 in the lakeside town of [[Petoskey, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Susan Ware|author2=Stacy Lorraine Braukman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaMu4F06AQC|title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century|pages=172–173|work=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study|year=2004|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-06-740-1488-6}}</ref> Her mother was Ida Bell Parker Sherman and her father, Alexander Otto Sherman, had Canadian-German ancestry and was an immigrant tailor. Soon after Esther's birth, her family moved to [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], where Esther spent her formative years. She and younger brother, DeWitt, grew up in a clapboard house near [[Lake Harriet (Minnesota)|Lake Harriet]] in [[Minnesota]].<ref name="Devi Ragini">{{cite web|url=https://rachelmattson.files.com/2011/06/devinaw.pdf|title=Devi, Ragini (née Esther Luella Sherman)|author=Rachel Mattson|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Esther sought out formal instruction from a local dance teacher. By the time she graduated from high school in the 1910s, her passion for dance, now well-established, led her to engage a local man (a Russian immigrant) to teach her ballet. Soon, the pair was performing a revue of "international" dances at local cabarets and small theaters around Minneapolis. Using the stage names "Rita Cassilas" and "Todi Ragini" Sherman spent her nights performing an array of Russian folk dances and self-styled Greek-and Egyptian-themed pieces, and her days studying Indian history and culture at the University of Minnesota at St Paul (most likely as a non-matriculating student).<ref name="Devi Ragini"/>

In 1922 she moved to New York with her husband Bajpai. In New York, she found some work in silent films, but her career turned a corner on April 28, 1922, in a solo performance onstage, at Manhattan's Greenwich Village Theater. There, dancing supposedly "authentic Indian entertainments", she made her debut as "Ragini Devi", who, she lied to her American audiences, was a Kashmiri Hindu born, raised and trained to dance in India.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20191230-the-inheritance-of-dance-1631746-2019-12-26|title=The Inheritance of Dance|magazine=[[India Today]]|date=26 December 2019|author=Akhila Krishnamurthy|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> From then on, she was known, onstage and off, as Ragini Devi (although in India, she never passed for anything other than a Westerner—albeit one with the "instincts and attitudes of an Indian").<ref name="Devi Ragini"/>

Between 1922 and 1930, her self-styled performances earned praise from American dance critics and exotica-seekers alike. In 1928, she published her pioneering first book, "Nritanjali: An Introduction to Hindu Dancing", which earned critical acclaim in India as well as in the U.S., with June 17, 1928's edition of The New York Times calling it "a happy circumstance".<ref name="Obit"/> In 1930, seizing her new international fame, Ragini Devi decided to travel to India, which she had been long eager to do. Committed, above all else, to dance, Devi left her husband and set sail for South India. Upon arrival, she gave birth to her only daughter, Indrani.

Devi traveled, seeking out teachers, eager to study Indian dance at its source. In Madras she studied Sadir (also known as [[Bharatanatyam]]) with ex-devadasi [[Mylapore Gowri Ammal]] of Kapaleeswarar Temple.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2001/10/28/stories/2001102800130501.htm|title=Rhythm of the new millennium|magazine=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 October 2001|author=Leela Venkataraman|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030211051048/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2001/10/28/stories/2001102800130501.htm|archive-date=11 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2002/09/22/stories/2002092200110400.htm|title=Dancing through their lives|magazine=The Hindu|date=22 September 2002|author=Arundhati Subramaniam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107160728/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2002/09/22/stories/2002092200110400.htm|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> and, travelling to the Kerala, after she received an invitation from the Maharaja of Travancore to dance in the Arts Festival. She got an opportunity to meet poet Vallathol. She became the first woman to study [[Kathakali]] at the legendary [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref name="rbk">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/151019/ragini-devi-the-first-american-female-dancer-in-the-male-bastion-of-kathakali.html|title=Ragini Devi: The first American female dancer in the male bastion of Kathakali|author=Sunil Kothari|date=15 October 2019|publisher=The Asian Age|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> It is here where she met [[Guru Gopinath|Gopinath]], the Kathakali dancer from Travancore, who agreed to be her dance partner in her tours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/8thday/celebrating-their-indomitable-spirit-1502772334.html|title=Celebrating their indomitable spirit|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=1 July 2019|author=Tapati Chowdurie|access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> She was eager to join the young nationalism-inspired effort to revive and reinvent Indian arts in a national tour aimed at introducing audiences in the rest of India to Kathakali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/12/09/archives/hindu-dances-presented-ragini-devi-seen-in-theatre-of-all-nations.html|url-access=subscription|title=HINDU DANCES PRESENTED; Ragini Devi Seen in Theatre of All Nations Performance|newspaper=The New York Times|page=21|date=9 December 1944}}</ref> Shortening the length of the dances, streamlining the costumes, and staging them on an indoor proscenium stage, Ragini Devi and Gopinath gained prominence by transforming Kathakali into evening entertainment for urban theater-goers. From 1933 to 1936 they toured India, presenting their adapted Kathakali "dance dramas" to entranced audiences and rave reviews.

In 1938, Devi set sail (without Gopinath) for a European tour, which had barely begun when the escalation of European hostilities forced her to return, with her daughter, to the United States. In New York, she established the India Dance Theatre, a dance school and company on West 57th St. where she profited from the growing American interest in "ethnic" and "exotic" dance. In 1947 she traveled back to India (where her daughter, now married, was living) and in 1948 won a [[Rockefeller Foundation]] grant to support her ethnographic work. For the next several years she traveled the nation, documenting regional classical and folk dance forms.

Meanwhile, carrying on the family torch, Indrani became the first-ever "Miss India" in 1952. Soon she was one of India's best-loved cultural ambassadors, performing the dances her mother had fought to preserve before world leaders such as Mao and [[John F. Kennedy]]. Devi, half-jokingly lamenting this state of affairs, proclaimed "My daughter has already pushed me to the background. There was a time when I was known in my own right!"<ref>''Evening News of India'', 8 August 1952</ref> Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Devi lived in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), compiling the results of her research. She finally saw "Dance Dialects of India" published in 1978.

==Personal life==
Esther met Ramalal Balram Bajpai (1880–1962),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sawf.org/newedit/edit03042002/bookreview.asp|title=Dancing in the Family Book Review|website=South Asian Women Forum|date=4 March 2002|author=Anjana Basu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412164443/http://www.sawf.org/newedit/edit03042002/bookreview.asp|archive-date=12 April 2003}}</ref> a young scientist from [[Nagpur]], India and an activist for Indian independence. Bajpai was wanted by the [[United Kingdom|British]] for defacing a public statue of [[Queen Victoria]]. He avoided capture and escaped to the United States where, in 1916, he enrolled at the [[University of Minnesota]]. In 1921, against her parents' wishes, Sherman married Bajpai in a civil ceremony in [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. Esther embraced Hinduism upon her wedding and took the name "Ragini Devi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-indrani-rehman-1071521.html|title=Obituary: Indrani Rehman|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=18 February 1999|author=Kuldip Singh}}</ref> and together they moved to [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]].

The couple moved to India in the 1920s. Their daughter, [[Indrani Rahman|Indrani Bajpai]], was born on September 19, 1930 in [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name="Indrani">{{cite web|url=https://sukanyarahman.com/tag/ragini-devi/page/3/|title=Remembering Indrani|website=Sukanya Rahman|date=24 September 2009|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> Who also studied to learn [[Bharata Natyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathakali]] and [[Odissi dance|Odissi]] dance. Indrani was crowned [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] in 1952, and, at the age of 15, eloped to marry [[Habib Rahman (architect)|Habib Rahman]] (1915–1995), a Bengali-Muslim architect, in 1945. The couple had a son, artist [[Ram Rahman]], and a daughter, [[Sukanya Rahman]] (Wicks),<ref name="Indrani"/> who would also dance with her mother and grandmother. Her grandsons are Wardreath and Habib Wicks.

==Death==
She left India to retire at the [[Lillian Booth Actors Home|Actors Fund Home]] assisted-living facility in Englewood, New Jersey, where she died from a stroke on January 22, 1982.<ref name="rbk"/> Her New York Times obituary (January 26, 1982) noted that Devi's greatest achievement was that she "was instrumental in introducing dances of India to the U.S.".<ref name="Obit"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Nritanjali: an introduction to Hindu dancing'', by Sri Ragini Devi. {{ISBN|978-81-906-7243-6}}
* ''Dancing in the Family: An Unconventional Memoir of Three Women'', by Sukanya Rahman. 2001, HarperCollins India, {{ISBN|81-722-3438-4}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&pg=PA7 Dance dialects of India]'', by Ragini Devi. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1990. {{ISBN|81-208-0674-3}}, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0674-0}}.
* ''Dancing in the Family: The Extraordinary Story of the First Family of Indian Classical Dance'' by Sukanya Rahman. 2019, Speaking Tiger Publishing Pvt. Limited. {{ISBN|93-888-7469-2}}, {{ISBN|978-93-888-7469-4}}
* ''Some Dancers of India'' by Susheela Misra. 1992, Harman Publishing House. {{ISBN|978-81-851-5158-8}}
* ''Dance of India in USA, 1906-1970'' by Marianne Elizabeth Jirgal Fainstadt's. 1970, [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]
* ''The Seductions of Dissonance: Ragini Devi and the Idea of India in the U.S., 1893-1965'' by Rachel Mattson

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ragini Devi}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American female dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century American dancers]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Christianity]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:20th-century American women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century American educators]]
[[Category:American emigrants to India]]
[[Category:American performers of Indian classical dance]]

M. S. Rajan

2026-04-25T18:54:59Z

GarlandGurule05: New

{{Short description|Indian academic (1920–2010)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Professor|Prof.]]
| name = M. S. Rajan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Prof. M. S. Rajan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Prof. M. S. Rajan (circa 1990)
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1920}}
| birth_place = [[Madanapalle]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|02|17|1920}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
| occupation = Academician
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| order = [[Indian School of International Studies]],
| office = Director (education){{!}}Director
| term_start = 1965
| term_end = 1971
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Professor of International Organisation, JNU
| term_start2 = {{Start date|1971||}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|1984||}}
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
}}
'''Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga Rajan''' (1920 {{endash}} 17 February 2010) was an Indian academic who is widely acknowledged as the doyen of International Relations and Area Studies in India. Professor Rajan set up the [[Indian School of International Studies]] along with Pandit [[H. N. Kunzru|Hriday Nath Kunzru]] and Professor A. Appadorai in 1955.<ref name=Obituary>{{cite news|title=M. S. Rajan, doyen of international relations, passes away|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/18/stories/2010021863551200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223105424/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/18/stories/2010021863551200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2010|access-date=16 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 February 2010}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born near [[Madanapalle]] on the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]-[[Karnataka]] border in 1920, his early schooling was in Karnataka and he went on to complete his post-graduation from the [[University of Mysore]] in 1943.<ref name=Vivekanandan>{{cite journal|last=Vivekanandan|first=B.|title=A Tribute to Life and Work of Professor M.S. Rajan|journal=International Studies|date=12 April 2012|volume=47|issue=2–4|pages=99–111|doi=10.1177/002088171104700403|s2cid=154173182}}</ref> He received a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholarship]] in 1956 and enrolled at [[Columbia University|Columbia University, New York]].<ref>{{cite news|title=I'd Like To See If I Can Influence Even One Kid in India'|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/id-like-to-see-if-i-can-influence-even-one-kid-in-india/52319/0|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=17 June 2012|date=15 January 2004}}</ref> Even though he enrolled for a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] under the guidance of Leland M. Goodrich, he could not complete it since he was called back to [[India]] to oversee the construction of Sapru House, the headquarters of the [[Indian Council of World Affairs]], in 1952.<ref name=Obituary /> He was subsequently awarded a D.Litt. by the University of Mysore in 1963 for his book, '' United Nations and Domestic Jurisdiction''.<ref name=Thesis>{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga|title=United Nations and domestic jurisdiction|year=1958|publisher=Orient Longmans|pages=679}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Rajan was married to Padma for more than 50 years. He is survived by three children, Pushpa Rangan, Vani Subramaniam and Kanna Rajan.

==Career==

===Indian Council of World Affairs===
Rajan came to Delhi in July 1947 when he was 27 years old, and joined the Asian Relations Organisation as Assistant Secretary. He played a key role in organising the Asian Relations Conference in 1947. He joined the Indian Council of World Affairs in 1949 as its Administrative Secretary.<ref name=Vivekanandan /> He was entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing the construction of its iconic office, Sapru House, on [[Barakhamba#Barakhamba Road|Barakhamba Road]], which was completed in 1955.

===Indian School of International Studies===
Shortly after the ISIS was set up under the auspices of the ICWA in 1955, he took up position in 1959, first as Special Fellow, and subsequently as Professor of Commonwealth Studies. He became the second Director of the ISIS after Professor Appadorai demitted the office in 1965 and served for six years. He continued the rigorous standards set by Prof. Appadorai with the intention of making it one of the leading institutes of learning in the field of International Relations and Area Studies. Students were selected following an all-India exam and interview process, and had to exhibit an aptitude for research. Among Professor Rajan's initiatives was the establishment of State Government scholarships for PhD students.<ref name=Vivekanandan />

===School of International Studies, JNU===
Prof. Rajan oversaw the merger of the ISIS with the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] after the latter was established in 1969. The [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]] Vice-Chancellor G Parthasarathi acceded to his insistence that the faculty should be appointed on tenure rather than through contract.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=Contract academics|url=http://hindu.com/2002/11/15/stories/2002111500941000.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125155824/http://hindu.com/2002/11/15/stories/2002111500941000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=20 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 November 2002}}</ref> However, he was unable to prevent the bifurcation of the Sapru House Library based on ownership of books, journals and documents.<ref name=Vivekanandan />
Rajan was the very first professor on the rolls of JNU as also the first to be made Professor Emeritus.<ref>{{cite web|title=JNU Teachers Association: Report on 'Teachers Day' Function|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/jnuta/activities.htm|publisher=JNUTA|access-date=16 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214180720/http://www.jnu.ac.in/jnuta/activities.htm|archive-date=14 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He remained Director of the School until 1971 and continued as Professor of International Organisation until 1984.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=Indian School of International Studies Joins Jawaharlal Nehru University|journal=International Studies|date=1 January 1973|volume=12|issue=1|pages=138–140|doi=10.1177/002088177301200105|s2cid=153796117}}</ref>

==Academic accomplishments==
Prof. Rajan was prolific in his academic pursuits, with over 25 authored/edited books and over 110 articles in reputed journals.<ref name=Vivekanandan /> He was, at various times, the editor of ''International Studies'', ''India Quarterly'' and a journal that he brought out in the 1980s, ''The Non-Aligned World''.
His focus areas were India's foreign policy, non-alignment and the role of international organisations, particularly the United Nations. In addition, he initiated the process that ensures every Indian Foreign Service officer passes through a rigorous course at JNU to broaden their perspective in foreign affairs.

===Books===
*{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga|title=United Nations and domestic jurisdiction|year=1958|publisher=Orient Longmans|pages=679}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Rajan|editor-first=M.S.|title=India's foreign relations during the Nehru era : some studies|year=1977|publisher=Asia Pub. House|location=Bombay|isbn=9780210222898}}
*{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=Japan's postwar peace settlements.|year=1978|publisher=Humanities. Pr.|location=Atlantic Highlands, N.J.|isbn=9780391008694}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Rajan|editor-first=M.S.|title=Great power relations, world order, and the Third World|year=1981|publisher=Vikas|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780706910735|author=Ganguly, Shivaji }}
*{{cite book|last=Appadorai|first=A.|title=India's foreign policy and relations|year=1985|publisher=South Asian Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170030546|author2=Rajan, M.S. }}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Rajan|editor-first=M.S.|title=The Nonaligned and the United Nations|year=1987|publisher=Oceana Publications|location=Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.|isbn=9780379207880|author=Mani, V.S.|author2=Murthy, C.S.R.}}
*{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=Studies on India's foreign policy|year=1993|publisher=ABC Pub. House|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171230556}}
*{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=Nonalignment and the nonaligned movement in the present world order|year=1994|publisher=Konark Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=9788122003543}}
*{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=World order and the United Nations : essays from a nonaligned perspective|year=1995|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788124103265}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Rajan|editor-first=M.S.|title=United Nations at fifty and beyond|year=1996|publisher=Lancers Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170950585}}
*{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=Recent essays on India's foreign policy|year=1997|publisher=Kalinga Publications|location=Delhi|isbn=9788185163819}}
*{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=M.S.|title=International and area studies in India|year=1997|publisher=Lancers Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170950660}}
*{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=M. S.|title=India and international affairs : a collection of essays|year=1999|publisher=Lancers Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170950714}}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan, M.S.}}
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]

Thakur Ramveer Singh

2026-04-23T05:50:57Z

GarlandGurule05: put up a bio added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramveer Singh
| constituency1 = [[Kundarki Assembly constituency|Kundarki]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 24 November 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Zia ur Rahman Barq]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Self-employed
| occupation = Politician, Farmer
| alma_mater = Hindu College, Moradabad
| education = Post Graduate in [[Master of Arts|MA]]
}}

'''Ramveer Singh''', or '''Ramveer Thakur''' is an Indian politician of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kundarki Assembly constituency|Kundarki]] from 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-23 |title=UP Bypolls: Why BJP candidate Ramveer Thakur's Kundarki victory is remarkable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-bjp-candidate-ramveer-thakurs-kundarki-bypoll-victory-is-remarkable/articleshow/115599318.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Kundarki Bypoll Result - November 2024">{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Kundarki Bypoll Result - November 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S2429.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216042933/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S2429.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was born in a farmer family and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 1993 and was assigned position of Secretary of [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]] of [[Moradabad district]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=कौन हैं ठाकुर रामवीर सिंह? मुस्लिम बहुल कुंदरकी सीट पर 31 साल बाद खिलाया कमल |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/up-bypolls-results-kundarki-assembly-seat-who-is-thakur-ramveer-singh-won-muslim-dominated-seat/3699371/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> He has been contesting from [[Kundarki Assembly constituency|Kundarki]] from 2007 and won the seat in 2024 by-election by a record margin of more than 140,000 votes making party bag the seat after 31 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Hindu BJP candidate trounces 11 Muslims in UP. What led to his massive win? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/up-bypoll-election-result-kundarki-bjp-win-ramveer-thakur-muslim-dominant-evm-tampering-2638898-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Politicians from Moradabad]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vijay Kumar Bist

2026-04-23T05:46:02Z

GarlandGurule05: put up some bio needs work

{{short description|Former Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Kumar Bist
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Sikkim High Court]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Retd. Chief Justice
| term_start = 30 October 2018
| term_end = 16 September 2019
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| term_start2 = 1 November 2008
| term_end2 = 29 October 2018
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|09|17}}
| birth_place = [[Lansdowne, India|Lansdown]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
}}
'''Vijay Kumar Bist''' (born 17 September 1957) is a retired Indian judge, former [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of [[Sikkim High Court]] and former [[judge]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]].

==Career==
Bist was born in [[Lansdowne, India|Lansdown]], [[Pauri Garhwal district]], in [[Uttarakhand]]. He passed from Intermediate College Kanskhet, Pauri Garhwal and completed [[LL.B]]. from [[Allahabad University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vijay-kumar-bist-sworn-in-as-sikkim-high-court-chief-justice-118103000618_1.html|title=Vijay Kumar Bist sworn in as Sikkim High Court chief justice|author=Press Trust of India|date=30 October 2018|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> He started practice under S.P. Gupta, Senior Advocate from 1984 in the various courts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well as [[Allahabad High Court]]. In his lawyer career, Bist was the Legal advisor and Standing Counsel of Allahabad University, [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]], various Corporations, Housing Federation, Development Authority like government undertaking institutions. After the formation of the Uttarakhand, he shifted to Nainital and also served as panel advocate of Uttarakhand State Government in the [[Uttarakhand High Court]]. Bist was elevated as Judge of the Uttarakhand High Court on 1 November 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://highcourtofsikkim.nic.in/hcs/JudgesProfile|title=Judges|website=highcourtofsikkim.nic.in|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417124547/http://highcourtofsikkim.nic.in/hcs/JudgesProfile|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/10/31/vijay-kumar-bist-sworn-in-as-sikkim-high-court-chief-justice/|title=Vijay Kumar Bist sworn in as Sikkim High Court chief justice|website=arunachaltimes.in|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> On 30 October 2018 Justice Bist was appointed the Chief Justice of [[Sikkim High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice Vijay Kumar Bist to become next Chief Justice of Sikkim |url=https://www.summittimes.com/single-post/2018/10/14/Justice-Vijay-Kumar-Bist-to-become-next-Chief-Justice-of-Sikkim?_amp_ |accessdate=6 December 2018 |agency=Summit Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/vijay-kumar-bist-sworn-in-as-sikkim-high-court-chief-justice/1366712/|title=Vijay Kumar Bist sworn in as Sikkim High Court chief justice|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>
He retired on 16 September 2019.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bist, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Justices of the Uttarakhand High Court]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Sikkim High Court]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Kashmiri Marsiya

2026-04-21T04:22:04Z

GarlandGurule05: Starting a article

{{Short description|Islamic literary genre}}
[[File:Kashmiri_Marsiya_Biyaz.jpg|thumb|Compilation of Kashmiri Marsiya, biyaz copied in 1730, Srinagar]]
The '''Kashmiri Marsiya''' (Kạ̄shir Marsī کٲشِر مَرثی) is a commemorative and devotional [[literary genre]] that closely resembles an [[Elegiac|elegiac poem]], which is primarily used to mourn the martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] at the [[Battle of Karbala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mikhnaf |first=Abu |title=Maqtal Al-Husayn |publisher=ABWA Publishing and Printing Center |year=2012 |isbn=978-964-529-266-7 |location=Tehran |language=Arabic |translator-last=Gharawi |translator-first=Muhadi Hadi Yosuf |trans-title=The event of the Taff: The earliest historical account of the tragedy of Karbala}}</ref> ''[[Marsiya]]'' is a [[loan word]] in the [[Kashmiri language]], borrowed from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word {{transliteration|fa|[[marsiya]]}} ({{lang|fa|مَرْثِیَه}}), which is itself derived from the Arabic word {{transliteration|ar|rithā’}} ({{lang|ar|رثاء}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2020-08-29 |title=Marsiya: Beyond the "literal lament" |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/marsiya-beyond-the-literal-lament/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kazmi |first=Anees |title=Kashir Marthiya Hunz Tarikh |publisher=Gulshan-i-Adab |year=1975 |location=Budgam |language=Kashmiri}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Sameer |title=Tears to Heaven : Remembrance of Karbala in Kashmiri Marsiya(elegy) |url=https://www.academia.edu/20155165}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Sajjid |first=Maqbool |title=Kaeshri Marsiyuk Safar: An anthology of Kashmiri Marsiya |publisher=J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages |year=2013 |location=Srinagar |pages=124–129 |language=Kashmiri}}</ref> Unlike the Arabic and Persian ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'', the Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' goes beyond the constraints and conventions of an elegiac poem. In its classical form, the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' assumes the shape of an elaborate [[prose]] that imitates the rhythmic prose associated with the [[Quran]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> The writer of a ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' is referred to as an [[author]] (''{{transliteration|ks|musanif}}'') rather than a [[poet]] ("{{transliteration|ur|shair}}").<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Budgami |first=Shahid |title=Kashir Marsy Hund Tawareekh |publisher=Taj Printing Service |year=2014 |edition=3rd |location=Delhi |language=Kashmiri}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Ghulam Safdar |title=Tārīkh −i Shiyan-i Kashmir |publisher=Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre |year=2014 |edition=3rd |location=Srinagar |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Initial reception ===

The oldest trace of a ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' in Kashmiri language dates to the 15th century CE and comprises a short, loose elegy composed on the death of a [[Sufism|Sufi]], [[Nund Rishi]] (d. 842AH/ 1438CE),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bazaz |first=Abir |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009118811 |title=Nund Rishi |date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-11881-1 |doi=10.1017/9781009118811}}</ref> by his women disciple, Sham Bibi (d. 1446).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |title=Speaking Peace, Women's Voices from Kashmir |publisher=Zubaan Books |year=2014 |isbn=9789383074709 |location=Delhi}}</ref><ref name="kashmirobserver.net">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-18 |title=Kashmiri Marsiya-Evolution and Transition: The Sustainment of Grief |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/05/18/kashmiri-marsiya-evolution-and-transition-the-sustainment-of-grief/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> The first elegies written in Kashmiri to commemorate Husyan's martyrdom also date from the same period in works composed between the 15th and 16th centuries. These include ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' written by two poets from the Musavi family,<ref>The descendants of the seventh Shia imam, Musa al-Kazim (d. 799CE) are known as Musavi Sayyids.</ref> Qasim bin Yusuf Din Shah, and his nephew Hakim Din Shah<ref>The postscript written at the end of a ''{{transliteration|ks|marsiyye}}'' attributed to Hakim Din Shah mentions: "This lament was written by Hakim Ibn Musa Ibn Yusuf Din Shah during the reign of Badshah". See, Hamdani, Hakim Ghulam Safdar (2009). ''{{transliteration|ks|Aush ti Aab}}'' (in Kashmiri) (2nd ed.). Delhi. Skyline Publications.</ref> in and around 811- 850 AH (1409-1446CE), during the [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shahmiri]] Sultanate (1339-1561CE).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmiri Elegy |url=http://www.aford.org/thehamdanis.org/kashmiri-elegy1.html. |website=thehamdanis.org}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> Another work that survives is of Ahmad, a poet who hailed from Ahmadpora, a Shia centre of learning in medieval Kashmir.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Citation |last1=Hamdani |first1=Hakim Sameer |title=The Art of the Book in Early Modern Kashmir |date=2024-01-11 |work=The Routledge Companion to Global Renaissance Art |pages=300–315 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003294986-25 |isbn=978-1-003-29498-6 |last2=Qureshi |first2=Mehran|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Modern researchers have characterised this period commencing with the rule of [[Sikandar Shah Miri|Sultan Sikandar]] (r. 1389-1413 CE) and ending with the demise of the short-lived Shia [[Chak dynasty|Chak]] Sultanate (1561-1586 CE), as the first stage in the development of Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Ghulam Safdar |title=Aush ti Aab |publisher=Skyline Publications |year=2009 |edition=2nd |location=Delhi |language=Kashmiri}}</ref> Significantly contemporary medieval texts originating from within Kashmiri Shia circles make no mention of Muharram assemblies to commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, or of traditions linked with the writing of ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' in Kashmiri.<ref>These include the ''tazkira'' originating within the Nurbakshiyya Sufi order, see, Ali, Mulla Muhammad Ali (2006). Jan, Ghulam Rasul,(transl.). ''Tuḥfatūl Aḥbāb'' (in Persian). Srinagar: Jan Publications.</ref> This includes both hagiographical works (''{{transliteration|ur|tazkira's}}'') as well as political histories (''{{transliteration|ur|tarikh's}}'') of the region authored by Shia writers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anonymous |title=Baharistan-i-Shahi |publisher=Akshaya Prakashan |year=2021 |edition=2nd |location=Delhi |language=Persian |translator-last=Pandita |translator-first=Kashi Nath |trans-title=Baharistan-i-Shahi (A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadurah |first=Malik Haidar |title=Tarikh-i Kashmir |publisher=Bhavna Prakashan |year=1991 |location=Delhi |language=Persian |translator-last=Bano |translator-first=Razia |trans-title=History of Kashmir by Haider Malik Chadurah}}</ref>

Aside from a few anonymous works, the names of the following poets who composed ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' in this period survive:<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Sajjid |first=Maqbool |title=Kaeshri Marsiyuk Safar: An anthology of Kashmiri Marsiya |publisher=J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages |year=2013 |location=Srinagar |language=Kashmiri}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|Marsiya}}'' Writers ( 15th-16th century)
|-
!'''A'''
!'''H'''
!'''Q'''
|-
|Ahmad
|Hakim bin Musa ibn Yusuf Din Shah
|Qasim ibn Yusuf Din Shah
|}

=== Development ===

The development of the Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' coincides with Mughal (1586-1753 CE) and Afghan rule (1753-1819 CE) in Kashmir.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Ghulam Sardar |title=Aush ti Aab |publisher=Skyline Publications |year=2009 |edition=2nd |location=Delhi |language=Kashmiri}}</ref> This period saw the consolidation of Persian, both as the court language, as well as the preferred language of the urban elite, completely eclipsing native Kashmiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hajini |first=Mohyi-ud Din |title=Muqalat |publisher=Nur Muhammad Roshan Press |year=1967 |location=Srinagar |pages=35}}</ref> Many Persian poets who arrived at the Mughal court from Persianate lands, made Kashmir their home, settling down in the capital city, Srinagar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Aslah |first=Hajji Muhammad Aslam Khan |title=Tazkira-i- Shoura-i Kashmir |publisher=Iqbal Academy |year=1983 |location=Lahore |language=Persian}}</ref> Some, including two poet laureates<ref>These include Hajji Jan Muhammad Qudsi, Abu Talib Kalim Kashani, see, Sharma, Sunil (2017). ''Mughal Arcadia: Persian Literature in an Indian Court.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98124-9.</ref> ( ''malik-u shoura'')<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Kashmiri |first=Mirza Muhammad Ali |title=Tazkira-i Zafran Zar |publisher=Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries |year=2009 |editor-last=Barzegar |editor-first=Dr. Karim Najafi |location=Tehran |language=Persian}}</ref> at the imperial court are buried in the cemetery of poets (Kashmiri: M''azar-i Shoura or [[Mazar-e-Shura]]'') located on the foothills of Takht-i Suleiman, Srinagar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sunil |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvgd336 |title=Mughal Arcadia |date=2017-11-27 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-98124-9 |doi=10.2307/j.ctvgd336}}</ref> With the official promotion of Persian, the vernacular Kashmiri went through a period of steady decline.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> This is also witnessed in the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' written during this time. Ahmadpora<ref name=":3" /> in North Kashmir served as a major nucleus for ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' writing during this period, with many sayyids from the Rizvi<ref>Rizvi Sayyids trace their descent to the eighth Shia imam, Ali al-Rida (or Reza). The descendants of the tenth imam, Ali al-Naqi are also referred to as Rizvi (or Naqvi Sayyids).</ref> family following this tradition.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Hashemi |first=Manzoor |title=Ḥusayniyāt |publisher=Self published |year=1996 |location=Srinagar |language=Kashmiri}}</ref> Some of the prominent poets who composed ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' during this time include:<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|Marsiya}}'' Writers ( 17th-mid 18th century)
|-
!'''A'''
!M
!Q
|-
|Aqa Sayyid Mahmud Tabrizi
|Mir Sayyid Muhammad Abbas
|Qazi Ahmad Ali
|-
!B
|Mir Sayyid Muhammad Jafar
|Qazi Ahmad Din<ref>Like Qazi Ahmad Ali, Ahmad Din was also a Sunni from the town of Varmul (Baramulla), who converted to Shiism, see, Hamdani, Hakim Ghulam Safdar (2009). ''Aush ti Aab'' (in Kashmiri) (2nd ed.). Delhi: Skyline Publications.</ref>
|-
|Baba Muhammad Jawad
|Mirza Jawad Ali Khan Kaani
!'''S'''
|-
!H
|Mirza Jaza-al Lah
|Sayyid Fakhir<ref>According to Shafi Shauq, Fakhir (d. 1780) also introduced the genre of ghazal into Kashmiri language, see, Shauq, Shafi and Munwar, Najji (2008). ''Kashir Zaban ti Adabuk Twarikh'' (in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Ali Muhammad & Sons. pp.125-127. ISBN 978-81-921925-7-4</ref>
|-
|Hassan Khan ibn Muhammad Taqi
|Muhammad Yahya ibn Ahmad Khan
|Sayyid Jafar Najafi
|-
!K
|Muhammad Azam
|Sayyid Mir Arab Shah
|-
|Khawja Muhammad Fazil
|Mulla Abul Hakim ''Sateh''<ref>Sateh also served as the companion of the Mughal emperor, Farukh Siyyar (r. 1713-1719), before returning to Kashmir after the emperor's execution.</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":15" />
|Sayyid Mir Muhammad Abbas
|-
|Khawja Hassi Bhat ''Nadan''
|Mulla Ahmad Nishapuri
|Sayyid Mir Sharf-al Din Rizvi
|-
|Khawja Muhammad Tabrizi
|Mulla Ibrahim ''Munjim''<ref>Mulla Ibrahim Munjim (or Mulla Abdul Rahim Munjim) served as the tutor of Nawwab Ibrahim Khan (d. 1709), who served as Mughal Governor of Kashmir in 1662-63, 1679-86, 1701-05 and 1709. See, Kashmiri, Mirza Muhammad Ali (2009). Barzegar, Dr. Karim Najafi (ed.). ''Tazkira-i Zafran Zar'' (in Persian). Tehran: Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries.</ref>
|Sayyid Amir-al Din ''Zakhir''
|-
!M
|Mulla Muhammad Mahdi
|[[Syed Saleh (Haigam)|Sayyid Saleh Rizvi]]
|-
|Mir Ahmad Ali Tusi
|Mulla Rehman
!U
|-
|Mir Arab Shah Rizvi
|Musa Khan ibn Muhammad Taqi al-Haeri
|Ustad Muhammad Jafer
|-
|Mir Saif ibn Mulla Khalil ''Munjim''
!
|
|}

=== Emergence of {{Transliteration|ks|Muqam Bandh Marsiya}} ===

The beginning of the nineteenth century CE marked the revival of the Kashmiri language, though Persian continued as a court language till 1889 CE.<ref name=":0" /> During the late eighteenth century through the nineteenth century CE, a new form of writing ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' in Kashmiri emerged, signifying a major evolutionary phase in this literary genre. Literary critics refer to this period as the age of classical ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' writing or {{Transliteration|ks|muqam bandh marsiya}} ({{lang|ks|مقام بند مرثیہ}}).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> The ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' that emerged during this period is structured around four fixed stations known as {{Transliteration|ks|muqam}}, which define the thematic content.<ref name=":7" /> Each {{Transliteration|ks|muqam}}, in turn, completes a stanza—{{Transliteration|ks|chyir}} ( {{lang|ks|چھیر}})with a parallel internal structure.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

Two writers from North Kashmir are credited with this innovation: Qazi Ahmad Ali (d. 1800 approx.) and Khwaja Hasan Mir (d. 1826 CE).<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> Qazi Ahmad Ali, originally a Sunni from Varmul ([[Baramulla]]), converted to Shi’ism and formalized the {{Transliteration|ks|muqam}}''s'' within the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}''.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Sameer |title=Shi'ism in Kashmir: A History of Sunni-Shia Rivalry and Reconciliation |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2023 |isbn=9780755643950 |location=London}}</ref> He was a senior contemporary of Khwaja Husayn Mir,<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Kalim |first=Qasim |title=Kuliyat-i Khawja Ḥasan Mir |publisher=Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre |year=2001 |location=Srinagar |language=Kashmiri}}</ref> a cultivator residing in the village of Habak. Husayn Mir, popularly known as Hussi Boii ({{lang|ks|حُسی بوئ}}), significantly popularized the new form of ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' among the urban elite of Srinagar.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> He also made innovations to the internal structure of the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}''. Additionally, he introduced the poets of the Mulla family in [[Srinagar]],<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Sajjid |first=Maqbool |title=Kuliyat-i Hakim Azim wa Munshi Muhammad Yusuf |publisher=Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre |year=2000 |location=Srinagar |language=Kashmiri}}</ref> who were accustomed to composing in Persian, to this new form of Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}''. Over the next two generations, the Mulla family produced successive ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' writers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" />

The earliest composers of Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' in the Mulla family include [[Mulla Hakim Muhammad Azim]](1803-1852CE), Mulla Munshi Muhammad Yusuf(1798-1885 CE) and Mulla Munshi Shah Muhammad (d. 1850 approx.).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>Also see, Baqir, Sayyid Muhammad (late 19th century). ''Risala Saif al Saram'' (in Persian). Lahore.</ref> [[Mulla Hakim Muhammad Azim|Hakim Azim]] and Munshi Yusuf played pivotal roles in enhancing the poetic beauty of ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'', transcending the constraints of its elegiac form.<ref name=":11" /> In an epistle written to [[Khan Bahadur]] Sayyid Rajib Ali Khan (d. 1869),<ref name=":14" /> Azim highlights how he envisaged Marsiya as a symbol of Shia identity, and also his own role in reshaping the literary contours of this genre:<blockquote>Having sent that for such a long time at an adverse fate, I necessarily intended to bring out the shinning pearls of its sad contents, which I had spun together in new ways, and arrange it on the lines of a Kashmiri Marsiya.<ref name=":14" /></blockquote>During the nineteenth century, alongside Srinagar, another notable centre for ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' writing emerged in the village of Gund Khwaja Qasim, under the stewardship of Khwaja Muhammad Baqir Gundi (d.~1834CE).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sajjid |first=Maqbool |title=Kuliyat-i Khawja Muhammad Baqir |publisher=Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre |year=2001 |location=Srinagar |language=Kashmiri}}</ref> The tradition was greatly advanced by his son, Khawja Abdullah, and a student Mirza Aboul Qasim (d. ~ 1853CE).<ref name=":7" /> The works of Mirza Aboul Qasim would achieve great public acclaim, and he remains the most prolific and popular ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' writer to date.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kazmi |first=Anees |title=Mirza Abu'l Qasim: Maqam ti Kalam, vol. i |publisher=Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre |year=2002 |location=Srinagar |language=Kashmiri}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

During the first half of the 19th century, many Kashmiri Marsiya writers left for [[Faizabad]] and [[Lucknow]], seeking patronage at the court of the Shia rulers of [[Awadh]].<ref name=":14" /> These include Munshi Qasim, Munshi Shah Muhammad, Khwaja Abdullah, Munshi Safdar and Mirza Aboul Qasim. Oral traditions preserved amongst the Kashmiri Shia community maintain that Munshi Safdar was a close confidante of the last king of Awadh, [[Wajid Ali Shah]](r. 1847-1856), and was poisoned due to court intrigue.<ref name=":5" />

Some of the main ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' writers from this period are:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Ghulam Safdar |title=Yad-i Ruftagan |journal=Al-Irshad |location=Srinagar |publication-date=1961 |issue=Shawwal issue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-24 |title=The Unsung Elegist of Kashmir: Mirza Abul Qasim |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/08/24/the-unsung-elegist-of-kashmir-mirza-abul-qasim/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|Marsiya}}'' Writers ( 19th-mid 20th century)
|-
!'''H'''
!M
!M
|-
|Hakim Ghulam Rasul
|[[Mulla Hakim Muhammad Azim]]<ref>Azim was intimately connected with the Sikh and Dogra court and used his official position to further the interests of Kashmir Shia Muslims. He was the only Muslim Chief Jagirdar who enjoyed the confidence of the first Dogra ruler, Maharaja Gulab Singh, serving as his Chief Physician as well as the custodian of the Sericulture industry (''daroga-i kiram kashan''), see, Zuthsi, Chitralekha (2003). ''Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir.'' Delhi: Permanent Black. p.73. ISBN 81-7824-060-2</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Masood |date=2023-03-16 |title='We Must Look at Our Past with All Its Dissensions, Pain-learn and Understand the Perils of Sectarianism' |url=https://kashmirlife.net/we-must-look-at-our-past-with-all-its-dissensions-pain-learn-and-understand-the-perils-of-sectarianism-vol-14-issue-50-312284/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>
(1803–1852)
|Munshi Ahmad Ali Ghazi
(1853–1923)
|-
!K
|Mulla Hakim Muhammad Jawad
(1891–1946)
|Munshi Muhammad Safdar
(~ d. 1850's)
|-
|Khwaja Abdullah Gundi
|Mulla Munshi Haider
(1872–1941)
!S
|-
|Khwaja Husayn Mir
(~d. 1820-30's)
|Mulla Munshi Hasan Ali
(1866–1933)
|Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi
|-
|Khwaja Muhammad Baqir Gundi
|Mulla Munshi Ihsan-al Lah
(1838–1925)
|Sayyid Mustafa Rizvi
|-
|Khwaja Muhammad Daim
|Mulla Munshi Muhammad Abbas
(1869–1944)
|
|-
!M
|Mulla Munshi Muhammad Ali
(1829–1902)
|
|-
|Mirza Aboul Qasim<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-24 |title=The Unsung Elegist of Kashmir: Mirza Abul Qasim |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/08/24/the-unsung-elegist-of-kashmir-mirza-abul-qasim/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
(~ d. 1853)
|Mulla Munshi Muhammad Qasim<ref>Qasim was also an acclaimed calligrapher, for details see, Hamdani, Hakim Sameer; Qureshi, Mehran (11 January 2024), "The Art of the Book in Early Modern Kashmir", ''The Routledge Companion to Global Renaissance Art'', New York: Routledge, pp. 300–315, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.4324/9781003294986-25, {{ISBN|978-1-003-29498-6}}, retrieved 24 August 2024</ref>
(~d. 1840-50's)
|
|-
|Moulvi Abdullah Ansari
|Mulla Munshi Muhammad Sadiq
(1897–1972)
|
|-
|Mulla Hakim Abdullah
(d. 1887)
|Mulla Munshi Muhammad Yusuf
(1798–1885)
|
|-
|[[Mulla Hakim Habib-al Lah]]<ref>Habib also left a diwan of Persian poetry. Outside the genre of ''marsiya'' he is also known for his satirical poetry which brings to the fore various aspects of Kashmiri society in the 19th century, these include, ''Greias Nama'' and ''Sehlab Nama''. See, Kazmi, Anees, and Manzar, MY (1981). ''Kuliyat-i Hakim Habib-al Lah'' (in Kashmiri). Srinagar: J&K Academy of Art, Culture & Languages.</ref>
(1852–1904)
|Mulla Munshi Mustafa Ali
(1814–1889)
|
|-
|Mulla Hakim Hasan Ali
(1870–1915)
|Mulla Munshi Shah Muhammad
(~d. 1850's)
|
|}
In the post-Independence period, the tradition of writing ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' was greatly reduced, with most poets engaging in composing in the easier, shorter genre of ''nauha''.<ref name="kashmirobserver.net" /><ref name=":2" /> Some writers who have produced ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' that are recited publicly include, Sayyid Aboul Hassan ''Zigum,'' Sayyid Anis Kazmi and Sayyid Muhammad Chatergami.<ref name=":2" />

The main writers from this time are:<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|Marsiya}}'' Writers (mid 20th century- onwards)
|-
!'''A'''
!'''S'''
!'''Z'''
|-
|Aga Sayyid Abbas Musavi
|Sayyid Akbar Hashmi
|Zulfiqar ''Qasmi''
|-
|Aga Sayyid Aboul Hasan ''Zigum''
|Sayyid Anis Kazmi
|
|-
!G
|Sayyid Asad-ul Lah Safvi
|
|-
|Ghulam Husayn ''Khaksar''
Gulam Ahmad Dilgeer
|Sayyid Muhammad Chatergami
|
|-
!M
|Sayyid Sami-ul Lah Jalali
|
|-
|Moulvi Muhammad Yusuf
|
|
|}

== Structure ==
According to Hakim Ghulam Safdar Hamdani, Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' evolved from a native tradition used to mourn the death of a family member, known as {{Transliteration|ks|vān}} ({{lang|ks|وان}}).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Expressed in the vernacular, {{Transliteration|ks|vān}} in its original form does not assume a poetic structure, nor does it seem to have been consigned to text.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Shaukat |title=Kashiren Marssiyen Hund Intikhab |publisher=Sahitiya Academy |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-260-4855-7 |location=Delhi |language=Kashmiri}}</ref> This is a view generally held by most writers who have looked into the evolution of ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" /> The arrival of Muslim preachers in Kashmir during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries resulted in the gradual introduction of practices and traditions prevalent in the Islamic world into Kashmiri society, including that of ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}''.<ref name=":5" /> A surviving ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' from this period starts with a verse in Persian followed by its translation in Kashmiri in the same meter.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12" />

In its classical form, the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' is divided into four thematic sections: {{Transliteration|ks|hamd}} ({{lang|ks|حمد}}), {{Transliteration|ks|na’at}} ({{lang|ks|نعت}}), {{Transliteration|ks|madah}} or {{Transliteration|ks|maqabat}} ({{lang|ks|منقبت}}), and {{Transliteration|ks|dard}} ({{lang|ks|درد}}).<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Kalim |first=Qasim |title=Kashir Kilasaqi Marsiye: Ahang ti Arouz' |journal=Sheeraza |location=Srinagar |publisher=J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages |publication-date=2019 |volume=56 |issue=3–4 |pages=85–104}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Sometimes, a ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' may also include a small section of supplications (''[[dua]]''), but this is very rare.<ref name=":7" /> The elegiac content is limited to the last section, {{Transliteration|ks|dard}}. While ''hamd'' and ''na’at'' are based on a single {{Transliteration|ks|chyir}} (stanza), ''madah'' sometimes includes multiple {{Transliteration|ks|chyir}}. The ''dard'' section of the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' comprises twelve to fourteen {{Transliteration|ks|chyir}}, though this can sometimes extend up to nineteen. Each {{Transliteration|ks|chyir}} is further divided into verses of varying length, based on the nature of sound: ascending or descending in which they are recited.<ref name=":5" /> This recital quality of the verse also defines its metrical pattern, {{Transliteration|ks|wazn}} (Kashmiri: {{lang|ks|وزن}} ). Based on the {{Transliteration|ks|wazn}}, verses in each {{Transliteration|ks|chyir}} are classified as {{Transliteration|ks|barkhast}}'', {{Transliteration|ks|dounbala}}, {{Transliteration|ks|gat}}, {{Transliteration|ks|kreikh}}, {{Transliteration|ks|puot-gat}}'' and {{Transliteration|ks|nishast}}''.''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> Each component retains a different ''qafiya'' (rhyming pattern) and ''radif'' (refrain word) which gets repeated in subsequent {{Transliteration|ks|chyir}}''.''

Unlike ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' in Arabic, Persian or Urdu, the classical Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' is nearer to the tradition of [[Mathnawi|''masnavi'']], with each ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' composed under a specific title (Kashmiri: ''{{Transliteration|ks|unwan}}''). The title of a ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'', dictates the writer's choice and selection of words, phrases, metaphors, and other literary devices.<ref name=":1" /> Similarly, much like in Persian ''masnavi'', the initial section of a Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' includes introductory and body paragraphs ({{Transliteration|ks|chyir}}) in praise of [[Allah]] ({{Transliteration|ks|hamd}}), in praise of [[Muhammad in Islam|Prophet Muhammad]] ({{Transliteration|ks|na’at}}), his family the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl-i Bayt]] ({{Transliteration|ks|madah}}) before proceeding to the elegiac section ({{Transliteration|ks|dard}}).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> In his ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' with the title '''{{Transliteration|ks|Dar}}''<nowiki/>' (The Door), [[Mulla Hakim Muhammad Azim|Hakim Azim]] starts by invoking Allah in these verse:<ref name=":11" /><blockquote>''Yā Allāh Humēsha soun dāb jurm-o khatā''

''Choun bāb jūd-o 'atā''

(transl.) O Lord! Our ways are of incessant crimes and transgressions

Yet we arrive at your threshold, of generosity and benevolence</blockquote>

== Title (''{{Transliteration|ks|unwan}}'') ==
A ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' is composed keeping in consideration the title (''{{Transliteration|ks|unwan}}''), which is adopted for it. The ''unwan'' serves as the framed plot for the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' which is then elaborated in the various thematic sections of the work. Some major titles under which ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' have been composed include:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Category
!Title
!Category
!Title
!Category
!Title
!Category
!Title
!Category
!Title
|-
| rowspan="18" |'''Religious'''
'''subjects'''
|''Allah-o Akbar''
| rowspan="18" |'''Crafts &'''
'''Profession'''
|''Ahangiri''
| rowspan="18" |'''Innate'''
'''objects'''
|''Aayena''
| rowspan="13" |'''Body parts'''
|''Bazoo''
| rowspan="12" |'''Emotions'''
'''& Acts'''
|''Dosti''
|-
|''Asul-i Din''
|''Hikmat''
|''Aftab''
|''Chashm''
|''Duzhdi''
|-
|''Faro-I Din''
|''Insha''
|''Angushtri''
|''Dast''
|''Hasad''
|-
|''Hajj''
|''Kakazgiri''
|''Biyaz''
|''Dil''
|''Haya''
|-
|''Hamd-o Sipas''
|''Kar''
|''Chirag''
|''Dimag''
|''Jahalat''
|-
|''Imammat''
|''Kimiya''
|''Gouhar''
|''Gosh''
|''Khamoshi''
|-
|''Jihad''
|''Naqashi''
|''Hina''
|''Jism''
|''Khayal''
|-
|''Kaaba''
|''Padshahi''
|''Jahaz''
|''Mou''
|''Riya''
|-
|''Karbala''
|''Qazi''
|''Kishti''
|''Nakhun''
|''Sabr''
|-
|''Miraj''
|''Rangrezi''
|''Kuh''
|''Pusht''
|''Sharafat''
|-
|''Nimaz''
|''Sahafi''
|''Lal''
|''Qafas''
|''Tifli''
|-
|''Paigambiri''
|''Sarafi''
|''Libas''
|''Rou''
|''Ulfat''
|-
|''Quran''
|''Saudagiri''
|''Mashk''
|''Zuban''
| rowspan="6" |'''Historical Personalities'''
|''Dara''
|-
|''Ramzan''
|''Waaz''
|''Namak''
| rowspan="5" |'''Nature'''
|Aab
|''Issa''
|-
|''Sajda''
| rowspan="4" |''Zamindari''
|''Sang''
|''Bahar''
|''Jamshed''
|-
|''Shan-i Allah''
|''Satoon''
|''Gul-i Lala''
|''Musa''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Wahdat''
| rowspan="2" |''Tasbih''
|''Hamesh-i Bahar''
|''Sikandiri''
|-
|''Nargis''
|Yusuf
|}

== Translations ==
The grammatical structure of Kashmiri language; the heavy dependence on idiomatic expressions and the contextual nuances with multiple layers of meaning that form the essence of a successful Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' are invariably lost in attempts at translation even in languages such as Urdu. Still, there have been attempts with limited success at translation in Urdu, starting with the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>The first translations undertaken in Urdu include those by Hakim Ghulam Safdar and Munshi Muhammad Sadiq.</ref><ref name=":3" /> An English translation of the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'', ''{{transliteration|fa|Kitab}}'' (The Book),<ref>''{{transliteration|fa|Kitab}}'' was composed by Mulla Hakim Azim in 1253AH/ 1837 CE. See, Sajjid, Maqbool (2000). ''Kuliyat-i Hakim Azim wa Munshi Muhammad Yusuf'' (in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre. p.22.</ref> seeks to capture the spirit of some of the main verses:<blockquote> '''''{{transliteration|fa|Kitab}}''''' '''(The Book)'''

'''{{Transliteration|ks|hamd}}'''[[File:Biyaz compiled in Calcutta, 1283AH- 1866CE.png|thumb|A biyaz of Kashmiri Marsiya compiled in Calcutta, 1283AH/ 1866CE]]Lord! Bestow thy grace that I may pen thy book of eulogy.

Accept my offering of ''{{transliteration|fa|shukur}}'', so I may commence my learning.

And, the light of thy essence may dawn in the gloom of my ignorance,

so that I may remember anew that eternal pledge of allegiance.

Men learned listening of thy attributes fall into veils of despair.

Oh! That one may grasp but an atom of thy creation, thy purpose.

Even the Prophet, that eloquent tongue, read {{transliteration|ar|la ohsee}} there instead.

What disrespect then, that tongue-tied I, may extol thy creation.

The universe itself is a whirl teaching thy essence.

The moon outshining the stars in perpetual motion-lighting thy creation: teaching.

And yet men at the nadir of life glaze at that page of enlightenment: first and still unread.

'''{{Transliteration|ks|na’at}}'''

The page of thy messengers was sealed, when for his last message,

the Lord from the seminary of creation choose Muhammed, The Seal of Prophets.

to correct, to complete his teachings.

Angels and spirits salute:

“Praise the teacher who made the sun re-read its course, split the moon, a sign to learned men.

The un-lettered who opened the pages of God’s testament.

All learners, aspirers cried, no knowledge that knows not he”.[[File:Late 19th century manuscript.png|thumb|Mention of Kashmiri Marsiya writers in a 19th century work, ''Risala Saif al Saram'']]What can I then extol his grace whose eulogy is in the Quran itself.

He for whose sake, Ibrahim, Adam nay, the universe itself

was created from the uncreated self!

'''''{{Transliteration|ks|manqabat}}'''''

In the name of Allah, the merciful, the compassionate.

Lo! I praise Ali, the door of all knowledge, all essence.

The one who cleaved, truth from untruth.

The Spirit of Islam, keeper of the Prophet’s Garden, his helper.

Verily, they are the two who from the Lord received knowledge in its essence.

If all the leaves and flowers were penned in his praise

still would remain un-written, unread, his nobility, his grace.

For the Prophet and Gabriel praised him as the Lord had praised himself.

He was the speaking Quran raised on the Prophet’s shoulder.

Whose pulpit was out of the grasp of the sky and heaven.

What then, can I say of that martyr?

Come let us raise the cry of salutations, heavens are his who but pens a line in his praise.

'''{{Transliteration|ks|dard}}'''

Oh! What calamity, what times? What befell the Imam?

Look how the Kufi’s, bookless, repaid the Prophet for his teachings.

How they honour him? How they respect his sanctity?

Look how the heads of his children’s

Are raised on lances; offerings of Shumr to Yazid.

With the Quran around his neck Husayn had approached Ibn Saad at Karbala.

“Oh, tyrant! I am the sage ever ready for the death,

but know you not, that Quran was revealed to us.

Surely the world knows of it or have you not read the Sura Muhammed?

My Grandfather had preached in his sermons time and time again

Oh! Muslims I leave but two gifts with you, the Book and my Family

maintain their sanctity always for they represent me.

Lo! Today you are forsaking the Prophet’s teaching,

how then will you face him tomorrow in {{Transliteration|ks|mehshar}}?

Lo! But which religion asks of you to kill me?

From which book of the law do you issue my death warrant”.

Alas! What had fate written for Zainab?

To re-live, re-read, recite the woes of Muharram!

Alas! her night, her days spent in anguish, in fear, in lament!

When the day would dawn in the dark dungeon

she would remember anew her nephews, her lost children,

and cry:

“Wake! The time for lessons has come it honors you nought to dwell in slumber.

The teacher is in waiting, go and pay your salutations,

Or, if with Grandfather you are studying, tell him then of Umar-i Saad

his tyranny, his acts of terror.

Alas! What fate? What destiny? I am left to lament, my family; my burden,

my arms tied; my back broken.

Oh! but that I could see,

Ali Akbar opening his book, Asghar; stammering in his lessons.

Alas! The Prophet’s progeny rendered desolate.

Alas! Eighteen brothers of Zainab, slaughtered under the sword.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Sameer |title=Kashmiri Marsiya |journal=Harmukh}}</ref></blockquote>

== Textual record ==

So far around five hundred ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' written during the nineteenth century have been collected and published.<ref name=":14" /> These have been mapped from manuscripts, known as {{transliteration|fa|biyaz}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=nazir |first=tawfeeq |date=2015-08-06 |title=KASHMIRI MARSIYA (ELEGY) MANUSCRIPTS: THE VALUABLE SOURCES FOR THE DISSEMINATION, RECONSTRUCTION AND SAFEGUARDING THE HISTORY AND CULTURE-III |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1247/. |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)}}</ref> which have been copied in not only Kashmir but also in major cities of colonial India, including Amritsar, Lucknow, Faizabad, Calcutta and in far-off [[Kabul]] (Afghanistan).<ref name=":6" /> According to Shafi Shauq, Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' literature is the oldest genre within [[Kashmiri literature]] that has been consigned to a preserved written form:<blockquote>[...] Within Kashmiri language, ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}''<nowiki/>'s are the first with a written literature.<ref>Shauq, Shafi and Munwar, Najji (2018). ''Kashir Zuban ti Adabuk Twarikh'' (in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Ali Muhammad & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-81-921925-7-4</ref></blockquote>The oldest compilation of ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' literature in Kashmir in a manuscript form (''biyaz'') dates back to 1725, when Kashmir was under Mughal rule. Other {{transliteration|fa|biyaz}} compiled during the 18th century include those written in 1769 and 1794.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Sameer |title=Shi'ism in Kashmir: A History of Sunni-Shia Rivalry and Reconciliation |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2023 |isbn=9780755643950 |location=London |pages=59–62}}</ref> Of the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' written, more than a hundred are still recited in public mourning ceremonies across Kashmir.<ref name=":7" />

== ''{{transliteration|fa|Marsiya}}'' as a performance ==
[[File:Marak_Imambada,_Zadibal,_Srinagar.jpg|thumb|Performance of marsiya at Marak Imambada, Zadibal, Srinagar.]]
''{{transliteration|fa|Marsiya}}'' in Kashmir manifests as public performances, primarily recited during mourning assemblies [Kashmiri: ''[[majlis]]'' ] held within an [[Husayniyya|imambada]]. After composing a ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'', the ''{{transliteration|ks|musanif}}'' hands it over to the ''{{transliteration|ks|zakir}}'', whose responsibility is to recite it in the public. Historically, the ''{{transliteration|ks|musanif}}'' refrains from reciting his work, this is the role of the ''{{transliteration|ks|zakir}}''.<ref name=":5" /> The role of a ''{{transliteration|ks|zakir}}'' is hereditary,<ref>Prominent ''zakir'' families in Kashmir who continue to practice the art include: the Fakir family (Budibog), Khwaja family (Gund Khwaja Qasim), Malik family (Tangmarg), Rather family (Hanjjiyar), Sufi family (Magam), and various branches of the Sayyid family. See, Sajjid, Maqbool (2013). ''Kashir Marthiauk Safar: An anthology of Kashmiri Marsiya'' (in Kashmiri).Srinagar: J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. p. 155.</ref> with the right to recite any assigned ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' being passed down from father to son.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" />

Within the imambada, both men and women collectively recite the ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}''. Typically, the imambada is a two-story space, with women occupying the upper floor, physically and visually separated from the men by latticework screens or curtains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Sameer |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096528 |title=The Syncretic Traditions of Islamic Religious Architecture of Kashmir (Early 14th–18th Century) |date=2021-02-17 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-1-003-09652-8 |doi=10.4324/9781003096528}}</ref> This follows the Muslim practice of women's seclusion ([[purdah]]''),'' which is rigorously followed in a {{transliteration|fa|majlis}}.<ref name=":14" /> The primary reciter, known as a ''{{transliteration|ks|zakir}}'', receives assistance from a group of 7 or 12 men sitting in a circle called the ''{{Transliteration|ks|daireh}}''. These men are referred to as ''{{Transliteration|ks|paskhwan}}s''.<ref name=":9" />

The congregation forms multiple concentric circles, radiating outward from the ''daireh,'' with the ''{{transliteration|ks|zakir}}'' moving from one end of the congregation to another. The same practice is followed in ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' performed at homes. A jug of water and soil of Karbala (Kashmiri: ''khak'', or ''[[Turbah Karbala|khak-i shifa]]'') is kept in the middle of the ''{{Transliteration|ks|daireh}}'' on a cloth spread.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arba'een - A Walk of Faith |url=https://brighterkashmir.com/arbaeen---a-walk-of-faith |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-08-29 |title=Kashmiri Noha writer gears up despite pandemic |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/bharat-news/despite-pandemic-kashmiri-noha-writer-gear-up/na20200829145312877 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kashmirobserver.net"/> One of the earliest descriptions of the performance of a Kashmiri ''{{transliteration|fa|marsiya}}'' is recorded in [[Sughra Humayun Mirza|Sughra Humayun Mirza's]] travelogue about Kashmir in 1928.<ref>The travelogue was written by a Muslim woman from Hyderabad who also worked for India's freedom and greater women's emancipation, see, Mirza, Sughra Humayun (1930). Rahbar-i Kashmir (in Urdu).Hyderabad: Azam Press.</ref> The travelogue describes the performance in the main imambada of Srinagar, Marak,<ref>The first imambada built in Kashmir at Zadibal, Srinagar is known in the vernacular as Marak. For details, see, Hamdani, Hakim Sameer (2015). "The Maarak and the Traditions of Imamabadas in Kashmir" ''Marg'' (September–December). Mumbai.</ref> in these words:<blockquote>In Srinagar there is a ''moḥala'' Zadibal where many Muslims live, and there are many Shiʿi in this ''moḥala''. The ''majlis'' happens here. Sayyid Shāh Jalālī is a big ''jāgirdār'' and ''zamindār'' and the father-in-law [i] of his son is trader of pearls [. . .]. All of us went to Jalālī Ṣahibs place [. . .]. After lunch we went to the ''imāmbāda'' which is near his house. The ''majlis'' starts at six in the morning and continues till six in the evening. The ''majlis'' is read in the Kashmiri language and the ''imāmbāda'' is very large. There are buildings on all four sides, in the middle there is a lower ceiling supported on thirty-five columns, under which the ''majlis'' takes place [. . .]. The buildings on the four sides are two storied, the upper floor is in wood and has delicate wooden ''jālī''s (screens). It is here (behind the ''jālī''s) that women sit and listen to the ''majlis''. The lower and the central floor is used by men. From morning till evening whoever desires, may come and be a part of the ''majlis.'' When men enter the ''majlis'' they remove their coats and turbans. All the men in the congregations were bareheaded. The ''marṣiya khwanī'' adopted here is distinct from that in the entire world [. . .]. In the end, Moulvi Imdād ʿAli Ṣahib of Lahore did ''marṣiya khwanī'' (recitation of elegies commemorating Ḥusayn b. Ali’s martyrdom). He stood up and said that today, I will recite a ''marṣiya'' in Urdu, because Sayyid Hemayun Mīrzā Ṣahib who has arrived in Kashmir from Hyderabad is present with us in ''majlis''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Sameer |title=Shi'ism in Kashmir: A History of Sunni-Shia Rivalry and Reconciliation |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2023 |isbn=9780755643950 |location=London |pages=11–12}}</ref></blockquote>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmiri language]]
[[Category:Kashmiri literature]]
[[Category:Shia Islam]]

Husain Yawar Khan I

2026-04-18T23:39:13Z

GarlandGurule05: Starting new info...

{{Short description|Nawab of Cambay from 1841 to 1880}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Husain Yawar Khan I
| succession = [[Nawab]] of [[Cambay State|Cambay]]
| reign = {{circa|1841}}{{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|April 1880}}
| predecessor = Bande Ali Khan
| successor = [[Jafar Ali Khan]]
| death_date = April 1880
| father = Yawar Ali Khan
| dynasty = [[Najm-i-Sani dynasty|Najm-i-Sani]]
}}
'''Husain Yawar Khan I''' (or '''Momin Khan V'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gazetteers_Kheda_District/v1FuAAAAMAAJ |title=Gazetteers: Kheda District |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref>) was [[Nawab]] of [[Cambay State|Cambay]] from 1841 until his death in April 1880.
== Early life and family ==
Husain was born to Yawar Ali Khan, who was a son of Muhammad Quli Khan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=CAMBAY |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/c/cambay.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807203027/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/c/cambay.html |archive-date=2016-08-07 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He married and had issue: a total of seven sons, including [[Jafar Ali Khan]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

== Reign ==
His uncle, Bande Ali Khan, had before dying in 1841 left the state of Cambay to his brother Yawar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_the_Muhammadan_Architecture_of_Bharoc/jqMkimYEC6YC |title=On the Muhammadan Architecture of Bharoch, Cambay, Dholka, Champanir, and Mahmudabad in Gujarat |date=1896 |publisher=Griggs |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> But Yawar waived his right of succession to the throne of Cambay in favour of Husain.<ref name=":1" /> Accordingly, Husain ascended the throne in 1841.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aberigh-Mackay |first=George |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Native_Chiefs_and_Their_States_in_18/4uoHAAAAMAAJ |title=The Native Chiefs and Their States in 1877: A Manual of Reference |date=1878 |publisher=Times of India Steam Press |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref> On 11 March 1862, the [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Earl Canning]], on behalf of [[Queen Victoria]], granted him a [[Deed#Sanad|sanad]] whereby Canning assured him that [[the Crown]] undertakes to recognise and uphold any lawful succession to the state, including in the absence of natural heirs, provided such succession accords with Muhammadan law, and guaranteed him non-interference with this arrangement so long as his house remains loyal to the Crown and complies with its treaty obligations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Collection_of_Treaties_Engagements_and/H80NAAAAIAAJ |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1892 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=51,73–74 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Husain died in April 1880 and was succeeded by his son [[Jafar Ali Khan]].<ref name=":2" />

== Titles and styles ==
Following his accession, his complete title and style was: ''[[His Highness]]'' ''Najm-ud-Daula Mumtaz-ul-Mulk Nawab Mirza Husain Yawar Khan Momin Khan Sahib Bahadur Dilawar Jang, the Nawab of Cambay''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James MacNabb |url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924070623545 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |date=1883 |publisher=Bombay : Gov. Central Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=232–233}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Husain Yawar Khan 01}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]

Sriimurali

2026-04-18T17:48:54Z

GarlandGurule05: put up a bio w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sriimurali
| image = Sriimurali (02).jpg
| caption = Murali during [[press conference]] of ''[[Ugramm]]'' in 2014.
| birth_name = Sri Murali Gowda
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|12|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor
| other_names = Murali Dev
| years_active = 2003–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Vidya|2008}}
| children = 2
| father = [[S. A. Chinne Gowda]]
| relatives = See [[List of South Indian film families#Rajkumar family|Rajkumar family]]
}}

'''Sri Murali Gowda''' (born 17 December 1981),<ref>{{cite web|title=Srimurali's magnanimous cake|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Srimuralis-magnanimous-cake/articleshow/45560317.cms|work=The Times of India|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> known as '''Sriimurali''' and sometimes '''Murali''',<ref name="Shaping rage into strength">{{cite news |title= Shaping rage into strength |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/387699/shaping-rage-strength.html |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 22 February 2014 |accessdate= 22 February 2014}}</ref> is an Indian actor who works predominantly in [[Kannada cinema]]. After making his lead debut in 2003 in ''[[Chandra Chakori]]'', he appeared in ''[[Kanti (2004 film)|Kanti]]'' as the eponymous lead, a performance that won him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] in 2004.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|title=Shruti, Murali bag Karnataka film awards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Shruti-Murali-bag-Karnataka-film-awards/articleshow/1238722.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=29 March 2017|date=22 September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05 |website=viggy.com|accessdate= 8 August 2020}}</ref>

Murali's performance in the 2014 film ''[[Ugramm]]'' received unanimous praise and emerged as a major success.<ref>{{cite news|title=After 14 flops, Sri Murli finally got success|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140530/entertainment-sandalwood/article/after-14-flops-sri-murli-finally-got-success|access-date=8 October 2015|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=30 May 2014}}</ref> For his performance in ''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'' (2024), he won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Kannada|Filmfare Best Actor]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=70th Filmfare Awards South winners list: Pushpa 2, Amaran, Aadujeevitham win big; Amitabh Bachchan bags Best Supporting Actor award. See full list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/70th-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-pushpa-2-amaran-aadujeevitham-win-big-10545383/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Sriimurali was born on 17 December 1981 in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], in a family of film people. His father [[S. A. Chinne Gowda]] is a film producer and brother [[Vijay Raghavendra]], an actor. Actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] was his uncle and actors [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] his cousins. He married his [[Telugu people|Telugu]] girlfriend, Vidya from [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-director-prashanth-neels-special-connection-with-andhra-pradesh-learn-more-5065183.html | title=KGF Director Prashanth Neel's Special Connection with Andhra Pradesh. Learn More | date=27 April 2022 }}</ref> on 11 May 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bangalore365.com/actors/murali-to-marry-girlfriend-vidya/ |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120719185007/http://www.bangalore365.com/actors/murali-to-marry-girlfriend-vidya/ |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 19 July 2012 |title= Murali to marry girlfriend Vidya|publisher= bangalore365.com |accessdate= 22 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/36153.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080128024831/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/36153.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 28 January 2008 |title= Murali to marry|date= 25 January 2008|website= indiaglitz.com |accessdate= 22 March 2012}}</ref> They have a son - Agastya and a daughter - Atheeva together, who are born in 2009 and 2014 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Christopher|first1=Kavya|title=Srimurali blessed with a baby girl|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Srimurali-is-daddy-again/articleshow/28786910.cms|accessdate=8 October 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Vidya is the sister of [[Prashanth Neel]], a director in [[Kannada cinema]], and cousin of [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]], an actor in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=New baddie on the block: Aadarsh Balakrishna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/new-baddie-on-the-block-aadarsh-balakrishna/articleshow/44868712.cms |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=As |first1=Sashidhar }}</ref>

==Career==
Sriimurali made his lead debut in films in 2003 with a romance film, ''[[Chandra Chakori]]''. The film performed well and his performance received praise.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murali|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/tamil/murali/articleshow/23088481.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=K. N. Venkatasubba|title=2003, a flop for Kannada cinema|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/04/stories/2004010408720500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228162004/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/04/stories/2004010408720500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2018|accessdate=8 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 January 2004}}</ref> In ''[[Kanti (2004 film)|Kanti]]'' set in the backdrop of the [[Belgaum border dispute|Karnataka–Maharashtra border dispute]], he played the eponymous lead of a college student who, on falling in love with a Marathi girl, gets embroiled politically.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanti |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july112004/mr3.asp |publisher=Deccan Herald |accessdate=9 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825221938/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july112004/mr3.asp |archivedate=25 August 2004 |date=11 July 2004}}</ref> His performance won him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Murali, Shruthi bag Best Actor awards; 'Mona Lisa' best film |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/25/murali-shruthi-bag-best-actor-awards-mona-lisa-best-film-1143300816.html |accessdate=9 October 2020 |work=oneindia.com |date=25 March 2006 |language=en}}</ref>

Sriimurali then appeared in films such as ''[[Yashwanth]]'', ''[[Siddhu (film)|Siddhu]]'', ''[[Shambu (2005 film)|Shambu]]'' and ''[[Preethigaagi]]'', which did not perform well at the box office. In 2008, he appeared in ''[[Minchina Ota (2008 film)|Minchina Ota]]'', produced by his father, also starring brother Vijay Raghavendra. He also takes care of the production responsibilities of his family banner ''Sowbhagya Pictures'', under which several films produced by his father were made such as ''[[Sevanthi Sevanthi]]'' and ''[[Ganesha Matthe Banda]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/24243/sandalwood/love-cinema-and-make-it-srimurali-news-details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002031915/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/24243/sandalwood/Love-Cinema-and-Make-it-Srimurali-News-Details |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 October 2011 |title= Love Cinema and Make it - Srimurali |date= 7 August 2011 |publisher= supergoodmovies.com |accessdate= 22 March 2012 }}</ref>
After hits ''Chandra Chakori'', and ''Kanti'', Sri Murali could not keep up the expectations of the audiences and all of his consecutive films were flops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140530/entertainment-sandalwood/article/after-14-flops-sri-murli-finally-got-success|title=After 14 flops, Sri Murli finally got success|date=31 May 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sri-murali-talks-about-bharaate-films-and-destiny/article28349662.ece|title=Kannada star Sri Murali is back with his next outing 'Bharaate'|last=R.|first=Shilpa Sebastian|work=The Hindu|date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

[[Prashanth Neel]] (Murali's brother in law) came up with an action drama story in 2008, exclusively for taking off Sri Murali's career again on a high note. The movie was initially named ''Nandhe'' and later changed to ''[[Ugramm]]''. It took nearly 4–5 years for completion of the project, which marked Neel's directorial debut. The film was released in 2014. In the film, Sri Murali played the role of Agastya, a mechanic, who protects Nithya (played by [[Haripriya]]) from being caught alive by goons, and takes on the mafia. The film emerged as a critical and commercial success with his performance receiving acclaim.<ref name="Shaping rage into strength"/> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote: "This is definitely a 'comeback' film for Murali, a carefully thought-out project for him by the director. Murali is smarter than he looks and tougher than people expected him to be."<ref>{{cite web|author=A. Sharadhaa|title=A Grand Avatar of Sri Murali in 'Ugramm'|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/A-Grand-Avatar-of-Sri-Murali-in-Ugramm/2014/02/22/article2070310.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313150824/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/A-Grand-Avatar-of-Sri-Murali-in-Ugramm/2014/02/22/article2070310.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2014|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> He received his first nominations for Best Actor in [[Filmfare Awards South]] and [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]. Following the massive success of the film, it was reported that he was flooded with offers for film totaling to 67, all of which he rejected.<ref>{{cite news|author=A. Sharadhaa|title=Sri Murali Rejects 67 Scripts After Ugramm|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sri-Murali-Rejects-67-Scripts-After-Ugramm/2014/06/04/article2262321.ece1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204053/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sri-Murali-Rejects-67-Scripts-After-Ugramm/2014/06/04/article2262321.ece1|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=8 October 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Note: He was credited as Murali from 2003 to 2007. He was credited as Sriimurali from 2008 onwards''.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! Ref.
|-
|1993||''[[Chinnari Mutha]]''||Blue shirt boy ||child actor; uncredited appearance in the song "Mannalli Biddonu"||<ref>{{cite media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJAZCqAentA|time=0:40 to 0:45, 1:06 to 1:10|title=Mannalli Biddonu - Video Song {{!}} Chinnari Mutta {{!}} Vijay Raghavendra {{!}} C Ashwath|date=21 August 2023|access-date=5 September 2025|publisher=SGV Sandalwood Songs}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Chandra Chakori]]'' ||Puttaraju ||
|
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Kanti (2004 film)|Kanti]]'' || Srikantha "Kanti" ||
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2005 || ''[[Yashwanth]]'' || Yeshwanth || credited as Murali Dev
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_yashawanth.asp | title='Yashawanth' film review - a film starring Murali and Rakshita }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Siddhu (film)|Siddhu]]'' || Siddharth "Siddhu" ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/09siddu.htm | title=Siddu: Good for Murali fans }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shambu (2005 film)|Shambu]]'' || Shambu ||
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2560/kannada/shambu/606/review.htm | title=Shambu Review | Shambu Kannada Movie Review by R.G.Vijayasarathy | date=20 October 2005 }}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Gopi (2006 Kannada film)|Gopi]]'' || Gopi || credited as Murali Dev
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/07gopi.htm | title=Gopi: Even Murali fails to save it }}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Preethigaagi]]'' ||Sanjay ||
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Minchina Ota (2008 film)|Minchina Ota]]'' || Bhadra ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009 || ''[[Shivamani]]'' || Shivamani ||
|
|-
|''[[Yagna (film)|Yagna]]'' ||Yagna ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Sihigali]]'' || Dharani ||
|
|-
|''[[Sri Harikathe]]'' || Hari ||
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (2011 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' ||Rama / Krishna ||
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Sri Kshetra Adichunchanagiri]]'' || Sri Balagandhranatha Swami ||
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Loosegalu]]'' || Kabira ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' || Himself || Special appearance in song "Bossu Nam Bossu"
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2014 || ''[[Ugramm]]'' || Agastya ||
|
|-
|''[[Adyaksha]]'' || Himself || Special appearance in song "Phonu Illa"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Murari (2015 film)|Murari]]'' ||Murari ||
|
|-
|''[[Rathavara]]'' || Rathavara || Also playback singer for song "Hudugi Kannu"
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || ''[[Raj Vishnu]]'' || Murali || Special appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]'' || Gana ||
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Iruvudellava Bittu]]''|| Narrator || Voice role || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iruvudellava-bittu-review-family-entertainer-contemporary-twist-88747|title='Iruvudellava Bittu' review: A family entertainer with a contemporary twist|work=The News Minute|date=21 September 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Bharaate]]''|| Jagan Mohan & Jaya Ratnakara || Dual role; also presenter
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2021 ||''[[Madhagaja]]''||Surya||
|
|-
| 2024
|''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'' || [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Vedanth Prabhakar / Bagheera
| || <ref name="filmibeat.com">{{Cite web|title=Upcoming Movies of @SRIMURALIII to watch out for|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/sri-murali/upcoming-movies.html|access-date=2021-08-04|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2026
| {{pending film|Ugrayudham}} || TBA || || <ref name="2026Releases">{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Sriimurali: Ugrayudham is the realisation of my long-awaited dream |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Dec/16/sriimurali-ugrayudham-is-the-realisation-of-my-long-awaited-dream |access-date=31 December 2025 |work=Cinema Express |date=16 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Paraak}} || TBA || || <ref name="2026Releases"/>
|}


== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Co-singer !! Composer
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Zoom (2016 Kannada film)|Zoom]]'' || "Hey Diwana" || [[Radhika Pandit]] || [[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
|''Dombarata''
|
|
|
|Tulu film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=413989|title=Tulu movie 'Dombarata' to release in Gulf counties on Sept 22|work=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld.com]]|date=14 September 2016|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mahanubhavaru]]'' || "Gadige Hornu Breaku" || [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] || Satish Mourya
|
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|[[Kanti (2004 film)|''Kanti'']]
|[[2004–05 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.com/karnataka-state-film-awards-2004-05/|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05 |website=kannadamoviesinfo|accessdate= 8 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05 |website=viggy.com|accessdate= 8 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Ugramm]]''
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-kannada-nomination-puneeth-rajkumar-rakshit-shetty-sharan-634690|title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 Kannada Nomination: Puneeth Rajkumar, Rakshit Shetty, Sharan, Srimurali, Yash in 'Best Actor' Category|publisher=IBtimes|date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 Nominations |work=Daily India |date=4 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123232/http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |archivedate=26 June 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|4th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919|date=8 August 2015|author=Ujala Ali Khan|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]''
|rowspan=2|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Actor
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out|website=International Business Times|date=5 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Critics Choice - Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|-
|''[[Bharaate]]''
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Actor
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]''
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|13th SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Actor
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA {{!}} Vote For SIIMA 2025 |url=https://siima.in/vote |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=siima.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Kannada) {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-kannada-81913.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|5834504}}

{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriimurali}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Prabhas filmography

2026-04-17T01:57:58Z

GarlandGurule05: added initial entry initial version

{{Short description|List of performances by the Indian actor Prabhas}}{{Infobox filmography list|name=Prabhas|image=Prabhas at Baahubali media meet, day 2.jpg|film=25|caption=Prabhas promoting Baahubali in 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''[[Prabhas]]''' is an [[India|Indian]] actor who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his acting debut in the 2002 Telugu film ''[[Eeswar]]''. His first commercially successful film was the 2004 romantic action drama ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'', which earned him a nomination for the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for Best Actor – Telugu. He followed this with ''[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' (2004) and [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s 2005 action film [[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|''Chatrapathi'']]; the latter was a major commercial success and earned Prabhas a second Filmfare nomination for Best Actor – Telugu.

