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Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T11:16:34Z

GabrielaPreiss: starting new data and citations - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Perinthalmanna
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 38
| map_image = Location of Perinthalmanna Legislative Assembly constituency in Kerala.svg
| map_caption = Perinthalmanna LAC Map
| state = [[Kerala]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Najeeb Kanthapuram MLA.jpg
| electors = 2,17,959 (2021)<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
| mla = [[Najeeb Kanthapuram]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
}}
'''Perinthalmanna State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
|website = malappuram.nic.in
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Najeeb Kanthapuram]] of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|access-date = 21 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Perinthalmanna]]
|Municipality
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|2
|[[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|3
|[[Vettattur|Vettathur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|4
|[[Thazhekkod, Malappuram district|Thazhekode]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|5
|[[Aliparamba]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|6
|[[Pulamantol|Pulamanthole]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|7
|[[Elamkulam, Malappuram|Elamkulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|}
<mapframe text="Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q13113443,Q13114241,Q13114768,Q7690448,Q4726807,Q13113376,Q16135990"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/perinthalmanna-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Perinthalmanna
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| [[P. Govindan Nambiar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| [[E. P. Gopalan]]
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| [[Paloli Mohammed Kutty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| rowspan="2" | K. K. S. Thangal
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=8|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| rowspan="6" | [[Nalakath Soopy]]
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1984
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| [[V. Sasikumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| rowspan="2" | [[Najeeb Kanthapuram]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Incumbent]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===
References: <ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS1138.htm</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Perinthalmanna}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[Najeeb Kanthapuram]]
|votes = 104,888
|percentage = 56.36
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = V. P. Mohammed Haneefa
|votes = 72,457
|percentage = 38.94
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Adv. K. P. Baburaj
|votes = 7,240
|percentage = 3.89
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 664
|percentage = 0.36
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Najeeb s/o Mohamed
|votes = 239
|percentage = 0.13
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohammed Haneefa P s/o Alavi
|votes = 228
|percentage = 0.12
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Haneefa
|votes = 205
|percentage = 0.11
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Najeeb
|votes = 113
|percentage = 0.06
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Najeeb s/o Veerappu
|votes = 54
|percentage = 0.03
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 32,431
|percentage = 17.42
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 186,088
|percentage = –
|change = –
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|swing = –
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Collapse top|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Perinthalmanna detailed result}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Votes
! rowspan="2" | Total
! rowspan="2" | %
|-
! EVM
! Postal
|-
| [[Najeeb Kanthapuram]]
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 103,916
| 972
| 104,888
| 56.36
|-
| V. P. Mohammed Haneefa
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 71,658
| 799
| 72,457
| 38.94
|-
| Adv. K. P. Baburaj
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 7,130
| 110
| 7,240
| 3.89
|-
| Abdul Najeeb s/o Mohamed
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 236
| 3
| 239
| 0.13
|-
| Mohammed Haneefa P s/o Alavi
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 227
| 1
| 228
| 0.12
|-
| Haneefa
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 203
| 2
| 205
| 0.11
|-
| Najeeb
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 112
| 1
| 113
| 0.06
|-
| Abdul Najeeb s/o Veerappu
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 54
| 0
| 54
| 0.03
|-
| NOTA
| [[None of the Above]]
| 655
| 9
| 664
| 0.36
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
! 184,191
! 1,897
! 186,088
! 100.00
|}
{{Collapse bottom}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,17,959 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Perinthalmanna]]<ref name="result_2021">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1138.htm?ac=38|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 (38-PERINTHALMANNA)|access-date=|website=results.eci.gov.in|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[Najeeb Kanthapuram]]
|votes = 76,530
|percentage = 46.21%
|change ={{loss}}0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = K. P. M. Musthafa
|votes = 76,492
|percentage = 46.19%
|change ={{loss}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suchitra Mattada
|votes = 8,021
|percentage = 4.84%
|change ={{gain}}0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Adv. Abdul Afsal. P. T
|votes = 906
|percentage = 0.55%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 867
|percentage = 0.52%
|change ={{gain}}0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Najeeb Kutteeri
|votes = 828
|percentage = 0.50%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Muhammad Musthafa. K. P
|votes = 751
|percentage = 0.45%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Musthafa. P. K
|votes = 750
|percentage = 0.45%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Musthafa S/O Muhammad
|votes = 471
|percentage = 0.28%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 38
|percentage = 0.02%
|change ={{loss}}0.37
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,65,616<ref name="result_2021"/><ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|percentage = 75.98%<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|change ={{loss}}1.68
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing = {{loss}}0.68
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,94,976 registered voters in Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
|website = eci.gov.in
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Perinthalmanna]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
|votes = 70,990
|percentage = 46.89%
|change = {{loss}}5.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[V. Sasikumar]]
|votes = 70,411
|percentage = 46.50%
|change = {{gain}}1.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Adv. M. K. Sunil
|votes = 5,917
|percentage = 3.91%
|change = {{gain}}2.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = Saleem Mampad
|votes = 1,757
|percentage = 1.16%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Suniya Siraj
|votes = 698
|percentage = 0.46%
|change = {{loss}}0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Palathingal Aboobacker
|votes = 671
|percentage = 0.44%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 507
|percentage = 0.33%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Peoples Democratic Party (India)
|candidate = Sayyid Musthafa Pookoya Thangal
|votes = 335
|percentage = 0.22%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anwar Shakeel Omar
|votes = 125
|percentage = 0.08%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 579
|percentage = 0.39%
|change = {{loss}}6.78
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,411
|percentage = 77.66%
|change = {{loss}}3.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser =
|swing = {{loss}}5.25
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,65,042 registered voters in Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency for the 2011 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011/
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India
|website = eci.gov.in
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Perinthalmanna]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
|votes = 69,730
|percentage = 52.14%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[V. Sasikumar]]
|votes = 60,141
|percentage = 44.97%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = C. K. Kunhimuhammed
|votes = 1,989
|percentage = 1.49%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Saidalikkutty
|votes = 1,067
|percentage = 0.80%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohammed Ali
|votes = 808
|percentage = 0.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 9,589
|percentage = 7.17%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,735
|percentage = 81.03%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Perinthalmanna]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Perinthalmanna Municipality Election 2020]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Perinthalmanna]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Dahsala system

2026-05-07T00:33:50Z

GabrielaPreiss: Started

{{Short description|Mughal Empire cash-based land revenue assessment introduced in 1580}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{History of South Asia}}

The '''dahsala system''' ({{lang|fa|دہ سالہ}}, {{transliteration|fa|dah-sāla}}, {{IPAc-en|d|ɑː|h|'|s|ɑː|l|ə}}; {{respell|dah|SAH|lə}}; literally "ten years") was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] land-revenue assessment used across the central provinces of the empire from 1580. Devised by [[Akbar]]'s chief revenue minister [[Todar Mal|Raja Todar Mal]], the system fixed the state's annual cash demand on cultivated land by averaging the recorded yields and prices of staple crops over a preceding ten-year period.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=240–242}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=102}} The Persian word ''dahsala'' refers to that decade-long base on which the resulting assessment schedules, called {{transliteration|fa|[[dastur-ul-amal]]}}, were calculated.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=22}}

The assessment formed the analytical core of the broader [[zabt]] revenue framework. Land was first measured with a standardised [[bigha]] based on the {{transliteration|fa|[[Ilahi gaz]]}} introduced under Akbar in 1573, then classified into four categories by the continuity of cultivation, after which a fixed cash rate per bigha for each crop was applied from a regional dastur schedule.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=212}} Cultivators paid in [[Rupiya|rupees]] or {{transliteration|fa|[[Dam (Indian coin)|dams]]}} rather than in kind, although the schedules were derived from a notional one-third share of the average produce.{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=86}}{{sfn|Moreland|1929|p=89}}

Implementation followed years of preparation. The {{transliteration|fa|[[karori]]}} experiment of 1574 to 1582, supervised first by Khwaja [[Muzaffar Khan Turbati|Muzaffar Khan]] and then by Khwaja Shah Mansur, {{transliteration|fa|diwan}} from 1578 to 1581, gathered the village-level survey data on which Todar Mal built the dahsala settlement after his return to the {{transliteration|fa|diwani}} in 1582.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=82–84}} The settlement applied to the imperial {{transliteration|fa|[[khalisa]]}} zabt zone of Lahore, Multan, Delhi, Agra, Awadh, Allahabad, and Malwa, was extended to Gujarat, and continued in adapted form under [[Jahangir]], [[Shah Jahan]], and [[Aurangzeb]].{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=205}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

The detailed statistical record of dahsala assessments survives in the third book of [[Abu'l Fazl|Abu'l Fazl Allami]]'s [[Ain-i-Akbari]], compiled around 1595, which preserves per-bigha cash rates for dozens of crops across the imperial revenue circles.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=212}} Modern interpretation of the system was opened by [[W. H. Moreland|William Harrison Moreland]] in 1929 and recast by [[Irfan Habib]] in 1963 and Shireen Moosvi in 1987, both associated with the Aligarh school of historians at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=27}}{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=425}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=56}}

== Etymology and terminology ==

The term ''dahsala'' is a Persian compound of {{transliteration|fa|dah}} ("ten") and {{transliteration|fa|sala}} ("year"), meaning "decennial" or "of ten years".{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}} It refers specifically to the ten-year base period from which the cash schedules were calculated rather than to any period for which an individual schedule remained in force. Once compiled, a dahsala schedule was treated as binding for the foreseeable future and was rarely revised on the same ten-year cycle.{{sfn|Moreland|1929|p=105}}

Contemporary Mughal usage also referred to the system as {{transliteration|fa|Ain-i-Dahsala}} ("the dahsala regulation") or, less precisely, {{transliteration|fa|bandobast-i-dahsala}} ("the ten-year settlement"). Abu'l Fazl placed it within the wider category of {{transliteration|fa|zabt-i-har sala}}, the annual crop-rate assessment by which cash demand was fixed in advance of harvest.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=212}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=165}}

In modern Indian and Western scholarship, the term sometimes denotes the assessment methodology specifically, and sometimes the entire revenue arrangement built on it, including land measurement, classification, collection, and the bureaucratic apparatus that operated it.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}} The narrower usage, restricted to the ten-year cash-rate calculation that produced the dasturs, is the one followed by Habib and Moosvi and is adopted in this article. The broader administrative system within which the dahsala assessment operated is treated separately at [[zabt]].{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=104}}

== Background ==

[[File:Painting of Sher Shah Suri (colored) from a manuscript of Tarikh-i-Khandan-i-Timuriya, prepared by the court painters of Mughal emperor Akbar, circa 16th century (Detailed).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sher Shah Suri]] (r. 1540–1545), whose Sur revenue arrangements provided the technical basis for Todar Mal's later dahsala assessment]]

=== Pre-Mughal precedents ===

A roughly comparable cash assessment had operated under the [[Sur Empire|Suri]] administration of [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah]] (r. 1540–1545) in the territory between the [[Indus River|Indus]] and the upper [[Ganges|Ganga]].{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=224–226}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=80–82}} Sher Shah's officers measured the cultivable area using the {{transliteration|fa|sikandari gaz}}, a yard inherited from [[Sikandar Lodi]], and classified each field into one of three quality grades. A notional one-third share of the average expected produce was then converted into a per-bigha cash rate calculated from prevailing market prices. Although his death in 1545 cut short the full extension of the system, its methodology survived in administrative memory and provided the working framework that Todar Mal, who began his career under the Surs in [[Patna|Bihar]], later adapted for Akbar.{{sfn|Moreland|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=94}}

The early Mughals used less stable arrangements. [[Humayun]]'s short and contested reign produced no settled cash assessment. Between Akbar's accession in 1556 and the consolidation of imperial control in the mid-1560s, the regent [[Bairam Khan]] and the early ministers relied on local agreements with intermediaries called {{transliteration|fa|[[zamindar]]s}}, under which a lump sum was negotiated for each {{transliteration|fa|[[pargana]]}} and the actual rate per cultivator was left to local custom.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=212}} The result was wide regional variation, frequent under-collection, and continuous bargaining over the demand.{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=83–84}}

=== Akbar's early reforms (1567–1573) ===

The first systematic Akbari reform was a thorough data-gathering effort. In 1567 the imperial diwan, Khwaja Muzaffar Khan, instructed the local revenue clerks ({{transliteration|fa|[[qanungo]]s}}) to submit detailed returns on cultivated and uncultivated area in each pargana, the produce of each crop, and the prevailing market prices. These returns formed the statistical base on which subsequent assessments were built.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=230}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=102}}

In 1573 Akbar standardised the linear unit of measurement. The {{transliteration|fa|[[Ilahi gaz]]}}, a yard of approximately 33 inches (84 cm), replaced the regionally varying cubits then in use, and the new {{transliteration|fa|bigha-i-Ilahi}} was defined as a square of sixty Ilahi gaz, equal to 3,600 square Ilahi gaz, or about 0.55 acres (0.22 ha).{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=373}}{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=231–232}} A measuring rod called the {{transliteration|fa|[[jarib]]}}, built from bamboo segments joined by iron rings, replaced the loose hempen rope used previously and held its length under varying weather, an innovation that improved the accuracy of village surveys.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=225}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=101}}

=== The karori experiment (1574–1582) ===

In late 1574 Akbar reorganised revenue collection in the imperial khalisa lands between Lahore and Allahabad. The empire's most productive territory was divided into blocks each expected to yield one [[crore]] (ten million) of dams, and an officer called a {{transliteration|fa|karori}} was placed in charge of each block.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=286}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=94}} The karori was responsible for measuring the land, recording the cropping pattern, supervising the harvest, and remitting the crore of dams demanded by the central treasury.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=287}}

The experiment had two purposes. The first was to extract revenue more efficiently from territory previously held by jagirdars; the second was to compile, year by year, the village-level data on yields and prices needed for a longer-term assessment.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=85–86}} Data flowed in steadily through the late 1570s, but the system proved administratively brittle. Many karoris extorted cultivators in order to meet the crore demand, while others embezzled. After Khwaja Shah Mansur replaced Muzaffar Khan as diwan in 1578, abuses became severe enough to threaten cultivated area in core districts.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=233–234}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=85}} Shah Mansur was executed for treason in 1581, the karori arrangement was wound up in 1582, and Todar Mal returned to the diwani, where he applied the survey data the experiment had produced.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=233–234}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=85–86}}

== Implementation ==

[[File:Raja Todar Mall, Finance Minister of Akbar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Todar Mal|Raja Todar Mal]], Akbar's chief revenue officer and architect of the dahsala settlement of 1580]]

=== Todar Mal's settlement ===

Raja Todar Mal, a [[Khatri]] accountant who had served Sher Shah before entering Mughal service in 1562, was given charge of imperial revenue administration in 1574, and again, after the karori failure, in 1582.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=286}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=82–84}} The dahsala settlement, formally proclaimed in 1580 and extended steadily through the 1580s, applied his analysis of the karori-era survey data. For each pargana, the cultivated area of each crop, the yield in {{transliteration|fa|[[Maund (unit)|maunds]]}} per bigha, and the prevailing market prices over the years from 1570–71 to 1579–80 were averaged. From the resulting average yield, the state demanded one-third in kind, valued at the ten-year average price, and converted into a cash rate per bigha that was then entered into the dastur-ul-amal for that revenue circle.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=212}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=183}}

The arithmetic was performed crop by crop and pargana by pargana. Habib's reconstruction emphasises that prevailing prices and yields were not crudely averaged from existing administrative figures: the data were re-derived from raw qanungo returns and from contemporary market reports, and only then averaged across the ten harvests.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=237–238}} Once compiled, the dasturs were treated as fixed schedules unless extraordinary conditions warranted revision, and they remained substantially in force, with periodic adjustments, until the early eighteenth century.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=86–88}}

=== Khwaja Shah Mansur's role ===

Although the dahsala system is associated with Todar Mal, the underlying field surveys were directed in part by Khwaja Shah Mansur during his diwani between 1578 and 1581.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=85}} Shah Mansur extended the karori coverage, tightened audit procedures, and standardised the formats in which qanungos submitted their returns, all of which sharpened the data that subsequently fed the dasturs.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=234}} His execution in 1581 has been read by Habib as ending a faction within the imperial bureaucracy that favoured very high revenue demand. The dahsala settlement under Todar Mal applied a more moderate rate.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=234}}

== Methodology ==

=== Land measurement ===

Field measurement was the first stage of any dahsala assessment. In each village the {{transliteration|fa|[[patwari]]}} (village accountant) and the karori or his successor official measured every cultivated plot using the jarib, recording the area in bighas of the Ilahi standard.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=374}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=85}} Uncultivated land was also surveyed and classified, although it carried no immediate revenue demand. The survey produced a written register listing each cultivator's plots and acreage that became the basis for assessment.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=242}}

The standardisation of the bigha was significant for comparability across regions. Pre-Akbari units varied widely: a bigha in Bengal might be twice the size of one in Punjab.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=229–231}}{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=231–232}} The Ilahi bigha gave the central treasury a single basis on which to compare productivity and aggregate revenue. Empire-wide adoption of the unit, although uneven in practice, was a precondition for the empire-wide dastur schedules.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=191}}

=== Land categories ===

Cultivated and cultivable land was sorted into four categories defined by the continuity of cropping, set out by Abu'l Fazl in the third book of the ''Ain-i-Akbari''.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=235–236}}{{sfn|Abu'l Fazl|1949|p=63}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Land categories under the dahsala system
! Category !! Definition !! Revenue treatment
|-
| Polaj || Cultivated continuously every year || Full assessment at the dastur rate
|-
| Parauti || Left fallow temporarily to recover fertility || Full assessment in the years it was sown
|-
| Chachar || Left fallow for three to four years || Reduced assessment, rising progressively to full
|-
| Banjar || Uncultivated for five years or more || Concessional rates intended to encourage reclamation
|}

Polaj and Parauti land, the most productive categories, were further graded into three quality classes by yield: {{transliteration|fa|nik}} (good), {{transliteration|fa|miyana}} (middling), and {{transliteration|fa|bad}} (poor). The applied cash rate combined the dastur for the crop with the multiplier appropriate to the land's classification.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=86}}

=== Crop schedules and the dastur-ul-amal ===

[[File:Mughal coins of Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangjeb, Shah Alam, Alamgiri II (1530-1806).JPG|thumb|Mughal silver and copper coins of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Dahsala assessments were paid in the silver rupee and the copper {{transliteration|fa|[[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]]}}, valued by the imperial treasury at forty dams to the rupee.]]

The cash rates that gave the system its operational substance were entered into the dastur-ul-amal, a schedule maintained separately for each {{transliteration|fa|dastur}} or revenue circle.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=237–240}} Each schedule listed the per-bigha cash demand for each crop grown locally; in core areas of the zabt zone the schedules covered roughly eighteen [[kharif crop|kharif]] and sixteen [[rabi crop|rabi]] crops, including wheat, barley, gram, [[oilseed]]s, [[cotton]], [[indigo]], [[Sugarcane|sugar cane]], and [[opium]].{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=237–240}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=165}}

The compilation procedure was elaborate. For a given crop in a given dastur, the assessor took the average yield in maunds per bigha across the ten harvests, applied the state share of one-third, and multiplied by the ten-year average market price to obtain the cash demand per bigha.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=237–238}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=183}} An earlier reading by Moreland in 1929 held that the ten-year averaging operated on a previously fixed cash schedule rather than on yields and prices directly. This interpretation was rejected by Habib in 1963 and has not survived in subsequent scholarship.{{sfn|Moreland|1929|p=92–95}}{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=240–242}}

Once compiled, a dastur was treated as binding for the foreseeable future. Where conditions changed sharply, after a famine or a major shift in cropping pattern for example, the schedules were sometimes revised; but the surviving evidence in the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' from around 1595 shows the 1580 schedules largely intact fifteen years on.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=213}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=176}}

{{quote box
| quote = After his accession to the throne, His Majesty made [it] his especial care to set in order the agriculture of the country and the welfare of the cultivators ... The lands which had any [previous] revenue assessment were placed under the {{transliteration|fa|dah-sala}} system, and where there was no previous {{transliteration|fa|jama}} they were placed under {{transliteration|fa|nasaq}}.
| source = Abu'l Fazl, ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Book III, "Account of the Land Revenue", trans. H. S. Jarrett (1894).{{sfn|Abu'l Fazl|1949|p=58–60}}
| width = 35%
| align = right
}}

=== State demand ===

The headline state share, one-third of the average produce, traced back to Sher Shah's settlement and was retained by Akbar.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=212}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} In practice the actual incidence varied widely. Where the dahsala dastur was applied accurately, the demand fell close to the nominal one-third; where karoris or their successors over-assessed, the burden could rise considerably higher; where the dasturs proved generous, particularly in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] and [[Sindh]], the share fell below one-third.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=102}} Quantitative work by Moosvi, drawing on the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' statistics for around 1595, finds an aggregate state demand on the order of one-half of the gross agricultural surplus in core Indo-Gangetic territory, with significant local variation.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=260}}

== Geographic scope ==

[[File:Mogulreich Akbar.png|thumb|Mughal Empire at Akbar's death in 1605. The dahsala assessment applied principally in the imperial {{transliteration|fa|khalisa}} territory between Multan and Allahabad shown in dark green, and was extended to Gujarat after 1572.]]

The dahsala settlement applied principally to imperial khalisa land in the central provinces, the so-called zabt zone covering Lahore, Multan, Delhi, Agra, Awadh, Allahabad, and Malwa.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=213}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=88–89}} It was extended to Gujarat after the Mughal annexation of 1572 and partially to Ajmer, although the rate structures in those territories drew on local pre-Mughal practice rather than on the standard zabt schedules.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=247–248}}{{sfn|Hasan|2004|p=26}}

The system did not extend to outlying provinces. In Bengal, Sindh, Berar, Khandesh, and Kashmir, Mughal authorities continued to rely on alternative methods. The principal alternatives were {{transliteration|fa|ghalla-bakshi}} (crop-sharing, in which the state and the cultivator divided the harvested produce in fixed proportions), {{transliteration|fa|kankut}} (a visual estimate of the standing crop), and {{transliteration|fa|nasaq}} (a lump-sum assessment based on past collections rather than on current measurement).{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=102}} Frontier and tribal areas, including the [[Deccan plateau|Deccan]] before its sixteenth-century absorption, were assessed under entirely separate revenue arrangements inherited from regional sultanates.{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=205}}

Within the zabt zone the application also varied between [[khalisa]] (crown land assessed and collected directly by imperial officers) and {{transliteration|fa|[[jagir]]}} (land assigned to {{transliteration|fa|[[mansabdar]]s}} as the source of their salary). On khalisa, the dahsala dasturs were applied directly. On jagir, the assignee was nominally bound by the dasturs but in practice retained discretion over collection, an arrangement that contributed to the [[jagirdari crisis]] of the late seventeenth century.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=285}}{{sfn|Athar Ali|2001|p=73}}

== Primary sources ==

[[File:Manuscript painting of the author and advisor, Abul Fazl, seated on a terrace with the completed chronicles before him, from an illustrated 'Ain-i-Akbari' manuscript commissioned by the Sikh Empire.jpg|thumb|left|[[Abu'l Fazl|Abu'l Fazl Allami]] presenting the completed ''[[Akbarnama]]''. The third book of his ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' contains the principal contemporary record of the dahsala assessment.]]