The period following ''Chatrapathi'' was marked by films with mixed box-office results, such as ''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]'' (2006), ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]'' (2007), ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]'' (2007), ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' (2008), ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]'' (2009) and ''[[Ek Niranjan]]'' (2009) did not meet commercial expectations. His next commercially successful were ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' (2010) and ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' (2011). For his performance in ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' (2013), Prabhas won the [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for Best Actor.

Prabhas reunited with S. S. Rajamouli for the two-part epic action film ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]''. He played the dual title role in ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017). The films, produced bilingually in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and dubbed in multiple languages, expanded his profile nationally. Both films were critical and commercial success. ''Baahubali 2'' became the [[List of highest grossing Indian films| highest-grossing Indian film]] of all time. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Years Of Baahubali: How Prabhas Redefined Indian Stardom And Carved Immortal Legacy Through His Iconic Role |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/10-years-of-baahubali-how-prabhas-redefined-indian-stardom-and-carved-immortal-legacy-through-his-iconic-role10-years-of-baahubali-how-prabhas-redefined-indian-stardom-and-carved-immortal-legacy-through-his-iconic-role-2929617.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> This duology elevated him from a star in Telugu cinema to a nationally and internationally recognized figure, with media outlets, critics, and popular culture widely designating him as "India's first [[Pan-Indian film|pan-India]] star".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=From Baahubali to Raja Saab: A Decade of Prabhas, India’s First Pan-India Star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/from-baahubali-to-raja-saab-a-decade-of-prabhas-indias-first-pan-india-star/articleshow/121901390.cms |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Prabhas won the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] for Best Actor – Telugu for his performance. The unprecedented financial success of the ''Baahubali'' series created immense audience expectations and commercial pressure for Prabhas's subsequent projects. After ''Baahubali duology'', Prabhas began starring in high-budget productions filmed simultaneously in Telugu and Hindi, intended for a [[Pan-Indian film|pan-Indian]] release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Satya |date=2024-07-01 |title=What is saving Prabhas after all these years? |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/301762/what-is-saving-prabhas-after-all-these-years |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Gulte |language=en-US}}</ref> The first, the 2019 action-thriller ''[[Saaho]]'', had a strong box-office opening but received generally unfavourable reviews from the critics. [[Hindi]]-dubbed version was commercially successful, while the original Telugu version underperformed.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBXiJhy2MRo |title=Prabhas Interview With Baradwaj Rangan {{!}} Face 2 Face {{!}} Saaho |date=2019-08-27 |last=Film Companion South |access-date=2025-11-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref> His next [[Romantic drama|romantic-drama]] ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' (2022) and ''[[Adipurush]]'' (2023) were critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Prabhas' Radhe Shyam ends up as a box office disaster: report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/prabhas-radhe-shyam-ends-up-a-box-office-disaster-with-rs-140-crore-collection-despite-rs-200-crore-budget-report-101647937800837.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Shalmesh |date=2024-04-04 |title=Revisiting Prabhas Starrer Radhe Shyam’s Failure: Suffered Box Office Deficit Of 245 Crores, Making It One Of The Biggest Flops Of Tollywood! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/revisiting-prabhas-starrer-radhe-shyams-failure-suffered-box-office-deficit-of-245-crores-making-it-one-of-the-biggest-flops-of-tollywood/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

Prabhas returned to commercial success with the 2023 action-drama film ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'', directed by [[Prashanth Neel]]. This film marked a strategic return to the high-octane, mass-action genre, it received mix to positive reviews from critics..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Prabhas teams up with KGF director Prashanth Neel for Salaar, see poster |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/salaar-poster-prabhas-teams-up-with-kgf-director-prashanth-neel-for-his-next/story-FhGOtgaATO6klpzrwNnB5K.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he starred in the science-fiction film ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]],'' a [[Science fiction film|science-fiction]] epic, directed by [[Nag Ashwin]]. The film's narrative blended [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]], specifically elements of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the [[Kalki]] avatar, with a [[Dystopian film|dystopian]], [[post-apocalyptic]] setting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Felperin |first=Leslie |date=2024-06-28 |title=Kalki 2898 AD review – maximalist sci-fi epic mixes Mahabharata with Mad Max |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/article/2024/jun/28/kalki-2898-ad-review-amitabh-bachchan-sci-fi-movie-mahabharata-mad-max |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> With a budget of ₹600 crore, it was reported to be the most expensive Indian film ever made. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and audience alike. ''[[The Guardian]]'' praised its "maximalism" and "brassy looking" world-building. Critics lauded the film's ambition, visual effects, and the performances of its ensemble cast. ''Kalki'' grossed over ₹1100 crore at the box office, the second [[1000 Crore Club]] film of Prabhas.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BliTsseyoNg |title=Kalki 2898 AD - A Leap of Ambition {{!}} Ft. Nag Ashwin, Priyanka Dutt, & Swapna Dutt w/ Anupama Chopra |date=2024-06-14 |last=Film Companion Studios |access-date=2025-11-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2024-06-27 |title=Kalki 2898 AD Movie Review: Visual Brilliance |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/kalki-2898-ad-review-visual-brilliance-138819 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Film ==
{{Pending films key}}
* ''All films are in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], unless mentioned otherwise.''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Prabhas film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2002
!scope="row"| ''[[Eeswar]]''
| Eeswar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhawana |date=2024-10-23 |title=From Eshwar to Kalki: Prabhas's Blockbuster Hits |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/happy-birthday-prabhas-from-darling-to-tollywood-rebel-star-1832264 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
!scope="row"| ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]''
| Raghava
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Raghavendra - Prabhas, Anshu, Swetha Agarwal - Suresh Krishna - Posani |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-raghavendra.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
!scope="row"| ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
| Venkat
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Prabhas-Trisha’s Varsham returns to theatres, fans turn screenings into a fest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-trisha-varsham-returns-to-theatres-fans-turn-screenings-into-a-fest-2729396-2025-05-23 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]''
| Ramudu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adavi Ramudu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/adavi-ramudu-review-telugu-pclv3zjjigiei.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201041503/https://www.sify.com/movies/adavi-ramudu-review-telugu-pclv3zjjigiei.html |archive-date=1 December 2021 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
!scope="row"| ''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]''
| Chakram
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas, Asin-starrer Chakram Completes 17 Years of Release |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-asin-starrer-chakram-completes-17-years-of-release-4912667.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| [[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|''Chatrapathi'']]
| Sivaji / Chatrapathi{{efn|name=character|Prabhas played a single character with two or more names}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the story of Prabhas's Chatrapathi? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/what-is-the-story-of-prabhas-s-chatrapathi-1744604-2020-11-27 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=India Today |date=27 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123141402/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/what-is-the-story-of-prabhas-s-chatrapathi-1744604-2020-11-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
!scope="row"| ''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]''
| Sivakeshava Naidu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-21 |title=15 years for Pournami: Five reasons to watch the Prabhas and Trisha Krishnan starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/15-years-for-pournami-five-reasons-to-watch-the-prabhas-and-trisha-krishnan-starrer/photostory/82164964.cms |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
!scope="row"| ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]''
| Eeswar Prasad / Yogi{{efn|name=character}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Yogi re-release: Prabhas fans celebrate 2007 film with dance, confetti showers, cold pyro guns in theatres |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/yogi-re-release-prabhas-fans-celebrate-2007-film-with-dance-confetti-showers-cold-pyro-guns-in-theatres-23304241 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]''
| Mahesh Kumar "Munna"
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munna - Telugu cinema Review - Prabhas & Ileana |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-munna.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
!scope="row"| ''[[Bujjigadu]]''
| Bujji
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prabhas on why he is called 'Darling'! – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-on-why-he-is-called-darling/articleshow/87153500.cms |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123141403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-on-why-he-is-called-darling/articleshow/87153500.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
!scope="row"| ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]''
| David Billa and Ranga{{efn|name=dual|Prabhas played two characters}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-04 |title=10 Years for 'Billa': The Meher Ramesh film that proved Prabhas is a star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/10-years-for-billa-the-meher-ramesh-film-that-proved-prabhas-is-a-star/articleshow/68715676.cms |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Ek Niranjan]]''
| Chotu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-29 |title=Prabhas fans celebrate 11 Years of ''Ek Niranjan'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-fans-celebrate-11-years-of-ek-niranjan/articleshow/78930033.cms |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
!scope="row"| ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]''
| Prabhas "Prabha"
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=On His 45th Birthday, Prabhas’ Darling And Eeshwar To Re-release In Theatres: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/on-his-45th-birthday-prabhas-darling-and-eeshwar-to-re-release-in-theatres-report-9022779.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
!scope="row"| ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]''
| Vicky
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-16 |title=Prabhas’ blockbuster film ‘Mr Perfect’ set for re-release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prabhas-blockbuster-film-mr-perfect-set-for-re-release/article68759681.ece |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Rebel (2012 film)|Rebel]]''
| Rishi / Rebel{{efn|name=character}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas' Rebel to re-release on October 15, 8 days before his birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-rebel-to-re-release-on-october-15-8-days-before-his-birthday-2283037-2022-10-09 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=India Today |date=9 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123141402/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-rebel-to-re-release-on-october-15-8-days-before-his-birthday-2283037-2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Denikaina Ready]]''
| Himself
| [[Voice-over]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Prabhas dubs his voice for Manchu Vishnu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-dubs-his-voice-for-manchu-vishnu/articleshow/15748035.cms |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-dubs-his-voice-for-manchu-vishnu/articleshow/15748035.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]''
| Jai
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2021 |title=8 years of Mirchi: Five reasons to watch the Prabhas, Anushka Shetty starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/8-years-of-mirchi-five-reasons-to-watch-the-prabhas-anushka-shetty-starrer/photostory/80746646.cms |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123141402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/8-years-of-mirchi-five-reasons-to-watch-the-prabhas-anushka-shetty-starrer/photostory/80746646.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
!scope="row"| ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]''
| Himself
| [[Hindi film]]; [[Cameo appearance]] in the song "Punjabi Mast"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Prabhas made a special appearance in Sonakshi Sinha-Ajay Devgn's 'Action Jackson'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-prabhas-made-a-special-appearance-in-sonakshi-sinha-ajay-devgns-action-jackson/articleshow/77143117.cms |access-date=24 July 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106141150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-prabhas-made-a-special-appearance-in-sonakshi-sinha-ajay-devgns-action-jackson/articleshow/77143117.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
!scope="row"| ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl | [[List of Baahubali characters#Amarendra Baahubali|Amarendra Baahubali]] / [[List of Baahubali characters#Mahendra Baahubali|Mahendra Baahubali "Sivudu"]] {{efn|name=dual}}}}
| Bilingual film{{Efn|Telugu{{Endash}}Tamil bilingual film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2 July 2016 |title=Hollywood's Tamil conquest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Hollywood%E2%80%99s-Tamil-conquest/article14466918.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616204227/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Hollywood%E2%80%99s-Tamil-conquest/article14466918.ece |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=The Hindu|quote=One of its producers, Shobu Yarlagadda, explains, “''Baahubali'' [''The Beginning''] is a Tamil-Telugu bilingual. Each shot in the film was taken twice with artists lip-syncing in Telugu and Tamil}}</ref>}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2013 |title=Rajamouli-Prabhas' film is titled Bahubali |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency={{abbr|TNN|Times News Network}} |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Rajamouli-Prabhas-film-is-titled-Bahubali/articleshow/18004923.cms |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506005801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Rajamouli-Prabhas-film-is-titled-Bahubali/articleshow/18004923.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
!scope="row"| ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|Partially filmed in Tamil.
|-
| 2019
!scope="row"| ''[[Saaho]]''
| Siddhanth Nandan Saaho / Ashok Chakravarthy{{efn|name=character}}
| rowspan="3" |Bilingual film{{Efn|Telugu{{Endash}}Hindi bilingual films.}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2017 |title=Baahubali Prabhas's next film is Saaho, will have action by Transformers' stuntman |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-prabhas-s-next-film-is-saaho-will-have-action-by-transformers-stuntman/story-kWtAbHy3rlBchW75cf3ATM.html |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=23 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423234636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-prabhas-s-next-film-is-saaho-will-have-action-by-transformers-stuntman/story-kWtAbHy3rlBchW75cf3ATM.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
!scope="row"| ''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
| Vikramaditya
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2021 |title=Prabhas' Radhe Shyam gets a Sankranthi release date, to clash with Mahesh Babu's Sarkaru Vaari Paata, Pawan Kalyan's next |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-radhe-shyam-gets-a-sankranthi-release-date-to-clash-with-mahesh-babu-sarkaru-vaari-paata-pawan-kalyan-next-7429603/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730054213/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-radhe-shyam-gets-a-sankranthi-release-date-to-clash-with-mahesh-babu-sarkaru-vaari-paata-pawan-kalyan-next-7429603/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
!scope="row"| ''[[Adipurush]]''
|[[Rama|Raghava]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-24 |title=Adipurush: Why audiences turned against this Bollywood epic |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65980227 |access-date=2025-07-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
| Devaratha "Deva" Raisaar Shouryanga / Salaar{{efn|name=character}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2022 |title=Prabhas' Salaar Will Be Bigger Than KGF, Reveals Producers |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-salaar-will-be-bigger-than-kgf-reveals-producers-6700093.html |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123141402/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-salaar-will-be-bigger-than-kgf-reveals-producers-6700093.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
!scope="row"| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| Bhairava/[[Karna]]{{efn|name=dual}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title='Project K' makers unveil futuristic new posters to mark Prabhas' birthday; say 'Heroes are not born, they rise' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/project-k-makers-unveil-futuristic-new-posters-to-mark-prabhas-birthday-say-heroes-are-not-born-they-rise/articleshow/95048247.cms |access-date=16 January 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123184734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/project-k-makers-unveil-futuristic-new-posters-to-mark-prabhas-birthday-say-heroes-are-not-born-they-rise/articleshow/95048247.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
!scope="row"| ''[[Kannappa (film)|Kannappa]]''
| [[Rudra]]
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Srinjoy |date=3 February 2025 |title=Kannappa: After Akshay Kumar as Lord Shiva, Prabhas rises as Rudra in his first look poster |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kannappa-after-akshay-kumar-as-lord-shiva-prabhas-rises-as-rudra-in-his-first-look-poster-1370593 |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]''
| Narrator
| Voice-over
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 September 2025 |title=Is Prabhas Making Cameo In Mirai? Teja Sajja Teases 'REBELLIOUS SURPRISE' In Superhero Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/is-prabhas-making-cameo-in-mirai-teja-sajja-teases-rebellious-surprise-in-superhero-film-article-152784037 |publisher=Times Now}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''
| {{ubl | [[List of Baahubali characters#Amarendra Baahubali|Amarendra Baahubali]] / [[List of Baahubali characters#Mahendra Baahubali|Mahendra Baahubali "Sivudu"]]{{efn|name=dual}}}}
| Combined recut version of ''The Beginning'' and ''The Conclusion''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=Baahubali The Epic box office collection day 6: Prabhas, Anushka Shetty film holds steady, collects ₹29 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/baahubali-the-epic-box-office-collection-day-6-prabhas-anushka-shetty-film-holds-steady-collects-29-crore-101762356311324.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026
! scope="row" | ''[[The RajaSaab]]''
| Raju "Raja Saab"
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Raja Saab Update: Prabhas To Shoot 3 Songs, 95 Per Cent Of Film Completed |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/the-raja-saab-update-prabhas-to-shoot-3-songs-95-per-cent-of-film-completed-ws-l-9396814.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" {{pending film|Fauzi}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="3" | Filming
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-23 |title=Prabhas’ next epic film Fauzi unveiled on his 46th birthday, promises pre-Independence soldier saga |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/prabhas-next-epic-film-fauzi-unveiled-on-his-46th-birthday-promises-pre-independence-soldier-saga-101761199454792.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2027
! scope="row" {{pending film|Spirit}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas’ Action Drama Spirit Begins Shooting With Star-Studded Muhurat Ceremony |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/prabhas-action-drama-spirit-begins-shooting-with-star-studded-muhurat-ceremony-2988363.html |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|Kalki 2898 AD : Part 2}}
|Bhairava/[[Karna]]{{efn|name=dual}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-24 |title=Amitabh Bachchan reunites with Kamal Haasan after nearly four decades on ‘Kalki 2’ sets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/amitabh-bachchan-reunites-with-kamal-haasan-after-nearly-four-decades-on-kalki-2-sets/articleshow/128740813.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Prabhas television credits
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! Network
! scope="col" | Language
! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
!scope="row"| ''[[Bujji & Bhairava]]''
| Bhairava
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Miniseries]]; voice
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=1 June 2024 |title='B&B: Bujji & Bhairava' is a smart, fun-filled prelude to Nag Ashwin's 'Kalki 2898 AD' starring Prabhas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bb-bujji-bhairava-is-a-smart-fun-filled-prelude-to-kalki-2898-ad/article68238678.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli]]''
| Himself
| [[Netflix]]
| English
| Documentary film
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-22 |title=Modern Masters trailer: Jr NTR calls SS Rajamouli a ‘madman’ with no empathy, director admits ‘I’m a slave to the story’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-masters-trailer-jr-ntr-calls-ss-rajamouli-a-madman-with-no-empathy-director-admits-im-a-slave-to-the-story-9468199/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Music video appearances ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Performer(s)
! Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{refh}}
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" | "Har Ghar Tiranga"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-05 |title=Devi Sri Prasad composes an anthem for the national flag, titled ‘Har Ghar Tiranga’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/devi-sri-prasad-composes-an-anthem-for-the-national-flag-titled-har-ghar-tiranga/articleshow/93378486.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | "[[Kalki 2898 AD (soundtrack)|Bhairava Anthem]]"
| [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
| For the film ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalki 2898 AD Bhairava Anthem New Promo: Prabhas And Diljit Dosanjh's Punjabi Bromance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-bhairava-anthem-new-promo-prabhas-and-diljit-dosanjhs-punjabi-bromance-5904005 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

<references />
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Nameswara Temple, Pillalamarri

2026-04-16T19:24:40Z

GarlandGurule05: Place

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Suryapet district, Telangana}}
{{About|Siva temple in Pillalamarri village near [[Suryapet]]|other uses|Pillalamarri (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Nameswara Temple
|image=1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 02.jpg
|alt=
|caption=Nameswara Temple
|map_type=India Telangana
|map_caption=Location in Telangana
|coordinates={{coord|17.169157|N|79.584757|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|country=[[India]]
|state=[[Telangana]]
|district=[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
|locale=Pillalamarri, [[Suryapet]]
|deity=
|festivals=
|architecture=Kakatiya architecture
|website=
|year_completed=c. 1202 CE
}}
'''Nameswara Temple''', also known as Parvati Mahadeva Nameswara temple, is a [[Shaivism|Saivite]] Hindu temple located in Pillalamarri, [[Suryapet district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is a double temple, with the Trikuteswara Temple aligned in parallel to it on the immediate north. The Nameswara temple was constructed on the banks of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi]] river in {{Circa|1202}} CE by Namireddi of the Recherla family, who ruled this region and served as the feudatories of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Monuments of Nalgonda |url=http://tsdam.com/monuments-in-nalgonda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101223914/http://tsdam.com/monuments-in-nalgonda.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=Telangana State Department of Archaeology and Museums (TSDAM)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Telangana Protected Monuments List - Heritage Act 2017 |url=https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/31-Districts-Protected-Monuments-ListHeritage-Act-2017.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930093137/https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/31-Districts-Protected-Monuments-ListHeritage-Act-2017.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2020 |page=40}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The genealogy of Namireddi, is given in the inscription on the pillar.<ref name=yazdani3/>

Nameswara Temple is one among the four prominent and intricately carved stone and granite temples located in Pillalamarri village, earlier a major city during the Kakatiya era in early 2nd-millennium. The other three being [[Erakeswara Temple, Pillalamarri|Erakeswara Temple]] (Shiva), Trikuteswara Temple (Shiva) and Chennakesava temple (Vishnu).

== Location ==
Pillalamarri is located at a distance of 6 km northwest of [[Suryapet]] town. Suryapet is located at a distance of 153 km from Hyderabad on the [[National Highway 65 (India)|National Highway 65]]. The Trikuteswara temple – which means a temple for a lord of three shrines – is located within a square compound to the north of Nameswara temple.

== History ==
The temple was built in c. 1202 CE by Nami Reddy of the Recherla family who served as the feudatories of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

The Genealogy of Recherla Nami Reddy mentioned as Namireddi:
[[File:RecherlaReddyGenealogy.png|thumb|Family Tree of Recherla Reddy Chiefs]]

One of the earliest archaeological surveys and documentation of this temple was completed over 1926 and 1927 by [[Ghulam Yazdani]] – an archaeologist and epigraphist, and published in 1929. In this study, the four temples at Pillalamarri were in ruined state and incorrectly named as:<ref>Ghulam Yazdani (1929), ''Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions for 1336 F (1926-1927 AD)'', Archaeological Department of Hyderabad, Baptist Mission Press, pp. vi, Plates I, II, V, VI</ref>
*Someswara Gudi (now identified as Erakeswara Temple or Yerakeswara)
*Narasimhadeva temple (now Nameswara temple)
*Mukandesvara temple (now Trikuteswara temple)
*Rameswara temple (now Chennakesava temple)

According to Yazdani, the Nameswara temple has several inscriptions. The earliest one is from 1195 CE, and that was when it was complete. A slab and the pillar in the temple compound with inscriptions on the four side was added in 1202 and 1208 CE respectively. The local ruler, patron and the builder of the temple was Namireddi, states Yazdani. <ref name=yazdani3>Ghulam Yazdani (1929), ''Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions for 1336 F (1926-1927 AD)'', Archaeological Department of Hyderabad, Baptist Mission Press, pp. 2–3, Quote: "The genealogy of Namireddi, who was a Shudra by caste, is given in the inscription on the pillar."</ref>

== Architecture ==
The temple consists of a [[portico]] which faces east and there is a hall behind it. This is followed by an antaralaya and [[Garbhagriha|garbhagudi]] (sanctum) in the western direction. The mandapa has space and pitha for a large Nandi, but it is missing (the nearby temple has a finely carved granite Nandi). The pillars in the Nameswara temple mandapa in front of its garbhagudi are intricately carved, but shows extensive signs of deliberate defacement and damage. The walls of the temple contain [[Fresco|frescos]]. One of the paintings depicts [[Samudra manthan|Samudra mathanam]] with [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and [[Asura|Asuras]] on the opposite sides holding the serpent Vasuki as a string wound round [[Mount Mandara]] which acts as the churning rod. The contemporary [[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]] of the temple is modern in a style closer to [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] architecture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=P. R. Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIvrAAAAMAAJ&q=nameswara|title=The Splendour of Andhra Art|date=2005|publisher=Akshara|pages=86|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-29|title=Ancient murals found in Nameswara temple|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-05-29/Ancient-murals-found-in-Nameswara-temple/302983|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref> According to photographs of this temple taken in 1926, the original Vimana had been lost and broken portions were on top of the sanctum.<ref>Ghulam Yazdani (1929), ''Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions for 1336 F (1926-1927 AD)'', Archaeological Department of Hyderabad, Baptist Mission Press, pp. Plate VI (Yazdani refers to it as Narasimhadeva temple, Pillalmari)</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 56.jpg|Nameshwara temple shikara
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 2.jpg|Mandapam
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 5.jpg|Pillar carvings (defaced), depict Hindu legends
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 27.jpg|Pillar carvings (defaced)
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 32.jpg|Pillar carvings (defaced)
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 10.jpg|Shiva linga
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 1.jpg|Mandapa entrance carvings
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - 24.jpg|Ceiling artwork (contain diksha devas)
File:1200 CE Nameshwara temple Pillalamari, Suryapet Telangana India - Inscription.jpg|Inscription at the temple
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title=Pillalamarri Temples|url=https://highwayonlyway.com/tag/pillalamarri-temples/|access-date=2020-10-31|archive-date=2021-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925032649/https://highwayonlyway.com/tag/pillalamarri-temples/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Heritage Temple Cluster of Suryapet - Department of Heritage Telangana|url=https://tsdamblog.com/heritage-temple-cluster-of-suryapet/|access-date=2020-10-31|archive-date=2020-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103142948/https://tsdamblog.com/heritage-temple-cluster-of-suryapet/|url-status=dead}}

{{Hindu Temples in Telangana}}
[[Category:Shiva temples in Telangana]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Suryapet district]]

Nilokheri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:14Z

GarlandGurule05: added new details from scratch...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Nilokheri Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Nilokheri Assembly constituency map.svg
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = 
|region =
|division =
|constituency_no = 19
|established = 
|abolished = 
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 2,33,546
}}
'''Nilokheri''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Karnal district|Karnal]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilokheri Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/nilokheri.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Shiv Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Chanda Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | Shiv Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Chanda Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=3 | Jai Singh Rana
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Dharm Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Jai Singh Rana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Mamu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Dharam Pal Gonder]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nilokheri">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nilokheri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0719.htm |accessdate=6 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106183140/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0719.htm |archivedate=6 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=77,902 |percentage=52.34% |change={{increase}}21.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharam Pal Gonder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,057 |percentage=39.68% |change={{increase}}24.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,470 |percentage=3.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,145 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaurav Bakhshi |party=Rashtrawadi Janlok Party (Satya) |votes=1,378 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=345 |percentage=0.23% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,845 |percentage=12.66% |change= {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,48,838 |percentage=63.74% |change= {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,33,546 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}20.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharam Pal Gonder]] |party=Independent politician |votes=42,979 |percentage=32.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,757 |percentage=30.37% |change={{decrease}}11.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banta Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,736 |percentage=14.71% |change={{decrease}}2.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh Jalala |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=11,278 |percentage=8.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aruna |party=Rashtriya Janta Party |votes=7,067 |percentage=5.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Kumar Grover |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,136 |percentage=3.83% |change={{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmveer |party=Independent politician |votes=2,291 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharvan Kumar |party=Bhartiya Jan Samman Party |votes=996 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonika Gill |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=947 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}16.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=804 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=801 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,222 |percentage=1.66% |change= {{decrease}}23.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,210 |percentage=62.47% |change= {{decrease}}12.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,14,843 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri<ref name=results2014>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|title=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,354 |percentage=41.93% |change={{increase}}37.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mamu Ram |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=23,944 |percentage=17.20% |change={{decrease}}27.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Sahota |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,257 |percentage=16.71% |change={{decrease}}11.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushma Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,356 |percentage=11.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aruna |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,014 |percentage=6.48% |change={{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,987 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=2,965 |percentage=2.13% |change={{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,410 |percentage=24.72% |change= {{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,39,175 |percentage=74.57% |change= {{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,86,633 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mamu Ram |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=47,001 |percentage=44.50% |change={{increase}}32.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena Rani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,278 |percentage=28.66% |change={{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=7,115 |percentage=6.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,900 |percentage=5.59% |change={{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharam Pal Gonder]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,793 |percentage=4.54% |change={{decrease}}21.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh Arjaheri |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=3,994 |percentage=3.78% |change={{decrease}}14.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,308 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,916 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhmi Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,723 |percentage=15.83% |change= {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,629 |percentage=67.64% |change= {{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,56,170 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,931 |percentage=38.03% |change={{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakshish Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,537 |percentage=25.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maratha Virender Verma |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=18,244 |percentage=18.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=12,465 |percentage=12.50% |change={{decrease}}38.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Bhagwan Jangra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,182 |percentage=4.19% |change={{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shish Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=666 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,394 |percentage=12.43% |change= {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,750 |percentage=79.55% |change= {{increase}}6.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,399 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}13.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharm Pal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=43,326 |percentage=51.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,072 |percentage=40.42% |change={{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,076 |percentage=6.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som Dutt Munde |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,240 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}5.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Pal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=577 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}9.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,254 |percentage=10.98% |change= {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,291 |percentage=73.28% |change= {{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,029 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,536 |percentage=36.02% |change={{increase}}23.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakshish Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=21,954 |percentage=25.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=12,881 |percentage=14.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanda Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=8,673 |percentage=9.91% |change={{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarjit |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,146 |percentage=7.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,039 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendar |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,065 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashwani |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=629 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,582 |percentage=10.95% |change= {{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,546 |percentage=78.67% |change= {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,489 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=24,099 |percentage=34.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=11,280 |percentage=16.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Vir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,442 |percentage=12.13% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanda Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,883 |percentage=9.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=5,056 |percentage=7.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,682 |percentage=6.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,029 |percentage=4.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurmukh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,825 |percentage=4.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,709 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Sukh Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=654 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,819 |percentage=18.41% |change= {{increase}}12.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,614 |percentage=73.47% |change= {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,001 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=17,757 |percentage=26.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=14,071 |percentage=21.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanda Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,988 |percentage=11.93% |change={{decrease}}17.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=7,792 |percentage=11.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurmukh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,733 |percentage=11.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,081 |percentage=6.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daljit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,923 |percentage=2.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,592 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithvi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,554 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lajpat Rai Chada |party=Independent politician |votes=715 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandgi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=654 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,686 |percentage=5.50% |change= {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,984 |percentage=75.19% |change= {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,269 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}10.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanda Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=18,874 |percentage=37.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,141 |percentage=29.77% |change={{increase}}18.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Dass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,972 |percentage=19.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,466 |percentage=6.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagmohan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,243 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,045 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwinder Jeet Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=572 |percentage=1.12% |change={{decrease}}39.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,733 |percentage=7.34% |change= {{decrease}}14.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,857 |percentage=71.56% |change= {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,394 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=16,953 |percentage=40.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daljit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,757 |percentage=18.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=5,576 |percentage=13.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,560 |percentage=10.98% |change={{decrease}}16.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanda Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,209 |percentage=10.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithvi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,332 |percentage=3.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhartu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=624 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,196 |percentage=22.14% |change= {{increase}}21.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,529 |percentage=70.58% |change= {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,669 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shib Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=10,764 |percentage=27.97% |change={{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanda Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,428 |percentage=27.09% |change={{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhajan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,677 |percentage=17.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mansa Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,836 |percentage=7.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,326 |percentage=6.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Giani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,968 |percentage=5.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anup Gir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,950 |percentage=5.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishana Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=533 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanval Nain Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=524 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhartu |party=Independent politician |votes=482 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=336 |percentage=0.87% |change= {{decrease}}20.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,488 |percentage=77.09% |change= {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,455 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}21.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanda Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,155 |percentage=49.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup Giri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,617 |percentage=28.40% |change={{increase}}2.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=6,572 |percentage=21.66% |change={{decrease}}12.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,538 |percentage=21.55% |change= {{increase}}17.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,344 |percentage=67.37% |change= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,172 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilokheri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1967|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228150129/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=10,605 |percentage=33.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,294 |percentage=29.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,030 |percentage=25.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,853 |percentage=9.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,311 |percentage=4.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,369 |percentage=75.58% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,039 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Karnal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.84|76.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Karnal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Nilokheri]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Tara (Assamese actress)

2026-04-15T12:27:34Z

GarlandGurule05:

{{Short description|Indian film actress (1944–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
'''Tara''' (3 August 1944 in [[Imphal]], Manipur – 19 May 2007 in [[Gauhati]], Assam) was an Indian actress, who worked in [[Assamese cinema|Assamese]], [[Manipuri Cinema|Manipuri]], [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi films]] in a career extending more than 50 years. Her prominent features include ''[[Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai]]'' (which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] in 1988), ''[[Banaras: A Mystic Love Story]]'', and ''[[Shakuntala (1961 film)|Shakuntala]]'' (directed by [[Bhupen Hazarika]]).

==Filmography==
* ''Kahani Gudiya Ki'' (2007)
* ''[[Banaras: A Mystic Love Story]]'' (2006)
* ''Jee Aayan Nu'' (2003)
* ''Meemanxa'' or ''The Verdict'' (1994)
* ''[[The Chosen One (1990 film)|Ishanou]]'' or ''The Chosen One'' (1990)
* ''Ajala Kokai'' (1989)
* ''Kolahal'' or ''The Turmoil'' (1988)
* ''[[Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai]]'' or ''The Catastrophe'' or ''The Yellow Birds'' (1987)
* ''Sandhya Raag'' (1977)
* ''Aranya'' (1971)
* ''Aparajeya'' or ''The Unvanquished'' (1970)
* ''[[Dr. Bezbarua]]'' (1969)
* ''Maram Trishna'' (1968)
* ''Ito Sito Bahuto'' or ''Lots of Things Around'' (1963)
* ''Shakuntala'' (1961)
* ''Ranga Police'' or ''Red-Capped Police'' (1958)
* ''Mak Aru Marom'' or ''Mother and Love'' (1957)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2719616|Tara}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Meitei cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]

{{India-film-actor-1940s-stub}}

Kathanayagan (1988 film)

2026-04-14T05:48:04Z

GarlandGurule05:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kathanayagan
| image = Kathanayagan (1988 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| producer = [[Muktha Ramaswamy]]
| screenplay = [[Srinivasan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balakumar |first=K |date=11 June 2019 |title=How Kamal met Crazy Mohan: The story involves a graveyard |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-kamal-met-crazy-mohan-story-involves-graveyard-103391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611085802/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-kamal-met-crazy-mohan-story-involves-graveyard-103391 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
| story = [[Siddique–Lal]]
| starring = [[Pandiarajan]] [[S. V. Sekhar]] [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
| music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandra Bose]]
| cinematography = [[Muktha S. Sundar]]
| editing = V. P. Krishnan
| studio = Mukthaa Films
| released = {{Film date|1988|05|20|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kathanayagan''''' ({{translation|Hero of the story}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Subhakeerthana |first1=S |last2=Rajendran |first2=Gopinath |date=30 May 2018 |title='Muktha Srinivasan was a people's person' |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/may/30/muktha-srinivasan-was-a-peoples-person-6277.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125130442/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/may/30/muktha-srinivasan-was-a-peoples-person-6277.html |archive-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> and produced by Ramaswamy Govind and Muktha S. Ravi. The film stars [[Pandiarajan]], [[S. Ve. Shekher|S. V. Sekhar]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]. It is a remake of the 1987 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Nadodikkattu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2015 |title=மோகன்லாலும், பின்னே தமிழ் ரீமேக்கும்... |language=Ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519032352/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm |archive-date=19 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=மலையாளத்தில் மோகன்லால்.. தமிழில் பாண்டியராஜன்.. ரசிகர்களை கவர்ந்த காமெடி படம்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-the-katha-nayagan-movie-tamil-remake-of-nadodikkattu-completed-35-years-last-saturday-may-20-988458.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=[[News18]] |language=Tamil |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524000318/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-the-katha-nayagan-movie-tamil-remake-of-nadodikkattu-completed-35-years-last-saturday-may-20-988458.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 20 May 1988 and was a success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கதாநாயகன் / Katha Nayagan (1988) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/katha-nayagan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117055020/https://screen4screen.com/movies/katha-nayagan |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/28/stories/2007072850030100.htm|title=The master of humour|location=Tiruchirapalli|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317140232/https://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/28/stories/2007072850030100.htm|archive-date=17 March 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2022}}
Friends Mani and Ramani are [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] and [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|SSLC]] graduates respectively. They have difficulties finding jobs suited to their qualification. Even if they find jobs, they are unable to sustain in the jobs for long due to their attitude. Due to their innocence, Mani and Ramani are often fooled by people. One man sells them a cow saying it will give them many litres of milk per day, but the cow ends up hardly giving them any milk. After such failed endeavours, they meet an agent, who promises them to take them to Dubai and give them a job there. They give all their money to the agent, and he tells them to get on a boat. But they are fooled because the boat goes to Kerala instead. In Kerala, a drug smuggling gang mistakes them for [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] officers due to some hilarious misconceptions and funny incidents. How Mani and Ramani survive in Kerala, and at the same time, how they unintentionally cause the smuggling gang to get caught by the police, forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Mani
*[[S. V. Sekhar]] as Ramani
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Radha
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] in a Guest Appearance
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Radha's mother
*[[Kamala Kamesh]] as Mani's mother
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Kannayiram
*[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Mamandur Maasilamani
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Inspector of police
*[[K. Natraj]]
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Annan Krishnan
*[[Kallapetti Singaram]] as Konar
*[[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as Bank officer
*[[Typist Gopu]]
*[[Neelu]] as Head clark
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as cow buyer
*[[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Mayil Ravanan
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Mamandur Maasilamani's henchman
*Nagarajachozhan
*Kovai Anuradha
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Gaja
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consist of four songs composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]]. The song "Vaisakha Sandhye" from ''Nadodikattu'' was retained in Tamil as "Poo Poothathu".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katha Nayagan – Tamil Bollywood Vinyl LP |url=https://bollywoodvinyl.in/collections/kannada-malayalam-telugu-tamil-lps/products/katha-nayagan-tamil-bollywood-vinyl-lp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134100/https://bollywoodvinyl.in/collections/kannada-malayalam-telugu-tamil-lps/products/katha-nayagan-tamil-bollywood-vinyl-lp |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=BollywoodVinyl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadhanayagan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kadhanayagan/TdmlEooh8so_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090237/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kadhanayagan/TdmlEooh8so_ |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=January 1988 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Ada Avatharam Eduthu Vanthal" || Malaysia Vasudevan ||04:19
|-
| "Naanthanda Hanuman Payran" || Malaysia Vasudevan, Kovai Murali and chorus ||03:53
|-
| "Poo Poothathai Yar Pathathu" || K. J. Yesudas ||04:25
|-
| "Poo Poothathai Yar Pathathu" || Kovai Murali ||04:24
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The comedy line sometimes falters as it does when [Pandiarajan] keeps harping to the point of nausea on his educational attainment and his friend's lack of it".<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 1988 |title=Kathanayagan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880528&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nokha, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:21Z

GarlandGurule05: added initial data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{for|the constituency in Bihar|Nokha, Bihar Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nokha
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-18-Nokha.svg
| mla = [[Sushila Dudi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bikaner district]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 242958
| incumbent_image = Sushila Rameshwar Dudi.jpg
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 18
}}

'''Nokha Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. [[Sushila Dudi|Sushila Rameshwar Dudi]] is serving as MLA of Nokha.<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Nokha Constituency Election Results 2023: Nokha Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/nokha |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Nokha constituency covers all voters from [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha tehsil]] excluding ILRC Kuchor Aathooni.<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref name="election1951">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_Raj.pdf 1951 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Kan Singh|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan=2 |Rooparam
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>|| rowspan=2 |Chunni Lal Indalia
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Uda Ram Hatila || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Suraja Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>|| rowspan=2 |Chunni Lal Indalia || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> ||{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan=2 |Rewat Ram Panwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Govind Ram Meghwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Kanhaiya Lal Jhanwar]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Rameshwar Lal Dudi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018">https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Vidhansabha 2018/indexw.html</ref> || [[Bihari Lal Bishnoi]] ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Sushila Dudi|Sushila Rameshwar Dudi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nokha<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shushila Rameshwar Dudi
|votes = {{formatnum:83215}}
|percentage = 38.87
|change = -1.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bihari Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:75066}}
|percentage = 35.06
|change = -10.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikas Manch
|candidate = Kanhaiyalal Jhanwar
|votes = {{formatnum:33781}}
|percentage = 15.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Magna Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:10333}}
|percentage = 4.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1753}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -0.84
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8149}}
|percentage = 3.81
|change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214108}}
|percentage = 75.78
|change = -2.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nokha<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Biharilal Bishnoi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86917}}
|percentage = 45.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Dudi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78254}}
|percentage = 40.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manganaram
|votes = {{formatnum:8305}}
|percentage = 4.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Meghsingh
|votes = {{formatnum:5969}}
|percentage = 3.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Indu Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:4546}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3188}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8663}}
|percentage = 4.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191868}}
|percentage = 77.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|27.56|73.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Bikaner district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Lanka Sama Samaja Party

2026-04-12T08:29:08Z

GarlandGurule05: Done

{{for|a list of breakaway parties from the LSSP|List of Lanka Sama Samaja breakaway parties}}
{{Short description|Sri Lankan Trotskyist political party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}{{Infobox political party
| name = Lanka Sama Samaja Party
| native_name = ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂය லங்கா சமசமாஜக் கட்சி Lanka Equal Society Party
| logo = LankaSamaSamajaLogo.png
| colorcode = Red
| abbreviation = '''LSSP'''
| leader3_title = [[Leader]]
| leader3_name = [[N.M. Perera]] (first; 1947–1959) [[Tissa Vitharana]] (last; ?–2026) vacant (current; 2026–present)
| secretary_general = [[Leslie Goonewardene]] (first; 1945–1977)
| founders = [[Leslie Goonewardene]] [[N.M. Perera]] [[Colvin R. de Silva]] [[Philip Gunawardena]] [[Robert Gunawardena]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1935|12|18}}
| headquarters = 457 Union Place, [[Colombo]] 02
| newspaper = Samasamajaya [[Janadina]] daily Janasathiya
| youth_wing = Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues
| ideology = [[Communism]] [[Trotskyism]]
| position = [[Far-left]]
| national = [[People's Alliance (Sri Lanka)|PA]] '''Formerly:''' [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma|BLPI]] [[Supreme Lanka Coalition|ULS]] [[Freedom People's Alliance|FPA]] [[Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance|SLPFA]] [[United People's Freedom Alliance|UPFA]] [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]]
| international = [[Fourth International]]
| seats1_title = [[Sri Lankan Parliament|Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|0|225|hex=#DC241f}}
| symbol = Key [[File:Election Symbol Lanka Sama Samaja Pakshaya Sri Lanka.png]]
| website = [https://lssplk.com/ lssplk.com]
| country = Sri Lanka
}}

The '''Lanka Sama Samaja Party''', often abbreviated as '''LSSP''' ({{Literal translation|Lanka Equal Society Party}}, [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]: ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂය, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: லங்கா சமசமாஜக் கட்சி), is a major [[Trotskyist]] political party in [[Sri Lanka]]. It was the first political party in Sri Lanka (at the time known as [[British Ceylon]]), having been founded in 1935 by [[Leslie Goonewardene]], [[N. M. Perera]], [[Colvin R. de Silva]], [[Philip Gunawardena]] and [[Robert Gunawardena]]. The party is currently led by [[Tissa Vitharana]]. The party was founded with [[Leninism|Leninist]] ideals, and is classified as a party with [[socialist]] aims.

The LSSP emerged as a major political force in the [[Sri Lankan independence movement]] during the 1940s, during which time the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the [[Ceylon in World War II|British war effort]]. The party played an instrumental role in the [[Indian independence movement]] and later [[Quit India Movement]] through the [[Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]] (BLPI). Its efforts contributed to [[India]]'s and Sri Lanka's independence from the [[British Empire]], in 1947 and 1948 respectively.

The LSSP spearheaded the [[Hartal 1953|1953 Hartal (strike)]], caused by vast food price inflation under the [[United National Party]] (UNP) government. Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cents per measure had been an electoral promise by the UNP in the [[1952 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1952 elections]], and the introduction of the new rate of 70 cents elicited massive public anger.

From the late 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party served as the main opposition party of Sri Lanka, whilst being recognised as the Sri Lankan wing of the [[Fourth International]], a Trotskyist [[political international]]. During this period, the party was able to use its considerable political influence to reform the former British colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by [[nationalising]] organisations in the banking, education, industry, media and trade sectors. In 1964, the party joined the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] alongside the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] (SLFP) and formed a socialist [[First Sirimavo Bandaranaike cabinet|SLFP-led government]], leading to its expulsion from the [[Fourth International]]. Through their election landslide in [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1970]], the United Front brought the world's first non-hereditary [[List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government|female head of government]] in [[modern history]], [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] to power as [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]]. The party peaked in political strength in the 1970s, when it was again leading a coalition government with several of its leaders in key cabinet roles.

In recent years, the party has played a supporting role in several coalition governments led by the SLFP, such as from [[1994 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1994]]–[[2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2001]], [[2004 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2004]]–[[2015 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2015]], and [[2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2020]]–[[2022 Sri Lankan political crisis|2022]]. The party has had no parliamentary representation since [[2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2024]].

{{Lanka Sama Samaja Party sidebar}}

== Name ==
The Lanka Sama Samaja Party was the first modern political party in [[Ceylon]], later Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lanka Sama Samaja Party from its Beginnings to its Expulsion |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/ceylon-srilanka/review01.htm |website=marxists.org |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pinto |first=Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifVMCgAAQBAJ&q=first+sri+lankan+political+party+lanka+sama+samaja&pg=PT73 |title=Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations |date=2015-07-14 |publisher=Balboa Press |isbn=978-1-4525-2862-5}}</ref> It was noted for its choice to use a native name rather than an English name, and its members were known as "Samasamajists". The party was the first Marxist party in [[South Asia]]. The [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] term ''samasamajaya'' was one coined by Dally Jayawardena in the ''Swadesa Mitraya'' to translate the term '[[socialist]]'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lerski |first1=Jerzy Jan |last2=Lerski |first2=George Jan |title=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1942 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjQ0AAAAIAAJ&q=samasamajaya+Dally+Jayawardena |date=1968 |publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace}}</ref> However, the usage of ''samasamajaya'' has since been superseded by ''samajavadaya'' (which corresponds to similar usage in various Indian languages) in everything but in the names of the LSSP and various of its splinter groups.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPkdAAAAIAAJ&q=samajavadaya |title=Parliamentary Debates |date=1965}}</ref> The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] term ''samadharmam'' was used to translate 'socialist', but nowadays the English term is used.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murugesan|first1=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW0FAAAAMAAJ&q=samadharmam+socialist |title=Singaravelu, First Communist in South India |last2=Subramanyam |first2=C.S. |date=1975 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=9780883867143}}</ref>

== History ==
The Lanka Sama Samaja Party was founded on 18 December 1935, with the broad aims of [[Sri Lankan independence movement|Sri Lankan Independence]] and [[Socialism]], by a group of young politicians.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC&q=18+December+1935+lanka+sama+samaja&pg=PA201|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities|date=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3016-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUoZAAAAIAAJ&q=18+December+1935+lanka+sama+samaja|title=Tribune|date=December 1981|publisher=Ceylon News Service}}</ref> The group at the foundation numbered a bare half-dozen, and composed principally of students who had returned from study abroad, influenced deeply by the ideas of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Lenin]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duraisingam|first=Thambimuttu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karl+Marx+and+Lenin.+lanka+sama+samaja|title=Politics and Life in Our Times: Selected Articles Published for Over a Century|date=2000|publisher=Thambimuttu Duraisingam}}</ref> The original group consisted of [[Leslie Goonewardene]], [[N.M. Perera]], [[Colvin R. de Silva]], [[Philip Gunawardena]] and [[Robert Gunawardena]].<ref name="Official2">Leslie Goonewardene{{cite web|title=A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/goonewardene/1960/lssp.htm|publisher=Marxists Internet Archive(MIA)}}</ref><ref name="Ervin2">Charles Wesley Ervin, ''Tomorrow is Ours:the Trotskyist Movement in India and Ceylon, 1935-48'', Colombo: Social Scientists Association, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Guruge|first=Ananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUTf-jaS2xAC&q=Leslie+Goonewardene,+N.M.+Perera,+Colvin+R.+de+Silva,+Philip+Gunawardena+and+Robert+Gunawardena&pg=PA239|title=Peace at Last in Paradise |date=2011-10-28|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-1838-0}}</ref>

=== Origins ===
The LSSP grew out of the [[Youth Leagues (Ceylon)|Youth Leagues]] of [[Ceylon]] – societies of young people, mainly intellectuals, who wanted independence for British-ruled [[Sri Lanka]] – in which a nucleus of [[Marxists]] had developed.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAtsYHLUiz4C&q=Youth+Leagues+of+Ceylon+Lanka+sama+samaja|title=History of Ceylon: From the beginning of the nineteenth century to 1948|date=1959|publisher=Ceylon University Press}}</ref> The party's leaders were predominantly educated returnees from study in London;<ref>{{cite book|last=Duraisingam|first=Thambimuttu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TztuAAAAMAAJ&q=Harold+Laski+Lanka+sama+samaja|title=Politics and Life in Our Times: Selected Articles Published for Over a Century|date=2000|publisher=Thambimuttu Duraisingam}}</ref> youth who had come into contact with the ideas of the European Left and were influenced by [[Harold Laski]], an English [[political theorist]] and professor at the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gunawardena|first=Charles A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&q=London+Lanka+sama+samaja&pg=PA172|title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-48-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jayasuriya|first=Laksiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtBDwAAQBAJ&q=Harold+Laski+Lanka+sama+samaja&pg=PT200|title=Taking Social Development Seriously: The Experience of Sri Lanka|date=2010-08-17|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-85985-87-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCn6HZK8nIC&q=Harold+Laski+Lanka+sama+samaja&pg=PA32|title=Problems of Communism|date=1973|publisher=Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration}}</ref> [[S. A. Wickramasinghe|Dr S.A. Wickremasinghe]], an early returnee and a member of the [[State Council of Ceylon|State Council]] from 1931, was part of this group.<ref>{{cite web|title=S. A. Wickremasinghe {{!}} Making Britain|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/s-wickremasinghe |website=open.ac.uk |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> The Youth Leagues campaigned for independence from Britain, notably organising opposition to the so-called 'Ministers' Memorandum', one which in essence called for the colonial authorities to grant increased power to local ministers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lerski|first1=Jerzy Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut9mAAAAMAAJ&q=ceylon+opposition+'Ministers'+Memorandum'|title=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1942|last2=Lerski|first2=George Jan|date=1968|publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace}}</ref>

==== Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills Strike ====
The group, through the [[Colombo|South Colombo]] Youth League, became involved in a strike at the Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills in 1933.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Muthiah|first1=Wesley S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCcvAAAAYAAJ&q=lanka+sama+samaja+Wellawatte+Spinning+and+Weaving+Mills|title=The Bracegirdle Affair: An Episode in the History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party|last2=Wanasinghe|first2=Sydney|date=1997|publisher=Young Socialist Publication|isbn=978-955-95284-5-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Island|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=18240 |website=island.lk |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> The mills; the island’s largest textile factory at that time with 1,400 workers (two-thirds of Indian origin and one-third Sinhalese), gave the members of the Youth League a chance for leadership as well as experience in trade union agitation.<ref name="T. Perera: Edmund Samarakkody">{{cite web|title=T. Perera: Edmund Samarakkody|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/samarakkody/commentaries/perera01.htm |website=marxists.org |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> During this period, the collective published an irregular journal in [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], ''Kamkaruwa'' (The Worker).<ref>{{cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=lanka+sama+samaja+party+Kamkaruwa|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association}}</ref>

==== Suriya-Mal movement ====
In 1933 the group got involved in the [[Suriya-Mal Movement|Suriya-Mal movement]], which had been formed to provide support for indigenous ex-servicemen by the sale of Suriya ([[Portia tree]]) flowers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seneviratne|first=H. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ypjyd2th7mkC&q=Suriya-Mal+movement&pg=PA130|title=The Work of Kings|date=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74865-8}}</ref> The Suriya-Mal movement surged as a reaction to the fact that at the time [[Poppy Day]] funds went solely to British ex-servicemen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jasentuliyana|first=Nandasiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ&q=suriya-mal+movement+british+ex+servicemen&pg=PT206|title=Same Sky, Different Nights|date=2016-07-29|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-5246-0041-9}}</ref> The movement was honed by volunteer work among the poor during the Malaria Epidemic of 1934-1935. The volunteers found that there was widespread [[malnutrition]], which they helped fight by making pills of [[Marmite]] yeast extract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lerski: Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon (Chap.1)|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/srilanka/ch01.htm |website=marxists.org |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lund|first1=Ragnhild|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWaOAQAAQBAJ&q=Suriya-Mal+movement&pg=PA63|title=The Tsunami of 2004 in Sri Lanka: Impacts and Policy in the Shadow of Civil War|last2=Blaikie|first2=Piers|date=2013-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-96638-8}}</ref>

=== Early period ===
In 1936 the LSSP contested the State Council elections in four constituencies and won two of them, [[Avissawella]] and [[Ruwanwella Electoral District|Ruanwella]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Island-Midweek Review|url=http://www.island.lk/2008/08/20/midweek2.html |website=island.lk |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> The two new members, [[Philip Gunawardena]] and [[N.M. Perera]], worked at the dismay of the British Colonial government; one that they were trying to dismantle.<ref name="LSSP-NM2">{{cite news|date=15 August 2004|title=Dr.N.M.Perera 1905-1979:An honest and upright politician|publisher=Sunday Observer|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/08/15/fea02.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908022505/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2004/08/15/fea02.html|archive-date=8 September 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Around this time, the LSSP began fraternal relations with the [[Congress Socialist Party]] (CSP) of India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert Jackson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&q=Congress+Socialist+Party+lanka+sama+samaja&pg=PA165|title=International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement|date=1991|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2}}</ref> Mrs [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya]] of the CSP was invited by the LSSP for a highly successful political tour of the island.<ref>{{cite book|last=Silva|first=E. P. De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Km0CAAAAMAAJ&q=Kamaladevi+Chattopadhyaya+lanka+sama+samaja|title=A Short Biography of Dr. N. M. Perera, Ph.D., D.S.c., B.Sc|date=1975|publisher=De Silva}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ralhan|first=O.P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKOaAAAAIAAJ&q=Kamaladevi+Chattopadhyaya+lanka+sama+samaja|title=Concept of socialism|date=1998|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-261-0055-2}}</ref> [[Leslie Goonewardene]] was also sent as a delegate to the CSP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Glossary of People: Go|url=https://marxists.catbull.com/glossary/people/g/o.htm |website=marxists.catbull.com |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> Despite their move towards Indian relations, the LSSP maintained a clear distance from the Indian [[Radical left wing|radical left]], and considered the [[Communist Party of India]] to be an extremist force.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nyrop|first=Richard F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhFCAAAAIAAJ&q=extremist+Communist+Party+of+India&pg=PA355|title=Area Handbook for India|date=1975}}</ref>

==== Bracegirdle Incident ====
In 1937, the British [[Governor#British Empire and Commonwealth|Colonial Governor]] Sir [[Reginald Stubbs]] attempted to deport a young Anglo-Australian planter, [[Mark Anthony Bracegirdle]], who had joined the LSSP.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAdDAAAAYAAJ&q=1937+stubbs+bracegirdle |title=Ceylon Studies Seminar |date=1970 |publisher=University of Ceylon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1937-11-25 |title=Bracegirdle Case. |page=12 |work=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW: 1842–1954) |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17411798|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> He went into hiding in defiance of the Governor and the LSSP started a campaign to defend him.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999-09-23 |title=Obituary: Mark Bracegirdle |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-mark-bracegirdle-1121185.html |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-21 |title=The Bracegirdle Incident |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-bracegirdle-incident-2/ |website=Colombo Telegraph |language=en-US |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> He appeared on the platform at that year's [[May Day]] rally, and was able to have his deportation order quashed in the courts.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVCOAAAAMAAJ&q=bracegirdle+may+day+rally |title=Britain, World War 2 & the Sama Samajists: A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office, London |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=Young Socialist Publication |isbn=978-955-95284-4-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA5uAAAAMAAJ&q=bracegirdle+quashed|title=Nēthrā: A Non-specialist Journal for Lively Minds|date=2000|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies}}</ref> Through this incident, [[Reginald Stubbs|Stubbs]] was isolated. The incident led to the further strengthening of an argument for independence as the Bracegirdle incident had brought almost the entire State Council into opposition to the colonial government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ludowyk|first=Evelyn Frederick Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb0LAAAAIAAJ&q=bracegirdle+State+Council+into+opposition+to+the+colonial+government|title=A Short History of Ceylon|date=1967|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9788013019714}}</ref>

Bracegirdle had been working among the plantation labourers, who were often working in squalid conditions, receiving very little health care, education and living in 'line rooms'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Silva|first=Lloyd Oscar De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fkLAQAAMAAJ&q=bracegirdle+line+room|title=Echoes in the Memory|date=1992|publisher=Lantana|isbn=978-0-908265-04-6}}</ref> In 1940, the [[Ceylon Federation of Labour|Lanka Estate Workers' Union]] (LEWU) intervened in a strike at Mooloya, becoming the harbinger of a wave of trade-union action on the plantations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Warnapala|first=W.A. Wiswa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMYEAAAAMAAJ&q=lanka+sama+samaja+Mooloya|title=Civil Service Administration in Ceylon: A Study in Bureaucratic Adaptation|date=1974|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumatipāla|first=Kē Ec Ăm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tr4LAAAAIAAJ&q=lanka+sama+samaja+Mooloya|title=History of Education in Ceylon, 1796-1965: With Special Reference to the Contribution Made by C.W.W. Kannangara to the Educational Development of Ceylon|date=1968|publisher=Tisara Prakasakayo}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goonaratna|first=Colvin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TVuAAAAMAAJ&q=lanka+sama+samaja+Mooloya|title=NM, in His Own Words, As Seen by Others|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Dr. N.M. Perera Centre|isbn=978-955-8713-01-3}}</ref>

==== Initial Trotskyist ideals ====
Meanwhile, in the LSSP a number of members had become influenced by the ideas of the Left Opposition led by [[Leon Trotsky]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Syed|first=M. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4aAzbmPKIcC&q=lanka+sama+samaja+Leon+Trotsky&pg=PA193|title=Encyclopaedia of Saarc Nations|date=2002|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-125-4}}</ref> Individual party members, notably [[Philip Gunawardena]], had encountered Trotskyist groups earlier during stays in [[UK|Britain]] and the USA. The Trotskyists within the LSSP came together and formed a secret faction known as the "T" (after Trotsky) group.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert Jackson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&q=lanka+sama+samaja+Leon+Trotsky&pg=PA166|title=International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement|date=1991|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Fight for Trotskyism in South Asia|url=https://www.icl-fi.org/english/esp/62/lssp.html |website=icl-fi.org |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> The group's original members were Philip Gunawardena, N. M. Perera, Colvin R. de Silva, Leslie Goonewardene, Robert Gunawardena and Vernon Gunasekera, the Party Secretary.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert Jackson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&q=lanka+sama+samaja+Leon+Trotsky&pg=PA166|title=International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement|date=1991|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2}}</ref> They were later joined by [[Edmund Samarakkody]] and [[V. Karalasingham]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmund Samarakkody, 1912-1992|url=http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/History/Edmund.html |website=whatnextjournal.org.uk |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>

=== Fourth International ===
In 1940, the LSSP split with the expulsion of the pro-Moscow fraction led by S. A. Wickremasinghe, [[M. G. Mendis]], [[Pieter Keuneman]] and A. Vaidialingam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duraisingam|first=Thambimuttu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjpuAAAAMAAJ&q=1940+S.+A.+Wickremasinghe,+M.+G.+Mendis,+Pieter+Keuneman+and+A.+Vaidialingam+lanka+sama+samaja|title=Politics and Life in Our Times: Selected Articles Published for Over a Century|date=2000|publisher=Thambimuttu Duraisingam}}</ref> The expelled members formed the United Socialist Party (USP) which later evolved into the [[Communist Party of Ceylon]] (CPC).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCn6HZK8nIC&q=1940+United+Socialist+Party+lanka+sama+samaja&pg=PA29|title=Problems of Communism|date=1973|publisher=Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=David S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4uyAAAAIAAJ&q=1940+United+Socialist+Party+lanka+sama+samaja|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific: A Reference Guide|last2=Sagar|first2=Darren J.|date=1992|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-09811-4}}</ref> With the expulsion of the communists, the LSSP planted itself as an independent Trotskyist party.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=United States Congress Senate Foreign Relations Committee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQHUdLTstLgC&q=lanka+sama+samja+Trotskyist&pg=PA29|title=Strength of the International Communist Movement: Special Subcommittee on Security Affairs|date=1953}}</ref> In its heyday, the LSSP was the Fourth International's most successful component.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gunawardena|first=Charles A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&q=first+marxist+marty+Lanka+Sama+Samaja&pg=PA151|title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-48-5}}</ref>

At the outbreak of the Second World War, the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saran|first=Parmatma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCAdAAAAMAAJ&q=lanka+sama+samja+world+war+two|title=Government and Politics of Sri Lanka|date=1982|publisher=Metropolitan}}</ref> The two State Council members of the party and others on its Central committee were arrested and jailed, but [[Leslie Goonewardene]] evaded arrest and went underground.<ref>{{cite book|last=Silva|first=K. M. De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OktuAAAAMAAJ&q=lanka+sama+samja+two+State+Council+members|title=Sri Lanka: The Second World War and the Soulbury Commission, 1939-1945|date=1997|publisher=Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-11-290558-5}}</ref>

==== New Programme and adoption of Constitution ====
On 20 April 1941, a secret conference in [[Kandy]], attended by 42 delegates, was held.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/l/a.htm|title = Glossary of Organisations: La}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Perera|first=T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmJuAAAAMAAJ&q=20+April+1941+42+delegates |title=Revolutionary trails, Edmund Samarakkody: a political profile |date=2006 |publisher=Social Scientists' Association |isbn=978-955-9102-80-9}}</ref> [[Leslie Goonewardene]], who was in hiding, attended this conference at which the new programme and constitution were adopted.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jasentuliyana|first=Nandasiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ&q=20+April+1941+42+delegates&pg=PT207|title=Same Sky, Different Nights|date=2016-07-29|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-5246-0041-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sanmugathasan|first=N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lzlAAAAMAAJ&q=LSSP++Bolshevik-Leninist+Party+of+India,+Ceylon+and+Burma|title=Political Memoirs of an Unrepentant Communist|date=1989|publisher=N. Sanmugathasan}}</ref> The cover organisation of the party enabled him to work for a period of one year and three months till he left for India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guṇavardhana|first1=Raṇavīra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JlYAAAAMAAJ&q=leslie+goonewardene+cover+of+party+before+india|title=A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party|last2=Goonewardene|first2=Leslie|date=1960|publisher=Gunaratne}}</ref> An openly functioning section of the party was established, led by Robert Gunawardena, S.C.C. Anthonipillai, V. Karalasingham, K.V. Lourenz Perera and [[William de Silva]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jasentuliyana|first=Nandasiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKTTDAAAQBAJ&q=Robert+Gunawardena,+S.C.C.+Anthonipillai,+V.+Karalasingham,+K.V.+Lourenz+Perera+and+William+de+Silva&pg=PT207|title=Same Sky, Different Nights|date=2016-07-29|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-5246-0041-9}}</ref> The 'open' section of the party led a strike wave in May 1941 and strikes in 1942 and 1944.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lerski|first1=Jerzy Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut9mAAAAMAAJ&q=May+1941+strike+wave+ceylon|title=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1942|last2=Lerski|first2=George Jan|date=1968|publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Amerasinghe |first=E.F.G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24DtAAAAMAAJ&q=1944+strike+wave+ceylon+lanka+sama+samaja|title=Employee Relations and Industrial Law: A Collection of Papers|date=1998|publisher=Employers' Federation of Ceylon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j30eAAAAIAAJ&q=1944+strike+ceylon+lanka+sama+samaja|title=Ceylon Sessional Papers|date=1961|publisher=Government Press}}</ref>

=== Proscription and move to India ===
Following the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] raid on Colombo on 5 April 1942, the imprisoned leaders escaped and fled to India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aldrich|first1=Richard J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC&q=5+April+1942+Japanese+raid+ceylon&pg=PA236|title=Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service|last2=Aldrich|first2=Professor of International Security Richard J.|date=2000-04-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64186-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Ashley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXevAwAAQBAJ&q=5+April+1942+Japanese+raid+ceylon&pg=PA296|title=The British Empire and the Second World War|date=2006-03-09|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-4049-5}}</ref> In India, the proscribed LSSPers merged their party into the [[Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]] (BLPI).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ervin|first=Charles W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IPSAAAAIAAJ&q=Bolshevik-Leninist+Party+of+India,+Ceylon+and+Burma|title=Philip Gunawardena: The Making of a Revolutionary|date=2001|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-34-2}}</ref> Preparatory work had been done in this connection by [[Leslie Goonewardene]], [[Doric de Souza]] and [[Bernard Soysa]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rose|first=Saul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74kiAAAAMAAJ&q=Bolshevik-Leninist+Party+of+India,+Ceylon+and+Burma+formed|title=Socialism in Southern Asia|date=1959|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Talwar|first=Sada Nand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW0cAAAAMAAJ&q=Bolshevik-Leninist+Party+of+India,+Ceylon+and+Burma+formed|title=Under the Banyan Tree: The Communist Movement in India, 1920-1964|date=1985|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788170230052}}</ref> The LSSP thus became the Ceylon section of BLPI.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdDTVi914jcC&q=Bolshevik-Leninist+Party+of+India%2C+Ceylon+and+Burma+formed&pg=PA151|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Indonesia, The Philippines and South-East Asia and the Far East (General) January 1949-December 1949|date=2000|isbn=978-1-55655-768-2 |last=Best|first=Anthony}}</ref> Through the BLPI, the Ceylonese trotskyists attained their formal membership in the [[Fourth International]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4STPAAAAMAAJ&q=Bolshevik-Leninist+Party+of+India+Fourth+International|title=Manifesto of the Fourth International to the Workers and Peasants of India|date=1942|publisher=Pioneer Publishers}}</ref> The Ceylonese Samasamajists who went to India participated actively along with the BLPI in the struggle for [[independence]] that commenced in August 1942 in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Perera|first=T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmJuAAAAMAAJ&q=August+1942+quit+india+bolshevik+leninist|title=Revolutionary trails, Edmund Samarakkody: a political profile|date=2006|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-80-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rana|first=Mahendra Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9rfAAAAMAAJ&q=August+1942+quit+india+bolshevik+leninist|title=Indian Government and Politics: A Bibliographical Study (1885–1980)|date=1981|publisher=Wiley Eastern|isbn=978-0-85226-763-9}}</ref> It was generally realised that the impending open revolt against imperialism in India was going to be decisive for the future not only of India but of Ceylon as well. Their property and assets back home were confiscated.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVCOAAAAMAAJ&q=Goonewardene+property+seized+India|title=Britain, World War 2 & the Sama Samajists: A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office, London|date=1996-01-01|publisher=Young Socialist Publication|isbn=978-955-95284-4-9}}</ref> Various other members were arrested.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sheppard|first=Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zerHmlD76ycC&q=lanka+sama+samaja+arrested+british&pg=PA237|title=The Party: The Socialist Workers Party, 1960-1988|date=2005|publisher=Resistance Books|isbn=978-1-876646-50-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goonatilake|first=Susantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIFjDwAAQBAJ&q=lanka+sama+samaja+arrested+british&pg=PA266|title=Recolonisation: Foreign Funded NGOs in Sri Lanka|date=2006-09-05|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-538-9}}</ref> Only Colvin R. de Silva, Leslie Goonewardene, [[Vivienne Goonewardena]] and Selina Perera succeeded in evading arrest up to the end.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wriggins|first=William Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCfWCgAAQBAJ&q=Colvin+R+de+silva+arrrested+british&pg=PA126|title=Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation|date=2015-12-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7690-7}}</ref>

[[File:Procession at Bangalore during Quit India movement, by Indian National Congress.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Procession in Bangalore]]

During the war there was a split in the movement. N. M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena opposed a merger into the BLPI and formed the 'Workers' Opposition'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Al|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ&q=Philip+Gunawardena+opposed+a+merger+into+the+BLPI|title=Blows Against the Empire: Trotskyism in Ceylon: The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1964|date=1997|publisher=Porcupine Press|isbn=978-1-899438-26-6}}</ref> After the war, they reconstructed LSSP as an independent party.<ref>{{cite book|last=Baring |first=Maurice |title=C|date=1924|publisher=Doubleday, Page|oclc=655235}}</ref> Members of the other section, formed out of the exiled BLPI nucleus, effectively maintained a separate party, the [[Bolshevik Samasamaja Party]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fukui|first1=Haruhiro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pV0lAAAAMAAJ&q=Bolshevik+Samasamaja+Party+founded|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific|last2=Hughes|first2=Colin A.|date=1985|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-21350-2}}</ref> The latter group functioned as the Ceylon section of BLPI and was led by Colvin R. de Silva, Leslie Goonawardene and Edmund Samarakkoddy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ervin|first=Charles Wesley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTaAAAAMAAJ&q=Colvin+R+de+Silva,+Leslie+Goonawardene+and+Edmund+Samarakkoddy|title=Tomorrow is Ours: The Trotskyist Movement in India and Ceylon, 1935-48|date=2006|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-83-0}}</ref>

The relation between the two groups was often antagonistic. The BSP accused the LSSP of "organisational [[Menshevism]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=LSSP+Menshevism|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association |isbn=978-91-0-225070-4 }}</ref> The LSSP accused the BSP of being introvert doctrinaires. LSSP wanted to build a mass-based party, whereas the BSP concentrated on building a cadre-based ([[revolutionary]]) party.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biyanwila|first=S. Janaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7kuCgAAQBAJ&q=Lanka+sama+samaja+mass-based+party&pg=PA38|title=The Labour Movement in the Global South: Trade Unions in Sri Lanka|date=2010-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-90426-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Siriwardena|first=Regi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6huOAAAAMAAJ&q=bolshevik+samasamaja+cadre-based|title=Working Underground: The LSSP in Wartime : a Memoir of Happenings and Personalities|date=1999|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|isbn=978-955-580-044-0}}</ref> On 25 October 1945 fist-fights broke out at between the two groups at a meeting of the BSP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Edmund Samarakkody, 1912–1992|url=http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/History/Edmund.html|website=whatnextjournal.org.uk |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>

=== Main party ===
The LSSP and the BSP were both at the helm of the strike waves that occurred in the post-war period.<ref>{{cite book|last=Liyanage|first=Pulsara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bolshevik+samasamaja+strike+waves|title=Vivi: A Biography of Vivienne Goonewardena|date=1998|publisher=Women's Education and Research Centre|isbn=978-955-9261-07-0}}</ref> In 1946 there was a brief reconciliation between the two factions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Al|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ&q=bolshevik+sama+samaja+lanka+sama+samaja+reconciliation|title=Blows Against the Empire: Trotskyism in Ceylon: The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935–1964|date=1997|publisher=Porcupine Press|isbn=978-1-899438-26-6}}</ref> At the general election of 1947 the LSSP emerged as the main opposition party, with 10 seats.<ref name="Election 1947">{{cite web|date=2016-02-04|title=Results of Parliamentary General Election - 1947|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1947%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204082107/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1947%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-02-04|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> The BSP obtained 5 seats.<ref name="Election 1947" /> They also had the support of the Ceylon Indian Congress (CIC – which later became the [[Ceylon Workers' Congress]]) of [[K. Natesa Iyer|Natesa Iyer]], which had 6 members in Parliament and of various independent members.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kanapathipillai|first=Valli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI7HNNa48WMC&q=Ceylon+Indian+Congress+lanka+sama+samaja+support&pg=PA40|title=Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka: The Case of the Tamil Estate Workers|date=2009-08-01|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-807-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vanniasingham|first=Somasundaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHziAAAAMAAJ&q=Natesa+Iyer+1947+election|title=Sri Lanka: The Conflict Within|date=1989|publisher=Sangam Books|isbn=978-0-86132-206-0}}</ref> However, [[SWRD Bandaranaike]] and his [[Sinhala Maha Sabha]] backed the newly formed [[United National Party]] (UNP), which was thus able to form a government under [[DS Senanayake]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rambukwella|first=Harshana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaZjDwAAQBAJ&q=Sinhala+Maha+Sabha+backed+the+newly+formed+United+National+Party&pg=PA77|title=The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity: A Cultural Genealogy of Sinhala Nationalism|date=2018-07-02|publisher=UCL Press|isbn=978-1-78735-130-1}}</ref>

The BLPI-affiliated BSP became an independent party in 1948, and was recognised as the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International when the BLPI was dissolved.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdDTVi914jcC&q=Bolshevik+Samasamaja+Fourth+International&pg=PA151|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Indonesia, The Philippines and South-East Asia and the Far East (General) January 1949-December 1949|date=2000|isbn=978-1-55655-768-2|last1=Best|first1=Anthony|publisher=Univ. Publ. of America}}</ref>
[[File:SL Independence.jpg|left|thumb|305x305px|The formal ceremony marking the start of self-rule, with the opening of the first parliament at [[Independence Square, Colombo|Independence Square]] by [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester]] in the presence of [[Rt Hon]] [[D.S. Senanayake]] as first [[Prime Minister of Ceylon]].]]

=== Success in the Independence Movement ===
In 1948, the country was granted [[British Dominions|Dominion]] status by the British.<ref>{{cite book|last=Geographer|first=United States Department of State Office of the|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDgZhetwQwIC&q=ceylon+dominion+1948&pg=PA8|title=Profiles of Newly Independent States|date=1965|publisher=Office of Media Services, Bureauof Public Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Independence Day in Ceylon |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/independence-day-ceylon |website=History Today |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> The armed forces continued to be commanded by British Officers, and the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] continued to have bases on the island (at [[Trincomalee]] and [[Katunayake]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Removing "remnants of colonialism" |website=Daily FT |url=http://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/Removing-"remnants-of-colonialism"/6-672509 |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The RAF and RCyAF - A parting of the ways |url=http://airforce.lk/pages.php?pages=the_raf_and_rcyaf |publisher=Sri Lanka Air Force}}</ref> The Government was heavily pro-British and anti-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]].<ref>{{cite book |author=United States Department of State Public Services Division |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c5iAsJdbcwC&q=Dudley+Senanayake+pro+british&pg=PA25|title=The Subcontinent of South Asia: Afghanistan, Ceylon, India, Nepal [and] Pakistan: Background|date=1959|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref> The new government proceeded to disenfranchise plantation workers of [[Hill Country Tamils|Indian Tamils]] descent, using the [[Ceylon Citizenship Act]] of 1948 and the Parliamentary Elections Amendment Act of 1949.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kanapathipillai|first=Valli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI7HNNa48WMC&q=Ceylon+Citizenship+Act+of+1948+disenfranchisement&pg=PA41|title=Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka: The Case of the Tamil Estate Workers|date=2009-08-01|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-807-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chowdhory|first=Nasreen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DP5fDwAAQBAJ&q=Ceylon+Citizenship+Act+of+1948+disenfranchisement&pg=PA51|title=Refugees, Citizenship and Belonging in South Asia: Contested Terrains|date=2018-06-13|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-13-0197-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vamadevan|first=M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23k8AAAAMAAJ&q=Ceylon+Citizenship+Act+of+1948+disenfranchisement|title=Sri Lankan Repatriates in Tamil Nadu: Rehabilitation and Integration|date=1989|publisher=Zen Publishers}}</ref> These measures were intended primarily to undermine the Left electorally.<ref>{{cite book|last=Weiss|first=Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26uhDwAAQBAJ&q=Ceylon+Citizenship+Act+of+1948+undermine+left&pg=PT451|title=The Cage: The Fight for Sri Lanka and the Last Days of the Tamil Tigers|date=2012-09-04|publisher=Bellevue Literary Press|isbn=978-1-934137-57-4}}</ref> Of these acts, N. M. Perera said:<blockquote>'I thought racialism of this type died with [[Houston Chamberlain]] and [[Adolf Hitler]]. I do not believe that anyone claiming to be a Statesman would ask us to accede to a bill of this nature ... We cannot proceed as if we were God's chosen race quite apart from the rest of the world; that we and we alone have the right to be citizens of this country.'<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka|url=http://www.uthr.org/BP/volume1/Chapter1.htm |website=UTHR |access-date=2020-07-06}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Reunification ====
The split between the LSSP and the BSP had weakened the movement, and in particular the BSP which was clearly the smaller of the two parties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=split+of+LSSP+and+BSP|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association}}</ref> A process of reunification was initiated, and in 1950 the BSP merged into the LSSP.<ref>{{cite book|last=Silva|first=Colvin R. De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlEdAQAAMAAJ&q=split+of+LSSP+and+BSP|title=Their Politics and Ours|date=1954|publisher=Lanka Samasamaja}}</ref> Through the reunification, the LSSP became the Ceylonese section of the [[Fourth International]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUTvAAAAMAAJ&q=LSSP+became+fourth+international+1950|title=Intercontinental Press Combined with Inprecor|date=1977|publisher=Intercontinental Press}}</ref> However, Philip Gunawardena opposed the reconciliation with the BSP.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert Jackson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&q=LSSP+became+fourth+international+1950&pg=PA186|title=International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement|date=1991|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2}}</ref> Thus he left LSSP and formed a new party, [[Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (VLSSP).<ref>{{cite book|last=Scalapino|first=Robert A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hKCAAAAIAAJ&q=Viplavakari+Lanka+Sama+Samaja+Party+foundation|title=The Communist Revolution in Asia: Tactics, Goals, and Achievements|date=1965|publisher=Prentice-Hall|isbn=9780131530492}}</ref><ref name="Kearney 1983 17–33">{{cite journal|last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|date=1983|title=The Political Party System in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150202|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=98|issue=1|pages=17–33|doi=10.2307/2150202|jstor=2150202|issn=0032-3195|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Fall of the Leftist Movement|url=https://archive.ceylontoday.lk/features-more/2878 |website=CeylonToday |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>

At the 1952 general election, the electoral performance was harmed by the relative prosperity due to the price of natural rubber being driven up by the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nyrop|first=Richard F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvMXAAAAIAAJ&q=1952+ceylon+general+election+rubber&pg=PA60|title=Area Handbook for Ceylon|date=1971|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref> Also, the disenfranchisement of the Indian Tamil estate workers by the UNP government deprived the LSSP of one of its main bases.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wijeyeratne|first=Roshan de Silva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVttAAAAQBAJ&q=disenfranchisement+of+the+Indian+Tamil&pg=PA114|title=Nation, Constitutionalism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka|date=2013-08-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-03835-9}}</ref> Moreover, it damaged the electoral fortunes of its ally, the [[Ceylon Workers' Congress|CIC]], which went unrepresented.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Subrata K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ao5CAQAAIAAJ&q=Ceylon+indian+congress+unrepresented+1952|title=Politics of Modern South Asia|date=2009-02-06|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-45628-9}}</ref>

=== Hartal and after ===
In 1953, the LSSP took the lead in organising the [[Hartal 1953|Hartal]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-02-18|title=The Debasement Of Politics After The 1953 Hartal|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-debasement-of-politics-after-the-1953-hartal/ |website=Colombo Telegraph |language=en-US |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> The immediate cause of the Hartal was a hike in the price of [[rice]] from 25 cents to 70 cents per measure by the UNP government.<ref name=Wickramasinghe>{{cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sCHCwAAQBAJ|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022579-7}}</ref> At the time, [[J.R. Jayawardena]] was the finance minister of the country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biziouras|first=Nikolaos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEUsAwAAQBAJ&q=1953+hartal+Jayawardene+finance+minister&pg=PA98|title=The Political Economy of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Economic Liberalization, Mobilizational Resources, and Ethnic Collective Action|date=2014-03-26|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-80553-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-08-11|title=60 years since the Great Hartal|url=https://www.himalmag.com/60-years-since-the-great-hartal-2/|website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cent had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections, and when the new rates were introduced to the public, uproar ensued.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Isenberg|first1=Joan P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65gegDaEsToC&q=1953+hartal+election+promise&pg=PA499|title=Major Trends and Issues in Early Childhood Education: Challenges, Controversies, and Insights|last2=Jalongo|first2=Mary Renck|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Teachers College Press|isbn=978-0-8077-4350-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lanka)|first=the Socialist Equality Party (Sri|title=Sri Lankan independence: 60 years of communalism, social decay and war|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/02/sril-f04.html |website=wsws.org |date=4 February 2008 |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> This anger was furthered by the suspension of the meals given to schoolchildren and hikes in rail ticket fares and postal fees.<ref name="De Silva: Hartal!">{{cite web |title=De Silva: Hartal!|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol2/no1/hartal.html |website=marxists.org |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>

Prior to 1953, the concept of a 'Hartal', or [[general strike]], was relatively unknown in Ceylon.<ref name="De Silva: Hartal!"/> Through their exile, the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the [[Quit India Movement]], ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nossiter|first=Thomas Johnson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&q=1953+hartal+quit+india&pg=PA200|title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation|date=1982-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04667-2}}</ref>

The [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka|Communist Party]] and [[Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party|VLSSP]] supported the Hartal and the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party|SLFP]] and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal, but did not actively support the call for strike.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fernando|first=Warnakulasuriya Thomas Aquinas Leslie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hFVAAAAYAAJ&q=1953+hartal+Communist+Party+and+VLSSP|title=Being close to them: among some eminent personalities|date=2006|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=9789552092947}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mel|first1=de Neloufer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0f_D1qiXQgC&q=1953+hartal+Communist+Party+and+VLSSP&pg=PA15|title=Women & the Nation's Narrative: Gender and Nationalism in Twentieth Century Sri Lanka|last2=Mel|first2=Neloufer De|date=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1807-0}}</ref><ref name=Wickramasinghe/> The [[Ceylon Mercantile Union]] supported the demands of the strike, but in not take part in it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dumont|first=René|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6y4AAAAIAAJ&q=Ceylon+mercantile+union+1953+hartal|title=Paysanneries aux abois: Ceylan, Tunisie, Sénégal|date=1972|publisher=Éditions du Seuil|language=fr}}</ref> Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Muthiah|first1=Wesley S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iHtAAAAMAAJ&q=1953+hartal+black+armband|title=We Were Making History: The Hartal of 1953|last2=Wanasinghe|first2=Sydney|date=2002|publisher=Young Socialist|isbn=978-955-9150-03-9}}</ref>

The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-08-12 |title=The day Trotskyists shut down a country: 65th anniversary of the Sri Lankan Hartal |url=https://socialistaction.org/2018/08/12/the-day-trotskyists-shut-down-a-country-65th-anniversary-of-the-sri-lankan-hartal/ |website=Socialist Action |language=en-US |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> Afraid of a revolution in the making, the government cabinet sought refuge on {{HMS|Newfoundland|59|6}}, a [[Royal Navy]] warship offshore.<ref>{{cite web|title=14 Aug 1953, 5 – The Guardian at Newspapers.com|url=http://newspapers.com/image/259449190/?terms=hartal+ceylon |website=Newspapers.com |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Perera|first=Mario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zxZDwAAQBAJ&q=HMS+Newfoundland+hartal&pg=PT108|title=WHILE GOD SLEPT: "Forces of darkness as Angels of Light Sri Lanka: 1971–2009"|publisher=Wordit CDE|isbn=978-93-87649-75-0}}</ref> The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused [[Dudley Senanayake]] to resign from the premiership.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Raj K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyRZKMxTPXsC&q=Dudley+Senanayake+resignation+hartal&pg=PA39|title=Lost Victory: The Rise & Fall of LTTE Supremo, V. Prabhakaran|date=2010|publisher=Pentagon Press|isbn=978-81-8274-443-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Silva|first1=K.M. De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6orPBJCSPhIC&q=Dudley+Senanayake+resignation+hartal&pg=PA295|title=J.R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: 1906-1956|last2=Wriggins|first2=William Howard|date=1988|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1183-9}}</ref> The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perera|first=Mario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zxZDwAAQBAJ&q=effect+on+LSSP+of+hartal&pg=PT108|title=WHILE GOD SLEPT: "Forces of darkness as Angels of Light Sri Lanka: 1971-2009"|publisher=Wordit CDE|isbn=978-93-87649-75-0}}</ref>

In 1956 the LSSP went into a no-contest pact with the ''[[Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (1956)|Mahajana Eksath Peramuna]]'' (People's United Front) of [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike|SWRD Bandaranaike]], which he had formed with Philip Gunawardena and the VLSSP.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Island|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=146770 |website=island.lk |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hMoBgAAQBAJ&q=Mahajana+Eksath+Peramuna+LSSP+no+contest&pg=PT218|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History|date=2014-01-03|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-025755-2}}</ref> The MEP won a landslide in the polls held that year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Namasivayam|first=S.|title=The General Election in Ceylon in 1956|date=1955-01-01|url=https://academic.oup.com/pa/article/IX/3/307/1499547|journal=Parliamentary Affairs |volume=IX|issue=3|pages=307–310|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a052901|issn=0031-2290|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The LSSP once again became the main opposition party, and N. M. Perera became the Leader of Opposition.<ref>{{cite book |author=United States Department of State Public Services Division |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pB1SAQAAMAAJ&q=N.+M.+Perera+became+the+Leader+of+Opposition+1956&pg=PA7|title=Ceylon, 1957: Background|date=1957|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref> Through this, the LSSP supported the reforms initiated by the new government, but strongly opposed the 'Sinhala Only' policy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Riaz|first=Ali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8GJAgAAQBAJ&q=LSSP+oppose+sinhala+only&pg=PA156|title=Religion and Politics in South Asia|date=2010-02-26|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-99985-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAMAQAAMAAJ&q=LSSP+oppose+sinhala+only|journal=[[South Asia Bulletin]]|title=Volumes 6–7|date=1986|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert Jackson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&q=LSSP+oppose+sinhala+only&pg=PA171|title=International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement|date=1991|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2}}</ref> In July 1959, both LSSP and the Communist Party withdrew their support for the government, as inner-party feuds within the SLFP had resulted in a temporary victory for the right-wing and expulsions of leftist ministers like Philip Gunawardena.<ref>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Norman Dunbar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbcJAAAAIAAJ&q=LSSP+and+the+Communist+Party+withdraw+support+1959|title=Elections and Political Development: The South Asian Experience|date=1975|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-0341-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ4xAQAAIAAJ&q=July+1959,+both+LSSP+and+the+Communist+Party|title=The Commonwealth Yearbook|date=1990|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|isbn=9780115802393}}</ref>

In March 1960, the LSSP contested the general elections on the slogan 'forward to a Sama Samaja Government'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abhayavardhana|first=Hector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWNuAAAAMAAJ&q=March+1960+LSSP+sogan|title=Hector Abhayavardhana: Selected Writings|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-40-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9bAAAAMAAJ&q=March+1960+LSSP+sogan|title=Intercontinental Press|date=1975|publisher=Intercontinental Press}}</ref> The votes won by the LSSP, the Communists and the [[Mahajana Eksath Peramuna]] (a new party, not the 1956 front) of Philip Gunawardena, were sufficient to have made them the biggest bloc in Parliament. However, due to their contesting separately, the LSSP and the MEP won just 10 seats each, the CP a mere 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=28. Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1948-present)|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/ceylonsri-lanka-1948-present/ |website=uca.edu |language=en-US |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=United States Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cr8z7N0lpRsC&q=March+1960+election+ceylon&pg=PP3|title=Ceylon|date=1968|publisher=Department of Defense, Armed Forces Information Service}}</ref> Elections were held again in July and the LSSP had a no-contest pact with the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] (SLFP) of [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], which was thus able to form a government.<ref>{{cite news|date=1960-07-20|title=1960: Ceylon chooses world's first woman PM|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2784000/2784527.stm|access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> The Fourth International was highly critical of the electoral tactics of LSSP, and the LSSP chose not to attend the [[International Committee of the Fourth International|World Congress of International]] the following year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frank|first=Pierre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlWqAAAAIAAJ&q=Fourth+International+critical+of+lssp+1960|title=The Fourth International: The Long March of the Trotskyists|date=1979|publisher=Ink Links|isbn=978-0-906133-08-8}}</ref>

In 1962, officers of the Army and Police attempted a [[coup d'état]] aimed at overthrowing the government and bringing the UNP to power.<ref>{{cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbP_AwAAQBAJ&q=1962+coup+ceylon&pg=PA21|title=Coup Theories and Officers' Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective|date=2014-07-14|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5412-7}}</ref> This plot was foiled, and the SLFP lurched leftwards in terms of policy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Warnapala|first=W. A. Wiswa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5uNAAAAMAAJ&q=1962+coup+SLFP+leftwards|title=Sri Lanka Freedom Party: A Political Profile|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=978-955-20-8853-7}}</ref> The local branches of [[petroleum]] companies were nationalised, leading to a boycott of the country by the oil multi-nationals; the boycott was broken with help from the Kansas Oil Producers Co-operative and the [[Romania]]n Government.<ref>{{cite book |author=United States Congress House Foreign Affairs Committee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPJFxL1tLl0C&q=1962+ceylon+petroleum+nationalisation&pg=PA21|title=Expropriation of American-owned Property by Foreign Governments in the Twentieth Century, Report Prepared by the Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, for the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Committee Print ... 88-1 ... July 19, 1963|date=1963}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nayyar|first=Deepak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Y-wCwAAQBAJ&q=1962+ceylon+petroleum+nationalisation+Romanian+Government.&pg=PA193|title=Economic Relations between Socialist Countries and the Third World|date=1977-06-17|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-03293-8}}</ref>

A parallel process was one of increasing self-confidence and unity amongst the Ceylonese left-wing. In the parliament they were in the opposition.<ref>{{cite web|title=28. Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1948-present)|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/ceylonsri-lanka-1948-present/ |website=uca.edu |language=en-US |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> On [[May Day]] 1963 the three main left parties (LSSP, CP and MEP) held a massive joint rally.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJbpDwAAQBAJ&q=ceylon+may+day+1963+joint+rally&pg=PA155|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|date=2021-01-08|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33174-7}}</ref> That was followed by the launching of [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] on 12 August, the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctE4AAAAIAAJ&q=ceylon+United+Front+launched+august+12|title=World Marxist Review|date=1963}}</ref> The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities, leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP. The SLFP began to offer the left parties ministerial posts and worked intensively to break the unity of ULF.<ref name="LSSP-hartal2">{{cite web|title=Hartal!|url=http://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/backiss/Vol2/No1/Hartal.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109041300/http://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/backiss/Vol2/No1/Hartal.html|archive-date=9 January 2008|publisher=revolutionary-history.co.uk|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Trade union activities ===
The 1950s and 1960s were in many ways the "Golden era" of LSSP.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guṇavardhana|first=Pilip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Golden+era+of+the+LSSP|title=The State Council Years, 1936-1942: Speeches Made in the Legislature Compiled Under the Auspices of the Philip Gunawardena Commemoration Society|date=2006|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=978-955-20-9707-2}}</ref> At the time, the most powerful trade unions in the country supported LSSP politics.<ref name=Wickramasinghe/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uj0ZAAAAIAAJ&q=Golden+era+of+the+LSSP|title=Tribune|date=1977|publisher=Ceylon News Service}}</ref> The most prominent trade union in the public sector in this period was the [[GCSU Sri Lanka|Government Clerical Service Union]], which gave the a great support to the political struggle of LSSP.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJbpDwAAQBAJ&q=ceylon+Government+Clerical+Service+Union+LSSP&pg=PA100|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|date=2021-01-08|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33174-7}}</ref> The forefront leader of GCSU, [[I. J. Wickrema]], openly appealed for support to the LSSP-CP coalition in order to defeat imperialism.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJbpDwAAQBAJ&q=GCSU+LSSP-CP+coalition&pg=PA159|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|date=2021-01-08|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33174-7}}</ref> The GCSU publication ''Red Tape'' constantly criticised the UNP government and asked the people to support the left.<ref name=Wickramasinghe/>

=== Coalition politics ===
In 1964, the LSSP held a conference at which the majority agreed with a theoretical categorisation of the SLFP by [[Hector Abhayavardhana]] as a [[petty bourgeois]] party, leaving the door open to a [[united front]] with it.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_y0AAAAIAAJ&q=1964+LSSP+SLFP+petty+bourgeois|title=Asian Survey|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> A minority faction, led by Colvin R. de Silva and Leslie Goonewardene, opposed the move but opted to stay within the Party.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jayaratne|first=Osmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLorAAAAYAAJ&q=Colvin+R+de+Silva+and+Leslie+Goonewardene+opposed+coalition|title=Memoirs of Osmund Jayaratne|date=2004|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=978-955-20-7584-1}}</ref> Another minority faction led by [[Edmund Samarakkody]], Merryl Fernando, V Karalasingham and [[Bala Tampoe]], left the party and formed the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Revolutionary)]] - the LSSP(R).<ref>{{cite book|last=Nyrop|first=Richard F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvMXAAAAIAAJ&q=1964+SLFP+Colvin+R+de+Silva+and+Leslie+Goonewardene&pg=PA267|title=Area Handbook for Ceylon|date=1971|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref>

Later that year, the LSSP joined the coalition government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike.<ref>{{cite news|date=1964-05-10|title=Talks on Ceylon Coalition Approved by Ruling Party|work=New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/05/10/97390220.html?pageNumber=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Biyanwila|first=S. Janaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7kuCgAAQBAJ&q=LSSP+joins+SLFP+coalition&pg=PA47|title=The Labour Movement in the Global South: Trade Unions in Sri Lanka|date=2010-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-90426-4}}</ref> Three of its MPs became Ministers; Dr N. M. Perera (Finance), Cholomondely Goonewardena (Public Works) and [[Anil Moonesinghe]] (Communications).<ref>{{cite news |title=BRITONS CRITICIZE CEYLON PROPOSAL; Say a Ban on Remittances Would Damage Trade|work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/08/09/119439081.html}}</ref> The LSSP was expelled from the Fourth International, and the membership was passed on to the LSSP(R).<ref>{{cite book|last=Samaranāyaka|first=Gāmiṇi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvDHdlk4tGIC&q=LSSP+was+expelled+from+the+Fourth+International&pg=PA124|title=Political Violence in Sri Lanka, 1971–1987|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-1003-4}}</ref>

The Coalition Government fell in 1965, due to the desertion of several members.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJbpDwAAQBAJ&q=Ceylon+Coalition+Government+fell+in+1965&pg=PA157|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|date=2021-01-08|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33174-7}}</ref> However, the number of votes won by the LSSP increased at the general election held that year.<ref name="Kearney 1983 17–33"/> After the election, supporters of the party were subject to a co-ordinated campaign of victimisation by the new seven-party coalition led by the UNP.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJbpDwAAQBAJ&q=1965+LSSP+victimisation+by+UNP&pg=PA106|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|date=2021-01-08|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33174-7}}</ref> In 1968, the LSSP joined the SLFP and the CP in a [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]]; one that suffered clashes due to the [[Moscow]]-oriented focus of the CP.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nubin|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC&q=1968+LSSP+united+front&pg=PA128|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|date=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJIqAQAAMAAJ&q=1968+LSSP+united+front&pg=PA31|title=Problems of Communism|date=1973|publisher=Special Materials Section, United States Information Agency}}</ref> That year's joint May Day rally was said to be the biggest ever to take place in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olLRAAAAMAAJ|title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East|date=1968|publisher=Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref>

In 1970, the United Front, of which the LSSP was part, was elected to power in landslide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgjH0GjmTeIC&q=1970+LSSP+election&pg=PA3|title=Exploring Confrontation: Sri Lanka--politics, Culture and History|date=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-7186-5692-9}}</ref> The LSSP had 19 MPs in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite book|last=Oberst|first=Robert C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3akDwAAQBAJ&q=1970+LSSP+19+seats&pg=PT26|title=Legislators And Representation In Sri Lanka: The Decentralization Of Development Planning|date=2019-04-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-71153-4}}</ref> Dr NM Perera, Dr [[Colvin R de Silva]] and [[Leslie Goonewardene]] became Ministers of Finance, Constitutional Affairs with Plantation Industries and Transport and Communication, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=1 Aug 1970, Page 17 - The Gazette and Daily at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/96747106/?terms=Lanka+Sama+Samaja |website=Newspapers.com |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>

The Party was able to advance parts of its programme considerably: Foreign-owned plantations were nationalised, local ownership was restricted, democratically elected [[workers' councils]] were established in state corporations and government departments under the purview of its ministries, and measures were taken that narrowed the gap between the rich and poor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qes8AAAAIAAJ&q=ceylon+Foreign-owned+plantations+were+nationalised&pg=PA193|title=Electoral Politics in an Emergent State: The Ceylon General Election of May 1970|date=1975|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-001-32712-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jwZAAAAIAAJ|title=Tribune|date=1975|publisher=Ceylon News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKBtAAAAMAAJ&q=ceylon+nationalisation+1970|title=Asian Almanac|date=1971|publisher=V.T. Sambandan}}</ref>

Several LSSP members were appointed to important posts in which they could press forward the party programme: [[Anil Moonesinghe]] became Chairman of the [[Ceylon Transport Board]] and theoretician [[Hector Abhayavardhana]] was made Chairman of the [[People's Bank (Sri Lanka)|People's Bank]] and [[Doric de Souza]] was appointed permanent secretary to the Ministry of Plantations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert Jackson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&q=Anil+Moonesinghe+became+Chairman+of+the+Ceylon+Transport+Board&pg=PA178|title=International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement|date=1991|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abhayavardhana|first=Hector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Hector+Abhayavardhana+was+made+Chairman+of+the+People's+Bank|title=Hector Abhayavardhana: Selected Writings|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-40-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sri Lanka Pārlimēntuva Senate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQIeAAAAIAAJ&q=Doric+de+Souza+was+appointed+permanent+secretary+to+the+Ministry+of+Plantations|title=Parliamentary Debates|date=1970}}</ref>

Dr [[Seneka Bibile]], a member of the LSSP, became the founder Chairperson of the [[State Pharmaceuticals Corporation of Sri Lanka|State Pharmaceuticals Corporation]] (SPC) - which distributed drugs at affordable rates, by generic name instead of by trade name.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jayaratne|first=Osmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLorAAAAYAAJ&q=Dr+Seneka+Bibile+Chairperson+of+the+State+Pharmaceuticals+Corporation|title=Memoirs of Osmund Jayaratne|date=2004|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=978-955-20-7584-1}}</ref> The SPC, which became a model for the Third World and remains so today, was based on a report on Pharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka of which the authors were Dr S. A. Wickremesinghe and Seneka Bibile.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fathelrahman|first1=Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewe5BAAAQBAJ&q=Dr+S.+A.+Wickremesinghe+and+Seneka+Bibile+State+Pharmaceuticals+Corporation&pg=PA90|title=Pharmacy Practice in Developing Countries: Achievements and Challenges|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Mohamed|last3=Wertheimer|first3=Albert|date=2016-02-13|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-801711-1}}</ref>

The ''Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues'' and the other bodies affiliated to the party (membership of the party proper was still restricted to a small cadre, on a [[Leninist]] model) saw unprecedented growth at this time.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The leadership looked to [[Salvador Allende]]'s [[Chile]] as a model of revolution through parliamentary means.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-06-10|title=N. M., Allende & Chavez: Re-reading Three Strategies For Socialism|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/n-m-allende-chavez-re-reading-three-strategies-for-socialism/ |website=Colombo Telegraph |language=en-US |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Island|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=126292 |website=island.lk |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> Leslie Goonewardene, easily the most cosmopolitan of the party's leaders, established contact with the 'Captains' of the [[Movement of the Armed Forces]] ('Movimento das Forças Armadas' – MFA) of Portugal, after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of April 1974; he also became a theoretician of [[Eurocommunism]] and its application to Sri Lanka, writing a pamphlet 'Can we Get To Socialism This Way'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Muthiah|first1=Wesley S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaHaAAAAMAAJ&q=leslie+goonewardene+christian|title=Socialist Women of Sri Lanka|last2=Thiruchandran|first2=Selvy|last3=Wanasinghe|first3=Sydney|date=2006|publisher=Young Socialist Publication|isbn=9789559150060}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kfK34Y7mYkC&q=leslie+goonewardene+theoretician&pg=PA41|title=The Break-up of Sri Lanka: The Sinhalese-Tamil Conflict|date=1988|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-033-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Duraisingam|first=Thambimuttu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjpuAAAAMAAJ&q=leslie+goonewardene+theoretician|title=Politics and Life in Our Times: Selected Articles Published for Over a Century|date=2000|publisher=Thambimuttu Duraisingam}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goonewardene|first=Leslie|title=Can we get to socialism this way?|publisher=The Times of Ceylon|location=Colombo|oclc=1056508031}}</ref>

In 1975, the United Front broke up with the expulsion of the LSSP ministers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfnySuCvVPYC&q=lanka+sama+samja+Trotskyist|title=The Economist|date=1977|publisher=Economist Newspaper Limited}}</ref> The party then pursued a line of forming a new socialist alliance, the Socialist United Front (SUF).<ref name="Intercontinental Press">{{cite news |title=Unknown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEVbAAAAMAAJ&q=Socialist+United+Front+LSSP |newspaper=Intercontinental Press |year=1977}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2020|reason=This is a year's worth of news! Provide the exact date, author, title and page!}}</ref> This was finally formed in 1977 with the CPSL and with the People's Democratic Party (PDP), made up of leftist elements from the SLFP led by [[Nanda Ellawala]].<ref name="Intercontinental Press" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieYhAQAAIAAJ&q=Socialist+United+Front+Nanda+Ellawala|title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine|date=1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Muller|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d33MfEFXvW8C&q=Socialist+United+Front+Nanda+Ellawala&pg=PA1353|title=Political Handbook of the World 2012|date=2012-04-02|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-60871-995-2}}</ref>

=== Electoral struggle (1977) ===
In 1977, the LSSP and CP lost all their Parliamentary seats, and the Left was unrepresented - something that had not happened in the 46 years since the introduction of [[universal suffrage]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Silva|first1=K.M. De|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2riAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1977,+the+LSSP+and+CP+lost+all+their+Parliamentary+seats|title=J.R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: 1956-1989|last2=Wriggins|first2=William Howard|date=1988|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824816926}}</ref> The party and its allies received over 8% of the vote, but this was not sufficient to win any seats under the first-past-the-post system then in place in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bastian|first1=Sunil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJgBroRWX_MC&q=first-past-the-post+system+sri+lanka&pg=PA199|title=Can Democracy be Designed?: The Politics of Institutional Choice in Conflict-Torn Societies|last2=Luckham|first2=Robin|date=2003-08-23|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-151-8}}</ref> The same year the LSSP suffered another split, as a group led by the youth leader [[Vasudeva Nanayakkara]] broke away and formed the [[Nava Sama Samaja Party]] (NSSP).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=David S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4uyAAAAIAAJ&q=Nava+Sama+Samaja+Party+formed|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific: A Reference Guide|last2=Sagar|first2=Darren J.|date=1992|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-09811-4}}</ref>

This was compounded by the death of N. M. Perera in 1979.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gunawardena|first=Charles A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&q=death+of+N.+M.+Perera+in+1979&pg=PA108|title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-48-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fukui|first1=Haruhiro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pV0lAAAAMAAJ&q=death+of+N.+M.+Perera+in+1979|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific|last2=Hughes|first2=Colin A.|date=1985|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-21350-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Island-Features|url=http://www.island.lk/2009/08/13/features7.html |website=island.lk |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref> His funeral was one of the largest ever seen in Colombo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duraisingam|first=Thambimuttu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjpuAAAAMAAJ&q=N.+M.+Perera+funeral+colombo|title=Politics and Life in Our Times: Selected Articles Published for Over a Century|date=2000|publisher=Thambimuttu Duraisingam}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nz8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=N.+M.+Perera+funeral+colombo|title=Tribune|date=1979|publisher=Ceylon News Service}}</ref>

==== The end of the LSSP trade union movement ====
In 1980, an even worse catastrophe occurred. The UNP Government provoked a strike in the Railway Department.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biyanwila|first=S. Janaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm7FBQAAQBAJ&q=1980+sri+lanka+strike&pg=PT109|title=The Labour Movement in the Global South: Trade Unions in Sri Lanka|date=2010-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-90425-7}}</ref> The strike became a [[general strike]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jayatilake|first=Linus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bm9MswEACAAJ&q=1980+sri+lanka+strike|title=General Strike 1980: Sri Lanka President J.R. Jayawardene's Democracy Unmasked|date=1980|publisher=National Committee}}</ref> The government cracked down on the trade unions, jailing many labour leaders, including Anil Moonesinghe and G.E.H. Perera of the Government Workers' Trade Union Federation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgeyAAAAIAAJ&q=1980+strike+lssp|title=Labour Capital and Society: Travail Capital Et Société|date=1983|publisher=Centre for Developing-Area Studies, McGill University.}}</ref> The strike was crushed and with it the LSSP trade union movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fernando|first=J. Basil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rcVAQAAIAAJ&q=sri+lanka+1980+strike+was+crushed|title=Sri Lanka: Militarization Vs. Modernization|date=1991|publisher=Asia Monitor Resource Center|isbn=978-962-7145-13-4}}</ref>

==== Further splits ====
In 1982 the LSSP split over the question of a coalition with the SLFP. Anil Moonesinghe, Cholomondely Goonewardena, G. E. H. Perera, Wilfred Senanayake and others formed the [[Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (SLSSP), which dissolved the next year and merged with the SLFP.<ref name="Trotskyist Organisations">{{cite book|title=Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party Political Parties in Sri Lanka, Trotskyist Organisations of Sri Lanka|publisher=TypPRESS|year=2013|isbn=978-613-9-19336-3}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}} Moonesinghe charged that the LSSP had been taken over by the BSP faction.<ref name="Trotskyist Organisations" />{{page needed|date=July 2020}} Scuffles broke out between the LSSP and the SLSSP at the joint [[May Day]] procession that year.<ref name="Trotskyist Organisations" />{{page needed|date=July 2020}}

At the Presidential election held that year, the LSSP put forward Dr Colvin R de Silva as its candidate, the SLSSP backed Hector Kobbekaduwa of the SLFP.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0sZAAAAIAAJ|title=Tribune|date=1982|publisher=Ceylon News Service}}</ref><ref name="Jayawardane 1988">{{cite book|last=Jayawardane|first=Lakshman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTduAAAAMAAJ&q=Dr+Colvin+R+de+Silva+presidential+candidate|title=Sri Lanka presidential election, 88: issues and trends|date=1988|publisher=Lakshman Jayawardane}}</ref> Dr Colvin R de Silva was beaten into 5th place.<ref name="Jayawardane 1988"/>

Following the signing of the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]] in 1987, the party was at the receiving end of the terror campaign.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhasin|first=Avtar Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Indo-Sri+Lanka+Accord+in+1987+lanka+sama|title=India-Sri Lanka relations and Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict documents, 1947-2000|date=2001|publisher=Indian Research Press|isbn=978-81-87943-10-5}}</ref>

=== 1994 and after ===
The LSSP joined the [[People's Alliance (Sri Lanka)|People's Alliance]], the front led by the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] in 1994.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Busky|first=Donald F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5Bxd7sq9KcC&q=lssp+joins+People's+Alliance&pg=PA65|title=Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97733-7}}</ref> It had three members elected to Parliament that year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biyanwila|first=S. Janaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7kuCgAAQBAJ&q=LSSP+has+three+members+elected+to+Parliament&pg=PA25|title=The Labour Movement in the Global South: Trade Unions in Sri Lanka|date=2010-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-90426-4}}</ref> [[Bernard Soysa]] was Minister of Science and Technology.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXesBG6LlhIC&q=Bernard+Soysa+was+Minister+of+Science+and+Technology&pg=RA5-PA3|title=Sri Lanka News|date=1997|publisher=Embassy of Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sri Lanka Embassy (U.S.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYii6xBPtjgC&q=Bernard+Soysa+was+Minister+of+Science+and+Technology&pg=PP7|title=News Letter|date=1995|publisher=The Embassy}}</ref> In 1999, [[Vasudeva Nanayakkara]] was expelled after having publicly criticized the People's Alliance government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lansford|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i39ZDwAAQBAJ&q=Vasudeva+Nanayakkara+expelled+from+LSSP&pg=PT6003|title=Political Handbook of the World 2015|date=2015-03-24|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=978-1-4833-7156-6}}</ref> Nanayakkara had joined LSSP from the NSSP in 1994 and had been elected MP for [[Ratnapura]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dissanayaka |first=T.D.S.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2VuAAAAMAAJ&q=Vasudeva+Nanayakkara+Ratnapura|title=The Politics of Sri Lanka: The provincial council election of 1999|date=1994|publisher=Swastika (Private) Limited|isbn=978-955-572-001-4}}</ref> After his expulsion, Nanayakkara floated the [[Democratic Left Front]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rajadorai|first1=N. P.|last2=Corr|first2=Ratnapura Special|title=Vasudeva never changed his party, policies– PM|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2020/02/24/local/212334/vasudeva-never-changed-his-party-policies%E2%80%93-pm |website=Daily News |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>

When the SLFP shelved the PA and formed the [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] together with [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] ahead of the [[2004 Sri Lankan legislative election|2004 elections]], the CPSL and LSSP initially stayed out. They did however, sign a memorandum with the UPFA at a later stage and contested the elections on the UPFA platform. LSSP won one parliamentary seat. Its lone MP, [[Tissa Vitharana]], was named Minister of Science and Technology.<ref name="LSSP-BBC-20052">{{cite news|date=1 October 2005|title=Divisions in the left emerge|work=BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2005/10/051001_batti.shtml}}</ref>

The LSSP has gradually decreased in strength. The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues has been disbanded. The party celebrated its 70th anniversary in December 2005, with a well-attended rally in Colombo.<ref name="LSSP-marxist2">{{cite web|title=Ceylon/Sri Lanka: The Rise of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party|url=http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/alex/works/in_trot/cey1_1.htm|publisher=Marxists Internet Archive(MIA)}}</ref><ref name="LSSP-daily-dec-20072">{{cite news|date=24 December 2007|title=Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the working class|work=Daily News|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/12/24/fea02.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228173318/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/12/24/fea02.asp|archive-date=28 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="LSSP-marxist-trotsky2">{{cite web|title=Origins Of Trotskyism In Ceylon|url=http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/srilanka/ch03.htm|publisher=Marxists Internet Archive(MIA)}}</ref><ref name="LSSP-bolshevik2">{{cite web|title=The Struggle for Trotskyism in Ceylon|url=http://www.bolshevik.org/history/smk/SMK01.htm|publisher=International Bolshevik Tendency (IBT)}}</ref>

On 4 December 2019, [[Tissa Vitharana]] was appointed as Governor for the [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor post for Tissa Vitharana |url=https://www.lankanewsweb.net/67-general-news/52841-Governor-post-for-Tissa-Vitharana |website=lankanewsweb.net |access-date=2020-02-20 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220150154/https://www.lankanewsweb.net/67-general-news/52841-Governor-post-for-Tissa-Vitharana |url-status=dead }}</ref> being sworn in before President [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-12-04|title=Tissa Vitharana among two new Governors appointed|url=https://colombogazette.com/2019/12/04/tissa-vitharana-among-two-new-governors-appointed/|website=Colombo Gazette |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>

== Organisational model ==
[[File:Lsspoffice.JPG|right|thumb|LSSP's main office, situated in [[Colombo]]]]
The LSSP operated as a [[Professional revolutionaries|cadre]] party on the [[Leninist]] model.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgjH0GjmTeIC&q=LSSP+cadre+party&pg=PA338|title=Exploring Confrontation: Sri Lanka--politics, Culture and History|date=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-7186-5692-9|page=338}}</ref> In order to become a member one had first to be active in the peripheral organisations such as the trade unions, women's organisations and youth leagues.<ref name="Kearney 2021">{{cite book|last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJbpDwAAQBAJ&q=LSSP+cadre+party&pg=PA72|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|date=2021-01-08|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33174-7|page=72}}</ref> Thereafter it was necessary to serve several months' apprenticeship as a candidate member before being elevated to full membership with voting rights.<ref name="Kearney 2021" /> The basic unit of the Party is the Local, consisting of only full- and candidate-members. Locals also exist inside trade unions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leslie Goonewardene: A Short History of the LSSP|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/goonewardene/1960/lssp.htm |website=marxists.org |access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>

Internally, the LSSP uses democratic process. The supreme body is the conference, which is summoned every few years. The conference decides on policy and elects a [[Central Committee]] (CC) to preside over its implementation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert Jackson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eUtQjseKaIC&q=Lssp+central+committee&pg=PA174|title=International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement|date=1991|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1066-2|page=174}}</ref> The CC appoints members to bureaux to look after specific area, such as the Educational Bureau (EB), Organisational Bureau ([[Orgburo]]) and Trade Union Bureau (TUB); The Political Bureau ([[Politburo]]) is appointed to deal with day-to-day political matters and effectively provides leadership.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwUuAQAAIAAJ&q=Lssp+politburo|title=Asian Recorder|date=1975|pages=pCLXXXVII}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC&q=Lssp+central+committee&pg=PA210|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities|date=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3016-8|page=210}}</ref> The CC also appoints an Editorial Board for running the Samasamajaya newspaper.<ref>{{cite book|last=Karalasingham|first=V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGJYAAAAMAAJ&q=Lssp+Editorial+Board|title=Politics of Coalition|date=1964|publisher=International Publishers}}</ref>

The Party also has regional groupings, which have conferences and appoint office bearers for the Regional Committees (RCs).<ref>{{cite book|last=Perera|first=T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Lssp+Regional+Committees|title=Revolutionary trails, Edmund Samarakkody: a political profile|date=2006|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-80-9|page=68}}</ref> Internationally, there was just one Local, the London Branch. This was also known as the Lanka Socialist League, and was anchored around Wesley Muthiah.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Muthiah|first1=Wesley S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCcvAAAAYAAJ&q=Lanka+Socialist+League+Wesley+Muthiah|title=The Bracegirdle Affair: An Episode in the History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party|last2=Wanasinghe|first2=Sydney|date=1997|publisher=Young Socialist Publication|isbn=978-955-95284-5-6}}</ref>

=== General Secretary ===
There is strictly no [[General Secretary]], but a Secretary to the Central Committee, assisted by a Deputy and an Assistant. Secretaries have been:

* Vernon Gunasekera
* [[Leslie Goonewardene]]
* [[Bernard Soysa]]
* Batty Weerakoon
* Wimalasiri de Mel

==Electoral results==
===Parliamentary===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lanka Sama Samaja Party electoral results
! Year
! Votes
! Percentage of votes
! Vote swing
! Seats won
! Change in seats
! Party leader
! Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[1947 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1947]]
||204,020
|| 10.81%
||{{increase}} 10.81%
||{{Composition bar|10|95|{{party color|Lanka Sama Samaja Party}}}}
|| {{increase}} 10
| rowspan="8" |[[Leslie Goonewardene]] & [[N. M. Perera]]
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[1952 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1952]]
||305,133
|| 13.11%
||{{increase}} 2.30%
||{{Composition bar|9|95|{{party color|Lanka Sama Samaja Party}}}}
||{{decrease}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1956]]
||274,204
|| 10.36%
||{{decrease}} 2.75%
||{{Composition bar|14|95|{{party color|Lanka Sama Samaja Party}}}}
|| {{increase}} 5
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1960 (March)]]
||325,286
|| 10.70%
|| {{increase}} 0.34%
||{{Composition bar|10|151|{{party color|Lanka Sama Samaja Party}}}}
||{{decrease}} 4
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1960 (July)]]
||224,995
|| 7.31%
|| {{decrease}} 3.39%
||{{Composition bar|12|151|{{party color|Lanka Sama Samaja Party}}}}
||{{increase}} 2
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1965]]
||302,095
|| 7.47%
||{{increase}} 0.16%
||{{Composition bar|10|151|{{party color|Lanka Sama Samaja Party}}}}
|| {{decrease}} 2
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1970]]
||433,224
|| 8.68%
|| {{increase}} 1.21%
||{{Composition bar|19|151|{{party color|Lanka Sama Samaja Party}}}}
|| {{increase}} 9
| {{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977]]
||225,317
|| 3.61%
|| {{decrease}} 5.07%
||{{Composition bar|0|168|{{party color|Lanka Sama Samaja Party}}}}
|| {{decrease}} 19
| {{no|Extra parliamentary}}
|}
{{refbegin}}
:In the 1947, 1952 and 1956 elections the assembly had 95 [[Plurality voting system|single-member constituencies]]. In 1960 it was expanded to 151 seats and in 1977 to 168.
:In 1965 [[Bernard Soysa]] was elected unopposed in his constituency.
{{refend}}
In recent elections, the LSSP has contested as part of a political coalition of multiple parties.
*In [[1989 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1989]], the LSSP contested as part of the United Socialist Alliance.
*From [[1994 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1994]] to [[2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2001]] the LSSP contested on the lists of the [[People's Alliance (Sri Lanka)|People's Alliance]].
*From [[2004 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2004]] to [[2015 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2015]], the LSSP contested on the lists of the [[United People's Freedom Alliance]].
*In [[2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2020]], the LSSP contested on the lists of the [[Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance]].

===Presidential===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Candidate
! Votes
! %
! Result
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[1982 Sri Lankan presidential election|1982]]
| [[Colvin R. de Silva]]
| 58,531
| 0.90%
| {{no2|Lost}}
|}

== Leaders and important members ==
{{Social democracy sidebar}}
:''See List of Members of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party.''
{{Socialism sidebar}}The LSSP has never had a formal leader.<ref name="Education for Socialists Bulletins">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1MMAAAAYAAJ&q=LSSP+never+had+formal+leader|title=Towards a History of the Fourth International: Education for Socialists Bulletins Towards a History of the Fourth International|date=1975|publisher=National Education Department, Socialist Workers Party|page=12}}</ref> In the period immediately after its formation, Dr Colvin R de Silva was elected President, but the post was later removed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVCOAAAAMAAJ&q=LSSP+Dr+Colvin+R+de+Silva+president|title=Britain, World War 2 & the Sama Samajists: A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office, London|date=1996-01-01|publisher=Young Socialist Publication|isbn=978-955-95284-4-9|page=5}}</ref> For many years, N. M. Perera was the leader of the LSSP Parliamentary Group and was recognised by the public as the party leader.<ref>{{cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=N.+M.+Perera+was+the+leader+of+the+LSSP+Parliamentary+Group|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC&q=N.+M.+Perera+was+the+leader+of+the+LSSP+Parliamentary+Group&pg=PA217|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities|date=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3016-8}}</ref> However, the actual leadership has always been that of a group represented in the various bureaux of the Central Committee.<ref name="Education for Socialists Bulletins" />

A large proportion of the leadership of the Left in Sri Lanka started their political lives in the LSSP. This is even true of the political right; for example, Esmond Wickremasinghe (the father of [[Ranil Wickremasinghe]]) was a leading member of the party - before marrying the daughter of the wealthy press baron D. R Wijewardena and being appointed editor-in-chief of [[Lake House]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jayaratne|first=Osmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLorAAAAYAAJ&q=Esmond+Wickremasinghe+LSSP|title=Memoirs of Osmund Jayaratne|date=2004|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=978-955-20-7584-1|page=23}}</ref> [[W. Dahanayake]], the later prime minister, was associated with the LSSP before gravitating right-wards (finally ending up in the UNP).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezomR7cBacsC&q=W.+Dahanayake+LSSP|title=The Ceylon Historical Journal|date=1952|publisher=Tisara Prakasakayo|page=161}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Al|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFOOAAAAMAAJ&q=W.+Dahanayake+LSSP|title=Blows Against the Empire: Trotskyism in Ceylon: The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1964|date=1997|publisher=Porcupine Press|isbn=978-1-899438-26-6|page=77}}</ref>

[[Tissa Abeysekara]] was at one time tipped to stand for parliament on the National list; however, on two occasions he was holding public office (Chairman National Film Corporation) and therefore turned down, but remained an integral member of the party.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/04/22/news20.asp |title=True humanist |date=22 April 2009 |work=dailynews |access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>

== Publications ==
The LSSP's main organ has always been the ''Samasamajaya'' newspaper.<ref name=Wickramasinghe/>{{rp|242}} Its founder-editor was B. J. Fernando, who composed the [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] version of the ''[[Internationale]]''.<ref name="Lerski 1968 p33">{{Cite book|last1=Lerski|first1=Jerzy Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut9mAAAAMAAJ&q=B.+J.+Fernando+lssp|title=Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1935-1942|last2=Lerski|first2=George Jan|date=1968|publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace |page=33}}</ref> Today, its publication is somewhat irregular. For many years it was supplemented by the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''Samadharmam'' which was commenced in 1938.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVCOAAAAMAAJ&q=Samadharmam+LSSP|title=Britain, World War 2 & the Sama Samajists: A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office, London|date=1996-01-01|publisher=Young Socialist Publication|isbn=978-955-95284-4-9}}</ref> Its first editor was K. Ramanathan, later succeeded by T. E. Pushparajan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=LSSP+K.+Ramanathan|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association}}</ref><ref name="Lerski 1968 p33" />

In the period of underground struggle, the ''Kamkaruwa'', was revived as a legal Sinhalese weekly the 'open' section of the Party and published until banned by Admiral Sir [[Geoffrey Layton]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=By4sAAAAIAAJ&q=LSSP+Kamkaruwa|title=Social Science Review|date=1980|publisher=Social Scientists Association}}</ref><ref name="Lerski 1968 p33" /> The 'open' section also brought out ''Straight Left'' in English.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sworakowski|first=Witold S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlQYAAAAIAAJ&q=LSSP+Straight+Left|title=World Communism; a Handbook, 1918-1965|date=1973|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8179-1081-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Amarasinghe|first=Y. Ranjith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxkvAAAAYAAJ&q=LSSP+Straight+Left|title=Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics: A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka|date=2000|publisher=Social Scientists' Association}}</ref>

In 1960 a special magazine was brought out to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the LSSP, ''Visi Pas Vasrak''. The large number of members of the [[Ceylon Mercantile Union]] (CMU) who had been sacked from [[Lake House]] that year collaborated in its production.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kearney|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJbpDwAAQBAJ&q=LSSP+Ceylon+Mercantile+Union&pg=PA162|title=Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon|date=2021-01-08|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33174-7}}</ref>

In 1965, in response to the need for a broad-left popular newspaper to counteract Lake House's ''Dinamina'', the LSSP and members of the SLFP began the ''[[Janadina]]'' daily and the ''Janasathiya'' weekly newspaper, later supplemented by the poetry periodical ''Janakavi''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj22Puk37IUC&q=Janadina+1965&pg=PA157|title=Electoral Politics in an Emergent State: The Ceylon General Election of May 1970|date=2010-06-10|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15311-9}}</ref> The CMU members sacked from Lake House were prominent in these publications as well. A similar task was carried out in English by ''The Nation''; however, when this weekly was taken over by the SLFP, the LSSP started the ''Socialist Nation'', edited by Hector Abhayavardhana.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abhayavardhana|first=Hector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Socialist+Nation,+edited+by+Hector+Abhayavardhana|title=Hector Abhayavardhana: Selected Writings|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Social Scientists' Association|isbn=978-955-9102-40-3}}</ref>

A press, the 'Star Press', was begun as a semi-commercial venture, to print the LSSP's publications, and it still operates.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wriggins|first=William Howard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCfWCgAAQBAJ&q=Star+Press+LSSP&pg=PA475|title=Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation|date=2015-12-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7690-7}}</ref>

A theoretical journal, ''Rajaya'', edited by a board led by [[Osmund Jayaratne]], was published in 1975. This and its English version ''State'' were suspended after a few issues.

== See also ==
* [[Cocos Islands Mutiny]]
* [[Ceylon Federation of Labour]]
* [[GCSU Sri Lanka]]
* [[I. J. Wickrema]]
* [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Ceylon National Congress]]
* [[Sri Lankan independence movement]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/History/Lssp.html Leslie Goonewardena, ''A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031231503/http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/History/Lssp.html |date=31 October 2006 }} accessed 4 November 2005
* [http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/srilanka/ch01.htm George Jan Lerski, ''Origins Of Trotskyism In Ceylon''] accessed 4 November 2005
* [http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/alex/works/in_trot/cey1_1.htm Robert J. Alexander, ''Ceylon/Sri Lanka: The Rise of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party''] accessed 25 December 2005
* [[James Jupp]], ''Sri Lanka — Third World Democracy'', Frank Cass, London, 1978.
* Y. Ranjith Amarasinghe, ''Revolutionary Idealism & Parliamentary Politics - A Study Of Trotskyism In Sri Lanka'', Colombo, 1998.
* Wesley S. Muttiah and Sydney Wanasinghe, ''We Were Making History - Saga of the Hartal of August 1953'', Colombo, 2002.

==External links==
* {{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20150601224255/http://www.samasamaja.org/}}
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv72973 George E. Rennar Papers.] 1933-1972. 37.43 cubic feet. At the [http://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.] Contains ephemera on the Lanka Sama Samaja Party from 1957.

{{Collaboration with Axis Powers}}
{{LSSP}}
{{Sri Lankan political parties}}

[[Category:Lanka Sama Samaja Party| ]]
[[Category:Communism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in Ceylon]]
[[Category:Communist parties in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1935]]
[[Category:Trotskyist parties]]
[[Category:Trotskyist organisations in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:United People's Freedom Alliance]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Ceylonese collaborators with the Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Political parties in Sri Lanka]]

Geevarghese Ivanios (Syro-Malankara)

2026-04-11T12:08:37Z

GarlandGurule05: created info

{{Short description|Indian Metropolitan Archbishop (1882–1953)}}
{{About|the first metropolitan archbishop of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|3=Ivanios (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Metropolitan Archbishop & Malankara Catholic Reunion Father
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Ivanios Geevarghese Panikkervettil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| title = Metropolitan Archbishop
| image = ARCHBISHOP GEEVARGHESE MAR IVANIOS.jpg
| caption =
| church = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
| see = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum]]
| term_start = 11 June 1932
| term_end = 15 July 1953
| successor = [[Benedict Gregorios|Aboun Mor Benedict Gregorios Thangalathil OIC]]
| ordination = 15 September 1908
| ordained_by = [[Dionysius of Vattasseril]]
| consecration = 1 May 1925
| consecrated_by = [[Baselios Geevarghese I]]
| birth_name = P. T Geevarghese
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1882|9|21}}
| birth_place = Mavelikkara, [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1953|7|15|1882|9|21}}
| tomb = [[St. Mary's Malankara Syrian Catholic Cathedral]]
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| nationality = {{flagcountry|India}}
| previous_post = Metropolitan Archbishop of Bethany Ashram of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
| other = 
| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| honorific_prefix = [[Venerable]]
| honorific_suffix = [[The Bethany Ashram|OIC]]
}}

{{Nasrani People}}

'''Panikkervettil Thomas Panicker Geevarghese''' (21 September 1882 '''–''' 15 July 1953), known formally as '''Geevarghese Mar Ivanios''', was a prominent Indian bishop and the first [[List of archbishops of Trivandrum|metropolitan archbishop]] and the founder of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgutheses.in/page/about_book.php?q=T%201487&search=&page=&rad=|title=The reunion movement among the St Thomas Christians 19th and 20th centuries|publisher=[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]|year=2008}}</ref> He was a key figure in the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church#History|Malankara Reunion Movement]], which sought to reunite the [[Malankara Church]] with the [[Catholic Church]], culminating in his joining the Roman Catholic Church in 1930 along with a small group of followers.

Mar Ivanios was instrumental in founding the [[The Bethany Ashram|Bethany Ashram]] and played a vital role in the establishment of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Hierarchy, becoming the first bishop of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Archdiocese of Trivandrum]] in 1932. He was the first [[Master of Arts|M.A. degree]] holder in the [[Kerala]] or [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Church]]. He also served as the principal of the Kottayam M.D Seminary High School and as a professor at [[Serampore College]]. Geevarghese established about 50 schools, including one 'A' grade college named [[Mar Ivanios College]].

He is a candidate for sainthood in the Catholic Church, having been declared a [[Servant of God]] by Cardinal [[Baselios Cleemis|Baselios Cleemis Thottungal]] in 2007 and [[The Venerable|Venerable]] by [[Pope Francis]] in 2024.

{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

== Early life ==

P. T. Geevarghese was born on 21 September 1882, in [[Mavelikkara]], [[Kerala]], [[India]], to Thomas Panicker and Annamma Panicker.

Geevarghese was a member of the Panickervettil family, an [[Tharavad|aristocratic lineage]] in Mavelikkara, which was part of the [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]], now located in the [[Alappuzha]] district of Kerala. The family was recognized with the title of "Mylitta Panicker" by the rulers of Travancore.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qxvith1X8wM |title=Tea With Thomas {{!}} Episode 3 - Part 1 {{!}} Legacy of Venerable Archbishop Mar Ivanios w/ Mother Sandra |date=2024-09-15 |last=Tea With Thomas |access-date=2024-09-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Geevarghese received his early education at Protestant and government schools. In 1897, he attended M. D. Seminary High School in [[Kottayam]], and later pursued higher studies at [[Serampore College]] and [[Madras Christian College]]. He completed his matriculation in 1899, after receiving minor clerical orders on 20 September 1898.<ref>From a book "Archbishop Mor Ivanios" by Rev Fr Thomas Injakalodi, Vol. 1,(2006) Chapter-2 Page-27</ref>

== Career ==

=== 1900–1907: Deacon ===
He was ordained a deacon on 9 January 1900 by Pulikkottil Dionysius, the then [[Malankara Metropolitan]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. Following his ordination, he pursued further studies at [[CMS College Kottayam|CMS College]], and later obtained a bachelor's degree in economics and Indian history from [[Madras Christian College]]. In 1907, he completed his [[Master's degree]] (MA) with distinction from the same institution. Upon returning from Madras, he was appointed principal of M.D. Seminary High School, his alma mater. During his tenure, he played a significant role in various initiatives aimed at renewing the Malankara Church. He organized basic church communities and initiated Bible conventions, earning him the popular title "Koodhasa Shemmashan" (Deacon of Sacraments).<ref>Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'', Vol. 1, (2006) pp. 72-74.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Archdiocese Tvm |url=https://malankaratvm.com/Welcome/viewformerprelates |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=malankaratvm.com}}</ref>

=== 1908–1912: Priestly life ===
On 15 September 1908, he was ordained to the priesthood as P.T. Geevarghese by [[Dionysius of Vattasseril|Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril]], the Malankara Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox Church]]. Geevarghese became widely known as "M.A. Achan", as he was the first priest in Malankara with a Master's degree.<ref>[[Malayala Manorama]], 29 July 1908 quoted in Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'' Vol. 1 (2006), p. 89.</ref> He was a key figure in the efforts to establish hierarchical autonomy for the [[Malankara Church]], which led to the erection of the Catholicate on 5 September 1912. This event resulted in a division within the Malankara Church, with one faction led by Malankara Metropolitan Vattasseril Dionysius (the Bishop's party) and the other by the Antiochian Jacobite Patriarch (the Bava party). Geevarghese was aligned with the Bishop's party.

=== 1912-1925: Professorship in Serampore; Bethany Ashram, Bethany Madham ===
{{See also|The Bethany Ashram}}In 1912, Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril received an invitation to attend a conference in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. He chose Geevarghese to accompany him to the event. During the conference, they met Dr. Howels, the principal of Serampore College, who requested that the Metropolitan allow Geevarghese to serve as a professor at the college. With the Metropolitan's permission, Geevarghese accepted the position, using the opportunity to contribute to the education of Malankara youth. Approximately 20 young people from Kerala traveled to Calcutta for higher education as a result of this initiative.<ref>Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'' Vol. 1, (2006), pp. 146-147</ref>

While at Serampore, Geevarghese found more time for prayer and contemplation. He became influenced by the writings of [[Basil of Caesarea]] on sanyasa ([[monasticism]]), which played a significant role in shaping his vision. Additionally, visits to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Sabarmati Ashram]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]] provided him with a new perspective on Indian monasticism. These experiences led Geevarghese to consider establishing an order of missionaries dedicated to evangelization in India. Gradually, his residence at Serampore, along with his followers, evolved into an Ashram (monastery), where they adopted a form of religious life based on the monastic rules of St. Basil, adapted to Indian culture.<ref>Fr. Thomas Kuzhinapurath, "Mar Ivanios: Bharata Christava Sanyasathinte Pravachakan", ''Deepika'', 15 July 1997.</ref> Following this decision, Geevarghese resigned from his position at Serampore College.

After returning from Calcutta, Geevarghese sought a location to establish an ashram. A friend, E. John Vakeel, donated 100 acres (400,000 m2) of land at Mundanmala, [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]-Perunadu, Kerala, at the confluence of the [[Pamba River|Pamba]] and [[Kakkattar|Kakkatt]] rivers. The land was initially covered with dense, thorny vegetation. Geevarghese and his followers built a small thatched hut from tree branches and bamboo, marking the establishment of the first ashram in Malankara on 15 August 1919. After prayerful reflection, Geevarghese named the ashram "Bethany," finding the name appropriate for a religious order that emphasized both contemplation and action.<ref>Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'' (Vol.1), pp. 152-171</ref> Over time, the [[The Bethany Ashram|Bethany Ashram]] became a site for pilgrimage and spiritual retreats, particularly during Passion Week. Geevarghese envisioned the ashram as a place of refuge for the poor and marginalized, and alongside it, he established a home for orphans.

While at Serampore, Geevarghese also contemplated the empowerment of [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] women through education. To advance this goal, he initiated the education and training of selected young girls with assistance from the Epiphany Sisters of England, who were working in Serampore. In 1925, he founded the Bethany Madom (literally "Bethany Great House" or convent) as a religious institution for women.

=== 1925–1930: Bishop of Bethany; Ecclesial communion ===
[[File:Five Pillars.jpg|thumb|The "Five Pillars" of the Malankara Reunion Movement: Geevarghese, [[Jacob Theophilos|Mar Theophilos]], [[John Kuzhinapurath]], Alexander, and Chacko Kiliyilathu]]
Geevarghese was ordained as the Bishop of Bethany by the Malankara Synod and consecrated as a bishop of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church by [[Baselios Geevarghese I]] on 1 May 1925, adopting the name Geevarghese Ivanios.<ref name="CLL">{{cite journal | last =Rajan | first =Matthew | title = Baselios Geevarghese I - Second Catholicose | journal=The Christian Light of Life | url=http://www.lightoflife.com/LOL_Arch_Basalios_GeevargheseI_Second_Catholicose.htm | year = 2004 |volume=3| issue=12|pages=221–225 }}</ref> On 20 September 1930, [[Jacob Theophilos|Mar Theophilos]], [[John Kuzhinapurath]], Alexander Attupurath, and Chacko Kiliyileth made a Catholic profession of faith before Aloysius Maria Benziger, the Bishop of [[Kollam]]. Many members of the Bethany orders also entered into full communion with the Catholic Church, leading to the formation of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.

=== 1932: Establishment of the Syro-Malankara Catholic hierarchy ===
In 1932, Geevarghese traveled to Rome in response to letters from the [[Vatican City|Vatican]], where he met [[Pope Pius XI]] and received the [[pallium]]. He also attended the [[1932 Eucharistic Congress|thirty-second Eucharistic Congress]] in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]], where he met [[G. K. Chesterton]], who remarked on Geevarghese's role in bringing his community into the Roman Communion.<ref>G.K. Chesterton, ''From the Universe'', quoted in Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'', Vol. 2, Kottayam, 2006, p. 125.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=St.Marys |url=https://stmaryshsspattom.com/welcome/formerlistdetails/1 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=stmaryshsspattom.com}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The dignified Indian gentleman, who represented this far off triumph in the Orient, had changed his neighbours by bringing them to the Roman Communion.|author=G. K. Chesterton}}
Following his return from Rome, Geevarghese worked to establish the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church's infrastructure. On 11 June 1932, Pope Pius XI formally established the Malankara Catholic hierarchy through the apostolic constitution ''Cristo pastorum principi''.<ref>Pius XI,''Cristo pastorum principi'' in ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis'', XXIV (1932) 289-292.</ref>

=== 1933–1951: Ecumenical endeavours; Silver Jubilee ===
Geevarghese sent missionaries to various regions, including receiving clergy from the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. Among them was Joseph Kuzhinjalil, the founder of the Daughters of Mary, who was appointed to work in the southern regions. Under Geevarghese's leadership, about 75 priests from different Malankara denominations joined the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, and approximately 150 parishes, including mission stations, were established.<ref>''Syro-Malankara Catholic Directory'', 1973</ref> Notably, a significant number of [[Hindus]], particularly from the [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] community in [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], also joined the church.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/feb/15/malankara-catholic-nadar-movement-meet-26028.html| title=The Nadar Community of Syro-Malankara Catholic Church| date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = According to Mar Ivanios, education is the best investment in human potential
which brings about high dividends. Ivanios and those who followed him understood the importance of this high dividend-investment and used it to uplift the community in a changing world.
| author = Francis A. Samuel, Ph.D
| source = Public School Monitor<ref>[https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED510277.pdf Mar Ivanios: "A Pedagogue of the Disenfranchised"]</ref>
| width = 30%
}}

Geevarghese established approximately 50 schools and founded [[Mar Ivanios College]], an 'A' grade institution.<ref>Fr. Thomas Inchyakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'', Vol. 2, Kottayam, 2006, p. 225.</ref> In 1948, the [[University of San Francisco]] awarded him an [[Legum Doctor|Honorary Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.) degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Recipients (1905-2000) {{!}} myUSF |url=https://myusf.usfca.edu/president/committees-commissions/honorary-degree-commission/past-recipients-1905-2000 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=myusf.usfca.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=St.Marys |url=https://stmaryshsspattom.com/welcome/formerlistdetails/1 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=stmaryshsspattom.com}}</ref> During his lifetime, he visited prominent figures such as [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry S. Truman]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Appointments of Harry S. Truman {{!}} Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/calendar/search?page=85 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.trumanlibrary.gov}}</ref>

In 1951, the [[Silver jubilee|Silver Jubilee]] of Geevarghese's episcopal ordination was celebrated, during which [[Pope Pius XII]] sent a letter acknowledging the reconciliation efforts led by Geevarghese.<ref>Pius XII, "Letter to Archbishop Mar Ivanios" quoted in M. Gibbons, ''Mar Ivanios (1882-1953) Archbishop of Trivandrum: The Story of a Great Conversion'', Dublin, 1962, p. 127.</ref>

== Death ==
Geevarghese died on 15 July 1953, at the age of 70 after a prolonged illness. Following his death, his remains were placed on the episcopal throne of St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral in accordance with the customs of both the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Orthodox Church]] and the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. He was dressed in his episcopal robes, with his pastoral staff and cross in hand.

On the morning of the funeral, a solemn procession transported his remains from St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral to the crypt of the [[Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom|incomplete new cathedral]]. The procession was attended by thousands, including many who had joined the Catholic Church under his leadership. The Archbishop was buried in a seated position in the main niche of the cathedral crypt, making him the first interred in the cathedral he had initiated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SMCC |date=1953-07-31 |title=Archbishop Mar Ivanios Receives Last Homage of Flock |url=https://www.syromalankara.church/archbishop-mar-ivanios-receives-last-homage-of-flock-1953-07-31.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Malankara Catholic News Network |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

In 1999, Mar Ivanios College became the first institution affiliated with the [[University of Kerala]] to receive accreditation from the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIC |url=https://www.marivanioscollege.com/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.marivanioscollege.com}}</ref>

The [[Malankara Catholic Youth Movement]] holds memorial meetings at Geevarghese's tomb on the eve of his commemoration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-21 |title=MCYM |url=http://mcymcs.com/view_press.php?id=12 |access-date=2024-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521004348/http://mcymcs.com/view_press.php?id=12 |archive-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref>

=== Beatification process ===
Upon the opening of his cause, Geevarghese was declared a [[Servant of God]] on 14 July 2007, one day before the 54th anniversary of his death. The proclamation was delivered by his third successor, [[Baselios Cleemis|Cardinal Baselios Cleemis]], at [[Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom|St. Mary's Malankara Syrian Catholic Cathedral]], in [[Pattom]]. The process for his [[beatification]] remains ongoing. On 14 March 2024, [[Pope Francis]] recognized Archbishop Geevarghese Mar Ivanios' practice of [[heroic virtue]] and conferred upon him the title of [[The Venerable|venerable]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hagiography Circle 2024 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/news_archives_2024.htm#121 |archive-date= |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Hagiography Circle. An Online Resource on Contemporary Hagiography}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Malankara Catholic Youth Movement]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050208100045/http://www.bethanyashram.org/mar%20ivanios.htm "His Grace Most Rev. Geevarghese Mar Ivanios O.I.C."]; Bethany Ashram website, retrieved 10 January 2006
* {{cite web |url = http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpani.html |title = Archbishop Ivanios Givergis Thomas Panikervitis |publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org |author=David Cheney |access-date=15 February 2013 }}
* Maragaret Gibbons, ''Mar Ivanios (1882–1953) Archbishop of Trivandrum: The Story of Great Conversion'', Dublin, 1962.
* L. Moolaveettil, ''The Spiritual Life of Mar Ivanios'', Kottayam, 1977.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Geevarghese Mar Ivanios}}
* [http://www.catholicate.net catholicate.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080225023508/http://www.syromalankara.org/ syromalankara.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpani.html catholic-hierarchy.org]
* [http://www.lightoflife.com/LOL_Mar_Ivanios_Part1.htm lightoflife.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413094646/http://malankaracatholicchurchuk.com/geevarghese-mar-ivanios.html malankaracatholicchurchuk.com]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=None (seat created)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of archbishops of Trivandrum|Metropolitan Archbishop of Trivandrum]]|years=1932–1953}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Benedict Gregorios]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Catholic saints|state=collapsed}}
{{Christianity in Kerala|state=collapsed}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivanios, Geevarghese}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:Founders of Catholic religious communities]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Oriental Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Pius XI]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara bishops]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kerala]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic Servants of God]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics from Kerala]]

The Viral Fever

2026-04-01T14:19:16Z

GarlandGurule05: put up first data more to come

{{short description|Internet video on demand service}}
{{about|an Internet video on demand service|the flu|Influenza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox website
| name = The Viral Fever
| logo = THE_VIRAL_FEVER_OFFICIAL_LOGO.jpg
| logo_size = 180px
| company_type = {{plainlist|
*[[Subsidiary]]
*[[YouTube|YouTube Channel]]}}
| founder = [[Arunabh Kumar]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
* Vijay Koshy {{small|([[President (corporate title)|President]])}}
* Ronit Agarwal {{small|(Talent cast)}}
* Manish Saini {{small|(Executive Director)}}
}}
| industry = {{hlist|[[Entertainment]]|[[Mass media]]}}
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Streaming media]]
* [[Video on demand]]
* TVFPlay
}}
| subsidiaries =
| language = {{hlist|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| website = {{URL|theviralfever.com}}
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Required
| launched = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2010|08|03}}
| current_status = Active
| owner = {{flatlist|
* Contagious Online Media Network Private Limited
}}
| type = [[Over-the-top media service|OTT streaming platform]]
}}

'''The Viral Fever''', abbreviated to '''TVF''', is an Indian [[video on demand]] and [[over-the-top media service]] and [[YouTube]] channel started by TVF Media Labs in 2010, and currently owned and operated by Contagious Online Media Network Private Limited.<ref>{{cite web|title=The new kings of satire|url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/enterprise/emerging-business/the-new-kings-of-satire-623|publisher=Outlook Business|date=17 April 2015|access-date=2017-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419230905/http://www.outlookbusiness.com/enterprise/emerging-business/the-new-kings-of-satire-623|archive-date=2017-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the founder [[Arunabh Kumar]], the thought behind starting TVF was to reach out to the younger generation who seldom watch television entertainment.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Entertainment channel for youth|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/this-iit-kharagpur-alumnus-is-the-brain-behind-the-viral-fever-media/articleshow/46142385.cms|access-date=16 March 2015|work=Economic Times India|date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927210434/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/this-iit-kharagpur-alumnus-is-the-brain-behind-the-viral-fever-media/articleshow/46142385.cms|archive-date=2015-09-27|url-status=live|last1=Saxena |first1=Aditi }}</ref>

The Viral Fever was one of the early arrivals on the Indian digital entertainment segment with videos covering a range of topics on Indian politics, movies, lifestyle, and emerging social concepts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entertainment Network for serious laughter|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/Lessons-in-Laughter/2014/04/21/article2170443.ece|access-date=16 March 2015|work=New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218110059/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/Lessons-in-Laughter/2014/04/21/article2170443.ece|archive-date=2015-02-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Viral Fever was the pioneer of [[web series]] in India with cult hits like ''[[Permanent Roommates]]'', ''Hostel Daze, [[TVF Pitchers]]'' and ''[[TVF Tripling]]''.

The company runs the app and website TVFPlay to host their videos. TVF conceptualised the idea of promoting movies through the creation and distribution of original digital content. The Ishq Wala song series is one such venture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood Movies promo through songs|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121106/jsp/entertainment/story_16162975.jsp|access-date=16 March 2015|work=Telegraph India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175835/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121106/jsp/entertainment/story_16162975.jsp|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Their first web series, ''Permanent Roommates'', debuted in 2014.<ref name=tvfpr>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/the-webstars/|title=Year 2015: When the web series formula arrived in India|date=30 December 2015|publisher=Indian Express|first=Somya|last=Lakhani|access-date=2016-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104055347/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/the-webstars/|archive-date=2016-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the second most-viewed long-form web series in the world by June 2015.<ref name=tvfpr1>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/permanent-roommates-going-the-web-way/article7329851.ece|title=Permanent Roommates: Going the web way|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 December 2015|date=18 June 2015|first=Priyanka|last=Parthasarathi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232026/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/permanent-roommates-going-the-web-way/article7329851.ece|archive-date=2017-01-01|url-status=live}}</ref> A second original series titled ''TVF Pitchers'' was released in June 2015. It portrays engineers at different companies who quit their jobs to create a [[startup company]].<ref name=tvfpitchers>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/tvf-pitchers-review-just-like-beer-this-intelligent-web-show-flows-freely-2416458.html|title=TVF 'Pitchers' ii review: Just like beer, this intelligent web series flows freely|publisher=First Post|date=2 September 2015|first=Manas|last=Mitul|access-date=2016-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230234750/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/tvf-pitchers-review-just-like-beer-this-intelligent-web-show-flows-freely-2416458.html|archive-date=2015-12-30|url-status=live}}</ref> Owing to its growing popularity, with both ''TVF Pitchers'' and ''Permanent Roommates'' being watched by millions around the globe, the company received $10 million in funding from [[Tiger Global]] in February 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.venturegali.com/2016/02/17/online-videos-creator-tvf-receive-10-million-in-funding-from-tiger-global | title=Online Videos creator TVF receives $10 million in funding from Tiger Global | publisher=Venture Gali | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | author=Chopra, Vidit | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221025930/http://www.venturegali.com/2016/02/17/online-videos-creator-tvf-receive-10-million-in-funding-from-tiger-global | archive-date=2016-02-21 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Background==

===Early days===
After graduating from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]], [[Arunabh Kumar]] quit his job as a consultant for [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] to try his hand at production jobs, including assisting [[Farah Khan]] on ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''.<ref name="Saxena">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/this-iit-kharagpur-alumnus-is-the-brain-behind-the-viral-fever-media/articleshow/46142385.cms|title=This IIT Kharagpur alumnus is the brain behind The Viral Fever Media|last=Saxena|first=Aditi|date=2015-02-06|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205956/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/this-iit-kharagpur-alumnus-is-the-brain-behind-the-viral-fever-media/articleshow/46142385.cms|archive-date=2018-02-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar, along with long-time friends and fellow [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] alumni, Amit Golani, and [[Biswapati Sarkar]] began pitching shows targeting young people to [[MTV]].<ref name="Saxena"/> Faced with rejection, The Viral Fever was founded when the group came together and released a video titled Rowdies on YouTube starring Deepak Kumar Mishra and [[Naveen Kasturia]]. The runaway success of the video prompted Arunabh to create the YouTube-focused video company, The Viral Fever, in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pPNZeU4jPzUj1jU99aL8NN/How-The-Viral-Fever-went-viral.html|title=How The Viral Fever went viral|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|date=2016-04-29|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225210428/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pPNZeU4jPzUj1jU99aL8NN/How-The-Viral-Fever-went-viral.html|archive-date=2018-02-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

After a few years of creating "viral videos", The Viral Fever released India's first web series, ''[[Permanent Roommates]]'', in 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tvf-pitchers-review-just-like-beer-this-intelligent-web-show-flows-freely-2416458.html |title=TVF 'Pitchers' review: Just like beer, this intelligent web series flows freely |work=Firstpost |access-date=2018-02-25 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220195817/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tvf-pitchers-review-just-like-beer-this-intelligent-web-show-flows-freely-2416458.html |archive-date=2018-02-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>

TVF debuted their own platform, TVFPlay, releasing the final two episodes of ''Pitchers''. The platform saw 10 lakh (1 million) hits in the first two days and crashed for 3 hours. In early 2016, venture capital firm [[Tiger Management|Tiger Global]] invested $10 million into TVF, acquiring a 20% stake in the company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/3TwExKIWy3bPwVZS4APOjM/Tiger-Global-invests-10-million-in-online-videos-creator-Th.html|title=Tiger Global invests $10 million in online videos creator The Viral Fever|last=Dhanjal|first=Swaraj Singh|date=2016-02-17|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218144321/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/3TwExKIWy3bPwVZS4APOjM/Tiger-Global-invests-10-million-in-online-videos-creator-Th.html|archive-date=2018-02-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Content==
{{Main|List of productions by The Viral Fever}}

===''The Making Of...'' (2014)===
Focused on the making of entertainment products in India, ranging from a blockbuster movie to a decade long TV soap. The first season of ''The Making Of...'' comprised five episodes, with a standalone episode released for Season 2 in 2016.<ref>https://tvfplay.com/category/1/series/(Sudhanshu Suman)</ref>

===''Permanent Roommates'' (since 2014)===
{{Main|Permanent Roommates}}

''[[Permanent Roommates]]'' is an Indian [[web series]] created by TVF and [[Biswapati Sarkar]]. This series revolves around a young couple, Tanya and Mikesh, who after being in a long-distance relationship for 3 years, face the prospect of marriage. The first season was released on YouTube on 31 October 2014.<ref name=":1" />

===''Barely Speaking with Arnub'' (since 2014)===
''Barely Speaking with Arnub'' returned for a shortened season two in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/the-viral-fevers-barely-speaking-with-arnub-is-returning-with_a_21435511/|title=The Viral Fever's 'Barely Speaking With Arnub' Is Returning With Season 2|date=2016-07-20|work=Huffington Post India|access-date=2018-02-25|language=en-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205901/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/the-viral-fevers-barely-speaking-with-arnub-is-returning-with_a_21435511/|archive-date=2018-02-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The show has been on hold as writer Biswapati Sarkar focuses on writing web series including the sequel to ''TVF Pitchers''.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

===''TVF Pitchers'' (2015-present)===
{{Main|TVF Pitchers}}

''[[TVF Pitchers]]'' is an Indian web series created by TVF and developed by Arunabh Kumar single-handedly with assisting efforts from others. The first season consists of five episodes and premiered online on TVFPlay on 10 June 2015. A week later, on 17 June, it premiered on YouTube. The season finale premiered on TVFPlay on 30 August 2015. It follows four friends, Naveen, Jitu, Yogi and Mandal, who quit their jobs in order to develop their own [[Startup company|start-up company]].