The principal contemporary record of the dahsala system is the third book ({{transliteration|fa|daftar}}) of Abu'l Fazl Allami's ''Ain-i-Akbari'', compiled around 1595 as part of the larger ''Akbarnama''.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=286}}{{sfn|Moreland|1929|p=265}} The third book contains the regulations on land, the schedules of dasturs for each {{transliteration|fa|[[subah]]}}, statistical tables of yields and prices, and explanatory notes on the karori experiment and the rationale of the ten-year averaging.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=10–12}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=102}}

The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' was translated into English in two stages. [[Heinrich Blochmann|H. Blochmann]] produced volume one in 1873, covering the household and military regulations, and [[Henry Sullivan Jarrett]] produced the volume covering revenue and provincial gazetteer between 1891 and 1894.{{sfn|Abu'l Fazl|1873|p=v–vii}}{{sfn|Abu'l Fazl|1949|p=v–vii}} Jarrett's volume was revised by [[Jadunath Sarkar]] in 1949 and remains the standard English text. Both translations were issued by the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]] in Calcutta and are now in the public domain.{{sfn|Abu'l Fazl|1949|p=v–vii}}

Other contemporary chronicles supplement the ''Ain-i-Akbari''. Nizamuddin Ahmad's ''[[Tabaqat-i-Akbari]]'' (completed 1593) records the political context of the karori reform, and Bada'uni's ''[[Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh]]'' (completed 1596) preserves a sceptical commentary on imperial revenue policy from a Sunni cleric who served at Akbar's court.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=262}}

== Impact ==

Modern assessments of the system's impact on the cultivator have varied considerably. In core dasturs of the [[Doab]] the cash burden was sufficiently moderate, in years of normal harvest, that cultivated area expanded steadily through the late sixteenth century, with new villages and reclaimed banjar land becoming common.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=246–250}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=86–88}} The fixed cash demand also encouraged commercialisation of agriculture: cultivators sold a sufficient share of their produce in local markets to obtain rupees or dams in time for the revenue collection.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=100}}{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=232–234}}

The fixed cash demand became less attractive when grain prices fell. Because the dasturs were calculated from a notional ten-year average rather than from the current price, a sustained price decline raised the real burden on the cultivator while leaving the nominal cash demand unchanged.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=246–250}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=85–88}} Habib has shown that this asymmetry, especially in years following a poor harvest, contributed to peasant indebtedness, distress migration, and the appearance of zamindar-led peasant unrest in the seventeenth century.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=410–432}}

The system also restructured the relationship between cultivator and intermediary. Because the dasturs were known to the cultivator in principle, through the {{transliteration|fa|patta}} or written assessment receipt, the bargaining power of the zamindar was reduced relative to earlier nasaq arrangements.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=190–193}}{{sfn|Hasan|2004|p=37–45}} In practice the zamindar retained considerable scope to manipulate the assessment by mis-classifying land, under-recording acreage, or under-reporting yields, and the dasturs constrained rather than eliminated this discretion.{{sfn|Hasan|2004|p=37–45}}

== Historiography ==

[[File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Akbar with lion and calf, c. 1630. The reign of Akbar (r. 1556–1605), under whose authority the dahsala settlement was implemented, has been a central focus of modern Mughal historiography since the late nineteenth century.]]

Modern study of the dahsala system began with W. H. Moreland, a former Director of Land Records and Agriculture in the [[United Provinces]], whose ''The Agrarian System of Moslem India'' (1929) examined the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' evidence in detail.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=16}} Moreland understood the system as a relatively crude administrative simplification: an existing cash schedule was averaged over the previous decade to smooth annual fluctuation. He treated the assessment as falling well below one-third in many provinces and viewed the system as comparatively benign on the cultivator.{{sfn|Moreland|1929|p=89}}

Irfan Habib's ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707'', first published by [[Asia Publishing House]] in 1963 and revised by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1999 and 2014, recast Moreland's account on three points.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=425}} First, Habib argued that the ten-year averaging applied directly to recorded yields and prices, not to a pre-existing cash schedule; the dasturs were therefore reconstructed from primary data, not smoothed from earlier rates. Second, Habib showed that the effective state share, after officially sanctioned additional charges, frequently approached or exceeded one-half rather than the nominal one-third in many areas. Third, Habib argued that the dahsala system bore directly on the [[Agrarian crisis of the Mughal Empire|agrarian crisis]] of the late seventeenth century by binding cultivators to fixed cash demands that became insupportable when prices or yields fell.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}}

Shireen Moosvi's ''The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595'' (1987; revised 2015) extended Habib's framework with a quantitative reconstruction of the dahsala statistics in the ''Ain-i-Akbari''.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} Moosvi calculated the implied {{transliteration|fa|jama}} (assessed demand) and {{transliteration|fa|hasil}} (actual collection) for each subah, compared the dasturs across regions, and showed that the system, although consistent in design, varied considerably in its incidence on cultivators in different parts of the empire.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=246}} Both Habib and Moosvi were associated with the [[Aligarh school of historians]] at the Aligarh Muslim University, whose collective work has shaped the international scholarly understanding of Mughal economy and society since the 1960s.{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=322}}

More recent scholarship has examined the working of the dahsala dasturs at the local level. Farhat Hasan's ''State and Locality in Mughal India'' (2004), focused on western India after 1572, has shown that the dasturs interacted with strong local mercantile and intermediary networks in ways that the Aligarh-school models tended to abstract away.{{sfn|Hasan|2004|p=64}} Synthesising treatments by John F. Richards and others have largely accepted the Aligarh-school account of the dahsala mechanism while emphasising the limited geographic reach of the system and its co-existence with very different revenue regimes elsewhere in the empire.{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=301}}

== Legacy ==

[[File:Court of Akbar from Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|left|Akbar at his court, from a manuscript of the ''[[Akbarnama]]''. The dahsala dasturs compiled under his authority remained the working assessment basis for the central provinces of the empire for more than a century after his death.]]

The dahsala dasturs continued in nominal force into the eighteenth century, although their actual application varied. Under [[Jahangir]] (r. 1605–1627) the schedules were extended to additional provinces and made the basis of jagir-value calculations.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=189}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=84}} Under [[Shah Jahan]] (r. 1628–1658) and [[Aurangzeb]] (r. 1658–1707) further regulations modified the system at the margins; Aurangzeb's farman of 1668 to Muhammad Hashim, the diwan of the Deccan, required tighter audit of the dasturs and forbade remissions once the crop had been cut, but did not alter the underlying methodology.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=276–288}}

After the disintegration of central Mughal authority in the eighteenth century, the dahsala framework survived in altered form in several [[Mughal successor states]]. The early administration of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] under [[Murshid Quli Khan]] retained the dahsala assessment as a baseline for fixing the revenue demand on the new {{transliteration|fa|zamindari}} estates.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}} The administration of [[Awadh]] under [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Burhan-ul-Mulk]] and [[Safdarjung|Safdar Jang]] retained the dastur structure for the central districts.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=297–300}}

The early [[East India Company]] administration in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and the [[North-Western Provinces]] used ''Ain-i-Akbari'' dasturs as a benchmark when designing the [[Permanent Settlement]] of 1793 and the later [[Mahalwari]] settlement of 1822, although both colonial systems differed substantially in their treatment of the cultivator.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=295–300}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} Twentieth-century debates over [[land reform in India]] cited the dahsala system in academic and political discussion as evidence of pre-colonial Indian administrative sophistication.{{sfn|Habib|2014|p=207}}

{{clear}}
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Zabt]]
* [[Todar Mal]]
* [[Akbar]]
* [[Ain-i-Akbari]]
* [[Aligarh school of historians]]
* [[Jagirdari crisis]]
* [[Mansabdar]]
* [[Permanent Settlement]]
* [[Sher Shah Suri]]
* [[Mughal successor states]]
* [[Economy of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Land tenure]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Abu'l-Fazl |first=ʿAllāmī |title=The Ā'īn-i Akbarī, Volume I |translator-last=Blochmann |translator-first=H. |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |year=1873 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32526 |ref={{sfnref|Abu'l Fazl|1873}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Abu'l-Fazl |first=ʿAllāmī |title=The Ā'īn-i Akbarī, Volume II |translator-last=Jarrett |translator-first=H. S. |others=Revised by Jadunath Sarkar |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |year=1949 |orig-date=1891 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916 |ref={{sfnref|Abu'l Fazl|1949}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=M. Athar |title=The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=Revised |year=2001 |orig-date=1966 |isbn=978-0-19-565599-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalnobilityun0000atha |ref={{sfnref|Athar Ali|2001}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Medieval India |publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training |location=New Delhi |year=1978 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.4039}}
* {{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=3rd |year=2014 |orig-date=1963 |isbn=978-0-19-807742-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-agrarian-system-of-mughal-india-1556-to-1707}}
* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Farhat |title=State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, c. 1572–1730 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2004}}
* {{cite book |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |title=The Economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: A Statistical Study |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=2015 |orig-date=1987 |isbn=978-0-19-561725-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/economyofmughale0000moos}}
* {{cite book |last=Moreland |first=W. H. |title=The Agrarian System of Moslem India: A Historical Essay with Appendices |publisher=Central Book Depot |location=Allahabad |year=1929 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21937}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Raychaudhuri |editor1-first=Tapan |editor2-last=Habib |editor2-first=Irfan |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 1: c. 1200 – c. 1750 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeeconomichistoryofindia12001750ed.tapanraychaudhuriirfanhabib}}
* {{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=I.5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-25119-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalempire0000rich}}
* {{cite book |last=Streusand |first=Douglas E. |title=Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder |year=2011}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32526 ''Ain-i-Akbari'' Volume I (Blochmann tr., 1873)] at the Internet Archive
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916 ''Ain-i-Akbari'' Volume II (Jarrett tr., Sarkar revision 1949)] at the Internet Archive

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:Land taxation]]
[[Category:History of taxation in India]]
[[Category:1580 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1580s establishments in India]]

Indian locomotive class WAG D-9

2026-05-06T10:52:14Z

GabrielaPreiss: Put up a data

{{Short description|Indian Railway freight class electric locomotive}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WAG D-9
| image = WAG D-9 locomotive in Dahod.jpg
| imagesize = 300
| caption = A WAG D-9 locomotive on trial run at Dahod locomotive factory.
| powertype = Electric
| designer = [[Siemens Mobility]]
| builder = [[Siemens Mobility]], Rolling Stock Workshop- [[Dahod]]
| totalproduction = 34 as of May 2026
| uicclass = [[Co′Co′]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| wheeldiameter = New: {{convert|1250|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}, Full worn: {{convert|1150|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|22.5|t}} (upgradable to {{convert|25|t}})
| locoweight = {{convert|135|t}} (upgradable to {{convert|150|t}})
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|Overhead]]
| collectionmethod = dual [[pantograph (rail)|pantographs]]
| tractionmotors = [[Siemens Mobility]] MoComp Traction Motors
| t/m amps cont = {{convert|1192|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}}
| locobrakes = [[Regenerative brake|Regenerative Brake]] and [[Railway air brake|Air Brake]]
| trainbrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air Brake]]
| safety = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach ATP]], Vigilance Control Device
| maxspeed = Operational: {{convert|120|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} Tested: {{convert|135|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput cont = {{convert|9000|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| t/e starting = {{convert|530|kN|abbr=on}} @ 22.5t/axle load {{convert|589|kN|abbr=on}} @ 25t/axle load
| fleetnumbers = '''55001+'''
| dynamicpeakeffort = {{convert|331|kN|abbr=on}} @ 22.5t/axle load {{convert|367|kN|abbr=on}} @ 25t/axle load
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| disposition = Under Commissioning
}}

The '''Indian locomotive class WAG D-9''' is a class of 25 [[Volt|kV]] [[Alternating current|AC]] [[electric locomotive]]s developed by [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] for [[Indian Railways]]. The model name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge (W)]], AC Current (A), Goods traffic (G). With {{convert|9000|hp|kW|0|abbr=off}}, it will be the second most powerful freight locomotive in the [[Indian Railways]] after [[Indian locomotive class WAG-12|WAG-12]] along with WAG-9 HH. The first prototype was unveiled on 26 May 2025.<ref name="d9">{{Cite web |title=WAG D9 Locomotive on irfca catalog |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos?search_term=D9 |website=irfca.org |access-date=2025-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=Siemens made locomotive to be exported: Modi inaugurates 9,000 hp Made in India loco in Dahod |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/siemens-made-locomotive-to-be-exported-modi-inaugurates-9000-hp-made-in-india-loco-in-dahod-10030736/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="railwaygazette">{{Cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/traction-and-rolling-stock/modi-flags-off-indian-railways-wag-d9-electric-locomotive/68879.article |title=Modi flags off Indian Railways WAG D9 electric locomotive |date=2025-05-29 |access-date=2025-07-28 |publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]]}}</ref>

== Introduction ==
The WAG D-9 [[locomotive]] is a "Heavy Haul" freight locomotive, conceived in response to the growth in rail freight, and the demand for powerful electric freight locomotives following the complete electrification of the Indian Railways network. At first [[WAG-9]] was introduced a long time ago now new locomotive had same color of [[WAP-5]] with [[Amrit Bharat Express]] livery.<ref name="railwaygazette" />

In January 2023, Indian Railways placed an order with [[Siemens Mobility]] for 1,200 freight locomotives, each with a power output of {{convert|9000|hp|kW|0|abbr=off}}. It was the largest locomotive order ever for Siemens Mobility and the biggest order in Siemens India's history. The contract is valued at approximately ₹26000 crore (approx. $3 billion), excluding taxes and potential price adjustments.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 January 2023 |title=Indian Railways places order for 9 000 hp electric freight locomotives |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/traction-and-rolling-stock/indian-railways-places-order-for-9-000-hp-electric-freight-locomotives/63342.article |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Railway Gazette International |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Design and Testing ==
The 1,676 mm gauge Co'Co' locomotives, operating at 25 kV 50 Hz, are designed to pull 4,500-ton loads at speeds of up to 120 km/h along the [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|Dedicated Freight Corridors]] (DFCs).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 April 2025 |title=Indian Railways unveils 9 000 hp electric locomotive |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/traction-and-rolling-stock/indian-railways-unveils-9-000-hp-electric-locomotive/68658.article |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Railway Gazette International |language=en}}</ref> They will feature advanced propulsion systems, manufactured locally at Siemens facilities in India. To ensure maximum efficiency and reliability, Siemens Mobility will utilize its Railigent platform for optimal performance and availability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Siemens-Built Locomotives For Indian Railways |url=https://www.railvolution.net/news/siemens-built-locomotives-for-indian-railways |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Railvolution |language=en}}</ref>

The locomotives will feature artificial intelligence into the locomotives to predict failures before they happen to bring availability up. They will also be equipped with [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]] (Automatic Train Protection System). It also features an improved monitoring and diagnostic platform, and an advanced continuous real-time tracking through GPS.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Siemens Mobility awarded a €3 billion project in India – largest locomotive order in company history |url=https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/siemens-mobility-awarded-eu3-billion-project-india-largest-locomotive-order-company |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=press.siemens.com |language=en|date=16 January 2023}}</ref>

This the first rolling stock in India to get certified under the stringent EN-14363 (UIC-518) (Criterion 4) for assessment of rolling stock dynamic behaviour. Trials were conducted by the [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] (RDSO) and were completed in late 2025 on the Nagpur-Itarsi and Jodhpur sections. This will pull freight and non push-pull [[Amrit Bharat Express]] like livery match on locomotive yet later after speed trials

==Locomotive shed==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Zone !! Shed Name !! Shed Code !! Quantity
|-
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam(D)]] || WATD || 34
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total locomotives as of May 2026''' || 34
|}

== Manufacturing and maintenance ==
The locomotives will be delivered over a span of eleven years, with the contract also covering full-service maintenance for 35 years.<ref name=":3" />

Assembly will take place at the Indian Railways facility in [[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]], while maintenance will be carried out at four depots in [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Raipur]], [[Kharagpur]], and [[Pune]]. Both assembly and maintenance will be conducted in collaboration with Indian Railways personnel.<ref name="railwaygazette" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/pm-dedicated-9000-hp-locomotive-engine-dahod |title=PM Shri Narendra Modi to Dedicate Nation’s First 9000 HP Locomotive Engine at Dahod |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=cmogujarat.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Siemens To Make Indias First 9000 HP Electric Loco For Indian Railways: Exclusive Interview |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/exclusive-interview-siemens-to-make-indias-first-9000-hp-electric-loco-for-indian-railways-2605514.html |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Importance of the locomotive ==
Indian Railways aims to reduce carbon emissions by over 450 million tonnes by maximizing the use of Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs) instead of road transport. The 9000 HP locomotives will enhance the efficiency of these corridors and support the Railways' sustainability goal of full [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification|electrification]], adoption of [[Environmental technology|green technologies]], and sustainable practices.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, this initiative will attempt to increase the railways' share of freight transport from the current 27% to 40-45%, supporting the government's logistics expansion plans.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WAG-00}}
[[Category:Electric locomotives of India]]
[[Category:Siemens locomotives]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Co′Co′ locomotives]]
[[Category:25 kV AC locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]

Chamaria Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T03:50:08Z

GabrielaPreiss: Started

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chamaria
| constituency_no = 27
| type = SLA
| map_image = Chamaria Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| district = [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}

'''Chamaria Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 Assembly constituencies in [[Kamrup district]] in the [[Northeast India|North-East Indian]] state of [[Assam]]. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Chamaria}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= Rakibuddin Ahmed|party=Indian National Congress |votes=149,720 |percentage=63.83 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Imdad Hussain |party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=71,024 |percentage=30.28 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nurul Islam|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes=9570 |percentage=4.08 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Dulu Ahmed|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=|percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above (India) |votes=1336 |percentage=0.57 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 234,572 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Kamrup District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup district]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Akhtar Hameed Khan

2026-04-30T02:13:08Z

GabrielaPreiss: put up

{{Short description|Pakistani scientist and activist (1914–1999)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Akhtar Hameed Khan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1914|7|15}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1999|10|9|1914|7|15}}
| death_place = [[Indianapolis]], Indiana, US
| field = [[Rural development]], [[Microcredit]]
| work_institution = [[Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development]]; National Centre for Rural Development, Pakistan; [[Michigan State University]]
| alma_mater = [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
| known_for = Microcredit, [[Microfinance]], [[Comilla Model]], [[Orangi Pilot Project]]
| prizes = [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]], ''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'', ''[[Sitara-e-Pakistan]]'', Jinnah Award
}}
'''Akhter Hameed Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اختر حمید خان}}}}, pronounced {{IPA|hns|ˈəxt̪ər ɦəˈmiːd̪ xaːn|}}; 15 July 1914 – 9 October 1999) was a Pakistani-Bangladeshi development practitioner and [[social scientist]]. He promoted participatory [[rural development]] in [[Pakistan|West Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh|East Pakistan]] and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the [[Comilla Model]] (1959). It earned him the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] from the [[Philippines]] and an honorary [[Doctorate of law]] from [[Michigan State University]].

In the 1980s he started a bottom-up [[community development]] initiative of [[Orangi Pilot Project]], based in the outskirts of [[Karachi]], which became a model of participatory development initiatives. He also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing provision to [[family planning]], for rural communities and urban [[slum]]s. It earned him international recognition and [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|high honours]] in Pakistan. Khan was fluent in at least seven languages and dialects. Apart from many scholarly books and articles, he also published a collection of poems and [[Travel literature|travelogues]] in [[Urdu]].

==Early life==
Khan was born on 15 July 1914 in [[Agra, Uttar Pradesh|Agra]]. He was among the four sons and three daughters of Khansaahib Ameer Ahmed Khan and Mehmoodah Begum.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim: "Allama Mashriqi & Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan: Two Legends of Pakistan" (2003), p. 338.</ref> His father, a [[police inspector]], was inspired by the reformist thinking of [[Syed Ahmed Khan]]. In his early age, Khan's mother introduced him to the poetry of [[Maulana Hali]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal]], the [[sermon]]s of [[Abul Kalam Azad]], and the [[Sufi]]st philosophy of [[Rumi]]. This upbringing influenced his interest in historical as well as contemporary social, economic, and political affairs.<ref>Hasan (1996), pp. xiii–xiv.</ref>

Khan attended Government High School at Jalam ([[Uttar Pradesh]]), and completed his education in 1930 at Agra College where he studied English literature and history. He read English literature, history, and philosophy for a Bachelor of Arts degree at [[Meerut College]] in 1932. At that point, his mother was diagnosed with [[tuberculosis]]. She died in the same year at the age of 36.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 339–340.</ref> Khan continued his studies and was awarded a Master of Arts in English Literature from [[Agra University]] in 1934. He worked as a lecturer at Meerut College before joining the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) in 1936.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 345.</ref> As part of the ICS training, he was sent to read literature and history at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]], England. During the stay, he developed a friendship with [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]].<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 346.</ref>

Khan married Hameedah Begum (the eldest daughter of [[Allama Mashriqi]]) in 1940. Together, they had three daughters (Mariam, Amina, and Rasheeda) and a son (Akbar). After Hameedah Begum's death in 1966, he married Shafiq Khan and had one daughter, Ayesha.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 342–43.</ref> During his ICS career, Khan worked as [[District collector|collector]] of revenue, a position that brought him into regular contact with living conditions in rural areas of [[East Bengal]].<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 347.</ref> The [[Bengal famine of 1943]] and subsequent handling of the situation by the colonial rulers led him to resign from the Indian Civil Service in 1945. He wrote, "I realized that if I did not escape while I was young and vigorous, I will forever remain in the trap, and terminate as a bureaucratic big wig."<ref>Khan (1983), p. xii.</ref> During this period, he was influenced by the philosophy of [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] and [[Allama Mashriqi|Mashriqi]], and joined the [[Khaksars|Khaksar Movement]]. This attachment was brief. He quit the movement and turned to [[Sufism]].<ref>Hussain, I (2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090912183723/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/061224/dmag14.htm "A cause worth serving"]''. ''Dawn Magazine''. 24 December. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</ref> According to Khan, "I had a profound personal concern; I wanted to live a life free from fear and anxiety, a calm and serene life, without turmoil and conflict. ... when I followed the advice of the old Sufis and sages, and tried to curb my greed, my pride and aggression, fears, anxieties and conflicts diminished."<ref>Khan (1996), p. 23.</ref>

For the next two years, Khan worked in Mamoola village near [[Aligarh]] as a labourer and [[locksmith]], an experience that provided him with firsthand knowledge of the problems and issues of rural communities. In 1947, he took up a teaching position at the [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Millia, Delhi]], where he worked for three years. In 1950, Khan migrated to [[Pakistan]] to teach at [[Islamia Science College (Karachi)|Islamia College, Karachi]]. In the same year, he was invited by the [[Government of Pakistan]] to take charge as [[Principal (university)|Principal]] of [[Comilla Victoria College]] in [[East Pakistan]], a position he held until 1958. During this time (1950–58) he also served as President of the East Pakistan Non-Government Teachers' Association.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 348.</ref>

==Rural development initiatives==
During his tenure as principal of Comilla Victoria College, Khan developed a special interest in [[grassroots]] actions. Between 1954 and 1955, he took a break to work as director of the Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) Programme.<ref>V-AID was a government level attempt to promote citizens participation in the sphere of rural development in East and West Pakistan. It was launched in 1953 with technical assistance from the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]].</ref> However, he was not satisfied with the development approach adopted in the programme that was limited to the training of villagers.<ref>Chaudhuri (1969), p. 316.</ref> In 1958, he went to [[Michigan State University]] to acquire education and training in rural development.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 349.</ref> Returning in 1959, he established the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (PARD, eventually renamed as [[Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development]]) at Comilla on 27 May 1959 and was appointed as its founding director.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stavis |first=Benedict |date=December 1985 |title=Review |journal=Pacific Affairs |publisher=University of British Columbia |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=727–728 |doi=10.2307/2758513 |jstor=2758513}}</ref> Khan became vice-chairman of the board of Governors of PARD in 1964, and in the same year, was awarded an honorary [[Doctorate of law]] by Michigan State University.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 370–74.</ref> In 1969, he established collaborative links with [[Arthur Lewis (economist)|Arthur Lewis]].<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 350–51.</ref>

==Advisory roles==
Following his move to Pakistan, Khan was asked to implement the Comilla Model in rural settlements of North-West Frontier Province (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]), [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], and [[Sindh]]. He declined the offer on the grounds that the proposals were predominantly motivated by political interests rather than the common well-being. However, he continued to advise the authorities on various aspects of rural development, such as participatory irrigation management.<ref name="nrsp">NRSP (2000), pp. 4–6.</ref> He worked as a research fellow at the [[University of Agriculture, Faisalabad]] from 1971 to 1972, and as Director of Rural Economics Research Project at [[Karachi University]] from 1972 to 1973. Khan went to Michigan State University as a visiting professor in 1973 and remained there until 1979. During this time, he carried on advising the Rural Development Academy at [[Bogra]] in northern Bangladesh, and the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, [[Peshawar]], on the Daudzai Integrated Rural Development Programme.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 352.</ref> In 1974, he was appointed as a [[World Bank]] consultant to survey rural development situations in [[Java]], Indonesia. He also briefly worked as a visiting professor at [[Lund University]], [[Harvard University]], and the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 352–53.</ref>

In 1980, Khan moved to [[Karachi]] and started working on the improvement of sanitary conditions in Karachi suburbs. He laid the foundations of the [[Orangi Pilot Project]] for the largest [[squatter]] community of [[Orangi]] in the city. He remained associated with this project until his death in 1999. Meanwhile, he maintained his support for rural communities around Karachi, and also helped to develop the [[Aga Khan Rural Support Programme]].<ref name="nrsp" /> OPP became a model for participatory bottom-up development initiatives.<ref>Uphoff, Norman (2001) ''Dr Akhter Hameed Khan: An Appreciation''. Published in Yousaf (2003), pp. 409–13.</ref>

==Major development programmes==

===Comilla Cooperative Pilot Project===
{{Main|Comilla Model}}

The [[Comilla Model]] (1959) was Khan's initiative in response to the failure of a Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) programme that was launched in 1953 in East and West Pakistan with technical assistance from the US government. V-AID remained a government-level attempt to promote citizen participation in the sphere of [[rural development]].<ref>Bhuiyan, A.H.A. et al. (May 2005). "Developmentalism as a Disciplinary Strategy in Bangladesh". ''Modern Asian Studies'' Vol. 39, No. 2. pp. 349–368. {{doi|10.1017/S0026749X04001350}} {{JSTOR|3876623}}.</ref> Khan launched the project in 1959 on his return from Michigan,{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} and developed a methodology of implementation in the area of rural development on the principle of grassroots-level participation.<ref>Raper (1970), p. vii.</ref> Initially, the aim was to provide a development model of programmes and institutions that could be replicated across the country. Advisory support in this respect was provided by experts from Harvard and Michigan State Universities, the [[Ford Foundation]], and [[USAID]].<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 370–71.</ref>

Comilla Model simultaneously addressed the problems that were caused by the inadequacy of both local infrastructure and institutions through a range of integrated programmes.<ref>Khan, A.R. (1979). [http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeewdevel/v_3A7_3Ay_3A1979_3Ai_3A4-5_3Ap_3A397-422.htm The Comilla model and the integrated rural development programme of Bangladesh: An experiment in `cooperative capitalism']. ''World Development''. Vol. 7, No. 4–5. pp. 397–422. Retrieved 6 May 2008.</ref> The initiatives included the establishment in every thana of: a training and development centre; a road-drainage embankment works programme; a decentralized, small scale irrigation programme; and, a two-tiered cooperative system with primary cooperatives operating in the villages, and federations operating at [[sub-district]] level.<ref>Khan (1983), Vol. II, p. 190.</ref>

After Khan's departure from Comilla, the cooperative's model failed in independent Bangladesh<ref>{{cite journal |last=Karim |first=M. Bazlul |date=December 1985 |title=Rural development projects – Comilla, Puebla, and Chilalo: A comparative assessment |journal=Studies in Comparative International Development |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=3–41 |doi=10.1007/bf02717354 |s2cid=154209926}}</ref> because only a few occupational groups managed to achieve the desired success.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Huque |first=A. S. |date=April 1995 |title=Development Programs in Bangladesh: Hardware versus Software |journal=Governance |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=281–92 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00210.x}}</ref> By 1979, only 61 of the 400 cooperatives were functioning. The model actually fell prey to the ineffective internal and external controls, stagnation, and diversion of funds.<ref>Chowdhury (1990), p. 54.</ref> However, Khan's leadership skills during the course of his association with the project remained a source of inspiration for these leaders, as well as other participatory development initiatives in the country.<ref>Valsan (2005), p. 49.</ref><ref>
Tahmina, Q.A. (2005) [http://ipsnews.net/note_award.asp?idnews=27134 In Bangladesh, Potters Shape Their Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810065350/http://www.ipsnews.net/note_award.asp?idnews=27134 |date=10 August 2009 }} , World Social Forum. Retrieved 20 March 2010
</ref>

===Orangi Pilot Project===
{{Main|Orangi Pilot Project}}

The Orangi poverty alleviation project (known as the Orangi Pilot Project, or OPP) was initiated by Khan as an NGO in 1980.<ref>NGO Profile (1995), [http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/2/227 Orangi Pilot Project], ''Environment and Urbanization'', Vol. 7, No. 2. pp. 227–37. Retrieved 3 May 2008.</ref> Orangi is located on the northwest periphery of Karachi. At that time, it was the largest of the city's approximately 650 low-income squatter settlements (known as ''katchi abadi''). The locality was first developed in 1963 as a government township of {{convert|5|km2|acre|0}}. The influx of migrants after the creation of Bangladesh swelled the settlement to about one million people crowded over an area of more than {{convert|32|km2|acre|0}}.<ref>WRI (1996). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100501184808/http://www.wri.org/publication/content/8252 6 City and community: Toward environmental sustainability: Box 6.2 The Orangi Pilot Project, Karachi, Pakistan]" in ''World Resources 1996–97: The urban environment''. World Resources Institute. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</ref> The working class multi-ethnic population was predominantly composed of [[Day labor|day labourers]], [[skilled workers]], [[artisan]]s, small shopkeepers, [[peddler]]s and low-income [[White-collar worker|white collar workers]].<ref>Hasan (1994), p. 152.</ref> The project proved an impetus to the socio-economic development of the population of the area.<ref>Axinn, G.H. (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121014164559/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/ahum/1997/00000014/00000002 Book Review of Khan (1996)]. ''Agriculture and Human Values'', Vol. 14, No. 2. p. 193. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</ref> As the project director, Khan proved to be a dynamic and innovative leader.<ref name="serendip">A Vision Unveiled (2006) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090327032902/http://www.irm.edu.pk/web%20Publications/Report%20AHKRC/2.pdf A posthumous tribute to the man who silently brought about a social revolution in Pakistan.]''. NRSP – Institute of Rural Management. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> The project initially focused on creating a system of underground sewers, using local materials and labour, and succeeded in laying hundreds of kilometres of drainage pipes along with auxiliary facilities.<ref name="tte">
TTE (2002). ''[http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=854 Return Of The Drain Gang – Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008160542/http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=854 |date=8 October 2007 }}''. [[Television Trust for the Environment]]. Hands On, Series 3. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
</ref> Within a decade of the initiative, local residents had established schools, health clinics, women's work centres, cooperative stores and a credit organisation to finance enterprise projects.<ref>Barmazel (2005), p. 191.</ref> By 1993, OPP had managed to provide low-cost sewers to more than 72,000 houses.<ref>Sir-Cam (2002) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121010215101/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_23-10-2002_pg3_5 Cam Diary: The common man's friend]''. ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''. 23 October 2002. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</ref> The project subsequently diversified into a number of programmes, including a people's financed and managed low-cost [[sanitation]] programme;<ref name="tte" /> a housing programme; a [[List of basic health topics|basic health]] and [[family planning]] programme; a programme of [[Microcredit|supervised credit]] for small family enterprise units; an education programme; and a rural development programme in the nearby villages.<ref>Hasan (1996), p. xxiii.</ref>

Comparing the OPP with Comilla project, Akhter Hameed Khan once commented:

<blockquote>The Orangi Pilot Project was very different from the Comilla Academy. OPP was a private body, dependent for its small fixed budget on another NGO. The vast resources and support of the government, Harvard advisors, MSU, and Ford Foundation was missing. OPP possessed no authority, no sanctions. It may observe and investigate but it could only advise, not enforce.<ref name="intro">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090917182312/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/lgrd-division/media/ncrd/intro.html Introduction about Late Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan]'' at [[Government of Pakistan]] website. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</ref></blockquote>

The successful OPP model became an inspiration for other municipalities around the country. In 1999, Khan helped to create [[Lodhran]] Pilot Project (LPP) to collaborate with Lodhran municipal committee. Learning from past experiences, the project extended its scope to the whole town instead of concentrating on low-income settlements only. The municipal partnership was itself a new initiative that ensured wider [[Civic engagement|civic]] co-operation.<ref>Hasan (2002), pp. 199–216.</ref>

The success of OPP did come at a cost for Dr Khan as his liberal views and self-help initiatives were questioned and criticised by certain interest groups. At two occasions, he was accused of blasphemy.<ref name="serendip" /> However, all allegations against him were acquitted by the courts of law and cleared by independent religious scholars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGASA330081994/ |title=Pakistan: Use and abuse of the blasphemy laws |date=27 July 1994 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901033942/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGASA330081994/ |archive-date=1 September 2007 |access-date=19 February 2010}} AI Index: ASA 33/008/1994</ref>

==Death==
In 1999, Khan was visiting his family in the United States when he suffered from [[Renal failure|kidney failure]]. He died of [[myocardial infarction]] on 9 October in [[Indianapolis]] at the age of 85. His body was flown to Karachi on 15 October, where he was buried on the grounds of the OPP office compound.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), p. 386.</ref>

==Legacy==
Khan's ideology and leadership skills were a source of inspiration for his students and colleagues, and continue to serve as guiding principles even after his death.<ref>Sobhan, R. (2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225123125/http://www.irm.edu.pk/Document.pdf Democratizing Development in South Asia: Responding to the Challenge of Globalization]''. [[Dhaka]]: Centre for Policy Dialogue. p. 1. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</ref> Edgar Owens, who became an admirer of Khan's ideology while working at USAID's Asia Bureau, co-authored a book with Robert Shaw as a result of observations and discussions with Khan at Comilla Academy.<ref>Owens, E. and Shaw, R. (1974). ''Development Reconsidered: Bridging the Gap Between Government and People''. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books. {{ISBN|978-0-669-81729-4}}.</ref> A later study of various rural development experiences from South Asia, edited by Uphoff and Cambell (1983)<ref>Uphoff, N. and Campbell, R. (eds.) (1983). ''Rural Development and Local Organization in Asia'', Vol. I. South Asia. London: Macmillan.</ref> was jointly dedicated to Khan and Owens.<ref>Yousaf, Nasim (2003), pp. 409–10.</ref>

Soon after Khan's death, on 10 April 2000, the Government of Pakistan renamed the National Centre for Rural Development the Akhter Hameed Khan National Centre for Rural Development and Municipal Administration.<ref name="intro" />

Later in 2005, the Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan, in collaboration with the National Rural Support Programme and other institutions, announced the Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award.<ref>''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009003159/http://www.cosspak.org/ahk.php Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award]}}'' on COSS website. Retrieved 13 April 2008.</ref> The annual cash award is given on Khan's birthday to a [[Demography of Pakistan|Pakistani]] author for a book on issues related to rural and urban development, peace, [[poverty alleviation]], or [[gender discrimination]]. At the occasion of the award ceremony in 2006, a documentary film about the life and times of Akhter Hameed Khan was premiered.<ref>
''[http://www.serendip.tv/akhter.htm A Vision Unveiled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041015013844/http://www.serendip.tv/akhter.htm |date=15 October 2004 }}'', Premiere of a documentary film on Akhter Hameed Khan by Serendip Production. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
</ref> The film includes archival footage and interviews with family members, colleagues, and contributors and beneficiaries of the Comilla and OPP projects.<ref name="serendip" />

The Akhter Hameed Khan Resource Centre (AHK Resource Center)was established in [[Islamabad]], under the auspices of the Institute of Rural Management, as a repository of published and digital resources on rural development.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090917051404/http://www.irm.edu.pk/ahkrc-new/default.asp AHK Resource Centre]''. [http://www.irm.edu.pk/ NRSP – Institute of Rural Management]. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</ref> The Akhter Hameed Khan Resource Center was initially formed in 2010 as a repository of works and writings by Khan and his mentee Shoaib Sultan Khan; after 2015 the resource center transitioned into an NGO that established an experimental site in urban development in Dhok Hassu, Rawalpindi.<ref>[http://resdev.org/files/policy_brief/48/Policy%20Brief%2048%20-%20Second%20year%20of%20Urban%20Lab.pdf The Urban Laboratory: One Year on], AHJ Resource Center. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928192448/http://www.resdev.org/files/policy_brief/48/Policy%20Brief%2048%20-%20Second%20year%20of%20Urban%20Lab.pdf |date=28 September 2020 }}.</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Khan received the following civil awards:
* Jinnah Award ([[Posthumous recognition|Posthumous]], 2004) for services to people as founder of the Orangi Pilot Project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ishrat Hussain, late Akhter Hameed honoured |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/190175/karachiishrat-hussain-late-akhtar-hameed-honoured |newspaper=Dawn |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=25 April 2008}}</ref>
* [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] (Posthumous, 2001) for services to the community.<ref name="shoaib">Khan, S. S. (2006). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080529082956/http://www.irm.edu.pk/web%20Publications/Report%20AHKRC/2.pdf Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Lecture]'' (PDF). pp. 15–27. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</ref>
* [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (31 August 1963, [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]) for services to rural development.<ref>Ramon Magsaysay Award (1963) ''[http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationKhanAkh.htm Citation for Akhter Hameed Khan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312002925/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationKhanAkh.htm |date=12 March 2007 }}''. 31 August 1963, Manila, Philippines. Retrieved 1 May 2008.</ref>
* [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] (1961) for pioneering work in rural development.<ref name="miah">{{cite book |last=Miah |first=Sajahan |year=2012 |chapter=Khan, Akhter Hameed |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Akhter_Hameed |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Publications==
Khan was fluent in Arabic, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, [[Hindi]], [[Pali]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu]].<ref name="miah" /><ref>Hasan (1996), p. xii.</ref> He wrote several reports and monographs, mostly relating to rural development in general or his various successful and model initiatives in particular. He also published collections of poems and [[Travel literature|travelogues]] in Urdu.

===In English===
* 1956, ''[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bengal-Reminiscences-Akhter-Hameed-Khan/dp/B005Z4PB4G Bengal Reminances, vol 1, 2 & 3]''. Comilla Academy (now the Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development), Comilla, Bangladesh.
* 1965, ''Rural Development in East Pakistan, Speeches By Akhter Hameed Khan''. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.
* 1974, ''Institutions for rural development in Indonesia'', Pakistan Academy for Rural Development. Karachi.
* 1985, ''Rural development in Pakistan''. Vanguard Books. Lahore.
* 1994, ''What I learnt in Comilla and Orangi''. Paper presented at the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ([[SAARC]]) seminar. [[Islamabad]].
* 1996, ''Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections''. The Oxford University Press: Karachi. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). {{ISBN|978-0-19-597986-2}}
* 1997 ''[http://www.unicef.org/pon97/water1.htm The sanitation gap: Development's deadly menace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031300/https://www.unicef.org/pon97/water1.htm |date=16 December 2018 }}''. [http://www.unicef.org/pon97/mainmenu.htm The Progress of Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108165933/https://www.unicef.org/pon97/mainmenu.htm |date=8 January 2019 }}. [[UNICEF]].
* 1998, Community-Based Schools and the Orangi Project. In Hoodbhoy, P (ed.), ''Education and the State: Fifty Years of Pakistan'', Chapter 7, Karachi: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-577825-0}}
* 2000, ''Twenty Weeks in America: A Diary, 3 September 1969 – 21 January 1970''. Translated from [[Urdu]] by Aqila Ismail. City Press. {{ISBN|969-8380-32-9}}

===In Urdu===
* 1972, ''Safar-e-Amrika ki Diary'' (A Diary of Travels in America). The City Press: Karachi. 2nd Edition: Atlantis Publications, Karachi 2017.
* 1988, ''Chiragh aur Kanwal'' (Collection of poems in Urdu). Saad Publishers. Karachi.

==See also==
* [[Civil society]]
* [[Social entrepreneurship]]
* [[Social innovation]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Abadi, H. (2006). ''Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan''. Karachi: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-547205-9}} {{in lang|ur}}
* Barmazel, S. (2005). "Orangi Pilot Project: An NGO Helping to Build Community" in O.P. Richmond and H.F. Carey (eds.) ''Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding''. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 191–98. {{ISBN|0-7546-4058-2}}
* Chowdhury, A.N. (1990). ''Let Grassroots Speak: People's Participation Self-Help Groups and NGO's in Bangladesh''. Dhaka: South Asia Books. {{ISBN|978-81-85054-79-7}}
* Chaudhuri, M.A. (1969). ''Rural Government in East Pakistan''. Dhaka: Puthighar Ltd.
* Hasan, A. (1994). "Replicating the Low-Cost Sanitation Programme Administered by the Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi, Pakistan" in I. Serageldin, M.A. Cohen, and K.C. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.) ''The Human Face of the Urban Environment, Proceedings of the Second Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development''. (19–21 September). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. {{ISBN|0-8213-3320-8}}
* Hasan, A. (1996). "Introduction" in A.H. Khan ''Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections''. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. xi–xli. {{ISBN|0-19-597986-9}}
* Hasan, A. (1999). ''Akhter Hameed Khan and the Orangi Pilot Project''. Karachi: City Press. {{ISBN|969-8380-20-5}}
* Hasan, A. (2002). "A model for government-community partnership in building sewage systems for urban areas: The experiences of the OPP-RTI". ''Water Science and Technology'' Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 199–216.
* Khan, A.H. (1996). ''Orangi Pilot Project: Reminiscences and Reflections''. Karachi: Oxford University Press. (editions: 1996, 1999, 2005). {{ISBN|978-0-19-597986-2}}
* Khan, A. H. (1983). ''The Works of Akhter Hameed Khan''. Volumes I-II Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development. {{OCLC|15632098}}
* Nigam, A. and Rasheed, S. (1998). "Financing of Fresh Water for All: A Rights Based Approach" in ''UNICEF Staff Working Papers''. Evaluation, Policy and Planning Series, No. EPP-EVL-98-003.
* NRSP (2000). ''In commemoration of The Life and Times of Akhter Hameed Khan: Talks of Akhter Hameed Khan at the National Rural Support Programme''. Islamabad: [http://www.nrsp.org.pk/ National Rural Support Programme (NRSP).]
* Raper, A.F. (1970). ''Rural Development in Action: The Comprehensive Experiment at Comilla, East Pakistan''. Ithaca: [[Cornell University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8014-0570-X}}
* Valsan, E.H. (2005). "Leadership in Public Administration for Alleviating Poverty and Development: A Conceptual Approach", in J. Jabes (ed.) ''The Role of Public Administration in Alleviating Poverty and Improving Governance'', NAPSIPAG. Manila: [[Asian Development Bank]]. {{ISBN|978-971-561-595-2}}
* Yousaf, Nasim (2003). ''Allama Mashriqi and Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan: Two Legends of Pakistan''. New York: Xlibris. {{ISBN|978-1401090975}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009003159/http://www.cosspak.org/ahk.php Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award]}}, at {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070320070514/http://www.cosspak.org/ Council of Social Sciences (COSS) website]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151119190323/http://ahkrc.net.pk/ AHK Resource Centre and Digital Library]
* [http://www.irm.edu.pk/index.php/akhtar-hameed-khan/?album=1&gallery=1 AHK Photo Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114230534/http://www.irm.edu.pk/index.php/akhtar-hameed-khan/?album=1&gallery=1 |date=14 January 2016 }} at [http://www.irm.edu.pk/ Institute of Rural Management (IRM) website]
* {{YouTube|izaKVkgzuuo|Talk given by Akhter Hameed Khan}}

{{Pakistani Ramon Magsaysay Award Laureates |state=expanded}}
{{Ramon Magsaysay Award Winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Akhter Hameed}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Development specialists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academics from Karachi]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Pakistani cooperative organisers]]
[[Category:Microfinance people]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani economists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Comilla Victoria Government College]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sitara-e-Pakistan]]
[[Category:Squatter leaders]]
[[Category:Squatting in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karachi]]
[[Category:Activists from Karachi]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

IIT Madras

2026-04-29T10:11:56Z

GabrielaPreiss:

{{short description|Research Institute in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Madras
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption = [[Emblem]] of the IIT Madras
| motto = {{lang|sa|सिद्धिर्भवति कर्मजा}} ([[Sanskrit]])
| motto_lang = san
| mottoeng = "Success is born out of action"<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5485lx6wsao | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/5485lx6wsao| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|title =IIT Madras SIDDHIRBHAVATI KARMAJA! |time= 5m3s}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| established = {{start date and age|1959}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[institute of technology]]
| chairman = [[Pawan Kumar Goenka]]
| Executive Director =
| director = V Kamakoti
| accreditation = NAAC<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iitm.edu.in/about/accreditations/naac#:~:text=The%20NAAC%20accreditation%20validates%20our,student%20support%20services%2C%20and%20governance.|title=NAAC Accreditation|access-date=10 November 2024|archive-date=10 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110185916/https://iitm.edu.in/about/accreditations/naac#:~:text=The%20NAAC%20accreditation%20validates%20our,student%20support%20services%2C%20and%20governance.|url-status=live}}</ref>
| endowment = ₹700 crore (2021) (US$ 93.26 million)<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.livemint.com/news/india/iit-madras-raises-700-crore-as-endowment-fund-11616957609084.html|title = IIT Madras raises ₹700 crore as endowment fund| work=mint |date = 3 April 2021|access-date = 17 February 2022|archive-date = 17 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220217180129/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/iit-madras-raises-700-crore-as-endowment-fund-11616957609084.html|url-status = live | last1=Nanda | first1=Prashant K. }}</ref>
| budget = {{INRConvert|996|c}} (2021–2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/sites/default/files/Others/annual-budget-2021-22.pdf |title=Annual budget 2021-22 |website=iitm.ac.in |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929235626/https://www.iitm.ac.in/sites/default/files/Others/annual-budget-2021-22.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| academic_staff = 674<ref name=nirf_2024_data>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0456.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=13 August 2024 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813134024/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0456.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| students = 10,238<ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| undergrad = 4,909<ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| postgrad = 2,488<ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| doctoral = 2,841<ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| nickname =
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.99151|N|80.23362|E|display=inline,title}}
| module =
| postalcode = 600036
| country = India {{Flagicon|India}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] {{convert|620|acre|km2}}
| website = {{URL|www.iitm.ac.in|IIT Madras}}
| image_name = IIT Madras Logo.svg
| colors = {{color box|#8e191c}} Maroon
{{color box|#fcd600}} Gold
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Technology Madras''' ('''IIT Madras''' or '''IITM''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[institute of technology]] located in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is recognized as an [[Institutes of Eminence|Institute of Eminence]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Madras Launch of 15 Centres of Excellence as part of 'Institute of Eminence' (IoE) Research Initiatives {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Madras |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-launch-15-centres-excellence-part-institute |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.iitm.ac.in}}</ref> It has also ranked first nationally in engineering and overall categories by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) for many years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating a decade of excellence: IIT Madras tops NIRF once again |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2163823&reg=3&lang=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207052219/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2163823&reg=3&lang=2 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

As an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]], IIT Madras is also recognized as an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]]<ref name="frontline_feb03">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2003/stories/20030214007506500.htm|title=The IIT Story: Issues and Concerns|last=Murali|first=Kanta|date=1 February 2003|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=22 September 2009|archive-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324035057/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2003/stories/20030214007506500.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> by the Government of India. Founded in 1959 with technical, academic and financial assistance from the government of [[West Germany]], IITM was the third Indian Institute of Technology to be established.<ref name="hindu_feb09">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/28/stories/2009022854140500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303061238/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/28/stories/2009022854140500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2009|title=At 'Nostalgia,' tributes to Indo-German ties|date=28 February 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 September 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wittje|first=Roland|date=2019|title=Indo-German Entanglements in Science and Technology: The Indian Institute of Technology Madras|url=https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras/|journal=MIDA Archival Reflexicon|pages=2|archive-date=27 October 2021|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027190731/https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/indo-german-entanglements-in-science-and-technology-the-indian-institute-of-technology-madras/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Indian Institutes of Technology}}
In 1956, the [[West German]] Government rendered technical assistance to establish a state-of-the-art engineering institute in India. Soon, the first Indo-German agreement was signed in [[Bonn]], West Germany, in 1959 for the establishment of the Indian Institute of Technology in Madras (now Chennai). IIT Madras was started with technical, academic and financial assistance from the Government of [[West Germany]]. It was at the time the most significant international educational project sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany. As part of the agreement, the West German government committed to providing various forms of assistance for the development of the institute in Madras:
* A workshop, laboratory equipment, and a library whose total value does not exceed [[₹]]1.8 [[crore]] (equivalent to ₹166 crores or $20 million in 2024) .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inflationtool.com/indian-rupee/1959-to-present-value?amount=18000000&year2=2023&frequency=yearly | title=Value of 1959 Indian Rupees today - Inflation Calculator | access-date=26 October 2023 | archive-date=26 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026133048/https://www.inflationtool.com/indian-rupee/1959-to-present-value?amount=18000000&year2=2023&frequency=yearly | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Twenty German professors to serve at the institute for a period of four to five years
* Four German foremen for the workshops of the institute for two years
* Facilities for the training of twenty Indian teachers in German institutions<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1530/1/lsd_02_06_02-12-1958.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627201624/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1530/1/lsd_02_06_02-12-1958.pdf |date=27 June 2021 }} Page 22</ref>

This has led to several collaborative research efforts with universities and institutions in Germany over the years.<ref name="West Germany">{{cite web
|last=Madras
|first=Indian Institute of Technology
|date=18 January 2006
|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/The%20Institute/
|title=The Institute
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427232338/http://www.iitm.ac.in/The%20Institute/
|archive-date=27 April 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Although official support from the German government has ended, several research efforts involving the [[German Academic Exchange Service|DAAD]] programme and [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Humboldt Fellowships]] still exist.