In 2016, TVF announced December 2017 as the projected release of Season 2 of ''Pitchers'' with the last scene of ''Permanent Roommates'', but it failed to materialise later. Later, TVF hinted at the release of the second season of ''[[TVF Pitchers]]'' by uploading a scene in their YouTube video "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPQDCTRbymU Shows From The House Of TVF | 2021]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=TVF teases 'Pitchers' Season 2, Twitter says 'here comes the hope!'|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tvf-teases-pitchers-season-2-twitter-says-here-comes-the-hope|access-date=2021-03-10|website=[[Free Press Journal]]}}</ref>

===''TVF Tripling'' (2016–2022)===
{{Main|TVF Tripling}}

''[[TVF Tripling]]'' is an Asian television award-winning Indian web series created by TVF.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lakhani|first1=Somya|title=Sibling revelry - Why watching TVF Tripling is so much fun|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/the-viral-fever-tvf-tripling-road-trip-sibling-revelry-3033298/|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=The Indian Express|date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013152417/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/the-viral-fever-tvf-tripling-road-trip-sibling-revelry-3033298/|archive-date=2016-10-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/tvf-asian-television-awards-tripling/|title=TVF wins big at 22nd Asian Television Awards with Tripling TheDigitalHash|last=admin|date=2017-12-06|work=The Digital Hash|access-date=2018-02-25|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205851/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/tvf-asian-television-awards-tripling/|archive-date=2018-02-25|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It traces the story of three siblings Chandan, Chanchal & Chitvan. Together they start a hilarious journey, to find themselves and their relations. Starring Sumeet Vyas, [[Maanvi Gagroo]] and [[Amol Parashar]], and written by Sumeet Vyas and Akarsh Khurana, along with some other contributions, the series has won several awards, including a Kyoorius Blue Elephant. TVF partnered with Tata Motors for the project to promote the newly launched Tata Tiago. ''TVF'' ''Tripling'' was recognised as one of the best web-series of 2016 and is a benchmark of success in Indian branded content.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/brand-equity/how-auto-brands-have-taken-unconventional-routes-for-marketing-their-produts/articleshow/55958120.cms|title=How auto brands have taken unconventional routes for marketing their {{Sic|produ|ts|hide=y}}|last=Balakrishnan|first=Ravi|date=2016-12-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225210129/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/brand-equity/how-auto-brands-have-taken-unconventional-routes-for-marketing-their-produts/articleshow/55958120.cms|archive-date=2018-02-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The second season of the series was released on 5 April 2019 aired through [[SonyLIV]], followed by the third season which premiered on 21 October 2022, as a [[ZEE5]] exclusive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series/zee5-partners-with-tvf-the-viral-fever-announces-pitchers-season-2-tripling-season-3-humorously-yours-season-3-1463539|title=OTT Platform ZEE5 Partners With TVF; Announces 'Pitchers S2', 'Humorously Yours S3' And Others|last=Kushwah|first=Aakash|date=2023-03-23|work=ABP News Bureau|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref>
===''Tech Conversations With Dad'' (since 2014)===
An ongoing TVF series about Jeetu ([[Jitendra Kumar]]) and his conversations with his father ([[Gajraj Rao]]),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/when-parents-just-dont-get-it-a-father-son-tech-talk-is-ultimate-facepalm-654894|title=When Parents Just Don't Get it: A Father-Son Tech Talk is Ultimate Facepalm|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205758/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/when-parents-just-dont-get-it-a-father-son-tech-talk-is-ultimate-facepalm-654894|archive-date=2018-02-25|url-status=live}}</ref> often about technology, relationships, and families in India. This is TVF's longest-running digital title with 10 videos in 4 years.

===''Humorously Yours'' (since 2016)===
Long-time TVF writer, and stand-up comic [[Vipul Goyal]] featured in a semi-autobiographical story about the life of a stand-up comic. The show furthered TVF's reputation for story-telling in the Indian context.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tvf-has-another-winner-on-its-plate-with-humorously-yours-with-vipul-goyal-in-the-lead|title=Review: TVF Has Another Winner With 'Humorously Yours'|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-02-25|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032108/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tvf-has-another-winner-on-its-plate-with-humorously-yours-with-vipul-goyal-in-the-lead|archive-date=2018-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Humorously Yours'' was renewed for a second season, released in 2019. The show returned for a third season as a part of [[ZEE5]] original programming. It premiered in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/humorously-yours-season-3-to-be-out-on-this-date/articleshow/106148753.cms?from=mdr|title='Humorously Yours' season 3 to be out on this date |work=The Times of India |access-date=2023-02-07|language=en}}</ref>

===''F.A.T.H.E.R.S.'' (2017)===
A ''Tech Conversations with Dad'' spin-off, ''Fathers'' features three veterans of the Indian television screen, Brijendra Kala, Gajraj Rao, and Atul Srivastava, playing three fathers trying to keep up with the times.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tvf-just-released-the-teaser-for-their-new-series-f-a-t-h-e-r-s-and-its-totally-awesome/articleshow/56740445.cms|title=TVF just released the teaser for their new series F.A.T.H.E.R.S. and it's totally awesome|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125081130/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tvf-just-released-the-teaser-for-their-new-series-f-a-t-h-e-r-s-and-its-totally-awesome/articleshow/56740445.cms|archive-date=2017-01-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Bachelors'' (since 2016)===
''Bachelors'' is a show about four bachelors who live together and encounter hilarious situations as they face the world after college. In 2016, TVF released a pilot episode of ''Bachelors'', featuring popular YouTube star [[Bhuvan Bam]]. The success of the pilot led to a 4-episode extension with Bam and over 25 million views. Bachelors was picked up for Season 2, released in late 2017, with Jitendra Kumar replacing Bhuvan Bam as the lead. Season 2 has also crossed 25 million views since release and was listed among the best web-series of 2017 by ''[[FilmCompanion]]''<ref>[https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/streaming/top-5-web-shows-of-2017-ranked FilmCompanion]</ref> and ''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-19 |title=Best Indian Web Series of 2017: Bose Dead/Alive, Inside Edge and Bachelors Season 2 find place in list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/best-indian-web-series-2017-4986817/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>, and was applauded by various sects of audience for its satirical timing, and spoofs of popular Bollywood movies such as [[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'']], [[Bahubali (film)|''Bahubali'']] and ''[[Chak De! India]]'' among many others.

===''The Aam Aadmi Family'' (2016)===
{{Main|The Aam Aadmi Family}}

''[[The Aam Aadmi Family]]'' is a project released from TVF's sister channel The Timeliners. It is an album of moments from the life of a middle-class family based in Delhi. It has garnered an average of 8 million views across 3 seasons.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===''Flames'' (2018)===
[[Flames (web series)|''Flames'']] is another project from TVF's sister channel The Timeliners. It is the story of a young romance unfolding as a chemical reaction. Studious Rajat falls for Ishita, the new girl in the tuition. Rajat's friends, Pandey & Anusha's friendship is beginning to turn into a relationship. The equations of friendships evolve in the first season of this teenage romance. This series has already garnered an average of 5 million views.<ref>{{Cite web|title=aha announces its new original, Tharagathi Gadhi Daati, the official Telugu remake of TVF's hit show FLAMES|date=20 August 2021 |url=https://www.apnnews.com/aha-announces-its-new-original-tharagathi-gadhi-daati-the-official-telugu-remake-of-tvfs-hit-show-flames/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

===''Yeh Meri Family'' (2018)===
{{Main|Yeh Meri Family}}

''[[Yeh Meri Family]]'' is a mini-series released by TVF. It is about a nuclear-middle-class family living in the height of fad of the 1990s. The story revolves around a 13-year-old boy who is average at academics and is constantly being bullied and blackmailed by his elder brother. It is a mixture of the drama and thrills of being a teenager.

=== ''ImMature'' (2018) ===
{{Main|ImMature}}

''[[ImMature]]'' is a TVF original released in 2019. It stars Omkar Kulkarni, Rashmi Agdekar, Chinmay Chandranushush and Visshesh Tiwari in the lead roles. The show follows a one-conflict-per-episode format that ties into the protagonist Dhruv's larger quest to befriend his love interest Chhavi.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 April 2020|title=ImMature-Best Teenage Web Series|url=https://www.celebswhoop.com/best-web-series-in-hindi/|publisher=CelebsWhoop.com}}</ref>

===''Kota Factory'' (2019-present)===
{{Main|Kota Factory}}

''[[Kota Factory]]'' is a TVF original released in 2019. The series moves around the IIT and Medical entrance coaching industry of Kota, a small town in Rajasthan state of India. It focuses on the life of Vaibhav, who leaves his home town and arrives in Kota to pursue coaching for the preparation of IIT Exam. The series portrays the life of an IIT aspirant during his preparation phase, and also focuses on the different sides of the 'Kota Coaching Industry'. It has been directed by Saurabh Khanna. ''Kota Factory'' is one of the first Indian black-and-white web series on YouTube.

===''Gullak'' (2019-present)===
{{Main|Gullak}}

''Gullak''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='Gullak' trailer: TVF's new web series is about a squabbling family in a North Indian small town|url=https://scroll.in/reel/928062/gullak-trailer-tvfs-new-web-series-is-about-a-squabbling-family-in-a-north-indian-small-town|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Scroll.in|date=23 June 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Gullak on SonyLIV belongs to TVF's new brand of soft nostalgia, family binge-watching, and small-town slowness|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gullak-on-sonyliv-belongs-to-tvfs-new-brand-of-soft-nostalgia-family-binge-watching-and-small-town-slowness-9224471.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref> is a web series that revolves around the life stories of the "Mishra Family", talking tales relatable to a common man's everyday life. The series was created by Shreyansh Pandey. The first season, released on 27 June 2019 on TVF Play and [[SonyLIV]] was directed by the critically acclaimed director of many popular web stories, Amrit Raj Gupta. The second season was directed by Palash Vaswani and was aired on the OTT platform [[SonyLIV]] in 2021. The third season starring the same star-cast released in April 2022 to wide critical acclaim. The show was renewed for a fourth season in 2024 on the OTT platform [[SonyLIV]]. This series features [[Jameel Khan]], [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]], Vaibhav Raj Gupta and [[Shivankit Singh Parihar]].

===''Cubicles'' (2019-present)===
{{main|Cubicles (web series)}}

''Cubicles'' is centered around the life of Piyush, a fresh entrant into the corporate world. The show follows his work life and moments like his very first salary, working weekends, and failures and successes that are a part of anyone's corporate journey. Simultaneously, the series attempts to integrate fundamental concepts of investing and mutual funds into the story. Created by Amit Golani and directed by Chaitanya Kumbhakonum, the series stars Abhishek Chauhan, Nidhi Bisht, Arnav Bhasin, Shivankit Singh Parihar, and Badri Chavan, among others.

===''Hostel Daze'' (2019–2023)===
{{main|Hostel Daze}}

''Hostel Daze'' was created by TVF, and is a compilation of stories depicting the lifestyle and fun of undergraduates who live in a hostel, along with the bullying of seniors being one of their many experiences with the hostel and its residents. The series was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 13 December 2019. The entire series was shot in the campus and hostel of [[Symbiosis International University]], Pune.<ref>{{Citation|title=Hostel Daze (TV Mini-Series 2019– ) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt11407524/trivia|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> The series was written and created by Saurabh Khanna and Abhishek Yadav, and was directed by Raghav Subbu, critically acclaimed for directing TVF's series [[Kota Factory]]. The series features [[Adarsh Gourav]], Shubham Gaur and LUV in key roles of three freshers, and also casts Nikhil Vijay, Badri Chavan and [[Harsha Chemudu]] among many others.

===''Panchayat'' (2020-present)===
{{Main|Panchayat (TV series)}}

''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]'' is a web series produced by TVF, released on Amazon Prime on 3 April 2020. This critically acclaimed web series revolves around the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] of a village called Phulera in [[Ballia district]] of [[Purvanchal|Eastern]] [[Uttar Pradesh]], The series features [[Jitendra Kumar]], who plays the role of a young graduate and the secretary of the Panchayat of the village, who is constantly at war with himself, trying to adapt himself to the lifestyle of the villagers, while keeping his dream of cracking the [[Common Admission Test|CAT]]. The series also features veteran actors like [[Raghubir Yadav]] and [[Neena Gupta]]. The series marked the debut for Chandan Roy as an actor,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/appreciation-is-bigger-than-awards-panchayat-series-fame-chandan/story-usYbJ5xq5aZinVXqljyI0M.html|title='Appreciation better than any award': Actor Chandan Roy on 'Panchayat' success|date=2020-04-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> playing the role of assistant secretary of the Panchayat. His work is being praised by many cinema critics.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TVF's Panchayat shines at the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/spotlight/tvfs-panchayat-shines-at-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020/articleshow/80286368.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

On 28 April 2022, the second season was announced after the completion of the production. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/tvf-s-panchayat-season-2-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-on-may-20-1944548-2022-05-02|title='TVF's Panchayat Season 2 to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on May 20|date=2024-02-05|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2024-06-02}}</ref> On 2 May 2022, it was announced that the second season will premiere on 20 May 2022. However, Prime Video released all the episodes on 18 May 2022, two days earlier than its actual premiere date.

Deepak Kumar Mishra revealed to social media that there would be a third season of ''Panchayat''. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/panchayat-director-confirms-season-3-death-scene-7945659/|title=Panchayat director Deepak Kumar Mishra confirms season 3, talks about the death scene: 'We needed something drastic'|date=31 May 2022|website=Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2024-06-02}}</ref> It was later confirmed that season 3 would involve eight episodes and would be released in late 2023 on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. This was further delayed to early 2024. On 28 May 2024, the third season was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/panchayat-season-3-now-out-on-prime-here-is-how-you-can-stream-it-for-free-124052800351_1.html/|title=Panchayat Season 3 now out on Prime: Here is how you can stream it for free|date=28 May 2022|website=Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2024-06-02}}</ref>

On 3 April 2025, marking the fifth anniversary of the series, the makers announced that its fourth season will premiere on 24 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayat season 4 officially announced: Fans excited as Prime Video announces release date of Jitendra Kumar's cult hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/panchayat-season-4-officially-announced-fans-excited-as-prime-video-announces-release-date-of-jitendra-kumars-cult-hit-101743671681626.html}}</ref>

=== ''Chosen Few (2020)'' ===
A short film following the story of Abhay Joshi, a fearless cop and a NGO runner give their effort to rescue underage girls from the filthy mud of human trafficking with help of Sani, who is rescued by the cop.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mittal |first=Rohit |title=Chosen Few |date=2020-04-21 |type=Short, Crime, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12146594 |access-date=2025-05-11 |others=Uday Atroliya, Abhishek Chaudhary, Sanjeev Dhuri |publisher=Contagious Online Media Network}}</ref> It was released on 21 April 2020 on YouTube and TVFPlay. <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/TheViralFever/videos/chosen-few-trailer-tvf-spotlight/786492468542896/ |title=45K views · 257 reactions {{!}} Chosen Few Trailer {{!}} TVF Spotlight {{!}} Special Police Officer Abhay Joshi digs up the criminal underbelly of child prostitution to save innocent lives. How far can he go? Who can help him? A... {{!}} By The Viral Fever {{!}} Facebook |language=en |access-date=2025-05-11 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

===''TVF Aspirants'' (2021-present)===
{{Main|Aspirants (web series)}}

''TVF Aspirants'' is a web series that depicts the life of [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] aspirants who are living in [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajender Nagar]], [[Delhi]]. This series features [[Naveen Kasturia]], [[Shivankit Parihar]], [[Abhilash Thapliyal]] and [[Sunny Hinduja]] in the lead roles, along with [[Namita Dubey]] and [[Bijou Thaangjam]]. It is the most rated IMDB webseries of India<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-07|title=Aspirants trailer: Kota Factory set in the UPSC world|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/aspirants-trailer-tvf-kota-factory-set-in-the-upsc-world-7261539/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The show was created by [[Arunabh Kumar]] and Shreyansh Pandey, written by Deepesh Sumitra Jagdish, and directed by Apoorv Singh Karki.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2021-04-06|title=TVF's 'Aspirants' Trailer: New Series Portrays The Arduous Journey Of Becoming IAS Officer.|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series/tvf-aspirants-official-trailer-launched-life-of-ias-aspirants-streaming-7-april-after-success-kota-factory-1451881|access-date=2021-04-07|website=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref>

===''Engga Hostel'' (2023)===
{{Main|Engga Hostel}}

''Engga Hostel'' is a web series produced by TVF, released on Amazon Prime on 27 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifeandtrendz.com/entertainment/meet-the-fun-crazy-and-lovable-hostel-mates-who-will-make-you-miss-college-life-in-prime-videos-new-tamil-series-engga-hostel/|title=meet the fun crazy and lovable Hostel mates who will make you miss College life in prime videos new Tamil series ''Engga Hostel''|date=23 January 2023 |publisher=lifeandtrendz.com|access-date= 23 January 2023|language=en}}</ref> It is an official Tamil-language remake of the Hindi-language series ''[[Hostel Daze]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/ott/hostel-daze-tamil-remake/158193/|title=Engaa Hostel Trailer Out: Hostel Daze Gets A Tamil Remake|date=20 January 2023 |publisher=lehren.com|access-date= 20 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>

===''SK Sir Ki Class'' (2023)===
''SK Sir Ki Class'' is a 3-episode spinoff series that follows the character Shwetketu "SK" Jha from ''[[Aspirants (web series)|Aspirants]]''. It features [[Abhilash Thapliyal]] and [[Gagan Arora]] as main characters. It premiered on Youtube on 21 February 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/abhilash-thapliyal-recollects-humbling-experience-that-he-got-during-sk-sir-ki-class-shoot/articleshow/98017530.cms|title=Abhilash Thapliyal recollects humbling experience that he got during 'SK Sir Ki Class' shoot|date=17 February 2023 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date= 11 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>

===''Sandeep Bhaiya'' (2023)===
''Sandeep Bhaiya'' is a 5-episode spinoff series that follows the character of [[Aspirants (web series)|Sandeep Singh Ohlan]] from ''Aspirants''. It features [[Sunny Hinduja]] as the titlular character. It premiered on [[YouTube]] on 30 June 2023, and the final episode aired on 14 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sunny-hinduja-will-be-seen-in-web-series-sandeep-bhaiya-520629|title=Sunny Hinduja will be seen in web series Sandeep Bhaiya|date=27 June 2023 |publisher=tribuneindia.com|access-date= 30 June 2023|language=en}}</ref>

===''Half CA'' (2023-present)===
{{Main|Half CA}}

The series revolves around the challenges and experiences faced by Chartered Accountancy students in India. It sheds light on the struggles, aspirations, and intricate lives of these students, as they navigate through the demanding journey of becoming a Chartered Accountant. It mainly focus on the lives of Neeraj and Archie and the challenges faced by them as CA students. It premiered on [[Amazon miniTV]] on 25 July 2023.

=== ''Very Parivarik'' (2024-2025) ===
The show revolves around a couple that shifts to the fast-paced city of Mumbai and deals with the complexities of living with their parents after they move in with them. Because of its ubiquitous themes and relatable scenarios, the TVF show has earned praise from viewers nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Why is TVF's weekly show Very Parivarik clicking with the audience? |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/streaming/the-viral-fever-aka-tvf-family-tv-shows-very-parivarik-is-loved-by-the-audience-know-why/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===''Space Gen: Chandrayaan'' (2026)===
{{Main|Space Gen: Chandrayaan}}

It is an Indian web series,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Gen Chandrayaan: 5 एपिसोड की सीरीज में दिखेगी 'चंद्रयान 2' की कहानी, OTT पर कब और कहां होगी रिलीज? - space gen chandrayaan jio hotstar announces a 5 episode series on chandrayaan 2 mission |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-space-gen-chandrayaan-jio-hotstar-announces-a-5-episode-series-on-chandrayaan-2-mission-40098330.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> that dramatizes the real-life events behind India's lunar exploration program.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-06 |title='Space Gen: Chandrayaan' teaser out now: Nakuul Mehta–Shriya Saran lead the mission, to premiere on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/space-gen-chandrayaan-teaser-out-now-nakuul-mehtashriya-saran-lead-the-mission-to-premiere-on-this-date/articleshow/126376425.cms#:~:text=Nakuul%20Mehta%20added,%20%22What%20resonated,Take%20the%20survey%20here |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Gen Chandrayaan {{!}} Release Date, Reviews, Cast, and Where to Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/zoom/shows/space-gen-chandrayaan-web-series-153411242 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2026-01-06 |title=Space Gen Chandrayaan OTT release date: Nakuul Mehta, Shriya Saran's series will be out on this day |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/space-gen-chandrayaan-ott-release-date-nakuul-mehta-shriya-saran-s-series-will-be-out-on-this-day-2026-01-06-1024743 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Hello Bachhon'' (2026) ===
''Hello Bachhon'', a 5-episode biographical web-series directed by Pratish Mehta, featuring [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] in the titular role of [[Alakh Pandey]], premiered on March 6, 2026, on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pande|first=Shreyas|date=2026-03-06|title=‘Hello Bachhon’ series review: Viineet Kumar Siingh’s earnesty gets diffused in TVF’s factory-made snoozefest|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hello-bachhon-series-review-viineet-kumar-siinghs-earnesty-gets-diffused-in-tvfs-factory-made-snoozefest/article70711007.ece|access-date=2026-03-10|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Hello Bachhon’ Series Review: Hey Teacher, Leave Them Kids Alone|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/hello-bacchon-series-review-hey-teacher-leave-them-kids-alone|access-date=2026-03-10|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en}}</ref>

===''Vvan – Force of the Forrest'' (2026)===
It is an upcoming film directed by Deepak Mishra and [[Arunabh Kumar]], featuring [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in lead roles. The film is co-produced by [[Balaji Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2026 |title=VVAN: Force of the Forest makers and Tamannaah Bhatia wish Sidharth Malhotra on his birthday |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vvan-force-forest-makers-tamannaah-bhatia-wish-sidharth-malhotra-birthday/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

==Members==
As of 2023, the TVF Group has a total team of more than 150 members in Mumbai and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/how-tvf-became-the-digital-content-king/56326698| title=How TVF cracked the art and science of 'going viral'?| publisher=The Economic Times| first=Amit| last=Bapna| date=4 January 2017| access-date=24 November 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041357/https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/how-tvf-became-the-digital-content-king/56326698| archive-date=2017-12-01| url-status=live}}</ref> However, per credible media reports, some of the key members from the core team of TVF walked out in August 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/business/key-members-of-the-viral-fever-tvf-core-team-walk-out-53842 | title=Key Members Of The Viral Fever's (TVF) Core Team Walk Out | publisher=Mumbai Live | date=7 August 2020 | access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> Some of the notable members are:

* [[Arunabh Kumar]]
* [[Naveen Kasturia]]
* [[Vipul Goyal]]
* [[Nidhi Singh]]
* [[Ahsaas Channa]]
* [[Shivankit Singh Parihar]]
* [[Sumeet Vyas]]

==Controversy==
In March 2017, Arunabh Kumar found himself in the middle of a sexual harassment claim that was posted anonymously via [[Medium (website)|Medium]]. Several women have come out with similar stories of harassment. TVF released a press release via Medium refuting the claims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/reports-of-more-harrassment-at-the-viral-fever/article17460810.ece|title=More reports of sexual harassment surfaced at 'The Viral Fever'|last=Purkayastha|first=Debasree|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-15|language=en}}</ref>

Mumbai's [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]] Police registered a second FIR against Kumar after another woman filed a complaint against him over an incident she said took place in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/833308/second-fir-lodged-against-tvf-chief-arunabh-kumar-for-sexual-harassment|title=Second FIR lodged against TVF chief Arunabh Kumar for sexual harassment|work=NewsBytes|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en}}</ref> On 16 June 2017, Kumar stepped down as TVF CEO. Dhawal Gusain now leads the company as CEO, with Karan Chaudhry stepping in as COO and Sameer Saxena, the creator of ''Permanent Roommates'' & ''Tripling'', appointed as CCO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/arunabh-kumar-steps-down-as-tvf-ceo/article19088518.ece|title=Arunabh Kumar steps down as TVF CEO|date=2017-06-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[East India Comedy]]
* [[All India Bakchod]]
* [[Amazon Prime Video]]
* [[Sony Liv]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tvfplay.com TVF Play] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313005538/https://tvfplay.com/ |date=13 March 2023 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viral Fever, The}}
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:TVF Play Shows| ]]

Gilky

2026-03-30T00:41:35Z

GarlandGurule05: created a stub!

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Gilky poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = YK
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Narasimha Kulkarni
| starring = Tarak Ponappa [[Chaithra J Achar]] Goutham Raj
| narrator =
| cinematography = Karthik S
| editing = Kemparaju B S
| music = '''Songs:''' Adil Nadaf '''Score:''' Aparajith Sris
| studio = A S Kamadhenu Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|2|17|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gilky''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language romantic drama film directed by YK and starring Tarak Ponappa, [[Chaithra J Achar]] and Goutham Raj.

==Plot==
Inspired by the Korean film ''[[Oasis (2002 film)|Oasis]]'' (2002), the film follows three people with disabilities {{emdash}} a mentally ill Gilky, Nancy with cerebral palsy and a visually impaired Shakespeare {{endash}} and how they create their own world.<ref name="D"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gilky-a-film-that-celebrates-differently-abled-characters/articleshow/88102078.cms|title=Gilky - a film that celebrates differently-abled characters|date=5 December 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gilky-will-leave-everyone-misty-eyed-says-y-k/articleshow/89617386.cms|title=Gilky will leave everyone misty-eyed, says Y K|date=17 February 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Tarak Ponnappa as Shakti "Gilky"
*[[Chaithra J Achar]] as Nancy
*Goutham Raj as Shakespeare
*Ashwin Hasan
*Sunil Kumar Y K

== Production ==
The director YK was inspired by characters from [[Puttanna Kanagal]]'s films in addition to [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]'s films.<ref name="TOI"/> The inspiration for [[Chaithra J Achar]]'s character Nancy came from when YK met a physically disabled girl whose only interaction with the outside world was when she was offered food. The film was shot for 22 days in [[Mangaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/im-not-pretentious-about-my-craft-chaithra-j-achar/articleshow/89452343.cms|title=I’m not pretentious about my craft: Chaithra J Achar|date=10 February 2022|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "''Gilky'' is a brave attempt and the makers have tried something that many would not attempt to do. But what acts as a possible setback are some of the scenes that end up being wrong while trying to ensure ample drama".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gilky/movie-review/89661026.cms|title=Gilky Movie Review: Tarak and Chaithra shine in a rather uneasy drama|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "YK's experiment with an unusual subject is laudable, but somehow he fails to generate an impact".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/Feb/20/gilky-movie-review-laudable-attempt-let-down-by-logical-loopholes-29849.html|title=Gilky Movie Review: Laudable attempt let down by logical loopholes|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=20 February 2022|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "'Gilky' is an important movie that stays brutally honest and true to life, pushing those who are touched by the movie to think about it".<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gilky-review-an-unsettling-drama-on-love-and-loss-1084707.html|title=Gilky review: An unsettling drama on love and loss|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "YK’s directorial debut is a commendable effort of highlighting the world of a couple with intellectual and physical challenges".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gilky-review-spotlight-is-on-tarak-ponnappa-and-chaitra-achar-in-this-tale-of-love-desire-and-disability/1ae47a26c4232|title=Gilky review: Spotlight is on Tarak Ponnappa and Chaitra Achar in this tale of love, desire and disability|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|28613537}}

[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Amala Paul

2026-03-26T19:39:59Z

GarlandGurule05:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1991)}}
{{Indian name|Amala|Paul}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amala Paul
| image = Amala Paul at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Amala in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|10|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Film producer]]}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[A. L. Vijay]]|2014|2017|reason=divorced}} 
{{marriage|Jagat Desai|2023}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Amala Paul''' (born 26 October 1991)<ref name="HBDAmala">{{cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=31 October 2020 |title=Amala Paul shares glimpse of jungle-themed birthday party. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-shares-glimpse-of-jungle-themed-birthday-party-watch-video-1736831-2020-10-31 |url-status=live |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031103423/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-shares-glimpse-of-jungle-themed-birthday-party-watch-video-1736831-2020-10-31 |archive-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> is an Indian actress and producer who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. She is a recipient of a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]], a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] and two [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref name="star">{{cite web |author=Pillai, Sreedhar |date=7 December 2010 |title=Amala, Oviya's cut throat competition |access-date=7 January 2011 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2020-12-07/news-interviews/28230957_1_oviya-films-amala-paul |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713151218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul Net Worth [April 2024]: Know the Success of a South Indian Film Actress |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/433397-amala-paul-net-worth |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>

Amala started her career in the Malayalam film ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathamara]]'' (2009), and later appeared in the Tamil film ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010), which earned her the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here’s the complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |date=2017-07-14}}</ref> She further received two [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] for her performance in ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' (2012) and ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'' (2013). She went on to appear in successful films such as ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012), ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013), ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' (2014), ''[[Hebbuli]]'' (2017), ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]'' (2017), ''[[Ratsasan]]'' (2018) and ''[[The Goat Life]]'' (2024). Her titular role in ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]'' (2015) won her the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Amala Paul was born on 26 October 1991 in [[Ernakulam|Ernakulam, Kerala]].<ref name="HBDAmala" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday Amala Paul: 10 pictures that prove she's the queen of Instagram moments! |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/happy-birthday-amala-paul-10-pictures-that-prove-shes-the-queen-of-instagram-moments-6238177.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=News18 India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moviegist.in/article/amala-paul-al-vijay-engagement-brews-nbsp-controversy/70cafef6f4ab82ec47b407553ffd9d03/ |title=Amala Paul-AL Vijay engagement brews controversy! |author=Movie Gist Curation Team |work=Storygist |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621131648/http://www.moviegist.in/article/amala-paul-al-vijay-engagement-brews-nbsp-controversy/70cafef6f4ab82ec47b407553ffd9d03/ |archive-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5 Successful mixed marriages in Indian cinema |url=http://www.astroulagam.com.my/KollywoodMasala/articledetails/tabid/4719/articleId/638/indiancinemamixedmarriages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819201944/http://www.astroulagam.com.my/KollywoodMasala/articledetails/tabid/4719/articleId/638/indiancinemamixedmarriages |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=13 August 2016 |work=Astro Ulagam}}</ref> Amala was born to Paul Varghese (d. 2017) and Annice Paul.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 April 2020 |title=Amala Paul pens emotional note on her father's death: Almost lost myself and my mom to depression |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-pens-emotional-note-on-her-father-s-death-almost-lost-myself-and-my-mom-to-depression-1662453-2020-04-02 |url-status=live |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409103734/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-pens-emotional-note-on-her-father-s-death-almost-lost-myself-and-my-mom-to-depression-1662453-2020-04-02 |archive-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> Her brother Abijith Paul also appeared in films following Amala's entry into the film industry. After completing her schooling from Nirmala Higher Secondary School Aluva,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/119551 |title=എന്നെ വശീകരീക്കൂ, ഞാന് കല്യാണം കഴിക്കാം: അമലാ പോള് |work=mangalam.com |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725172818/http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/119551 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nirmalaschoolaluva.com/ |title=nirmalaschoolaluva.com - |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725171704/http://nirmalaschoolaluva.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> she took a sabbatical to begin a career in films, but has since joined [[St. Teresa's College]] in [[Kochi]], to pursue a B.A. degree in English.<ref name="pl" /><ref name="rediffdt">{{cite web |author=Nadar, Ganesh |date=17 July 2011 |title='I don't want to be stuck with Mynaa ima |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=17 July 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-amala-paul/20110715.htm |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718114630/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-amala-paul/20110715.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Amala's father had been strictly against Amala pursuing an acting career but relented when her brother strongly supported her ambition.<ref name="pl" /> She later claimed that she had performing arts in her, revealing that her mother was a singer and her father was into theatre in college.<ref name="allure">{{cite web |author=Chowdary, Sunita Y |date=5 November 2011 |title=Amala set to allure |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 January 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2600878.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115023138/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2600878.ece |archive-date=15 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
===2009–2010: Early career===
After finishing studies, [[Lal Jose]] offered her a supporting role in his film, ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathamara]]'' (2009). Despite emerging a success, the film failed to attract any further offers, as she had anticipated.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} She pursued roles in Tamil films and went on to sign for the low-budget comedy film ''[[Vikadakavi]]'', which was delayed and ultimately became her sixth release, while also signing on to play the lead role in another small budget film ''[[Veerasekaran]]'' (2010). The film, which became her maiden Tamil release, was panned by critics and went completely unnoticed,{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} while Amala's role was labelled as "minimal",{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} and she later cited that she regretted doing the film and many of her scenes were edited out.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} Amala then went on to work in [[Samy (director)|Samy]]'s controversial ''[[Sindhu Samaveli]]'' (2010), portraying the role of Sundari, who has an illicit relationship with her father-in-law. She was approached after the major portions of her next release, ''Mynaa'' were ready, and signed on for Sindhu Samaveli before listening to the entirety of the story, claiming that she was shocked but not upset with the controversial scenes which she heard later. The director of the film had previously drawn criticism for his depictions of illicit romances as well as for assaulting his previous lead actress in a film, but Amala played down the issue citing that she had no problem with the director.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} Upon release, the film met with contrasting reviews, whilst some critics refused to give the film a rating, declaring their disgust at the film's plot.<ref name="rediffss">{{cite web |author=Srinivasan, Pavithra |date=6 September 2010 |title=Sindhu Samaveli goes for the jugular |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/06/south-sindhu-samaveli-review.htm |archive-date=16 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216013605/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/06/south-sindhu-samaveli-review.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Paul claimed that she received death threats from anonymous callers and was publicly scolded by women at a cinema hall in [[Chennai]].<ref name="attack">{{cite web |date=8 September 2010 |title=Actress Anakha gets death-threats for 'Sindhu Samaveli' |website=ChennaiOnline.com |access-date=7 January 2011 |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/star-track/Actress-Anakha-gets-death-threats-for-Sindhu-Samaveli/20103008073051.col |archive-date=13 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113221626/http://chennaionline.com/movies/star-track/Actress-Anakha-gets-death-threats-for-Sindhu-Samaveli/20103008073051.col |url-status=dead}}</ref>


Amala's next release, the romantic drama film ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010), by [[Prabhu Solomon]], made her a recognised actress in the industry. The film had garnered much anticipation prior to release, with noted distributors [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] and Kalpathi S. Aghoram purchasing the rights of the film after being impressed with it.<ref name="kh">{{cite web |date=11 October 2010 |title=Mynaa comes in for praise, again! |access-date=7 January 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/mynaa-comes-in-for-praise-again/articleshow/6724290.cms |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103200826/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-11/news-interviews/28231020_1_mynaa-film-tamil |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Amala played the village belle Mynaa.<ref name="mynaasify">{{cite web |date=4 November 2010 |title=Mynaa Review |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mynaa-review-tamil-14958585.html |archive-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312060100/http://www.sify.com/movies/mynaa-review-tamil-14958585.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was successful at the box office.<ref name="kh"/>

===2011–2019: Experimentation and success===
Following the success of the Tamil film, ''Mynaa'', Amala was billed as the "new top star of 2011" as she subsequently signed on to several prominent projects.<ref name="star" /> Her first release of 2011 was in a supporting role in the Malayalam drama film ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'', a remake Tamil film ''[[Naadodigal]]'', and her next release with ''[[Vikadakavi]]''. Both films opened to limited screens due to the moderate budget of the projects, with her performance in the latter being described as "full of potential".<ref name="vikadarv">{{cite news |author=Rangarajan, Malathi |date=23 April 2011 |title=Funny, to an extent |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 April 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1761320.ece |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025071639/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1761320.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She went on to sign three big budget films with the drama ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'', directed by [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]], featuring her opposite [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and alongside [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]],<ref name="pl">{{cite web |author=Anand, Shilpa Nair |date=10 December 2010 |title=Mynaaa flying high |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article943836.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216013149/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article943836.ece |archive-date=16 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> becoming her next release. Her portrayal of school correspondent Shwetha Rajendran won critical acclaim, with a reviewer citing that her "expressive eyes help her leave a mark in a small but important role", whilst another critic claimed that she "acquits herself well".<ref name="dtibn">{{cite web |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=15 July 2011 |title=Tamil Review: 'Deivathirumagal' wins for emotions |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=17 July 2011 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-deivathirumagal-wins-for-emotions/168166-8-68.htmle}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="dthindu">{{cite news |author=Rangarajan, Malathi |date=15 July 2011 |title=Deiva Thirumagal: a sensitive poem on celluloid |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 July 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2233163.ece |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720135157/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2233163.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Her final release of 2011 was [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Bejawada (film)|Bejawada]]'', which marked her début in Telugu language films.<ref name="bwhindu">{{cite web |author=Bhandaram, Vishnupriya |date=3 December 2011 |title=Bezawada – Revenge, played to the last trick |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 January 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2684428.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106093656/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2684428.ece |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Amala's first release of 2012 was in [[N. Lingusamy|Lingusamy]]'s ''[[Vettai]]'', alongside [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] and [[Sameera Reddy]].<ref name="pl"/> The film opened to critical and commercial acclaim with ''[[The New York Times]]'' claiming that the film "entertains without breaking any new ground, though it can also surprise".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2012/01/16/movies/vettai-by-the-tamil-director-n-lingusamy-review.html?scp=1&sq=vettai&st=cse |title=Vettai Review – Taking on bad guys in South India |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 January 2012 |access-date=15 January 2012 |last1=Saltz |first1=Rachel |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011235702/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/16/movies/vettai-by-the-tamil-director-n-lingusamy-review.html?scp=1&sq=vettai&st=cse |url-status=live}}</ref> Amala won mixed feedback for her performance, while the critic from [[Sify]] mentioned that she "is lovely to look at and her feisty performance proves that a star is born".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vettai-review-tamil-14988674.html |title=Movie Review:Vettai |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230053/http://www.sify.com/movies/vettai-review-tamil-14988674.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of [[Rediff.com]] cited that she "struts, pouts and hams to the hilt".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/vettai-is-no-classic-but-it-is-good-fun/20120114.htm |title=Review: Vettai is no classic, but it is good fun |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230103/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/vettai-is-no-classic-but-it-is-good-fun/20120114.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The actress had three films released on the Valentine's Day weekend of 2012, with [[Balaji Mohan]]'s bilingual ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' / ''Love Failure'' becoming critical and commercial successes. The film, made in Tamil and Telugu, featured her alongside [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] and portrayed her as a college girl, Parvathi, showing her romantic skills. About the Tamil version, a reviewer from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "Amala Paul, after coming across as convincing in her last few movies, looks finally set as a leading lady", while another critic labelled that she "comes across as natural" and "it is a pleasure to see her in a role and costumes that suit her age as compared to her recent movies".<ref>{{cite web |author=Karthik Subramanian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906969.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : Kadhalil Sodhapuvadhu Yeppadi: Simple is beautiful |work=The Hindu |date=18 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220221047/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906969.ece |archive-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaadhalil-sodhappuvadhu-yeppadi/movie-review/11949071.cms |title=Kaadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Kaadhalil-Sodhappuvadhu-Yeppadi/movie-review/11949071.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] called the Telugu version of the film "refreshing", highlighting that the lead pair's on-screen chemistry "sparkles".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-love-failure-is-refreshing/20120220.htm |title=Review: Love Failure is refreshing |website=[[Rediff.com]] |date=20 February 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230112/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-love-failure-is-refreshing/20120220.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The romantic thriller ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]'', opposite [[Atharvaa]], also released on the same day in which she played Charulatha, a modern girl based in [[Bangalore]]. The film won mixed reviews, though the lead pair's on-screen chemistry was praised by critics, while another reviewer noted that "Amala renders an effortless act".<ref>{{cite web |author=Malathi Rangarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906976.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal: Living a dream |work=The Hindu |date=18 February 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714080013/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906976.ece |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/muppozhudhum-un-karpanaigal-review-tamil-14992143.html |title=Movie Review:Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230102/http://www.sify.com/movies/muppozhudhum-un-karpanaigal-review-tamil-14992143.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> She played a notable role in renowned director [[Dr. Biju]]'s ''[[Akasathinte Niram]]'', which was her first art-house film. The film was screened at the competition section for the Golden Goblet Award in the 15th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]]. She paired with veteran Malayalam actor [[Mohanlal]] in the film ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]'', in which she played the role of a senior news channel editor. The film was a big commercial success and her performance as well as her chemistry with Mohanlal were highly appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/amala-paul-sizzles-in-run-baby-run-114754-2012-08-29 |title=Amala Paul sizzles in Run Baby Run |work=India Today |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230119/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/amala-paul-sizzles-in-run-baby-run-114754-2012-08-30 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Amala achieved her first commercial success in [[Telugu cinema]]. Her first release in 2013, [[V. V. Vinayak]]'s directorial ''[[Naayak]]'', opposite [[Ram Charan]], went on to be one of the biggest critical as well as commercial successes of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Run Baby Run" and "Thappana" ringing strong in Box Office |url=https://www.mollywoodframes.com/2012/09/run-baby-run-and-thappana-ringing.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Mollywood Frames {{!}} Malayalam Movies, Latest Online Reviews}}</ref> Her next film was [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' opposite [[Allu Arjun]]. Sangeetha Devi Dundroo of ''The Hindu'' commented: "Amala Paul manages to pull off a character that traverses a thin line between being naïve and downright silly. We wish we saw more of her."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/iddarammayilatho-smorgasbord-of-style/article4769068.ece |title=Iddarammayilatho: Smorgasbord of style |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230106/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/iddarammayilatho-smorgasbord-of-style/article4769068.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Another reviewer, Sasidhar AS from ''The Times of India'' commented: "Amala Paul's characterisation is a delight, and she plays Komali so effectively that you'll be left wondering who else could have done the role better than her. She was a perfect choice to play a traditional Telugu girl."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Iddarammayilatho-Telugu-movie-review-highlights/articleshow/20361204.cms |title=Iddarammayilatho Telugu movie review highlights |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608125836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39654524_1_kecha-khamphakdee-puri-jagannath-movie-review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> She was later seen in [[A. L. Vijay]]'s action entertainer ''[[Thalaivaa]]'', opposite [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], as a police officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Amala-to-pair-opposite-Vijay/articleshow/17019066.cms |title=Amala to pair opposite Vijay |access-date=31 October 2012 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221124622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/news-interviews/34818036_1_amala-paul-vijay-film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Her last release of the year was the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/sreedevi-is-my-favourite-says-amala-paul.html |title=Sreedevi is my favourite, says Amala Paul |author=Cochintalkies |work=Cochin Talkies |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230057/http://www.filmilive.com/malayalam-movie-news/sreedevi-is-my-favourite-says-amala-paul.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, her first release was [[Samuthirakani]]'s ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'', opposite [[Jayam Ravi]],{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} which was simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'', in which [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] reprised the role of Jayam Ravi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-29/news-interviews/32923340_1_samudrakhani-jayam-ravi-krishna-vamsi |title=Nani-Amala Paul movie is Janda Pai Kapiraju |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-29/news-interviews/32923340_1_samudrakhani-jayam-ravi-krishna-vamsi |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her second release saw her collaborating with [[Dhanush]] in the blockbuster film, [[Velaiilla Pattadhari|''VIP'']]. Amala's performance was well received and also saw her reprising her role in its sequel, [[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2|''VIP 2'']] in 2017 that was a commercial success as well.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 2015, she played the titular role in [[Mili (2015 film)|''Mili'']] with [[Nivin Pauly]]. She also co-starred with [[Suriya]] in ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' .{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 2016, she acted in ''[[Amma Kanakku]]'' an official remake of ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]'' by [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari|Ashwini Iyer]], and won acclaim for her performance. In 2017 she starred in the Kannada film opposite [[Sudeepa]] in ''[[Hebbuli]]'' which was a commercial success.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Amala switched back to two Tamil films in 2018, both which went on to become commercial successes. ''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]'' saw her playing the role of Anu opposite [[Arvind Swamy]]. While in ''[[Ratsasan]]'', she starred alongside [[Vishnu Vishal]] which received critical acclaim. In 2019, she starred in Tamil-Telugu bilingual film, ''[[Aadai]]'', which met with positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=2019-07-17 |title=Unapologetic Amala: Actor opens up on 'Aadai', life and more |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/unapologetic-amala-actor-opens-aadai-life-and-more-105602 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

===2021–present: Continued success===

In 2021, she appeared in anthology films ''[[Kutty Story]]'' and ''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''. She was next seen in web series, ''[[Kudi Yedamaithe]]'' in Telugu, ''[[Ranjish Hi Sahi (web series)]]'' in Hindi and ''[[Victim (web series)|Victim: Who is Next?]]'' in Tamil. The OTT film, ''[[Cadaver (2022 film)|Cadaver]]'' (2022), which is an investigative thriller was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 12 August. The film saw Amala venture into Production.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nirali Kanabar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/cadaver-actor-amala-paul-reveals-she-witnessed-post-mortem-in-real-life-it-shook-my-core-exclusive-1988887-2022-08-17 |title=Cadaver actor Amala Paul reveals she witnessed post-mortem in real life: It shook my core | Exclusive - Movies News |publisher=Indiatoday.in |date=17 August 2022 |accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref>

She was also seen in back to back Malayalam films, [[The Teacher (2022 film)|''The Teacher'']] and [[Christopher (film)|''Christopher'']] which turned out be average. In 2023, she did a cameo alongside [[Ajay Devgn]] in ''[[Bholaa]].'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Amala Paul joins Ajay Devgn's Bholaa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amala-paul-joins-ajay-devgns-bholaa-8243402/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

2024 saw one of Amala's highest grossing release with the critically acclaimed [[Aadujeevitham (film)|''Aadujeevitham'']]. Starring alongside [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], the film turned out to become one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] of all time collecting 158.15 crore, also becoming one of the highest grossing Indian film of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Aadujeevitham movie review: Prithviraj delivers one of his finest performances in Blessy's stunning survival drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aadujeevitham-movie-review-blessy-and-prithviraj-craft-a-stunning-survival-drama-9237302/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Amala had changed her on-screen name to Anakha, on director Samy's insistence, who cited that another actress, [[Amala Akkineni]] had already made her name popular. However, after the failure of her 2011 film ''[[Sindhu Samaveli]]'', she reverted to her birth name, since she felt that the replacement had brought her bad luck.<ref name="pl" /> Her brother Abijith Paul is also an actor and has appeared in minor roles in a few films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/120616/break-from-navy-break-in-films.html|title=Break from navy, break in films|date=11 June 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|first=Elizabeth|last=Thomas}}</ref>

As early as 2011, when Amala was working on ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'', she was romantically linked to director [[A. L. Vijay]], but denied that they were dating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-clarifies-on-her-alleged-affair-with-vijay-news-tamil-lj0q46ieehisi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717023826/http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-clarifies-on-her-alleged-affair-with-vijay-news-tamil-lj0q46ieehisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2014 |title=Amala clarifies on her alleged 'affair' ml|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> On 7 June 2014, she got engaged to Vijay at [[Aluva]] in Kochi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Amala Paul gets engaged to Tamil Film director A L Vijay |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/actress-amala-paul-gets-engaged-to-tamil-film-director-a-l-vijay/ |website=news.biharprabha.com |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=7 June 2014 |archive-date=9 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609044011/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/actress-amala-paul-gets-engaged-to-tamil-film-director-a-l-vijay/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The couple got married on 12 June 2014 at Mayor Ramanathan Chettiar Hall, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/wedding-bells-for-amala-paul-and-vijay.html |title=Wedding bells for Amala Paul and Vijay |author=Cochintalkies |work=Cochin Talkies |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607142840/http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/wedding-bells-for-amala-paul-and-vijay.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/amala-paul-in-big-trouble.html |title=Amala Paul in big trouble!! |author=Cochintalkies |work=Cochin Talkies |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607055639/http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/amala-paul-in-big-trouble.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, Amala and Vijay filed for divorce due to disagreement between her and her in-laws on continuing her acting career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amala Paul-Vijay divorce: Husband opens up on rumors |work=ManoramaOnline |date=27 July 2016 |access-date=13 August 2016 |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/amala-paul-al-vijay-divorce-the-real-reason-revealed.html |archive-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812210558/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/amala-paul-al-vijay-divorce-the-real-reason-revealed.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amala Paul's in-laws' disapproval of her continuing career reason for split from AL Vijay? |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 July 2016 |access-date=13 August 2016 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Amala-Pauls-in-laws-disapproval-of-her-continuing-career-reason-for-split-from-AL-Vijay/2016/07/27/article3549866.ece |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817002142/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Amala-Pauls-in-laws-disapproval-of-her-continuing-career-reason-for-split-from-AL-Vijay/2016/07/27/article3549866.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> They divorced in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amala-paul-opens-up-on-her-divorce-with-director-vijay-defends-dhanush/articleshow/74170804.cms |title=Amala Paul opens up on her divorce with director Vijay, defends Dhanush |date=17 February 2020 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

She married entrepreneur Jagat Desai in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1182859&u=actress-amala-paul-marries-again-wedding-pictures-going-viral-on-social-media-1182859#:~:text=South%20Indian%20star%20Amala%20Paul,Desai%2C%20an%20entrepreneur%20and%20consultant. |title=Actress Amala Paul ties the knot with Jagat Desai; wedding pictures going viral on social media |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |date=5 November 2023 |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi }}</ref> They have a son named Ilai born on 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/amala-paul-and-jagat-desai-welcome-baby-boy-ilai-9399105/ |title=Amala Paul and Jagat Desai welcome baby boy Ilai |date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

In January 2018, Amala was arrested for [[tax evasion]]. A crime branch investigation had found that she had registered her luxury car in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] with fake documents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amala Paul arrested and released on tax evasion case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amala-paul-arrested-and-released-on-tax-evasion-case/articleshow/62693985.cms |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=29 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128150812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amala-paul-arrested-and-released-on-tax-evasion-case/articleshow/62693985.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tax evasion case: Amala Paul arrested and released! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tax-evasion-case-amala-paul-arrested-and-released-news-malayalam-sb3ki4ijhaije.html |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009192529/http://www.sify.com/movies/tax-evasion-case-amala-paul-arrested-and-released-news-malayalam-sb3ki4ijhaije.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later, the case was closed citing [[jurisdiction]]al issues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2019 |title=Tax evasion cases against Paul, Fahadh Fazil closed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/tax-evasion-cases-against-amala-fahadh-closed/article29283657.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011235702/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/tax-evasion-cases-against-amala-fahadh-closed/article29283657.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020}}</ref>

==Media image==
Amala is considered among the highest-paid Malayalam actresses.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manju Warrier to Nayanthara: Top 7 highest-paid Malayalam actresses |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/manju-warrier-to-nayanthara-top-7-highest-paid-malayalam-actresses/ar-AA1uYSHs |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=MSN |publisher=Asianet News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 highest paid Malayalam actresses and their net worth |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/trending/list-of-top-10-highest-paid-malayalam-actresses-and-their-net-worth-nayanthara-anupama-parameswaran-keerthy-suresh-and-others-10219820 |work=[[Jagran]] |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> She was named the [[The Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Women]] in 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2013: Amala Paul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-woman-2013-amala-paul/articleshow/36953922.cms |access-date=23 September 2014 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and was placed 3rd in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 15 Most Desirable Woman 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-15-most-desirable-women-in-2014/articleshow/46944844.cms |access-date=25 September 2015 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Her performance in ''Aadai'' is regarded as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===

{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathamara]]'' || Beena || [[Malayalam]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Veerasekaran]]'' || Sugandhi || rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhu Samaveli]]'' || Sundari || Credited as Anakha ||
|-
| ''[[Mynaa]]'' || Mynaa || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || Aishwarya || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Vikadakavi]]'' || Kavitha || rowspan="2" | Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' || Shwetha Rajendran || ||
|-
| ''[[Bejawada (film)|Bejawada]]'' || Geetanjali|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012 || ''[[Vettai]]'' || Jayanthi Gurumurthy|| rowspan="3" | Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' ||| Parvathi |||Partially reshot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Love Failure''||
|-
| ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]'' || Charulatha "Charu/Latha" || ||
|-
| ''[[Akasathinte Niram]]'' || Young lady || rowspan="2" | Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || Renuka || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Naayak]]'' || Nandini || rowspan="2" | Telugu || ||
|-
| ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' || Komali Sankarabharanam || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' || ACP Meera Narayanan || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'' || Irene Gardner || Malayalam || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || Poomari || rowspan="3" | Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' || Dr. Shalini || ||
|-
| ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' || Herself || Special appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' || Dancer || rowspan="2" |Malayalam || Cameo appearance ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]'' || Milli Nair || ||
|-
| ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' || Indumathi || Telugu || ||
|-
| ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]'' || Anjali "Lailaa" Menon || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || Venba Thamizh Nadan|| Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[2 Penkuttikal]]'' || Aswathy || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Amma Kanakku]]'' || Shanti Gopal || Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/09/28/udaharanam-sujatha-manju-warrier-malayalam-movie-review.html|title = Home}}</ref>

|-
| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || Jia || Malayalam || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Hebbuli]]'' || Nandhini || [[Kannada]]|| ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Kishan with Sudeep and Amala Paul in Hebbuli! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ravi-kishan-with-sudeep-and-amala-paul/articleshow/51943329.cms |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=24 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Achayans]]'' || Reetha Fernandez || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || Dr. Shalini Raghuvaran || rowspan="6" | Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]'' || Agalya Selvam || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]'' || Anu || ||
|-
| ''[[Ratsasan]]'' || Vijayalakshmi || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Aadai]]'' || Kamini / Sudhanthira Kodi || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Kutty Story]]'' || Mrinalini || Segment: "Edhirpaara Mutham"
|<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2021 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Amala Paul part of upcoming Tamil anthology 'Kutti Love Story' |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-amala-paul-part-upcoming-tamil-anthology-kutti-love-story-142638 |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pitta Kathalu]]'' || Meera || Telugu || Segment: "Meera"
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2019 |title=Amala Paul to star in Telugu remake of 'Lust Stories' |website=The News Minute |url=http://wwwthenewsminute.com/article/amala-paul-star-telugu-remake-lust-stories-110197 |access-date=25 October 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amala Paul To Be A Part of Netflix's Telegu Original "Pitta Kathalu" |url=https://mtcritics.com/movie-news/telegu/pitta-kathalu-movie-release-date-cast-plot-trailer-and-more/ |access-date= |website=MT Critics}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|''[[Cadaver (2022 film)|Cadaver]]''
|Dr. Badhra Thangavel
|Tamil
|Also producer
|<ref>{{cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Actor Amala Paul Announces Own Production House, Shares First Look of 'Cadaver' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-amala-paul-announces-own-production-house-shares-first-look-of-cadaver-4370015.html |access-date=31 July 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=Cadaver trailer: Amala Paul plays police surgeon in this gory investigative thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/cadaver-trailer-out-amala-paul-plays-police-surgeon-in-this-gory-investigative-thriller-8061310/ |access-date=31 July 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Teacher (2022 film)|The Teacher]]''
|Devika
|rowspan=2|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=16 February 2022|title=Amala Paul's next 'Teacher' starts rolling|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/amala-pauls-next-teacher-starts-rolling/articleshow/89612835.cms|access-date=29 August 2022|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]''
|Sulekha
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amala Paul to play Sulekha in Mammootty's 'Christopher' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/amala-paul-to-play-sulekha-in-mammoottys-christopher/articleshow/95800305.cms |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Times of India |date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bholaa]]''
|Dr. Swara
|[[Hindi]]
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2022|title=Amala Paul starts shooting for Ajay Devgn's Bholaa in Varanasi|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/amala-paul-starts-shooting-ajay-devgns-bholaa-varanasi/|access-date=10 November 2022|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
|''[[The Goat Life]]''
|Sainu Najeeb
|rowspan="3"|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-22 |title=Aadujeevitham will fully realize Amala Paul's potential, says director Blessy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/aadujeevitham-will-fully-realize-amala-paul-s-potential-says-director-blessy/story-JRVNoXxBjIRuf5je58TNjI.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Level Cross (film)|Level Cross]]''
|Chaitali / Shikha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=It's a wrap for Jeethu Joseph's film with Asif Ali and Amala Paul |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/18/its-a-wrap-for-asif-ali-amala-paul-film-42458.amp |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-

| 2021
| ''[[Kudi Yedamaithe]]''
| CI Durga Goud
| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2021 |first1=Janani |last1=K. |title=Amala Paul shares Kudi Yedamaithe trailer. Web series to release on July 16 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/amala-paul-shares-kudi-yedamaithe-trailer-web-series-to-release-on-july-16-1828565-2021-07-15 |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022
| ''[[Ranjish Hi Sahi (web series)|Ranjish Hi Sahi]]''
| Amna Parvez
| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2022-01-19 |title='Ranjish Hi Sahi' review: Amala Paul shines in this recreation of Mahesh Bhatt's universe |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranjish-hi-sahi-review-amala-paul-shines-in-this-recreation-of-mahesh-bhatts-universe/article38291851.ece |access-date=2022-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''Raju Vootla Party''
| Herself
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| Promote ''Cadaver''
|<ref>https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/raju-vootla-party/1260108155/amala-paul-joins-the-party/1100077331/watch?irclickid= {{Dead link|date=November 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Victim (TV series)|Victim: Who is Next?]]''
| Anjana
| Episode: "Confession"
|
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of awards
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011
| [[Amrita TV|Amrita-FEFKA Film Awards]]
| Best Actress -Tamil
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Mynaa]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/06/amrita-fefka-film-awards-announced/ |title=Amrita FEFKA Film Awards Announced |date=2 June 2011 |publisher=Best Media Info |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603135529/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/06/amrita-fefka-film-awards-announced/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edison Awards (Tamil)|Edison Awards]]
| Best Debut Actress
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |website=The Hindu |date=14 July 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615081711/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| MGR-Sivaji Awards
| Best New Actress
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
|-
|| [[Vijay Awards]]
| Best Debutant Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/2011/06/vijay-awards-2011-winners-list.html |title=Vijay Awards 2011 – Winners List |date=27 June 2011 |website=Southdreamz.com |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302025904/http://www.southdreamz.com/2011/06/vijay-awards-2011-winners-list.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| Jaya Awards
| Youth Female Icon of the Year
|| ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|| [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Rising Female Star of South Indian cinema
| –
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|| 2013
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actress – Malayalam
|| ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Most Popular Actress
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/ttk-prestige-vanitha-film-awards-shobhana-prithviraj-win-best-actor-actress-awards |title=TTK Prestige-Vanitha Film Awards: Shobhana, Prithviraj win best actor, actress awards |work=kerala9.com |access-date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307082405/http://kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/ttk-prestige-vanitha-film-awards-shobhana-prithviraj-win-best-actor-actress-awards |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vip-2-review-velai-illa-pattathari-2-theatrical-response-rating/ |title=VIP 2 Review: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 Theatrical Response & Rating |work=Quint Daily |date=11 August 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811105443/http://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vip-2-review-velai-illa-pattathari-2-theatrical-response-rating/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actress – Malayalam
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| [[Amrita TV|Amrita Film Awards]]
| Best Actor (Female)
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015
| [[Vijay Awards]]
| Best Actress
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''
| {{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| [[The Times of India]]
| Most Desirable Married Women of Kollywood
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/most-desirable-married-women-of-kollywood/photostory/48708692.cms |title=Most desirable married women of Kollywood |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006051246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/most-desirable-married-women-of-kollywood/photostory/48708692.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| Outstanding performer of the year – Female
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| 11th Ramu Karyat Awards
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Critics Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| Behindwoods Gold Medal
| Behindwoods Gold Medal For Best Actress Critics – Tamil
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Aadai]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/amala-paul-gets-emotional-reveals-details-of-her-motivation.html |title=Amala paul gets emotional reveals details of her motivation |date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Critics Choice Movie Awards - Tamil
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress in a Leading Role
|{{Won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|Tamil Cinema Journalist Dailies Association Awards
|{{Won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Amala Paul}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3898762}}
* {{Instagram|amalapaul}}

{{Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Actress}}{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Amala}}
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Female models from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:St. Teresa's College alumni]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]

History of football in India

2026-03-25T09:14:54Z

GarlandGurule05: Starting data

{{Short description|Overview of the history of association football in India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{lead too short|date=March 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
The '''[[History of the India national football team|history]] of [[football in India]]''' has been going ever since the mid 1800s. It was the national sport of India at one point.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} India is home to some of the oldest football clubs in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=History in Timeline of Indian Football|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-date=8 March 2020|access-date=2021-02-15|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref> and the world's third oldest competition, the [[Durand Cup]]. Football in India was highly celebrated at its peak.<ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> The Indian football outfit was called the "Brazilians of Asia".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|title=The Golden Years of Indian Football|website=www.chaseyoursport.com|publisher=Chase Your Sport|location=Kolkata|first=Rounak|last=Majumdar|date=22 April 2019|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230046/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>

[[File:The Coochbehar Cup.jpg|thumb|200px|Silver trophy of the [[Cooch Behar Cup]] at [[The Bengal Club]] in Kolkata, which is one of the oldest football tournaments in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}</ref>]]

==1800s==
[[File:Rb ferguson 1899.jpg|thumb|right|The 1899 R B Ferguson team]]
Football was introduced to India by British soldiers in the mid-nineteenth century. It spread because of the efforts of [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari]]. In 1888 the [[Durand Cup]] was founded by then India's Foreign Secretary, Mortimer Durand at Shimla, India. The Durand Cup is the third oldest football competition behind the [[FA Cup]] and the [[Scottish Cup]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} It was initiated, as a recreation for British troops stationed in India. [[Royal Scots Fusiliers]] won the first edition of the cup by beating [[Highland Light Infantry]] 2–1 in the final. In 1893, the [[IFA Shield]] was founded as the fourth oldest trophy in the world.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} Calcutta, then capital of British India, soon became the hub of Indian football. Sarada FC was the oldest Indian football club.

Calcutta FC was the first club to be established in 1872.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/worlds-oldest-sports-club-to-go-to-ballot-box-for-the-first-time-in-221-years/articleshow/21470639.cms|title=World's oldest sports club to go to ballot box for the first time in 221 years|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2013|access-date=26 March 2022|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|agency=TNN|location=Kolkata|archive-date=2 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802035820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/kolkata/40894555_1_221-years-member-managing-committee}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Stephen |last1=Brenkley |title=Meet Charlie — from the Bengal branch of the Van der Guchts |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/meet-charlie-from-the-bengal-branch-of-the-van-der-guchts-9194168.html |website=independent.co.uk |publisher=The Independent UK |date=20 January 2002 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707091257/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/meet-charlie-from-the-bengal-branch-of-the-van-der-guchts-9194168.html }}</ref> Other early clubs include Dalhousie Club, Traders Club and Naval Volunteers Club.<ref name="TheSportsCampus.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |title=History of Football in India |publisher=TheSportsCampus.com |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=2014-02-15 |archive-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825015957/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1889 India's oldest current team [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]] was founded as "Mohun Bagan Sporting Club". This was the first club to be under the rule of the army. Both Hindus and Muslims players played in it. Several football clubs like Calcutta FC, Sovabazar and Aryan Club were established in Calcutta during the 1890s. Mohammedan Sporting Club was established in 1891. Tournaments like the Gladstone Cup, [[Trades Cup]] and [[Cooch Behar Cup]] also started around this time. [[R B Ferguson Club|R B Ferguson Football Club]] was established on February 20, 1899 in [[Thrissur]], Kerala and it was the oldest football club in the southern part of India. The club was named after the Kochi Police Superintendent, R B Ferguson. The club was famed by the nickname Young Men's Football Club and played a huge role in promoting football in [[Kerala]] during the early 1900s.

The first Indian Federation, the [[Indian Football Association]], was founded in 1893 but did not have a single Indian on its board.

==1900–1950==
[[File:Mohun Bagan 1911 IFA shield winning team.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mohun Bagan team, IFA Shield winners in 1911]]
Several clubs were founded, more Cup competitions were introduced and Indian players became more common. The major event that showed a rise in Indian Football was in 1911 when [[Mohun Bagan AC]] defeated [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] 2–1 in the final of the [[IFA Shield]]. This was the first time an Indian team won a major national tournament.
The Durand Cup, first held in Shimla in 1888, was the first Indian football competition and is incidentally the third oldest surviving competition the World over. It was started by Sir Mortimer Durand.<ref name="TheSportsCampus.com"/>

In the 1940s "Aurora Football Club" the second newest club in southern India was formed in Kerala. It was formed by the football loving fans of Ollur (Thrissur) which started its football journey from Thrissur.

The first known official international tour by Indian team which consisted of both Indian and British players were in 1924, where the team was led by legendary Indian footballer [[Gostha Paul]].<ref name="pedia.desibantu.com">{{cite web|url=https://pedia.desibantu.com/gostha-pal/|title=Gostha Pal|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820141524/https://pedia.desibantu.com/gostha-pal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Football teams consisting of entirely Indian players started to tour [[Australia]], [[Japan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Thailand]] during the late 1930s.<ref name="Pierre">{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889--2000. |access-date=2011-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first international match India played before independence is yet to be verified, but the trace of first international match that India played overseas was against [[Sri Lanka national football team|Ceylon]] in 1933. It was India's second International tour, where [[Gostha Paul]] led the Indian side to a victory over the host country with 1–0 score.<ref name="pedia.desibantu.com"/><ref name="kolkatafootball.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|title=GOSTHO PAL - THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA - GREAT ICON OF KOLKATA FOOTBALL|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823005519/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehardtackle.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-gostha-pal/|title=LEGENDS OF INDIAN FOOTBALL : GOSTHA PAL|date=20 August 2011|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820140949/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-gostha-pal/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 July 1936 India played against visiting [[China national football team|Chinese]] team, which was held at Calcutta. The match was a draw 1–1.<ref name="eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com">{{cite web|url=https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/tag/india-football/|title=INDIA FOOTBALL|date=13 March 2015 |access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815232827/https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/tag/india-football/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the success of several Indian football clubs abroad, the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) was formed in 1937.

In 1938, India made an official tour to Australia where they played matches against many clubs and the [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australian]] national side. From 3 September 1938 at Sydney, India played 5 friendly matches. At the [[Sydney, Australia|Sydney]] match they saw a defeat of 5–3.<ref name="fifa.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/live-scores/teams/country=ind/men/matches/index.html#year1938|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509033915/http://www.fifa.com/live-scores/teams/country=ind/men/matches/index.html#year1938|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2016|title=Matches|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> Second match was at [[Brisbane]], where the Indians fought back for a draw of 4–4. In the third match at [[Newcastle, Australia|Newcastle]] on 17 September, India registered their first win by a margin of 4–1. However, the Australians defeated India in the next two matches held at Sydney and Melbourne with a score of 5–4 and 3–1 respectively.<ref name="ozfootball.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Socceroo/1938A.html|title=Socceroo Internationals for 1938|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806202225/http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Socceroo/1938A.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1941, the leading regional tournament [[Santosh Trophy]] started by the [[Indian Football Association]]. It was named after the former president of the IFA, Sir Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhury, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Santosh, Bangladesh|Santosh]] who had died aged 61 in 1939. The IFA later donated the Santosh Trophy to the AIFF.

On their way to [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London Olympics]], Chinese team again visited India, where they played Mohammedan fc, East Bengal, Mohun Bagan then finally on 17 July 1948, a friendly match held at Kolkata, where they were defeated by the Indian national side by [[China national football team results (1913–1949)|0-1]] score.<ref name="yuedu.baidu.com">{{cite web|url=https://yuedu.baidu.com/ebook/73bac938b42acfc789eb172ded630b1c59ee9be7###|title=The first volume of the national football century (1913-1948)|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=19 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619163820/https://yuedu.baidu.com/ebook/73bac938b42acfc789eb172ded630b1c59ee9be7|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London Olympics]] was India's first major international tournament, where a predominately barefooted Indian team lost 2–1 to [[France national football team|France]], failing to convert two penalties. The Indian team was greeted and appreciated by the crowd for their sporting manner."The French had been given a run for their money – and that, too, by the barefooted Indians!", the British media expressed.<ref name="Pierre"/> At a press conference, shortly after, the Indians were asked why they played barefooted. The ever witty then Indian captain [[Talimeren Ao]] said, “Well, you see, we play football in India, whereas you play BOOTBALL!” which was applauded by the British. The next day, that comment was splashed in the newspapers of London.<ref name="pierretristam.com">{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889--2000. |access-date=2011-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="http://morungexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://morungexpress.com/brief-life-sketch-dr-t-ao-first-naga-olympian/|title=Brief life sketch of Dr T Ao, the First Naga Olympian|date=January 27, 2018|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819083036/http://morungexpress.com/brief-life-sketch-dr-t-ao-first-naga-olympian/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sarangapani Raman]] scored the only goal for India in that match and thus the first Indian international goal ever in the Olympics.

==The 1950 World Cup==
India qualified by default for the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] finals as a result of the withdrawal of all of their scheduled opponents. But the governing body AIFF decided against going to the World Cup, being unable to understand the importance of the event at that time. Reason shown by AIFF was that there was the cost of travel, although FIFA agreed to bear a major part of the travel expenses, lack of practice time, team selection issues and valuing Olympics over FIFA World cup.

Although FIFA imposed a rule banning barefoot play following 1948 Olympics where India had played barefoot, the suggestion that the Indian team refused to play because they were not allowed to play barefoot is not entirely true; according to the then-Indian captain [[Sailen Manna]], it was invented to cover up. The team had not made it past the first round of the FIFA World Cup Qualifiers until 2018, when they defeated Nepal 2–0 over the course of two home-and-away games.

==1951–1962: The golden era of Indian football==
The Indian team started the 1950s with victory in the [[1951 Asian Games]] which they hosted. India beat both Indonesia and Afghanistan 3–0 to reach the final where they beat Iran 1–0. In 1952, India continued their form by winning the Colombo Quadrangular Cup held in Sri Lanka. This is called as the Golden time of Indian football. As four years earlier, many of the team played without boots but after the result in the Olympics AIFF immediately made it mandatory to wear boots.

India also won three further editions of the Quadrangular Cup, which were held in Burma, Calcutta and Dhaka in 1953, 1954 and 1955 respectively. India then went on to finish eighth in the [[1954 Asian Games]] held in Manila.

At the [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Olympics]] they finished fourth, this is the second time India made history in the world of football. India first met hosts Australia, winning 4–2 with [[Neville D'Souza]] becoming the first Asian to score a hat trick in the [[Olympics]] and also making India the first Asian team to reach the Olympic semi-finals. They lost 4–1 to Yugoslavia, and lost the third place play-off match 3–0 to Bulgaria.

India participated in the [[1958 Asian Games]] in Tokyo, Japan where they finished fourth, and the Merdeka Cup 1959 in Malaysia finishing second. The side started off 1960 with Asian Cup qualifiers in which they failed to qualify. India went on to win the [[1962 Asian Games]] where they beat South Korea 2–1 in the final, and two years later finished second in the [[1964 AFC Asian Cup]] which was held in round-robin format. India played in the Merdeka Cup in 1964, 1965 and 1966 where they finished 2nd, 3rd and 3rd.

==1963–1984: Post-golden era==
Rahim's death in the early '60s pegged Indian football back after a successful period. India played in the [[1966 Asian Games]] in [[Bangkok]] but were eliminated in first round. India then took third place in the [[1970 Asian Games]], beating Japan 1–0 in the third place, play-off. In mid-'70s, Indian youth team jointly won the Youth Asian Cup with Iran. Indian football would go through a barren phase in '70s, '80s, and '90s, gradually losing its foothold as a top Asian team.

In 1984 India qualified for the [[1984 Asian Cup]]. The team were placed in Group B but ended in last place after losing all but 1 match (which was a draw). India also failed to score during the Asian Cup as well which brought up questions about team selection.

[[Mohun Bagan AC]] created history again when they went on to win the [[IFA Shield]] in 1978 after a 2–2 draw against [[FC Ararat Yerevan]] from [[Soviet Union]]. The club became the first Indian side, post-independence, to win the title while competing with a non-Asian side.

[[East Bengal F.C.]] club went on to win the 1973 IFA Shield against [[Pyongyang City Sports Club]] of [[North Korea]].

==1985–2000==
India won gold medals in the SAF Games of both 1984 (in Dhaka) and 1987 (Calcutta). They won the inaugural SAARC Cup in 1993 in Lahore, and finished runner-up in Colombo two years later. By 1997 the competition had been renamed as the SAFF Cup, and India won it in both 1997 and 1999 edition, when they hosted it in Goa.

India also got a major boost when the All India Football Federation created the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] in 1996. This was India's first ever national domestic league.

==2000–2010: The rebirth of Indian football==
[[East Bengal F.C.]] club of [[Kolkata]] won the [[ASEAN Club Championship]] in 2003.

Although India failed to qualify for the [[2004 Asian Cup]], the senior team gained the silver medal in the inaugural Afro Asian Games, with victories over [[Rwanda national football team|Rwanda]] and [[Zimbabwe national football team|Zimbabwe]] (then 85 places ahead of India in the world rankings), losing the final 1–0 to [[Uzbekistan national football team|Uzbekistan]]. As a result, Indian football has steadily earned greater recognition and respect, both within the country and abroad. In November 2003 then-India coach [[Stephen Constantine]] was named AFC Manager of the Month.

India lost to Pakistan and Bangladesh in the 2003 SAFF Cup, and defeats in the [[2006 World Cup Qualification]] meant Stephen Constantine was sacked. The LG Cup win in Vietnam under Stephen Constantine was one of the few bright spots in the early part of the 2000s. It was India's first victory in a football tournament outside the subcontinent since 1974. India defeated hosts [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] 3–2 in the final despite trailing 2–0 after 30 minutes.

In 2005 [[Syed Nayeemuddin]] was appointed as India coach but he was immediately sacked the following year after heavy defeats in [[2007 AFC Asian Cup]] qualifiers. Much traveled and experienced coach [[Bob Houghton]] was later appointed coach of the team in 2006. Under Houghton, India saw a huge revival in World Football. In August 2007, the Indian national team won the [[Nehru Cup]] for the first time in its history beating [[Syria national football team|Syria]] 1–0. In August the following year, India defeated [[Tajikistan national football team|Tajikistan]] 4–1 to lift the [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup]] and, in turn, qualified for the [[2011 AFC Asian Cup]] in Qatar. In 2009 August, India again won the Nehru Cup beating Syria again but this time in penalties (6–5).

Club-wise Indian football took a turn for the better as the National Football League folded in 2006, and in 2007 the brand new [[I-League]] was started. The first I-League season was won by [[Goa]] club [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]. During the [[2008 AFC Cup]] Dempo made history when they made it all the way to the semi-finals of the [[AFC Cup]], before losing out to [[Safa Beirut SC]].

On 9 December 2010, it was announced that the AIFF had signed a new 15-year 700–crore deal with Reliance Industries and the International Management Group.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Dec 9, 2010|title=AIFF signs 700-crore deal with IMG-RIL {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/AIFF-signs-700-crore-deal-with-IMG-RIL/articleshow/7072492.cms|access-date=2020-12-03|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/AIFF-signs-700-crore-deal-with-IMG-RIL/articleshow/7072492.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==2011: The 2011 AFC Asian Cup==
In the beginning of 2011 India took part in the [[AFC Asian Cup]] for the first time in 27 years. India were placed in Group C with [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]], [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]], and [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]]. On 10 January 2011 India played their first match against Australia where they lost 4–0. Then on 14 January 2011, India played Bahrain where again they lost 5–2 with [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Gouramangi Singh]] scoring. Then on 18 January 2011 India played their final match of the tournament against South Korea where they again lost 4–1. Sunil Chhetri was the goal scorer for India which meant that he scored the most goals for India in the tournament with two goals in three matches.

==2011–2013: A new beginning==
India played its first match in [[2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification]] on 21 Mar winning 3–0 against [[Chinese Taipei national football team|Chinese Taipei]], with [[Jewel Raja Shaikh]], [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] scoring the goals. On 23 March they faced [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan]]. India came from behind and defeated Pakistan 3–1 with Jeje Lalpekhlua scoring 2 goals and [[Steven Dias]] scoring one. On 25 March they faced [[Turkmenistan national football team|Turkmenistan]] and drew the game 1–1. The result meant that they finished on top of Group B and qualified for the [[2012 AFC Challenge Cup]].

In April 2011 Bob Houghton resigned as Indian coach after reports of racial abuse to an Indian referee during a match against Vietnam. In May 2011 the AIFF appointed [[Armando Colaco]] as Indian head coach. The Indian senior team defeated Qatar 2–1 in an international friendly game. India went on to lose the following World Cup qualifying encounter by 5–2 on aggregate over two legs, having contentiously suffered two red cards and two converted penalties in the first 23 minutes of the opening leg, which the UAE won by 3–0. The Indian national team went on a friendly tour to the Caribbean Islands, which turned out to be very unsuccessful. Recently they were beaten 2–1 by [[Guyana national football team|Guyana]].

==2013–present: The rise of Indian football==
In 2013, a brand new competition called the [[Indian Super League]] was started. The first star-filled [[2014 Indian Super League|season]] was won by Kolkata club [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]. In 2016, Mohun Bagan AC became the first Indian club to qualify for the second round of [[AFC Champions League]] Qualifier, when they defeated the [[Tampines Rovers FC|Tampine Rovers FC]] of Singapore on 27 January 2016. While also in 2016, [[Bengaluru FC]] became the only indian team to play in an AFC competition final, as they played in [[2016 AFC Cup|AFC cup 2016]] final against [[Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya|Al-quwa al-jawiya]] in a losing effort.

The [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] was hosted by India.

The [[Indian Women's League]] was planned since 2014 and got established in 2016, with the first season held in [[Cuttack]]. The league was India's first professional football league for [[Women's football in India|women]], following the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]] started in 1991. Since 2019–20, the champions are playing in the [[AFC Women's Club Championship]], the top tier women's club football competition in Asia.

[[Asian Premier Futsal Championship]] was held from 2016 to 2017 as ''Premier Futsal'', featuring [[Paul Scholes]], [[Falcão (futsal player)|Falcão]], [[Ronaldinho]], [[Cafu]], [[Míchel Salgado]], [[Hernán Crespo]], and [[Ryan Giggs]] as [[marquee player]]s.

In 2021, the [[Indian Super League]] was given the premier division status over [[I-League|I-league]], and with that [[FC Goa]] were able to play in the [[2021 AFC Champions League|2021 AFC champions league]] and also hosted all the matches for the tournaments group stage. India had the direct spot in the [[AFC Champions League Elite|AFC champions league]] from 2021 until 2023.

From 1975 until 1991, the administration of the game was in the hands of the Women's Football Federation of India (WFFI), which comes under the Asian Ladies' Football Confederation (ALFC) that had recognition from neither FIFA nor AFC. Indian team earn its first massive international massive success in [[SAFF]] competitions, winning the [[SAFF Women's Championship]] four times in a row. Additionally, they won two gold medals at [[South Asian Games]].

In August 2022, FIFA announced that “The Bureau of the FIFA Council unanimously decided to suspend the All India Football Federation (AIFF) with immediate effect due to undue influence from third parties, which constitutes a serious violation of the FIFA Statutes.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2022 |title=FIFA suspends All India Football Federation |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations/media-releases/fifa-suspends-all-india-football-federation |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Www.fifa.com}}</ref> 11 days later FIFA lifted the suspension imposed on the All India Football Federation (AIFF), that allowed the [[2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]] to go ahead as planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2022 |title=FIFA lifts Indian federation ban, U-17 World Cup to go ahead as planned |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/fifa-lifts-suspension-indian-football-federation-2022-08-26/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Www.Reuters.com}}</ref> Several new competitions including [[Futsal Club Championship]], [[beach soccer]], [[minifootball]], and [[seven-a-side football]] leagues were created, as well as creation/revival of [[India national futsal team|national futsal]], [[India women's national futsal team|women's futsal]], F7, minifootball, and [[India national beach soccer team|beach soccer]] teams.

In a significant morale boost for the I-League clubs, the winners starting with the 2022-23 will be promoted to the [[Indian football league system|top-tier]] Indian Super League (ISL), and get easier [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] entry. Clubs promoted from the I-League will not be required to pay any participation fee, as approved by the AIFF and the AFC, but they must meet Premier One club licensing requirements to become eligible.

As part of the Premier One licensing criteria, a club must comply with a set of guidelines in order to participate in tournaments conducted by the AFC and the AIFF. In addition to maintaining certain sporting, infrastructural, legal and administrative standards, the Premier One licensing criteria covers financial and administrative factors. The All India Football Federation unveiled its strategic roadmap ''Vision 2047'' in early 2023. The long-due roadmap hopes that in the country's centenary year of independence, India will also emerge as a new powerhouse of Asian football. The football governing body also conceded that the women's football ecosystem needed specific solutions to help increase participation and competency, mentioning the need to improve the minimum salary.

The AIFF wants to create a definitive competitive pyramid with a concrete club progression pathway. This is aimed to give every club an opportunity to get promoted all the way to the first division. They are encouraging member associations to create more competitions at the state and district level, with the main objective to attract more youngsters into the sport by giving them an opportunity to reach the top of Indian football pyramid.

The [[Reliance Foundation Development League]], first Indian developmental football league, organised by the [[Reliance Foundation]] in technical support with the All India Football Federation was held in Goa from 15 April to 12 May 2022. It has therefore provided valuable replacement for the discontinued [[Indian Arrows]] and [[AIFF Elite Academy]]. Being U-21 age group competition, it was a continuation of the U-17, U-15, and U-13 AIFF events called [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]]. The Youth League was founded as the I-League U19 in 2008, which was to give youth teams a national league to play in. 16 teams were split into four groups of four. Earlier, [[B.C. Roy Trophy]] had been held for players under 19 years of age, between the teams representing state associations. The tournament was instituted by the AIFF in 1962, with the Indian Football Association presenting the trophy in the memory of former West Bengal Chief Minister [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]].

On 13 June 2023, AIFF league committee announced about introducing a new [[I-League 3]], below [[I-League 2]], where champions of [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] and nominated clubs will play. [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] and [[Institutional League]] have also been revived by the federation.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}

{{Football in India}}
{{World topic|prefix=History of football in|title=[[History of football]]|noredlinks=yes}}

[[Category:History of football in India]]

Chebrolu mandal

2026-03-25T00:43:47Z

GarlandGurule05:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chebrolu mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|11|48|N|80|31|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tenali revenue division|Tenali]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Chebrolu, Guntur district|Chebrolu]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name = S.Jagan Mohan Rao
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=4 May 2016|pages=14,414|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 134.18
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 72141
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629073|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}
[[File:Chebrolu_mandal_in_Guntur_district.jpg | thumb | right | Mandal map of Guntur district showing Chebrolu mandal (in green)]]
'''Chebrolu mandal''' is one of the 18 [[mandal]]s in [[Guntur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tenali revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Chebrolu, Guntur district|Chebrolu]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Guntur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=19 January 2015|pages=88,110|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="census" /> The mandal is bounded by [[Guntur mandal|Guntur]], [[Pedakakani mandal|Pedakakani]], [[Tenali mandal|Tenali]], [[Vatticherukuru]], [[Tsundur]] and [[Ponnur mandal]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Guntur district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/guntur.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=27 May 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428070826/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/guntur.html|archivedate=28 April 2015}}</ref>

== Administration ==

The mandal is also a part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts|url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=23 September 2015|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|archivedate=23 September 2015}}</ref> The [[mandal]] is under the control of a [[tahsildar]] and the present tahsildar is S.Jagan Mohan Rao.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014|url=http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf|website=Guntur District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=23 January 2015|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016202326/http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf#|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chebrolu mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Guntur district|3 mandals]] under [[Ponnur (Assembly constituency)]], which in turn represents [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=11 October 2014|page=22|format=pdf}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 19 settlements. It includes 1 town and 11 villages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-District Details of Guntur District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=24 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415192755/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17# |archive-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=map />

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{div col|colwidth=17em}}
# [[Chebrolu, Guntur district|Chebrolu]]
# Godavarru
# Manchala
# Meesaragadda Ananthavaram
# [[Narakodur]]
# Pathareddipalem
# Sekuru
# [[Selapadu]]
# Srirangapuram
# Suddapalle
# [[Vadlamudi]]
# [[Vejendla]]
# Kottha Reddipalem
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of villages in Guntur district#P|Villages in Chebrolu mandal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Guntur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Guntur district]]

Raja Faisal Zaman

2026-03-24T18:15:07Z

GarlandGurule05: quick enhanced intro per standard format and corrected details for consistency

{{short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raja Faisal Zaman
| honorific-suffix =
| office = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
| term_start = 2002
| term_end = 28 May 2018
| constituency = [[Constituency PK-49 (Haripur-I)]]
| nationality = Pakistani
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2002-2025)
| party = [[Awaam Pakistan|AP]] (2025-present)
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| minister = Youth Affairs, Tourism, Sports, Agricultural
}}

'''Raja Faisal Zaman''' is a Pakistani politician and the former Minister of Youth Affairs, Tourism, Sports, Agricultural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, He is also the advisor of [https://www.metrix.pk/ Metrix Tech Summit] Pakistan's biggest technology Summit. He had been a Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], from 2002 to May 2018. He is the son of [[Raja Sikander Zaman]] former chief minister of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].

==Education==
He has done Master of Business Administration.<ref name="profile/kpassembly">{{cite web|title=Profile|url=http://www.pakp.gov.pk/2013/member/pk-49/|website=www.pakp.gov.pk|publisher=KP Assembly|access-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607204820/http://www.pakp.gov.pk/2013/member/pk-49/|archive-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

==Political career==
He was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Provincial Assembly of the North-West Frontier Province]] as an independent candidate from Constituency PF-49 (Haripur-I) in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]]. He received 30,153 votes and defeated Raja Sheraz Haider, a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N).<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the North-West Frontier Province as a candidate of [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] from Constituency PF-49 (Haripur-I) in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]]. He received 27,654 votes and defeated Raja Sheraz Haider, a candidate of PML-N.<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2018}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) from [[Constituency PK-49 (Haripur-I)]] in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=List of winners of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly seats|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/429931|access-date=15 January 2018|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115034036/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/429931|archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> He received 28,372 votes and defeated an independent candidate, Raja Ejaz Akhter.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 election result|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaman, Raja Faisal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:North-West Frontier Province MPAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MPAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

{{KhyberPakhtunkhwa-MPA-stub}}

Bengal studies

2026-03-21T07:18:45Z

GarlandGurule05: new a details

{{Short description|Academic field studying the Bengali culture}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
'''Bengal studies''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গবিদ্যা}}; ''Bangabidya'') is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the [[Bengali people]], [[Bengali culture|culture]], [[Bengali language|language]], [[Bengali literature|literature]], and [[History of Bengal|history]]. The focus of this field, which qualifies as [[area studies]] and [[cultural studies]], is on Indic Bengalis who follow an indigenous system of faith and refer to themselves as Bengalis. It is a subset of South Asian studies or [[Indology]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bangabidya.net/isbs/idea/ |title=About International Society of Bengal Studies |access-date=2015-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705022906/http://bangabidya.net/isbs/idea/ |archive-date=2017-07-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bengalistudies.com/ |title=Home |website=Journal of Bengali Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105074810/http://www.bengalistudies.com/ |archive-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>

A study of the history and culture of the Bengali people have been undertaken by the Bengalis themselves and others like [[Al-Biruni|Muhammadal-Biruni]] travelling to Bengal since medieval times. The work of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] is often considered{{by whom|date=November 2018}} to be a forerunner of Bengali studies after the Mughal period, while [[Ishwar Chandra Gupta]] pioneered the study of Bengali poets through a critically annotated collection of the diverse oral poetic traditions of Bengal. Twentieth-century Bengali historians like [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] and [[Niharranjan Ray]] were among the prominent researchers of the history and culture of the Bengali people.

==International Congress of Bengal Studies==
* 2010: 1st International Congress; [[University of Delhi]], India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bangabidya.net/icbs/idea/ |title=About International Congress of Bengal Studies |access-date=2015-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705022743/http://bangabidya.net/icbs/idea/ |archive-date=2017-07-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2011: 2nd International Congress; [[University of Dhaka]], Bangladesh
* 2013: 3rd International Congress; [[University of Calcutta]], India
* 2015: 4th International Congress; [[Tokyo University of Foreign Studies]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts2/society/Bengal/CALL_FOR_PAPER_2015-9.pdf |title=Call for Papers, 4th International Congress of Bengal Studies |website=Tokyo University of Foreign Studies}}</ref>
* 2018: 5th International Congress; [[Jahangirnagar University]], Bangladesh

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali language topics}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Regional cultural studies}}

[[Category:Bengali people|*]]
[[Category:History of Bengal| Studies]]
[[Category:Bengali-language education]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Asian studies]]
[[Category:Area studies]]
[[Category:Indology]]

{{indology-stub}}

Kumargram Assembly constituency

2026-03-20T15:14:49Z

GarlandGurule05: refined article for clarity

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{About| the assembly constituency in West Bengal|2. its namesake village|Kumargram, Alipurduar|3.its namesake community development block|Kumargram }}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kumargram
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kumargram.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kumargram Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Manoj Kumar Oraon]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| constituency_no = 10
| established = 1967
| electors = 272,924
| reservation = ST
| abolished =
}}

'''Kumargarm Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Alipurduar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 10 Kumargram (ST) covers [[Kumargram (Community development block)|Kumargram]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Bhatibari, Kohinoor, Mahakalguri Parokata, Samuktala, Tatpara I and Turturi [[gram panchayat]]s in [[Alipurduar II (Community development block)|Alipurduar II]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 21 June 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission}}</ref>

Kumargram Assembly constituency is part of No. 2 [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (ST).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|Pijushkanti Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Debabrata Chatterjee
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|John Arther Baxla
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=9}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|Subodh Oraon
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Salib Toppo
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="3"|Dasrath Tirkey
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|2014^
|Manoj Kumar Oraon
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|James Kujur
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Manoj Kumar Oraon
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumargram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar Oraon]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajeev Tirkey
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Manoj Kumar Oraon of BJP defeated his nearest rival Leos Kujur of TMC.<ref name=WestBengalResults>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/|title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumargram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Oraon
|votes = 1,11,974
|percentage = 48.16
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Leos Kujur
|votes = 1,00,973
|percentage = 43.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Kishor Minz
|votes = 11,253
|percentage = 4.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Aron Murmu
|votes = 1,781
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Kamtapur People's Party]]
|candidate = Shrilal Oron
|votes = 1,651
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Kalawati Chik Baraik
|votes = 1,399
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shailen Marandi
|votes = 740
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,718
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,32,489
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], James Kujur of TMC defeated his nearest rival Manoj Kumar Oraon of RSP.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumargram (ST) constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = James Kujur
|votes = 77,668
|percentage = 37.27
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Oraon
|votes = 71,515
|percentage = 34.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Leos Kujur
|votes = 45,137
|percentage = 21.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Vinay Kr. Minj
|votes = 3,296
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Eliash Narjinary
|votes = 2,737
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Ram Oraon
|votes = 2,179
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 5,874
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,153
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,08,406
|percentage = 85.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 Bye election===

In the bye-elections held in 2014, Manoj Kumar Oraon of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] defeated [[Joachim Baxla]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] by 2,667 votes.

{{Election box begin | title= 2014 West Bengal Legislative Assembly bye- election: Kumargram (ST) constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Oraon
|votes = 65,634
|percentage = 34.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Joachim Baxla
|votes = 62,967
|percentage = 33.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Binod Minj
|votes = 44,039
|percentage = 23.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Clement Dungdung
|votes = 16,020
|percentage = 8.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above ]]
|votes = 4,377
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,677
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 197,414
|percentage = 96.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Dasrath Tirkey of RSP defeated his nearest rival Joachim Baxla of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kumargram (ST) constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Dasrath Tirkey
|votes = 71,545
|percentage = 40.84
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Joachim Baxla]]
|votes = 58,964
|percentage = 33.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Vinay Kumar Minj
|votes = 18,784
|percentage = 10.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hopna Soren
|votes = 12,488
|percentage = 7.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hira Charan Narjinari
|votes = 4,687
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sanjib Kumar Narjinari
|votes = 2,960
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Eliash Narjinary
|votes = 2,782
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khulu Saren
|votes = 1,751
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Rashtriya Deshaj Party
|candidate = Sushila Lakra
|votes = 1,220
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,581
|percentage = 7.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,75,181
|percentage = 85.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] state assembly elections, Dasrath Tirkey of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] defeated Swapan Kujur and Paresh Chandra Das respectively, both [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Salib Toppo of RSP defeated Krishna Chik Baraik of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996 and Dudsai Topp of Congress in 1991. [[Subodh Oraon]] of RSP defeated Khagendra Nath Thakur of Congress in 1987. Subodh Oraon of RSP defeated Dutsai Toppo of Congress in 1982. John Arther Baxla of RSP defeated Konda Bhagat of Congress in 1977.

===1967-1972===
Debabrata Chatterjee of Congress won in 1972. Pijush Kanti Mukherjee of Congress won in 1971, 1969 and 1967. Prior to that the Kumargram seat was not there. In [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]] and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]], Pijush Kanti Mukherjee of Congress won from the [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency]]. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Alipurduars was a joint seat. Pijush Kanti Mukherjee and Dhirandra Nath Brahma Mandal won from there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Alipurduar topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy

2026-03-20T01:56:23Z

GarlandGurule05: Stub

{{Short description|Indian government policy}}
{{Redirect-distinguish-text|NDSAP|"NSDAP", the [[Nazi Party]]}}
The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] of India approved the '''National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy''' ('''NDSAP''') on 9 February 2012.<ref name=pib>{{Cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=80196|title=National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy – 2012 approved|date=2012-02-09|work=Press Information Bureau – Government of India|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref><ref name=Gazette_Notification_NDSAP>{{Cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDSAP.pdf|title=National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP)|date=2012-03-17|website=The Gazette of India|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref> The objective of the policy is to facilitate access to [[Government of India]] owned shareable data and information in both [[Human-readable medium|human readable]] and [[Machine-readable data|machine readable]] forms.<ref name=pib/><ref name=Gazette_Notification_NDSAP/>

==Scope==

A large quantum of data generated using public funds by various organizations and institutions in the country remains inaccessible to the public, although most of such data may be non-sensitive in nature and could be used by public for scientific, economic and developmental purposes. There has been an increasing demand by the community, that such data collected with the deployment of public funds should be made more readily available to all, for enabling rational debate, better decision making and use in meeting civil society needs. The NDSAP policy is designed to promote data sharing and enable access to Government of India owned data for national planning, development and awareness.<ref name=Implementation>{{Cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDSAP%20Implementation%20Guidelines%202.4.pdf|title=Implementation Guidelines for National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP)|date=November 2015|website=data.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref><ref name=Gazette_Notification_NDSAP/>

The National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) is applicable to all shareable non-sensitive data available either in digital or analog forms but generated using public funds by various [[List of federal government agencies of India|ministries, departments, subordinate offices, organizations, and agencies of Government of India]] as well as of the [[States and union territories of India|states]]. The objective of this policy is to facilitate access to Government of India owned shareable data through a wide area network, thereby permitting a wider accessibility and usage by public.<ref name=Implementation/> The principles on which data sharing and accessibility need to be based include: openness, flexibility, transparency, quality, security and efficiency,.<ref name=Implementation/><ref name=Gazette_Notification_NDSAP/>

The motivation behind this policy is [[United Nations]] [[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]], Principle 10: "''Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities,...and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available.''" and [[Right to Information Act, 2005]], Section 4 (2): "''It shall be a constant endeavour of every public authority to take steps in accordance with the requirements of clause (b) of sub-section (1) to provide as much information suo motu to the public at regular intervals through various means of communications, including internet, so that the public have minimum resort to the use of this Act to obtain information.''".<ref name=Implementation/><ref name=Gazette_Notification_NDSAP/> Some state governments such as Sikkim, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Assam, etc. have created their own policy on the lines of NDSAP.

==Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India==
{{main|data.gov.in}}

The [[Open data#In government|open government data]] initiative started in India with the notification of the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP), submitted to the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], on 17 March 2012.<ref name=odl/><ref name=Gazette_Notification_NDSAP/> The NDSAP identified the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Department of Electronics & Information Technology]] as the [[Government agency#India|nodal department]] for the implementation of the policy through [[National Informatics Centre]], while the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] continues to be the [[Government agency#India|nodal department]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dst.gov.in/national-data-sharing-and-accessibility-policy-0|title=National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy|website=Department of Science and Technology (DST)|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref> on policy matters.<ref name=odl/> In pursuance of the Policy, the '''[https://data.gov.in/ Open Government Data Platform India]''' was launched in 2012.<ref name=odl>{{Cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/government-open-data-license-india|title=Government Open Data License – India|website=data.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref>

"OGD Platform India" is a platform for supporting [[open data]] initiative of [[Government of India]].<ref name=data.gov.in_about/> The platform has been set up to provide collated access to resources (datasets/apps) under catalogs, published by different government entities in [[open format]].<ref name=Implementation/> The portal is intended to be used by Government of India ministries, departments and their organizations to publish datasets, documents, services, tools and applications collected by them for public use. The base "Open Government Data Platform India" is a joint initiative of [[Government of India]] and [[Federal government of the United States]].<ref name=data.gov.in_about>{{Cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/about-us|title=About Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India|website=data.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref>

The current version launched on 11 December 2014 is the stable release of the platform. After the launch of the [[Digital India]] program in 2015, "Open Government Data Platform India" has been included as one of the important initiatives under Pillar 6 – "Information for All".<ref name=Implementation/>

==Government Open Data License – India==

While appropriate open formats and related aspects for implementation of the policy has been defined in the "NDSAP implementation guidelines" prepared by an inter-ministerial task force constituted by the [[National Informatics Centre]], the open license for data sets published under NDSAP and through the OGD Platform remained unspecified. The license '''[https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/Gazette_Notification_OGDL.pdf Government Open Data License – India]'''<ref name=egazette>{{Cite journal|last=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|author-link=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|date=2017-02-13|title=Government Open Data License – India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/174146.pdf|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=Department of Publication, Government of India|volume=42|pages=1–6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226073715/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/174146.pdf|archive-date=2018-02-26}}</ref><ref name=odl/><ref name=Gazette_Notification_OGDL/> is published as an [[The Gazette of India|"Extraordinary Gazette"]] in February 2017.<ref name=egazette/><ref name=Gazette_Notification_OGDL>{{Cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/Gazette_Notification_OGDL.pdf|title=Government Open Data License – India|date=2017-02-10|website=The Gazette of India|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref> The license ensures that the data released are not misused or misinterpreted, and that all users have the same and permanent right to use the data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/open-data|title=Open Data|website=Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref>

Government Open Data License – India (GODL-India) is applicable to "all shareable non-sensitive data available either in digital or analog forms but generated using public funds by various agencies of the Government of India".<ref name=egazette/> The license permits anyone to "use, adapt, publish (either in original, or in adapted and/or [[Derivative work|derivative forms]]), translate, display, add value, and create derivative works (including products and services), for all lawful commercial and non-commercial purposes".<ref name=egazette/> In return, the user must [[Citation|acknowledge]] the provider, source, and license of data by explicitly publishing the [[Attribution (copyright)|attribution statement]], including the DOI ([[Digital object identifier]]), or the [[URL]] ([[URL|Uniform Resource Locator]]), or the URI ([[Uniform Resource Identifier]]) of the data concerned.<ref name=egazette/>

The license does not cover the following kinds of data: a. [[Personally identifiable information|personal information]]; b. data that is non-shareable and/or sensitive; c. names, crests, logos and other official symbols of the data provider(s); d. data subject to other [[Intellectual property#Rights|intellectual property rights]], including [[patent]]s, [[Trademark|trade-marks]] and official marks; e. [[Indian Armed Forces|military insignia]]; f. [[Identity documents of India|identity documents]]; and g. any data that should not have been publicly disclosed for the grounds provided under section 8 of the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]].<ref name=egazette/>

==See also==
*[[Copyright law of India]]
*[[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
*[[Rio Declaration on Environment and Development]]
*[[Open data]]
*[[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government]]
*[[Crown copyright]]
*[[Open Government Licence]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]. March 2012. Gazette of India. [https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDSAP.pdf National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) 2012 (Gazette Notification)]
*[https://data.gov.in/ Open Government Data (OGD) Platform (India) – data.gov.in]
*[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]. February 2017. Gazette of India. [https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/Gazette_Notification_OGDL.pdf Government Open Data License – India (Gazette Notification)]
*[https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDSAP%20Implementation%20Guidelines%202.4.pdf Implementation guidelines for National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP)]
*[http://www.copyright.gov.in Official website of Registrar of Copyright]
*[http://copyright.gov.in/Documents/CopyrightRules1957.pdf Indian Copyright Act, 1957: Full text]
*[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/176237/ Section 28 in the Copyright Act, 1957 – Term of copyright in Government works]

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy - Government of India}}
[[Category:Indian copyright law|India]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

List of municipal corporations in India

2026-03-16T18:41:36Z

GarlandGurule05: page updated

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}

Under the [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India]], local governments of cities with a population of 100,000 and above are known as ''municipal corporations''.

This is a list of municipal corporations in every state or union territory based on the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011.there are around 366 municipal corporation are listed here. |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331155543/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2022 |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=26 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=5 June 2022}}</ref>

Note: The list includes the city municipal limits, but not [[urban agglomeration]] or municipalities.

A total of 279 municipal corporations are listed here.

== Andhra Pradesh ==
{{Main|List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] & [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
|681.96
|2,035,922
|98
|1979
| rowspan="17" |2026
| rowspan="17" colspan="2" |TBD
|
|-
!2
|[[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vijayawada]]
|[[NTR district|NTR]]
|61.88
|1,448,240
|64
|1981
|
|-
!3
|[[Guntur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Guntur]]
|[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|168.04
|743,354
|57
|1994
|
|-
!4
|[[Nellore Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nellore]]
|[[Nellore district|SPS Nellore]]
|149.2
|600,869
|54
|2004
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellore Municipal Corporation |url=https://nelloremc.com/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=nelloremc.com}}</ref>

|-
!5
|[[Kurnool Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kurnool]]
|[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|69.51
|460,184
|52
|1994
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurnool Municipal Corporation |url=http://kurnoolmunicipalcorporation.com/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=kurnoolmunicipalcorporation.com}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]]
|[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|44.50
|343,903
|50
|1980
|
|-
!7
|[[Kadapa Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kadapa]]
|[[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
|164.08
|341,823
|50
|2004
|
|-
!8
|[[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mangalagiri]]
|[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|194.41
|320,020
|50
|
|
|-
!9
|[[Kakinada Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kakinada]]
|[[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
|30.51
|312,255
|50
|2004
|
|-
!11
|[[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Tirupati]]
|[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|27.44
|287,035
|50
|2007
|
|-
!11
|[[Eluru Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Eluru]]
|[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|154
|283,648
|50
|2005
|
|-
!12
|[[Anantapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Anantapur]]
|[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
|15.98
|262,340
|50
|1950
|
|-
!13
|[[Ongole Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ongole]]
|[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|132.45
|252,739
|50
|2012
|
|-
!14
|[[Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vizianagaram]]
|[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
|29.27
|244,598
|50
|1988
|
|-
!15
|[[Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Machilipatnam]]
|[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|95.35
|189,979
|50
|
|
|-
!16
|[[Chittoor Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chittoor]]
|[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|95.97
|189,000
|50
|2012
|
|-
!17
|[[Srikakulam Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Srikakulam]]
|[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
|20.89
|147,936
|50
|
|
|}

== Arunachal Pradesh ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Itanagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Itanagar]]
|[[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]
|
|
|30
|2013
|2025
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Itanagar Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.imc.arunachal.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.imc.arunachal.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== Assam ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Guwahati Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
|216
|1,260,419
|60
|1971
|2022
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guwahati Municipal Corporation |url=https://gmc.assam.gov.in/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=gmc.assam.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Dibrugarh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dibrugarh]]
|[[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
|15.5
|258,000
|22
|2024
|2022
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|
|-
!3
|[[Silchar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Silchar]]
|[[Cachar district|Cachar]]
|69.7
|650,000
|42
|2024
|
|
|
|}

== Bihar ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Arrah Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Arrah]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|30.97
|461,430
|45
|2007
|2022
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Begusarai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Begusarai]]
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|
|252,000
|45
|2010
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Begusarai Municipal Corporation |url=https://begusaraimunicipal.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=begusaraimunicipal.net}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Bettiah Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bettiah]]
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|11.63
|156,200
|40
|2020
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bettiah Municipal Corporation |url=https://bettiahnagarnigam.net |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=bettiahnagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhagalpur]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|30.17
|410,000
|51
|1981
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation |url=https://bhagalpurnagarnigam.in/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Bihar Sharif Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bihar Sharif]]
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|23.50
|296,000
|46
|2007
|2022
|
|
|-
|6
|[[Chhapra Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chhapra]]
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|16.96
|249,555
|45
|2017
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapra Municipal Corporation |url=https://chapranagarnigam.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=chapranagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Darbhanga Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Darbhanga]]
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|19.18
|306,612
|48
|1982
|2022
|
|
|-
|8
|[[Gaya Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|50.17
|560,990
|53
|1983
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaya Municipal Corporation |url=https://gayamunicipal.net/pmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=gayamunicipal.net}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Katihar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Katihar]]
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|33.46
|240,565
|45
|2009
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katihar Municipal Corporation |url=https://katiharnagarnigam.net/bmc/public/index.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=katiharnagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Madhubani Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Madhubani, India]]
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|46.56
|164,156
|30
|2020
| 2023
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Motihari Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Motihari]]
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|
|126,158
|46
|2020
|2022
|
|
|-
|12
|[[Munger Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Munger]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|388,000
|45
|2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of ULBs in Bihar |url=http://rcueslucknow.org/states/Compendium%20of%20Urban%20Data%20(Bihar)/_17_%20LIST%20OF%20ULB%20IN%20BIHAR.pdf}}</ref>
|2022
|
|
|-
|13
|[[Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Muzaffarpur]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|32.00
|393,216
|49
|1981
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muzzafarpur Municipal Corporation |url=https://mymmc.org/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=mymmc.org}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Patna Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Patna]]
|[[Patna]]
|108.87
|2,100,216
|75
|1952
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patna Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.pmc.bihar.gov.in/Home.aspx |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.pmc.bihar.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Purnia Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Purnia]]
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|
|510,216
|46
|2009
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purnea Municipal Corporation |url=https://purneanagarnigam.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=purneanagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|16
|[[Saharsa Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Saharsa]]
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|
|
|41
|2021
| 2023
|
|
|-
|17
|[[Samastipur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Samastipur]]
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|
|256,156
|47
|2020
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samastipur Municipal Corporation |url=https://samastipurnagarnigam.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=samastipurnagarnigam.net}}</ref>
|-
|18
|[[Sasaram Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Sasaram]]
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|
|310,565
|48
|2020
|2022
|
|
|-
|19
|[[Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Sitamarhi]]
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|66.19
|150,000
|46
|2021
|2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation |url=https://sitamarhimunicipal.net/bmc/public |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=sitamarhimunicipal.net}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Chandigarh ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Chandigarh Municipal Corporation]]
|<includeonly>colspan="1"|</includeonly>[[Chandigarh]]
|[[Chandigarh district|Chandigarh]]
|114
|960,787
|35
|1994
|2021
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Chandigarh |url=http://mcchandigarh.gov.in/ |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=mcchandigarh.gov.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Chhattisgarh ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Raipur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Raipur]]
|[[Raipur district|Raipur]]
|226
|1,010,087
|70
|
| rowspan="10" |[[2025 Chhattisgarh local elections|2025]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raipur Municipal Corporation |url=http://mcraipur.in/Home.aspx |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=mcraipur.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Bilaspur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
|[[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
|137
|689,154
|70
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilaspur Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.bmcbilaspur.com/index.htm |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.bmcbilaspur.com}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Jagdalpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jagdalpur]]
|[[Bastar district|Bastar]]
|193
|325,345
|60
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagdalpur Municipal Corporation |url=http://nagarnigamjagdalpur.in/main.htm |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=nagarnigamjagdalpur.in}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Durg Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Durg]]
|[[Durg district|Durg]]
|182
|268,679
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durg Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.municipalcorporationdurg.in/en/index.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.municipalcorporationdurg.in}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Korba Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]
|[[Korba district|Korba]]
|90
|263,210
|67
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korba Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.korbamunicipal.in/mck/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.korbamunicipal.in}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Rajnandgaon Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rajnandgaon]]
|[[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
|70
|163,122
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajnandgaon Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.mcrjn.com/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.mcrjn.com}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Raigarh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Raigarh]]
|[[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
|
|137,097
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raigarh Municipal Corporation |url=https://nagarnigamraigarh.com/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=nagarnigamraigarh.com}}</ref>
|-
!8
|[[Ambikapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]]
|[[Surguja district|Surguja]]
|35.36
|114,575
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambikapur Municipal Corporation |url=https://ambikapur.urbanecg.gov.in/AMBS/CitizenHome.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=ambikapur.urbanecg.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!9
|[[Dhamtari Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dhamtari]]
|[[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
|34.94
|108,500
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhamtari Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.nagarnigamdhamtari.com/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.nagarnigamdhamtari.com}}</ref>
|-
!10
|[[Chirmiri Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chirmiri]]
|[[Koriya district|Koriya]]
|
|101,378
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Chirimiri |url=https://www.xactsoftware.co.in/nagarnigamchirimiri.com/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=www.xactsoftware.co.in}}</ref>
|-
!11
|[[Bhilai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhilai]]
|[[Durg district|Durg]]
|158
|625,697
|70
|
| rowspan="4" |2021
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhilai Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.bhilainagarnigam.com/endefault.aspx |access-date=2021-12-09 |website=www.bhilainagarnigam.com}}</ref>
|-
!12
|[[Birgaon Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Birgaon]]
|[[Raipur district|Raipur]]
|96.29
|108,491
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birgaon Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.nagarnigambirgaon.com/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.nagarnigambirgaon.com}}</ref>
|-
!13
|[[Risali Municipal Corporation]]
|Risali
|[[Durg district|Durg]]
|104
|10,5000
|
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=रिसाली नगर निगम |url=https://risali.urbanecg.gov.in/RMCD/CitizenHome.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=risali.urbanecg.gov.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|-
!14
|[[Bhilai Charoda Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhilai Charoda]]
|[[Durg district|Durg]]
|190
|98,008
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Bhilai Charoda Municipal Corporation |url=https://nagarnigambhilaicharoda.com/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=MCBC |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}
== Delhi ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
|<includeonly>colspan="1"|</includeonly>[[Delhi]]
|[[List of districts of Delhi|Delhi]]
|1397.3
|
|250
||1958
|2023
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation of Delhi |url=https://mcdonline.nic.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=mcdonline.nic.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Goa ==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Corporation of the City of Panaji ]]
|[[Panaji]]
|[[North Goa district|North Goa]]
|08.27
|40,000
|30
|2016
|2026
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|''Non partisan''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporation of The City of Panaji |url=https://ccpgoa.com |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=ccpgoa.com}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Gujarat ==
{{Main|List of urban local bodies in Gujarat#List of Municipal Corporations (Mahanagarpalika) in Gujarat}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| 530
|8,253,455
|48
|1950
|Rowspan="7" |[[2021 Gujarat local elections|2021]]
|Rowspan="8" {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.ahmedabadcity.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.ahmedabadcity.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Surat]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
| 462.14
|7,490,598
|30
|1966
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surat Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.suratmunicipal.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|326
|410,618
|13
|2010
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.gandhinagarmunicipal.com |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.gandhinagarmunicipal.com}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|220.60
|3,522,221
|19
|1950
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation |url=https://vmc.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.vmc.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Rajkot Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rajkot]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|163.21
|1,934,975
|18
|1973
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkot Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.rmc.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.rmc.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|119
|771,365
|13
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.bmcgujarat.com/ |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.bmcgujarat.com/}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|-
!7
|[[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jamnagar]]
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
|125
|682,302
|16
|1981
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamnagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.mcjamnagar.com/ |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.mcjamnagar.com/}}</ref>
|-
!8
|[[Junagadh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Junagadh]]
|[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|160
|415,838
|20
|2002
|2025
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Junagadh Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.junagadhmunicipal.org |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.junagadhmunicipal.org}}</ref>
|-
!9
|[[Karamsad Anand Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|[[Anand District|Anand]]
|90.17
|412,106
|13
|Rowspan="9"|2025
|Rowspan="9"|Newly formed
|Rowspan="9" colspan="2"| TBD
|
|-
!10
|[[Nadiad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nadiad]]
|[[Kheda District|Kheda]]
|78.55
|385,979
|13
|
|-
!11
|[[Mehsana Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mehsana]]
|[[Mehsana District|Mehsana]]
|79.94
|320,000
|12
|
|-
!12
|[[Navsari Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Navsari]]
|[[Navsari district|Navsari]]
|41.71
|367,000
|13
|
|-
!13
|[[Surendranagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Surendranagar]]
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|58.60
|329,000
|12
|
|-
!14
|[[Morbi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Morbi]]
|[[Morbi district|Morbi]]
|46.58
|327,000
|13
|
|-
!15
|[[Gandhidham Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gandhidham]]
|[[Kutch district|Kutch]]
|63.49
|322,000
|13
|
|-
!16
|[[Porbandar - Chhaya Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Porbandar]]
|[[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]
|60
|300,000
|13
|
|-
!17
|[[Vapi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vapi]]
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|80
|350,000
|12
|
|}

== Haryana ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Gurgaon Municipal Corporation|Gurugram Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gurgaon|Gurugram]]
|[[Gurgaon district|Gurugram]]
|232
|876,969
|36
|
|2025
!Rowspan="10" {{Party colour cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rowspan="10" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
!2
|[[Faridabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Faridabad]]
|[[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
|207.08
|1,400,000
|46
|
|2025
|
|-
!3
|[[Sonipat Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Sonipat]]
|[[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
|181
|596,974
|20
|
|2020
|
|-
!4
|[[Panchkula Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Panchkula]]
|[[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]
|32.06
|558,890
|20
|
|2020
|
|-
!5
|[[Yamunanagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Yamunanagar]]
|[[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]
|216.62
|532,000
|22
|
|2025
|
|-
!6
|[[Rohtak Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rohtak]]
|[[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
|139
|373,133
|22
|
|2025
|
|-
!7
|[[Karnal Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Karnal]]
|[[Karnal district|Karnal]]
|87
|310,989
|20
|
|2025
|
|-
!8
|[[Hisar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
|[[Hisar district|Hisar]]
|
|301,249
|20
|
|2025
|
|-
!9
|[[Panipat Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Panipat]]
|[[Panipat district|Panipat]]
|56
|294,150
|26
|
|2025
|
|-
!10
|[[Ambala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ambala]]
|[[Ambala district|Ambala]]
|
|128,350
|20
|
|2020
|
|-
!11
|[[Manesar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Manesar]]
|[[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]
|124.32
|128,350
|20
|2025
|2025
|{{Party colour cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|}

== Himachal Pradesh ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Shimla Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Shimla]]
|[[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|35.34
|171,817
|34<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Councillors of Shimla Municipal Corporation |url=https://shimlamc.hp.gov.in/Members/PDFforHonbleMember |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>
|1851
|2023
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla Municipal Corporation |url=https://shimlamc.hp.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=www.shimlamc.hp.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Dharamshala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dharamshala]]
|[[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|27.60
|58,260
|17<ref name="NR">{{Cite web |title=Notification regarding reservation of wards in Municipal Corporations |url=http://www.ud.hp.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notification%20regarding%20reservation%20of%20wards%20in%20M.Corp..pdf |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>
|2015
| rowspan="7" |2026
| rowspan="7" colspan="2" |TBD
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Nigam Dharamshala |url=https://edharamshala.in/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=edharamshala.in}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Palampur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Palampur, Himachal Pradesh|Palampur]]
|[[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|
|40,385
|15<ref name="NR" />
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Palampur |url=https://mcpalampur.in/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=mcpalampur.in}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Solan Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Solan]]
|[[Solan district|Solan]]
|33.43
|35,280
|17<ref name="NR" />
|1868
|<ref name="Solan MC Election 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.himachalheadlines.com/news/solan-municipal-corporation-gets-new-mayor-deputy-mayor/|title=Solan Municipal Corporation gets new mayor, deputy mayor|work=Himachal Headlines|date=7 December 2023 |accessdate=7 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Mandi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]
|[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|
|26,422
|15<ref name="NR" />
|2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation {{!}} Mandi, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.municipalcorporationmandi.in/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=www.municipalcorporationmandi.in}}</ref>
|-
!6
|Baddi Municipal Corporation
|[[Baddi]]
|[[Solan district|Solan]]
|
|
|
| rowspan="3" |
2024<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-17 |title=Himachal cabinet okays upgrade for three municipal councils |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/himachal-cabinet-okays-upgrade-for-three-municipal-councils-101731789017329.html |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
!7
|Hamirpur Municipal Corporation
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!8
|Una Municipal Corporation
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]
|[[Una district|Una]]
|
|
|
|
|-
</onlyinclude>
|}
== Jammu and Kashmir ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Srinagar]]
|[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
|227.34
|1,273,310
|74
|2003
|Rowspan=2|2026
|Rowspan=2 colspan="2" |TBD
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.smcsrinagar.in/ |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=www.smcsrinagar.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|-
!2
|[[Jammu Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jammu]]
|[[Jammu district|Jammu]]
|240
|951,373
|75
|2003
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.jmcjammu.org/ |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=www.jmcjammu.org}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Jharkhand==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan=2|Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Dhanbad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dhanbad]]
|[[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
|275.00
|1,195,298
|55
|2006
| rowspan="9" |2026
| rowspan="9" {{party color cell|Independent}}
| rowspan="9" |Non Partisan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanbad Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Dhanbad/Dhanbad.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Ranchi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|[[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
|175.12
|1,126,741
|55
|1979
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranchi Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.ranchimunicipal.com}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Chas Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]]
|[[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
|29.98
|563,417
|35
|2015
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chas Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/chas/chas.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Deoghar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Deoghar]]
|[[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
|119.70
|283,116
|36
|2010
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/deoghar/deoghar.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Adityapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Adityapur]]
|[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
|49.00
|225,628
|35
|2016
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adityapur Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Adityapur/Adityapur.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Mango Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|[[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
|18.03
|224,002
|03
|2017
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mango Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/mango/mango.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Hazaribagh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Hazaribagh]]
|[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
|53.94
|186,139
|36
|2016
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazaribag Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/Hazaribag/Hazaribag.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!8
|[[Medininagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Medininagar]]
|[[Palamu district|Palamu]]
|14.90
|158,941<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2019 |title=Wardwise Population of Medininagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Handlers/Notices2.ashx?id=12042019120425PM.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605012537/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Handlers/Notices2.ashx?id=12042019120425PM.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|35<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elected Ward Members of Medininagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/Medininagar/Images/MEDNINAGAR%20ELECTED%20REPRESENTATIVES.pdf |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>
|2015
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medininagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/Medininagar/Medininagar.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!9
|[[Giridih Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Giridih]]
|[[Giridih district|Giridih]]
|87.04
|143,529
|36
|2016
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giridih Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Giridih/Giridih.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== Karnataka ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Bengaluru West City Corporation]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|161
| rowspan="5" |8,443,675
|111
| rowspan="5" |2025
| rowspan="19" |2026
| rowspan="19" colspan="2" |TBD
|
|
|-
!2
|[[Bengaluru North City Corporation]]
|158
|72
|
|
|-
!3
|[[Bengaluru South City Corporation]]
|147
|72
|
|
|-
!4
|[[Bengaluru Central City Corporation]]
| 78 | 78
|63
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike |url=https://bbmp.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=bbmp.gov.in}}</ref>
|
|-
!5
|[[Bengaluru East City Corporation]]
|168
|50
|
|-
!6
|[[Mysore City Corporation|Mysuru City Corporation]]
|[[Mysore|Mysuru]]
|[[Mysore district|Mysuru]]
|235
|920,550
|65
|1977
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mysuru City Corporation |url=https://mysurucitycorporation.co.in |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=mysurucitycorporation.co.in}}</ref>
|
|-
!7
|[[Mangaluru City Corporation]]
|[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
|[[Dakshina Kannada]]
|170
|724,159
|60
|1980
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalore City Corporation |url=https://www.mccpropertytax.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.mccpropertytax.in}}</ref>
|
|-
!8
|[[Belagavi Mahanagara Palike|Belagavi City Corporation]]
|[[Belgaum|Belagavi]]
|[[Belagavi District|Belagavi]]
|94.08
|490,045
|58
|1976
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belagavi City Corporation |url=https://belagavicitycorp.org |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=belagavicitycorp.org}}</ref>
|
|-
!9
|[[Kalaburagi Mahanagara Palike|Kalaburagi City Corporation]]
|[[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]]
|[[Gulbarga district|Kalaburagi]]
|192
|533,587
|55
|1982
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalaburagi City Corporation |url=http://www.kalaburagicity.mrc.gov.in/en/home |website=www.kalaburagicity.mrc.gov.in}}</ref>
|
|-
!10
|Hubballi City Corporation
|[[Hubli]]
|[[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
|127.45
|943,857
|55
|1962
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name="The Hindu" />
|
|-
!11
|Dharwad Municipal Corporation
|[[Dharwad]]
|[[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
|120.94
|943,857
|26
|2025
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in/en |website=www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Cabinet approves separate municipal corporation for Dharwad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cabinet-approves-separate-municipal-corporation-for-dharwad/article69054707.ece |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|
|-
!12
|[[Davanagere City Corporation]]
|[[Davanagere]]
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
|77
|435,128
|45
|2007
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Davanagere City Corporation |url=http://davanagerecity.mrc.gov.in/en/home |website=www.davanagerecity.mrc.gov.in}}</ref>
|
|-
!13
|Ballari City Corporation
|[[Bellary|Ballari]]
|[[Ballari district|Ballari]]
|89.95
|409,444
|39
|2001
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ballari City Corporation |url=http://www.ballaricity.mrc.gov.in/en/home |website=www.ballaricity.mrc.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!14
|[[Vijayapura City Corporation]]
|[[Vijayapura, Karnataka|Vijayapura]]
|[[Vijayapura district|Vijayapura]]
|102.38
|326,360
|35
|2013
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayapura City Corporation |url=https://vijayapuracitycorp.org |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=vijayapuracitycorp.org}}</ref>
|
|-
!15
|Shivamogga City Corporation
|[[Shimoga|Shivamogga]]
|[[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]]
|70.01
|322,650
|35
|2013
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivamogga City Corporation |url=http://shivamoggacitycorp.org/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=shivamoggacitycorp.org}}</ref>
|
|-
!16
|[[Tumakuru City Corporation]]
|[[Tumkur]]
|[[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]
|102.9
|305,821
|35
|2013
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumakuru City Corporation |url=https://tumakurucitycorp.org/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=tumakurucitycorp.org}}</ref>
|
|-
!17
|Raichur City Corporation
|[[Raichur]]
|[[Raichur district|Raichur]]
|43.85
|234,073
|35
|2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} RAICHUR City Municipal Council |url=http://raichurcity.mrc.gov.in:80/en/home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719044828/http://raichurcity.mrc.gov.in:80/en/home |archive-date=2020-07-19 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.raichurcity.mrc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
!18
|Bidar City Corporation
|[[Bidar]]
|[[Bidar district|Bidar]]
|91.96
|201,620'
|35
|2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unauthorized Request Blocked |url=http://www.bidarcity.mrc.gov.in:80/en/Home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124035217/http://www.bidarcity.mrc.gov.in:80/en/Home |archive-date=2019-11-24 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.bidarcity.mrc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-02 |title=Bidar CMC to be upgraded to city corporation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/bidar-cmc-to-be-upgraded-to-city-corporation/articleshow/117864711.cms |access-date=2025-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!19
|Hassan City Corporation
|[[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
|[[Hassan district|Hassan]]
|86.01
|155,006
|35
|2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= Home | HASSAN City Municipal Council|url=http://www.hassancity.mrc.gov.in/en/home}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hassan upgraded to city corporation; Governor issues official notification |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/hassan-upgraded-to-city-corporation-governor-issues-official-notification-3519513 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Kerala ==
{{Main|List of municipal corporations in Kerala}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|214.86
|957,730
|100
|1940
|rowspan=6|[[2025 Kerala local elections|2025]]
|{{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |url=https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|118
| 609,214
|75
|1962
|{{Party name with colour|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhikode Municipal Corporation |url=https://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Kochi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|94.88
| 601,574
|74
|1967
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi Municipal Corporation |url=https://kochicorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Kochin corporation}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Kollam Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kollam]]
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|73.03
| 388,288
|55
|2000
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollam Municipal Corporation |url=https://kollamcorporation.gov.in/en |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=kollamcorporation.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|101.42
|315,596
|55
|2000
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrissur Municipal Corporation |url=https://thrissurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Thrissur corporation}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Kannur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kannur]]
|[[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|78.35
|232,486
|55
|2015
|{{Party name with colour|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannur Municipal Corporation |url=https://kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=kannurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Madhya Pradesh ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Indore Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Indore]]
|[[Indore district|Indore]]
|530
|2,167,447
|85
|
| rowspan="16" |2022<ref name="MP">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Phase 1 Madhya Pradesh Municipal Election Result 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/madhya-pradesh-municipal-election-result-2022-winners-list-indore-bhopal-jabalpur-satna-chhindwara-singrauli-gwalior-101658059075902.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore Municipal Corporation |url=https://imcindore.mp.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Bhopal Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]
|463
|1,886,100
|85
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhopal Municipal Corporation |url=http://bhopalmunicipal.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615212506/http://bhopalmunicipal.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Bhopal Municipal Corporation |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jabalpur]]
|[[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
|263
|1,268,848
|
|
|
|-
!4
|[[Gwalior Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gwalior]]
|[[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
|289
|1,117,740
|66
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!5
|[[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ujjain]]
|[[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
|152
|515,215
|54
|
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ujjain Municipal Corporation |url=http://nagarnigamujjain.org |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=nagarnigamujjain.org}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|-
!6
|[[Sagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
|[[Sagar District|Sagar]]
|50
|370,296
|
|
|
|-
!7
|[[Burhanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Burhanpur]]
|[[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]]
|35
|300,892
|
|
|
|-
!8
|[[Dewas Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dewas]]
|[[Dewas district|Dewas]]
|50
|289,438
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dewas Municipal Corporation |url=https://dmcdewas.com |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Dewas Municipal Corporation |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!9
|[[Satna Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Satna]]
|[[Satna district|Satna]]
|112
|283,004
|
|
|
|-
!10
|[[Ratlam Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ratlam]]
|[[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
|39
|273,892
|49
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratlam Municipal Corporation |url=https://rmcratlam.in/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=rmcratlam.in}}</ref>
|-
!11
|[[Khandwa Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Khandwa]]
|[[Khandwa district|Khandwa]]
|
|259,436
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khandwa Municipal Corporation |url=https://khandwakmc.org |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Municipal Corporation Khandwa |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!12
|[[Chhindwara Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chhindwara]]
|[[Chhindwara District|Chhindwara]]
|110
|234,784
|48
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhindwara Municipal Corporation |url=https://chhindwaranagarnigam.com/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!13
|[[Katni Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Katni]]
|[[Katni district|Katni]]
|
|221,875
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katni Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.kmckatni.org/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.kmckatni.org}}</ref>
|-
!14
|[[Rewa Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
|[[Rewa district|Rewa]]
|69
|235,422
|45
|
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewa Municipal Corporation |url=https://mcrewa.com/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!15
|[[Morena Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]
|[[Morena District|Morena]]
|80
|218,768
|
|
|
|-
!16
|[[Singrauli Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Singrauli]]
|[[Singrauli District|Singrauli]]
|
|225,676
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|}

== Maharashtra ==
{{Main|List of urban local bodies in Maharashtra#List of municipal corporations}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] & [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|609
|12,442,373
|
|1726
|Rowspan=29|[[2025-26 Maharashtra local elections| 2026]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation |url=https://portal.mcgm.gov.in |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=portal.mcgm.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pune]]
|[[Pune district|Pune]]
|484.61
|6,451,618
|
|1950
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!3
|[[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|227.36
|3,428,897
|
|1951
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!4
|[[Nashik Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nashik]]
|[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|267
|1,886,973
|
|1982
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!5
|[[Thane Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Thane]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|147
|1,818,872
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|
|-
!6
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation|Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
|[[Haveli taluka|Pune]]
|181
|1,729,320
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!7
|[[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kalyan-Dombivli]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|137.15
|1,246,381
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|
|-
!8
|[[Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vasai-Virar]]
|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|311
|1,221,233
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
!9
|[[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhajingar]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhajingar]]
|139
|1,171,330
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!10
|[[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|344
|1,119,477
|
|1992
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.nmmc.gov.in/navimumbai/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.nmmc.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!11
|[[Solapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Solapur]]
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|180.67
|951,118
|
|1963
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solapur Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.solapurcorporation.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.solapurcorporation.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!12
|[[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mira-Bhayandar]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|79.04
|814,655
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!13
|[[Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhiwandi-Nizampur]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|
|711,329
|
|
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
!14
|[[Amravati Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Amravati]]
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|280
|646,801
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!15
|[[Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nanded]]
|[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
|
|550,564
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!16
|[[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kolhapur]]
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|66.82
|549,236
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!17
|[[Akola Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Akola]]
|[[Akola district|Akola]]
|128
|537,489
|91
|2001
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<ref>https://amcakola.in</ref>
|-
!18
|[[Panvel Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Panvel]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|110.06
|509,901
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!19
|[[Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ulhasnagar]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|28
|506,937
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|
|-
!20
|[[Sangali-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad]]
|[[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|
|502,697
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!21
|[[Malegaon Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Malegaon]]
|[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|68.56
|471,006
|
|
|{{Party color cell|Green}}
|[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid|ISLAM]]
|
|-
!22
|[[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jalgaon]]
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|68
|460,468
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!23
|[[Latur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Latur]]
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|32.56
|382,754
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!24
|[[Dhule Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dhule]]
|[[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|142
|376,093
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!25
|[[Ahmednagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|39.30
|350,905
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
!26
|[[Chandrapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chandrapur]]
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|76
|321,036
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!27
|[[Parbhani Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Parbhani]]
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|57.61
|307,191
|
|
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}
|
|-
!28
|[[Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ichalkaranji]]
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|49.84
|287,570
|
|2022
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!29
|[[Jalna Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|81.6
|285,577
|
|2023
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Manipur ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Imphal Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Imphal]]
|[[Imphal East district|Imphal East]] & [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
|268.24
|250,234
|27
|2014
|2016
|colspan="2" |Vacant
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imphal Municipal Corporation |url=https://imc.mn.gov.in/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=imc.mn.gov.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Mizoram ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Aizawl Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|[[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
|129.91
|293,416
|19
|2010
|2021
|{{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aizawl Municipal Corporation |url=https://amcmizoram.com/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=amcmizoram.com}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Odisha ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|Berhampur Municipal Corporation
|[[Berhampur]]
|[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|79
|356,598
|42
|2008
|rowspan=3|[[2022 Odisha municipal elections|24 March 2022]]
|{{party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berhampur Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.berhampur.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=berhampur.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|186
|837,737
|67
|1994
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.bmc.gov.in |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.bmc.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Cuttack Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Cuttack]]
|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|192.05
|650,000
|59
|1994
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuttack Municipal Corporation |url=http://cmccuttack.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=cmccuttack.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Rourkela Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rourkela]]
|[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|102
|536,450
|40
|2015
|
| rowspan="3" colspan=2|Vacant
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rourkela Municipal corporation |url=http://www.rmc.nic.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.rmc.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
!5
|Sambalpur Municipal Corporation
|[[Sambalpur]]
|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|303
|335,761
|41
|2015
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sambalpur Municipal Corporation |url=https://smcsambalpur.nic.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=smcsambalpur.nic.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|-
!6
|Puri Municipal Corporation
|[[Puri]]
|[[Puri district|Puri]]
|
|
|
|2025
|
|
|}

== Punjab ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ludhiana]]
|[[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
|159.37
|1,613,878
|95
|
|rowspan=5|[[2024 Punjab, India local elections|21 December 2024]]
|{{Party name with color| Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=5}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Ludhiana |url=https://mcludhiana.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=mcludhiana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Amritsar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Amritsar]]
|[[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
|139
|1,132,761
|85
|1979
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Amritsar |url=https://www.amritsarcorp.com/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.amritsarcorp.com}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Jalandhar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jalandhar]]
|[[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
|110
|862,196
|80
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Jalandhar |url=https://www.mcjalandhar.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.mcjalandhar.in}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Patiala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Patiala]]
|[[Patiala district|Patiala]]
|160
|646,800
|60
|1997
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Patiala |url=http://mcpatiala.org/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=mcpatiala.org}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Phagwara Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Phagwara]]
|[[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
|20
|117,954
|50
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Phagwara |url=http://www.mcphagwara.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.mcphagwara.in}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Bathinda Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bathinda]]
|[[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
|
|285,813
|50
|
|rowspan=9|2026
|rowspan=9 colspan=2|TBD
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Bathinda |url=https://www.mcbathinda.com/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.mcbathinda.com}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Batala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Batala]]
|[[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
|42
|211,594
|35
|2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Batala |url=http://mcbatala.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426045309/http://mcbatala.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=mcbatala.com}}</ref>
|-
!8
|[[Mohali Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mohali]]
|[[Mohali district|Mohali]]
|176.17
|174,000
|50
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Mohali |url=https://mcmohali.org/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=mcmohali.org}}</ref>
|-
!9
|[[Hoshiarpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Hoshiarpur]]
|[[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
|
|168,731
|50
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Hoshiarpur |url=http://www.mchoshiarpur.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.mchoshiarpur.in}}</ref>
|-
!10
|[[Moga Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]
|[[Moga district|Moga]]
|
|163,897
|50
|2011
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moga Municipal Corporation |url=https://mcmoga.punjab.gov.in/Home |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
!11
|[[Pathankot Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pathankot]]
|[[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]
|
|159,460
|50
|2011
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Pathankot |url=http://lgpunjab.gov.in/eSewa/pathankot/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=lgpunjab.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!12
|[[Abohar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Abohar]]
|[[Fazilka district|Fazilka]]
|188.24
|145,658
|50
|2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Abohar- Home |url=http://mcabohar.com/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=mcabohar.com}}</ref>
|-
!13
|[[Kapurthala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kapurthala]]
|[[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
|
|101,854
|48
|2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Kapurthala |url=http://lgpunjab.gov.in/eSewa/kapurthala/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=lgpunjab.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!14
|[[Barnala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Barnala]]
|[[Barnala district|Barnala]]
|
|285,813
|
|2025
|
|
|
|}</onlyinclude>

== Rajasthan ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="1" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
|484.64
|3,073,350
|150
|
| rowspan="9"|2026
| rowspan="9" |TBD
|
|-
!2
|[[Jodhpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jodhpur]]
|[[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
|
|1,033,756
|80
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jodhpur Municipal Corporation North |url=https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/mcjn |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Kota Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|[[Kota district|Kota]]
|
|1,001,365
|70
|
|
|-
!4
|Bhilwara Municipal Corporation
|[[Bhilwara]]
|[[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]
|
|709,483
|73
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhilwada Municipal Corporation |url=https://lsg.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/nagar-parishad-bhilwara/en/home.html}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Bikaner Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bikaner]]
|[[Bikaner district|Bikaner]]
|270
|647,804
|80
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bikaner Muncipal Corporation |url=http://bikanermc.org/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=bikanermc.org}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Ajmer Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ajmer]]
|[[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
|55
|542,580
|60
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajmer Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.ajmermc.org/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.ajmermc.org}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Alwar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Alwar]]
|[[Alwar district|Alwar]]
|250
|461,618
|65
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alwar Municipal Corporation |url=https://lsg.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/nagar-parishad-alwar/en/home.html}}</ref>
|-
!8
|[[Udaipur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Udaipur]]
|[[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
|64
|451,735
|70
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaipur Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.udaipurmc.org/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.udaipurmc.org}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|-
!9
|[[Bharatpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
|[[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
|
|252,109
|65
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatpur Municipal Corporation |url=https://lsg.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/nagar-nigam-bharatpur/en/home.html}}</ref>
|}

== Sikkim ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Gangtok Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gangtok]]
|[[East Sikkim]]
|19.02
|98,658
|19
|2010
|2021
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|Non-partisan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangtok Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.gmcsikkim.in/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.gmcsikkim.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Tamil Nadu ==
{{Main|List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|426
|7,139,630
|200
|1688
| rowspan="22" |[[2022 Tamil Nadu local elections|2022]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=22}}
|
|-
!2
|[[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|246.75
|1,758,025
|100
|1981
|
|-
!3
|[[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|147.97
|1,638,252
|100
|1971
|
|-
!4
|[[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|167.23
|1,122,717
|65
|1994
|
|-
!5
|[[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Tambaram]]
|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|87.56
|1,096,591
|70
|2021
|
|-
!6
|[[Tiruppur City Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Tiruppur]]
|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|159.06
|963,150
|60
|2008
|
|-
!7
|[[Salem City Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|91.37
|932,336
|60
|1994
|
|-
!8
|[[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|189.2
|868,874
|55
|1994
|
|-
!9
|[[Vellore Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vellore]]
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|87.91
|687,981
|60
|2008
|
|-
!10
|[[Avadi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Avadi]]
|[[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
|65
|612,446
|48
|2019
|
|-
!11
|[[Erode City Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Erode]]
|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|109.52
|521,776
|60
|2008
|
|-
!12
|[[Thoothukkudi City Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Thoothukudi]]
|[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
|36.66
|431,628
|60
|2008
|
|-
!13
|[[Karur Municipal corporation]]
|[[Karur]]
|[[Karur district|Karur]]
|103.56
|358,468
|48
|2021
|
|-
!14
|[[Thanjavur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|[[Thanjavur]]
|128.5
|322,236
|51
|2014
|
|-
!15
|[[Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kancheepuram]]
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
|127.8
|311,598
|51
|2021
|
|-
!16
|[[Karaikudi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Karaikudi]]
|[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
|94.31
|303,291
|
|
|
|-
!17
|[[Dindigul Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dindigul]]
|[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
|46.09
|268,643
|48
|2014
|
|-
!18
|[[Sivakasi Municipal corporation]]
|[[Sivakasi]]
|[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
|53.67
|260,047
|48
|2021
|
|-
!19
|[[Hosur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Hosur]]
|[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|72
|245,354
|45
|2019
|
|-
!20
|[[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nagercoil]]
|[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
|50
|236,774
|52
|2019
|
|-
!21
|[[Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kumbakonam]]
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|48
|223,763
|48
|2021
|
|-
!22
|[[Cuddalore Municipal corporation]]
|[[Cuddalore]]
|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|27.69
|173,639
|45
|2021
|
|-
!23
|[[Namakkal Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Namakkal]]
|[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
|
|
|
| rowspan="3" |2024
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" colspan=2|TBD
|
|-
!24
|[[Pudukottai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pudukkottai]]
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!25
|[[Tiruvannamalai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
|
|
|
|
</onlyinclude>
|}

==Telangana==
{{See also|List of urban local bodies in Telangana}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]], [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district|Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
|2053
|7,677,018
|300
|1869
|2020
|Colspan=2 rowspan=4|TBD
|
|-
!2
|[[Cyberabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Cyberabad]]
|[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]] and [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|
|
|76
|2026
|
|
|-
!3
|[[Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Warangal]]
|[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|406
|1,020,116
|66
|1844
|2021
|
|-
!4
|[[Khammam Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Khammam]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|93.45
|305,000
|51
|2012
|2021
|
|-
!5
|[[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Karimnagar]]
|[[Karimnagar]]
|40.50
|261,185
|66
|1941
|Rowspan=7| [[2026 Telangana local elections|2026]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!6
|[[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|42.09
|311,467
|60
|2005
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
!7
|[[Ramagundam Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ramagundam]]
|[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
|93.87
|229,644
|60
|2009
|
|-
!8
|[[Mahabubnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|98.64
|222,573
|60
|
|
|-
!9
|[[Mancherial Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mancherial]]
|[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|155.93
|87,153
|60
|2026
|
|-
!10
|[[Nalgonda Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nalgonda]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|
|
|48
|
|
|-
!11
|[[Kothagudem Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kothagudem]]
|[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|
|
|60
|rowspan=4|2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=Gazette on Mancherial Municipal Corporation Released |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/gazette-on-mancherial-municipal-corporation-released-1855041 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|
|}</onlyinclude>

== Tripura ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Agartala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Agartala]]
|[[West Tripura]]
|76.51
|450,000
|51
|1871
|2021
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agartala Municipal Corporation |url=https://agartalacity.tripura.gov.in/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=agartalacity.tripura.gov.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|}

== Uttar Pradesh ==
{{See also|List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan=2|Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|631
|2,815,601
|110
|1853
| rowspan="17" |[[2023 Uttar Pradesh local elections|2023]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=17}}
|-
!2
|[[Kanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kanpur]]
|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
|403
|2,767,031
|110
|1959
|
|-
!3
|[[Agra Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Agra]]
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|159
|2,470,996
|100
|2017
|
|-
!4
|[[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ghaziabad]]
|[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|210
|2,458,525
|100
|1994
|
|-
!5
|[[Varanasi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Varanasi]]
|[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|121
|1,746,467
|100
|1982
|
|-
!6
|[[Meerut Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Meerut]]
|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|450
|1,435,113
|90
|1994
|
|-
!7
|[[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Prayagraj]]
|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|365
|1,424,908
|100
|1994
|
|-
!8
|[[Aligarh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Aligarh]]
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|40
|1,216,719
|90
|1959
|
|-
!9
|[[Bareilly Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bareilly]]
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|106
|959,933
|80
|1994
|
|-
!10
|[[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ayodhya]]
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|872.81
|909,559
|60
|2017
|
|-
!11
|[[Moradabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Moradabad]]
|[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|149
|889,810
|
|1994
|
|-
!12
|[[Saharanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Saharanpur]]
|[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|
|703,345
|
|2009
|
|-
!13
|[[Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gorakhpur]]
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|226.0
|1,500,000
|
|1994
|
|-
!14
|[[Firozabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Firozabad]]
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|
|603,797
|70
|2014
|
|-
!15
|[[Mathura Vrindavan Municipal Corporation|Mathura - Vrindavan Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mathura]] - [[Vrindavan]]
|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|28
|602,897
|
|2017
|
|-
!16
|[[Jhansi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jhansi]]
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|168
|592,899
|60
|2002
|
|-
!17
|[[Shahjahanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Shahjahanpur]]
|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|51
|346,103
|
|2018
|
|}

== Uttarakhand ==
{{Main|List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dehradun]]
|[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
|196
|578,420
|100
|2003
| rowspan="11" |[[2025 Uttarakhand local elections|23 January 2025]]
| {{Party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Nigam Dehradun |url=https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=nagarnigamdehradun.com}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Haldwani]]
|[[Nainital district|Nainital]]
|44
|225,235
|60
|2011
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haldwani Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.haldwaninagarnigam.com/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.haldwaninagarnigam.com}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Haridwar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Haridwar]]
|[[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
|105
|156,060
|60
|2011
|
|-
!4
|[[Rudrapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
|[[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
|27.65
|140,884
|40
|2013
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Nigam Rudrapur |url=https://www.nagarnigamrudrapur.com/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.nagarnigamrudrapur.com}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Kashipur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]]
|[[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
|5.04
|121,610
|40
|2013
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Nigam Kashipur |url=https://nagarnigamkashipur.com/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Roorkee]]
|[[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
|10
|118,188
|40
|2013
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nagar Nigam Roorkee |url=http://nagarnigamroorkee.org/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rishikesh]]
|[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
|11.05
|104,249
|40
|2017
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Nigam Rishikesh |url=https://www.nagarnigamrishikesh.com/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!8
|[[Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pithoragarh]]
|[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
|
|62,500
|40
|2024
|
|-
!9
|[[Almora Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Almora]]
|[[Almora district|Almora]]
|
|39,600
|40
|2024
|
|-
!10
|[[Kotdwar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kotdwar]]
|[[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
|80
|28,859
|40
|2017
|
|-
!11
|[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation (Uttarakhand)|Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]]
|[[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
|
|37,911
|40
|2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=उत्तराखंड: प्रदेश का नौवां नगर निगम बना श्रीनगर, नगर पालिका और 21 गांवों को मिलाकर हुआ गठन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-news-srinagar-became-the-ninth-municipal-corporation-of-state |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|
</onlyinclude>
|}

==West Bengal==
{{Main|cities and towns in West Bengal}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!No. of Wards
!Year Established
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]||[[Kolkata]]||[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]|| 206.08||4,496,694
|144||1876 ||2021
|{{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCPortalHome1.jsp |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.kmcgov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Howrah]]
|[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|63.55
|1,370,448
|66
|1980
|2015
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.myhmc.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Durgapur Municipal Corporation]]||[[Durgapur]]||[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| 154.20
|566,517
|43
|1994
|2017
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durgapur Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.durgapurmunicipalcorporation.org/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.durgapurmunicipalcorporation.org}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]||[[Asansol]]||[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]|| 326.48 ||1,153,138
|106||1994
| rowspan="4" |[[2022 West Bengal local elections|12 February 2022]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asansol Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208054549/http://asansolmunicipalcorporation.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=8 December 2018 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.com}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bidhannagar]]
|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|60.05
|632,107
|41
|2015
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.bmcwbgov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.bmcwbgov.in}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]]||[[Siliguri]]||[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]|| 117.45 ||513,264
|47
|1994
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siliguri Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.siligurismc.in/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.siligurismc.in}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
|-
!7
|[[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chandannagar]]
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|22.00
|166,761
|33
|1994
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandernagore Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.chandernagoremunicipalcorporation.in/Home.aspx |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.chandernagoremunicipalcorporation.in}}</ref>
|}

== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ==
N/A

== Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu ==
''N/A''

== Ladakh ==
''N/A''

== Lakshadweep ==
''N/A''
== Meghalaya ==
''N/A''

== Nagaland ==
''N/A''

== Puducherry ==
''N/A''
==Rulling party wise list==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" |State
! rowspan =2|MCs
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}
|{{Party color cell|Green}}
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|-
|Vacant
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]
|[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid|ISLAM]]
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!279
!87
!96
!18
!22
!
!6
!5
!3
!3
!1
!1
!1
!1
!1
!1
!33
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
!17
|17
|
|
|
|TBD
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
!1
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Assam
!3
|1
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Bihar
!19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|19
|-
|Chandigarh
!1
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
!14
|
|10
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Delhi
!1
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Goa
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|Gujarat
!17
|9
|8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Haryana
!11
|
|10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
!8
|7
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
!2
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
!9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|9
|-
|Karnataka
!19
|19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Kerala
!6
|
|1
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
!16
|
|12
|3
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
!29
|
|20
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|3
|
|
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|-
|Manipur
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Mizoram
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Odisha
!6
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Punjab
!14
|9
|
|
|
|
|5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
!9
|9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Sikkim
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|Tamil Nadu
!25
|3
|
|
|22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Telangana
!12
|5
|1
|5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Tripura
!1
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
!17
|
|17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
!11
|
|10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|West Bengal
!7
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Local government in India}}
{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Municipalities of Assam}}
{{Municipalities of Gujarat}}
{{Municipalities of Haryana}}
{{Municipalities of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Ladakh}}
{{Municipalities of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Municipalities of Maharashtra}}
{{Municipalities of Nagaland}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Urban local bodies in Telangana}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Municipal corporations in India}}
[[Category:Municipal corporations in India|# https: gemch.in]]
[[Category:Local government-related lists]]
[[Category:India government-related lists]]

Exploration of the Moon

2026-03-16T11:29:47Z

GarlandGurule05: revised

{{Short description|Missions to the Moon}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}

[[File:Lunar module AS12-51-7507.jpg|thumb|The [[Apollo 12]] [[Lunar Module]] ''Intrepid'' prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. 1969 [[NASA]] photo by [[Richard F. Gordon Jr.]]]]
[[File:Apollo15RoverMoon.gif|thumb|The [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] was driven on the Moon's surface during the 1971 [[Apollo 15]] mission]]
The physical exploration of the [[Moon]] began when ''[[Luna 2]]'', a [[space probe]] launched by the [[Soviet Union]], made a [[Deliberate crash landings on extraterrestrial bodies|deliberate impact]] on the surface of the Moon on 14 September, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of lunar exploration had been observations from Earth. The invention of the [[optical telescope]] brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. [[Galileo Galilei]] is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes, having made his own telescope in 1609. The mountains and craters on the [[lunar surface]] were among his first observations.