The Indian Institute of Technology, Madras started functioning with the first batch of 120 students being admitted in July 1959 to the first year of the Engineering Course.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1769/1/lsd_02_08_10-08-1959.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307165132/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1769/1/lsd_02_08_10-08-1959.pdf |date=7 March 2022 }} page 47</ref> The institute was inaugurated in 1959, by the then Union Minister for Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. The first batch had an overall strength of 120 students from across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/iitm-turns-60-a-chat-with-first-batch-students/article28744533.ece|title=IIT Madras turns 60: Meet Srinivasan and Mahadevan, two friends from the first batch|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=29 July 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 August 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104070721/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/iitm-turns-60-a-chat-with-first-batch-students/article28744533.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1961, the IITs were declared to be [[Institutes of National Importance]]. The first convocation ceremony was held on 11 July 1964, with [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. S. Radhakrishnan]], then the president of India, delivering the convocation address and awarding the degrees to the inaugural batch of students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/golden-jubilee-of-iitms-first-batch-of-graduands/article6218293.ece|title=Golden jubilee of IIT-M's first batch of graduands|last=Menon|first=Nitya|date=17 July 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 August 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422191221/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/golden-jubilee-of-iitms-first-batch-of-graduands/article6218293.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The institute got its first women students in the BTech batch of 1966.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/in-1966-she-was-iit-madras-first-woman-civil-engineering-student/article28759995.ece|title=In 1966, she was IIT Madras' first woman Civil Engineering student|last=Vijaysree|first=V.|date=30 July 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 August 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421152812/https://www.thehindu.com/education/in-1966-she-was-iit-madras-first-woman-civil-engineering-student/article28759995.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> IIT Madras celebrated its [[Golden Jubilee]] in 2009, and its [[Diamond Jubilee]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/iit-madras-diamond-jubilee-celebrations-assume-global-proportions-events-to-be-held-in-83-cities/articleshow/70143608.cms|title=IIT-Madras diamond jubilee celebrations assume global proportions, events to be held in 83 cities|last=R|first=Aditi|date=9 July 2019|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802180748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/iit-madras-diamond-jubilee-celebrations-assume-global-proportions-events-to-be-held-in-83-cities/articleshow/70143608.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:IIT Madras Campus.jpg|thumb|A collage showing the biodiversity and architectural landmarks within the IIT Madras campus, including banyan trees, albino [[blackbuck]], deer, Gajendra Circle,<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Fifth Estate|url=https://www.t5eiitm.org/the-gajendracircle-katha/|title=The Gajendra Circle Katha|date=20 August 2015|archive-date=18 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518043706/https://www.t5eiitm.org/the-gajendracircle-katha/|url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]].|247x247px]]
The main entrance of IIT Madras is on [[Sardar Patel Road, Chennai|Sardar Patel Road]], flanked by the residential districts of [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]] and [[Velachery]]. The campus is close to the [[Raj Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan]], the official residence of the Governor of Tamil Nadu. Other entrances are located in Velachery (near Anna Garden MTC bus stop, Velachery Main Road), Gandhi Road and [[Taramani]] gate (close to Ascendas Tech Park).{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Two parallel roads, Bonn Avenue and Delhi Avenue, cut through the faculty residential area before they meet at the Gajendra Circle, near the Administrative Block. Buses regularly ply between the Main Gate, Gajendra Circle, the Academic Zone, and the Hostel Zone.

===Student Hostels===
[[File:Brahmaputra Hostel.jpg|thumb|Brahmaputra Hostel|335x335px]]
[[File:Sabarmathi hostel2.jpg|thumb|Sabarmati Hostel]]
[[File:Mandakini Mahanadi Tamiraparani IITM Chennai May24 R16 07767.jpg|thumb|High-rise hostels: Mandakini (left), Mahanadi and Tamiraparani (right)]]
Most students at IIT Madras reside in [[student hostel]]s, where extracurricular activities complement the academic routine. The campus has 21 hostels, of which six —Sabarmati, Sarayu, Sharavati, Swarnamukhi, and the convertible Tunga-Bhadra — are currently exclusively for women. In earlier times, each hostel had attached dining facilities, but all of them have been closed down starting around 2010. Dining facilities are provided in three centralised halls: Nilgiri, Vindhya and Himalaya. Recently (2023), a new mess has been opened in the old Cauvery hostel mess for Jain food. Students are assigned to hostels upon [[matriculation]], where they usually reside for the entire duration of their course of study.

The hostels of IITM are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" | Boys' Hostels
|-
| Alakananda
| Brahmaputra
| Cauvery
| Ganga
|-
| Godavari
| Jamuna
| Krishna
| Mahanadhi
|-
| Mandakini
| Narmada
| Pampa
| Saraswathi
|-
| Sindhu
| Tamiraparani
| Tapti
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Girls' hostels
|-
| Bhadra
| Sabarmati
| Sarayu
| Sharavathi
|-
| Swarnamukhi
| Tunga
|
|}
*
Mandakini, Sindhu, Pampa, Mahanadhi and Tamiraparani are seven-storeyed, whereas all the other hostels are three or four-storeyed. The latter four hostels can accommodate more than 1,200 students.<ref>[http://ccw.iitm.ac.in/?q=IITMHostels/hinfo Hostel Information | CCW] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701071055/http://ccw.iitm.ac.in/?q=IITMHostels/hinfo |date=1 July 2013 }}. Ccw.iitm.ac.in. Retrieved on 9 October 2013.</ref> The older hostels were all three-storeyed till the early 2000s, when extra rooms were added. An additional new floor in the three-storeyed hostels, which generally house the undergraduate students, and a new block in place of the mess halls of these hostels have been constructed to accommodate the increased intake of students. These new blocks could be used as entrances for these hostels. As of 2022, the old Mandakini has been demolished and a new multi-storey block opened, with provision to accommodate approximately 1200 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-inaugurates-its-largest-hostel-campus|title=New Mandakini Inaugurated|work=iitm.ac.in|access-date=21 June 2023|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821160058/https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-inaugurates-its-largest-hostel-campus|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Facilities===
IIT Madras provides residential accommodation for its students, faculty, administrative and supporting staff, and their families. The residential houses employ private caterers. The self-contained campus includes two schools ([[Vanavani]] and [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]), three temples (Jalakanteshwara, Durga Peliamman and Ganapathi), three bank branches ([[State Bank of India|SBI]], [[ICICI]], [[Canara Bank]]), a hospital, shopping centres, food shops, a gym, sleeping room and cricket, football, hockey and badminton stadiums.

IIT Madras also has [[Supercomputer|supercomputing]] capability, with the [[IBM]] Virgo Super Cluster with 97 [[teraflops]] worth of computational power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venugopal |first=Vasudha |date=2012-10-06 |title=IIT-M computer system gets 'fastest' tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/IIT-M-computer-system-gets-%E2%80%98fastest%E2%80%99-tag/article12061750.ece |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Satellite Campuses===
[[File:Iitmz.png|thumb|IIT Madras Zanzibar's temporary campus, located in Bweleo, South of [[Zanzibar City]]. ]]
Following the long discussion to setup an offshore campus by the IITs, IIT Madras became the first to establish its campus in [[Zanzibar]], [[Tanzania]]. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India, IIT Madras and Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) Zanzibar- Tanzania on 5 July 2023, in the presence of [[Hussein Mwinyi|Dr. Hussein Ali Mwinyi]], President of Zanzibar and [[S. Jaishankar|Dr. S. Jaishankar]], External Affairs Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=New Delhi, India |first=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=6 July 2023 |title=First IIT Campus outside India set up in Zanzibar, Tanzania |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36758/First_IIT_Campus_outside_India_set_up_in_Zanzibar_Tanzania}}</ref>

It was announced that classes would be starting from October same year, from a temporary campus in Bweleo, Urban West in Zanzibar. The first batch started with 50 students in BS and 15 students in MTech in Data science and AI programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT-Madras Zanzibar to start classes for 1st batch on October 24 from temp campus {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Madras |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-zanzibar-start-classes-1st-batch-october-24-temp |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.iitm.ac.in}}</ref> In an interview in 2024, director of IITMZ, Prof. Preeti Aghalayam, first female director of IIT, signalled that the institute could move into a 225-acre permanent campus by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Madras Zanzibar plans new courses, shift to permanent campus in 2025 {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Madras |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-zanzibar-plans-new-courses-shift-permanent |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>

In 2024, IIT Madras proposed plans to establish a second satellite campus internationally in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka campus is latest in IIT internationalisation drive |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20240119140015596 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=University World News}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
IIT Madras is an autonomous statutory organisation functioning within the Institutes of Technology Act. The twenty-three IITs are administered centrally by the IIT Council, an apex body established by the Government of India. The Minister of Human Resources and Development is the chairman of the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitsystem.ac.in/IITcouncil/council.jsp |title= IIT Council|website=www.iitsystem.ac.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810091111/http://www.iitsystem.ac.in/IITcouncil/council.jsp |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Each institute has a board of governors responsible for its administration and control. The finance committee advises on matters of financial policy, while the Building and Works Committee advises on buildings and infrastructure.

The Senate comprises all professors of the institute and decides its academic policy. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations, and results. It appoints committees to examine specific academic matters. The director of the institute serves as the chairman of the Senate. The current director (appointed in 2022) is Kamakoti Veezhinathan,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/iit-madras-alumnus-is-now-its-new-director/articleshow/88821542.cms| title=IIT-Madras alumnus is now its new director| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=11 January 2022| archive-date=25 January 2022| access-date=11 January 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/iit-madras-alumnus-is-now-its-new-director/articleshow/88821542.cms| url-status=live}}</ref> who obtained his Ph.D. and M.S in CSE from IIT Madras. He was conferred the Padma Shri award in 2026 January.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Padma Awards 2026: Former UGC Chief to IIT Madras Director — list of education leaders honoured |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/padma-awards-2026-full-list-science-engineering-education-republic-day-10495084/ |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Three Senate Sub-Committees – The Board of Academic Research, The Board of Academic Courses and The Board of Students – help in academic administration and the operations of the institute. The Board of Industrial Consultancy and Sponsored Research addresses industrial consultancy, and the Library Advisory Committee oversees library matters.

== Departments ==
IIT Madras has the following departments
* [[Aerospace Engineering]]
* [[Applied Mechanics]] and [[Biomedical Engineering]]
* [[Biotechnology|Biotechnology(Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences)]]
* [[Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering|Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)]]
* [[Artificial intelligence|Data Science and Artificial Intelligence]]
* [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical Engineering (EE)]]
* [[Engineering Design]]
* [[Humanities|Humanities and]] [[Social Sciences|Social Sciences (HSS)]]
* [[Management Studies|Management Studies (DoMS)]]
* [[Mathematics|Mathematics (MA)]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering|Mechanical Engineering (ME)]]
* Medical Science and Technology (MST)
* [[Materials Engineering|Metallurgical and Materials Engineering]]
* [[Ocean Engineering]]
* [[Physics]]

==Academics==
IIT Madras offers [[undergraduate]], [[postgraduate]] and research degrees across 18 disciplines in Engineering, Science, Humanities and Management.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/students |title=Students |website=IITM |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314234158/https://www.iitm.ac.in/students |url-status=live }}</ref> About 600 faculty belonging to science and engineering departments and centres of the institute are engaged in teaching, research and industrial consultancy.

The institute has 18 academic departments and advanced research centres across disciplines of engineering and pure sciences, with nearly 100 laboratories. The academic calendar is organised around the semester. Each semester provides a minimum of seventy days of instruction in English. Students are evaluated continuously throughout the semester. The faculty does evaluation, a consequence of the autonomous status granted to the institute. Research work is evaluated based on the review thesis by peer examiners, both from within the country and abroad. The Senate, the highest academic body within the institute prepare ordinances that govern the academic programme of study.

IITM is also gearing up to launch a new and completely online BEd degree programme in Maths and Computing to improve maths teaching in schools, as said by the director at the G20 seminar at IIT Madras.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/iit-madras-to-soon-launch-online-bed-programme-in-maths/articleshow/97506475.cms |title=IIT Madras to soon launch online BEd programme in maths |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 February 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Admission tests ===
For the undergraduate curriculum, admission to the [[BTech]] and Dual Degree (BS + MS or BTech + MTech) programme is done through the [[Joint Entrance Examination|Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced]] (JEE-Advanced). IIT Madras was the organising institute of [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE Advanced]] in 2017 and 2024.

However, admissions to the BS Chemistry and BS Medical Sciences and Engineering (MSE) courses are not done through JEE Advanced but are done from a separate merit list made based on the rank obtained in [[IISER Aptitude Test|IAT]], upon separate registration on the IITM website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BS - IIT Madras |url=https://ugadmissions.iitm.ac.in/bsiat/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=ugadmissions.iitm.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAT for other institutes |url=https://iiseradmission.in/examination/iato.html |access-date=July 6, 2025 |website=IISER admissions 2025}}</ref>

Admissions to the 4-years hybrid BS degree programmes for '''Data Science and Applications''' and '''Electronic Systems''' are taken through 2 channels: ''[[JEE Advanced|JEE]]-based entry'' (students clearing cutoff of [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|JEE(Main)]] to be eligible to write [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|JEE(Advanced)]] are eligible for direct entry to this course); ''Regular Entry'' through Qualifier Exam which is their entrance test, any student from any background and even professionals can sit in this test.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admissions - IITM BS Degree Program |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/admissions.html#AD2 |access-date= |website=study.iitm.ac.in |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127070106/https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/admissions.html#AD2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Admission to the Foundation Level IITM ES |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/es/admissions.html#AD6 |access-date=July 6, 2025 |website=Study IITM ES}}</ref>

In 2025, IIT Madras introduced a new admission process for undergraduate programs, allowing students who have excelled in national and international Olympiads to secure seats without a JEE score. Moreover, they have also introduced a sports quota and fine arts and cultural excellence quota through which a candidate with national level achievements in various sports and cultural fields can apply for admission, after having qualified for JEE advanced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Olympiad achievers can get admission to IIT Madras without appearing for JEE |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-madras-to-admit-olympiad-performers-without-a-jee-score-2691958-2025-03-11 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

For the postgraduate curriculum, admission to the [[MTech]] and [[Master of Science|MS]] programmes are through the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE); after 2022, with the discontinuation of 5 year integrated MA program and the same becoming a 2-year PG program,<ref>{{cite web |title=IIT-Madras to launch two-year MA programmes ... |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-launch-two-year-ma-programmes-economics-english |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006163019/https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-launch-two-year-ma-programmes-economics-english |url-status=live }}</ref> admissions is through GATE for the MA program also. The [[Joint Admission Test for Masters|Joint Admission Test to MSc]] (JAM) is the entrance exam for the two-year [[MSc]] programme, and other post [[BSc]] programmes. [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] candidates are accepted through the [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT).<ref name=admission>{{cite web |url= http://www.iitm.ac.in/admissiontests |title= Admission Tests |work= iitm.ac.in |access-date= 29 June 2011 |archive-date= 24 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190624121904/http://www.iitm.ac.in/admissiontests/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Academic research programmes===
The institute has departments and advanced research centres across the disciplines of engineering and the pure sciences, and nearly 100 laboratories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departments {{!}} Research Programme @ IIT Madras|url=https://research.iitm.ac.in/department_list#:~:text=RESEARCH%20AREAS,-Cellular,%20Molecular%20and&text=Bioinformatics%20and%20Computational%20Biology;%20Biomedical,Molecular%20Genetics%20of%20Plant%20Development.|access-date=2020-08-28|website=research.iitm.ac.in|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929235618/https://research.iitm.ac.in/department_list#:~:text=RESEARCH%20AREAS,-Cellular,%20Molecular%20and&text=Bioinformatics%20and%20Computational%20Biology;%20Biomedical,Molecular%20Genetics%20of%20Plant%20Development.|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Research programmes concern work undertaken by faculty members or specific research groups within departments that award an MS or PhD degree. Research is carried out by scholars admitted into these departmental programmes, under the guidance of their faculty. Each department makes known its areas of interest to the academic community through handbooks, brochures and bulletins. Topics of interest may be theoretical or experimental. IIT Madras has initiated 16 interdisciplinary research projects against identified focus areas.

===Partnership with other universities===
The institute maintains academic friendships with educational institutes around the world through faculty exchange programmes. The institute has signed [[Memorandum of understanding|Memoranda of Understanding]] (MoUs) with foreign universities, resulting in cooperative projects and assignments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre for Continuing Education|url=https://oir.iitm.ac.in/mou/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=oir.iitm.ac.in|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128041925/https://oir.iitm.ac.in/mou/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) was ranked 180th in the QS World University Rankings of 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=QS World University Rankings 2026: Top global universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college

| QS_A_2023 = 53
| ARWU_W_2022 = 701–800

|QS_W_2025=227|NIRF_O_2024=1|NIRF_R_2024=2| QS_INDIA_2020 = 4|[https://www.vidyalive.com/top-universities-india/iit-madras-online/ NIRF_O_2025=1]

|NIRF_E_2024=1|NIRF_B_2024=16|NIRF_B_2025=1| OUTLOOK_E_G_2022 = 2

}}

Internationally, IIT Madras was ranked 227 in the [[QS World University Rankings]] of 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/indian-institute-technology-madras-iitm |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608152523/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/indian-institute-technology-madras-iitm |url-status=live }}</ref> and 74 in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=QS World University Rankings 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115634/https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref> It was ranked 701–800 in the world by the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] of 2022.<ref name="Rankings_ARWU_W_2022" />

IIT Madras was ranked 1st in the overall category,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Overall |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)}}</ref> 2nd among research institutions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Research Institutions |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ResearchRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813011413/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ResearchRanking.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 1st among engineering colleges<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Engineering |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812204310/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and 13th among management schools<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Rankings 2025 : Management |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2025. ''[[Outlook India]]'' ranked IIT Madras 1st among government engineering colleges<ref name="Rankings_OUTLOOK_E_G_2022" /> in 2022.

IIT Madras BS in Data Science won Silver in the [[Wharton School|Wharton]] ([[University of Pennsylvania]]) - [[QS World University Rankings|QS Reimagine]] Education Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Madras won Wharton QS Reimagine Education awards for Data Science & NPTEL course|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/iit-madras-won-wharton-qs-reimagine-education-awards-for-data-science-nptel-course/cid/1906351|access-date=2023-08-07|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426065808/https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/iit-madras-won-wharton-qs-reimagine-education-awards-for-data-science-nptel-course/cid/1906351|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Research==
=== Industrial Consultancy ===
Through industrial consultancy, faculty and staff undertake industry assignments that may include project design, testing and evaluation, or training in new areas of industrial development. Industries and organisations like the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ofb.gov.in/download/pr/pr_dgof_interview.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902212630/http://ofb.gov.in/download/pr/pr_dgof_interview.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2019 | title=The Fourth Pillar of Indian Defence |work=Ordnance Factory Board |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

=== National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) ===
To improve the quality of higher education in India, IIT Madras came up with an initiative called NPTEL (National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning)<ref>[http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/ IITs and IISc elearning Courses in Engineering and Science under NPTEL] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113170811/http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/ |date=13 January 2012 }}. Nptel.iitm.ac.in. Retrieved on 9 October 2013.</ref> in the year 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/pdf/NPTEL%20Document.pdf |title=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning |access-date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904044551/http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/pdf/NPTEL%20Document.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As per this initiative, all the IITs, along with the [[IISc Bangalore]] would come up with a series of video lecture-based courses across all the streams of engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nptel.ac.in/course.php |title=NPTEL |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128191932/http://nptel.ac.in/course.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== IITM Research Park ===
[[File:Walkway A C Blocks IITM Research Park Jun23 A7C 05195.jpg|thumb|Walkway between blocks of the Research Park]]
IITM Research Park is India's first university-based research park.<ref>{{cite web |title=IITM Research Park |url=https://respark.iitm.ac.in/ |website=IITM Research Park |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418111619/https://respark.iitm.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Research Park functions to promote innovation in established companies and provide a nurturing ecosystem to startups through incubation efforts and technical infrastructure.<ref>[http://respark.iitm.ac.in/ IIT Madras Research Park: Research and Development, Innovation management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415101133/http://respark.iitm.ac.in/ |date=15 April 2022 }}. Respark.iitm.ac.in. Retrieved on 9 October 2013.</ref> Following its success, 50 research parks were planned as part of the Start Up India initiative of the Central Government of India. Corporate clients of IIT Madras Research Park include the Defence Research and Development Organisation ([[DRDO]]), [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]] Limited, [[Saint-Gobain]] and [[Forbes Marshall]]. [[Ather Energy]], Hyperverge, Gyandata and Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre(Sponsored by [[Department of Biotechnology]], [[Government of India]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hticiitm.org/|title=HTIC IITMadras Chennai|website=HTIC IITMadras|access-date=10 August 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231532/https://www.hticiitm.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> are some of the startups and centres incubated at the Research Park. The Research Park is a prime driver for the huge number of startups incubated at IIT Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/IIT-Madras-is-Indias-Stanford/articleshow/46629160.cms |title=IIT-Madras is India's Stanford |last=Hariharan |first=Sindhu |date=20 Mar 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 May 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218041208/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/IIT-Madras-is-Indias-Stanford/articleshow/46629160.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pravartak ===
IITM Pravartak is funded by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], GOI, under its National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems, and it's hosted as a Technology Innovation Hub (TIH) by IIT Madras. It focuses on Technology, Entrepreneurship and Human Resource skill development through various initiatives. It provides hands-on programmes, and hybrid courses like Out of the Box Thinking in Maths, Winter School on Advanced Quantum Computing, Wireless Networks, Blockchains and others.

=== Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre ===
On 20 October 2023, the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] stated that the Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre (BSRC) would be established starting in 2024, working with professionals from the industry and academic institutions. [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar|Rajeev Chandrashekhar]] states that BSRC will function as the Indian counterpart of the MIT Microelectronics Laboratory, Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, [[Industrial Technology Research Institute]], and [[IMEC]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ashutosh |date=20 October 2023 |title=Govt aims to setup the Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre in 2024 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/govt-aims-to-setup-the-bharat-semiconductor-research-centre-in-2024-123102000953_1.html |access-date=27 September 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre will be located at IIT Madras. The centre will be established initially as an institution co-located with [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]], with the potential to split off into a stand-alone semiconductor research organization in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-04 |title=Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre will be announced soon: Rajeev Chandrasekhar |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/bharat-semiconductor-research-centre-will-be-announced-soon-rajeev-chandrasekhar/article67912874.ece |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306031112/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/bharat-semiconductor-research-centre-will-be-announced-soon-rajeev-chandrasekhar/article67912874.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Alumni and Corporate Relations==

=== Initiatives and Engagement ===

The Office of Alumni and Corporate Relations initiates, promotes, and facilitates connections among the diverse network of IIT Madras alumni as well as corporations. Through collaborations, mentorship programs, and knowledge-sharing initiatives, the office contributes to the institute's progress and goals. The office fosters alumni engagement with the institute through various initiatives such as organising reunions across batches, recognising distinguished alumni, and ensuring that alumni stay in touch with developments at IIT Madras through newsletters and regular communications. Prof. Mahesh Panchagnula currently heads it from the Dept of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/|title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations|website=acr.iitm.ac.in|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225032258/https://acr.iitm.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Collaborations with Corporations ===

The office has facilitated various technology-driven social impact collaborations with various corporations and corporate foundation arms, under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in India. Partnerships with both Alumni and corporations are undertaken through the Office of Institutional Advancement, which functions as part of the Alumni and Corporate Relations office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ia.iitm.ac.in/|title=Office of Institutional Advancement|website=ia.iitm.ac.in|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120090832/https://ia.iitm.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Modern and Advanced Courses ==
=== BS Degree in Data Science and Applications ===
The institute launched a 4-year non-campus UG Bachelor of Science degree (BS) program in [https://study.iitm.ac.in./ds/ Data Science and Applications] in 2020 with unique flexible exit options as per the NEP, which was earlier a non-campus 3-year BSc degree programme in Programming and Data Science. The 142-credit program consists of three levels - Foundation (32 credits), Diploma (54 credits), and Degree (56 credits),<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Madras BS |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/ |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=study.iitm.ac.in |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174826/https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a total of 34 theory courses and four project courses. The degree programme is currently being run in a hybrid mode, with content delivery in online mode and assessments done through monthly in-person exams conducted at centres.

Notable faculties from the foundation level of the program include Dr. Madhavan Mukund (Director, Chennai Mathematical Institute),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Course Page - IIT Madras BS Degree Program |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/course_pages/BSCMA1001.html#9003 |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Course Page - IIT Madras BS Degree Program }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dr. Rajesh Kumar (Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Course Page - IIT Madras BS Degree Program |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/course_pages/BSCHS1001.html |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Course Page - IIT Madras BS Degree Program |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126051006/https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/course_pages/BSCHS1001.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dr. Andrew Thangaraj (Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Madras),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Course Page - IIT Madras BS Degree Program |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/course_pages/BSCMA1004.html |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Course Page - IIT Madras BS Degree Program |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126051006/https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/course_pages/BSCMA1004.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Sudarshan Iyengar (Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Ropar).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Course Page - IIT Madras BS Degree Program |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/course_pages/BSCCS1002.html |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Course Page - IIT Madras BS Degree Program |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126051005/https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/course_pages/BSCCS1002.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The program follows a Trimester academic system, with academic year divided into three terms, each of 4 months duration: January-April (Winter), May-August (Spring) and September-December (Fall), and admits students three times a year and is open to students from every academic backgrounds and age groups. Students can get income-based fee waivers each term, with special consideration for SC/ST/PwD students. Verizon India and L&T Technology Services provide scholarships to BS Degree Students.

The official IITM-approved societies and clubs for BS degree students include: the Ramanujan Society For Research (RaSoR), Pravaha (Dance society), Anime Society, Adhyay (civil services society), Raahat (Mental health and wellness society), Cosmos (Tech society), Erudite (Oratory society), Art Society, Sahityika (Literary society), Film Society, Heighters (esports club), WYZ Kids (Quiz club), Akord (Music society), Aayam (Drama society) and Shah Maat (Chess society).

=== BS Degree in Electronic Systems (ES) ===
IITM launched the 4-yr BS undergrad degree in [[Electronics|Electronic Systems (ES)]] in March 2023 to meet the significant and growing demand for skilled graduates in the electronics and embedded systems sector in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IITM |url=https://news.careers360.com/iit-madras-dharmendra-pradhan-launch-bs-in-electronic-systems-on-march-6 |website=Careers 360 |date=3 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304054734/https://news.careers360.com/iit-madras-dharmendra-pradhan-launch-bs-in-electronic-systems-on-march-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> The faculty coordinators of this department include Dr. Aniruddhan and Dr. Boby George from the Department of [https://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/ Electrical Engineering] at IITM.

Similar to the BS in DSA, this program follows a trimester curriculum, and is conducted in hybrid mode. Unique characteristic about ES, however, is in-person lab sessions, which allows students to visit campus for hands on experience. Criteria for credits required to graduate and flexible exit options remain same as DSA, keeping in line with NEP, 2020.

=== Diploma Courses at IITM ===
IITM also offers direct admission to the [https://diploma.iitm.ac.in/ Diploma] in Programming and the Diploma in Data Science as part of the multiple-entry multiple-exit scheme of the BS in Data Science and Applications. Students who have completed at least two years of an undergrad degree are eligible to sit for the DAD qualifier exam (duration: 3 hours for Diploma in Programming and 4 hours for that of Data Science), which serves as the direct entrance test for these diploma programmes <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academics - IIT Madras Diploma Program |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/diploma/academics.html#AD6/ |access-date=2026-01-12}}</ref>. Students completing both diplomas can continue on in the BS track.

== Research Centres ==

=== Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and AI (RBC DSAI) ===
The RBCDSAI was set up in 2017 with funding from the institute to encourage interdisciplinary research. In the last 5 years, it has grown to be the pre-eminent multidisciplinary research centre for Data Science and AI in India. It is one of the country's largest groups in network analytics and deep reinforcement learning.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 August 2017 |title=IIT-Madras to house Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.voicendata.com/iit-madras-to-house-robert-bosch-centre-for-data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=voicendata.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-29 |title=IIT Madras to help manufacturing, automotive sectors adopt AI |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-madras-to-help-manufacturing-automotive-sectors-adopt-ai-1593094-2019-08-29 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Centre for Responsible AI ===
[[Google]] has granted IIT Madras $1 million for setting up India's first multidisciplinary Centre for Responsible AI, led by Prof. Balaraman Ravindran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2022 |title=$1 million Google grant for Artificial Intelligence centre at IIT-Madras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/1-million-google-grant-for-artificial-intelligence-centre-at-iit-madras/articleshow/96356642.cms |access-date=22 March 2023 |publisher=Times of India |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224071559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/1-million-google-grant-for-artificial-intelligence-centre-at-iit-madras/articleshow/96356642.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Centre for CyberSecurity Research (CyStar) ===
The Centre was set up in 2024 with the objectives of promoting research in the field of cybersecurity and protecting the national infrastructures from cyberattacks.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-08 |title=IIT-Madras launches centre for cybersecurity research |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iit-madras-sets-up-cybersecurity-centre/article68732508.ece |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Center of Excellence in Fluid and Thermal Sciences ===
The Centre of Excellence in Fluid and Thermal Sciences was established at IIT Madras with the help of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), which provided seed money of [[₹]]1.84 [[crore]]. In terms of spacecraft design, analysis, and testing of different parts as well as thermal management, it will serve as a nodal centre. The centre will be a critical ISRO research hub. The centre's advanced research initiatives will focus on [[Cryotank|cryo-tank]] thermodynamics, combustion instability in [[Hybrid rocket|hybrid rockets]], and spacecraft thermal management.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-11 |title=ISRO, IIT-M sign MoU to set up centre of excellence in fluid and thermal sciences |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-iit-m-sign-mou-to-set-up-centre-of-excellence-in-fluid-and-thermal-sciences/article68855592.ece |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Student activities==
===Festivals===

====E-Summit IIT Madras====
[[File:E-Summit.jpg|thumb|179x179px]]
E-Summit by the Entrepreneurship Cell E-Cell of IIT Madras is IITM's annual flagship event and the only ISO 9001:2015 certified entrepreneurship summit focusing on young entrepreneurs and their ventures.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

====Shaastra====
{{Main|Shaastra}}

Shaastra is the annual technical festival of IIT Madras. It is held in the second week of January<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shaastra.org/2013/main|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907050154/http://www.shaastra.org/2013/main|url-status=dead|title=Shaastra|archivedate=7 September 2013}}</ref> and is an ISO 9001:2015 certified student-organised festival.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} It consists of various engineering, science and technology competitions, summits, lectures, video conferences, exhibitions, demonstrations and workshops. The festival is traditionally held over four days and four nights during the first week of January. It has so far seen twenty-one editions, having started in its current avatar in the year 2000.

====Saarang====
{{Main|Saarang}}

Saarang is the annual social and cultural festival of IIT Madras. It is a five-day-long event held in early January every year and attracts a crowd of 70,000 students and young people from across the country, making it the largest student-run fest in India.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Saarang events include speaking, dancing, thespian, quizzing and word games, professional shows (nicknamed Proshows) and workshops on music, fashion, art, and dance.

==== Paradox ====
Paradox is the fest organised for the IIT Madras Bachelor of Science degree students. It is held 3 times a year. Paradox in Saavan and Paradox in Margazhi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margazhi - Home |url=https://margazhi.iitmparadox.org/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=margazhi.iitmparadox.org |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126044522/https://margazhi.iitmparadox.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> are held hybrid around August and December respectively and consist of various cultural, sports, professional events, and hackathons. The main annual fest is held at the IITM campus. It's the largest physical gathering of IITM Online BS students that takes place in May every year, marking the start of the summer vacation for students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paradox'22 |url=https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/paradox.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=study.iitm.ac.in |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126044530/https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/paradox.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Department festivals====
Several departments organise department festivals. Samanvay, Biofest, ExeBit, Wavez, Mechanica, CEA Fest, ChemPlus, Amalgam and Forays are some of the festivals organised by the Department of Management Studies, Computer Science and Engineering, Ocean Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and Maths departments, respectively. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences hosts the Annual Academic Conference.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Fest name
! Department
|-
| Aero fest
| Aerospace Engineering
|-
| Amalgam
| Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
|-
|ElecFest
|Electrical Engineering
|-
| Samanvay
| Department of Management Studies
|-
| Biofest
| Biotechnology
|-
| ExeBit
| Computer Science and Engineering
|-
| CEA Fest
| Civil Engineering
|-
| Chemplus
| Chemical Engineering
|-
| Forays
| Mathematics
|-
| Mechanica
| Mechanical Engineering
|-
| Wavez
| Ocean Engineering
|-
| Annual Academic Conference
| Humanities and Social Sciences
|-
| Bhoutics
| Physics
|-
|CiHS
|Chemistry
|}

===The Entrepreneurship Cell===

The Entrepreneurship Cell at IIT Madras believes that entrepreneurship is not just about starting companies and building businesses, but a pathway towards India's socio-economic development. E-Cell was earlier known as C-TIDES and was rechristened in 2015 as the Entrepreneur.

E-Cell IIT Madras is an active non-profit, an entirely student-run organisation to help encourage entrepreneurship.

=== Centre For Innovation (CFI) ===
Set up with funds donated by the batch of 1981. CFI was started in 2008 as a student-run lab for the creative output of the budding engineers of IIT Madras. It provides students with the necessary platform for realizing their ideas. It houses 13 clubs and seven competition teams, representing IIT Madras in various technical events. Clubs have started summer School to teach freshers popular topics during the summer vacation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre For Innovation {{!}} IIT Madras |url=https://cfi.iitm.ac.in/summer-school |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=cfi.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>

CFI houses the workspace of student teams such as Avishkar Hyperloop, Raftar Formula Racing, Anveshak, Abhiyaan, Abhyuday, Agnirath and iGem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre For Innovation {{!}} IIT Madras |url=https://cfi.iitm.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=cfi.iitm.ac.in |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103133044/https://cfi.iitm.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The annual flagship event of CFI, the Open House displays the projects of all CFI clubs, along with the works of the Competitive Teams.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Madras To Hold Open House To Showcase Student Innovations|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/iit-madras-to-hold-open-house-to-showcase-student-innovations-2125282|access-date=2020-08-17|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

===Extra Mural Lectures (EML)===
Launched in 1980 by a group of students with support from the then director of IIT Madras, the late Prof. P.V. Indiresan, the main aim of the Extra Mural Lectures series is to expose the IIT Madras community to the ideas and experiences of eminent personalities from diverse backgrounds. Over the years, lectures included the late former president of India [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], Nobel Laureate The [[14th Dalai Lama]], Nobel Peace Laureate [[Kailash Satyarthi]], Chess Grandmaster [[Vishwanathan Anand]], filmmaker [[S.S. Rajamouli]], Honourable Governor Shri. [[E.S.L. Narasimhan]], Honourable Minister of Railways Shri. [[Suresh Prabhu]], former vice president of India, Shri. [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]], music composer [[Ilayaraja]], co-founder of Infosys, Shri. [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]], Ambassador of Japan to India H.E. Mr. [[Kenji Hiramatsu]], then defence secretary of India Mr. [[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)]] and former ISRO chairman [[S. Somanath]] have been hosted at IIT Madras for Extra Mural Lectures, to motivate the students and broaden their perspectives.

===Extracurricular Activities===
[[File:Deer of IIT Madras masatran 0058 0010.jpeg|thumb|Deer at IIT Madras, in the open ground between SAC and the stadium]]
The Sustainability Network (S-Net) is an alumni-student-faculty initiative launched in May 2009 to help preserve the unique niche of one of the best educational campuses in India. S-Net was envisioned to work towards developing and deploying solutions for making a self-sustaining campus (focusing on energy/electricity, water, and waste management), which could eventually be replicated across the country through tie-ups with other educational institutions.<ref>[http://t5e.iitm.ac.in/2009/12/the-snet-energy-survey-8th-nov/ The SNet Energy Survey: 8th Nov | T5E – The Fifth Estate | IIT Madras' Campus News Body] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103172852/http://t5e.iitm.ac.in/2009/12/the-snet-energy-survey-8th-nov/ |date=3 November 2014 }}. T5e.iitm.ac.in (26 December 2009). Retrieved on 9 October 2013.</ref> [[File:Blackbuck white.jpg|thumb| An [[albino]] blackbuck at IIT Madras, IITM is also home to Endangered Species of [[blackbuck]]]]

The Fifth Estate<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://t5e.iitm.ac.in/ |title=T5E - the Fifth Estate | IIT Madras' Campus News Body |access-date=29 July 2013 |archive-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707013747/http://t5e.iitm.ac.in/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> is the official media body of IIT Madras and gives an insight into the happenings inside the campus and important news related to the institute.

The Open Air Theatre hosts the weekly movie, a Saturday night tradition, besides other activities. It seats over 7,000.

NSS in IIT Madras has been noted for taking up socially relevant initiatives, taken up as individual projects to create an impact on society as well as the students. The wing of NSS at IITM has over 400 students every year, contributing to the cause of the scheme. Since its inception, it has achieved many milestones in its history as a unique, student-run organisation. Linked with several NGOs and social organisations both within and outside Chennai. By working out projects from Braille magazines to technology interventions, from teaching children in urban slums to educational video content, NSS (IITM) seeks to challenge mediocre thinking and reach out into the darkness, to pull a hand into the light.

Student bodies such as Vivekananda Study Circle (VSC), Islamic Study Circle, IIT Christian Fellowship, Genesis and Reflections focus on spiritual discussions.

Regional groups include, Marathi Mitra Mandal (MMM), Hindi Mitra Mandal (HMM), Karka Kasadara (Tamil), Kerala Kala Samithi (KKS), Garvi Gujarati Sangathan (GGS), Telugu Samskruthika Samithi and Kannada Samskrutika Sangh, North-east Students Association (SADINER), and African Students Association (AFSA) by students from the African Continent.

The campus has evolved a slang, called Insti Lingo, attracting a published Master's thesis at a German University.<ref>{{Cite thesis |first=Evelyn |last=Richter |url=http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2006/0020/data/MAthesis_EvelynRichter.pdf |title=Student Slang at IIT Madras: A Linguistic Field Study |publisher=[[Chemnitz University of Technology]] |access-date=1 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215010549/http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2006/0020/data/MAthesis_EvelynRichter.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A mix of English, Hindi, Telugu (Gult), Malayalam (Mallu) and Tamil (Tam), aspects of the campus slang have been adopted by some other Chennai colleges.

Unlike its sister institutions, IIT Madras has no single Indian language used among its students: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kannada]], [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]] are all very commonly used. All student participatory activities, such as quizzing, debating, dramatics, short-film making, and others, are held in English. This is even reflected in the slang that uses more English and other Indian regional languages than Hindi, unlike in IITM's northern counterparts.

Prakriti Wildlife Club at IIT Madras was founded in April 2002 by students, faculty, staff, residents, and alumni who are wildlife enthusiasts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakriti Wildlife Club at IIT Madras |url=https://home.iitm.ac.in/prakriti/prakriti/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091134/https://home.iitm.ac.in/prakriti/prakriti/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On April 17, 2026, IIT Madras introduced '''OmegaBall''' to India for the first time, hosting an inter-college tournament and proposing the establishment of a National OmegaBall Club<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India: Press Information Bureau |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?PRID=2253122&reg=6&lang=1}}</ref>

===IIT Madras Heritage Centre===

[[File:Heritage Center1.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the Heritage Centre at IIT Madras]] The Heritage Centre was formally inaugurated by [[Arcot Ramachandran|Dr Arcot Ramachandran]], former Director IIT Madras on 3 March 2006. The centre is located on the ground floor of the administration building. The actual idea of a Heritage Centre was mooted in the year 2000 and has become a reality due to the efforts of the Professor-in-charge, Dr Ajit Kumar Kolar, and his team. The centre will function as a repository of material of heritage value and historical significance of various facets of the institute.

The exhibits include photographs, documents, publications, paintings, portraits, products developed and other articles. Information regarding important events, laboratory development, visits of important dignitaries, Indo-German cooperative activities, and academic achievements of faculty and students is also included. Aspects of IITM campus features and development, campus life and student activities are also included, thus broadening the scope of the centre in the future to non-academic activities.

==Notable alumni==
{{Main|List of IIT Madras people}}

* [[Aravind Srinivas]], CEO and Co-founder, Perplexity AI<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perplexity raises Series B funding round |url=https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/perplexity-raises-series-b-funding-round |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.perplexity.ai |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arumugam Manthiram]], director, Texas Materials Institute, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, [[University of Texas at Austin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/goodenough/lecture/ |title=John B. Goodenough Nobel Lecture |work=[[Nobel Prize]] |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409040141/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/goodenough/lecture/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Anand Rajaraman]], founder of Junglee; currently heading Kosmix.com with Venky Harinarayan
* [[Anant Agarwal]], professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at [[MIT]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csail.mit.edu/user/723 |title=Anant Agarwal | CSAIL |work=csail.mit.edu |access-date=5 October 2011 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222118/http://www.csail.mit.edu/user/723 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Anima Anandkumar]], Bren Professor of Computing at [[California Institute of Technology]]. She is a director of Machine Learning research at [[NVIDIA]].
* [[Arun Sundararajan]], professor at Stern School of Business, [[New York University]]<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/news/date/9811/e981130.htm When an Internet Company Goes Public, Will Its Stock Price Dictate Strategy?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115092457/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/news/date/9811/e981130.htm |date=15 November 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Atul Chokshi]], materials engineer, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
* [[B. N. Suresh]], director of [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram|IIST]]
* [[B. Muthuraman]], managing Director of [[Tata Steel]]
* [[Balaji Sampath]], founder of [[Ahaguru]]
* [[Bhaskar Ramamurthi]], director, IIT Madras (2011{{dash}}2022)
* [[Gururaj Deshpande]], founder of Sycamore Networks
* [[T. V. Rajan Babu]], professor of chemistry at [[Ohio State University]]
* [[G. K. Ananthasuresh]], professor at [[Indian Institute of Science]]
* [[Hari Balakrishnan]], Fujitsu Chair Professor in the EECS Department at [[MIT]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/~hari/ |title= Hari Balakrishnan | |access-date= 18 September 2016 |archive-date= 25 May 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220525032116/http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/~hari/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
* [[Jaishankar Menon|Jai Menon]], IBM Fellow, CTO and VP, Technical Strategy – IBM Systems and Technology Group
* [[B. Jayant Baliga]], inventor of the insulated gate bipolar transistor ([[Insulated-gate bipolar transistor|IGBT]])
* [[Jayaraman Chandrasekhar]], computational chemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
* [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]], co-chairman and co-founder of [[Infosys]]
* [[Krishna Bharat]], creator of [[Google News]], principal scientist, [[Google]]
* [[L. Mahadevan]], FRS, de Valpine Professor of Applied Mathematics, Physics and Biology, [[Harvard University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/mahadevan/mahadevan-oeb.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163617/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/mahadevan/mahadevan-oeb.html|url-status=dead|title=L. Mahadevan at Harvard|archivedate=27 February 2012}}</ref> [[MacArthur Fellow]] 2009<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.5458019/k.8448/L_Mahadevan.htm |title=L. Mahadevan, MacArthur Fellow |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609114639/http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.5458019/k.8448/L_Mahadevan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[K. Mani Chandy]], former chair of Engineering and Applied Science at [[Caltech]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caltech Computing + Mathematical Sciences {{!}} Kanianthra M. Chandy|url=https://cms.caltech.edu/people/mani|access-date=2021-10-25|website=Caltech Computing + Mathematical Sciences|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121140421/https://www.cms.caltech.edu/people/mani|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Marti G. Subrahmanyam]], professor of finance, [[Stern School of Business]] at [[New York University]]
* [[Murali Sastry]], nanotechnologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
* [[Mas Subramanian]], Milton Harris Chair Professor of Materials Chemistry at Oregon State University
* [[Narayanan Chandrakumar]], chemical physicist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
* [[Neelesh B. Mehta]], communications engineer, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee-Neelesh B. Mehta">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=531 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee-Neelesh B. Mehta |date=21 October 2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119220959/https://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=531 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Prabhakar Raghavan]], vice president of Engineering, [[Google]] and Consulting Professor at [[Stanford University]]
* [[R. Prasanna]], guitarist and Carnatic musician
* [[Pinaki Majumdar]], condensed matter physicist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Biographical Information-Pinaki Majumdar">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hri.res.in/~pinaki/ |title=Biographical Information-Pinaki Majumdar |date=31 October 2017 |website=Harish-Chandra Research Institute |access-date=31 October 2017 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014101957/http://www.hri.res.in/~pinaki/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Prem Watsa]], billionaire; founder, chairman, and chief executive of [[Fairfax Financial Holdings]], which owns [[BlackBerry]]
* [[Radha Vembu]], co-founder, [[Zoho Corporation]].
* [[Ramanathan V. Guha]], inventor of [[RSS]] feed technology, computer scientist at Google; won the Distinguished Alumnus award from IIT Madras in 2013{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
* [[Ramesh Govindan]], Northrop Grumman Chair in Engineering and Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the University of Southern California; won the Distinguished Alumnus award from IIT Madras in 2014
* [[Raghu Ramakrishnan]], technical fellow and CTO, Information Services [[Microsoft]]
* [[Raju Narayana Swamy]], IAS Officer
* [[Ramayya Krishnan]], dean of the [[Heinz College]] at Carnegie Mellon University
* [[Ramjee Yadav]], Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Security of Nepal
* [[S. Sowmya]], Carnatic vocalist
* [[Timothy A. Gonsalves]], computer scientist and first director of [[IIT Mandi]]
* [[Shashi Nambisan]], director of the Center for Transportation Research and Education at [[Iowa State University]]
* [[Shekhar Bhansali]], division director in Electrical, Communication and Cyber Systems (ECCS) at the [[National Science Foundation]].
* [[Sridhar Tayur]], Ford Distinguished Research Chair and Professor of Operations Management at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]; founder, SmartOps and OrganJet
* [[Sridhar Vembu]], founder and CEO of [[Zoho Corporation]]
* [[Subra Suresh]], former president of Carnegie Mellon University, former director of the [[National Science Foundation]], former dean of the [[MIT School of Engineering]]
* [[Venkat Rangan]], co-founder and CTO at Clearwell Systems
* [[Venkatesan Guruswami]], associate professor, Department of Computer Science, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
* [[Venky Harinarayan]], co-founder [[Kosmix]]
* [[Vic Gundotra]], former senior vice president of Google, creator of [[Google Plus]] and MIT Technology Review top innovator in the world
* [[Vinay Nair]], visiting professor at [[The Wharton School]] and founding principal of Ada Investments
* [[Viswanathan Kumaran]], chemical engineer, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
* [[Zarin Shihab]], Indian actress

==Companies run by IIT Madras alumni==
* [[Zoho Corporation]], Indian Multinational Technology Company <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iit-madras-presents-distinguished-alumnus-awards/article66760474.ece |title=IIT Madras presents distinguished alumnus awards |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724154431/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iit-madras-presents-distinguished-alumnus-awards/article66760474.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ather Energy]], Indian Electric Two Wheeler Manufacturer <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Raunak |date=11 April 2023 |title=Meet Tarun Mehta and Swapnil Jain, IIT Madras alums disrupting India's EV market with their $800 million company |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-tarun-mehta-swapnil-jain-iit-madras-alums-disrupting-india-s-ev-market-with-their-800-million-company-ather-3035728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724153623/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-tarun-mehta-swapnil-jain-iit-madras-alums-disrupting-india-s-ev-market-with-their-800-million-company-ather-3035728 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
* [[AgniKul Cosmos]], an Indian Aerospace Manufacturer

==See also==
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
* [[Institutes of National Importance]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in India]]
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[Education in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Indian Institute of Technology Madras}}
* {{Official website|https://www.iitm.ac.in/}}

{{Geographic location
|title = '''Neighbourhoods adjacent to IIT Madras'''
|Northwest = [[Guindy National Park]]
|North = [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]]
|Northeast = [[Besant Nagar]]
|West = [[Guindy National Park]]
|Centre = IIT Madras
|East = [[Thiruvanmiyur]]
|Southwest = [[Velachery]]
|South = [[Taramani]]
|Southeast = [[Taramani]]
}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Port-City University League}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Technology Madras}}
[[Category:IIT Madras| ]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Madras]]
[[Category:Institutes of Eminence]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Education in Chennai]]

Siddharth Chatterjee

2026-04-21T21:19:49Z

GabrielaPreiss: done - done

{{Orphan|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Siddharth Chatterjee
| office =
| alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defense Academy]] and [[Princeton University]]
| occupation = Chief Executive Officer of Global Neighbours<ref>https://www.globalneighbours.org/en</ref>
| education = Masters Degree
| office2 = Global Neighbours CEO
| image = Siddharth Chatterjee.jpg
}}

'''Siddharth Chatterjee''' is an international diplomat, humanitarian, and strategist who currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Global Neighbours,<ref>https://www.globalneighbours.org/en/articles/appointment-of-mr-siddharth-chatterjee-as-chief-executive-officer-of-global-neighbours</ref> a Vienna-based international think tank.<ref>https://www.globalneighbours.org/en</ref> He assumed this role in March 2026 following nearly three decades of service in the [[United Nations]], most recently as the UN Resident Coordinator in China (2021–2026).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UN Resident Coordinator Office {{!}} United Nations in China |url=https://china.un.org/en/about/about-the-resident-coordinator-office |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=china.un.org |language=en}}</ref> As the senior-most representative of the UN Secretary-General in China, he led 26 UN agencies in one of the world's most strategically significant countries. Previously, he served as the UN Resident Coordinator in Kenya and has held high-level leadership positions across development, humanitarian, and peace operations in some of the most fragile parts of the world, including Iraq, South Sudan, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-16 |title=Siddharth Chatterjee of India takes over as top UN diplomat in China |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/siddharth-chatterjee-of-india-takes-over-as-top-un-diplomat-in-china/articleshow/80985196.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-13 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Chatterjee {{!}} HuffPost |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/siddharth-chatterjee |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.huffingtonpost.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Chatterjee is a graduate of [[Princeton University]] in the United States, where he earned a Master’s degree in Public Policy from the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. His academic work focused on public policy, international affairs, and global development. He is also an alumnus of India’s National Defence Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Chatterjee: Surviving polio & fighting the label of being called the "dead wood of mediocrity" – Cynthia {{!}} UNTAMED |url=https://cynthiauntamed.com/2018/01/siddharth-chatterjee-surviving-polio-fighting-label-called-dead-wood-mediocrity/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Sharing the story of China's development miracle: a UN Resident Coordinator's blog |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2021/03/66670/sharing-story-chinas-development-miracle-un-resident-coordinators |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=UN GENEVA |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to his formal education, Chatterjee also serves as a Visiting Professor at [[Tsinghua University]]’s [[Schwarzman College]] in China, where he lectures on international development, diplomacy, and global leadership.