Human exploration of the Moon since Luna 2 has consisted of both crewed and uncrewed missions. [[NASA]]'s [[Apollo program]] has been the only program to [[Moon landing|successfully land humans on the Moon]], which it did six times on the near side in the late 20th century. The first human landing took place in 1969, when the [[Apollo 11]] astronauts [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Neil Armstrong]] touched down on the surface in the region of [[Mare Tranquillitatis]], leaving scientific instruments upon the mission's completion and returning [[lunar sample]]s to Earth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lunar Sample Overview |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/samples/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207041628/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/samples/ |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2018 |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute}}</ref> All lunar missions had taken place on the lunar [[Near side of the Moon|near side]] until the first soft landing on the [[far side of the Moon]] was made by the [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]] robotic spacecraft [[Chang'e 4]] in early 2019, which successfully deployed the ''[[Yutu-2]]'' robotic lunar rover.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lyons |first=Kate |title=Chang'e 4 landing: China probe makes historic touchdown on far side of the moon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jan/03/china-probe-change-4-land-far-side-moon-basin-crater |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103043232/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jan/03/china-probe-change-4-land-far-side-moon-basin-crater |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="planetary_success">{{cite web |title=China successfully lands Chang'e-4 on far side of Moon |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/change4-success.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103133008/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/change4-success.html |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> On 25 June 2024, CNSA's [[Chang'e 6]] conducted the first lunar sample return from the far side of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2024-01-10 |title=China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission |url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503100724/https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The goals of lunar exploration across all major space agencies focus on the continued survey of the lunar surface through lunar missions in preparation for the eventual establishment of permanent human outposts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dangwal |first=Ashish |date=2023-11-22 |title=1st Country With Lunar Outpost, Competition 'Heating-Up' Between US-Led Artemis & China's ILRS |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/new-artemis-or-china-led-international-lunar-research-station/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Pre-telescopic==
{{See also|Lunar theory}}

[[File:Nebra solstice 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Nebra sky disc]] ({{circa|1800–1600 BCE}}), found near a possibly [[astronomical complex]], most likely depicting the Sun or full Moon, the Moon as a crescent, the [[Pleiades]] and the summer and winter solstices as strips of gold on the side of the disc,<ref name="Meller 2021">{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/80363367|title=Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany|chapter=The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power|last=Meller|first=Harald|date=2021|publisher=Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale).|isbn=978-3-948618-22-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dlijsmVJ9c&t=760s |title=Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge |website=British Museum |date=2022}}</ref> with the top representing the [[horizon]]<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last1=Bohan |first1=Elise |title=Big History |last2=Dinwiddie |first2=Robert |last3=Challoner |first3=Jack |last4=Stuart |first4=Colin |last5=Harvey |first5=Derek |last6=Wragg-Sykes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Chrisp |first7=Peter |last8=Hubbard |first8=Ben |last9=Parker |first9=Phillip |collaboration=Writers |date=February 2016 |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] |others=Foreword by [[David Christian (historian)|David Christian]] |isbn=978-1-4654-5443-0 |edition=1st American |location=[[New York City|New York]] |page=20 |oclc=940282526}}</ref> and [[north]].]]
It is believed by some that the oldest [[cave painting]]s from up to 40,000 [[Before present|BP]] of bulls and geometric shapes,<ref name="e093">{{cite web | last=Boyle | first=Rebecca | title=Ancient humans used the moon as a calendar in the sky | website=Science News | date=July 9, 2019 | url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/moon-time-calendar-ancient-human-art | access-date=May 26, 2024 | archive-date=November 4, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104145754/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/moon-time-calendar-ancient-human-art | url-status=live }}</ref> or 20–30,000-year-old [[tally stick]]s were used to observe the phases of the Moon, keeping time using the waxing and waning of [[Lunar phases|the Moon's phases]].<ref name=Burton2011>{{cite book
| title=The History of Mathematics: An Introduction
| first=David M. | last=Burton | date=2011
| page=3 | isbn=978-0077419219 | publisher=Mcgraw-Hill
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6uUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 }}</ref> Aspects of the Moon were identified and aggregated in [[lunar deities]] from [[prehistoric times]] and were eventually documented and put into symbols from the very first instances of [[writing]] in the [[4th millennium BC]].
One of the earliest known possible depictions of the Moon is a 3,000 BCE rock carving ''[[Orthostat 47]]'' at [[Knowth]], Ireland.<ref name="Knowth">{{cite web |url=https://www.knowth.com/lunar-maps.htm |title=Lunar maps |access-date=September 18, 2019 |archive-date=June 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601184833/https://www.knowth.com/lunar-maps.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="spacetoday">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title=Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher=Space Today |date=2006 |access-date=April 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305162253/http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |archive-date=March 5, 2012 }}</ref> The [[#Crescent|crescent]] depicting the Moon, as with the lunar deity [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna/Sin]], has been found from the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref name=BlackGreen1992>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |first2=Anthony |last2=Green |title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ |publisher=The British Museum Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8 |pages=54, 135 |access-date=October 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021935/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

The oldest named astronomer and poet, [[Enheduanna]], [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]] high priestess to the lunar deity Nanna/Sin and princess, daughter of [[Sargon the Great]] ({{circa|2334}} – {{circa|2279}} BCE), had the Moon tracked in her chambers.<ref name="c099">{{cite magazine | last=Winkler | first=Elizabeth | title=The Struggle to Unearth the World's First Author | magazine=The New Yorker | date=2022-11-19 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-struggle-to-unearth-the-worlds-first-author | access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref> The oldest found and identified depiction of the Moon in an astronomical relation to other astronomical features is the [[Nebra sky disc]] from {{circa|1800–1600 BCE}}, depicting features like the [[Pleiades]] next to the Moon.<ref name="g361">{{cite web | title=Nebra Sky Disc | website=State Museum of Prehistory | url=https://www.landesmuseum-vorgeschichte.de/en/nebra-sky-disc | access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="k874">{{cite web | last=Simonova | first=Michaela | title=Under the Moonlight: Depictions of the Moon in Art | website=TheCollector | date=January 2, 2022 | url=https://www.thecollector.com/depictions-of-the-moon-in-art/ | access-date=May 26, 2024}}</ref>

The [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] philosopher [[Anaxagoras]], whose non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile,<ref>{{cite web | last = O'Connor | first = J.J. |author2=Robertson, E.F. |date=February 1999 | url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html | title = Anaxagoras of Clazomenae | publisher = University of St Andrews | access-date = 2007-04-12}}</ref> reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks and that the latter reflected the light of the former. [[Plutarch]], in his book ''On the Face in the Moon's Orb'', suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms. He also entertained the possibility that the Moon was inhabited. [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]] [[Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances|attempted to compute]] the Moon's size and distance from Earth, although his estimated distance of 20 times [[Earth's radius]] (which had been accurately determined by his contemporary [[Eratosthenes]]) proved to be about a third the actual average distance.

[[File:Lunar phases al-Biruni.jpg|thumb|An illustration from [[al-Biruni]]'s astronomical works that explains the different [[phases of the Moon]], with respect to the position of the [[Sun]].]]
Chinese philosophers of the [[Han dynasty]] believed the Moon to be energy equated to ''[[qi]]'' but recognized that the light of the Moon was a reflection of the Sun.<ref name=Needham>{{cite book | last=Needham | first=Joseph | year=1986 | series=Science and Civilization in China | volume=3 | title=Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth | place=Taipei | publisher=Caves Books | page=227; 411–416 | isbn=978-0-521-05801-8}}</ref> Mathematician and astrologer [[Jing Fang]] noted the sphericity of the Moon.<ref name=Needham/> [[Shen Kuo]] of the [[Song dynasty]] created an allegory equating the waxing and waning of the Moon to a round ball of reflective silver that, when doused with white powder and viewed from the side, would appear to be a crescent.<ref name=Needham/>

Indian astronomer [[Aryabhata]] stated in his fifth-century text ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' that reflected sunlight is what causes the Moon to shine.<ref name="Hayashi08Aryabhata">Hayashi (2008), ''Aryabhata I.''</ref>

Persian astronomer [[Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi]] conducted various observations at the [[Astronomy in medieval Islam#Observatories|Al-Shammisiyyah observatory]] in [[Baghdad]] between 825 and 835.<ref name=Langermann>{{Cite journal|title=The Book of Bodies and Distances of Habash al-Hasib |last=Langermann |first=Y. Tzvi |journal=[[Centaurus (journal)|Centaurus]] |year=1985 |volume=28 |pages=111–112 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1985.tb00831.x|issue=2|bibcode=1985Cent...28..108T }}</ref> Using these observations, he estimated the Moon's diameter as 3,037 km (equivalent to 1,519 km radius) and its distance from the Earth as {{convert|215209|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name=Langermann/> In the 11th century, the Iraqi physicist [[Alhazen]] investigated moonlight through a number of experiments and observations, concluding it was a combination of the Moon's own light and the Moon's ability to absorb and emit sunlight.<ref name=Toomer-463-4>{{cite journal |first=G. J. |last=Toomer |title=Review: ''Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' by Matthias Schramm |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=December 1964 |pages=463–465 |doi=10.1086/349914}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Moon & the Western Imagination|pages=75–76|last=Montgomery|first=Scott L.|year=1999|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=9780816519897}}</ref>

By the [[Middle Ages]], before the invention of the telescope, an increasing number of people began to recognize the Moon as a sphere, though many believed that it was "perfectly smooth".<ref>{{cite web|last=Van Helden |first=A. |year=1995 |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/moon.html |title=The Moon |publisher=Galileo Project |access-date=2007-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623085326/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/Moon.html |archive-date=2004-06-23 }}</ref>

==Telescopic exploration before spaceflight==
{{See also|Selenography}}

[[File:Galileo's sketches of the moon.png|thumb|left|150px|[[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]'s sketches of the Moon from the groundbreaking ''[[Sidereus Nuncius]]''.]]
In 1609, [[Galileo Galilei]] drew one of the first telescopic drawings of the Moon in his book {{lang|la|[[Sidereus Nuncius]]}} and noted that it was not smooth but had mountains and craters. Later in the 17th century, [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] and [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi]] drew a map of the Moon and gave many craters the names they still have. On maps, the dark parts of the Moon's surface were called ''maria'' (singular ''mare'') or seas, and the light parts were called ''terrae'' or continents.

[[File:Micrographia Schem 38.jpg|thumb|150px|A study of the Moon from [[Robert Hooke|Robert Hooke's]] ''[[Micrographia]]'', 1665.]]
[[Thomas Harriot]], as well as Galilei, drew the first telescopic representation of the Moon and observed it for several years. His drawings, however, remained unpublished.<ref name="MOO">{{cite web|url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/Moon.html |title=The Galileo Project|access-date=2007-09-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905185030/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/moon.html |archive-date=September 5, 2007 }}</ref> The first map of the Moon was made by the Belgian cosmographer and astronomer [[Michael van Langren]] in 1645.<ref name="MOO"/> Two years later a much more influential effort was published by [[Johannes Hevelius]]. In 1647, Hevelius published ''[[Selenographia]]'', the first treatise entirely devoted to the Moon. Hevelius's nomenclature, although used in [[Protestant]] countries until the eighteenth century, was replaced by the system published in 1651 by the [[Jesuit]] astronomer [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]], who gave the large naked-eye spots the names of seas and the telescopic spots (since called craters) the names of philosophers and astronomers.<ref name="MOO"/>

[[File:Luna1865 Lewis Morris Rutherfurd.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Photo of the Moon made by [[Lewis Morris Rutherfurd|Lewis Rutherfurd]] in 1865.]]

In 1753, the Croatian Jesuit and astronomer [[Roger Joseph Boscovich]] discovered the absence of an atmosphere on the Moon. In 1824, [[Franz von Paula Gruithuisen]] explained the formation of craters as a result of [[meteorite]] strikes.<ref>{{cite book | title =Энциклопедия для детей (астрономия)| publisher =Аванта+ | year = 1998| location = Москва| isbn = 978-5-89501-016-7}}</ref>

The since-disproven possibility that the Moon contains vegetation and is inhabited by [[Moon in science fiction#Life on the Moon|selenites]] was seriously considered by major astronomers of the early modern period even into the first decades of the 19th century. In 1834–1836, [[Wilhelm Beer]] and [[Johann Heinrich Mädler]] published their four-volume ''[[Mappa Selenographica]]'' and the book {{lang|de|Der Mond}} in 1837, which firmly established the conclusion that the Moon has no bodies of water nor any appreciable atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Robens |first=Erich |author2=Stanislaw Halas |date=16 February 2009 |title=Study on the Possible Existence of Water on the Moon |url=http://www.geochronometria.pl/pdf/geo_33/Geo33_04.pdf |journal=Geochronometria |volume=33 |issue=–1 |pages=23–31 |bibcode=2009Gchrm..33...23R |doi=10.2478/v10003-009-0008-2 |access-date=April 9, 2023}}</ref>

{{Clear}}
==Space Race==
{{Main|Space Race|Moon landing}}
{{See also|Apollo program|Soviet crewed lunar programs}}

[[File:Luna-3 (Memorial Museum of Astronautics).JPG|thumb|200px|Scale model of [[Luna 3]].]]
The [[Cold War]]-inspired "[[space race]]" and "[[Moon race]]" between the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States|United States of America]] accelerated with a focus on the Moon. This included many scientifically important firsts, such as the first photographs of the [[far side of the Moon]] in 1959 by the Soviet Union, and culminated with the landing of the first humans on the Moon in 1969, seen around the world as one of the pivotal events of the 20th century and human history.

[[File:Luna 3 moon.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The first picture of another world from space, the Moon's far side photographed by [[Luna 3]] in 1959.]]

The first artificial object to fly by the [[Moon]] was uncrewed Soviet probe [[Luna 1]] on 4 January 1959, which went on to be the first probe to achieve a [[heliocentric orbit]] around the Sun.<ref name=nssdc>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-012A|title=Luna 1|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}</ref> Luna 1 was designed to impact the surface of the Moon.

The first probe to impact the surface of the Moon was the Soviet probe [[Luna 2]], which made a hard landing on September 14, 1959, at 21:02:24 UTC. The far side of the Moon was first photographed on 7 October 1959, by the Soviet probe [[Luna 3]]. Though vague by modern standards, the photos showed that the far side of the Moon almost completely lacked [[Lunar mare|maria]].

[[File:First Photo from the Surface of the Moon.jpg|thumb|200px|First photo taken from the surface of the Moon, by [[Luna 9]], February 1966]]
The first American probe to fly by the Moon was [[Pioneer 4]] on 4 March 1959, which occurred shortly after Luna 1. It was the only success of eight early American probes that attempted to launch to the Moon.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/beyond_earth_detail.html NASA.gov].</ref>

In an effort to compete with the Soviet successes, U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] proposed the Moon landing in a ''Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs'':
<blockquote>Now it is time to take longer strides – time for a great new American enterprise – time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement, which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth. ...For while we cannot guarantee that we shall one day be first, we can guarantee that any failure to make this effort will make us last. 
...I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. 
...let it be clear that I am asking the Congress and the country to accept a firm commitment to a new course of action—a course which will last for many years and carry very heavy costs...<ref name="Special Message">{{cite AV media |people=Kennedy, John F. |date=May 25, 1961 |title=Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs |medium=Motion picture (excerpt) |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/xzw1gaeeTES6khED14P1Iw.aspx |access-date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=Boston, MA |id=Accession Number: TNC:200; Digital Identifier: TNC-200-2}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special_Message_to_the_Congress_on_Urgent_National_Needs}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Earthrise]]'' taken by [[William Anders]] of [[Apollo 8]] in December 1968.]]
[[Ranger 1]] launched in August of 1961, just three months after President Kennedy's speech. It would be three more years and six failed [[Ranger program|Ranger missions]] until [[Ranger 7]] returned close-up photos of the lunar surface before impacting it in July 1964. A number of problems with launch vehicles, ground equipment, and spacecraft electronics plagued the [[Ranger program]] and early probe missions. These lessons helped in [[Mariner 2]], the only successful U.S. space probe after Kennedy's famous speech to Congress and before his death in November 1963.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf NASA.gov].</ref> U.S. [[Luna programme#Mission success rates|success rates]] improved greatly from [[Ranger 7]] onward.

In 1966, the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the [[Luna 9]] and [[Luna 13]] missions.

[[File:Moon-apollo17-schmitt boulder.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Apollo 17]] astronaut [[Harrison Schmitt]] standing next to a boulder at Taurus-Littrow during the third EVA (extravehicular activity).]]
The U.S. followed Ranger with the [[Surveyor program]]<ref>[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-082A NASA.gov] – 24 January 2020,</ref> sending seven [[robotic spacecraft]] to the surface of the Moon. Five of the seven spacecraft soft-landed, investigating whether the [[regolith]] (dust) was shallow enough for astronauts to stand on the Moon.

In September 1968 the Soviet Union's [[Zond 5]] sent tortoises on a circumlunar mission, followed by turtles aboard [[Zond 6]] in November. On December 24, 1968, the crew of [[Apollo 8]]—[[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]] and [[William Anders]]—became the first human beings to enter lunar orbit and see the far side of the Moon in person. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first humans to walk on the lunar surface were [[Neil Armstrong]], commander of the U.S. mission [[Apollo 11]] and his fellow astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]].

The first robot [[lunar rover]] to land on the Moon was the Soviet vessel [[Lunokhod 1]] on 17 November 1970, as part of the [[Lunokhod programme]]. Since then, the last human to stand on the Moon was [[Eugene Cernan]], who, as part of the [[Apollo 17]] mission, walked on the Moon in December 1972.

[[Moon rock|Moon rock samples]] were brought back to Earth by three Luna missions ([[Luna 16]], [[Luna 20|20]], and [[Luna 24|24]]) and the Apollo missions 11 through 17 (except [[Apollo 13]], which aborted its planned lunar landing). [[Luna 24]] in 1976 was the [[List of lunar probes#1971–1976|last Lunar mission]] by either the Soviet Union or the U.S. until [[Clementine mission|Clementine]] in 1994. Focus shifted to [[Timeline of Solar System exploration#1970s|probes to other planets]], [[space stations]], and the [[Shuttle program]].

Before the "Moon race" the U.S. had preliminary projects for scientific and military Moon-bases: the [[Lunex Project]] and [[Project Horizon]]. Besides crewed landings, the abandoned [[Soviet crewed lunar programs]] included the building of a multipurpose Moon base "[[Zvezda (moonbase)|Zvezda]]", the first detailed project, complete with mockups of expedition vehicles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/craft/lekmplex.htm|title=LEK Lunar Expeditionary Complex|work=astronautix.com|access-date=12 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208200041/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lekmplex.htm|archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> and surface modules.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/craft/dlbodule.htm|title=DLB Module|work=astronautix.com|access-date=12 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107164731/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/dlbodule.htm|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="220">
File:The Soviet Union 1966 CPA 3317 stamp (Luna 9 on Moon's Surface and 1st Television Program of Moon Pictures on February 4).png|1966 stamp with a drawing of the first soft landed probe [[Luna 9]], next to the first view of the lunar surface photographed by the probe.
</gallery>

==After 1990==
===Japan===
{{Main|Japanese Lunar Exploration Program}}
[[File:Fullbl.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' took this image during its lunar flyby, before it traveled to [[Saturn]].]]
Japan began its lunar exploration efforts in 1990 with the launch of the ''[[Hiten (spacecraft)|Hiten]]'' spacecraft by the [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] (JAXA), becoming the third country to place an object in orbit around the Moon. During the mission, Hiten deployed a smaller probe, ''[[Hiten (spacecraft)|Hagoromo]]'', intended to enter lunar orbit. Although the probe was released successfully, its transmitter failed, preventing the return of scientific data.

In September of 2007, JAXA launched the ''[[SELENE]]'' spacecraft, also known as "Kaguya." The mission aimed to collect data on the Moon’s origin and geological evolution, as well as to test technologies for future lunar exploration. According to JAXA, the primary objective was "to obtain scientific data of the lunar origin and evolution and to develop the technology for future lunar exploration."<ref name="index">{{cite web |url=http://www.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.htm |title=Kaguya (SELENE) |access-date=2007-06-25 |publisher=JAXA}}</ref>

In 2013, JAXA initiated the [[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon]] (SLIM) mission, a lunar lander designed to demonstrate high-precision landing capabilities. The lander was initially scheduled for launch in 2021 but was delayed due to postponements related to its ride-share partner, the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM). SLIM was launched on 6 September 2023 at 23:42 UTC (7 September 08:42 Japan Standard Time). The spacecraft performed its trans-lunar injection burn on 1 October 2023, entered lunar orbit on 25 December 2023, and successfully landed on 19 January 2024 at 15:20 UTC. With this landing, Japan became the fifth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon.<ref name="Sample">{{Cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan's Slim spacecraft lands on moon but struggles to generate power |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/19/japan-slim-spacecraft-lands-on-moon-but-struggles-to-generate-power |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119220413/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/19/japan-slim-spacecraft-lands-on-moon-but-struggles-to-generate-power |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the landing, SLIM experienced power generation issues but continued to operate intermittently. As of April 2024, the lander had survived four lunar days and three lunar nights, which are known for extreme temperature variations and pose significant challenges to spacecraft longevity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crane |first1=Leah |title=Japan's SLIM moon lander has shockingly survived a third lunar night |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2428439-japans-slim-moon-lander-has-shockingly-survived-a-third-lunar-night/ |website=New Scientist |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref>

===European Space Agency===
The [[European Space Agency]] launched the lunar orbiter [[SMART 1]] on 27 September 2003, as a low-budget mission aimed at testing new technologies and conducting scientific observations. One of its main objectives was to capture three-dimensional [[X-ray]] and [[thermography|infrared]] images of the Moon’s surface. After a year-long journey, SMART 1 entered lunar [[orbit]] on November 15, 2004. It continued its survey work until September 3, 2006, when mission controllers directed it to impact the Moon deliberately to analyze the resulting debris plume.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMBY5BVLRE_index_0.html| title=SMART-1 Impacts Moon|date=4 September 2006| publisher=ESA| access-date=2006-09-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061025000823/http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMBY5BVLRE_index_0.html  |archive-date = 2006-10-25}}</ref>

===China===
{{main|Chinese Lunar Exploration Program}}

China’s lunar exploration efforts are conducted through the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, which includes scientific missions and assessments of potential lunar resources such as [[helium-3]], an isotope considered for possible future use in terrestrial energy production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://space.com/missionlaunches/china_Moon_030304.html |title=China Outlines its Lunar Ambitions |first=Leonard |last=David |publisher=Space.com |date=4 March 2003 |access-date=20 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316214426/http://space.com/missionlaunches/china_moon_030304.html |archive-date=16 March 2006 }}</ref>

The [[China National Space Administration]] (CNSA) launched the [[Chang'e 1]] lunar orbiter on 24 October 2007. Initially intended to operate for one year, the mission was extended and concluded with a controlled impact on the Moon on 1 March 2009. A second orbiter, [[Chang'e 2]], was launched on 1 October 2010.

On 14 December 2013, China successfully deployed the [[Chang'e 3]] lander and the ''[[Yutu (rover)|Yutu]]'' rover, becoming the third nation to achieve a lunar soft landing.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Technological advancements and promotion roles of Chang'e-3 lunar probe mission|journal=Sci China Tech Sci |volume=56 |issue=11 |page=2702 |year=2013|doi=10.1007/s11431-013-5377-0 |bibcode=2013ScChE..56.2702S |last1=Sun |first1=Zezhou |last2=Jia |first2=Yang |last3=Zhang |first3=He |s2cid=111801601 }}</ref> It was the first soft landing on the lunar surface since [[Luna 24]] in 1976. The backup spacecraft for Chang'e 3, originally constructed as a contingency, was repurposed for the [[Chang'e 4]] mission, which targeted the far side of the Moon. [[Chang'e 4]] was launched on 7 December 2018<ref>[https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/12/07/china-launches-historic-mission-to-land-on-far-side-of-the-moon/ China launches historic mission to land on far side of the Moon] Stephen Clark, ''Spaceflight Now''. 7 December 2018.</ref> and landed on 3 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jan/03/china-probe-change-4-land-far-side-moon-basin-crater|title=Far side of the moon: China's Chang'e 4 probe makes historic touchdown|last1=Devlin|first1=Hannah|date=3 January 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 June 2019|last2=Lyons|first2=Kate|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The ''[[Yutu-2]]'' rover, deployed by Chang'e 4, set a distance record for lunar surface travel.<ref>[https://www.space.com/china-change-4-rover-moon-record.html China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record.] Leonard David, ''Space.com''. 12 December 2019.</ref> Its findings included the detection of a dust layer up to 12 meters deep in parts of the lunar far side.<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/china-lunar-rover-found-thick-dust-on-moon-far-side-2020-2 Morgan McFall (26 February 2020) China's lunar rover finds nearly 40 feet of dust on the far side of the moon]</ref>

A sample return mission, [[Chang'e 5]], was initially planned for 2017 but was delayed following a failure of the [[Long March 5]] launch vehicle.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nowakowski|first1=Tomasz|title=China Eyes Manned Lunar Landing by 2036|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/china-national-space-administration/china-eyes-manned-lunar-landing-2036/|access-date=17 August 2017|date=9 August 2017|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013557/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/china-national-space-administration/china-eyes-manned-lunar-landing-2036/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="foust">{{cite web |author1=Foust |first=Jeff |date=25 September 2017 |title=Long March 5 failure to postpone China's lunar exploration program |url=http://spacenews.com/long-march-5-failure-to-postpone-chinas-lunar-exploration-program/ |access-date=17 December 2017 |publisher=SpaceNews}}</ref> Following the rocket's successful return to flight in December 2019, CNSA launched Chang'e 5 in late 2020. The mission returned approximately 2 kilograms of lunar material to Earth on 16 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 December 2020|title=China's Chang'e-5 mission returns Moon samples|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55323176|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

The [[Chang'e 6]] mission, launched on 3 May 2024, conducted the first sample return from the lunar far side, specifically the [[Apollo (crater)|Apollo Basin]].<ref name="AJ_FI-20230425">{{cite tweet |number=1650832520978526208 |user=AJ_FI |title=China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first-ever lunar far side sample return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024 and is expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W) |author=Andrew Jones |date=25 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/ |title=China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref> It carried a small rover, ''Jinchan'', which conducted [[Absorption spectroscopy|infrared spectroscopy]] and captured imagery of the lander on the surface.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Andrew |title=China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/ |website=SpaceNews |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508193233/https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The spacecraft’s lander-ascender-rover module separated from its orbiter and returner prior to landing on 1 June 2024 at 22:23 UTC.<ref name="AJ_FI-20240601">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/change-6-lands-on-far-side-of-the-moon-to-collect-unique-lunar-samples/ |title=Chang'e-6 lands on far side of the moon to collect unique lunar samples |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=1 June 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="segeryu240602">{{cite tweet | author= Seger Yu | user= SegerYu | number= 1797042217804337307 | title= 落月时刻 2024-06-02 06:23:15.861 | language= zh }}</ref> The ascender lifted off from the lunar surface on 3 June 2024 at 23:38 UTC, conducted an automated rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit, and transferred its sample container to the return module. The returner successfully landed in [[Inner Mongolia]] on 25 June 2024, completing China’s second lunar sample return mission and the first from the Moon’s far side.

===India===
{{main|Chandrayaan Programme}}
[[File:Chandrayaan1 Spacecraft Discovery Moon Water.jpg|thumb|upright=2|These images show a young lunar crater on the far side of the Moon, as viewed by Chandrayaan-1's Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument.]]

India's national space agency, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), launched [[Chandrayaan-1]], an uncrewed lunar orbiter, on 22 October 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/Moonmission/Election_Story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080069654 |title=NDTV.com: Perfect start, Chandrayaan-1 ready for next step |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212155600/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/moonmission/Election_Story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080069654 |archive-date=12 December 2008 }}</ref> The spacecraft was intended to operate for two years, with scientific objectives including the creation of a three-dimensional atlas of the near and far sides of the Moon and chemical and mineralogical mapping of the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-1 Scientific Objectives|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|url=http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/objective_scientific.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012110215/http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/objective_scientific.htm|archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref>

The orbiter released the [[Moon Impact Probe]], which impacted the lunar surface at 15:04 GMT on 14 November 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7730157.stm|title=India sends probe on to the Moon|publisher=BBC|access-date=16 November 2008|date=14 November 2008}}</ref> Among its key findings, Chandrayaan-1 detected the widespread presence of water molecules in the lunar regolith.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-09-24-voa46.cfm Lunar Missions Detect Water on Moon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003011229/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-09-24-voa46.cfm |date=3 October 2009}}</ref>

This mission was succeeded by [[Chandrayaan-2]], launched on 22 July 2019, which entered lunar orbit on 20 August 2019. It carried India’s first lander and rover; however, due to a technical anomaly during the final descent, the lander crashed on the lunar surface.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|title=Chandrayaan – 2 Latest Update – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Chandrayaan-3]], ISRO's third lunar exploration mission, was launched on 14 July 2023 and featured a lander, ''Vikram'', and a rover, ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]''. The lander successfully achieved a soft landing near the lunar south pole on 23 August 2023, making India the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon and the first to land near the south polar region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Welle |first=Deutsche |title=India spacecraft first to land on moon's south pole |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-spacecraft-first-to-land-on-moons-south-pole/a-66605489}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120354/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14, lunar landing on August 23 or 24 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=25 August 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|Artemis program}}

The [[Ballistic Missile Defense Organization]] and NASA launched the [[Clementine mission]] in 1994 and [[Lunar Prospector]] in 1998.

[[File:Animation of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter trajectory.gif |thumb |right |Animation of [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]{{'s}} trajectory from June 23, 2009, to June 30, 2009 {{legend2|magenta| [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]}}{{·}}{{legend2| DarkGoldenrod|[[Moon]]}}]]
NASA launched the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], on June 18, 2009, which has collected imagery of the Moon's surface. It also carried the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ([[LCROSS]]), which investigated the possible existence of water in the crater [[Cabeus]]. [[Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory|GRAIL]] is another mission, launched in 2011.

Following the decades-long lull in lunar exploration in the aftermath of the Cold War, the main push of US lunar exploration goals has coalesced under the Artemis program, formulated in 2017.<ref name="Artemis_home20190519">{{Source-attribution|{{cite web|title=NASA: Moon to Mars|url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/moontomars/index.html|website=nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805055135/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/moontomars/index.html|url-status=live}}|sentence=yes}}</ref>

===Russia===
{{Main|Luna-Glob}}
On 10 August 2023, Russia launched the [[Luna 25]] mission, its first mission to the Moon since 1976.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehill.com/homenews/space/ap-a-rocket-with-a-lunar-landing-craft-blasts-off-on-russias-first-moon-mission-in-nearly-50-years/ | title=Russia is back on the lunar path. A rocket blasts off on its first moon mission in nearly 50 years | work=The Hill | date=August 11, 2023 }}</ref> On 20 August, it crashed into the Moon after a guidance error that resulted in an anomalous orbit-lowering manoeuvre.<ref name="rsw-luna25">{{cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna-glob-flight.html |title=Luna-Glob mission lifts off |date=19 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |work=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref>

===South Korea===
{{Main|Korean Lunar Exploration Program}}
South Korea launched the lunar orbiter [[Danuri]] on 4 August 2022, and it arrived at the Moon on 16 December 2022. This was the first phase of South Korea's lunar exploration program, with plans to launch another lunar lander and probe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danuri, South Korea's first Moon mission |url=https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/kplo |website=The Planetary Society}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
[[Pakistan]] sent a lunar orbiter called [[ICUBE-Q]] along with Chang'e 6.<ref name="Jones"/>

===Commercial missions===
In 2007, the X Prize Foundation, together with [[Google]], launched the [[Google Lunar X Prize]] to encourage commercial endeavors to the Moon. A prize of $20 million was to be awarded to the first private venture to get to the Moon with a robotic lander by the end of March 2018, with additional prizes worth $10 million for further milestones.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/science/google-lunar-xprize-finalists.html |title=For 5 Contest Finalists, a $20 Million Dash to the Moon |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=24 January 2017 |work=The New York Times|access-date=13 July 2017 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715065721/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/science/google-lunar-xprize-finalists.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="https://www.space.com_2017-09-25">{{Citation |url=https://www.space.com/37813-google-lunar-x-prize-deadline-extended-march-2018.html |title=Deadline for Google Lunar X Prize Moon Race Extended Through March 2018 |newspaper=space.com |date=16 August 2017 |first=Mike | last=Wall |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234520/https://www.space.com/37813-google-lunar-x-prize-deadline-extended-march-2018.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of August 2016, 16 teams were reportedly participating in the competition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/03/us-startup-moon-express-2017-lunar-mission |title=US startup Moon Express approved to make 2017 lunar mission |last=McCarthy |first=Ciara |date=3 August 2016 |work=The Guardian|access-date=13 July 2017 |issn=0261-3077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730225106/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/03/us-startup-moon-express-2017-lunar-mission |archive-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> In January 2018 the foundation announced that the prize would go unclaimed, as none of the finalist teams would be able to make a launch attempt by the deadline.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://lunar.xprize.org/news/blog/important-update-google-lunar-xprize |title=An Important Update From Google Lunar XPRIZE |date=23 January 2018 |work=Google Lunar XPRIZE |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124043226/https://lunar.xprize.org/news/blog/important-update-google-lunar-xprize |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In August 2016, the US government granted permission to US-based start-up Moon Express to land on the Moon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.space.com/33632-moon-express-private-lunar-landing-approval.html |title=Moon Express Approved for Private Lunar Landing in 2017, a Space First |work=Space.com |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712211615/https://www.space.com/33632-moon-express-private-lunar-landing-approval.html |archive-date=12 July 2017 }}</ref> This marked the first time that a private enterprise was given the right to do so. The decision is regarded as a precedent helping to define regulatory standards for deep-space commercial activity in the future. Previously, private companies were restricted to operating on or around Earth.<ref name=":0"/>

On 29 November 2018, NASA announced that nine commercial companies would compete to win a contract to send small payloads to the Moon in what is known as [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]]. According to NASA administrator [[Jim Bridenstine]], "We are building a domestic American capability to get back and forth to the surface of the moon.".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=NASA's Return to the Moon to Start With Private Companies' Spacecraft |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/29/science/nasa-moon-landers.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=29 November 2018 |language=en |date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201011041/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/29/science/nasa-moon-landers.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first commercial mission to the Moon was accomplished by the [[Manfred Memorial Moon Mission]] (4M), led by [[Luxspace|LuxSpace]], an affiliate of German [[OHB System|OHB AG]]. The mission was launched on 23 October 2014 with the Chinese Chang'e 5-T1 test spacecraft, attached to the upper stage of a [[Long March 3C]]/G2 rocket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/10/25/first-commercial-mission-to-the-moon-launched-from-china/|title=First commercial mission to the Moon launched from China|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=25 October 2014|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/27422-china-moon-mission-launch-october.html|title=China Readies Moon Mission for Launch Next Week|publisher=Space.com|date=14 October 2014|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> The 4M spacecraft made a Moon flyby on the night of October 28, 2014, after which it entered elliptical Earth orbit, exceeding its designed lifetime by four times.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.saftbatteries.com/press/press-releases/saft-lithium-batteries-powered-4m-mini-probe-success-world%E2%80%99s-first-privately|title=Saft lithium batteries powered the 4M mini-probe to success on the world's first privately funded Moon mission|publisher=[[Saft Groupe S.A.|Saft]]|place=[[paris]]|date=21 January 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724165338/http://www.saftbatteries.com/press/press-releases/saft-lithium-batteries-powered-4m-mini-probe-success-world%E2%80%99s-first-privately|archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="MoonLuxspace">{{cite journal |last1=Moser |first1=H. A. |last2=Ruy |first2=G. |last3=Schwarzenbarth |first3=K. |last4=Frappe |first4=J. -B. |last5=Basesler |first5=K. |last6=Van Shie |first6=B. |date=August 2015 |title=Manfred Memorial Moon Mission (4M): development, operations, and results of a privately funded, low cost lunar flyby |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=3200&context=smallsat |journal=29th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref>

The [[Beresheet]] lander, operated by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] and [[SpaceIL]] impacted the Moon on April 11, 2019, after a failed landing attempt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-beresheet-spacecraft-crashes-during-moon-landing-attempt/|title=Israel's Beresheet spacecraft crashes into the moon during landing attempt|last=Lidman|first=Melanie|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07 |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>

[[Blue Ghost Mission 1]], a robotic Moon landing mission conducted by [[Firefly Aerospace]], launched on January 15, 2025, and landed on March 2, 2025, at 08:34 UTC.

==Plans==
{{See also|List of missions to the Moon}}

Following the abandoned US [[Constellation program]], plans for crewed flights followed by [[moonbase]]s were declared by Russia, [[ESA]], China, Japan, India, and South Korea. All of them intend to continue the exploration of the Moon with more uncrewed spacecraft.

India is planning, and it is studying a potential collaboration with Japan to launch the [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] in 2026–2028.

Russia also announced plans to resume its previously frozen project [[Luna-Glob]], an uncrewed lander and orbiter, which was slated to launch in 2021 but did not manifest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/aw060506p2.xml |title=Russia Plans Ambitious Robotic Lunar Mission |first=Craig |last=Covault |date=2006-06-04}}</ref> In 2015, [[Roscosmos]] stated that Russia plans to place an astronaut on the Moon by 2030, leaving Mars to NASA. The purpose is to work jointly with NASA and avoid a space race.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/russia-place-man-moon-by-2030-leaving-mars-nasa-1508202 | title=Russia to place man on Moon by 2030 leaving Mars to NASA| date=2015-06-27}}</ref>

In 2018, NASA released plans to return to the Moon with commercial and international partners as part of an overall agency Exploration Campaign in support of [[Space Policy Directive 1]], giving rise to the [[Artemis program]] and the [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] (CLPS). NASA plans to start with robotic missions on the lunar surface, as well as the crewed [[Lunar Gateway]] space station. As of 2019, NASA is issuing contracts to develop new small lunar payload delivery services, develop lunar landers, and conduct more research on the Moon's surface ahead of a human return.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-expands-plans-for-moon-exploration-more-missions-more-science|title=NASA Expands Plans for Moon Exploration|last=Warner|first=Cheryl|date=2018-04-30|website=NASA|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> The Artemis program involves several flights of the [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion spacecraft]] and lunar landings from 2022 to 2028.<ref>"National Space Exploration Campaign Report" ([https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nationalspaceexplorationcampaign.pdf PDF]). NASA. September 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moon-to-mars/|title=Moon to Mars {{pipe}} NASA|date=June 25, 2018|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>

On November 3, 2021, NASA announced it had picked a landing site in the lunar south polar region near the crater [[Shackleton (crater)|Shackleton]] for an uncrewed spacecraft that included NASA's Polar Resources Ice-Mining Experiment-1. The precise location was termed the Shackleton Connecting Ridge, which has near-continuous solar exposure and line-of-sight with Earth for communication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/nasa-intuitive-machines-moon-landing-site-ice-mission|title=NASA picks landing site at the moon's south pole for ice-drilling robot|website=[[Space.com]]|date=November 5, 2021}}</ref>

ESA's [[Moonlight Initiative]] aims to create a small network of communication and navigation satellites orbiting the Moon to support the Artemis landings.<ref>[https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2022/11/What_is_ESA_s_Moonlight_initiative What is ESA’s Moonlight initiative?]</ref> These would enable communication with Earth even when out of direct line-of-sight. They would also provide navigation signals similar to the [[Global Positioning System]] on Earth, requiring precision timekeeping. Moonlight planners have proposed creating a new time zone for the Moon for this purpose, culminating in the introduction of the [[Coordinated Lunar Time]] standard in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramirez-Simon |first=Diana |date=2024-04-03 |title=Moon Standard Time? Nasa to create lunar-centric time reference system |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/02/moon-nasa-coordinated-lunar-time |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Due to the lower gravity and relative motion, [[Time dilation|time passes more quickly on the Moon]], making every 24-hour period elapse 56 microseconds early when measured from Earth.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2023/03/11/1162351563/if-daylight-saving-time-seems-tricky-try-figuring-out-the-time-on-the-moon If daylight saving time seems tricky, try figuring out the time on the moon ].</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight|Solar System}}
*[[Artemis program]]
*[[Colonization of the Moon]]
*[[Tourism on the Moon]]
*[[Lunar outpost (NASA)]]
*[[International Lunar Exploration Working Group]]
*[[List of artificial objects on the Moon]]
*[[List of Apollo astronauts]]
*[[List of lunar probes]]
*[[List of missions to the Moon]]
*[[Lunar resources]]
*[[Moon landing]]
*[[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]
*[[Starship HLS]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=



}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Moon exploration|future space exploration}}
*[https://lunarexploration.esa.int An interactive web documentary about the Moon] – ESA
*[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunartimeline.html Lunar mission timeline] – NASA

{{Crewed lunar spacecraft}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{People who have walked on the Moon}}
{{Moon colonization}}
{{Planetary exploration}}
{{The Moon}}
{{Solar System}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Exploration of the Moon| ]]
[[Category:Discovery and exploration of the Solar System|Exploration of Moon]]
[[Category:Spaceflight]]
[[Category:Lunar science]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

Vinayak Lohani

2026-03-15T08:49:39Z

GarlandGurule05: put up new info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinayak Lohani
| image = Vinayak Lohani receiving the Padma Shri Award in 2025.jpg
| caption = Lohani receiving the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age | df=yes|1978|4|12}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| citizenship = India
| education = [[B.Tech]], [[MBA]]
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kharagpur]], [[IIM Calcutta]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
| known for = Founder of Parivaar, [[Social Entrepreneur]]
}}

'''Vinayak Lohani''' is the founder of Parivaar, a humanitarian institution with its chief institutions and field areas in based in [[West Bengal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main8.asp?filename=In112004he_choose.asp |title=Tehelka - The People's Paper |publisher=Archive.tehelka.com |date=2004-11-20 |access-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105060408/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main8.asp?filename=In112004he_choose.asp |archive-date=5 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parivaar |url=https://parivaar.org/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=parivaar.org}}</ref> Lohani was influenced by the teachings of [[Ramakrishna]] and [[Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions|Swami Vivekananda]], particularly Vivekananda's concept of serving the "Divine in Man.<ref name="socio">{{cite news|url= http://sociovigil.in/vinayak-lohani-and-his-parivaar/|title= National Child Welfare Award for 2011|publisher= Sociovigil|date= 11 January 2013|access-date= 4 November 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105055650/http://sociovigil.in/vinayak-lohani-and-his-parivaar/|archive-date= 5 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?222902 |title=Soulless Traffick Shown The Palm | Vinayak Lohani |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=2004-02-09 |access-date=2013-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220901 |title=The Beauty Of Illuminated Things | Vinayak Lohani |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=2013-11-05}}</ref>

In January 2025, he was honored with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=7 February 2025 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207055857/https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Vinayak Lohani was born in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and did his schooling there. His family roots are from [[Almora]] district of Kumaon region in [[Uttarakhand]]. He went to [[IIT Kharagpur]] to do his B.Tech and thereafter worked for [[Infosys]] for a year. In 2001, he joined [[IIM Calcutta]] to do his [[MBA]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/blog/beyond-the-numbers/the-power-of-one/|title=BLOGS/Beyond the Numbers-The Power of One|work=Forbes India|access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="arpan">{{cite news |url= http://www.arpanfoundation.org/our_projects/parivaar.asp|title= About Parivaar and its Founder Vinayak Lohani |publisher=arpanfoundation|access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
At [[IIM Calcutta]], Vinayak opted out of the placement process. After completing the MBA course, with just 3 children in a small rented building and almost no financial resources, he started Parivaar for children from impoverished and destitute backgrounds in late 2003.<ref name="socio" /> At the end of 2004, Parivaar purchased its own land and developed its first campus: Parivaar Ashram. In 2011, Parivaar expanded to having separate campuses for boys and girls. As of December 2023 , there are more than 1900 resident children (girls and boys) at Parivaar, making it the largest and high-quality residential program for children from impoverished strata in [[West Bengal]].

In 2016–17, Parivaar also started working in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It has started 832 Nutritional Meals cum Education centers for children in selected impoverished tribal and rural pockets called 'Sri Ramakrishna Vivekananda Seva Kutir' in 18 districts serving more than 40,000 children.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://parivaar.org/second-front-after-14-years/|title= Parivaar MP|publisher= Parivaar|access-date= 14 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164149/http://parivaar.org/second-front-after-14-years/|archive-date= 14 December 2018}}</ref> Parivaar also runs 2 residential schools and 2 hostels in the districts of [[Dewas]], [[Sehore]] and [[Mandla]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. More than 1100 boys and girls from different tribal geographies of the state are residing in these campuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parivaar.org/institutions-projects/parivaar-mp/residential-institutions/|title=Parivaar MP - Residential Institutions|website=Parivaar}}</ref> Apart from these, Parivaar also runs 93 free 24*7 ambulances<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parivaar.org/ambulance-services-2/|title=Parivaar MP - Free 24*7 Ambulance Service|website=Parivaar}}</ref> across 23 districts and 21 mobile medical clinics in 8 districts covering 982 villages<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parivaar.org/mobile-health-clinics/|title=Parivaar MP - Mobile Health Clinics - Parivaar|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225101527/https://parivaar.org/mobile-health-clinics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Madhya Pradesh, under which more than 15 lac patients have been served till December 2024.
Under its Vision Restoration Program, Parivaar has organized more than 5700 camps in 42 months in collaboration with several eye hospitals under which more than 6.48 lac patients have been served and 72 thousand free eye surgeries have been performed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parivaar.org/3-parivaar-shravan-kumar-prakalpa-vision-restoration-programme-for-elderly/|title=Parivaar MP - Vision Restoration Program|website=Parivaar}}</ref>

[[File:Parivaar children.JPG|thumb|Vinayak with children at Parivaar|275px|right]]

==Awards and honors==
* 2025: [[Padma Shri]] from the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Mamata Shankar, Pt Tejendra Narayan among 9 Padma awardees from Bengal">{{cite news |title=Mamata Shankar, Pt Tejendra Narayan among 9 Padma awardees from Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-shankar-pt-tejendra-narayan-among-9-padma-awardees-from-bengal/articleshow/117559588.cms |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126060556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-shankar-pt-tejendra-narayan-among-9-padma-awardees-from-bengal/articleshow/117559588.cms |archive-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>
* 2022: The First 'Madhya Pradesh Gaurav Samman' in the category of Health and Nutrition was presented by the Hon'ble Governor and Chief Minister of the state in November, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2022 |title=भोपाल के नर्मदा समग्र और इंदौर के 56 दुकान व्यापारी संगठन को मिलेगा मध्य प्रदेश गौरव सम्मान |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-madhya-pradesh-gaurav-samman-will-be-given-to-narmada-samagra-of-bhopal-and-56-shop-merchant-organization-of-indore-7921997 |website=Nai Dunia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.mpinfo.org/Home/TodaysNews?newsid=20221107N63&fontname=Mangal&LocID=32&pubdate=11/07/2022 |website=Department of Public Relations, M.P.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Published under the authority of Madhya Pradesh Gazette (Extraordinary) | language=hi | url=https://govtpressmp.nic.in/pdf/extra/2023-05-10-Ex-151.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225095144/https://govtpressmp.nic.in/pdf/extra/2023-05-10-Ex-151.pdf | archive-date=2023-12-25}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Swami Rama]] Humanitarian Award 2015 presented by Hon. Chief Minister of [[Uttarakhand]].
* 2015: Vivekananda Seva Samman 2015 presented by Hon. Governor, [[West Bengal]].
* 2015: Bhaorao Deoras Seva Samman 2015 presented at Lucknow by Hon Governor, Uttar Pradesh.
* 2014: [[IIT Kharagpur]]'s 'Distinguished Alumnus Award' (youngest recipient in the history of the award) awarded in 2014.
* 2014: [[Swami Ranganathananda]] Memorial Humanitarian Award 2014 presented at the [[Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture]] Calcutta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranganathananda Award |url=http://sriramakrishna.org/admin/download_item/_download_2bd218c9a3afd381b359bb556446f0b4136dd9d5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224031500/http://sriramakrishna.org/admin/download_item/_download_2bd218c9a3afd381b359bb556446f0b4136dd9d5.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |publisher=sriramakrishna.org}}</ref>
* 2014: Telegraph 'Special Honour' conferred by Telegraph Educa:tion Foundation Calcutta in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 September 2014 |title=Calcutta Story |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140901/jsp/calcutta/story_18786820.jsp#.VEEO_fmSzt4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906171501/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140901/jsp/calcutta/story_18786820.jsp#.VEEO_fmSzt4 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 |publisher=Telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=vinayak-lohani-wins-telegraph-education-foundation's-certificate-honour |url=https://alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in/vinayak-lohani-wins-telegraph-education-foundation%E2%80%99s-certificate-honour |access-date=17 October 2014 |publisher=alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in |archive-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204123808/https://alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in/vinayak-lohani-wins-telegraph-education-foundation%E2%80%99s-certificate-honour |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2013: [[IIM Calcutta]]'s Distinguished Alumnus Award (1 of 9 recipients out of 8000 alumni).<ref name="socio" /><ref name="arpan" /><ref>{{cite news |title=IIMC Distinguished Alumnus 2011 Awardees |url=http://alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in/about/golden-jubilee/events/2011-awardees-iim-calcutta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106134734/http://alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in/about/golden-jubilee/events/2011-awardees-iim-calcutta |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |publisher=IIMC |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2012: [[CNN-IBN]]'s Young Indian Leader of the Year Award 2012.<ref name="socio" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Young Indian Leaders |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/youngindian2012/winners3.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824020015/http://ibnlive.in.com/youngindian2012/winners3.php |archive-date=24 August 2012 |access-date=4 November 2013 |publisher=IBN}}</ref>
* 2011: National Award for Child Welfare 2011 presented by the [[President of India]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref name="socio" /><ref name="arpan" />
* 2011: Sanskriti Award, India's premier award for young achievers in 2011 from the Former President of India Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="socio" /><ref name="arpan" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-25/delhi/30438006_1_sanskriti-awards-awards-committee-social-achievement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105064812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-25/delhi/30438006_1_sanskriti-awards-awards-committee-social-achievement|archive-date=5 November 2013|title= Sanskriti Award for 2011 held in New Delhi |date= 25 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/sanskriti-awards-for-2011-conferred/article1-771049.aspx|title= Sanskriti Award for 2011 Conferred|publisher= Hindustan Times|date= 18 November 2011|access-date= 4 November 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131112195625/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/sanskriti-awards-for-2011-conferred/article1-771049.aspx|archive-date= 12 November 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://parivaar.org Parivaar Website]
* {{Twitter}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohani, Vinayak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

List of programmes broadcast by Sony SAB

2026-03-15T04:11:38Z

GarlandGurule05: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

This is the list of original programming currently and formerly broadcast by the Indian television channel, [[Sony SAB]].

==Current broadcasts==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Premiere date
!Show
|-
|28 July 2008
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|-
|6 June 2022
|''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
|-
|18 August 2025
|''[[Itti Si Khushi]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian Adaptation Of Channel 4's Series Itti Si Khushi Set To Launch On Sony SAB|work=BizAsia Live|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-adaptation-of-channel-4-series-shameless-called-itti-si-khushi-set-for-sony-sab-launch/}}</ref>
|-
|6 October 2025
|''[[Ganesh Kartikey]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-27 |title=Mohit Malik and Shrenu Parikh to lead the new mythological series ‘Gatha Shiv Parivaar Ki Ganesh Kartikey’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohit-malik-and-shrenu-parikh-to-lead-the-new-mythological-series-gatha-shiv-parivaar-ki-ganesh-kartikey/articleshow/124183531.cms |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Former broadcasts==
===Comedy series===
*''A Mad House''<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/jan/jan95.htm|title=Sab TV revamps 8 - 10 pm band; launches 9 new shows|date=12 January 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125011822/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/jan/jan95.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2005)
*''[[Aadat Se Majboor (TV Series)|Aadat Se Majboor]]'' (2017–2018)
*''Aaj Ke Shrimaan Shrimati''<ref name="auto1" /> (2005)
*''Abhi Toh Main Jawan Hoon''<ref name="Growth" /> (2003)
*''Aflatoon''<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug20.htm|title=Sabe TV readies new programming; says it beats Zee and Sony in rest of Maharashtra|date=9 August 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113164041/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug20.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2001)
*''Akting-Akting''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021222/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203938/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021222/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002–2003)
*''Ammaji Ki Galli''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=50054_SAB+TV+launches+Ammaji+Ki+Galli|title=SAB TV launches 'Ammaji Ki Galli'|date=June 16, 2011|accessdate=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134121/http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=50054_SAB+TV+launches+Ammaji+Ki+Galli|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2011)
*''Apna News Aayega''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/|title=Aditi Bhatia: Apna News Aayega is very different from other comedy shows|date=2 July 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816135648/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2019–2020)
*''Bade Miya Chhote Miya''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030601/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504180126/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030601/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003)
*''[[Badi Doooor Se Aaye Hai]]'' (2014–2016)
*''[[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakharwadi]]'' (2019–2020)
*''Band Baaja Bandh Darwaza''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/at-the-launch-of-band-baja-bandh-darwaza/videoshow/67560670.cms|title=At the launch of Band Baja Bandh Darwaza &#124; TV - Times of India Videos|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514205214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/at-the-launch-of-band-baja-bandh-darwaza/videoshow/67560670.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2019)
*''Baavle Utaavle''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baavle-utaavle-going-off-air-actress-shivani-badoni-shares-goofy-pictures/articleshow/70679052.cms|title=Baavle Utaavle going off-air; actress Shivani Badoni shares goofy pictures - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 August 2019|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905032841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baavle-utaavle-going-off-air-actress-shivani-badoni-shares-goofy-pictures/articleshow/70679052.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2019)
*''Beechwale – Bapu Dekh Raha Hai''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jiji-maa-and-beechwale-bapu-dekh-raha-hai-show-to-go-off-air-in-mid-february/articleshow/67639965.cms|title=Jiji Maa and Beechwale Bapu Dekh Raha Hai shows to go off air in mid-February - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 January 2019|access-date=20 August 2022|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820210808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jiji-maa-and-beechwale-bapu-dekh-raha-hai-show-to-go-off-air-in-mid-february/articleshow/67639965.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018–2019)
*''Bhaago KK Aaya''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/jan/jan227.php|title=Bhaago KK Aaya on SAB TV|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|date=23 January 2008|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210224616/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/jan/jan227.php|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008)
*''[[Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother]]'' (2012)
*''Bhootwala Serial''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bhootwala-serial-ott-but-timepass/433267/|title=Bhootwala Serial: OTT but time-pass - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023052640/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bhootwala-serial-ott-but-timepass/433267/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2009)
*''Chandrakant Chiplunkar Seedi Bamba Wala''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nwyTrQiVBM |title=Chandrakant Chiplunkar Seedi Bambawala - Episode 82 - 11th December 2014 |publisher=YouTube |date=12 December 2014 |accessdate=2023-05-04 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504145732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nwyTrQiVBM&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> (2014)
*''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi...Let's Go''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/2015-TV-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/49553562.cms|title=A TV show about a young boy and his friendship with a car|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=30 October 2015|archive-date=30 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030014902/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/2015-TV-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/49553562.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015–2016)
*''Chamcha in Chief''<ref name="Lok" /> (2005–2006)
*''[[Chidiya Ghar]]'' (2011–2017)
*''[[Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story]]'' (2011–2012)
*''Chhupke Chhupke''<ref name="Seven" /> (2014)
*''Daddy Samjha Karo''<ref name="auto3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000709/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028022006/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000709/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2000–2001)
*''Dhaba Junction''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030525/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320081423/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030525/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003–2004)
*''Dil Deke Dekho''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dil-Deke-Dekho-will-highlight-love-stories-across-three-generations/articleshow/54641336.cms|title='Dil Deke Dekho' will highlight love stories across three generations - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 October 2016 |access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002090212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dil-deke-dekho-will-highlight-love-stories-across-three-generations/articleshow/54641336.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2016–2017)
*''Don't Worry Chachu''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=51674_Sab+TV+launches+Dont+Worry+Chachu|title=SAB TV launches 'Don't Worry Chachu'|work=AFAQs|date=27 September 2011|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008230919/http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=51674_Sab+TV+launches+Dont+Worry+Chachu|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2011–2012)
*''[[Dr. Madhumati On Duty]]'' (2016)
*''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]'' (2006–2015)
*''Full Masti 88.2''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20876_Is-SAB-moving-back-to-the-humour-platform|title=Is SAB moving back to the humour platform?|date=13 April 2008|website=www.afaqs.com|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114306/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20876_Is-SAB-moving-back-to-the-humour-platform|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008)
*''Funhit Mein Jaari'' (2020–2021)
*''Gilli Gilli Gappa''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/comedy-gets-a-magical-turn/725697/|title=Comedy gets a MAGICAL turn - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019190309/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/comedy-gets-a-magical-turn/725697/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2010–2011)
*''Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Golmaal-Hai-Bhai-Sab--tackles-marriage-in-humorous-way/articleshow/15459403.cms|title='Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab...' tackles marriage in humorous way|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 August 2012|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520055645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Golmaal-Hai-Bhai-Sab--tackles-marriage-in-humorous-way/articleshow/15459403.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012)
*''Gopi Gadha Aur Gupshup''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gopi-Gadha-Aur-Gupshup-on-SAB-TV/articleshow/14150562.cms|title=Gopi, Gadha Aur Gupshup on SAB TV - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2012|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112050236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gopi-Gadha-Aur-Gupshup-on-SAB-TV/articleshow/14150562.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012)
*''[[The Great Indian Family Drama]]'' (2015)
*''Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gunwale-dulhaniya-le-jayenge-on-sab/story-Ihix2VfVroMw6qrn1NvS4J.html|title=Gunwale dulhaniya le jayenge on SAB|date=26 February 2009|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623041250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gunwale-dulhaniya-le-jayenge-on-sab/story-Ihix2VfVroMw6qrn1NvS4J.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2009)
*''Gupp Chupp''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gupp-Chupp-promises-to-tickle-your-funny-bone/articleshow/53557293.cms|title='Gupp Chupp' promises to tickle your funny bone - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=6 August 2016 |access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001232456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gupp-chupp-promises-to-tickle-your-funny-bone/articleshow/53557293.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2016)
*''[[Gutur Gu]]'' (2010–2014)
*''Hansi He Hansi...Mil Toh Lein''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Hansi-He-HansiMil-Toh-Lein-now-a-comedy-show-on-the-weekends/articleshow/46888238.cms|title=Hansi He Hansi…Mil Toh Lein - now, a comedy show on the weekends|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 April 2015|accessdate=15 April 2015|archive-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416113621/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Hansi-He-HansiMil-Toh-Lein-now-a-comedy-show-on-the-weekends/articleshow/46888238.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/four-shows-of-sab-tv-to-go-off-air-rumm-pumm-po-hansi-he-hansi...mil-toh-lein-rukawat-ke-liye-khed-hai-sab-ka-sapna-money-money-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-282295-2015-07-14|title=Four shows of SAB TV to go off air|date=July 14, 2015|magazine=India Today|access-date=29 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029072708/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/four-shows-of-sab-tv-to-go-off-air-rumm-pumm-po-hansi-he-hansi...mil-toh-lein-rukawat-ke-liye-khed-hai-sab-ka-sapna-money-money-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-282295-2015-07-14|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015)
*''Hassi Woh Phassi''<ref name="Growth" /> (2003)
*''Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/2015-TV-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/48388641.cms|title=SAB TV launches 'Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2015|accessdate=9 September 2015|archive-date=10 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810194426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/2015-TV-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/48388641.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015)
*''[[Hum Aapke Hain In Laws]]'' (2013)
*''Humse Hai Zamana''<ref name="Seven" /> (2008)
*''[[I Luv My India]]'' (2012)
*''Jasoos 005''<ref name="Seven">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may222.htm|title=SAB TV to launch seven new shows|date=May 28, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905112626/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may222.htm|archive-date=5 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2008)
*''Jaankhilavan Jasoos''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jaankhilavan-jasoos-to-premiere-tonight/20101119.htm|title=A new detective comes calling!|first=Rajul|last=Hegde|website=Rediff|access-date=20 August 2022|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820211349/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jaankhilavan-jasoos-to-premiere-tonight/20101119.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2010–2011)
*''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]'' (2012–2014)
*''[[Jijaji Chhat Per Hain]]'' (2018–2020)
*''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]'' (2021)
*''[[Jugni Chali Jalandhar]]'' (2008–2010)
*''[[Jo Biwi Se Kare Pyaar]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jo-biwi-se-kare-pyaar-deepti-bhatnagar-arjun-bijlani-shweta-gulatirakesh-paul/articleshow/24582207.cms|title='Jo Biwi Se...' is India's first fiction-cookery show! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 October 2013|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703183446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jo-biwi-se-kare-pyaar-deepti-bhatnagar-arjun-bijlani-shweta-gulatirakesh-paul/articleshow/24582207.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013)
*''[[Kaatelal & Sons]]'' (2020–2021)
*''[[Khatmal E Ishq]]'' (2016–2017)
*''[[Khidki]]'' (2016)
*''Krishna Kanhaiya''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/06/sab-tv-gears-to-launch-new-show-krishan-kanhaiya-on-june-29/|title=Sab TV gears to launch new show 'Krishan Kanhaiya' on June 29|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date=17 June 2015|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714112806/https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/06/sab-tv-gears-to-launch-new-show-krishan-kanhaiya-on-june-29/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015)
*''[[Lapataganj]]'' (2009–2014)
*''Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki''<ref name="Rin" /> (2008–2009)
*''[[Maddam Sir]]'' (2020–2023)
*''Main Kab Saas Banoongi''<ref>{{cite news |title=Talking point with Vandana Pathak |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/talking-point--with-vandana-pathak/358568/0 |publisher=Indian Express |date=8 September 2008 |accessdate=28 March 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020135352/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/talking-point-with-vandana-pathak/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (2008–2009)
*''[[Malegaon Ka Chintu]]'' (2011–2014)
*''[[Mangalam Dangalam]]'' (2018–2019)
*''[[Maniben.com]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maniben-com-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/5352760.cms|title=Maniben.com completes 100 episodes|date=18 December 2009|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=16 November 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520061311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maniben-com-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/5352760.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2009–2010)
*''Masti''<ref name="auto1" /> (2005)
*''Mohalla Mohabbat Wala''<ref name="auto" /> (2008)
*''[[Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale]]'' (2010–2011)
*''Mrs. Tendulkar''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/156069/gleefully-yours.html|title=Gleefully yours|date=23 April 2011|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520061832/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/156069/gleefully-yours.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2011)
*''[[My Name Ijj Lakhan]]'' (2019)
*''Namune''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/namune-to-bring-writer-p-l-deshpande-alive-on-small-screen-tv-snippets-118071400022_1.html|title='Namune' to bring writer P.L. Deshpande alive on small screen (TV Snippets)|agency=IANS|date=14 July 2018|publisher=|via=Business Standard|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003234402/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/namune-to-bring-writer-p-l-deshpande-alive-on-small-screen-tv-snippets-118071400022_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018)
*''[[Office Office]]'' (2001–2004)
*''[[Papad Pol - Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya|Papad Pol]]'' (2010–2011)
*''[[Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double]]'' (2017–2018)
*''[[Peterson Hill]]'' (2015)
*''Platform No. 9''<ref name="auto1" /> (2005)
*''Police Factory''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/New-TV-show-Police-Factory-is-a-blend-of-humour-and-suspense/articleshow/49102892.cms|title=New TV show 'Police Factory' is a blend of humour and suspense|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2015|accessdate=27 September 2015|archive-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927234501/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/New-TV-show-Police-Factory-is-a-blend-of-humour-and-suspense/articleshow/49102892.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015–2016)
*''[[Pritam Pyare Aur Woh]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/sab-tv-to-spook-you-with-pritam-pyaare-aur-woh-140301|title=Sab TV to spook you with Pritam, Pyaare Aur Woh|date=1 March 2014|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045722/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/sab-tv-to-spook-you-with-pritam-pyaare-aur-woh-140301|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
*''Public Hai Sab Janti Hai''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030302/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710125759/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030302/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003)
*''Raamkhilavaan (CM) ‘n’ Family''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020818/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184826/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020818/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002–2003)
*''[[Ring Wrong Ring]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ring-wrong-riing-starts-today/articleshow/7087382.cms|title='Ring Wrong Riing' starts today - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 December 2010|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902123904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ring-wrong-riing-starts-today/articleshow/7087382.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2010–2011)
*''[[R. K. Laxman Ki Duniya]]'' (2011–2013)
*''Rumm Pumm Po''<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/silent-comedy-rumm-pumm-po-makes-its-debut-on-sab-tv-255858-2015-06-05|title=Silent comedy Rumm Pumm Po makes its debut on SAB TV|agency=IANS|date=June 5, 2015|magazine=India Today|access-date=29 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029071925/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/silent-comedy-rumm-pumm-po-makes-its-debut-on-sab-tv-255858-2015-06-05|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015)
*''Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shekhar-suman-and-swati-shah-back-on-tv-with-saath-phero-ki-hera-pheri/articleshow/62739096.cms|title=Shekhar Suman and Swati Shah back on TV with 'Saath Phero Ki Hera Pheri'|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-23|language=en-US|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003201413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shekhar-suman-and-swati-shah-back-on-tv-with-saath-phero-ki-hera-pheri/articleshow/62739096.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018)
*''Sab Ka Bheja Fry''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sab-tv-launches-sab-ka-bheja-fry-under-humour-block-27153.html|title=SAB TV launches 'Sab ka Bheja Fry' under humour block - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=8 August 2007 |access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714112804/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sab-tv-launches-sab-ka-bheja-fry-under-humour-block-27153.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2007)
*''Sab Kuch Ho Sakta Hai''<ref name="Lok" /> (2005–2006)
*''Sabse Bada Rupaiya''<ref name="auto1" /> (2005)
*''Saheb Biwi Aur Boss''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-ht/ENT-TV-sahib-biwi-aur-boss-5190586-PHO.html|title=Sahib, Biwi Aur Boss.. gets its telecast date and time slot!|newspaper=Daily Bhaskar|date=9 December 2015|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217064819/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-ht/ENT-TV-sahib-biwi-aur-boss-5190586-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2015–2016)
*''Sahib Biwi Ka Ghulam''<ref name="Hasi">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr186.htm|title=SAB TV primed up for humour|date=April 24, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181124/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr186.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2003)
*''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]'' (2009–2012)
*''[[Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo]]'' (2017–2018)
*''Sajan Tum Jhuth Mat Bollo!''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/feb/feb2.htm|title=SABe TV launching new sitcom 25 February|work=Indiantelevision.com|date=1 February 2002|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916181721/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/feb/feb2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002)
*''Shankar Jaikishan 3 in 1''<ref>{{cite web|title=Kettan Singh bags the lead role in Sony SAB's Shankar Jai Kishan-3 in 1|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kettan-singh-bags-the-lead-role-in-sony-sabs-shankar-jai-kishan-3-in-1/articleshow/59701758.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=20 September 2017|date=21 July 2017|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814112136/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kettan-singh-bags-the-lead-role-in-sony-sabs-shankar-jai-kishan-3-in-1/articleshow/59701758.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2017)
*''Shree Adi Manav''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/review-shri-adi-manav/story-eQ0Vsx5Yf6Qz3o3Eq6DnbN.html|title=Review: Shri Adi Manav|date=29 September 2009|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020112926/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/review-shri-adi-manav/story-eQ0Vsx5Yf6Qz3o3Eq6DnbN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2009)
*''[[Shrimaan Shrimati Phir Se]]'' (2018)
*''Shree Sifarishilal''<ref name=Carry>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct205.htm|title=SAB to launch two new shows|date=October 27, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726194024/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct205.htm|archive-date=26 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2003–2004)
*''Sonu Sweety''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-laughter-queens/cid/598787|title=The laughter queens|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709125049/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-laughter-queens/cid/598787|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008–2009)
*''Super Sisters – Chalega Pyar Ka Jaadu''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sony SAB launches new drama series Super Sisters |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/08/sony-sab-launches-new-drama-series-super-sisters/ |website=bestmediainfo.com |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812115355/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/08/sony-sab-launches-new-drama-series-super-sisters/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (2018)
*''[[Tera Kya Hoga Alia]]'' (2019–2020)
*''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]'' (2020–2022)
*''Thank You Jijaji''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/bhatti-back-on-tv-with-quot-thank-you-jijaji-quot-news-national-jh2tukhdaib.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008083132/http://www.sify.com/news/bhatti-back-on-tv-with-quot-thank-you-jijaji-quot-news-national-jh2tukhdaib.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2017|title=Bhatti back on TV with "Thank You Jijaji"|work=[[Sify.com]]|date=29 July 2009}}</ref> (2009)
*''[[Tota Weds Maina]]'' (2013)
*''[[Trideviyaan]]'' (2016–2017)
*''[[Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-serial-tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai-cast-spreads-cheers/ |title=TV serial 'Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai' cast spreads cheers |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116150823/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-serial-tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai-cast-spreads-cheers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (2014)
*''[[TV, Biwi aur Main]]'' (2017)
*''Waqt Hamara Hai''<ref name="Seven" /> (2008)
*''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]'' (2021–2025)
*''[[Woh Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-ht/ENT-TV-after-comedy-nights-with-kapil-its-fiction-now-for-ali-asgar-5197489-PHO.html|title=After Comedy Nights with Kapil, it's fiction now for Ali Asgar|newspaper=Daily Bhaskar|date=17 December 2015|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204034634/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-ht/ENT-TV-after-comedy-nights-with-kapil-its-fiction-now-for-ali-asgar-5197489-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2016)
*''[[Yam Hain Hum]]'' (2014–2016)
*''[[Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/24497_SAB-strengthens-10-pm-slot-launches-three-shows/|title=SAB TV Strengthens 10 PM Slot|work=Times Now|language=en-GB|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174349/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/24497_SAB-strengthens-10-pm-slot-launches-three-shows/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2009–2010)
*''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]]'' (1999–2009)
*''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]'' (2003–2004)

===Drama series===
*''[[Aangan – Aapno Kaa]]'' (2023–2024)
*''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]'' (2018–2021)
* ''[[Alif Laila]]'' (2001–2002)
* ''[[Ali Baba (TV series)|Ali Baba]]'' (2022–2023)
*''Apni Khushian Apne Gham''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010318/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Apni Khushian Apne Gham: Laughter Club|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]|date=18 March 2001|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065253/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010318/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2001)
*''[[Baalveer]]'' (2012–2023)
*''Badall Pe Paon Hai''<ref>{{Cite web |title=रवि दुबे-सरगुन मेहता के नए शो बादल पे पांव है का प्रोमो रिलीज, फैंस एक्साइटेड |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/television/ravi-dubey-sargun-mehta-new-show-badal-pe-paon-hai-promo-out/2198244 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> (2024)
*''[[Bhanwar (1998 TV series)|Bhanwar]]'' (1999)
*''Colonell''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020106/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506204815/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020106/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002)
*''[[Dharm Yoddha Garud]]'' (2022)
*''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]'' (2023–2024)
*''Dial 100''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bombay-times/Dial-100-for-thrills/articleshow/1276866742.cms|title=Dial 100 for thrills|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 September 2001|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924211815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bombay-times/Dial-100-for-thrills/articleshow/1276866742.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2001)
*''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]'' (2022–2023)
*''Doli Leke Ayee Hai''<ref name=Growth>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm|title=Sab TV steadily increasing channel share|date=October 15, 2003|access-date=July 2, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818015551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm|archive-date=18 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2002–2004)
*''Dulhan''<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/may/may16.htm|title=SABe TV in month-long programme push|date=12 May 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=8 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108090111/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/may/may16.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2004)
*''Four'' (2007)
*''Galati Kiski''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030216/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504011351/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030216/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003)
*''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]'' (2020–2021)
*''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]'' (2016–2017)
*''[[Jai Shri Swaminarayan]]'' (2002)
*''Jersey No. 10''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cricket-based-drama-on-sab-tv/articleshow/2524833.cms|title=Cricket-based drama on SAB TV - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 November 2007|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005080600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cricket-based-drama-on-sab-tv/articleshow/2524833.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2007–2008)
*''Ji Bhenji''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060820/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509064207/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060820/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2006)
*''Karam''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/quitting-telly-for-that-thing-called-love/cid/1638209|title=Quitting telly for that thing called love|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426011444/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/quitting-telly-for-that-thing-called-love/cid/1638209|url-status=live}}</ref> (2001)
*''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' (2006–2008)
*''Love Story''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/This-is-what-the-cast-of-Love-Story-is-up-to-now/photostory/54292424.cms?from=mdr|title=This is what the cast of 'Love Story' is up to now|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520060439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/This-is-what-the-cast-of-Love-Story-is-up-to-now/photostory/54292424.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> (2007–2008)
*''Love Mein Kabhi Kabhi''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/director/deeya_singh.htm|title="We will not deviate from the original script of 'Betty La Fea', come what may" : Deeya Singh|date=4 December 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614223830/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/director/deeya_singh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2001–2002)
*''[[Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke]]'' (2023–2024)
*''[[Sab Satrangi]]'' (2022)
*''Sambandh''<ref name="auto3"/> (2001)
*''Sati Savitri''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010715/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504232736/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010715/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2001)
*''Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra''<ref name="auto2"/> (2001)
*''Search''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020901/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129051138/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020901/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002)
*''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]'' (2024–2025)
*''[[Shubh Laabh – Aapkey Ghar Mein]]'' (2021–2022)
*''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]'' (2017–2020, 2024–2025)
*''Twinkle Beauty Parlour Lajpat Nagar''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/twinkle/20060515.htm|title=Twinkle Beauty Parlour: Sneak Preview!|website=Rediff|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004034820/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/twinkle/20060515.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2006)
*''[[Ufff..Yeh Love Hai Mushkil]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-06 |title=Uff Yeh Love Hai Mushkil fame Mohammedsaud Mansuri on Eid-al-Adha says, 'It is a time of reflection and spiritual renewal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/uff-yeh-love-hai-mushkil-fame-mohammedsaud-mansuri-on-eid-al-adha-says-it-is-a-time-of-reflection-and-spiritual-renewal/articleshow/121681255.cms |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025)
*''[[Vanshaj]]'' (2023–2024)
*''[[Veer Hanuman]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahir Pandhi Joins Veer Hanuman Cast, To Play Bali And Sugreev |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mahir-pandhi-joins-veer-hanuman-cast-to-play-bali-and-sugreev-aa-9259178.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> (2025)
*''[[Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan]]'' (2016–2017)
*''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]'' (2021–2022)

===Reality/non-scripted programming===
*''Acting Ki Funshaala''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/reality-gets-a-comic-twist/articleshow/2745295.cms|title=Reality gets a comic twist - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=February 2008|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005133448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/reality-gets-a-comic-twist/articleshow/2745295.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008)
*''Carryy on Shekhar''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/10/29/stories/2003102900850200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814050539/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/10/29/stories/2003102900850200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 14, 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=SAB TV launch Carryy on Shekhar|date=October 29, 2003}}</ref> (2003–2004)
*''Comedy Ka King Kaun''<ref name="auto"/> (2008)
*''Comedy Superstar''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Know all about 'Comedy Superstar' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Know-all-about-Comedy-Superstar/photostory/48653339.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-08 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511194133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Know-all-about-Comedy-Superstar/photostory/48653339.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> (2015)
*''Fame X''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/25tv.htm|title=Small screen, big buyouts|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004202902/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/25tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2006–2007)
*''Family Antakshri Baithe Baithe Kya Kare''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/SAB-TV-launches-Family-Antakshari-Baithe-Baithe-Kya-Kare/articleshow/42795029.cms|title=SAB TV launches 'Family Antakshari #Baithe Baithe Kya Kare' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 September 2014 |access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726205013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/SAB-TV-launches-Family-Antakshari-Baithe-Baithe-Kya-Kare/articleshow/42795029.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
*''Good Night India''<ref>{{cite news|title='Our sole purpose with the show is to help viewers de-stress', says Amit Tandon on his television debut with Goodnight India - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/our-sole-purpose-with-the-comedy-show-is-to-help-viewers-de-stress-says-amit-tandon-on-his-television-debut-with-goodnight-india/articleshow/88954738.cms|access-date=2022-01-29|website=The Times of India|date=17 January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129234927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/our-sole-purpose-with-the-comedy-show-is-to-help-viewers-de-stress-says-amit-tandon-on-his-television-debut-with-goodnight-india/articleshow/88954738.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2022)
*''India Ke Mast Kalandar''<ref name="mumbailive">{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/sab-tv-launches-two-new-shows-india-ke-mast-kalandar-and-namune-in-the-weekend-slots-26248|website=mumbailive.com|title=SAB TV launches two new shows 'India Ke Mast Kalandar' and 'Namune' in the weekend slots|date=21 July 2018 |accessdate=2018-07-21|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721193500/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/sab-tv-launches-two-new-shows-india-ke-mast-kalandar-and-namune-in-the-weekend-slots-26248|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018)
*''Kuch... Diiil Se''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr204.htm|title=Smriti 'Tulsi' Malhotra to host talk show on Sab TV|date=April 28, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315063645/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr204.htm|archive-date=15 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2003)
*''Kuch Smiles Ho Jayein... With Alia''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-kuch-smiles-ho-jayein-with-alia-shot-at-home-during-lockdown/articleshow/75715585.cms|title=TV show 'Kuch Smiles Ho Jayein... With Alia' shot at home during lockdown|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 May 2020|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305142751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-kuch-smiles-ho-jayein-with-alia-shot-at-home-during-lockdown/articleshow/75715585.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2020)
*''Lo Kal Lo Baat''<ref name=Lok>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/13074_SAB-TV-shifts-from-pure-comedy-to-general-entertainment|title=SAB TV shifts from pure comedy to general entertainment|date=October 28, 2005|access-date=January 14, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183933/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/13074_SAB-TV-shifts-from-pure-comedy-to-general-entertainment|archive-date=14 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2005–2006)
*''[[Movers & Shakers (TV series)|Movers & Shakers]]'' (2012)
*''Mr. Aur Mrs. Verma Ki Rasoi''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvasiausa.com/synopsis.php?program_id=148 |title=Mr. Aur Mrs. Verma Ki Rasoi |date=24 May 2006 |website=TV Asia |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008062235/http://www.tvasiausa.com/synopsis.php?program_id=148 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2003)
*''Rukawat Ke Liye Khed Hai''<ref name="auto4"/> (2015)
*''Sab Ka Sapna Money Money''<ref name="auto4"/> (2015)
*''Sab Khelo Sab Jeeto''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fun-and-games-for-families-but-with-a-twist/articleshow/23975336.cms|title=Fun and games for families but with a twist|newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 October 2013|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925205806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fun-and-games-for-families-but-with-a-twist/articleshow/23975336.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013–2014)
*''Sab Kuch Ho Sakta Hai''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040704/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=25 August 2022|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426011444/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040704/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2004)
* ''Safar Filmy Comedy Ka''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/sab-tv-to-pay-tribute-to-comedy-in-cinema-6256.html|title=SAB TV to pay tribute to comedy in cinema|first1=India TV News|last1=Desk|first2=India TV|last2=News|date=23 January 2013|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> (2013)
*''Say Na Something Anupam Uncle''<ref name=Carry/> (2000–2004)
*''Swayam''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011014/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921223519/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011014/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2001–2002)
*''Tedhi Baat Shekhar Ke Saath''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvnext.in/news/141/ARTICLE/2066/2009-07-02.html|title=SAB TV launches 'Tedhi Baat Shekhar Ke Saath'|publisher=TV Next News|date=2009-07-02|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=13 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713070328/http://www.tvnext.in/news/141/ARTICLE/2066/2009-07-02.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2009)
*''Wah Wah''<ref name=Seven/> (2008)
*''Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130305/dun.htm#15|title=Comedy on revival track: Shailesh Lodha|author=Sandeep Rawat|work=[[Tribune India]]|date=4 March 2013|access-date=9 September 2024|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215649/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130305/dun.htm#15|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012–2013)
*''Zimmedar Kaun?''<ref name=Seven/> (2008)

===Hindi dubbed shows===
*''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''<ref name=Firangi/> (2008)
*''[[America's Funniest Home Videos]]''<ref name=Firangi/> (2008)
*''[[Desperate Housewives]]''<ref name=Firangi/> (2008)
*''[[Eken Babu (TV series)|Eken Babu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirban Chakrabarti, who played detective Ekon Babu for Bengali audience, is ready for a bigger viewership|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/anirban-chakrabarti-who-played-detective-ekon-babu-for-bengali-audience-is-ready-for-a-bigger-viewership/|website=The Tribune|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://ndtv.in/television/eken-babu-on-sony-sab-tv-special-interview-with-actor-anirban-chakraborty-9691092</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirban Chakrabarti brings Eken Babu to life: 'He looks ordinary but thinks like a genius'|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/anirban-chakrabarti-brings-eken-babu-to-life-he-looks-ordinary-but-thinks-like-a-genius-1503517095.html|website=The Statesman|date=2025-11-25|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en|first=Statesman News|last=Service}}</ref> (2025)
*''[[Extreme Makeover]]''<ref name=Firangi/> (2008)
*''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''<ref name=Rin>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sab-tv-reinvents-itself/story-slZOfgA8NdOJ4VtAlg0fyL.html|title=SAB TV reinvents itself|date=June 28, 2008|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153811/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sab-tv-reinvents-itself/story-slZOfgA8NdOJ4VtAlg0fyL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008)
*''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]''<ref name=Firangi>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/dub_special.php|title=International Chaska on SAB TV|date=February 9, 2008|access-date=September 8, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509233755/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/dub_special.php|archive-date=9 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2008)
*''[[My Wife and Kids]]''<ref name=Rin/> (2008)
*''[[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]]''<ref name=Seven/> (2008)

====Animated series====
*''[[Asterix|Asterix the Gaul]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/dec/dec81.htm|title=Asterix to add muscle to SAB TV's Toon band|date=December 29, 2001|access-date=July 3, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423153616/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/dec/dec81.htm|archive-date=23 April 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2001–2002)
*''Turtle Island''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wanvari|first1=Anil|title=Indiantelevision dot com's Tube Talk :SABe woos toon fans with Turtle Island|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k1/nov/novtube19.htm|website=www.indiantelevision.com|access-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203102031/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k1/nov/novtube19.htm|archive-date=3 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2001–2002)

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Lists of TV programs by country}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Sony SAB]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Sony SAB]]

V. Sivankutty

2026-03-13T14:25:25Z

GarlandGurule05:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Indian name|Sivankutty|Vasudevan}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2023}}
{{Weasel|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V Sivankutty
| image = File:V Sivankutty 2024 at Grandhapura tvm centre.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Second Vijayan ministry|Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| office = Minister for [[Department of General and Higher Education (Kerala)|General Education]] & Labour, [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2021|05|20|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 24 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
| predecessor1 = O Rajagopal
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 13 May 2011
| term_end2 = 19 May 2016
| constituency2 = [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
| predecessor2 = [[N. Sakthan]]
| successor2 = [[O. Rajagopal]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 = 11 May 2006
| term_end3 = 13 May 2011
| constituency3 = Thiruvananthapuram East
| predecessor3 = B. Vijayakumar
| successor3 = ''Constituency abolished''
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Cheruvakkal, [[Trivandrum]], [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]] (present day [[Kerala]]), India
| residence = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = R. Parvathy Devi
| children = 1
| parents = 
| relations =
| footnotes =
| source =
| 2blankname = Departments
| 2namedata = * [[Department of General Education (Kerala)| General Education Department]]
* [[Department of Labour and Skills (Kerala)|Labour and Skills Department]]
{{Collapsible list
| title = Portfolios
| list_style = text-align:left;
| 1 = General Education
| 2 = Literacy Movement
| 3 = Labour
| 4 = Employment and Training
| 5 = Skills
| 6 = Rehabilitation
| 7 = Factories and Boilers
| 8 = Insurance Medical Service
| 9 = Industrial Tribunals
| 10 = Labour Courts
}}
}}

{{Indian name|Sivankutty|Vasudevan}}'''Vasudevan Sivankutty''' (born 10 November 1954) is an Indian politician, currently serving as the Minister for General Education and Labour,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/10f1c4c2-f98b-4600-9b2a-749f33bdb791 |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521145347/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/10f1c4c2-f98b-4600-9b2a-749f33bdb791 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government of Kerala. He represents the [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom Constituency]] in the 15th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

Sivankutty is a State Committee Member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in Kerala and the State Secretary of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU) Kerala, and the District President of CITU, Thiruvananthapuram.