== Career ==
After nearly three decades of international service, Chatterjee joined Global Neighbours as Chief Executive Officer. Prior to this appointment, he served as the United Nations Resident Coordinator in China, where he was the most senior representative of the United Nations in the country and led the UN system’s work on sustainable development and international cooperation.

During his UN career, Chatterjee held senior leadership roles across development, humanitarian action, peace operations, and diplomacy. He previously served as United Nations Resident Coordinator in Kenya and concurrently held the positions of UNDP Resident Representative and UNFPA Representative in the country.

Earlier in his career, Chatterjee served as Regional Director for the Middle East and Europe at United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) in Denmark. He also served as Chief of Staff of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI). His earlier assignments included leadership roles with UNICEF in Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan and Indonesia, as well as service in UN peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

One of the notable milestones of his career was his role with UNICEF in the demobilization of more than 3,500 child soldiers in South Sudan in 2001, one of the largest such operations conducted during an active conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Chatterjee |url=https://2019.africasharedvaluesummit.com/speakers/siddharth-chatterjee/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Africa Shared Value Summit |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedman |first=Daniel |title=Misread Nepotism At The U.N.: Why Siddharth Chatterjee's Well-Earned Appointment Requires Explanation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielfreedman/2013/12/23/misread-nepotism-at-the-u-n-why-siddharth-chatterjees-well-earned-appointment-requires-explanation/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-16 |title=Sid Chatterjee Epitomizes the New Leadership Model of UN Resident Coordinators Worldwide |url=https://www.globalissues.org/news/2020/12/16/27124 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.globalissues.org |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Chatterjee also served as Chief Diplomat and Head of Strategic Partnerships at the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Chatterjee - Faculty file - SAFE MOTHERS & NEWBORNS |url=http://www.safemothersandnewborns.org/nairobi/faculty-file/-/asset_publisher/nJSIDYkmjW1j/content/siddharth-chatterjee |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.safemothersandnewborns.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Author: Siddharth Chatterjee 常启德 - Forbes Africa |url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/author/sidc/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.forbesafrica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Before joining the United Nations system, he served as an officer in the Indian Army Special Forces and was awarded a gallantry decoration by the [[President of India]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-05 |title=Siddharth Chatterjee, a former Indian military officer, helms the U.N. in China |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/siddharth-chatterjee-a-former-indian-military-officer-helms-the-un-in-china/article66099529.ece |access-date=2023-07-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile {{!}} Thomson Reuters Foundation News |url=https://news.trust.org/profile/?id=003D000001kVJ60IAG |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=news.trust.org}}</ref>

He is a Visiting Professor at Schwarzman Scholars at Tsinghua University. A three-time TEDx speaker,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ByCareersExecutive |date=2019-10-23 |title=Mr. Siddharth Chatterjee - United Nations Civil Servant {{!}} TEDx speaker - Curtin Dubai Student Life |url=https://studentlife.curtindubai.ac.ae/mr-siddharth-chatterjee-united-nations-civil-servant-tedx-speaker/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> he is a regular contributor in numerous media outlets such as ''Newsweek'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Sudan Finally Banned Female Genital Mutilation. But Will This Be Enforced? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/sudan-bans-fgm-enforcement-women-girls-1501848 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> [[CNN]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Siddharth |date=2013-06-04 |title=The promise of vaccines |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/04/opinion/chatterjee-promise-of-vaccines/index.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> CNBC,<ref>{{Cite web |last=China |first=Siddharth Chatterjee, the United Nations resident coordinator to |date=2022-11-03 |title=Op-ed: The U.S. and China should not miss a historic opportunity to save the world |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/03/op-ed-us-and-china-should-not-miss-a-historic-opportunity-to-save-the-world.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> the ''Los Angeles Times'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Siddharth |date=2019-02-14 |title=Op-Ed: Nearly one in five girls is wed before she turns 18. Think about them on Valentine's Day |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-child-marriage-valentines-day-20190214-story.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Reuters]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile {{!}} Thomson Reuters Foundation News |url=https://news.trust.org/profile/?id=003D000001kVJ60IAG |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=news.trust.org}}</ref> ''Forbes'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedman |first=Daniel |title=Misread Nepotism At The U.N.: Why Siddharth Chatterjee's Well-Earned Appointment Requires Explanation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielfreedman/2013/12/23/misread-nepotism-at-the-u-n-why-siddharth-chatterjees-well-earned-appointment-requires-explanation/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Chatterjee {{!}} HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/siddharth-chatterjee |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.huffpost.com |language=en}}</ref> ''The Guardian'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can India's military veterans join the fight for women's rights? {{!}} Working in development {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/apr/11/india-military-veterans-help-fight-womens-rights |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> ''Aljazeera''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Chatterjee {{!}} Al Jazeera News {{!}} Today's latest from Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/author/siddharth_chatterjee_201311174565882206 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> etc.

== Health and Wellness Advocacy ==
Chatterjee is known for advocating preventive health and holistic wellness practices, particularly breathing techniques and mindfulness. His advocacy aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being), promoting healthier lifestyles and preventive approaches to physical and mental health.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth Chatterjee news: Decorated ex-Indian Army officer, UN diplomat makes waves in China with his fitness regime |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/decorated-ex-indian-army-officer-un-diplomat-siddharth-chatterjee-makes-waves-in-china-with-his-fitness-regime-2980123 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Breathing, Keep Smiling: A UN Diplomats Approach to Health {{!}} United Nations in China |url=https://china.un.org/en/265740-keep-breathing-keep-smiling-un-diplomats-approach-health |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=china.un.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDRlOVyUEVM</ref>

He has spoken publicly about personal health challenges he experienced prior to 2020,<ref>https://youtube.com/shorts/aZ5ewmmBJBI?si=hON-M9mdKjVGqwdR</ref> including hypertension, high cholesterol, and prediabetes. Through lifestyle changes that included yoga, breathing exercises (pranayama), meditation, fasting, and heat and cold exposure practices, he reported losing approximately 25 kilograms and improving his cardiovascular health.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySbtlazPBT0</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8iSafxMMw0</ref>

His routine has included practices such as sauna sessions at temperatures approaching 100 °C followed by cold-water immersion near 0 °C.<ref>https://youtube.com/shorts/DoySNXzpPMk?si=eZWdsx5wXV-ni0Mr</ref>

Chatterjee has promoted breathing exercises and mindfulness practices through public talks, [[social media]], and educational demonstrations aimed at encouraging accessible wellness practices among broader audiences in China and internationally.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYJ0EyfH0c0</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xr_fKvVjnY</ref> He has also drawn attention for practicing yoga and breathing exercises in extreme weather conditions, including demonstrations filmed outdoors in sub-zero temperatures in Beijing.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhx2l-ugQe0</ref>

Drawing on his personal experience, Chatterjee has written a book on health, resilience, and lifestyle transformation, which is expected to be published in 2026.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Siddharth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:United Nations officials]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2023}}

Induvadana

2026-04-21T02:01:54Z

GabrielaPreiss: Put up details

{{short description|2022 film by M. Srinivas Raju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Induvadana
| image = Induvadana film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. Srinivas Raju
| screenplay = M. Srinivasa Raju
| story = Aketi Sathish
| producer = Madhavi Adurti
| starring = [[Varun Sandesh]] Farnaz Shetty
| cinematography = B. Murali Krishna
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = Chaitu Kolli
| studio = Sri Balaji Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|1|1}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Induvadana''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[Horror drama|horror comedy drama]] film directed by M. Srinivas Raju from the story written by Aketi Sathish.<ref>{{Citation |title=Induvadana Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/induvadana/movieshow/82391052.cms |access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref> The film features [[Varun Sandesh]] and Farnaz Shetty in lead roles. ''Induvadana'' was released theatrically on 1 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/telugu-news-varun-sandesh-starrer-induvadana-release-date-announced/0201/121252790 |title=Induvadana |work=[[Eenadu]] |date=11 December 2021 |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Varun Sandesh]] as Vasu
* [[Farnaz Shetty]] as Indu
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]
* Praveen Raj
* [[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]]
* Mahesh Vitta
* Surekha Vani
* [[Nagineedu]]
* Jyoti Labala
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
* Baby Krithika
* Ambarushi
* Vamsi Aketi
* Jabardast Mohan
}}

== Production ==
This film marks the return of Varun Sandhesh after a hiatus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040521/i-am-still-trying-to-figure-out-things-varun-sandesh.html |title=I am still trying to figure out things: Varun Sandesh |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=4 May 2021 |last=SM |first=Shashiprasad}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Tracklist
| all_music = Shiva Kakani
| collapsed =
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Vadi Vadiga
| note1 =
| length1 = 4:13
| lyrics1 = Tirupathi Jaavana
| extra1 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| title2 = Kallalloki Kallu Petti Chudu
| note2 =
| length2 = 3:18
| lyrics2 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Charan]], [[Sahithi]]
| title3 = Chilipi Chupulu
| note3 =
| length3 = 3:32
| lyrics3 = Tirupathi Jaavana
| extra3 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]], Divya Aishwarya
| title4 = Na Kallaku Pattillevandi
| note4 =
| length4 = 3:10
| lyrics4 = Asurayya, Giridhar Ragolu
| extra4 = Sahiti
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==
[[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi Post'']] praised the concept but criticized the narration. They further appreciated the performances of Varun and Farnaz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=Induvadana Review, Rating |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/induvadana-review-rating-149126 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' praised Varun's performance but gave mixed review on the screenplay and other technical aspects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=Induvadana movie review: 'ఇందువదన' రివ్యూ.. 'ఆత్మ'కథతో వచ్చిన వరుణ్ సందేశ్.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/varun-sandesh-induvadana-movie-review-and-its-mixture-of-horror-comedy-emotional-pk-1146640.html |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15839646|title=Induvadana}}

[[Category:Films set in 1994]]
[[Category:2022 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]

North East Indian Linguistics Society

2026-04-20T01:29:28Z

GabrielaPreiss: starting basic info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Linguistics society in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = North East Indian Linguistics Society
| full_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Linguistic map of Northeast India English Native.png
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| caption = [[Scheduled languages of India|"Scheduled"]] and "non-scheduled" official languages of [[Northeast India]]n states
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = 
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| nickname = NEILS
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
| named_after =
| predecessor =
| merged_into = 
| successor =
| formation = 2005
| founder = Jyotiprakash Tamuli, Stephen Morey, and Mark W. Post
| founding_location = [[Gauhati University]]
| dissolved = 
| merger = 
| type = 
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = 
| purpose = 
| professional_title = 
| headquarters =
| location = India
| coordinates = 
| origins = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India
| region_served = 
| products = 
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = Linguistics
| membership = 
| num_members_year = 
| language = English
| owner = 
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people = Stephen Morey, Mark W. Post
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://neils.org.in/}}
| remarks =
| former_name = 
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}

The '''North East Indian Linguistics Society''' ('''NEILS''') is a linguistics society that focuses on the languages and linguistics of [[Northeast India]]. NEILS focuses primarily on the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] of the region, as well as the [[Khasian languages]] and some [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref name="NEILS 8"/>

==History==
In 2005, the North East Indian Linguistics Society (NEILS) was founded by Jyotiprakash Tamuli ([[Gauhati University]]), Stephen Morey ([[La Trobe University]]), and Mark W. Post (currently at the [[University of Sydney]]).<ref name="NEILS 1"/><ref name="auto">{{cite web | title=North East Indian Linguistics Society (NEILS) | url=https://neils.org.in/about | access-date=2023-02-25}}</ref>

==Conferences==
From 2007 to 2012, NEILS conferences were held annually, and then afterwards biannually starting from 2014. The conferences are usually held in [[Assam]] during the months of January or February.<ref name="auto"/>

The first NEILS meeting was held at the Phanidar Dutta Seminar Hall at [[Gauhati University]] from 6–7 February 2006.<ref name="NEILS 1"/> Subsequently, most conferences were held at the Don Bosco Institute (Don Bosco College of Engineering & Technology), [[Guwahati]]. Regular attendees have included [[Robbins Burling]], [[Scott DeLancey]], [[George van Driem]], Gwendolyn Hyslop, and other linguists.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Conference !! Location !! Date !! Year !! Proceedings
|-
| NEILS 1 || [[Gauhati University]] || 6–7 February || 2006 || <ref name="NEILS 1">{{cite book |editor-last1=Morey |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last2=Post |editor-first2=Mark |date=2008 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=1 |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/18899/4/18899_Morey_%26_Post_2008_Front_Pages.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Foundation Books, Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788175968431 |doi=10.1017/UPO9788175968431|hdl=1885/12479 }}</ref>
|-
| NEILS 2 || Don Bosco Institute, Guwahati || 5–9 February || 2007 || <ref name="NEILS 2">{{cite book |editor-last1=Morey |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last2=Post |editor-first2=Mark |date=2009 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263852046 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Foundation Books, Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7596-714-4 |doi=10.1017/UPO9788175968554|hdl=1885/12479 }}</ref>
|-
| NEILS 3 || Don Bosco Institute, Guwahati || 18–22 January || 2008 || <ref name="NEILS 3">{{cite book |editor-last1=Hyslop |editor-first1=Gwendolyn |editor-last2=Morey |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Post |editor-first3=Mark W. |date=2011 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=3 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263852161 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Foundation Books, Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd. |doi=10.1017/UPO9788175968875|hdl=1885/12479 |isbn=9788175968875 }}</ref>
|-
| NEILS 4 || [[North Eastern Hill University]] || 16–18 January || 2009 || <ref name="NEILS 4">{{cite book |editor-last1=Hyslop |editor-first1=Gwendolyn |editor-last2=Morey |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Post |editor-first3=Mark W. |date=2012 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=4 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263852055 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Foundation Books, Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd. |doi=10.1017/9789382264521|hdl=1885/12479 |isbn=9789382264521 }}</ref>
|-
| NEILS 5 || [[Gauhati University]] || 12–14 February || 2010 || <ref name="NEILS 5">{{cite book |editor-last1=Hyslop |editor-first1=Gwendolyn |editor-last2=Morey |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Post |editor-first3=Mark W. |date=2013 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=5 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263852168 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Foundation Books, Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-93-82264-72-9 |doi=10.1017/9789382993285|hdl=1885/12479 }}</ref>
|-
| NEILS 6 || [[Tezpur University]] || 31 January – 2 February || 2011 || <ref name="NEILS 6">{{cite book |editor-last1=Hyslop |editor-first1=Gwendolyn |editor-last2=Konnerth |editor-first2=Linda |editor-last3=Morey |editor-first3=Stephen |editor-last4=Sarmah |editor-first4=Priyankoo |date=2014 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=6 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/12479 |location=Canberra |publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University |hdl=1885/12479 |isbn=9781922185136}}</ref>
|-
| NEILS 7 || Don Bosco Institute, Guwahati || 2–4 February || 2012 || <ref name="NEILS 7">{{cite book |editor-last1=Konnerth |editor-first1=Linda |editor-last2=Morey |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Sarmah |editor-first3=Priyankoo |editor-last4=Teo |editor-first4=Amos |date=2015 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=7 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/95392 |location=Canberra |publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University |hdl=1885/95392 |isbn=9781922185273}}</ref>
|-
| NEILS 8 || Don Bosco Institute, Guwahati || 31 January – 2 February || 2014 || <ref name="NEILS 7"/>
|-
| NEILS 9 || [[Tezpur University]] || 5–7 February || 2016 || <ref name="NEILS 8">{{cite book |editor-last1=Konnerth |editor-first1=Linda |editor-last2=Morey |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Teo |editor-first3=Amos |date=2018 |title=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=8 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155280 |location=Canberra |publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University |hdl=1885/155280 |isbn=978-1-922185-41-9}}</ref>
|-
| NEILS 10 || [[Assam University]], [[Silchar]] || 29–31 January || 2018 ||
|-
| NEILS 11 || [[Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar]] || 7–9 February || 2020 ||
|-
| NEILS 12 || [[Gauhati University]] || 3–5 February || 2023 ||
|-
| NEILS 13 || [[Nagaland University]], [[Kohima]] || 6–8 February || 2025 || <ref>{{cite web | title=13th International Conference of the North East Indian Linguistics Society (NEILS13) | website=Linguist List | url=https://easyabs.linguistlist.org/conference/NEILS13/ | access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|https://neils.org.in/}}
* [http://sealang.net/neils/ NEILS archive] at the [[SEAlang Library]] (2006–2016)
* [http://sealang.net/archives/neils/ Northeast Indian Linguistics Society dictionary archives]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Linguistic societies]]
[[Category:Linguistics organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Northeast India|*]]
[[Category:Gauhati University]]

Kethireddy Venkatarami Reddy

2026-04-19T23:03:23Z

GabrielaPreiss: Put up new entry

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Kethireddy Venkatarami Reddy
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|10|13|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency1 = [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 = June 2024
| predecessor1 = Gonuguntla Suryanarayana
| successor1 = [[Satya Kumar Yadav|Y. Satyakumar Yadav]]
| constituency2 = [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| predecessor2 = Gonuguntla Lakshmamma
| successor2 = Goniguntla Suryanarayana
| party = [[YSRCP]] (2013-Present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2009-2013)
| father = Kethireddy Surya Pratap Reddy
| relatives = [[Kethireddy Pedda Reddy]] (uncle)
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Bharathiar University]] (2001)
| footnotes =
| source =
}}
'''Kethireddy Venkatarami Reddy''' (born 1978) is an Indian politician in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. In the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] he was elected as MLA from [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]] constituency in the erstwhile [[Anantapur district|Anantapur District]] of Andhra Pradesh which is renamed as [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kethireddy Venkatarami Reddy (YSRCP):Constituency- DHARMAVARAM(ANANTAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5049 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-07 |title=Dharmavaram legislator accused of grabbing land |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/dharmavaram-legislator-accused-of-grabbing-land/article38160599.ece |access-date=2022-07-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He represented YSR Congress Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dharmavaram Assembly Election 2024: Dharmavaram Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/dharmavaram-constituency-result-1160 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in [[Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district|Dharmavaram]] to Surya Prathap Reddy. He studied Electrical Engineering from [[Bharathiar University]] in 2001 and later did his post graduation in UK upon which he returned to [[Hyderabad]] and had a brief stint with [[Reliance Industries]] as a Network Engineer before joining politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=Kethireddy Venkatarami Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Dharmavaram {{!}} Anantapur |url=https://theleaderspage.com/kethireddy-venkatarami-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Political career ==
Kethireddy started his political career with [[Indian Congress Party]] under the leadership of erstwhile Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] and subsequently won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] from Dharmavaram Assembly Constituency, post the death of YSR, he resigned from [[Indian Congress Party]] and joined [[YSRCP]] at the guidance of [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] in 2011. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] from Dharmavaram Assembly Constituency representing YSR Congress. He defeated Gonuguntla Suryanarayana of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 15,286 votes. He lost to [[BJP]] Contestant [[Satya Kumar Yadav]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmavaram Constituency Election Results 2019: Dharmavaram Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/dharmavaram |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmavaram Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Dharmavaram Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/dharmavaram-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He is most known for "Good Morning Dharmavaram" program, it is an initiative organized by him. Through this program, he engages directly with constituents by touring various villages within his assembly constituency. The aim is to listen to their grievances and provide immediate solutions, often involving local officials to address issues on the spot. This program has been very successful and has garnered a positive image of Kethireddy as an approachable leader.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Kethireddy Venkatarami}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

2000–01 National Football League (India)

2026-04-18T04:02:46Z

GabrielaPreiss: stub!

{{Short description|5th season of National Football League}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| season = 2000–01
| dates = {{nobreak|14 December 2000 – 30 April 2001}}
| winners = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] 1st NFL title 1st [[List of Indian football champions|Indian title]]
| runners-up = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| relegated = {{ubl|[[Air India F.C.|Air India]]|[[SBI Kerala (Football Club)|State Bank of Travancore]]}}
| continentalcup1 = [[2001–02 Asian Club Championship|Asian Club Championship]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = ''none''
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| continentalcup3 =
| continentalcup3 qualifiers =
| league topscorer = [[José Ramirez Barreto]] (14 goals)<ref>{{cite web |title= From the History Book|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |website=All India Football Federation |publisher=the-aiff.com |accessdate=19 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717033518/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |archivedate=17 July 2014}}</ref>
| biggest home win = {{nobreak|Mohun Bagan 6–0 [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]]}} {{small|(18 March 2001)}}
| biggest away win = [[FC Kochin|Kochin]] 0–4 Mahindra United {{small|(28 March 2001)}}
| highest scoring =
| total goals =
| average goals =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–00]]
| nextseason = [[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]]
}}
The '''2000–01 National Football League''', also known as the '''Coca-Cola National Football League''' for sponsorship reasons, was the fifth season of [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], the top Indian league for association football clubs, since its inception in 1996.

==Overview==
It was contested by 12 teams,Vasco and Air India were promoted from NFL-2. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] won the championship. This was East Bengal's first title and the championship was decided on the last day.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Bengal keeps date with maiden NFL title |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/05/01/stories/07010445.htm |accessdate=19 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 May 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Mohan Bagan came second only by a point and Churchill Brothers came third. Air India and SBT (State Bank Of Travancore) were relegated from the National Football League.

==League standings==
{{Location map+|India |width=400|float=right|caption=Locations of teams in the 2000–01 National Football League|places={{Location map~ |India |lat=31.22000|long=75.77000 |label=[[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]|position=right }}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.966667 |long=77.566667 |label=[[ITI Sports Club|ITI]]|position=left }}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=9.93123|long=76.26730 |label=[[FC Kochin|Kochin]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=8.5241|long=76.9366 |label=[[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBI Kerala]]|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|Kolkata}}</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=19.00 |long=86.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] clubs:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.49300|long=73.81800 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|Goa}}</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=10.00 |long=86.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|[[Goa]] clubs:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Vasco SC|Vasco]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=18.97500|long=72.82583 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|Mumbai}}</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=14.00 |long=86.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|[[Mumbai]] clubs:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[Air India FC|Air India]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}}}{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_limit=5
|sortable_table=y

|team1=EB |name_EB =[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|team2=MB |name_MB =[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|team3=CB |name_CB =[[Churchill Brothers Sports Club|Churchill Brothers]]
|team4=FCK |name_FCK=[[FC Kochin|Kochin]]
|team5=VAS |name_VAS=[[Vasco Sports Club|Vasco]]
|team6=SAL |name_SAL=[[Salgaocar Sports Club|Salgaocar]]
|team7=MAH |name_MAH=[[Mahindra United]]
|team8=TA |name_TA =[[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|team9=JCT |name_JCT=[[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]
|team10=ITI|name_ITI=[[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]]
|team11=AI |name_AI =[[Air India F.C.|Air India]]
|team12=SBT|name_SBT=[[SBI Kerala (Football Club)|SBI Kerala]]

|win_EB =13|draw_EB =7 |loss_EB =2 |gf_EB =30|ga_EB =9
|win_MB =13|draw_MB =6 |loss_MB =3 |gf_MB =40|ga_MB =19
|win_CB =10|draw_CB =6 |loss_CB =6 |gf_CB =32|ga_CB =25
|win_FCK=9 |draw_FCK=7 |loss_FCK=6 |gf_FCK=28|ga_FCK=31
|win_VAS=5 |draw_VAS=12|loss_VAS=5 |gf_VAS=13|ga_VAS=17
|win_SAL=8 |draw_SAL=2 |loss_SAL=12|gf_SAL=23|ga_SAL=26
|win_MAH=6 |draw_MAH=7 |loss_MAH=9 |gf_MAH=21|ga_MAH=25
|win_TA =4 |draw_TA =12|loss_TA =6 |gf_TA =14|ga_TA =18
|win_JCT=4 |draw_JCT=11|loss_JCT=7 |gf_JCT=17|ga_JCT=22
|win_ITI=4 |draw_ITI=10|loss_ITI=8 |gf_ITI=15|ga_ITI=19
|win_AI =5 |draw_AI =6 |loss_AI =11|gf_AI =25|ga_AI =32
|win_SBT=4 |draw_SBT=8 |loss_SBT=10|gf_SBT=24|ga_SBT=39

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india01.html rsssf.com]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india01.html 5th "Coca Cola" National Football League] at [[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]

{{National Football League seasons (India)}}
{{I-League seasons}}
{{2000–01 in Indian football}}
{{2000 in Asian Football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2000-01 Indian National Football League}}
[[Category:National Football League (India) seasons]]
[[Category:2000–01 in Indian football|1]]
[[Category:2000–01 in Asian association football leagues|India]]

Koksara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:21Z

GabrielaPreiss: Put up new post

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Koksara
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Koksara''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Kalahandi district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref> It was established in 1961 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref>

== Elected members ==
Between 1961 & 2008, 12 elections were held including one bypoll in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Koksara constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Dayanidhi Naik
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Raghunath Praharaj
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Bira Kesari Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 1971 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of [[Bira Kesari Deo]] on his election to [[Rajya Sabha]]}}
| Raghunath Praharaj
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Chandrabhanu Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Rasabihari Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Manmohan Mathur
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Rasabihari Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Surendra Pattajoshi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" | Rosni Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Pushpendra Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kalahandi district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Kalahandi-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Eparchy of Mananthavady

2026-04-14T11:30:00Z

GabrielaPreiss: Entry

{{Short description|Syro-Malabar Eparchy }}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox diocese

| jurisdiction = Eparchy
| name = Mananthavady
| local = 
| image =Mananthavady_diocese.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = [[India]]
| territory =
| province = [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]
| metropolitan =
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates =
| parishes =
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established =
| cathedral =
| cocathedral =
| patron = 
| patron_title = 
| priests =

| pope = Mar {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
| bishop = Mar [[Jose Porunnedom]]
| bishop_title =
| auxiliary_bishops = Mar [[Alex Tharamangalam]]
| metro_archbishop = Mar [[Joseph Pamplany]]
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = 

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
|headquarters=}}

The '''Eparchy of Mananthavady''' is an [[Eastern Catholic]] [[eparchy]] in [[India]], under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. It was established in 1973 by [[Pope Paul VI]].It Is under the [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry]], and governed by the [[Major Archbishop of Erankulam-Angamaly]] and the [[synod]] of all bishops of the [[Sui iuris Church|''sui iuris'' Church]], both within and outside India.The Current Bishop Is [[Jose Porunnedom]].

==History==
The eparchy of [[Mananthavady]] was erected by Pope Paul VI, by the Bull Quanta Gloria of 1 March 1973 bifurcating the vast diocese of Tellicherry. The diocese of Tellicherry and Mananthavady were erected for the [[Malabar Migration|migrated peoples]] from the central Kerala. Population explosion and the shortage of food during the post-war period (1945-1960) induced them to migrate to the uninhabited fertile lands of northern Kerala and to some isolated pockets of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka States. These places were filled with thick forests and under the threat of malaria and other diseases. The migrated people, being agrarian, risking their own life cleared the forests and settled themselves cultivating paddy, rubber, coconut, coffee, cashew, pepper etc...

The eparchy of Mananthavady comprises the civil districts of Wayanad and parts of the civil districts of Malapuram and Kannur in Kerala, the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu and the districts of Chickmangalore, Hassan, Mandya, Mysore, and Chamarajnagar in Karnataka. Of these, the district of Mandya is entrusted to the pastoral care of the Missionary Society of St. Thomas (MST), the district of Hassan to the Congregation of the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) and the district of Chickmangalore to the Norbertine Fathers (O.Pream). The Catholic population is mainly concentrated in Kerala, while Karnataka and Tamil Nadu regions are considered Diaspora. The eparchy has an area of approximately 37, 697 km2 and a population of 1,65,100 Syrian Catholics. At present there are 143 parishes, 17 independent stations and 37 mission stations.

[[Jacob Thoomkuzhy]], later Archbishop of Thrissur, was consecrated as the first bishop of Mananthavady on 1 May 1973. After 22 years of able guidance, on 7 June 1995 he was transferred to the diocese of Thamarassery. The then Protosyncellus Msgr. Joseph Kaniamattam was appointed by the Major Archbishop as the Administrator of the eparchy on 27 July 1995. On 26 January 1997 Bishop [[Emmanuel Giles Pothanamuzhi|Emmanuel Pothanamuzhy]] CMI was consecrated the second bishop of the eparchy. After the demise of Bishop Pothanamuzhy on 6 April 2003, Proto-syncellus Msgr. George Njaralakkatt was appointed the administrator of the eparchy. The present bishop, Jose Porunnedom, was appointed on 18 March 2004 and was consecrated the third bishop of Mananthavady on 15 May 2004 and took charge of the office on the same day.

The Eparchy of Mananthavady was bifurcated and new diocese, the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bhadravathi|Eparchy of Bhadravathi]], was erected on 21 August 2007. The bishop of the diocese of Bhadravathi is Joseph Arumachadath MCBS.

The diocese of Mananthavady was again bifurcated and a new diocese, the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mandya|Eparchy of Mandya]], was erected on 18 January 2010. The first bishop of the newly erected diocese Mandya was [[George Njaralakatt]], the later archbishop of Tellicherry.

==Ordinaries==
===Bishops===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.No
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Ordinary
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Designation
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Year of appointment
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[Jacob Thoomkuzhy]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 1973
| align="center" | 1995
|-
| 2
| [[Emmanuel Giles Pothanamuzhi]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 1996
| align="center" | 2003
|-
| 3
| [[Jose Porunnedom]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2004
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

===Auxiliary Bishops===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.No
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Ordinary
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Designation
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Year of appointment
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[Alex Tharamangalam]]
| align="center" | Auxiliary Bishop
| align="center" | 2022
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

===Prelates Hailing From The Diocese===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.No
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Ordinary
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Designation
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Year of appointment
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[John Moolachira]]
| align="center" | Archbishop - Guwahati
| align="center" | 2011
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| 2
| [[Sebastian Kallupura]]
| align="center" | Archbishop - Patna
| align="center" | 2020
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| 3
| [[George Njaralakatt]]
| align="center" | Former Archbishop - Tellicherry
| align="center" | 2014
| align="center" | 2022
|-
| 4
| [[Augustine Madathikunnel]]
| align="center" | Bishop - Khandwa
| align="center" | 2024
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Fr. Armond Madhavath<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ofmcap.org/en/notizie/item/3416-the-meeting-of-ccmsi|title=The meeting of CCMSI|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=www.ofmcap.org|language=en-gb|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.diocesemdy.org/ Diocese of Mananthavady]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmasm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{Coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India|Mananthavady]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Tellicherry]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses|Mananthavady]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1973]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in India]]

Tuni Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:08Z

GabrielaPreiss: adding - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tuni
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (35-Tuni highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Tuni Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Yanamala Divya]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 212,900
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 35
}}

'''Tuni Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Yanamala Divya]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 212,900 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==

The three mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Thondangi Mandal|Thondangi]]
|-
| [[Kotananduru Mandal|Kotananduru]]
|-
| [[Tuni mandal|Tuni]]
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan=4 |Raja Vatsavaya Venkata Krishnam Raju Bahadur
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2 |N. Vijayalakshmi
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=6 |[[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Raja Vatsavaya Venkata Krishnam Raju Bahadur (Ashok Babu)
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Dadisetti Ramalingeswara Rao|Dadisetti Raja]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Yanamala Divya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raju Vatsereya Venkata Krishna Raju Bahadur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,498 |percentage=44.45% |change=44.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yenumula Venkanna Dora |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=12,917 |percentage=28.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gare Appa Rao |party=Republican Party of India |votes=6,351 |percentage=13.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somasethu Venkam Dore |party=Independent politician |votes=3,614 |percentage=7.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkata Rao, Eranki |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,738 |percentage=5.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,581 |percentage=16.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,118 |percentage=60.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,175 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raja Vatsavaya Venkata Krishnamuraj Bahadur
|votes = 22,088
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Inuganti Narayanarao
|votes = 12,366
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raja V. V. Krishnamraju Bahadur
|votes = 23832
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Katha Radhakrishnamurty
|votes = 15668
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Praja Socialist Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = V. V. Krishnamraju
|votes = 32920
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = K. Janardhanarao
|votes = 23776
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Praja Socialist Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = N Vijayalakshmi
|votes = 40521
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bandaru Kannaiah Dora
|votes = 17713
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
|votes = 48738
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vijayalakashmidevi Mirza Nallaparaju|votes=27058|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
|votes = 50292
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. N. Vijayalakshmi Devi|votes=33988|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
|votes = 51139
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sri Raju Vatsavayi Krishnam Raju Bahadur|votes=48512|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
|votes = 59250
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Maddala Venkata Chalapathi Rao|votes=41457|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Yanamala Ramakrishnudu]]
|votes = 52921
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate =Sri Raja Vatsavayi Venkata Krishnam Raju
|votes = 48747
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
|votes = 61,794
|percentage = 49.78
|change = +5.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[S.R.V.V. Krishnam Raju]]|votes=58,059|percentage=46.77|change=+5.61}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,735|percentage=3.01|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=124,144|percentage=76.25|change=+3.60}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Venkata Krishnam Raju Sriraja Vatsavayi]]
|votes = 55,386
|percentage = 39.17
|change = -7.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]|votes=46,876|percentage=33.15|change=-16.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Rongali Lakshmi]]|votes=30,079|percentage=21.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,510|percentage=6.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=141,416|percentage=78.59|change=+2.34}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dadisetti Ramalingeswara Rao|Dadisetti Raja]]
|votes = 84,755
|percentage = 52.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Yanamala Krishnudu]]|votes=66,182|percentage=41.37|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,573|percentage=11.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=159,970|percentage=80.95|change=+2.36}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dadisetti Ramalingeswara Rao|Dadisetti Raja]]
|votes = 92,459
|percentage = 52.13%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Yanamala Krishnudu]]|votes=68,443|percentage=38.59%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Venkata Krishnamraju Srirajavatsavayi (Ashokbabu)]]|votes=6,413|percentage=3.62%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=24,016|percentage=13.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=177,375|percentage=83.3%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Yanamala Divya]]
|votes = 97206
|percentage = 51.31 %
|change = +51.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dadisetti Ramalingeswara Rao|Dadisetti Raja]]
|votes = 82029
|percentage = 43.3 %
|change = -7.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gelam Srinivasa Rao
|votes = 1923
|percentage = 1.02 %
|change = +1.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 3434
|percentage = 1.81 %
|change = -0.2
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15177
|percentage = 8.28 %
|change = +8.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 184592
|percentage = 97.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.36|82.55|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Maharathi Karna (film)

2026-04-11T08:34:53Z

GabrielaPreiss: made a entry more to come...

{{for|another film|List of Hindi films of 1928}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maharathi Karna
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]|[[Durga Khote]]|[[Shahu Modak]]|[[Swaran Lata (actress)|Swaran Lata]]}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Prabhakar Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1944}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

[[File:1960_Maharathi_Karna_poster.jpg | thumb | right | alt=1960 poster of the Maharathi Karna film dubbed into Telugu | 1960 poster of the Maharathi Karna film dubbed into Telugu]]
'''''Maharathi Karna''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[mythological film]] based on the life of [[Karna]] directed by [[Bhalji Pendharkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharathi Karna (1944) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/maharathi-karna-1061 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127011540/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/maharathi-karna-1061 |url-status=live |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1944|1944]]<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref> under the banner of Prabhakar Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Maharathi Karna (1944) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/maharathi-karna-1944-hindi-movie |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=FilmiClub }}</ref>

==Cast==
The cast of the film:<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharathi Karna|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N3o-AAAAIBAJ&pg=4959%2C4478145|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=10 April 2017|page=8|date=1 March 1946}}</ref>
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] as [[Karna]]
* [[Durga Khote]] as [[Kunti]]
* [[Shahu Modak]] as [[Krishna]]
* K.N. Singh as [[Duryodhana|Duryodhan]]
* [[Swaran Lata (actress)|Swaran Lata]] as Satybhama
* Kamalakar Torne as Kamalakar Torne
* Leela as Ramani
* Chandrakant as [[Arjuna|Arjun]]

== Reception ==
The film was cited as one of Kapoor's notable films by author Ashok Raj.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Ashok |title=Hero Vol.1 |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 }}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'', in their review of the film in 1945, praised the film as an "interesting biography" produced on "an elaborate scale", and commended the performances by Khote and Kapoor.<ref>{{cite news |title='Karna' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbQ-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 March 1945 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0252677}}

[[Category:1944 films]]
[[Category:1944 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1944 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1944 action films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

St. Mary's Jacobite Soonoro Cathedral, Angamaly

2026-03-30T08:48:42Z

GabrielaPreiss: stub - done

{{short description|Church in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Soonoro Cathedral, Angamaly
| caption = St. Mary's Soonoro Cathedral Angamaly
| image = St. Mary's Soonoro Cathedral.jpg
| location = {{flagicon|India}} [[Angamaly]], [[Ernakulam]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.1906|76.3828|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
| province = [[Kerala]]
| festival = Memorial Feast of Ambattu Giwargis Mor Kurillos<ref name=Orthodox>{{cite web|title=Malankara Orthodox Panjangom 2021|url=https://stthomascathedraldubai.com/parish/downloads/5ff5dbcd74aaaPanjangom2021_final-1.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Corepiscopus>{{cite journal|last=Kaniamparambil|first=Curien|title=The Fame of Angamali Church and Holiness of Mor Kurilos|language=Malayalam|journal=Ambattu Mor Kurilos Centenary Souvenir|location=Ankamaly, India|publisher=St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church|year=1991|author-link=Curien Kaniamparambil}}</ref>
| district = [[Ernakulam]]
| consecration_year = AD 409
| status = [[Cathedral]]
| website =
| architecture_type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| architecture_style = [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]]
| founded_by = Archdeacon [[Giwargis of Christ]]<ref name=Tourism>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/stthomas-christians/11|author=Department of Tourism|title=Descriptions of St. Thomas Christians}}</ref>{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}}
| facade_direction = West
| year_completed =
}}
'''St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Soonoro Cathedral''',<ref name=Orthodox/> or '''Angamaly ''Cheriyapally''''',<ref>{{cite web|first=Kurian Thomas|last=Maledath|title= Two Mistaken Pictures |url=https://silo.tips/downloadFile/two-mistaken-pictures|quote=First among them is a mural in the southern wall of the nave of the St. Mary’s Cheriyapally, Angamaly, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malankara Orthodox TV|url=https://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=60403}}</ref> is an ancient [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite Syrian]] church located in [[Angamaly]]. Angamaly St Mary's Church is one of the prominent and ancient church of the Malankara Suriyani Church which had been established in the year AD 409. In the seventeenth century it was the residence of Archdeacon [[Parambil Thoma|Thomas Parambil]], who eventually got consecrated as bishop [[Thoma I|Mar Thoma I]] following the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] in 1653.<ref name=Perron/> It was initially the seat of the [[Archdeacon]] and later the [[Malankara Metropolitan|Marthoma methran]]s, the local heads of the [[Malankara Church]] and hence held an important position in the church for several centuries.<ref name=Corepiscopus/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meppurath |first=Shaiju Mathew |date=2025 |title=Last Judgement Mural of Angamaly St. Mary´s Jacobite Soonoro Cathedral: Ecclesial and iconograpical interactions. |url=https://www.academia.edu/144555199/Last_Judgement_Mural_of_Angamaly_St_Mary_s_Jacobite_Soonoro_Cathedral_Ecclesial_and_iconograpical_interactions |journal=[[University of Vienna]] |pages=30-50}}</ref>

==History==
===Christianity in Angamaly===
Tradition says that Apostle [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] arrived India in AD 52 and sowed the seeds of the Gospel and about 400 Syrian families immigrated in AD 345 under the leadership of the merchant Knayi Thoma to a town named Mahathevar patnam, near [[Muziris]], the famous port of [[Kodungalloor]]. This was the first known centre of Christians in India. Jews who had engaged in trade with the coast of Malabar had inhabited the city much earlier and had rights to land and other privileges there. However Kodungalloor subsequently became less hospitable to Christians who took refuge in [[Angamaly]]. The local chieftain of "Mangattu", also referred to as "Mangattachan", graciously welcomed Christians into the area and granted them many privileges including the right to establish a church, a market and a town in 'Anke malee' (later Angamaly). The land for the Church in Angamaly was granted to the Syrian Christians next to his palace premises as a noble gesture. Thus the church was built with wood and thatched roofing in a location adjacent to the palace of the chieftain and in closer proximity to the palace. The number of Christians in Angamali swelled with further migrations, perhaps predominantly following the great flood in Periyar in 1341 that stilted the waters of the Muziris port.<ref name=Mundadan/> Later in 1523 the Muslim traders burnt down the Christian commercial establishments of Kodungallur and their church.<ref name=Mundadan>{{cite book|first=Mathias |last=Mundadan|author-link=Anthony Mathias Mundadan|title=St.Thomas Christians, 1498-1552|location=Bangalore|year=1967|pages=76–9; 88–94}}</ref>

====Angamaly's three churches====
Following the fall of Christian Kodungallur, Angamaly came to be the foremost and most influential among the Saint Thomas Christian settlements, a fact that is apparent from the presence of three ancient churches in close vicinity. However, as noted by [[Melchior Carneiro]], there was only one church back then in Angamali in 1550s and it was in the name of "[[Christotokos|Holy Virgin the Mother of Christ, the light and life]]".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Informação do que fez o Padre Mestre Melchior Carneiro em uns Reinos que estão junto de Cochim pela terra dentro|editor=Antonio da Silva Rego|journal=Documentação para a Historia das Missões do Padroado Portugues do Oriente|volume=8|location=Lisbon|url=https://purl.pt/26745/4/r-16453-v/r-16453-v_item4/index.html|year=1952|pages=498–9|language=Portuguese}}</ref>{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}}. After the Coonan Cross Oath, an unfortunate division happened among the Malankara Syrian Christian and this made an effect in Angamaly also. There were two faction in the Angamaly St Mary's Church and the both factions were conducting their religious practice in Angamaly St Mary's Church on alternate weeks. There were a chapel also erected adjacent to the church in the name of St George under the St Mary's Church to accommodate the faction which cannot conduct the liturgical practices in the St Mary's Church due to this alternate arrangement.Later the Pazhayakooru faction had been evicted from the Angamaly St Mary's Church by the Puthenkooru faction by paying to them reasonable compensation and by this way Puthenkooru faction could retain the ancient mother church of Angamaly in their possession.

[[Antonio de Gouvea]], in his book ''[[Jornada of Alexis Menesis|Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Meneses]]'' (1606), the travelogue of Alexis de Menezes the padroado Archbishop of Goa who convened the Synod of Diamper, gives an account of the churches in Angamaly:
{{blockquote|''Angamalle'' (Angamali) has three big churches, the Cathedral had been dedicated to ''Hermusio'' (Hormusio) ''Abbot'', a Nestorian heretic, and very important head of this heresy; the Archbishop changed its name to ''Saint Hormisda'', martyr of Persia, which is the same name in the Malabar language, and persuaded the people that that was the Patron Saint of that church, that they were mistaken about the day and the legend of his life, and he ordered the burning of the book on the life of the said ''Hormusio'', for having many errors and heresies, which he first showed to all the ''Cassanars'', which they confessed to be so.|source={{harvnb| Malekandathil|2003|p=350}}|author=[[Antonio de Gouvea]]|title=''Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Meneses'' (1606)}}

Following the Synod of Diamper and Coonan Cross Oath, the community underwent a schism into Syrian Catholic and Jacobite factions. The churches of Angamaly were eventually partitioned between the two groups. [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron|Anquetil Du Perron]], who visited [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] in the eighteenth century, gives the following list and description of churches in Angamaly in the country of the ''Velutha Thavali'' ruler:<ref name=Perron/>
# Church of the Holy Virgin (''valiyapalli'' or Great Church) co-owned by Syrian Catholics and Jacobites. It had a chapel dedicated to Saint George in which both Syrian Catholics and Jacobites used to celebrate their liturgies one after the other.<ref name="Perron" />
# Another church dedicated to [[Hormizd the Martyr|Saint Hormisdas the Martyr]]. It is used exclusively by the Syrian Catholics. It was the Cathedral church of the diocese before its see was moved to Cranganore.<ref name="Perron" />
# Another church which is also dedicated to the Holy Virgin. It is known locally as the ''Cheriyapally'' (Minor Church). It is the headquarters of Archdeacon Thoma I and it is used exclusively by the Syrian Jacobites.<ref name=Perron/> It is the present day St. Mary's Jacobite Soonoro Cathedral, Angamaly.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}}

He then mentions a fourth church in the country of the ''Velutha Thavali'', which is at [[Akaparambu]] and dedicated to [[Gervasius and Protasius|Saint Gervasis]], co-owned by Syrian Catholics and Jacobites. {{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}}<ref name=Perron>{{cite book|title=Zend Avesta|volume=I|last=du Perron |first=Anquetil|year=1771|publisher=N.M. Tilliard|pages=clxxxv-clxxxvj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iAVAAAAQAAJ|language=fr|quote={{ordered list|type=arabic | Angamale; dédi à la sainte Vierge, Syr. Catholique, Schismatique (Il ydans cette Eglise une Chapelle dédiée à saint George, o les Schismati ques célebrent l'Office, après les Catholiques) | Autre Eglise (a l'extrêmitre du Basar d'Angamale), dédiée à Saint Ormisdas Martyr, Catholique. Le siège de l'Archevêque de la serre éroit auttefois à Angamale sousles Portugais, en 1615 Il fut transféré à Cranganor | Autre Eglise déd à la sainte Vierge, Schismatique (vraisemblablement c'est sheriapali qui, dans le siecle dernier, éroit la Residence de l'Archidiacre malabar Mar Thomas)}}}}</ref>

===Ecclesiastical history===

====The Seat of the Archdeacons====
[[Archdeacon]]s of [[Pakalomattom]] family including [[Giwargis of Christ]] (George of Christ), Archdeacon John, [[Giwargis of the Cross]] (Archdeacon George of the Cross) and [[Parambil Thoma]] used the Angamaly Cheriyapally as their administrative headquarters. George of Christ was appointed as the Archdeacon in 1562 by [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]] archbishop [[Joseph Sulaqa]].{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}}<ref name=Dionysii>{{cite journal|first=Francisci |last=Dionysii|editor=Joseph Wicki|title=Relatio P.Francisci Dionysii S.J de Christianis S.Thomae|journal=Documenta Indica (1577-1580)|year=1578|volume=XI|publisher=Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu|location=Rome|edition=1970|pages=141–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfXFNAEACAAJ|language=pt}}</ref><ref>“Relatio P.Francisci Dionysii S.J de Christianis S.Thomae”, in Joseph Wicki, Documenta Indica( 1577-1580), vol. XI, Romae, 1970, pp.141-142</ref>
George of Christ built this church following his election as the bishop of [[Palayoor|Palur]] in the diocesan assembly.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}} This church is adorned by beautiful mural paintings, chandeliers and wooden carvings.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}} In 1566, Chaldean Patriarch [[Abdisho IV Maron]] gave his accent to the election and appointed George of Christ as the bishop of Palur and [[Coadjutor bishop|coadjutor]] of the [[Archdiocese of Angamaly]] to ensure a successor to Metropolitan Abraham.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}} However, the succession plan failed due to the death of the Archdeacon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srite.de/index?id=2&cikk=84|author=Istvan Perczel|author-link=Istvan Perczel|title=The Saint Thomas Christians in India from 52 to 1687 AD|website=www.srite.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215032305/http://srite.de/index?id=2&cikk=84|archive-date=15 February 2009}}</ref>{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}} Givargis of Christ and Parambil Thoma were entombed in this Church.<ref name=Tourism/>

====Synod of Diamper====
The whole parish defied the decrees of the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599 and firmly stood with the [[Archdeacon]] in resisting the [[Portuguese Padroado]]. The Catholic historian Bernard Thoma Alencherry records that the Syrian Christians in Mangad, Kochi, Purakad, and Thekkumkur who were loyal to Archdeacon George of Cross were threatened by local kings and Petty chieftains to attend the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599, as commanded by the Portuguese.<ref>Fr. Bernad, ''Marthoma Christeeya Purapad'' (Malayalam), pp. 16,19.</ref> The Raja of Cochin decreed that all assets of Syrian churches which abstain from the [[Synod of Diamper]] on 20 June 1599 will be confiscated.<ref>Philip, E.M. , ''The Indian Christians of St. Thomas '', (Published 1908-Malayalam) p. 102 </ref> The Angamaly Church defied the command and boycotted the Synod unanimously; All the eighteen priests of the church abstained from the Synod.<ref>Original-Govaeo(Portuguese), Reported-Fr. Xavier Koodapuzha ''Thirusabha Charithram'' (Malayalam) p. 620.</ref> The militant Portuguese bishop through threats and offers of military and monetary support to the local king and chieftains managed to create a schism among Saint Thomas Christians and created a substantial Catholic presence in Angamaly.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}}

====After Coonan Cross Oath====
After the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] of 1653, a delegate of the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]] an archbishop of [[Jerusalem]], arrived in Malabar. In 1665 he regularized the consecration of [[Thoma I]] as the first Metropolitan Bishop of Malankara. At first during his reign Thoma I was assisted by Angamaly Vengoor Gevarghese Kathanar, [[Kadavil Chandy]] Kathanar, [[Parambil Chandy]], and [[Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar|Anjimootil Itty Thoman]] Kathanar, who lead the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653.