==Early life==

Sivankutty was born on 10th November 1954 at Cheruvakkal, [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Sivankutty, CPM's Nemom lieutenant |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/05/19/sivankutty-cpms-nemom-lieutenant.html |work=Sivankutty, CPM's Nemom lieutenant |language=en}}</ref> as the son of activist M. Vasudevan and P. Krishnamma. After schooling, he did his [[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A.) at the [[Sree Narayana College, Chempazhanthy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=archive |first1=From our online |title=Winner of all seasons |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/May/18/winner-of-all-seasons-254063.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref> He then completed his [[Bachelor of Law]] (LL.B.) from [[Kerala Law Academy]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/members/v_sivankutty.htm |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> He was a member of [[Students' Federation of India|S.F.I.]] during his studies.

Sivankutty is married to writer, journalist, women's rights activist, and a former [[Kerala Public Service Commission]] (P.S.C.) member R. Parvathi Devi, who is the daughter of the Marxist theorist [[P. Govinda Pillai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fact Check: മന്ത്രി ശിവൻകുട്ടിയുടെ ഭാര്യ പിഎസ്‌സി അംഗമോ? മകന് ഭരണത്തിന്റെ മറവിൽ ജോലി? |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/fact-check-minister-sivankutty-wife-r-parvathi-devi-psc-member/articleshow/118504670.cms |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Samayam Malayalam |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |language=ml}}</ref> The couple has a son, P. Govind Sivan, who is currently a research student<ref>{{cite news |title=Fact Check: മന്ത്രി ശിവൻകുട്ടിയുടെ ഭാര്യ പിഎസ്‌സി അംഗമോ? മകന് ഭരണത്തിന്റെ മറവിൽ ജോലി? |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/fact-check-minister-sivankutty-wife-r-parvathi-devi-psc-member/articleshow/118504670.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> at the Manipal University. Elina George is his daughter-in-law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marriage of son of Minister V Sivankutty held |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/marriage-of-govind-sivan-son-of-minister-v-sivankutty-held-951199c3 |work=@mathrubhumi |date=5 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:V SIVANKUTTY SPEECH.ogg|thumb|Kerala Education minister V SIVANKUTTY SPEECH]]

Sivankutty entered politics through the [[Students Federation of India|Students' Federation of India]] (SFI) and has held positions such as its District President, State President, District Secretary, State Secretary and All India Joint Secretary. From SFI, he joined the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU), and currently holds positions such as its State Secretary and District President.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വി ശിവന്‍കുട്ടി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/topics/person/v-sivankutty.html |website=ManoramaOnline |access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>

He was the President of the erstwhile Ulloor Panchayat, the Mayor of [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]], the Joint Secretary of the All India Mayors’ Council, the MLA of Thiruvananthapuram East and then Nemom (2011 - 2016).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/members/v_sivankutty.htm|access-date=25 May 2021|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

In the recently concluded Kerala Assembly Elections, he defeated BJP's [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]] and [[K. Muraleedharan]] to become the MLA of Nemom again (2021–Present). He is currently a Minister in the [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]-led LDF cabinet, handling portfolios of [[Department of General and Higher Education (Kerala)|General Education]] and Labour.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aswin J. Kumar|date=18 May 2021|title=Kerala Ministers 2021: V Sivankutty becomes second corp mayor to turn minister {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/thiruvananthapuram-v-sivankutty-becomes-second-corp-mayor-to-turn-minister/articleshow/82744889.cms|access-date=23 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=Kerala: Opinion of students and parents will be heard on education policy, says general education minister V Sivankutty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-opinion-of-students-and-parents-will-be-heard-on-edu-policy-says-general-education-minister-v-sivankutty/articleshow/90677839.cms |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The other departments under him right now are Literacy Movement, Employment and Training, Skills, Rehabilitation, Factories and Boilers, Insurance Medical Service, Industrial Tribunals, and Labour Courts.

== Controversies ==

=== 2015 Budget Presentation Ruckus ===
The Assembly witnessed ugly scenes after the Opposition MLAs attempted to prevent the Finance Minister from presenting the budget. His photos were so familiar leading the protest with the cable, sound system and monitor. Sivankutty was the major leader who opposed and created panic in assembly. Other accused in the case are minister K T Jaleel, E P Jayarajan, C K Sadasivan, K Ajith and Kunhahamed Master.Violent legislators had toppled the Speaker’s chair and threw the microphones away. The House suffered damages worth 2 lakh in the incident. Charges against the accused include relevant section of Prevention of Destruction of Public Property Act and IPC sections 447 (criminal trespass) and 427 (mischief causing damage).

The government moved the court based on a letter filed by V. Sivankutty. Several others, including Opposition leader Ramesh Chennithala, had filed petition.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-assembly-2015-ruckus-court-rejects-govt-s-demand-to-withdraw-case-1.5073751 | title=Kerala Assembly 2015 ruckus: Court rejects govt's demand to withdraw case | date=22 September 2020 }}</ref>

=== 2023 Ambulance incident ===
On 12 July 2023, a pilot vehicle in Sivankutty's convoy, driving on the wrong side of the road, crashed a police jeep onto the side of ambulance van. This led to the injury of three people (including the patient). The incident took place in Kottarakkara in Kollam district when a driver from the minister's convoy. Sivankutty reportedly stepped out of the vehicle for a few minutes, inspected van, then continued towards [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The police was criticised by the victims for not intervening or filing an [[First information report|FIR]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Aishwarya |date=13 July 2023 |title=Day after Minister V Sivankutty's pilot vehicle collides with ambulance, Kerala Police yet to act |pages=1 |work=The Free Press Journal |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/day-after-minister-v-sivankutty-s-pilot-vehicle-collides-with-ambulance-kerala-police-yet-to-act-anr-rxpvnl |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713041230/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/day-after-minister-v-sivankutty-s-pilot-vehicle-collides-with-ambulance-kerala-police-yet-to-act-anr-rxpvnl |archive-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivankutty, V.}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]

DMOZ

2026-03-11T03:38:34Z

GarlandGurule05: update references further and corrected details

{{Short description|Open content directory of Web links}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead extra info|date=June 2019|reason=e.g., Curlie is mentioned here, but no where else in the article}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Update|date=February 2025|reason=DMOZ was wholly replaced by Curlie and according to our article, they have been treated as synonymous since 2018, so this article should really be at [[Curlie.org]] and be about it, and its prior history as the former DMOZ. Either that, or we need a separate Curlie.org article}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox website
| name = DMOZ
| former_name = {{ubl|GnuHoo (1998)|NewHoo (1998)|Open Directory Project (1998–1999)}}
| logo = DMOZ logo.svg
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt = "dmoz" in white on a green background with each letter in a separate square
| screenshot = Dmoz - Open Directory Project.PNG
| caption =
| url = <nowiki>www.dmoz.org</nowiki> ({{webarchive| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119172207/http://www.dmoz.org/ }}) 
| commercial = No
| collapsible =
| collapsetext =
| type = [[Web directory]]
| registration = Optional
| language = 90 languages, including English
| num_users = 90,000
| parent = [[AOL]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1998|6|5}}
| current_status = Closed
| content_license = [[Creative Commons Attribution|Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported]], Open Directory License
| dissolved = {{end date and age|2017|3|17}}
| successor = Curlie.org
}}

'''DMOZ''' or '''DMoz''' (stylized '''dmoz''' in its logo; from ''directory.mozilla.org'', an earlier [[domain name]]) was a multilingual [[open content|open-content]] directory of [[World Wide Web]] links. The site and community who maintained it were also known as the '''Open Directory Project''' ('''ODP'''). It was owned by [[AOL]] (now a part of [[Verizon Media|Yahoo! Inc]]) but constructed and maintained by a [[virtual community|community]] of volunteer editors.

DMOZ used a hierarchical [[Ontology (information science)|ontology]] scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories which then included smaller categories.

DMOZ closed on March 17, 2017, because AOL no longer wished to support the project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Danny |date=March 17, 2017 |title=DMOZ has officially closed after nearly 19 years of humans trying to organize the web |url=http://searchengineland.com/dmoz-has-officially-closed-271530 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717103526/http://searchengineland.com/dmoz-has-officially-closed-271530 |archive-date=July 17, 2017 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |work=[[Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref name="resource-zone">{{Cite news |date=April 16, 2017 |title=Why Dmoz Was Closed ? |url=https://www.resource-zone.com/forum/t/why-dmoz-was-closed.53529/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028022237/https://www.resource-zone.com/forum/t/why-dmoz-was-closed.53529/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2017 |work=Resource-Zone.com}}</ref> The website became a single landing page on that day, with links to a static archive of DMOZ, and to the DMOZ discussion forum, where plans to rebrand and relaunch the [[Web directory|directory]] were being discussed.<ref name="resource-zone" />

{{As of|2017|9}}, a non-editable mirror remained available at dmoztools.net,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Directory of the Web – This site includes information formerly made available via DMOZ |url=https://dmoztools.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823003912/http://dmoztools.net/ |archive-date=August 23, 2017 |access-date=August 21, 2017 |website=dmoztools.net}}</ref> and it was announced that while the DMOZ URL would not return, a successor version of the directory named '''Curlie''' would be provided.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2017 |title=New dmoz |url=https://www.resource-zone.com/forum/t/new-dmoz.53614/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822014148/https://www.resource-zone.com/forum/t/new-dmoz.53614/ |archive-date=August 22, 2017 |access-date=August 21, 2017 |website=Resource-Zone.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-29 |title=Curlie: Present |url=https://curlie.org/top/present.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918065934/http://curlie.org/top/present.html |archive-date=September 18, 2017 |access-date=2017-09-17 |website=curlie.org}}</ref> DMOZ, ODP, and Curlie were considered synonymous by 2018.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Han |first=Miyoung |last2=Wuillemin |first2=Pierre-Henri |last3=Senellart |first3=Pierre |date=2018 |editor-last=Mikkonen |editor-first=Tommi |title=Focused Crawling Through Reinforcement Learning |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI |publisher=Springer |volume=10845 |page=272 |isbn=9783319916620 |journal=Web Engineering: 18th International Conference, ICWE 2018, Cáceres, Spain, June 5–8, 2018 |editor-first2=Ralf |editor-last2=Klamma |editor-first3=Juan |editor-last3=Hernández}}</ref> Curlie was well established by 2022, using the hierarchy from DMOZ.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wu |first=Dan |title=Cross-device Web Search |last2=Dong |first2=Jing |last3=Liang |first3=Shaobo |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429510342 |pages=32–33}}</ref>

==History==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2019}}
DMOZ was founded in the United States as '''GnuHoo''' by [[Rich Skrenta]] and [[Bob Truel]] in 1998 while they were both working as engineers for [[Sun Microsystems]]. Chris Tolles, who worked at Sun Microsystems as the head of marketing for network security products, also signed on in 1998 as a co-founder of Gnuhoo along with co-founders Bryn Dole and Jeremy Wenokur. Skrenta had developed [[TASS (software)|TASS]], an ancestor of [[Tin (newsreader)|tin]], the popular threaded [[Usenet]] newsreader for [[Unix]] systems. The original category structure of the Gnuhoo directory was based loosely on the structure of Usenet newsgroups then in existence.

The Gnuhoo directory went live on June 5, 1998. After [[Richard Stallman]] and the [[Free Software Foundation]] objected to the use of ''Gnu'' in the name, ''GnuHoo'' was changed to ''NewHoo''.<ref name="SlashdotGnuhoo">{{cite web|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=98/06/23/0849239|access-date=April 27, 2007|work=[[Slashdot]]|title=The GnuHoo BooBoo|date=June 23, 1998 |archive-date=July 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727050616/http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=98%2F06%2F23%2F0849239|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yahoo!]] then objected to the use of ''Hoo'' in the name, prompting a proposed name change to ''ZURL''.<ref>[http://blog.topix.com/archives/2004_05.html "Zurl Directory"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223080027/http://blog.topix.com/archives/2004_05.html |date=December 23, 2007 }}</ref> Prior to switching to ''ZURL'', NewHoo was acquired by [[Netscape|Netscape Communications Corporation]] in October 1998 and became the Open Directory Project. Netscape released Open Directory data under the Open Directory License. Netscape was acquired by [[AOL]] shortly thereafter and DMOZ was one of the assets included in the acquisition.

[[File:Odp sitecount top.png|thumb|400px|DMOZ size by date, 1998 to 2015]]
By the time Netscape assumed stewardship, the Open Directory Project had about 100,000 [[Uniform Resource Locator|URLs]] indexed with contributions from about 4500 editors. On October 5, 1999, the number of URLs indexed by DMOZ reached one million. According to an unofficial estimate, the URLs in DMOZ numbered 1.6 million in April 2000, surpassing those in the [[Yahoo! Directory]].<ref>[http://www.geniac.net/odp/ ODP and Yahoo Size Charts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024115013/http://www.geniac.net/odp/ |date=October 24, 2007 }} by ODP editor geniac</ref> DMOZ achieved the milestones of indexing two million URLs on August 14, 2000, three million listings on November 18, 2001, and four million on December 3, 2003. As of April 2013 there were 5,169,995 sites listed in over 1,017,500 categories. On October 31, 2015, there were 3,996,412 sites listed in 1,026,706 categories.

In January 2006, DMOZ began publishing online reports to inform the public about the development of the project. The first report covered the year 2005. Monthly reports were issued subsequently until September 2006.<ref name="odpreports">[http://freenet-homepage.de/miscellanea/odp_reports/ ODP reports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310214513/http://freenet-homepage.de/miscellanea/odp_reports/ |date=March 10, 2008 }} by ODP volunteer administrator chris2001</ref> These reports gave greater insight into the functioning of the directory than the simplified statistics provided on the front page of the directory. The number of listings and categories cited on the front page included "Test" and "Bookmarks" categories but these were not included in the RDF dump offered to users. There were about 7330 active editors during August 2006.<ref name="odpreports"/> 75,151 editors had contributed to the directory as of March 31, 2007.<ref name=frontpage>[http://www.dmoz.org/ ODP Front Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501142910/http://www.dmoz.org/ |date=May 1, 2017 }}. Retrieved August 15, 2006</ref> As of April 2013, the number of contributing editors had increased to 97,584.<ref name=frontpage />

===System failure and editing outage, October to December 2006===
On October 20, 2006, DMOZ's main server suffered a [[catastrophic failure]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dmozgrunt.blogspot.com/2006/10/dmozs-catastrophic-serverhardware.html|title=Dmoz's Catastrophic Server/Hardware Failure|work=dmozgrunt.blogspot.com|date=October 27, 2006|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730153521/http://dmozgrunt.blogspot.com/2006/10/dmozs-catastrophic-serverhardware.html|url-status=live}}</ref> that prevented editors from working on the directory until December 18, 2006. During that period, an older build of the directory was visible to the public. On January 13, 2007, the Site Suggestion and Update Listings forms were again made available.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/20070108033810/http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/showthread.php?t=45325 dmoz.org technical problems] resource-zone.com Retrieved July 17, 2017.</ref> On January 26, 2007, weekly publication of RDF dumps resumed. To avoid future outages, the system resided on a redundant configuration of two Intel-based servers from then on.<ref>[http://www.miscellanea.de/newsletter/2006Winter/new_servers.html ''The Hamsters' New Home''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427033438/http://www.miscellanea.de/newsletter/2006Winter/new_servers.html |date=April 27, 2007 }}, in: Open Directory newsletter issue Winter 2006. Retrieved December 26, 2006.</ref>

The site's interface was given an upgrade in 2016, branded "DMOZ 3.0", but AOL took it offline the following year.

===Competing and spinoff projects===
As DMOZ became more widely known, two other major [[Web directory|web directories]] edited by volunteers and sponsored by [[Go.com]] and [[Zeal (web)|Zeal]] emerged, both now defunct. These directories did not license their content for [[open content]] distribution.<ref>[http://www.zeal.com/about/terms_of_use.jhtml "Terms of Use"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202210117/http://www.zeal.com/about/terms_of_use.jhtml|date=February 2, 2002}}</ref><ref>[http://info.go.com/doc/policy/terms.html "GO Network Terms of Service and Conditions of Use"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510161046/http://info.go.com/doc/policy/terms.html |date=May 10, 2000 }}</ref>

The concept of using a large-scale community of editors to compile online content has been successfully applied to other types of projects. DMOZ's editing model directly inspired at least three other open content volunteer projects: music site MusicMoz, an open content restaurant directory known as ChefMoz<ref>[http://www.dmoz.org/newsletter/2003Autumn/chefmoz-column.html ''ChefMoz Fine Dining Menu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513120425/http://www.dmoz.org/newsletter/2003Autumn/chefmoz-column.html |date=May 13, 2008 }}, in: Open Directory newsletter issue Autumn 2003</ref> and an encyclopedia known as [[Open Site]].<ref>[http://open-site.org/help/ help] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629225234/http://open-site.org/help |date=June 29, 2008 }} on open-site.org</ref> Finally, according to [[Larry Sanger]], DMOZ was part of the inspiration for the [[Nupedia]] project, out of which [[Bharatpedia]] grew.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/jul/13/media.newmedia|title=This time, it'll be a Bharatpedia written by experts|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Moody|first=Glyn|date=July 13, 2006|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=December 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111418/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/jul/13/media.newmedia|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Logo history===
<gallery widths=200 heights=50>
GnuHoo logo.png|Original logo as from June 1998
NewHoo logo.png|Logo after rebranding as NewHoo
Open Directory Project logo.png|Logo after acquisition by Netscape
DMOZ Open Directory Project logo.png|Logo from 1999 to 2014 with the name DMOZ
DMOZ logo.png|Logo from March 2014
DMOZ logo.svg|Logo from June 2016 until the closing in March 2017
Curlie-logo.png|Curlie logo (2019)
</gallery>

==Content==
Gnuhoo borrowed the basic outline for its initial ontology from [[Usenet]]. In 1998, Rich Skrenta said, "I took a long list of groups and hand-edited them into a hierarchy."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/sew/study/2065949/the-search-engine-report-july-1998-number#newhoo|title=NewHoo: Yahoo Built By The Masses|work=[[Search Engine Watch]]|last=Sullivan|first=Danny|date=July 1, 1998|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=April 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429160310/https://searchenginewatch.com/sew/study/2065949/the-search-engine-report-july-1998-number#newhoo|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, the topic covered by the comp.ai.alife newsgroup was represented by the category Computers/AI/Artificial_Life. The original divisions were for ''Adult'', ''Arts'', ''Business'', ''Computers'', ''Games'', ''Health'', ''Home'', ''News'', ''Recreation'', ''Reference'', ''Regional'', ''Science'', ''Shopping'', ''Society'', ''Sports'' and "World". While these sixteen ''top-level'' categories have remained intact, the ontology of second- and lower-level categories has undergone a gradual evolution; significant changes are initiated by discussion among editors and then implemented when consensus had been reached.

In July 1998, the directory became [[multilingualism|multilingual]] with the addition of the ''World'' top-level category. The remainder of the directory lists only English language sites. By May 2005, seventy-five languages were represented. The growth rate of the non-English components of the directory had been greater than the English component since 2002. While the English component of the directory held almost 75% of the sites in 2003, the ''World'' level grew to over 1.5 million sites as of May 2005, forming roughly one-third of the directory. The ontology in non-English categories generally mirrors that of the English directory, although exceptions which reflect language differences are quite common.

Several of the top-level categories have unique characteristics. The ''Adult'' category is not present on the directory homepage but it is fully available in the RDF dump that DMOZ provides. While the bulk of the directory is categorized primarily by topic, the Regional category is categorized primarily by region. This has led many to view DMOZ as two parallel directories: ''Regional'' and ''Topical''.

On November 14, 2000, a special directory within DMOZ was created for people under 18 years of age.<ref>[http://www.dmoz.org/newsletter/2000Nov/press.html Kids and Teens Launches!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221200521/http://www.dmoz.org/newsletter/2000Nov/press.html |date=February 21, 2008 }} Open Directory Project Newsletter, November/December 2000</ref> Key factors distinguishing this "Kids and Teens" area from the main directory are:
* stricter guidelines which limit the listing of sites to those which are targeted or "appropriate" for people under 18 years of age;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/kguidelines/ |title=Kids&Teens Guidelines |publisher=Dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716060749/http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/kguidelines/ |archive-date=July 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* category names as well as site descriptions use vocabulary which is "[[age appropriate]]";
* ''age tags'' on each listing distinguish content appropriate for kids (age 12 and under), teens (13 to 15 years old) and mature teens (16 to 18 years old);
* Kids and Teens content is available as a separate RDF dump;
* editing permissions are such that the community is parallel to that of DMOZ.

By May 2005, this portion of DMOZ included over 32,000 site listings.

From early 2004, the whole site was in [[UTF-8]] encoding. Prior to this, the encoding had been [[ISO 8859-1]] for English language categories and a language-dependent character set for other languages. The RDF dumps were encoded in UTF-8 from early 2000.

===Maintenance===
Directory listings were maintained by editors. While some editors focused on the addition of new listings, others focused on maintaining the existing listings, and some did both. This included tasks such as the editing of individual listings to correct spelling and/or grammatical errors, as well as monitoring the status of linked sites. Still others went through site submissions to remove spam and duplicate submissions.

Robozilla was a [[Web crawler]] written to check the status of all sites listed in DMOZ. Periodically, Robozilla would flag sites which appeared to have moved or disappeared and editors follow up to check the sites and take action. This process was critical for the directory in striving to achieve one of its founding goals: to reduce the [[link rot]] in web directories. Shortly after each run, the sites marked with errors were automatically moved to the unreviewed queue where editors may investigate them when time permits.

Due to the popularity of DMOZ and its resulting impact on [[Web search engine|search engine]] rankings (See [[PageRank]]), domains with lapsed registration that were listed on DMOZ attracted [[domain hijacking]], an issue that was addressed by regularly removing expired domains from the directory.

While corporate funding and staff for DMOZ diminished over time, volunteers created editing tools such as linkcheckers to supplement Robozilla, category crawlers, spellcheckers, search tools that directly sift a recent RDF dump, [[bookmarklet]]s to help automate some editing functions, mozilla based add-ons,<ref>[https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/176740 "ODPExtension"]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=Ost316 |fix-attempted=yes }} Mozilla based add-on, ODP Magic. formerly known as ODP Extension</ref> and tools that helped work through unreviewed queues.

===License and requirements===
DMOZ data was previously made available under the terms of the Open Directory License, which required a specific DMOZ attribution table on every Web page that uses the data.

The Open Directory License also included a requirement that users of the data continually check DMOZ site for updates and discontinue use and distribution of the data or works derived from the data once an update occurs. This restriction prompted the [[Free Software Foundation]] to refer to the Open Directory License as a non-free documentation license, citing the right to redistribute a given version not being permanent and the requirement to check for changes to the license.

In 2011, DMOZ silently changed its license to a [[Creative Commons]] Attribution license{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}, which is a free license (and GPL compatible).<ref>GNU Project: [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#ccby on the Creative Commons Attribution license] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716201618/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#ccby |date=July 16, 2009 }}</ref>

===RDF dumps===
DMOZ data is made available through an RDF-like dump that is published on a download server, older versions are also archived there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rdf.dmoz.org/ |title=Open Directory RDF Dump |publisher=Rdf.dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626235229/http://rdf.dmoz.org/ |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> New versions are usually generated weekly. A DMOZ editor has catalogued a number of bugs that are encountered in the DMOZ RDF dump, most importantly that the file format is not RDF.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.steevithak.com/sw/odp/rdflist.html|title=ODP/dmoz Data Dump ToDo List|work=steevithak.com|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=June 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622054836/http://www.steevithak.com/sw/odp/rdflist.html|url-status=live}}</ref> So while today the so-called RDF dump is valid [[XML]], it is not valid [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] and as such, software to process the DMOZ RDF dump needs to be specifically written for DMOZ data.

===Content users===
DMOZ data powers the core [[directory service]]s for many of the Web's largest search engines and portals, including Netscape Search, AOL Search, and [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]]. [[Google Directory]] used DMOZ information, until being shuttered in July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Google Streamlining: Say Goodbye to the Google Directory and Labs!|url=http://www.pandia.com/sew/3963-google-streamlining-say-goodbye-to-the-google-directory-and-labs.html|access-date=July 25, 2011|newspaper=Pandia Search Engine News|date=July 21, 2011|archive-date=July 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725012548/http://www.pandia.com/sew/3963-google-streamlining-say-goodbye-to-the-google-directory-and-labs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other uses are also made of DMOZ data. For example, in the spring of 2004 [[Yahoo! Search Marketing|Overture]] announced a search service for third parties combining Yahoo! Directory search results with DMOZ titles, descriptions and category metadata. The search engine Gigablast announced on May 12, 2005, its searchable copy of DMOZ. The technology permits search of websites listed in specific categories, "in effect, instantly creating over 500,000 vertical search engines".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gigablast.com/prdir.html|title=Gigablast Launches 500,000 Vertical Search Engines|work=[[Gigablast]]|date=May 12, 2005|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200317/http://www.gigablast.com/prdir.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{as of|2006|9|8}}, DMOZ listed 313 English-language Web sites that use DMOZ data as well as 238 sites in other languages.<ref>[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Searching/Directories/Open_Directory_Project/Sites_Using_ODP_Data/ Category: Sites Using ODP Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316003426/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Searching/Directories/Open_Directory_Project/Sites_Using_ODP_Data/ |date=March 16, 2009 }} on www.dmoz.org. Retrieved September 8, 2006.</ref> However, these figures do not reflect the full picture of use, as those sites that use DMOZ data without following the terms of the DMOZ license are not listed.

==Policies and procedures==
[[File:Rich Skrenta.jpg|alt=|thumb|DMOZ co-founder [[Rich Skrenta]] in 2009]]
Restrictions are imposed on who can become an DMOZ editor. The primary gatekeeping mechanism is an editor application process wherein editor candidates demonstrate their editing abilities, disclose affiliations that might pose a conflict of interest{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}, and otherwise give a sense of how the applicant would likely mesh with the DMOZ culture and mission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/apply.cgi |title=Become an Editor at the Open Directory Project |publisher=Dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827045332/http://www.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/apply.cgi |archive-date=August 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A majority of applications are rejected but reapplying is allowed and sometimes encouraged. The same standards apply to editors of all categories and subcategories.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

DMOZ's editing model is a [[hierarchical]] one. Upon becoming editors, individuals will generally have editing permissions in only a small category. Once they have demonstrated basic editing skills in compliance with the Editing Guidelines, they are welcome to apply for additional editing privileges in either a broader category or else another category in the directory. Mentorship relationships between editors are encouraged, and internal forums provide a vehicle for new editors to ask questions.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

DMOZ has its own internal forums, the contents of which are intended only for editors to communicate with each other primarily about editing topics. Access to the forums requires an editor account and editors are expected to keep the contents of these forums private.<ref name="commguide" />

Over time, senior editors can be granted additional privileges which reflect their editing experience and leadership within the editing community. The most straightforward is ''edit all'' privileges, which allow an editor to access all categories in the directory. ''Meta'' privileges additionally allow editors to perform tasks such as reviewing editor applications, setting category features, and handling external and internal abuse reports. ''Cateditall'' privileges are similar to ''edit all'', but only for a single directory category. Similarly, ''catmod'' privileges are similar to ''meta'', but only for a single directory category. ''Catmv'' privileges allow editors to make changes to directory ontology by moving or renaming categories. All of these privileges are granted by admins and staff, usually after discussion with ''meta'' editors.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

In August 2004, a new level of privileges called ''admin'' was introduced. Administrator status was granted to a number of long serving metas by staff. Administrators have the ability to grant editall+ privileges to other editors and to approve new directory-wide policies, powers which had previously only been available to root (staff) editors.<ref name="adminguide">{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/admin/ |title=Open Directory Project Administrator Guidelines |publisher=Dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722205313/http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/admin/ |archive-date=July 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

All DMOZ editors are expected to abide by DMOZ's Editing Guidelines. These guidelines describe editing basics: which types of sites may be listed and which may not; how site listings should be titled and described in a loosely consistent manner; conventions for the naming and building of categories; conflict of interest limitations on the editing of sites which the editor may own or otherwise be affiliated with; and a code of conduct within the community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/ |title=ODP Directory Editorial Guidelines |publisher=Dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701150829/http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/ |archive-date=July 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Editors who are found to have violated these guidelines may be contacted by staff or senior editors, have their editing permissions cut back, or lose their editing privileges entirely. DMOZ Guidelines are periodically revised after discussion in editor forums.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==Controversy and criticism==
There have long been allegations that volunteer DMOZ editors give favorable treatment to their own websites while concomitantly thwarting the good faith efforts of their competition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum17/94.htm|title=How To: ODP Editor Is Competitor|work=webmasterworld.com|date=November 4, 2000|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730151811/https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum17/94.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Such allegations are fielded by ODP's staff and meta editors, who have the authority to take disciplinary action against volunteer editors who are suspected of engaging in abusive editing practices.<ref>[http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/meta/abuse.html ODP Meta Guidelines: Editor Abuse and Removal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123062946/http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/meta/abuse.html |date=January 23, 2009 }}. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</ref> In 2003, DMOZ introduced a new ''Public Abuse Report System'' that allows members of the general public to report and track allegations of abusive editor conduct using an online form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://report-abuse.dmoz.org/ |title=Open Directory Project: Public Abuse Report System |publisher=Report-abuse.dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807152404/http://report-abuse.dmoz.org/ |archive-date=August 7, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uninhibited discussion of DMOZ's purported shortcomings has become more common on mainstream [[webmaster]] discussion forums. Although site policies suggest that an individual site should be submitted to only one category,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/add.html |title=How to suggest a site to the Open Directory |publisher=Dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616153445/http://www.dmoz.org/add.html |archive-date=June 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> as of October 2007, Topix.com, a news aggregation site operated by DMOZ founder Rich Skrenta, had more than 17,000 listings.<ref>[http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=topix Open Directory Project Search: "topix"]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=Robertgombos |fix-attempted=yes }} (Retrieved October 18, 2007)</ref>

Early in the history of DMOZ, its staff gave representatives of selected companies, such as ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' or [[CNN]], editing access in order to list individual pages from their websites.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum17/1330.htm|title=Multiple URL's in DMOZ|work=webmasterworld.com|date=January 30, 2003|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200325/https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum17/1330.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Links to individual CNN articles were added until 2004, but were entirely removed from the directory in January 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmoz.org/News/|title= DMOZ news|access-date=June 7, 2009|archive-date=June 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606003048/http://www.dmoz.org/News/|url-status=dead}}</ref> due to the content being outdated and not considered worth the effort to maintain. There have been no similar experiments with the editing policy since then.

===Ownership and management===
Underlying some controversy surrounding DMOZ is its ownership and management. Some of the original GnuHoo volunteers felt that they had been deceived into joining a commercial enterprise.<ref name="SlashdotGnuhoo" /> To varying degrees, those complaints have continued up until the present.

At DMOZ's inception, there was little thought given to the idea of how DMOZ should be managed and there were no official [[Internet forum|forums]], guidelines or [[FAQ]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laisha.com/zine/odphistory.html|title=The Open Directory Project: The Spirit of the Web|work=laisha.com|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=May 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516025327/http://www.laisha.com/zine/odphistory.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As time went on, the ODP editor forums became the de facto DMOZ parliament, and when one of DMOZ's staff members would post an opinion in the forums, it would be considered an official ruling.<ref name="commguide">{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/communication.html |title=ODP Communication Guidelines |publisher=Dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722214551/http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/communication.html |archive-date=July 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Even so, DMOZ staff began to give trusted senior editors additional editing privileges, including the ability to approve new editor applications, which eventually led to a stratified hierarchy of duties and privileges among DMOZ editors, with DMOZ's paid staff having the final say regarding DMOZ's policies and procedures.<ref name="adminguide" /><ref name="metaguide" />

Robert Keating, a principal of Touchstone Consulting Group in Washington, D.C., worked as AOL's program manager for DMOZ beginning in 2004. He started working for AOL in 1999 as senior editor for AOL Search, then as managing editor for AOL's DMOZ program, and then as media ecosystem manager of AOL Product Marketing.<ref>[http://blog.dmoz.org/2009/01/08/meet-aols-dmoz-staff-team/ Meet AOL's DMOZ Staff Team] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101091318/http://blog.dmoz.org/2009/01/08/meet-aols-dmoz-staff-team |date=January 1, 2012 }}, DMOZ Blog, January 8, 2009</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/robert-keating/2/457/424 |title=Robert Keating |publisher=LinkedIn |access-date=December 17, 2011 |archive-date=December 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224010602/http://www.linkedin.com/pub/robert-keating/2/457/424 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2024|reason=Sources show Robert Keating did hold the position of AOL program manager at DMOZ, but cited sources do not specify he began with DMOZ in 2004, or give any other starting date.}}

===Editor removal procedures===
DMOZ's editor removal procedures are overseen by DMOZ's staff and meta-editors. According to DMOZ's official editorial guidelines, editors are removed for abusive editing practices or uncivil behaviour. Discussions that may result in disciplinary action against volunteer editors take place in a private forum which can only be accessed by DMOZ's staff and meta editors. Volunteer editors who are being discussed are not given notice that such proceedings are taking place.<ref name="metaguide">{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/meta/ |title=Open Directory Project Meta Guidelines |website=dmoz.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304211520/http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/meta/ |archive-date=March 4, 2017 |date=December 31, 2013 |access-date=July 21, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Some people find this arrangement distasteful, wanting instead a discussion modeled more like a trial held in the U.S. judicial system.<ref name="yahooxodp">{{cite news|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/xodp/conversations/topics/1|title=Life After ODP|work=[[Yahoo! Groups]]|last=Prenatt|first=David|date=May 29, 2000|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525201231/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/xodp/conversations/topics/1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the article "Editor Removal Explained", DMOZ meta editor Arlarson states that "a great deal of confusion about the removal of editors from DMOZ results from false or misleading statements by former editors".<ref>Arlarson, [http://www.dmoz.org/newsletter/2000Sep/removal.html Editor Removal Explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202125613/http://www.dmoz.org/newsletter/2000Sep/removal.html |date=December 2, 2008 }}, Open Directory Project Newsletter (September 2000).</ref>

The DMOZ's confidentiality guidelines prohibit any current DMOZ editors in a position to know anything from discussing the reasons for specific editor removals,<ref name="metaguide" /> however a list of potential reasons was provided in the guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/accounts.html#removal |title=Guidelines: Account Removal |website=dmoz.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312193338/http://www.dmoz.org/guidelines/accounts.html#removal |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |date=July 3, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2017 }} [http://dmoztools.net/docs/en/guidelines/accounts.html#removal Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526083156/http://dmoztools.net/docs/en/guidelines/accounts.html#removal |date=May 26, 2017 }}</ref> In the past, this has led to removed DMOZ editors wondering why they cannot log in at DMOZ to perform their editing work.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.resource-zone.com/forum/t/editor-account-expired.18061/|title=Editor account expired|work=resource-zone.com|date=July 27, 2004|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=September 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929044226/https://www.resource-zone.com/forum/t/editor-account-expired.18061/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3655 Thread: Can't Login] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128044638/http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3655 |date=November 28, 2008 }} on Resource-Zone</ref>

David F. Prenatt Jr., former DMOZ editor ''netesq'', and another former editor known by the alias ''The Cunctator'', both claim to have been removed for disagreeing with staff about changes to policies, particularly DMOZ's [[copyright]] policies. According to their claims, staff use the excuse of uncivil behaviour as a means to remove bothersome editors.<ref name="yahooxodp" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.traffick.com/story/06-2000-xodp.asp|title=Life After the Open Directory Project|work=traffick.com|last=Prenatt|first=David F. Jr.|date=June 1, 2000|access-date=July 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200320/http://www.traffick.com/story/06-2000-xodp.asp|archive-date=May 25, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=CmdrTaco |url=http://slashdot.org/articles/00/10/24/1252232.shtml |title=Dmoz (aka AOL) Changing Guidelines In Sketchy Way |work=[[Slashdot]] |date=October 24, 2000 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |archive-date=February 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206093457/http://slashdot.org/articles/00/10/24/1252232.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Blacklisting allegations===
Senior DMOZ editors have the ability to attach "warning" or "do not list" notes to individual domains but no editor has the unilateral ability to block certain sites from being listed. Sites with these notes might still be listed and at times notes are removed after some discussion.<ref>[http://www.dmoz.org/urlnote.html Add Note to URL Feature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513105131/http://www.dmoz.org/urlnote.html |date=May 13, 2008 }}, in ODP Documentation</ref>

===Hierarchical structure===
Criticism of DMOZ's [[hierarchical]] structure emerged by around 2005. Many believe hierarchical directories are too complicated. With the emergence of [[Web 2.0]], [[folksonomy|folksonomies]] began to appear, and some editors proposed that folksonomies, [[network (mathematics)|networks]] and [[directed graph]]s are more "natural" and easier to manage than hierarchies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hriţcu|first=C.|url=http://hritcu.wordpress.com/2005/04/08/folksonomies-vs-ontologies/|title=Folksonomies vs. Ontologies|work=hritcu.wordpress.com|date=April 8, 2005|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731044815/https://hritcu.wordpress.com/2005/04/08/folksonomies-vs-ontologies/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail470.html "Ontology is Overrated"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729231420/http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail470.html |date=July 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Hammond, Tony |author2=Hannay, Timo |author3=Lund, Ben |author4=Scott, Joanna |url=http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april05/hammond/04hammond.html |title=Social Bookmarking Tools (I) |work=[[D-Lib Magazine]] |date=April 2005 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |archive-date=June 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602115558/http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april05/hammond/04hammond.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Software==
===Search===
The ODPSearch software is a derivative version of [[Isearch]] which is [[open-source software|open-source]], licensed under the [[Mozilla Public License]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmoz.org/docs/en/searchguide.html |title=Open Directory Search Guide |publisher=Dmoz.org |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616140811/http://www.dmoz.org/docs/en/searchguide.html |archive-date=June 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Editor forums===
The ODP Editor Forums were originally run on software that was based on the proprietary [[Ultimate Bulletin Board]] system. In June 2003, they switched to the open source [[phpBB]] system. As of 2007, these forums were powered by a modified version of phpBB.

===Bug tracking===
The bug tracking software used by the ODP is [[Bugzilla]] and the web server [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]]. [[Squid cache|Squid]] web proxy server was also used but it was removed in August 2007 when the storage servers were reorganized. All these applications are open source.

===Interface===
The DMOZ database/editing software is closed source (although Richard Skrenta has said in June 1998 that he was considering licensing it under the [[GNU General Public License]]). This has led to criticism from the aforementioned GNU project, many of whom also criticized the DMOZ content license. The content was later released under a Creative Commons license, which is compatible with the GNU license.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses|title=Licenses for Works of Practical Use besides Software and Documentation|work=[[GNU Project]]|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716201618/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses|url-status=live}}</ref>

As such, there have been some efforts to provide alternatives to DMOZ. These alternatives would allow communities of like-minded editors to set up and maintain their own open source/open content Web directories.

==ChefMoz==
'''Chef Moz''', an offshoot of DMOZ, was an [[open content]] [[Web directory|directory]] of [[World Wide Web]] links of restaurants. The website was constructed and maintained by a [[virtual community|community]] of [[Volunteering|volunteer]] editors, and owned by [[Netscape]].

Chef Moz, similar to its parent DMOZ, used a hierarchical [[Ontology (computer science)|ontology]] scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories, which can then include smaller categories.

On February 17, 2011, DMOZ administrator "lisagirl" confirmed that Chef Moz was dead.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=51013&hl=chefmoz |title=Announcement of Chef Moz's Death |access-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807153602/http://www.resource-zone.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=51013&hl=chefmoz |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Growth===
From its beginning in 2000 to November 2009 (when it became impossible for editors to log into the site), ChefMoz had grown to become the largest global directory of restaurants on the Internet. The total number of restaurants indexed since 2000 is recorded in the following table:<ref name="growth">Statistics from the [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://chefmoz.org Wayback Machine]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Number of restaurants
|-
| 2000
| 48,000
|-
| 2001
| 75,000
|-
| 2002
| 179,000
|-
| 2003
| 208,000
|-
| 2004
| 258,000
|-
| 2005
| 266,000
|-
| 2006
| 275,000
|-
| 2007
| 315,000
|-
| 2008
| 325,000
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Internet}}
* [[List of web directories]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|commons=Category:DMOZ |species=no |m=no |mw=no |v=DMOZ |s=no |wikt=no |b=no |n=no |d=Q41226 |q=no}}
{{Wikidata property|P998}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314015905/http://www.dmoz.org/ |date=March 14, 2017 |title=dmoz.org—official website}}
* [https://curlie.org/ Curlie.org] Latest version after dmoz.org shutdown

{{Netscape}}
{{AOL Inc.}}

[[Category:DMOZ| ]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:AOL]]
[[Category:Collaboration]]
[[Category:Defunct open content projects]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1998]]
[[Category:Internet properties disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Mozilla]]
[[Category:Multilingual websites]]
[[Category:Netscape]]
[[Category:Web directories]]

Guneeta Singh Bhalla

2026-03-08T16:59:08Z

GarlandGurule05: created new bio

{{short description|Indian historian}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Guneeta Singh Bhalla
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Physicist Historian
| education = [[University of Florida]] (Ph.D.)
| known_for = Founder of [[The 1947 Partition Archive]]
| website = {{URL|1947partitionarchive.org}}
}}

'''Guneeta Singh Bhalla''' is an [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] [[physicist]] and [[historian]], best known as the founder and executive director of [[The 1947 Partition Archive]], a non-profitable organization dedicated to preserving firsthand accounts of the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="pbs2023">{{cite web |title=Dr. Guneeta Singh Bhalla |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/dr-guneeta-singh-bhalla-ypvwny/ |website=PBS |date=2023 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guneeta Singh Bhalla |url=https://southasia.wisc.edu/2018-spring-lecture-series/guneeta-singh-bhalla/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Center for South Asia |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhalla was born in India and spent part of her childhood in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] before moving to the [[United States]], where accounts of her paternal grandmother's flight from [[Lahore]] to [[Amritsar]] during Partition first impressed upon her the human scale of the upheaval.<ref name="TOI2022">{{cite web |last=Kamal |first=Neel |title=Inspired by grandparents' story, Guneeta Singh Bhalla to make over 10k oral histories of Partition survivors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/inspired-by-grandparents-story-guneeta-singh-bhalla-to-make-over-10k-oral-histories-of-partition-survivors/articleshow/93529201.cms |website=The Times of India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> At nineteen, she began informally recording family recollections, an impulse that would later shape her archival work.<ref name="Rediff2023">{{cite web |title='Partition is a massive part of our history' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/guneeta-singh-bhalla-partition-is-a-massive-part-of-our-history/20230324.htm |website=Rediff.com |date=24 March 2023 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

Bhalla earned a Ph.D. in [[condensed matter physics]] at the [[University of Florida]] in 2009; her dissertation explored size effects in phase-separated manganite nanostructures.<ref name="UFThesis">{{cite thesis |title=Size Effects in Phase-Separated Manganite Nanostructures |url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0024921/00001 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Florida |year=2009 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

== Career in physics ==
Before dedicating herself to [[oral history]], Bhalla was an [[Experimental physics|experimental]] [[Condensed matter physics|condensed matter physicist]]. She completed her postdoctoral work at [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] and the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where she focused on [[quantum confinement]] at interfaces, including [[Heterostructure|oxide heterostructures]] and [[Domain wall (magnetism)|domain walls]] in [[multiferroics]].<ref name="UWMadison2018">{{cite web |title=Guneeta Singh Bhalla – Center for South Asia – UW–Madison |url=https://southasia.wisc.edu/2018-spring-lecture-series/guneeta-singh-bhalla/ |website=University of Wisconsin–Madison |year=2018 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> She and her collaborators were the first to measure a definitive built-in polarization voltage at the [[Lanthanum aluminate]]–[[Strontium titanate]] interface, by using unique [[quantum tunnelling]] and [[capacitance]] measurements to characterize the interface.<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |last1=Singh-Bhalla |first1=G. |last2=Bell |first2=C. |last3=Ravichandran |first3=J. |last4=Siemons |first4=W. |last5=Hikita |first5=Y. |last6=Salahuddin |first6=S. |last7=Hebard |first7=A. F. |last8=Hwang |first8=H. Y. |last9=Ramesh |first9=R. |title=Built-in and induced polarization across LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterojunctions |journal=[[Nature Physics]] |volume=7 |pages=80–86 |date=2011 |doi=10.1038/nphys1814|arxiv=1005.4257 }}</ref> Previously, she showed that electronic currents in phase-separated [[manganite]]s travel by quantum tunnelling between metallic islands separated by insulating islands.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh-Bhalla |first1=G. |last2=Selcuk |first2=S. |last3=Dhakal |first3=T. |last4=Biswas |first4=A. |last5=Hebard |first5=A. F. |title=Intrinsic Tunneling in Phase Separated Manganites |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=102 |issue=7 |article-number=077205 |date=2009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.077205}}</ref>

== The 1947 Partition Archive ==
A 2008 visit to the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial]] convinced Bhalla of the power of survivor testimony in shaping public memory.<ref name="CalHum2022">{{cite web |title=The 1947 Partition & Oral Histories: An Interview with Dr Guneeta Singh Bhalla |url=https://calhum.org/1947-partition-interview/ |website=California Humanities |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> Returning to India the following year, she began filming interviews with Partition witnesses; by 2011 she left physics to establish [[The 1947 Partition Archive]] as a volunteer-run non-profit organization.<ref name="Rediff2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Author: Bhalla, Guneeta Singh - The 1947 Partition Archive - Spotlight at Stanford Search Results |url=https://www.exhibits.stanford.edu/1947-partition/catalog?f%255Bauthor_person_facet%255D%255B%255D=Bhalla%252C+Guneeta+Singh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222154704/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/1947-partition/catalog?f%5Bauthor_person_facet%5D%5B%5D=Bhalla%2C+Guneeta+Singh |archive-date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=www.exhibits.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> The organization has since collected over 12,000 oral histories from across the world, preserving the memories of those affected by the 1947 Partition.<ref name="sikhnet">{{cite web |title=One Woman's Quest to Record the History of the 1947 Partition |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/one-womans-quest-record-history-1947-partition |website=SikhNet |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1947partitionarchive.org|title=The 1947 Partition Archive}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Bhalla has written essays and articles for various publications, including ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'', ''[[Business Standard]]'', and ''[[Rediff.com]]''.<ref name="muckrack">{{cite web |title=Guneeta Singh Bhalla's Articles |url=https://muckrack.com/guneeta-singh-bhalla/articles |website=Muck Rack |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> Her research papers have been published in ''[[Nature Physics]]'' and ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'', among other academic journals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh-Bhalla |first1=G. |last2=Bell |first2=C. |last3=Ravichandran |first3=J. |last4=Siemons |first4=W. |last5=Hikita |first5=Y. |last6=Salahuddin |first6=S. |last7=Hebard |first7=A. F. |last8=Hwang |first8=H. Y. |last9=Ramesh |first9=R. |title=Built-in and induced polarization across LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃ heterojunctions |journal=Nature Physics |volume=7 |pages=80–86 |year=2011 |doi=10.1038/nphys1814 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys1814|arxiv=1005.4257 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh-Bhalla |first1=G. |last2=Selcuk |first2=S. |last3=Dhakal |first3=T. |last4=Biswas |first4=A. |last5=Hebard |first5=A. F. |title=Intrinsic tunneling in phase-separated manganites |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=102 |article-number=077205 |year=2009 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.077205 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.077205}}</ref> In 2024, she and her team published a book titled ''[[10,000 Memories|10,000 Memories: A Lived History of Partition, Independence, and World War II in South Asia]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10000memories.com/|title=10000 Memories – To know where we are going, we must know where we have come from.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/pre-launch-of-the-book-10000-memories-a-lived-history-of-partition-independence-and-world-war-ii-in-south-asia-gets-the-telegraph-thinking-about-partition/cid/1921883|title=The Partition Party}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Her work has been widely recognized for its contribution to preserving [[South Asia|South Asian history]]. In 2023, she was featured in an episode of PBS's ''Global Perspectives'', where she shared her transition from [[physicist]] to [[historian]] and the global significance of the Partition archive.<ref name="pbs2023" /> In 2017, she was nominated for CNN News 18's Indian of the Year award in the Public Service category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-live-team-baahubali-pv-sindhu-activist-afroze-shah-among-nominees-4235653.html|title=Virat Kohli named CNN-NEWS18 Indian of the Year; says, 'Would love for cricket to be Olympic sport'|date=November 30, 2017|website=Firstpost}}</ref> That same year, she spoke at TEDx Ashoka about the importance of oral history documentation to understand Partition.<ref name="TED2018">{{cite web |title=Retrieving Lost Stories from the Partition of 1947 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/guneeta_singh_bhalla_retrieving_lost_stories_from_the_partition_of_1947 |website=TED |year=2018 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.1947partitionarchive.org/ The 1947 Partition Archive]
* {{LinkedIn page|in/guneeta}}
* [https://muckrack.com/guneeta-singh-bhalla/articles Articles by Guneeta Singh Bhalla on MuckRack]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalla, Guneeta Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:Oral historians]]
[[Category:Women physicists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam

2026-03-08T03:44:33Z

GarlandGurule05: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|One of 18 adheenam, saivite mutt}}
[[File:Thiruvavaduthurai3.JPG|thumb|right|200px|View of the Adheenam]]
'''Thiruvavaduthurai Adheenam''' is a [[Saivite]] [[Matha|mutt]] based in the town of [[Thiruvavaduthurai]] in [[Kuthalam taluk]] of [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="1961censusp7">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1981: Tamil Nadu|page=7|publisher=Controller of Publications|year=1962}}</ref> The adheenam maintains the [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswami temple]] at [[Mayiladuthurai]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} As of 1987, there were a total of 15 [[Shiva]] temples under the control of the adheenam.<ref name="unfinishedp170">{{cite book|title=Tamil Nadu: an unfinished task|pages=170|author=M. Thangaraj|isbn=978-0-7619-9780-1|publisher=SAGE|year=2003}}</ref>

== Key activities ==
The Adheenam is involved in publishing Saivite literature, specifically ''[[Thevaram]]'' and ''[[Tiruvasakam]]'' and its translations. It is also involved in literary scholarship. Some of the prominent Tamil literary personalities like [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]] had their tutorship in the Adheenam. His disciple [[U V Swaminatha Iyer]], who published many Tamil classical texts also was associated with the organization.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Arabic-Tamil In South India And Sri Lanka: Language As Mimicry|jstor= 20840120|page=182|last=M.M.M.|first=Mahroof|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=32|issue=2|year=1993}}</ref> The Adheenam along with [[Thiruppanandal Adheenam]] and [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]] were founded during the 16th century to spread the ideology of [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Saiva Sidhantam]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Singing of a Place: Pilgrimage as Metaphor and Motif in the Tēvāram Songs of the Tamil Śaivite Saints|jstor=601112|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|last=Peterson|first=Indira V.|year=1982|volume=102|issue=1|page=82|doi=10.2307/601112 }}</ref>

== Notable events ==
[[File:PM installs ‘Sengol’ at new Parliament building, in New Delhi on May 28, 2023.jpg|thumb|PM Modi receiving 'Sengol' from Adheenam priests in 2023]]
In connection with India's Independence in August 14, 1947, two emissaries from the Adheenam presented [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], a golden sceptre, referred to as "[[Sengol]]", at his home in Delhi in an elaborate ceremony.<ref name="Time1947">{{ Cite web | quote = From Tanjore in south India came two emissaries of Sri Amblavana Desigar, head of a sannyasi order of Hindu ascetics. Sri Amblavana thought that Nehru, as first Indian head of a really Indian Government ought, like ancient Hindu kings, to receive the symbol of power and authority from Hindu holy men [...] One sannyasi carried a sceptre of gold, five feet long, two inches thick. He sprinkled Nehru with holy water from Tanjore and drew a streak in sacred ash across Nehru's forehead. Then he wrapped Nehru in the pithambaram and handed him the golden sceptre.|url = https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,798062-2,00.html | title = INDIA: Oh Lovely Dawn | access-date=2023-06-06 | website=The Time.com |language=en| date =25 August 1947 }}</ref> [[Sengol]], which is derived from Tamil word ‘semmai’, meaning righteousness, had an important place in Tamil culture; as when a new king was crowned, he would be presented with a ‘sengol’ during the coronation by the high priest and be reminded that he had the “aanai” (order or decree) to rule justly and fairly.<ref name=HinduSengol >{{Cite news |title=The Sengol — A historic sceptre with a deep Tamil Nadu connection|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sengol-a-historic-sceptre-with-a-deep-tamil-nadu-connection/article66888264.ece |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |date=2023-05-24 |accessdate=2023-06-23 }}</ref><ref name ="IESengol">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=Manu S Pillai on Sengol: For some, rediscovery is cultural renascence, for others, political Hinduisation of a national symbol |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/sengol-new-parliament-controversy-manu-pillai-interview-8632977/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[C. Rajagopalachari]], who was also an ardent follower of this Adheenam, is often credited with the idea of the 1947 Sengol ceremony as a mark of the transfer of power from the British to the Indian rulers.<ref name ="IESengol"/>

On May 28, 2023, at the beginning of the inauguration of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi| new parliament]], the Adheenam priests performed a traditional puja in which Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] participated, and Modi bowed down before the sacred [[Sengol]] as a mark of respect.<ref>{{Cite news |title= PM Modi installs historic sengol in lok-sabha, prostrates before it as mark of respect|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/new-parliament-building-inauguration-pm-modi-installs-historic-sengol-in-lok-sabha-prostrates-before-it-as-mark-of-respect-10080029 |language=en-IN |work=Jagran English |date=2023-05-28 |access-date=2023-06-23 }}</ref> Then a group of Adheenam priests presented the ''Sengol'' to PM [[Narendra Modi | Modi]], who installed it near the chair of the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] in the new Parliament building.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-24 |title=Inspired by the Cholas, handed over to Nehru: historic Sengol to be installed in new Parliament building |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/inspired-by-cholas-handed-over-by-british-to-nehru-historic-sengol-to-be-installed-in-new-parliament-building/article66888185.ece |access-date=2023-05-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sengol]]

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{Nagapattinam district}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Aadheenams]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]

Zabak

2026-03-04T04:00:10Z

GarlandGurule05: quick rework citations and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|1961 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zabak
| image = Zabak 1961.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Homi Wadia]]
| producer = Wadia Brothers Production
| writer = Cavish
| screenplay = JBH Wadia
| story = C. L. Cavish
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] [[Achala Sachdev]] Manhar Desai
| music = [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]]
| cinematography = Anant Wadadeker
| editing = Kamlakar
| studio = Basant Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1961|01|13}}
| runtime = 156 min
| country = India
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
}}
'''''Zabak''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1961|1961]] [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]] action costume drama film produced and directed by [[Homi Wadia]] for his Basant Pictures under the Wadia Productions banner.

The story and dialogue were by C. L. Cavish, with screenplay by [[JBH Wadia]]. The music composer was [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]], with lyrics by [[Prem Dhawan]].<ref name=citwf/> The cast of the film included [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], Sahira, [[Achala Sachdev]], Manhar Desai, Muzaffar Adeeb and Krishna Kumari.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film394100.htm |title=Zabak (1961 film)|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=5 October 2023|website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214752/http://www.citwf.com/film394100.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

The film was a costume drama about a middle-class man in love with a princess. He joins the dacoits to avenge his father's death.

This film was remade in Tamil with the title ''Arabu Naattu Azhagi''.<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405200508/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2017|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=ta}}</ref> Tamil version movie's music was composed by Vijayabaskar.

==Plot==
Hajji ([[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]]) is a carefree young man in love with the princess Zainab ([[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]]). His father is a middle-class man who runs a Hamam (Bath house). He is not happy with his son's relationship with the princess because of their social inequality. The minister Qasim Beg has Hajji and his father arrested. The father's hair is shaven off as punishment while Zabak is whipped. The father, out of shame for his situation, commits suicide. Zabak is thrown out of the city gates, where he saves Saudagar (merchant) Usman Shah's daughter from being kidnapped. Usman Shah (B. M. Vyas), though posing as a merchant, turns out to be a dacoit. Hajji, now Zabak, joins the dacoits, albeit unwillingly. When Usman plans to attack and loot Zabak's home town Isbahan, he goes along as he finds out that Qasim Beg will marry Zainab. During the dacoity, Zainab is abducted by one of Usman's men. Qasim, who was in a fight with Zabak and left for dead, kills the Sultan and takes his place. Zabak goes through being misunderstood by his beloved and his mother, but with help from his friends, he succeeds in righting all the wrongs committed by Qasim and marries the princess.

==Cast==
* [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] as Zainab<ref name=citwf/><ref name=upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://upperstall.com/films/1961/zabak|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2010|website=Upperstall.com website|access-date=5 October 2023|title=Zabak (1961 film)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223214430/http://upperstall.com/films/1961/zabak}}</ref>
* [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] as Zabak/Hajji<ref name=citwf/><ref name=upperstall/>
* Sahira as Samina
* Krishna Kumari as Salma
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Zabak's mother<ref name=citwf/>
* Manhar Desai<ref name=upperstall/>
* Adeeb
* W. M. Khan
* [[B. M. Vyas]] as Usman Shah/dacoit<ref name=citwf/>
* Babu Raje
* Uma Dutt
* Sardar Mansoor
* Mithoo Miyan

==Music==
[[Prem Dhawan]] wrote all the songs and [[Chitragupt (composer)|Chitragupt]] composed them.<ref name=citwf/><ref name=upperstall/> "Teri Duniya Se Door" became a successful song for [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. The singers included [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and Balbir.<ref name=upperstall/><ref name="Hindigeetmala">{{cite web|url=https://hindigeetmala.net/movie/zabak.htm|title=Zabak|publisher=Hindi Geetmala website|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Tujhko Main Jaan Gai, Maan Ya Na Maan, Wai Wai"<ref name="Hindigeetmala"/>
| Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi<ref name=upperstall/>
|-
| 2
| "Teri Duniya Se Door Chale Hoke Majboor, Hamein Yaad Rakhna"<ref name="Hindigeetmala"/>
| Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar<ref name=upperstall/>
|-
| 3
| "Shama Jale Armaanon Ki"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 4
| "Mujhe Mubarak Purani Yaadein"
| Mukesh, Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 5
| "Teri Taqdeer Ka Sitara"
| Geeta Dutt, Mohammed Rafi, Balbir<ref name=upperstall/>
|-
| 6
| "Mehlon Ne Chheen Liya Bachpan Ka Pyar Mera"
| Mukesh, Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 7
| "Himmat Kare Insan"
| Mahendra Kapoor
|-
| 8
| "Humko Be De De Sahara"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 9
| "Jaane Kaisa Chhane Laga Nasha Yeh Pyar Ka"<ref name="Hindigeetmala"/>
| Lata Mangeshkar
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0372038|title=Zabak (1961)}}

{{Homi Wadia}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Homi Wadia]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chitragupta]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1960s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1950s historical action films]]

Congratulations Miss Anitha Menon

2026-03-03T21:25:44Z

GarlandGurule05: Enhanced content and organization

{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Congratulations Miss Anitha Menon
| image =
| caption =
| director =[[Thulasidas]]
| producer = Kurian Alex
| writer =
| screenplay =[[Kaloor Dennis]]
| story = Jokkuttan
| starring =[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] Leena Nair [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]]
| music = K J Joy
| cinematography = Tony
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = Palakunnel Films
| distributor = Remya & Devi Release
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Congratulations Miss Anitha Menon'''''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2564 | title=Congratulationa Miss Anitha Menon(1992)- MalayalaChalachitram | access-date=2023-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/congratulations-miss-anitha-menon/cast/2000194566/ | title=Congratulationa Miss Anitha Menon(1992)- tvguide | access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://msidb.org/m.php?2017&cl=1 | title=Congratulationa Miss Anitha Menon(1992)- msidb | access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref> is a 1992 family drama [[Malayalam]] film directed by [[Thulasidas]]. The film was produced by Kurian Alex under the banner of Palakunnel Films. It stars [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Zainuddin (actor)|Kalabhavan Zainuddin]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] in the lead roles.

==Plot==
Prakash Menon, a successful but workaholic businessman who neglects his beautiful and devoted wife Anitha Menon, grows suspicious of her after he receives an anonymous letter that indicates that she has an illicit relationship with another man. He soon finds out that Anitha leaves home in her car regularly to unknown locations and even lies about where she goes to him.

Sudheer Kumar is an unemployed young man who tends to lose jobs due to his lack of punctuality. Having received an appointment letter from Prakash Menon's company, he arrives at the office with swag. but is rejected by Prakash for being late. As Sudheer lingers around in town, staying with his friend Hamza, trying to impress Prakash with his insufferable antics to win back his job, Prakash gets the idea of using him to spy on his wife. As a precondition to win back his job, Prakash demands that Sudheer clandestinely enquire the whereabouts of Anitha, on the pretext of a matrimonial proposal for one of his friends, hiding the fact that she is his wife.
Sudheer enthusiastically undertakes the job of tailing Anitha as she moves around in her Maruti car in town, but soon naturally falls in love with the beautiful Anitha under the impression that she is unmarried. Intending to thwart Prakash's friend's marriage proposals with her, Sudheer reports fabricated stories of Anitha's feisty affair with a certain young man (imagining himself in the role). Prakash is naturally devastated, and is forced to keep Sudheer under his payroll in order to find out the whereabouts of this unknown lover.

In a twist, Sudheer gets the shock of his life when he is about to confront Anitha with his proposal but instead witnesses her meeting an unknown young man at his home. Suspicious that she is actually having an affair like he fabricated, he follows her to an orphanage, to discover that she regularly meets a little girl there who calls her mommy and waits for daddy to arrive.
Devastated by the blow to his exclusive concept of a partner, Sudheer decides to confront Anitha at her home. As he digs up her address tracing the car number and arrives at her home, he gets the second shock of his life when he sees a photo revealing that Anitha is actually Prakash's wife. Realising that Prakash has been using him to spy on his own wife in the pretext of a friend's matrimonial enquiry, Sudheer gets drunk and spills the beans on his wife's affair in front of Prakash, who is naturally devastated.

The story is brought to track when SI Rajan Joseph, a friend of Prakash come into the scene and decides to get to the root of the whole issue. Observing rightly that the anonymous letter could have been written by any jealous competitor of Prakash, he decides to investigates the reports of Sudheer on the infidelity of Anitha. As Rajan Joseph and Sudheer arrive at the orphanage and confront the vicar in charge, it is revealed that contrary to anything that was supposed earlier, the child that ANitha comes to visit regularly is not Anitha's but a child that Prakash had fathered with a father's friend's daughter Seetha. Seetha was a bubbly young girl devoted to Prakash's father Sankara Menon and it had transpired once that Prakash impregnated Seetha in the heat of a moment. When Sankara Menon realises that she is pregnant, he accepts her as his daughter-in-law and arranges for her delivery, but Seetha dies delivering a baby girl Anu. Prakash is unaware that he even fathered a child with Seetha as he was in London and Sankara Menon never informed him once Seetha died. Instead, Sankara Menon reveals everything to a devoted Anitha who was earlier betrothed to Prakash, and with her happy consent, proceeds with Prakash's wedding with Anitha, planning to keep Anu's existence a secret from him at least until the birth of a child with Anitha. It was in order to conceal this truth from Prakash that Anitha had to resort to move around lying to her husband to meet Anu at the orphanage.

At this juncture, Franklin, a friend-turned-foe of Prakash spills the beans on Anitha having a child in an orphanage. This happens to be the last straw for Prakash who confronts Anitha violently and is about to throw her out of his house, when SI Rajan Joseph promptly interferes and reveals the truth to Prakash. Like a typical Malayali husband, Prakash "accepts" Anitha back all starry-eyed once he knows that it is his illicit child rather than hers.
After a mandatory climax stunt with Franklin and his baddies involving explosives, Prakash and Anitha brings Anu into their family, Sudheer is offered a job at their company and everybody lives happily thereafter.

No explanation is given as to the epithet "Miss" in the title of the film rather than "Mrs." as would actually have fitted the character of Anitha Menon, even though a frame at the end of the film does show the former word crossed out in favour of the latter.

== Cast ==
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Sudheer Kumar
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Prakash
*Leena Nair as Anitha Menon
*[[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]] as Hamsa
*[[Jagadish]] as Inspector Rajan Joseph (Special Appearance)
*[[Rizabawa]] as Franklin
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Pappan
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Achu
*[[M. G. Soman]] as
*[[Philomina]] as Kalyaniamma

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0353317}}

[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Jayam (2002 film)

2026-03-03T18:06:23Z

GarlandGurule05: expand formatting for accuracy and improved wording

{{short description|Telugu-language romantic action drama film}}
{{About|2002 Telugu film||Jayam (disambiguation){{!}}Jayam}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jayam 2002 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = Teja
| producer = Teja
| director = [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]
| starring = [[Nithiin]] [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] [[Sadha]]
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = Shankar
| studio = Chitram Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|6|14}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|1.8 crore |link=yes}}<ref name="Jayam budget and BO">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/director-teja-hora-hori/article7534922.ece |title=Teja: Our heroes don't know film appreciation |work=The Hindu |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=19 June 2021 |quote=...made with a budget of Rs. 1.80 crore and made a profit of Rs. 32 crore. |archive-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229104444/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/director-teja-hora-hori/article7534922.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|32 crore|link=yes}}<ref name="Jayam budget and BO" />
}}

'''''Jayam''''' ({{translation|Victory}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language romantic action drama film written, produced and directed by [[Teja (film director)|Teja]] under the banner Chitram Movies. The film stars [[Nithiin]], [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], and [[Sadha]] in the lead roles, marking the acting debut of Nithiin and Sadha. The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].

The film received positive reviews from critics, with praise for the performances and music, and emerged as a commercial blockbuster. It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in 2003 under the [[Jayam (2003 film)|same title]] by [[Mohan Raja]], starring [[Ravi Mohan]] in his debut as a lead actor, earning him the moniker "Jayam Ravi," with Sadha and Gopichand reprising their roles.

== Plot ==
Venkataramana alias "Venky" is from a poor family who meets Sujatha at his college and falls in love with her. After many meetings, Sujatha too reciprocates Venky's feelings. However, Sujatha's father learns about this from an astrologer where he fixes Sujatha's marriage with her cousin Raghu, a womanizer and rogue. Raghu falls in love with Sujatha at first sight, where he warns her to never fall for or marry anyone else. After her [[engagement]], Sujatha meets Venky at the temple, where Raghu also arrives with his gang and thrashes Venky. Despite this, Venky gets determined and warns Raghu that he and Sujatha will get married and will take Sujatha at 7:00 am. Enraged, Raghu tells the family to solemnize the marriage. Sujatha goes into her room to change, but she is actually waiting for Venkat after learning about his message. Venkat and Sujatha escape before Raghu arrives to marry her. After an intense chase, Venky and Sujatha are cornered by Raghu and his men in the forest. Venky and Raghu challenge each other in an intense [[hand-to-hand combat]], where Venky finally defeats Raghu. With Sujatha's father's approval, Venky and Sujatha get married in presence of Raghu and her family members.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nithiin]] as Venkataramana (Voice-over by [[Sivaji]])
* [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] as Raghu
* [[Sadha]] as Sujatha, Venky's love interest (Voice-over by [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]])
* Siva Krishna as Sujatha's father
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Raghu's father
* [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]] as teenage Raghu
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Lakshmipathi|Chittajalu Lakshmipathy]]
* [[Suman Setty]] as Ali Baba
* [[Supreeth]]
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as a priest
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* Satti Babu
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Shakeela]] as Gnana Saraswathi
* Delhi Rajeswari as Sujatha's mother
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Srilakshmi]] as a nurse
* Alapati Lakshmi
* Nirmala Reddy
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jayam
| type = film
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 42:05
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = R. P. Patnaik
| prev_title = [[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Sreeram]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]], while the lyrics were penned by [[Kulasekhar]]. The musical rights of the film was released on [[Aditya Music]]. The chorus of the song was recreated in the song "Ra Ra Reddy I'm Ready" from ''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2022 |title=Ra Ra Reddy: Nithiin and Anjali's chemistry in peppy number from Macherla Niyojakavargam wins hearts |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ra-ra-reddy-nithiin-and-anjalis-chemistry-peppy-number-macherla-niyojakavargam-wins-hearts-1157892 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714172029/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ra-ra-reddy-nithiin-and-anjalis-chemistry-peppy-number-macherla-niyojakavargam-wins-hearts-1157892 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 42:05
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Veeri Veeri
| extra1 = [[R. P. Patnaik]], Chorus
| length1 = 3:32

| title2 = Bandi Bandi
| extra2 = Ravi Varma, Balaji, R. P. Patnaik, Chorus
| length2 = 5:35

| title3 = Enduko
| note3 = Male
| extra3 = R.P. Patnaik
| length3 = 4:52

| title4 = Nestama
| extra4 = R. P. Patnaik, Usha
| length4 = 1:24

| title5 = Priyatama
| extra5 = R. P. Patnaik, Usha
| length5 = 5:02

| title6 = Gorantha Deepam
| extra6 = R. P. Patnaik, Gayatri
| length6 = 1:01

| title7 = Evvaru Emanna
| extra7 = R. P. Patnaik, Usha
| length7 = 4:05

| title8 = Enduko
| note8 = Female
| extra8 = Usha
| length8 = 4:49

| title9 = Raanu Raanu
| extra9 = [[Teja (film director)|Teja]], [[Singer Usha|Usha]], R. P. Patnaik
| length9 = 4:48

| title10 = Prema O Prema
| extra10 = [[KK (singer)|K.K.]]
| length10 = 3:25

| title11 = Dushkaram
| extra11 = Chorus
| length11 = 1:09

| title12 = Jayam
| extra12 = Chorus
| length12 = 1:51
}}

== Reception ==
''Jayam'' received very mixed reviews from critics with praise towards the cast performances (particularly Nithiin, Sadha and Gopichand) and music.

=== Critical reception ===
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]'' wrote, "First half of the film would be liked by class people as the style of narration is very poetic. Second half would be liked by masses compared to first half as it has got good action scenes. Over all, it's an average film."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-jayam.html|title=visual monopoly|work=The Hindu|date=|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611131204/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-jayam.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-jayamfilm.html|title=Movie review - Jayam|date=14 June 2002|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611131206/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-jayamfilm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Arpan Panicker of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote, "The second half drags and looks silly at times. The fight scenes especially are quite undigestable. There is only so much credit you can attribute to a flag. Jayam turns out to be just an average flick at the end of the day."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/jayam/telugu/jayam-movie-reviews-1536-2.html|title=Jayam Review|last=Panicker|first=Arpan|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611131208/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/jayam/telugu/jayam-movie-reviews-1536-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[CineMAA Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| 5 October 2003
| Best Director
| [[Teja (director)|Teja]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaaawards2002.html |title=Telugu CineMaa Awards 2002 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |date=5 October 2003 |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527010207/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaaawards2002.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Male Debut
| [[Nithiin]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
| [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Critics Best Music Director
| [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="7"| [[50th Filmfare Awards South|24 May 2003]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| Chitram Movies (Film Production House)
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=46891&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title=The Winner: 50th Manikchand Filmfare Awards 2002 |work=[[Times Internet|Indian Times]] |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828123037/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=46891&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=28 August 2004 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| [[Teja (director)|Teja]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut – South]]
| [[Nithiin]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Sadha]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]]
| [[Suman Setty]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu|Best Villain – Telugu]]
| [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Nandi Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Nandi Awards of 2002|18 February 2004]]
| [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
| [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] {{efn| Shared with [[Ahuti Prasad]] for ''Nenu Ninnu Premistunnanu''}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2002.html |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2002 |website=APSFTVTDC |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011193934/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2002.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008) |access-date=19 June 2021 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=te |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]]
| [[Suman Setty]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Actress]]
| Baby Swetha
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]
| [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]] (for [[Sadha]])
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1797416}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayam (2002 Film)}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Teja (film director)]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

Effects of the 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season in India

2026-03-01T16:10:31Z

GarlandGurule05: created a pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{Main|2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season}}
[[File:2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.png|250px|thumb|right|Tracks of all storms during the 2020 season]]
The '''[[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]''' in '''India''' was considered one of the worst in decades, largely due to [[Cyclone Amphan|Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan]]. Throughout most of the year, a series of cyclones impacted the country, with the worst damage occurring in May, from Cyclone Amphan.
The season started with [[Cyclone Amphan|Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan]], which affected East India with very severe damages. 98 total people died from the storm. Approximately {{convert|1167|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} of power lines of varying voltages, 126,540 transformers, and 448 [[electrical substation]]s were affected, leaving 3.4 million without power. Damage to the power grid reached ₹3.2 billion (US$42 million). Four people died in [[Odisha]], two from collapsed objects, one due to drowning, and one from head trauma. Across the ten affected districts in Odisha, 4.4 million people were impacted in some way by the cyclone. At least 500 homes were destroyed and a further 15,000 were damaged. Nearly 4,000 livestock, primarily poultry, died. The cyclone was strongest at its northeast section. The next storm was a depression that did not affect India. Then [[Cyclone Nisarga|Severe Cyclonic Storm Nisarga]] hit Maharashtra, with high damages. Nisarga caused 6 deaths and 16 injuries in the state. Over {{convert|5033|ha|acres|round=5|abbr=on}} of land were damaged.

Then three depressions, BOB 02, BOB 03, and ARB 03, brought heavy rains to India. Soon after, [[Cyclone Nivar]] brought high winds and heavy rain to South India, and it costed $600 million (2020 [[United States dollar|USD]]). [[Cyclone Burevi]] only brushed [[Kerala]] and Tamil Nadu, only bringing rain. Flooding occurred in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, inundating the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple. Crop damage also occurred in the area. However, the state of Kerala was spared from the worst of the storm. Burevi left 11 people dead with 5 others missing as of December 6, 2020. Burevi was the last storm of the season.

== Seasonal Statistics ==
{{See also|2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Season effects}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center;"
!Name
!Dates of impact
!Fatalities
!Damages
(Millions US$)
!Maximum intensity
during passage
|-
| '''[[Cyclone Amphan]]''' || May 20–21, 2020 || 98 || $13.5 billion ||{{Convert|169|km/h}}
|-
| '''[[Cyclone Nisarga]]''' || June 3–4, 2020 || 6 || $803 million ||{{Convert|110|km/h}}
|-
| '''[[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Depression BOB 02|Depression BOB 02]]''' {{#tag:ref|BOB 02's remnants continued over India to become ARB 03.|group="nb"}} || October 13–17, 2020 || 98 || $681 million || {{cvt|55-65|km/h}}
|-
| '''[[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Depression BOB 03|Depression BOB 03]]''' || October 23, 2020 || None || Minimal || {{Convert|35|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
|-
| '''[[Cyclone Nivar]]''' || November 25–27, 2020 || 14 || $600 million || {{Convert|56|km/h}}
|-
| '''[[Cyclone Burevi]]''' || December 4–5, 2020 || 9 || N/A || {{Convert|72|km/h}}
|-
|}

==Seasonal Activity==
===May===
====Cyclone Amphan====
[[File:Amphan 2020-05-20 0730Z.jpg|thumb|200 px|left|Satellite image of Amphan making landfall on West Bengal on 20 May|alt=Satellite image of Amphan showing its curved rainbands]]
The only storm of the month, Amphan caused lots of damage to standing crops, thousands of trees were uprooted, and power and water supply was interrupted in the state capital Kolkata. At least 86 people died in [[West Bengal]];<ref name="MamataPegs">{{cite news|date=23 May 2020|title=Mamata pegs cyclone Amphan damage at ₹1 lakh crore, toll rises to 86|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-pegs-cyclone-amphan-damage-at-1-lakh-crore-toll-rises-to-86/article31660847.ece}}</ref> most of the fatalities were due to electrocution or the collapse of homes.<ref name="72KilledMarchModiVisit2">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=22 May 2020|title=72 killed in Amphan's march through Bengal, PM Modi to visit today|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/72-killed-in-amphans-march-through-bengal-pm-modi-to-visit-today/articleshow/75878314.cms}}</ref> The state government estimated that the storm caused at least [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]1.02 trillion (US$13.5 billion) in damage and directly affected 70 percent of the state's population.<ref name="Billion_damage">{{Cite news|last1=Sud|first1=Vedika|last2=Rajaram|first2=Prema|date=22 May 2020|title=Cyclone Amphan caused an estimated $13.2 billion in damage in India's West Bengal: government source|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/22/weather/cyclone-amphan-damage-intl-hnk/index.html}}</ref><ref name="MamataPegs" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=7 June 2020|title=Bengal pegs cyclone Amphan damage at ₹1.02 lakh crore|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bengal-pegs-cyclone-amphan-damage-at-102-lakh-crore/article31771039.ece}}</ref> An estimated [[storm surge]] of {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} inundated a wide swath of coastal communities and communications were severed. The greatest inundations were expected in the Sundarbans, where flooding could extend {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland.<ref name="Reuters102">{{cite news|last1=Nagchoudhary|first1=Subrata|last2=Paul|first2=Ruma|date=20 May 2020|title=Cyclone kills 14 in India, Bangladesh leaving trail of destruction|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-storm-india/cyclone-kills-14-in-india-bangladesh-leaving-trail-of-destruction-idUSKBN22W0MT}}</ref> Embankments in the region were overtaken by the surge, leading to inundation of the islands in the Sundarbans.<ref name="ProtestsEruptAsBengalReels">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=23 May 2020|title=Cyclone Amphan: Protests erupt as Bengal reels under storm aftermath; Army deployed for restoration work|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-amphan-ndrf-army-mamata-banerjee-restoration-work-6424209/}}</ref> Bridges linking islands to the Indian mainland were swept away.<ref name="TheWaitingBegins">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=21 May 2020|title=After Cyclone Hits India and Bangladesh, the Waiting Begins|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/world/asia/cyclone-amphan-india-bangladesh-map.html}} {{subscription required}}</ref> The cyclone produced sustained winds of {{cvt|112|km/h}} and gusts to {{cvt|190|km/h}}, which were recorded by the Alipore observatory, Kolkata, West Bengal, damaging homes and uprooting trees and electric poles.<ref name="Clocks112kmph2">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=20 May 2020|title=Cyclone Amphan [LIVE]: Wind velocity in Kolkata clocks 112 kmph as cyclone crosses WB; 2 people dead in state|work=TimesNowNews|agency=Times Now Digital|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/cyclone-amphan-live-updates-cyclone-in-west-bengal-odisha-cyclone-amphan-sundarbans-ndrf/594335}}</ref> Wind speed along coastal areas were measured up to {{convert|150|–|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. In [[Canning]] a wind speed of {{convert|157|km/h||abbr=on}} with gusting up to {{convert|185|km/h||abbr=on}} was recorded, while nearby [[Nimpith]] and [[Sagar Island]] observed {{convert|155|km/h||abbr=on}} and {{convert|111|km/h||abbr=on}} wind speed.<ref name="TheHindu1">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=21 May 2020|title=72 people dead in West Bengal, Mamata urges PM Modi to visit state|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/super-cyclone-amphan-live-tracking-may21/liveblog/75859242.cms}}</ref> The [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] recorded wind speeds up to {{convert|133|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} .This overturned vehicles and snapped approximately 10,000 trees.<ref name="TheHindu1" /><ref name="Reuters102"/><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Niyogi|first1=Subhro|last2=Ray|first2=Saikat|date=22 May 2020|title=Kolkata loses 5,000 trees, experts want shift in plantation pattern|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-5k-trees-experts-want-shift-in-plantation-pattern/articleshow/75877109.cms}}</ref><ref name="ModiOffersHelp2">{{cite news|last1=Nagchoudhary|first1=Subrata|last2=Paul|first2=Ruma|date=22 May 2020|title=Cyclone Amphan leaves thousands homeless in eastern India, Modi offers help|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-storm-india/cyclone-amphan-leaves-thousands-homeless-in-eastern-india-modi-offers-help-idUSKBN22Y0YL}}</ref> The Calcutta Municipal Corporation stated that Amphan toppled over 4,000 electric poles, leaving much of the city without power for over 14 hours.<ref name="ProtestOverLack">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=23 May 2020|title=Protests over lack of power & water in several parts of Calcutta|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata, India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/cyclone-amphan-in-west-bengal-protests-over-lack-of-power-water-in-several-parts-of-kolkata/cid/1775110}}</ref><ref name="SurvivorsReturnFaceDestruction">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=22 May 2020|title=Cyclone Amphan: Survivors return to face destruction left by storm|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52765962}}</ref>
[[File:Kolkata after Amphan 06.jpg|alt=A downed tree along the side of a Kolkata street|middle|right|thumb|Damage from Cyclone Amphan in Kolkata]]
At least 19 people were killed in Kolkata.<ref name="ModiOffersHelp2"/> The storm also triggered widespread flooding around the city. 236 mm of rain was recorded in Kolkata.<ref name="ModiOffersHelp2"/> Many in the state have lost their entire homes as well.<ref name="MONG">{{Cite web|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/05/west-bengal-faces-the-brunt-of-cyclone|title = West Bengal faces the brunt of Cyclone Amphan|date = 26 May 2020}}</ref> Also, electricity and telephone lines brought down and houses flattened.<ref name="BBC AMPHAN">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52749935|title = Amphan: Kolkata devastated as cyclone kills scores in India and Bangladesh|work = BBC News|date = 21 May 2020}}</ref> Lots of roads were flooded and 14 million were without power.<ref name="BBC AMPHAN" /> In [[North 24 Parganas]], 2 people were killed and up to 5,500 homes were damaged.<ref name="Clocks112kmph2"/> Thousands of mud homes were damaged in the neighboring [[Hooghly district]].<ref name="Reuters102"/> A million homes were damaged in [[South 24 Parganas]] and breached embankments led to the flooding of villages and swaths of cropland.<ref name="MamataPegs2">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=23 May 2020|title=Mamata pegs cyclone Amphan damage at ₹1 lakh crore, toll rises to 86|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-pegs-cyclone-amphan-damage-at-1-lakh-crore-toll-rises-to-86/article31660847.ece}}</ref><ref name="72KilledMarchModiVisit2"/> About 26,000 homes were destroyed in [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]]. Saltwater inundation affected surrounding areas following damage to {{cvt|19|km}} of nearby embankments. Around 150 km from the area in Nadia, the storm caused severe damage.<ref name="ModiOffersHelp2"/> Across West Bengal, 88,000 hectares (217,000 acres) of rice paddies and 200,000 hectares (500,000 acres) of vegetable and sesame crops were damaged.<ref name="72KilledMarchModiVisit2" /> 17 people died in the West Bengal State,<ref name="BBC AMPHAN" /> and 98 total in India. Amphan was the worst in 283 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/effects-of-cyclone-amphan-on-kolkata-west-bengal-coasts-bear-testimony-to-damade-by-devastating-cyclone/595609|title=Effects of cyclone Amphan on Kolkata; West Bengal coasts bear testimony to damage by devastating cyclone}}</ref>

=== June ===

==== Cyclone Nisarga ====
Nisarga caused 6 deaths and 16 injuries in [[Maharashtra]]. Over {{convert|5033|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of land were damaged.<ref name="death">{{cite news|date=4 June 2020|title=Maharashtra Cyclone Nisarga death toll rises to 6, CM announces Rs 4 lakh compensation for victims' kin|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/india/maharashtra-cm-asks-for-damage-report-due-to-cyclone-nisarga-within-2-days/435852/|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> The [[Government of Maharashtra]] put the total damage from Nisarga at Rs.60.48 billion (US$803 million), and the state required Rs11 billion (US$146 million) to recover from the damage caused by Nisarga.<ref>{{cite news|last=Waghmode|first=Vishwas|date=18 July 2020|title=Maharashtra: State pegs Cyclone Nisarga damages at Rs 6,048 crore|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-state-pegs-cyclone-nisarga-damages-at-rs-6048-crore-6511283/|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Marpakwar|first=Prafulla|date=18 July 2020|title=Rs 6,000 crore cyclone damage, Maharashtra seeks Rs 1,100 crore aid|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/rs-6000-crore-cyclone-damage-maharashtra-seeks-rs-1100-crore-aid/articleshow/77029366.cms|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref> In total, Nisarga killed 6 and caused $803 million in damage.

=== October ===
October had three depressions: BOB 02, ARB 03, and BOB 03.

==== BOB 02 and ARB 03 ====
Due to BOB 02, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], and coastal Karnataka experienced heavy rain on 12 and 13 October with the capital city, with [[Hyderabad]] experiencing 32 cm of record breaking torrential rain creating flash floods on the city by 13 October.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Flood toll 32 and counting in Telangana|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/oct/15/flood-toll-32-and-counting-in-telangana-2210447.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020021049/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/oct/15/flood-toll-32-and-counting-in-telangana-2210447.html |archive-date=2020-10-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> 2 people died in [[Vijayawada]], and 50 people died on different parts of [[Telangana]], including 19 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 October 2020|title=Floods in Telangana claim 50 lives; state suffers Rs 5,000 crore damages|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/floods-in-telangana-claim-50-lives-state-suffers-rs-5000-crore-damages-902385.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020161851/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/floods-in-telangana-claim-50-lives-state-suffers-rs-5000-crore-damages-902385.html |archive-date=2020-10-20 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Additionally, twenty seven people died in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Death toll rises to 50 in Telengana,1305 crore plea to CM|work=Ei Samay|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/nation/telengana-rains-chief-minister-k-chandrasekhar-rao-writes-to-pmmodi-urges-centre-to-realease-rs-1350-crore-for-relief-work/amp-articleshow/78686374.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|archive-date=2022-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005072409/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/nation/telengana-rains-chief-minister-k-chandrasekhar-rao-writes-to-pmmodi-urges-centre-to-realease-rs-1350-crore-for-relief-work/amp-articleshow/78686374.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 October 2020|title=In Maharashtra, 27 dead in rain-related incidents; Uddhav Thackeray puts state machinery on high alert |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/in-maharashtra-27-dead-in-rain-related-incidents-uddhav-thackeray-puts-state-machinery-on-high-alert-8918661.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018173843/https://www.firstpost.com/india/in-maharashtra-27-dead-in-rain-related-incidents-uddhav-thackeray-puts-state-machinery-on-high-alert-8918661.html |archive-date=2020-10-18 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Extreme crop loss in north [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] occurred due to the system.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Rains Wreak Havoc In Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/rains-wreak-havoc-in-parts-of-north-karnataka|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052024/https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/rains-wreak-havoc-in-parts-of-north-karnataka |archive-date=2020-10-21 |website=BloombergQuint}}</ref> The [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Telangana]] estimated ₹5,000 [[crore]] (US$681 million) worth of damage.<ref name=":1" /> On 18 October, a second cyclone killed two more people in Hyderabad. Over 37,000 families were affected by the second flood. Rainfall reached over {{convert|110|mm|in|abbr=on}} in parts of Hyderabad, with heavier rainfall amounts outside of the city.<ref name="Second">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=18 October 2020|title=With parts of Hyderabad still flooded, more rain forecast|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-rain-floods-weather-rescue-operations-traffic-6768641/}}</ref> With over 80 people having lost their lives and about 40,000 families being displaced, post rain gathering up-to 20,000 tons of waste.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=23 October 2020|title=Hyderabad floods: What caused deluge in 2000 and GSI's suggestions for future prevention|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/hyderabad-floods-what-caused-deluge-in-2000-and-gsis-suggestions-for-future-prevention/2112590/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=23 October 2020|title=Post deluge, Hyderabad stares at 20,000 tonne of waste|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/post-deluge-hyderabad-stares-at-20000-tonne-of-waste-6838446/}}</ref> The remnants then reintensified into Depression ARB 03.

BOB 03 brought high winds and some rain to West Bengal, a state still reeling from [[Cyclone Amphan|Amphan]]. There were no deaths during the storm and minimal damage occurred with heavy rainfall.

=== November ===
The month of November contribute with Cyclone Nivar which cause significant damage in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==== Cyclone Nivar ====
[[File:Nivar 2020-11-25 0815Z.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Nivar at peak intensity]]
The Cyclone brought heavy to very heavy rains over North coastal Tamil Nadu starting 23 November 2020. Chennai received continuous downpours between 23 November and 25 November 2020 with RMC Chennai recording {{cvt|163|mm}} ending 25 November 8:30 AM IST. Chennai and other parts of North Tamil Nadu, saw gusty winds touching up to {{cvt|60-70|km/h|round=5}} from 24 November to 25 November 2020. Several roads were closed in the area of the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] were closed due to [[Waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogging]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=November 25, 2020|title=Cyclone Nivar: Chennai Corporation evacuates 478 residents from low-lying areas|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cyclone-nivar-chennai-corporation-evacuates-478-residents-from-low-lying-areas/article33177109.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Due to intense rainfall, [[Chembarambakkam]] lake have released water for the first time after five years.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lakshmi|first=K.|date=2020-11-26|title=Gates of Chembarambakkam reservoir opened after 5 years|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gates-of-chembarambakkam-reservoir-opened-after-5-years/article33180707.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many areas including [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]], [[Velachery]], [[Adambakkam]] and suburbs around [[Tambaram]] and low-lying regions along the river Adyar were flooded. Rainwater entering houses was also seen in some places in the western suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-11-26|title=Inundation plagues residents in and around city suburbs|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/inundation-plagues-residents-in-and-around-city-suburbs/article33180597.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Greater Chennai Corporation removed uprooted trees from 223 roads. The estimates of Chennai civic officials reported that flood water entered around 40,000 homes within the borders of the corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-11-26|title=Cyclone Nivar: Chennai Corporation clears 223 roads of uprooted trees, restores traffic|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cyclone-nivar-chennai-corporation-clears-223-roads-of-uprooted-trees-restores-traffic/article33182895.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Five people were reported dead in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Varadhan|first=Sudarshan|date=2020-11-26|title=Cyclone Nivar slams into southern India causing five deaths|work=Reuters|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/asia-storm-india-idINKBN2860AP|access-date=2021-01-12|archive-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129040122/https://in.reuters.com/article/asia-storm-india-idINKBN2860AP|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], trees were uprooted, electric poles were damaged and several areas were flooded as of November 26.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Cyclone Nivar impact: Heavy rains batter Pondicherry, trees uprooted|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cyclone-nivar-impact-heavy-rains-batter-pondicherry-trees-uprooted/articleshow/79421962.cms}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Puducherry [[V. Narayanasamy]] reported that the initial loss in agriculture and other sectors was estimated at [[₹]]4 billion (US$54.2 million).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Tentative Loss Of Rs 400 Crore Due To Cyclone Nivar: Puducherry Chief Minister|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tentative-loss-of-rs-400-crore-due-to-cyclone-nivar-puducherry-chief-minister-2330722|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126161217/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tentative-loss-of-rs-400-crore-due-to-cyclone-nivar-puducherry-chief-minister-2330722 |archive-date=2020-11-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The remnants of Cyclone Nivar caused eight people were reported dead in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The rainfalls made significant impact on the districts of [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] and [[Nellore district|Nellore]], 112,000 people were affected, 2,294 houses/huts were damaged, 6,133 homes were left stranded, 2,618 small animals, 88 large animals and 8,130 poultry birds were reported dead based on a preliminary evaluation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-11-29|title=Cyclone Nivar claims eight lives in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/291120/cyclone-nivar-claims-eight-lives-in-ap.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129004402/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/291120/cyclone-nivar-claims-eight-lives-in-ap.html |archive-date=2020-11-29 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In [[Nellore district]], Paddy seedlings in {{convert|2500|ha|abbr=on}} drowned and in [[Prakasam district]], standing crops in 34,000 hectares were damaged.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-11-26|title=Cyclone Nivar {{!}} Three killed, crops damaged as storm crosses Tamil Nadu coast|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cyclone-nivar-claims-3-lives-over-227-lakh-persons-in-relief-camps/article33182810.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===December===
Burevi was the last storm of the season, and it brought heavy rain and torrential flooding to Southern India.

==== Cyclone Burevi ====
[[File:2020 CIMSS 05B Burevi visible infrared map.GIF|thumb|left|Burevi dropping torrential rainfall over southern India from December 4–5]]
Burevi caused minimal impacts to India, but Tamil Nadu was not completely spared. In Tamil Nadu, 9 people were killed due to Burevi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=December 5, 2020|title=Burevi cyclone:No of deaths increasing in Tamil Nadu, Kerala to continue vigil|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=447376&u=|work=Kaumudi Online}}</ref> The Wellington Dam's water level reached above the highest flood stage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=December 4, 2020|title=India, Sri Lanka – Tropical Cyclone BUREVI update (DG ECHO, FloodList, Times of India, Meteo Sri Lanka, CWC India, JTWC, GDACS) (ECHO Daily Flash of 04 December 2020)|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/india-sri-lanka-tropical-cyclone-burevi-update-dg-echo-floodlist-times-india-meteo|publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> Flooding isolated many villages from the capital, [[Chennai]]. The [[Chidambaram Nataraja Temple]] in the district of [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] was flooded after receiving 340 mm (13.386 in) of precipitation. In Barathampattam, agricultural land was flooded, causing crop damage.<ref>{{Cite web|author=TNN|date=December 5, 2020|title=Tamil Nadu: Burevi sends a chill through ghost town|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-burevi-sends-a-chill-through-ghost-town/articleshow/79577182.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050548/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-burevi-sends-a-chill-through-ghost-town/articleshow/79577182.cms |archive-date=2020-12-05 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=December 4, 2020|title=Cyclone Burevi: Rains continue, Tamil Nadu faces floods across the state|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cyclone-burevi-rains-continue-tamil-nadu-faces-floods-across-state-139032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204155015/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cyclone-burevi-rains-continue-tamil-nadu-faces-floods-across-state-139032 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

In Puducherry, precipitation amounts of 138 mm (5.433 in) were recorded as of December 4, 2020. In [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], the power supply of the city was briefly cut off on December 3. In the area, damage to trees, crops, and huts was reported.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=December 4, 2020|title=Cyclone Burevi batters Puducherry, heavy flooding in several places|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/dec/04/cycloneburevi-batterspuducherry-heavy-flooding-in-several-places-2231909.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204182529/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/dec/04/cycloneburevi-batterspuducherry-heavy-flooding-in-several-places-2231909.html |archive-date=2020-12-04 |website=New Indian Express}}</ref> Although Burevi brought torrential rainfall to [[Kerala]], the worst of the cyclone missed the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=December 4, 2020|title=Cyclone Burevi: Cyclonic storm weakens into depression, relief work underway in Kerala, Tennessee, Puducherry|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-burevi-cyclonic-storm-weakens-into-depression-relief-work-underway-in-kerala-tn-puducherry-1746766-2020-12-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204144445/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-burevi-cyclonic-storm-weakens-into-depression-relief-work-underway-in-kerala-tn-puducherry-1746766-2020-12-04 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=December 5, 2020|title=Cyclone Burevi shies away from Kerala but heavy rain likely|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/12/05/cyclone-burevi-kerala-impact-latest-report.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205032701/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/12/05/cyclone-burevi-kerala-impact-latest-report.html |archive-date=2020-12-05 |work=Onmanorama}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Aftermath ==
The '''[[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]''' was the costliest North Indian Ocean cyclone season in recorded history. The season cost more than $15.78 billion (2020 [[United States dollar|USD]]), and a total of 128 people were killed.

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|India}}
*[[Tropical cyclones in India]]
*[[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]

== References ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]

Kalighat Temple

2026-02-19T06:31:11Z

GarlandGurule05: Starting new biography...

{{Short description|Temple dedicated to Goddess Kali in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image = File:Kalighat Kali Temple after renovation.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Night view of the Kalighat Temple
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_caption = [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|31|12|N|88|20|31|E|type:landmark_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Kali]]
| festivals = ''[[Kali Puja]]''
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1809
| website = {{URL|https://www.kalighatkalitemple.com/}}
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]}}

'''Kalighat Kali Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Kalighat]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India, dedicated to the [[Hindu goddess]] [[Kali]], one of the 10 [[Mahavidya]]s in the [[Tantra#Hindu tantra|Hindu tantric]] tradition and the supreme deity in the [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula]] worship tradition.<ref name="Hindu_SB">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/09/stories/2003050901460700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630031321/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/09/stories/2003050901460700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2003|title= Kali Mandir of Kolkata |last=Balakrishnan|first=S|date=May 9, 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-11-10}}</ref> The temple is one of the 51 ''[[Shakti Pitha]]s'' in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Santanu |date=2022-07-25 |title=Kalighat Kali Temple, the famous shakti peeth of Eastern India |url=https://www.bengalchronicle.com/2022/07/25/kalighat-kali-temple/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Bengal Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref>

According to the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]] and Shakti Peetha Stotram, the toes of the right foot of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Goddess Sati]] fell here, after [[Lord Vishnu]]'s [[Sudarshan Chakra]] splintered her body into many parts to calm down [[Shiva|Mahadev]]'s rage during his cosmic dance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=আচার্য |first1=পার্থপ্রতিম |title=৫১ পীঠের অবস্থান এবং কোথায় দেবীর কোন অঙ্গ পড়েছিল জানেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/horoscope/the-locations-of-51-peeth-dgtl-1/cid/927911 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=7 January 2019 |language=bn}}</ref> One of the oldest and most important places of worship in Eastern India, being one of the four [[Adi Shaktipeeth]] the temple draws hundred of thousands of devotees throughout the year, especially on occasions like [[Kali Puja]], [[New Year]], [[Poila Baisakh]], [[Snana Yatra]], [[Durga Puja]] and the numerous Amavasyas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata: Devotees throng Kalighat Temple on Bengali New Year's Day |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kolkata-devotees-throng-kalighat-temple-on-bengali-new-years-day20240414140937/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=14 April 2024}}</ref>

== Legend and importance ==
[[File:Kalighat1.jpg|thumb|left|212px|Idol of Devi Kali at Kalighat Temple]]
The term ''Kalighat'' originated from the goddess Kali, who resides in the temple, and ''Ghat'' (riverbank), where the temple is located. Due to the importance of Maa Kali in this region, the place is also known as the ''Kali kshetra''.<ref name=":0" />

According to mythology, on learning about the death of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] by [[Sati (practice)|self-immolation]], [[Shiva]] was blinded in rage and started the [[Tandava|Tandav Nritya]] (Dance of Destruction). To prevent the world from imminent destruction, Lord [[Vishnu]] used his [[Sudarshan Chakra]] to cut the corpse of Sati into 51 pieces, which fell in various places of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakti Peeths Beyond India: Sacred Sites of Goddess Shakti|url=https://www.patrika.com/en/world-news/shakti-peeths-outside-india-sites-of-goddess-shakti-in-muslim-majority-nations-19968711|website=Patrika News|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What are Story Behind the Shakti Peethas in India|url=https://www.cottage9.com/blog/the-story-of-the-shakti-peethas/|website=www.cottage9.com|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en}}</ref> Kalighat is the site where the toes of the right foot of [[Dakshayani]] or [[shakti|Sati]] are said to have fallen.<ref name="indulge-express">{{cite news |last1=Mallik |first1=Prattusa |title=Spiritual Restoration: All you need to know about the Kalighat temple restoration project in Kolkata |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/travel/2024/Apr/29/spiritual-restoration-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-kalighat-temple-restoration-project-in-kolkata |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=29 April 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
The Kalighat Kali temple in its present form is about 200 years old, although it was referred to in Mansar Bhasan composed in the 15th century, and Kavi Kankan Chandi in the 17th century. Subsequently, it received patronage from some of the major [[Zamindars of Bengal|Zamindar]] families from [[Bengal]], among them the [[Bawali Raj]] and the [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] families being the most prominent.

The present structure of the temple was completed under the patronage of the [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] family in 1809. Santosh Roy Chowdhury, a Kali devotee himself, started the construction of the present-day temple in 1798. It took 11 years to complete the construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://kalighatkalitemple.com/article/id/230/history |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Kalighat Kali Temple}}</ref> The Roy Chowdhurys' traditional patronage of the deity is disputed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moodie|first=Deonnie|title=The Making of a Modern Temple and a Hindu City: Kalighat and Kolkata|date=2018-11-06|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-088528-1|language=en}}</ref> Pilgrims to the site practice a holy dipping event called ''Snan Yatra'' in the temple's ''Kundupukur'' tank.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=91}}</ref>

In 1835 Kashinath Roy built a ''Nat Mandir'' in the temple square. In 1843 [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] Uday Narayan Mondal, a member of the [[Bawali Raj]] family, established the present day ''ShyamRai'' temple in the Kalighat temple square. In 1858 a ''Dal Mancha'' was installed by Madan Gopal Koley for the ShyamRai temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Sri Bipul Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpigEAAAQBAJ |title=অলৌকিক লীলায় শ্রীরামকৃষ্ণ, মা সারদা, স্বামীজী (প্রথম খন্ড) |date=2005-10-03 |publisher=Jaytara Publishers |pages=222 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cakrabartī |first=Sunīla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I18tAAAAMAAJ |title=Lokāẏata Bāṃlā |date=1969 |publisher=Kalyāṇī Prakāśana |pages=38 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The temple is constructed according to the [[Chala Style|ath-chala]] style of [[Bengal temple architecture]]. The roofs of the temple are gabled roofs, known as the ''chala'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], emulating the thatched roofed huts made of mud and twigs in rural Bengal.

The main temple is a four-sided building that features a truncated dome.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Images of Kalighat: Views around a temple neighbourhood|url=https://dagworld.com/images-of-kalighat-views-around-a-temple-neighbourhood.html|website=dagworld.com|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en}}</ref> The two roofs bear a total of eight faces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did you know Kalighat Temple has a special architecture found only in Bengal? – GetBengal story|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/did-you-know-kalighat-temple-has-a-special-architecture-found-only-in-bengal-getbengal-story|website=Get Bengal|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en}}</ref> Both of them are painted in metallic silver colour while the borders at the cornice are painted with yellow, red, green and blue. The absolute top has three spires, the tallest of which has a triangular pennant flag. The outer walls of the temple are designed with diamond-shaped chessboard pattern styles of alternating green and white. The borders below the ath-chala are intricately designed with [[Terracotta temples of West Bengal|terracotta]] motifs of various Hindu deities and natural elements, which is a significant element in most of the historical temples in [[Architecture of Bengal|Bengal architecture]].<ref name="indulge-express" />

== Renovation ==
In 2024, the 200-year old temple received its first major modern era renovation since its establishment in 1809. Undertaken at a budget of {{INR|200}} crore, {{INR|165}} crore was provided by the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]], while [[Mukesh Ambani]] contributed {{INR|35}} crore from the [[Reliance Foundation]] as a sign of devotion towards Maa Kali. Instead of changing the fundamentals and the existing intricate [[Terracotta temples of West Bengal|terracotta]] mixed [[Chala Style|ath-chala]] style architecture, the existing ethos was kept intact and renovated. The redevelopment works were undertaken by Quintessence (landscape architects) with the supervision of conservation architect Kalyan Chakraborty and artist Tamal Bhattacharya, they discovered delicate works of [[Terracotta temples of West Bengal|terracotta]] hidden under the ath-chala style roofs, which they tried to preserve, also adding some new designs into the existing framework.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |last1=Karia |first1=Vedant |title=Kolkata’s 200-year-old Kalighat temple gets its first modern-era renovation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/take-a-look-inside-the-landmark-restoration-of-kolkatas-kalighat-temple-with-artist-tamal-bhattacharya/cid/2001830 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=20 February 2024}}</ref>

Bhattacharya also discovered many nature-inspired [[Terracotta temples of West Bengal|terracotta]] motifs of flowers, birds and leaves, which had fallen into disrepair over the preceding two centuries. He decided to showcase them after the renovation as an essential part of the temple's originality and a reflection of its glorious past. Architecture students from [[Temples of Bishnupur|Bishnupur]] were recruited to help with the terracotta work. Since it was difficult to find exact replicas of those terracotta works in the present day, they created some new motifs to replace the irreparably damaged ones.<ref name="toi" />

The temple had 25 different types of tiles, which were brought according to availability, but not properly maintained. They were replaced by similar tiles to create a uniform look by sticker transfer and glazing. The pillars were repainted and the three spires on [[shikhara]] of the temple were covered with 50 kg [[gold]]. The tallest of the three spires was adorned with a golden flag, symbolising the spiritual dominance of the temple. A new wall was constructed to separate the market area from the main temple complex for better crowd management. The ventilation was improved and the removal of water from the ''belpatas'' was also done in details.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Krishnendu |title=Unveiled: Golden dome atop Kalighat Temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/unveiled-golden-dome-atop-kalighat-temple/articleshow/108926373.cms |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]
* [[Basirhat Dakshina Kali Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author1=Rachel Fell McDermott |author2=Jeffrey John Kripal |title=Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xj-s2JWKBMC&pg=PP1 |year=2005 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2041-8 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1809 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing animal sacrifice]]

North East Delhi district

2026-02-18T21:36:21Z

GarlandGurule05: added a place more to come

{{Not to be confused with|North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North East Delhi district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Delhi|District of Delhi]]
| image_map = Delhi districts.png
| mapsize = 300px
| map_caption = Location of North East Delhi district in [[Delhi]]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Delhi division|Delhi Division]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| established_title =
| established_date = 1997
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = Nand Nagri
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha]] MP
| leader_name = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
| leader_title1 = [[District Magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Mr Pankaj Kumar ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 62
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_blank2_km2 =
| area_note =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,241,624
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="North Ea1">{{cite web | url =https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/170-north-east-delhi.html | title = North East Delhi District : Census 2011 data | publisher = Census Organisation of India | date = 2011 | access-date = 31 December 2013}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 36,155
| population_urban = 2,220,097
| population_rural = 21,527
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Population Growth
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1100xx<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/North-east/ North East Delhi]</ref>
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|https://dmnortheast.delhi.gov.in/}}
| image =
| coordinates =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| demographics1_info1 = 26.78%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info2 = 83.09%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Indian states and territories ranking by sex ratio|Sex Ratio]]
| demographics1_info3 = 886
}}

'''North East Delhi district''' is one of the eleven administrative [[district]] of [[Delhi]], India. The district was established in 1997. North East Delhi borders the [[Yamuna River]] on the west, [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad District]] to the north and east, [[East Delhi]] to the south, and [[North Delhi]] to the west across the Yamuna. [[Gokalpur Assembly constituency|Gokalpur]],[[Karawal Nagar]], [[Seelampur]] and [[Yamuna Vihar]] are 3 sub-divisions of this district.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|23=1961|24=38,155|25=1971|26=1,57,262|27=1981|28=4,87,466|29=1991|30=10,85,250|31=2001|32=17,68,061|33=2011|34=22,41,624|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], North East Delhi had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,241,624, roughly equal to the nation of [[Latvia]], or the United States state of [[New Mexico]].<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = https://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Latvia 2,204,708 July 2011 est. }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 202nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 36155 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 26.78%.<ref name=districtcensus/> North East Delhi has a [[sex ratio]] of 886 females for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 83.09%. The Scheduled Castes make up 16.67% of total district population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Religion ===
{{Bar chart|title=Religion in North East Delhi|label1=[[Hinduism]]|data1=68.22|color1=darkorange|label_type=Religion|data_type=Percent|data2=29.34|label2=[[Islam]]|color2=green|label3=[[Jainism]]|data3=1.1|color3=pink|data4=0.78|color4=yellow|label4=[[Sikhism]]|label5=[[Christianity]]|data5=0.41|color5=Blue|data6=0.11|label6=[[Buddhism]]|color6=violet|data7=0.05|label7=Not stated|color7=black}}
[[Hindus]] are majority in the district consisting of 68.22% of total population, with a significant population of [[Muslims]] with 29.34%.

==Assembly Constituencies ==
*[[Karawal Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karawal Nagar]]
*[[Mustafabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mustafabad]]
*[[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]]
*[[Gokalpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gokalpur]]
*[[Burari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Burari]]
*[[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]]
*[[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]]
*[[Baburpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Baburpur]]

==Towns and villages==
North East Delhi incorporates the following towns:<ref>{{Cite web|title=2001 Census of India: List of Towns by District: Delhi|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|page=1|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/PLCN/DIR-07U.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Yamuna Vihar]]
* [[Ghonda]]
* [[Brahmpuri]]
* [[Zafrabad]]
* [[Moujpur]]
* [[Babarpur]]
* [[Dayal Pur]]
* [[Karawal Nagar]]
* [[Gokal Pur]]
* [[Sonia Vihar]]
* [[Mandoli, Delhi|Mandoli]]
* [[Saboli]]
* [[Nand Nagri]]
* [[Sunder Nagri]]
* [[Seemapuri]]
* [[Gautampuri]]
* [[Dilshad Garden]]
* [[Jiwan Pur]] (Johri Pur)
* [[Khajoori Khas]]
* [[Tukmeerpur]]
* [[Mustafabad, Delhi|Mustafabad]]
* [[Sadat Pur Gujran]]
* [[Brij Puri]]
* [[New Usmanpur]]
* [[Bhajanpura]]
* [[Ashok Nagar (Delhi)|Ashok Nagar]]
* [[Harsh Vihar]]
* [[Shiv Vihar]]

Villages in North East Delhi are divided into three administrative villages:
Shahdara with no sub-villages, Seema Purl with one sub village, Mandoli, and Seelam Pur with twelve sub-villages:<ref>{{Cite web|title=2001 Census of India: List of Villages by District and Tehsil: Delhi|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|pages=2–3|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/PLCN/DIR-07r.pdf}}</ref>
* Badar Pur Khadar
* Pur Delhi
* Pur Shahdara
* Sabhapur Delhi
* Sabhapur Shahdara
* [[Baqiabad, Delhi|Baqiabad]]
* Sadat Pur
* Bihari Pur
* SHERPUR
* Garhi Mendu
* Tukhmir Pur
* Khan Pur Dhani

==See also==
*[[List of districts of Delhi]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://dcnortheast.delhigovt.nic.in/ North East Delhi official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218115654/http://eastdelhi.info/ East Delhi Information Portal]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = North East Delhi district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|East =
|Southeast =
|South = [[East Delhi district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[North Delhi district]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Delhi}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}



{{coord|28.6936|N|77.3073|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=title}}


[[Category:North East Delhi district|*]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Districts of Delhi]]

Basith

2026-02-08T17:02:09Z

GarlandGurule05: content update

{{Short description|Hindu caste}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

The '''Vasisth''' are a Hindu caste found in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. According to the 2001 [[Census of India]], the caste had 18,866 members.

==History==

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Community.Vasisth(Infantry), Meghi or Megh-Fighting in Rain or mud like situations (a type of Navy)and Bral(Signal force/espionage ) are Misls of Banda Banda Singh Bahadur which later became castes.Bral is misspelt of Brawl-a English word.Brawl means mimicker, Brawl misl was raised by Baba Gudass Singh at Koppal, Karnataka. Baba Gurdass Singh was military Chief and Vadeshi Wazir(Foreign foreign affairs minister) of Guru Gobind Singh,who raised Brawl Misles at Koppal,Karnataka with British help in secrecy.Baba Gurdass Singh was Uncle(Mama Ji) of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur of village Nangal, Bhai Alam Singh Nachna was cousin (son of Aunty) Baba Gurdass Singh of Nangal. Alam Singh Nachna was of Syal Village Naushera(J&K), now Syalsui or Sialsui village of Kalakote (Dist Rajouri). Baba Banda Singh Bahadur himself was of sub caste Charnal having Bhardwaj Gotra son of Bhai Ram Dev and Mata Sulakhni Devi of village Rajouri, now District HQ. Those who were recruited in Vasisth Misls used Vasisth titles , those were in Meghi misl used Megh titles and those in Brawl Misles used Bral titles at Lohgarh, during British rules Rajput was used with Vasisth in whole North India, but vasisth those became Sikh harshly opposed the Rajput titles and never accepted Rajput titles.Reason was Rajputs were in Mughals Alliance against Baba Banda Singh Bahadur and were present during the Martyrdom of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur.He was espionage commander (officer) of Raja Udey Singh of Chamba State before joining Guru Gobind Singh at Naded Sahib. In Chamaba, he married Kunwar Susheel after establishing Khalsa Capital at Lohgarh known as Mata Susheel Kour in Punjab , Punjab.[[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] in the nineteenth century to [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]]. The Vashisth Rajput speak [[Pahari language|Pahari]] and their customs are similar to neighboring communities, such as the [[Domaal]]. They are a Hindu community in a predominantly Muslim region. They were traditionally cultivators.
The Vashisth Rajput maintain distance from neighboring Muslim communities with strict restrictions on eating together.<ref name="Pandita 2003">
{{Citation|title=People of India: Jammu and Kashmir: Volume XXV|date=2003|pages=107–114|editor-last1=Pandita|editor-first1=K.N|place=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar|editor-last2=Charak|editor-first2=S.D.S|editor-last3=Rizvi|editor-first3=B.R}}
</ref>

== Culture ==
The Vasisth population is small. Many are farmers and indulged in agriculture. They worship [[Ganga]], [[the Gita]], and [[Kamadhenu|Gow Mata]]. Sub-castes of vasisths includes Telchub, Chasyal, Charnal, Sukhwal, Sanghal, Sanwal, Kalyal, Mandyal, Pandhyal, Malyal, Pachyal, Badhan, Chatriyal etc.

The Vasisth are [[endogamy|endogamous]] and practice clan [[exogamy]]. Their clans are called ''zaats'' and include the Chatriyal, Chimal, Raine, Sangwal; Kangwal; Bangwal; Chasyal; Kalyal etc. each of which have their own origin legend. A number of ''zaats'' then form a ''[[gotra]]''. For example, the Chatriyal belong to the Changin 'gotra, the Charnals have Bardwaj gotra'', Sanwal have Tanwar gotra ,Sadhyal have Pawar Got, Malyal(or Muyals) belong to Panwar Gotra, Gujyal belong to Parihar Got, Kakyal have Kahyap Got, Barwal belong to Sheel(Sheela) got,chachwal belongs to Teel(Teela) Got, Telchubs have Beniwal ggotra, Mandayal have Manak gotra, Pandyal have Danak gotra,Bangwal have Upman got, Sukhwal have Sihag gotra, Raine belongs to Deval Gotra(Raine have their origin from Kanol village,Deval block,now District Chamoli,Garhwal). Like many [[North India]]n Hindus, the vasisth community have an informal caste council called a ''biradari panchayat''. Each of their settlements have this informal body, headed by a ''[[chaudhary in Hindus/Thakkar in Sikhs]]. Thakkar or Chaudhary means head of Tribal society ''(some mistakenly took it as Thakur, but it is Thakkar)''. The [[Panchayati raj|''panchayat'']] deals with all intra-community disputes, as well as those who breach community norms. Marriages with other communities also takes place [[excommunicated]]. They worship the Hindi pantheon as well as their clan gods and goddesses, called ''kul-devitas''.<ref name="Pandita 2003" /> During British Period many were given Rajput titles, traditional Rajputs called them Khas Rajput, Khas is considered derogatory by community, Vasisth Rajput those were Sikh during British Period and after through judiciary(Jammu and Kashmir High Court) removed Vasisth Rajput, still using vasisth tittles.They still considering Vasisth as the misl of Banda Singh Bahadur(military confideracy like Sukarchakiya Misl of Maharaj Ranjit Singh and other misls), not caste. Mostly don't used Gotra or caste titles because of their Sikh Faith. vasisth like Jat, Yadav is very large community, not small one, but under different Rajput titles they became Rajput during British rule in different states.Britisher gave them Rajput titles to fulfill the requirements of soldiers to fuel World Wars by recruiting them in British Indian Army. Now, they all are claiming to be Rajput historically,except only Sikhs of twin district of Rajouri Poonch of Jammu and Kashmir, so we don't want to mention them living under different Rajput titles in various Indian states, it's their choice under the process of sanskritisation.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Caste]]

Mahalaxmi metro station

2026-01-05T03:31:18Z

GarlandGurule05: Made

{{Short description|Metro station in Mumbai, India}}
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = {{white|Mahalaxmi Metro}}
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|महालक्ष्मी मेट्रो}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Aqua
| image = Mahalaxmi_metro_station_platform_view.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Platform level of the station
| address = Almas Apartments, Arthur Rd, RTO Colony, Mumbai Central, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400011
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9794670|N|72.8254006|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|12px|link=Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)]] Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.
| operator = {{rint|delhi|m}} [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<ref>{{cite news |title=DMRC wins contract to operate Mumbai Metro's Line 3: Officials |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/dmrc-wins-contract-to-operate-mumbai-metros-line-3-officials/99462230 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|croute}}
| platform = 1 [[island platform]]
| connections = {{rint|Mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Western|route}} [[Mahalaxmi railway station|Mahalaxmi]] {{rint|mumbai|mr}} [[Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk monorail station|Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk]]
| structure = Underground
| depth =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = {{URL|1=https://mmrcl.com/station/MLXM|2=Yes}}
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status = Staffed, Operational
| code = MLXM
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|2025|10|8|df=yes}}
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=3|left=Jagannath Shankar Sheth|right=Science Centre}}
| route_map = {{Routemap
|inline=1
|legend=track
|map=
utSTR!~MFADEg\utSTR!~MFADEg ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Science Centre}}
numN300\utSTRg\utSTRf\~~ ~~ ~~
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*2__align=bl\utdSTR
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*1__align=br\utdSTR
cd!~utPSTR(L)\c!~dPLT\utPSTR(R)
utSTRg\utSTRf~~ ~~ ~~
utSTR!~MFADEf\utSTR!~MFADEf ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Jagannath Shankar Sheth}}
}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Aqua Line}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = expanded
| baggage_check =
| wifi =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}

'''Mahalaxmi metro station''' (also known as '''[[HDFC Life]]''' '''-''' '''Mahalaxmi Metro''' for sponsorship reasons)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Metro 3 awards branding rights for 5 stations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-metro-3-awards-branding-rights-for-5-stations/articleshow/94357123.cms}}</ref> is an underground metro station located in the [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]] neighborhood, on the North–South corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. It provides connectivity to the [[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]] and the [[Mumbai Monorail]]. The station was opened to public on 9 October 2025, along with the remaining section of the Aqua Line from [[Acharya Atre Chowk metro station|Acharya Atre Chowk]] to [[Cuffe Parade metro station|Cuffe Parade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates final phase of Mumbai’s first fully underground Metro 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-final-phase-of-mumbais-first-fully-underground-metro-3/article70139141.ece}}</ref>

== Station Layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Ground level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Customer Service, Shops, Vending machine, ATMs
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2 Platforms'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85 height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=400|{{0|←}} Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|3|right}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Science Centre}}) →
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" |← Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|3|left}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Jagannath Shankar Sheth}})
|-
|}

== Entry/Exit ==

* '''A1''' - RTO Colony, Belvedere Court<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=Mahalaxmi Station Details |url=https://mmrcl.com/en/station/MLXM |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=MMRC}}</ref>
* '''A2''' - Agripada Police Station, Kalpatura Heights<ref name="map" />
* '''A4''' - [[Vivarea Tower 3|Vivarea Tower C&D]], One Mahalaxmi<ref name="map" />
* '''B2''' - Dhobi Ghat, [[Mahalaxmi railway station]]<ref name="map" />
* '''B3''' - Vivarea Tower A, Bellagio Residency<ref name="map" />
* '''B5''' - RTO Colony, Agripada Police Station<ref name="map" />

== See also ==

* [[Mumbai]]
* [[Transport in Mumbai]]
* [[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://mmrcl.com/en/ The official site of Mumbai Metro]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net/ ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 3=yes}}

Star of Hope Hospital

2026-01-01T04:27:44Z

GarlandGurule05: put up some details nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Star of Hope Hospital, Akiveedu
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| image = 
| image_size = 225 
| alt = 
| caption = With love serve one another
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_relief = 
| pushpin_map_size = 
| pushpin_map_alt = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| location = [[Akiveedu]] 534 235
| region = [[West Godavari District]]
| state = Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.6000|81.3833|display=inline,title}}
| healthcare = Medicare
| funding = Non-profit
| type = General
| religious_affiliation = [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
| network = {{plainlist|
* [[Council of Christian Hospitals]]
* [[Christian Medical College]], [[Vellore]]
}}
| patron = ''Vacant'' (Medical Director)
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| helipad = 
| beds = 
| speciality = 
| founded = 1898<ref name="Plow">W. G. Carder, ''Hand to the Indian Plow: Volume One'', Carder, Hyderabad, 1976, pp.143-147. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7AcxNAEACAAJ&q=hand+to+the+indian+plough+carder]</ref>
| closed = 
| demolished = 
| website = 
| other_links = 
| module = 
}}

'''Star of Hope Hospital''' is a private [[Baptist]] hospital based in [[Akiveedu]], [[West Godavari District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It is a member of [[Council of Christian Hospitals]].

== History ==
Star of Hope Hospital was founded by [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] in 1898<ref>James Elisha Taneti, ''Canadian Baptist Mission Work among Women in Andhra, India, 1874-1924: Baptist women evolved a role for themselves in an otherwise male-dominated mission enterprise and a patriarchal Telugu society.'' [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Canadian+Baptist+mission+work+among+women+in+Andhra%2c+India%2c...-a0146344617]</ref> due to initiative of pioneer medical missionaries.<ref name="Costly">Jarold Knox Zeman (editor), ''Costly Vision: the Baptist pilgrimage in Canada'', Welch Publishing Company, 1988, p. 94.[https://books.google.com/books?id=UHXkAAAAMAAJ&q=everett]</ref><ref>J. Gordon Melton (editor), ''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', Gale, 2003, p. 560. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TzMOAQAAMAAJ&q=akividu]</ref>

==Memberships==
Star of Hope Hospital is a member of:
* [[Council of Christian Hospitals]], [[Pithapuram]]<ref name="ETASI">[http://www.etasi.org.in/health.html ETASI, ''health'']</ref>
* [[Christian Medical Association of India]], New Delhi<ref>The Christian Medical Association of India, Member Institutes in Andhra Pradesh. Internet, accessed 5 October 2008. {{cite web |url=http://www.ccih.org/grham/country/india/memb-andhra.htm |title=Christian Medical Association of India: Membership |access-date=2008-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926170413/http://ccih.org/grham/country/india/memb-andhra.htm |archive-date=26 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Hospital also networks with the [[Christian Medical College]], [[Vellore]]<ref>Christian Medical College, Vellore, Networking. Internet, accessed 5 October 2008. [http://clin.cmcvellore.ac.in/otherwebsite/mission_support/networking.asp?start=41]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis
| author=Prabhakara Rao, S.
| title=''The Medical Ministry of the Canadian Baptist Mission (Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars) 1890–1950''.
| date=March 1971
| publisher=Ramapatnam Baptist Theological College |type=Bacchelor thesis
| volume=
| issue=
| url =
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=G.Beaulah Pearl Sunanda
| title=''An Insight into the History of the Canadian Baptist Mission in Andhra Pradesh (1874–1924)''.
| year=1990
| journal= Unpublished M.Phil. (History) Thesis, Madras Christian College, Madras
| volume=
| issue=
| url =
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John Craig
| title=Forty years among the Telugus : a history of the mission of the Baptists of Ontario and Quebec, Canada, to the Telegus, South India 1867–1907
| year=1908
| volume=
| publisher= Self-publishing
| url =http://www.porthopehistory.com/johncraigsbook/johncraigbk_index.htm
}}
* {{cite book
| author=M. L. Orchard
| title=''Canadian Baptists at work in India''
| year=2008
| volume=
| publisher= Missionary Education Department of the Foreign Mission Board
| isbn=978-1-4086-7832-9| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Ucw8fdwZg3wC&dq=gertrude+hulet&pg=PA200
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John Craig, J. R. Stillwell (Eds.)
| title=Telugu Trophies: The Jubilee story cf some of the principal Telugu converts in the Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission in India from 1874 to 1924
| year= 1924
| publisher= Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board
| url =https://archive.org/stream/MN41713ucmf_9/MN41713ucmf_9_djvu.txt
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:CBM Star of Hope Hospital}}
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Council of Christian Hospitals]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1898]]

G. Vasanthabalan

2025-11-04T23:48:44Z

GarlandGurule05:

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Vasanthabalan
| image = Vasantha Balan at the Kaaviya Thalaivan Press Meet.jpg
| caption = Vasanthabalan in 2014
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Devathanam]], [[Rajapalayam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2002 - present
| spouse =
| website = https://www.directorvasanthabalan.com/
| occupation = [[Film director]] [[Screenwriter]]
}}

'''G. Vasanthabalan''' (credited as '''G. Vasanta Balan''') is an Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film director and screenwriter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-2/top-directors/directors-25-21.html|title=Kollywood's Top 25 Directors - Directors - Vetrimaran Balaji Sakthivel Lingusamy Vasanth Karu Pazhaniappan Simbudevan|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> He has made critically acclaimed films including ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006), ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' (2010) and ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014).

==Career==
Vasanthabalan began his film career as an editing assistant and later became an assistant director to [[S. Shankar|S.Shankar]] in the latter's directorial debut, ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993). He continued to work under Shankar in three more films ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994), ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996) and ''[[Jeans (1998 film)|Jeans]]'' (1998).

He later made his break as an independent director with the box-office failure ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramprasad |first=Sinndhuja |date=27 November 2014 |title=Honest Company: The Vasanthabalan Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/features/vasanthabalan-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629035310/https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/features/vasanthabalan-interview/ |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>

His second film, produced by Shankar's [[S Pictures]], ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006) was both critically acclaimed and commercially successful. It was shown as the Indian representative at the [[2007 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/05slide1.htm|title=rediff.com: 'It is a dream to have a producer like Shankar'|website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref> His next release, ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' (2010), showcased a romantic tale set in the famous [[Ranganathan Street]] in the city of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The film won critical acclaim and was a commercial success as well. It was shortlisted for India's submission for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/60327.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100927200124/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/60327.html|archive-date = 27 September 2010|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref> In 2012, he released ''[[Aravaan]]'', a period film based on the novel ''Kaaval Kottam,'' that reflects the life of people of South Tamil Nadu in the 18th century. Following that, he made the period drama ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014), which won critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Oct/30/unmasking-the-theatre-of-the-20s-676760.html|title =Unmasking the Theatre of the 20s}}</ref>

The crime drama ''[[Jail (2021 film)|Jail]]'' (2021) starring [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Abarnathi]] in main roles, and the film didn't go well as expected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-das-and-vasanthabalans-aneethi-heads-to-the-final-stage-of-production/articleshow/91764348.cms|title = Arjun Das and Vasanthabalan's 'Aneethi' heads to the final stage of production}}</ref> He later directed the psychological thriller film ''[[Aneethi]]'' starring [[Arjun Das]] and [[Dushara Vijayan]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/aneethi-movie-review-a-disturbing-tale-of-capitalism-crippled-by-a-contrived-screenplay-arjun-das-dushara-vijayan-vasanthabalan|title =Aneethi Movie Review: A Disturbing Tale of Capitalism Crippled By A Contrived Screenplay}}</ref> ''Aneethi'' is an impressive and powerful take on exploitation, kindness and everything in between.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/aneethi-movie-review/|title =Aneethi review: Vasanthabalan is back with yet another rooted story}}</ref> In 2024, the political thriller streaming television series ''[[Thalaimai Seyalagam]]'' was released to average reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/thalaimai-seyalagam-review/20240517.htm|title =Thalaimai Seyalagam Review: Strained Cliffhanger}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Angaadi Theru]]'' || [[Vijay Award for Best Director]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]] [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards#Best Story|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Story]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Aravaan]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' || [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards#Best Director|Norway Tamil Film Festival for Best Director]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/125 |title=The 6th annual Norway Tamil Film Festival - Tamilar Awards 2015 Winners announced! | NTFF |website=www.ntff.no |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320065446/http://www.ntff.no/node/125 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Jail (2021 film)|Jail]]'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Aneethi]]'' ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Thalaimai Seyalagam]]'' || [[ZEE5]] Original [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Web Series]]
|-
|}
;As an actor
*''[[Jeans (1998 film)|Jeans]]'' (1998) as Cashier in Pechiappan's Hotel

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2677913}}

{{Vasanthabalan}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}

[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Odia films of 1965

2025-09-15T05:46:42Z

GarlandGurule05: Made

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1965:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1965 in film|1965]]'''
|-
|''[[Abhinetri (1965 film)|Abhinetri]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} || [[Amar Ganguly]] ||[[Umakant]], [[Jharana Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Bhagya]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Amar Ganguly]]||[[Gaur Ghosh]] ||||
|-
|''[[Kaa (1965 film)|Kaa]]''||Siddharth||Gaur Ghosh, [[Parbati Ghose]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Malajahna]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Nitai Palit]]||[[Akshya Mohanty]], [[Jharana Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Naba Janma]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Sachin Mukherjee]]||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Jharana Das]] || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1965 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1965]]
[[Category:Lists of 1965 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1965 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1960s in Orissa]]

Air Force Station Salua

2025-08-16T12:43:03Z

GarlandGurule05: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Air Force Station Salua
| ensign =
| native_name =
| partof = 
| location = [[Kharagpur]], West Bengal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 = 
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| type = Air Force Station
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label = '''Salua AFS'''
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22|16|22|N|87|17|22|E}}
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = 
| controlledby = 
| open_to_public = 
| site_other_label = 
| site_other = 
| site_area = 
| code = 
| built = 
| used = 
| builder =
| materials =
| height = 
| fate = 
| condition =
| battles =
| events =
| current_commander = 
| past_commanders = 
| garrison = 
| occupants = 
| website =
| subcritical_tests =
| nuclear_tests =
| thermonuclear_tests =
| other_tests_label = 
| other_tests =
| remediation =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| elevation = 
| r1-number =
| r1-length = 
| r1-surface =
| h1-number =
| h1-length = 
| h1-surface =
| airfield_other_label = 
| airfield_other = 
| footnotes = 
}}

'''Air Force Station Salua''' is an [[Indian Air Force]] Station located in [[Kharagpur]], located in the [[Paschim Medinipur district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Bases/283-Air-Force-Stations.html |title=Indian Air Force :: Air Force Stations |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |date=2009-09-30 |accessdate=2013-12-30 |archive-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516092812/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/units/bases/283-air-force-stations.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It lies on the [[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|State Highway 5]] at a distance of 7 km from [[IIT Kharagpur]].

==History==
It is a [[World War II]] air base, which was used by the [[317th Airlift Squadron]] of the [[US Air Force]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/075/837.xml |title=Document Detail for IRISNUM=00075837 |publisher=Airforcehistoryindex.org |accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref> and was the first base of operations for the [[B-29 Superfortress]]es (units of the [[58th Bomb Wing]]). The airstrip fell out of use after World War II but it is currently has a RADAR station.<ref>{{cite web|author=Arindam Bhowmik, Midnapore |url=http://www.midnapore.in/arifield/salua-airfield.html |title=Salua Airfield .:: World War II and now :: |publisher=Midnapore.in |date= |accessdate=2013-12-30}}</ref> The nearest Airstrip is at [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station|Air Force Station Kalaikunda]].

==Current status==
Currently it is used as a [[radar station]] by the Indian Air Force.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Airports in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1942]]

List of largest Hindu ashrams

2025-08-05T23:02:41Z

GarlandGurule05: Made

{{Short description|none}}
This is a '''list of largest [[ashram|Hindu ashram]]s''' in terms of area.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Name of the ashram
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Photo
! scope="col" | Area (m2)
! scope="col" | Place
! scope="col" | Country
!Notes
|-

|1
|[[The Art of Living International Center]]
| [[File:Vishalakshmi Mantap.jpg|140px|center]]
| 1,011,714
| [[Bangalore]]
|{{flag|India}}
|The Art of Living International Center is the headquarter of the [[Art of Living Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Art of Living Foundation|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/spirituality/ashrams/art-of-living.html|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref> The center is located 21 km southwest of [[Bangalore]] on Kanakapura road, at the top of the Panchagiri Hills.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Sri Sri Ravi Shankar Took Forward The Dream Of Martin Luther King|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/shonu-nangia/how-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-took-forward-the-dream-of-martin-luther/|publisher=Huffington Post India|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref> It is connected by Road via Nice Ring Road or Banshankari - Kanakpura Road.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fabhotels.com/blog/art-of-living-international-center-bangalore/|title=Art of Living International Center, Bangalore: A Place to Rejuvenate Your Body, Mind, and Soul |access-date=7 August 2020 |year=2020 |publisher=Fabhotels}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Adiyogi Shiva statue|Adiyogi Shiva]]
| [[File:Isha foundation.jpg|140px|center]]
| 607,020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urbanpro.com/yoga/isha-yoga-center-isha-foundation |title=Isha yoga center by Isha foundation |publisher=Urbanpro|accessdate=7 August 2020}}</ref>
| [[Velliangiri Mountains]]
|{{flag|India}}
|Isha Foundation's headquarters are located in an [[ashram]] built on the foothills of the [[Velliangiri Mountains]], adjacent to the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]],<ref>{{Citation |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-5264-1437-3 |last1=Hudson |first1=Simon |last2=Hudson |first2=Louise |title=Marketing for Tourism, Hospitality & Events: A Global & Digital Approach |location=London, etc. |date=2017}}</ref> some forty kilometres from the city of [[Coimbatore]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], South India.<ref name="Berghella 2018">{{cite book |last=Berghella |first=Vincenzo |title=Chennai and Coimbatore, India | publisher=Berghella |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-578-20085-9 |oclc=1032025559 |page=69}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]]
| [[File:Mata Amritanandamayi Math .jpg|140px|center]]
| 404,686
| [[Kollam]]
|{{flag|India}}
| The Mata Amritanandamayi Math (MAM) is an international charitable organization aimed at the spiritual and material upliftment of humankind. It was founded by spiritual leader and humanitarian [[Mata Amritanandamayi]] in 1981,<ref>''Amma: Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, a Biography'', Amrita Books, 2011</ref> with its headquarters in Paryakadavu, [[Alappad|Alappad Panchayat]], [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]].
|-
|4
|[[Rajneesh movement|Osho International Meditation Resort]]
| [[File:2008 12 Osho center, Pune, India.jpg|140px|center]]
|161,874<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20021216-osho-ashram-bhagwan-rajneesh-ashram-in-pune-acquires-new-face-after-rs-50-crore-revamp-794001-2002-12-16|title = Osho Ashram: Bhagwan Rajneesh Ashram in Pune acquires new face after Rs 50 crore revamp}}</ref>
| [[Pune]]
|{{flag|India}}
| In 1990, [[Rajneesh]] died and was buried at the ashram in Poona; which became the Osho International Meditation Resort.<ref name="SFC24804">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/08/29/ING9G8DKC31.DTL|title=Mystic's burial site at commune is reincarnated as posh resort|date=29 August 2004|work=Mike McPhate|accessdate=15 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214110119/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/08/29/ING9G8DKC31.DTL|archivedate=14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="JMF41">{{Citation |last=Fox |first=Judith M. |title=Osho Rajneesh – Studies in Contemporary Religion Series, No. 4 |publisher=[[Signature Books]] |year=2002 |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=1-56085-156-2 }}</ref>
|-
|5
| [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]
| [[File:Aurobindo ashram, Pondicherry.jpg|140px|center]]
| 38,080
| [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|{{flag|India}}
| The Sri Aurobindo Ashram is a spiritual community ([[ashram]]) located in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], in the Indian territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. The ashram grew out of a small community of disciples who had gathered around [[Sri Aurobindo]] after he retired from politics and settled in Pondicherry in 1910. On 24 November 1926, after a major spiritual realization, Sri Aurobindo withdrew from public view in order to continue his spiritual work. At this time he handed over the full responsibility for the inner and outer lives of the ''sadhaks'' (spiritual aspirants) and the ashram to his spiritual collaborator, "the Mother", earlier known as [[Mirra Alfassa]]. This date is therefore generally known as the founding-day of the ashram, though, as Sri Aurobindo himself wrote, it had “less been created than grown around him as its centre.”<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''Autobiographical Notes and Other Writings of Historical Interest'' (Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram, 2006), p. 9.</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of tallest Gopurams]]
* [[List of large temple tanks]]
* [[List of human stampedes in Hindu temples]]
* [[List of Hindu temples|Lists of Hindu temples by country]]
* [[List of largest Hindu temples]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
*{{Citation |last=Malcolm |first=Howard |title=Travels in south-eastern Asia, embracing Hindustan, Malaya, Siam .., Volume 2|year=1839 |publisher=Google(digitised) |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pjUQAAAAYAAJ&q=seringham&pg=PA69|ref=Malcolm }}.

{{Hinduism (compact)}}
{{Religion-related lists of superlative buildings}}
{{Structural extremes}}

[[Category:Hindu temples| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India| L]]
[[Category:Lists of largest buildings and structures|Hindu ashrams]]

Kampli

2025-08-03T03:56:59Z

GarlandGurule05: expanded lead also and corrected details after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kampli
| other_name =
| nickname = Vijayanagarada tavarooru
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.407|N|76.61|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bellary district|Bellary]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = kampilaraya
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 414
| population_total = 39307
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 583132
| registration_plate = KA 34
| website = {{URL|www.kamplitown.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kampli''' is a town in the [[Bellary district]], Kampli [[taluk]], in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is a headquarters of Kampli Taluk. The town is situated about 15 km away from [[Hampi]].

== Administration ==
Kampli is administered by a town municipal council.

==Economy==
Kampli is an economic hub for its surrounding villages. Every Tuesday vendors of various commodities assemble at the town's market. Kampli has nearly 20 rice mills and agriculture is the primary economic activity. The [[Tungabhadra River]] is a source of irrigation for most of Kampli's agricultural land. The major local crops are paddy,{{clarify|date=February 2022}} sugar cane, banana and coconuts.

==Education==
Kampli has many educational institutions ranging from [[kindergarten]] to [[academic degree|Degree]] colleges. The town also has couple of primary schools and high schools, specifically for girls. Some of the noted schools and colleges are: Govt First Grade College, Shamiachand Junior(S.M.G.J.) College, Kalmat High School, Govt Girls High School, Bharatiya Shishu Vidhyalaya (B.S.V), Govt primary schools, Govt Urdu school, Vidya Sagara Residential School, Sharadha Vidya Niketan, Vidyasagar, Bright way public school, Vasavi Kannada Higher Primary School, Vijayanagara primary and high school, Chetana School, Govt polytechnic college, shanthi vidyaniketha school, Srimathi Odso jademma primary, high school, PU college and ITI, Vidyaranya ITI college and Pragathi ITI and JTS (Junior Technical School), Keonics computer institution.

==Politics==
With the [[delimitation of constituencies]] by the [[Delimitation commission]], Kampli has been conferred an assembly constituency status. In the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka state assembly elections, 2018]], the Congress Party candidate won the election MR J N Ganesh is the current MLA. And In the Town Municipal Elections the bjp party candidate Shahtala V Vidyadhar is the current municipal chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://search.eci.gov.in/ae%5f2008e/pollupd/ac/states/S10/Aconst91.htm |title=State Elections 2008 - Constituency wise detail for 91-Kampli Constituency of Karnataka |access-date=23 June 2008 |archive-date=3 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603170847/http://search.eci.gov.in/ae_2008e/pollupd/ac/states/S10/Aconst91.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Kampli is located at: {{Coord|15.4|N|76.62|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Kampli.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kampli]</ref> It has an average elevation of 414 metres (1358 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kampli had a population of 39,307. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kampli has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 65%, and female literacy is 46%. In Kampli, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Kampli has spread around 16,363,627,77 squarefeets. It is a developing town,

==Transport==
Kampli is well connected by road to Gangavathi, Hospet, [[Siruguppa]], [[Kurugodu]] and [[Bellary]]. [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (KKRTC) runs a bus
service to other cities and villages. There are also various private bus services.

[[Hosapete Junction railway station]] (32Km) and [[Gangavathi]] (10Km) are the nearest railway stations to Kampli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roaddistance.in/karnataka/hospet-junction-railway-crossing-road-to-kampli-distance/by-road/|title=Hospet Junction Railway Crossing Road and Kampli by Road, Distance Between Hospet Junction Railway Crossing Road and Kampli , Distance by Road from Hospet Junction Railway Crossing Road and Kampli with Travel Time, Kampli Distance from Hospet Junction Railway Crossing Road, Driving Direction Calculator from hospet junction railway crossing road and kampli}}</ref>

Nearest domestic airport is [[Vidya Nagar airport, Jindal (50 Kms)]], [[Hubballi Airport]] (185 km). [[Rajiv Gandhi international airport, Hyderabad]] and [[Kempegowda International airport, Bengaluru]] are equidistant from Kampli (335kms).

==See also==
* [[Hampi]]
* [[Hirebenkal]]
* [[Anegundi]]
* [[Hospet]]
* [[Bellary]]
* [[Gangavathi]]
* [[Koppal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ballari district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Ballari district]]

Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal

2025-07-12T12:31:45Z

GarlandGurule05: new new details

{{Short description|Series of protests in the eastern Indian state}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| partof =
| date = 1980s–present
| place = Present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| causes = [[Hindi imposition|Various attempts]] by the Government of India to promote [[Hindi language]] in the state
| goals = To prevent the [[imposition of Hindi]] in the state
| methods = Conferences, rallying, media activism
| side1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Amra Bangali]]
*[[Bangla Pokkho]]
*Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan}}
| side2 = Government of India
}}

The '''anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal''' is the opposition to [[Hindi imposition]] in the eastern Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Movements against [[Hindi imposition]] were mainly conducted through [[social media]], road meetings, demonstrations and deputation submissions. Road meetings, protest and deputation submission programs were initially centered in the city of [[Kolkata]] or [[Kolkata metropolitan area]] but later spread to various [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|divisional]] cities and [[List of districts of West Bengal|district]] cities of West Bengal. All these movements were organized by organizations like [[Amra Bangali]], [[Bangla Pokkho]] and Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web |title=Anti-Hindi movement re-surfaces in Bengal, leader says BJP’s rise a threat to regional languages |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anti-hindi-movement-re-surfaces-in-bengal-leader-says-bjp-s-rise-a-threat-to-regional-languages/story-waqTnAfUTHrNyqKmZyPw8N.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |access-date=14 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112144038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anti-hindi-movement-re-surfaces-in-bengal-leader-says-bjp-s-rise-a-threat-to-regional-languages/story-waqTnAfUTHrNyqKmZyPw8N.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=পশ্চিমবঙ্গে হিন্দির আগ্রাসনের অভিযোগ |url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87/a-50212938 |website=www.dw.com |access-date=14 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=পশ্চিমবঙ্গে প্রবল হচ্ছে ‘হিন্দির আগ্রাসন’ বিরোধী প্রচারণা, রাজ্যে থাকার শর্ত 'বাংলা জানা’ |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-49738845 |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=14 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

Since the end of the second decade of the 21st century, various organizations have organized road meetings and agitations against the use of [[Hindi]] or Hindi and English languages except Bengali on the nameplates of various institutions of West Bengal, national highways, Banks and [[Kolkata Metro]].<ref name=hindustantimes/>

== History ==

=== 1980s ===
[[Amra Bangali]] started a political program in the 1980s to promote the [[Bengali language]]. However, the party's activities were mainly confined to the northern part of the [[West Bengal]].

=== Protests by Bangla Pokkho ===
{{Main article|Bangla Pokkho#Protests}}

=== Agitations of 2021 ===
The [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] issued a notification to the staffs of institution on 19 March 2021, stating that 55% of written communication in institutions should be done in Hindi.<ref name="theprint">{{cite web |title=‘No Hindi imposition’ — Kolkata institute students protest over notice to meet Hindi targets |url=https://theprint.in/india/no-hindi-imposition-kolkata-institute-students-protest-over-notice-to-meet-hindi-targets/628612/ |website=www.theprint.in |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> staffs organized protests against [[imposition of Hindi]] in university. Students protested by writing 'No Hindi Imposition' on the institution grounds and stood maintaining social distance. But the notification was only for administrative staff.<ref name="theprint" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindi topics}}

[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalism]]
[[Category:Language conflict in India]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal (1947–present)]]

Melur R. Samy

2024-12-29T06:34:08Z

GarlandGurule05: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''R. Samy''' (died 10 May 2018) popularly known as ''Melur Sami'' was an Indian politician and former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Melur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melur constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> As a cadre of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party he represented the same [[Melur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melur constituency]] in the 2001, 2006 and 2011 elections.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf 2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> He was one of the founding leaders of [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samy, R.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}