After the [[Synod of Diamper]] and [[Coonan Cross Oath]], which lead to the schism among the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], the Angamaly Cheriyapally came under the exclusive control of the Jacobite faction, who were known by then as the ''Puthenkoor''.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}} 84 out of the 116 total churches, including the Angamaly ''Kilakkeppalli'', the former cathedral located at the end of the city market, came under Syrian Catholic (''Palayakoor'') governance. The ''Valiyapalli'', located next to the St Marys ''Cheriyapally'' Church, was shared between the two factions until the their complete legal separation in the 18th century. Meanwhile, [[Thoma I]] had maintained his seat at Angamaly Cheriyapally. The 32 churches that remained with him, continued to be administered by him from Angamaly. He was buried in this church in 1670.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2016}}

For many centuries this church and the Akaparambu Church ([[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Mar Sabor and Mar Afroth]]) were a united parish and was administered by one council as is evident in the record of a general body meeting of 16-8-1069 (Malayalam Era).

====Estrangelo Bible====
In 1808 an ancient Bible written during the headship of [[Dionysius the Great]] at the Angamaly church was presented to the Anglican missionary [[Claudius Buchanan]]. This Bible is now preserved in the archives of the [[Cambridge University Library]]. This Syriac Bible might have been brought to India by Fathers from the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate Antioch]] as its appendix includes intercessory prayers to Mary and [[Severus of Antioch|Severios of Antioch]].<ref>Pukadiyil Itoop Writer, ''MALAYALATHULLA SURIYANI CHRISTIANKALUDE SABHA CHARITHRAM '' (Malayalam)( Changanassery, :1869; Mor Adai Study Center, 2004) p 151.</ref><ref>Pearson Hugh, M.A.; ''Memoirs of the life and writings of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan, D.D.'' Published 1817. Benjamin & Thomas Kite, Philadelphia p 320-321 </ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150px">
File:St. Mary's Soonoro Cathedral.jpg|Angamaly Church
File:Altar room Angamaly Syrian Church.jpg|Altar room of Angamaly Syrian Church.
File:George of Christ Archdeacon.2.jpg|Mural Painting of [[Giwargis of Christ]].
File:Last Judgement (St Mary's, Angamaly).jpg|Mural Painting of Last Judgement above the northern entrance.
File:Hell Scene (St Mary's, Angamaly).jpg|Mural depicting hell above the southern entrance.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Zend Avesta |volume=I |last=Duperron |first=A. H. Anquetil |author-link=Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron |year=1771 |publisher=N.M. Tilliard |pages=clxxxv-clxxxvj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iAVAAAAQAAJ |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pearson|first=Hugh|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirslifeandw03peargoog/page/n110/mode/2up|title=Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan|year=1819|location=London|pages=85–89|author-link=Hugh Pearson (dean of Salisbury)|oclc=1048815028|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Pius |editor-last=Malekandathil |date=2003 |title=Jornada of Dom Alexis de Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar |author=Antonio de Gouvea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUKybwAACAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Malekandathil|2003}} }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Pius |last=Malekandathil|author-link=Pius Malekandathil |title=Angamali and the St. Thomas Christians: An Historical Overview |encyclopedia= |url=https://www.academia.edu/43583483 |year=2016}}

==External links==
{{commons category|St Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Angamaly}}
*{{cite web|url=http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/Ankamaly/AnkamalyHVMary.html|author=Bibu Mathew Vayaliparambil Pynadathu|publisher=sor.cua.edu|title=Morth Mariam Church, Ankamaly|accessdate=2016-09-02}}
* [http://www.facebook.com/JacobiteSyrianChurch Jacobite Syrian Christian Church on Facebook]
* [http://www.jacobitesyrianchurch.org/ Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]
* [http://www.jacobiteonline.com/ Online Community and News Site of Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090119000500/http://malankarasyriacvoice.com/ News Site Of Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]}}
* [http://www.indianchristianity.com/ Indian Christianity]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205083210/http://www.syrianchurch.org/ Malankara Syriac Orthodox Resources]
* [http://www.socmnet.org/ Malankara Jacobite Syriac Christian Network]

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Pliny the Elder

2026-03-29T01:50:57Z

GabrielaPreiss: cleaned up layout additionally

{{short description|Roman military commander and writer (AD23/24–79)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pliny the Elder
| native_name = Gaius Plinius Secundus
| native_name_lang = la
| image = Grande Illustrazione del Lombardo Veneto Vol 3 Plinio Secondo 300dpi.jpg
| caption = 19th-century portrait of Pliny the Elder
| birth_date = AD 23 or 24
| birth_place = [[Como|Novum Comum]], Roman Empire
| death_date = {{death date and given age|AD 79|8|25|54–56|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Stabiae]], Roman Empire
| occupation = Lawyer, author, [[Natural history|naturalist]], {{nowrap|military commander,}} {{nowrap|provincial governor}}
| children = [[Pliny the Younger]], nephew adopted in the Elder's will
| notable works = {{lang|la|[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historia]]}}
}}
'''Gaius Plinius Secundus''' ([[Como]], 23 or 24 – [[Stabiae]], 25 August 79),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siegfried |first=Tom |date=2023-02-02 |title=Pliny the Elder's radical idea to catalog knowledge |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/society/2023/pliny-elder-first-encyclopedia |journal=[[Knowable Magazine]] |language=en |doi=10.1146/knowable-020223-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> known in English as '''Pliny the Elder''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|l|ɪ|n|i}} {{respell|PLIN|ee}}),<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Wells |editor-first=John |editor-link=John C. Wells |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=Pearson Longman |edition=3rd |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b00sxjlz|title=Pliny the Elder|website=In Our Time|publisher=BBC Radio 4|host=Melvyn Bragg|date=8 July 2010|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] author, [[Natural history|naturalist]], scientist, naval and army commander of the early [[Roman Empire]], [[procurator (Roman)|procurator]], and friend of the [[Roman emperor|emperor]] [[Vespasian]]. Pliny wrote the [[encyclopedic]] {{lang|la|[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historia]]}} (''Natural History''), a thirty-seven-volume work covering a vast array of topics on human knowledge and the natural world, which became an editorial model for encyclopedias. He spent most of his spare time studying, writing, and investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field.

Pliny produced seven works spanning 102 volumes, of which only ''Natural History'' survives.<ref name=PYIII.5/> Among the [[Lost literary work|lost works]] was the twenty-volume ''[[Bella Germaniae]]'' (''Wars of [[Germania]]''), used as a source by other prominent Roman historians including [[Plutarch]], [[Tacitus]], and [[Suetonius]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Hardy, Ernest George|title=Studies in Roman History|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York|year=1910}}</ref><ref name='sherwinwhite'>{{cite book|author=Sherwin-White, A. N.|title=The Letters of Pliny: A Historical and Social Commentary|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=1998}}</ref> Tacitus may have used ''Bella Germaniae'' as the primary source for his work, ''[[Germania (book)|De origine et situ Germanorum]]'' (''On the Origin and Situation of the Germani'').<ref name=Gudeman1900>{{cite journal|last=Gudeman|first=Alfred|author-link=Alfred Gudeman|title=The Sources of the Germania of Tacitus|journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association|volume=31|pages=93–111|year=1900|doi=10.2307/282642|jstor=282642|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/282642|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Also substantial was the thirty-one-volume history ''A fine Aufidii Bassi'', which extended [[Aufidius Bassus]]' earlier historical work to Pliny's day.<ref name='preface'/>

Pliny the Elder died in AD 79 in [[Stabiae]] while attempting to rescue people from the [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD|eruption of Mount Vesuvius]].<ref name=PYIII.5/><ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite journal|author=Katherine J. Wu|title=This 2,000-Year-Old Skull May Belong to Pliny the Elder|journal=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]]|date=27 January 2020|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/2000-year-old-skull-might-belong-pliny-elder-180974055/}}</ref>

==Life and times==
===Background===

[[File:Plinio praefecto.jpg|thumb|One of the [[Xanten Horse-Phalerae]] located in the [[British Museum]], measuring {{convert|10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military horse trapping inscribed with the name of Pliny the Elder|publisher=The British Museum: Highlights|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/m/military_horse_trapping.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203083856/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/m/military_horse_trapping.aspx|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> It bears an inscription formed from punched dots: ''PLINIO PRAEF EQ''; i.e., Plinio praefecto equitum, "Pliny prefect of cavalry". It was perhaps issued to every man in Pliny's unit. The figure is the bust of the emperor.]]

Pliny's dates are pinned to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 and a statement by his nephew that he died in his 56th year, which would put his birth {{nowrap|in AD 23 or 24.}}

Pliny was the son of an [[Equites|equestrian]] Gaius Plinius Celer and his wife, Marcella. Neither the Elder nor the Younger Pliny mention these names. Their ultimate source is a fragmentary inscription ([[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL V 1 3442]]) found in a field in [[Verona]] and recorded by the 16th-century [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] friar [[Onofrio Panvinio]]. The form is an [[elegy]]. The most commonly accepted reconstruction is:
{{blockquote|PLINIVS SECVNDVS AVGV. LERI. PATRI. MATRI. MARCELLAE. TESTAMENTO FIERI IVSSO}}

{{blockquote|Plinius Secundus augur ordered this to be made as a testament to his father [Ce]ler and his mother [Grania] Marcella}}

The actual words are fragmentary. The reading of the inscription depends on the reconstruction,<ref name=Hardouin50>{{cite book |author= Gaius Plinius Secundus |author2= Jean Harduin (commentator) |others= C. Alexandre; N.E. Lemaire (editors and contributors) |language= la, fr |title= Caii Plinii Secundi Historiae Naturalis Libri XXXVII |series= Bibliotheca Classica Latina |volume=1 |chapter= Ad Pliniam Vitam Excursus I: de Plinii Patria |year=1827 |pages=XLIX-L |location= Paris |publisher= Didot | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWw9AAAAcAAJ}}</ref> but in all cases the names come through. Whether he was an [[augur]] and whether she was named Grania Marcella are less certain.<ref>So also is the further speculation by Metello that she was the daughter of Titus, which suggests a possible connection with the ''Titii Pomponii'' on his mother's side, and a connection with the ''Caecilii'' (''Celer'' was a ''cognomen'' used by that ''[[Gens]]'') on his father's side: {{cite book|first1=Manuel Arnao |last1=Metello|author2=João Carlos Metello de Nápoles|title=Metellos de Portugal, Brasil e Roma: compilações genealógicas|publisher=Edição Nova Arrancada|location=Lisboa|date=1998|isbn= 978-972-8369-18-7|language=pt}}</ref> [[Jean Hardouin]] presents a statement from an unknown source that he claims was ancient, that Pliny was from Verona and that his parents were Celer and Marcella.<ref>{{cite book |pages=281–282 |language= fr |title= Pline le Jeune et ses héritiers |edition= ''ouvrage illustré d'environ 100 photogravures et de 15 cartes ou plans'' |first= Eugène |last= Allain |publisher= A. Fontemoing |year=1902 |volume=3}}</ref> Hardouin also cites the contrary (see below) of [[Catullus]].<ref name=Hardouin50/>

[[File:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot - Como and Lake Como.jpg|thumb|City and Lake of [[Como]], painted by [[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]], 1834]]
How the inscription got to Verona is unknown, but it could have arrived by dispersal of property from [[Pliny the Younger]]'s [[Roman Villa of Pliny "in Tuscis"|estate at Colle Plinio]], north of [[Città di Castello]], identified with certainty by his initials in the roof tiles. He kept statues of his ancestors there. Pliny the Elder was born at [[Como]], not at Verona: it is only as a native of old ''[[Cisalpine Gaul|Gallia Transpadana]]'' that he calls [[Catullus]] of Verona his ''conterraneus'', or fellow-countryman, not his ''municeps'', or fellow-townsman.<ref>{{SmithDGRBM|author=Charles Peter Mason|article=C. Plinius Secundus|volume=3|page=414}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Natural History|chapter=I, Dedication|quote=if I may be allowed to shelter myself under the example of Catullus, my fellow-countryman}}</ref> A statue of Pliny on the façade of the [[Como Cathedral]] celebrates him as a native son. He had a sister, Plinia, who married into the Caecilii and was the mother of his nephew, Pliny the Younger, whose letters describe his work and study regimen in detail.

In one of his letters to Tacitus (''avunculus meus''), Pliny the Younger details how his uncle's breakfasts would be light and simple (''levis et facilis'') following the customs of our forefathers (''veterum more interdiu''). Pliny the Younger wanted to convey that Pliny the Elder was a "good Roman", which means that he maintained the customs of the great Roman forefathers. This statement would have pleased Tacitus.

Two inscriptions identifying the hometown of Pliny the Younger as Como take precedence over the Verona theory. One ([[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL V 5262]]) commemorates the younger's career as the imperial magistrate and details his considerable charitable and municipal expenses on behalf of the people of Como. Another (CIL V 5667) identifies his father Lucius' village as present-day Fecchio (tribe Oufentina), a hamlet of [[Cantù]], near Como. Therefore, Plinia likely was a local girl and Pliny the Elder, her brother, was from Como.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Appendix A: Inscriptions|title=The letters of the younger Pliny|author=Pliny the Younger|translator-first=Betty|translator-last=Radice|edition=6, revised, reprint, reissue, illustrated|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1969|isbn=978-0-14-044127-7|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofyounger00plin}}</ref>

Gaius was a member of the [[Plinia gens|Plinia]] ''[[gens]]:'' the [[Insubres|Insubric]] root ''Plina'' still persists, with [[Rhotacism (sound change)|rhotacism]], in the local surname "Prina". He did not take his father's [[cognomen]], Celer, but assumed his own, Secundus. As his adopted son took the same cognomen, Pliny founded a branch, the Plinii Secundi. The family was prosperous; Pliny the Younger's combined inherited estates made him so wealthy that he could found a school and a library, endow a fund to feed the women and children of Como, and own numerous estates around [[Rome]] and Lake Como, as well as enrich some of his friends as a personal favor. No earlier instances of the Plinii are known.

In 59 BC, only about 82 years before Pliny's birth, [[Julius Caesar]] founded Novum Comum (reverting to Comum) as a {{lang|la|[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]}} to secure the region against the [[Rhaetian people|Alpine tribes]], whom he had been unable to defeat. He imported a population of 4,500 from other provinces to be placed in [[Comasco]] and 500 aristocratic Greeks to found Novum Comum itself.<ref>{{cite book|title=Some Problems in Roman History: Ten Essays Bearing on the Administrative and Legislative Work of Julius Caesar|first=Ernest George|last=Hardy|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd|year=2007|isbn= 978-1-58477-753-3|chapter=V Caesar's Colony at Novum Comum in 59 BC|pages=126–149}}</ref> The community was thus multi-ethnic and the Plinies could have come from anywhere. Whether any conclusions can be drawn from Pliny's preference for Greek words, or [[Julius Pokorny]]'s derivation of the name from north Italic as "bald"<ref>{{cite web|first=Julius|last=Pokorny|title=Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch|language=de|pages=834|publisher=University of Leiden|url=http://www.indoeuropean.nl/index2.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927151807/http://www.indoeuropean.nl/index2.html|archive-date=27 September 2006}}</ref> is a matter of speculative opinion. No record of any ethnic distinctions in Pliny's time is apparent—the population considered themselves to be Roman citizens.

Pliny the Elder did not marry and had no children. After his death, he adopted his nephew [[Pliny the Younger]], to whom he left his estate.<ref name="Pliny the Younger 1896 1">{{cite book|author=Pliny the Younger|editor-first1=Constantine E.|editor-last1=Prichard|editor-first2=Edward R.|editor-last2=Bernard|title=Selected Letters|page=1|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1896}}</ref> This adoption was probably [[Testamentary adoption|testamentary]], wherein Pliny the Younger assumed the name "Plinius" while gaining nothing recognizable by Roman jurisprudence beyond what was already guaranteed as an heir.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mommsen|first=Theodor|title=Zur Lebensgeschichte des Jüngeren Plinius|journal=Hermes|year=1869|volume=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Syme|first=Ronald|year=1988|contribution=Clues to Testamentary Adoption|title=Roman Papers|editor-first1=A. R.|editor-last1=Birley|volume=IV|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Gieben}}</ref><ref name='sherwinwhite'/> The amount of interaction between the two Plinies before this is uncertain,<ref>{{cite book|first1=Roy K.|last1=Gibson|title=Man of High Empire: The Life of Pliny the Younger|year=2020|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> though Pliny the Younger wrote about his adopted father with some familiarity, and for at least some time Pliny the Elder resided in the same house in [[Miseno|Misenum]] with his sister and nephew; they were living there when Pliny the Elder decided to investigate the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]], and was sidetracked by the need for rescue operations and a messenger from his friend asking for assistance.

===Student and lawyer===
Pliny's father took him to Rome to be educated in lawmaking.<ref name=EB1911/> Pliny relates that he saw [[Servilius Nonianus|Marcus Servilius Nonianus]].

===Junior officer===
In AD 46, at about age 23, Pliny entered the army as a junior officer, as was the custom for young men of equestrian rank. [[Ronald Syme]], Plinian scholar, reconstructs three periods at three ranks.<ref name=Beagon3>Beagon (2005) pg.3.</ref><ref>Syme (1969), pg. 207.</ref>

Pliny's interest in Roman literature attracted the attention and friendship of other men of letters in the higher ranks, with whom he formed lasting friendships. Later, these friendships assisted his entry into the upper echelons of the state; however, he was trusted for his knowledge and ability, as well. According to Syme, he began as a ''praefectus cohortis'', a "commander of a [[Cohort (military unit)|cohort]]" (an infantry cohort, as junior officers began in the infantry), under [[Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo]], himself a writer (whose works did not survive) in [[Germania Inferior]]. In AD 47, he took part in the Roman conquest of the [[Chauci]] and the construction of the canal between the rivers [[Meuse|Maas]] and [[Rhine]].<ref name=EB1911/> His description of the Roman ships anchored in the stream overnight having to ward off floating trees has the stamp of an eyewitness account.<ref>{{cite book |title=Natural History |chapter=XVI.2 |quote=Many is the time that these trees have struck our fleets with alarm, when the waves have driven them, almost purposely it would seem, against their prows as they stood at anchor in the night; and the men, destitute of all remedy and resource, have had to engage in naval combat with a forest of trees!}}</ref>
[[File:Castra-vetera.jpg|thumb|left|Map of [[Castra Vetera]], a large permanent base (''castra stativa'') of Germania Inferior, where Pliny spent the last of his 10-year term as a cavalry commander: The proximity of a naval base there means that he trained also in ships, as the Romans customarily trained all soldiers in all arms whenever possible. The location is on the lower [[Rhine River]].]]

At some uncertain date, Pliny was transferred to the command of [[Germania Superior]] under [[Publius Pomponius Secundus]] with a promotion to [[military tribune]],<ref name=Beagon3/> which was a staff position, with duties assigned by the district commander. Pomponius was a half-brother of Corbulo.<ref>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0/page/290 290] |title=Tiberius the politician |first=Barbara |last=Levick |edition=2, revised, illustrated |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-21753-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0/page/290 }}</ref> They had the same mother, [[Vistilia]], a powerful matron of the Roman upper classes, who had seven children by six husbands, some of whom had imperial connections, including a future empress. Pliny's assignments are not clear, but he must have participated in the campaign against the [[Chatti]] of AD 50, at age 27, in his fourth year of service. Associated with the commander in the ''[[praetorium]]'', he became a familiar and close friend of Pomponius, who also was a man of letters.

At another uncertain date, Pliny was transferred back to Germania Inferior. Corbulo had moved on, assuming command in the east. This time, Pliny was promoted to ''praefectus alae'', "commander of a wing", responsible for a cavalry battalion of about 480 men.<ref name=PYIII.5>{{cite book |author=Pliny the Younger |title=Letters |chapter=III.5 To Baebius Macer |date=26 September 2022 |url=http://www.bartleby.com/9/4/1027.html}}</ref> He spent the rest of his military service there. A decorative ''[[phalera (military decoration)|phalera]]'', or piece of harness, with his name on it has been found at ''[[Xanten|Castra Vetera]]'', modern Xanten, then a large Roman army and naval base on the lower Rhine.<ref name=Beagon3/> Pliny's last commander there, apparently neither a man of letters nor a close friend of his, was [[Pompeius Paullinus]], [[List of Roman governors of Germania Inferior|governor of Germania Inferior]] AD 55–58.<ref>Griffin (1992), pg. 438.</ref> Pliny relates that he personally knew Paulinus to have carried around 12,000 pounds of silver service on which to dine in a campaign against the Germani (a practice which would not have endeared him to the disciplined Pliny).<ref>{{cite book|title=Natural History|chapter=XXXIII.50|quote=to my own knowledge, Pompeius Paulinus... had with him, when serving with the army, and that, too, in a war against the most savage nations, a service of silver plate that weighed twelve thousand pounds!}}</ref>

According to his nephew,<ref name=PYIII.5/> during this period, he wrote his first book (perhaps in winter quarters when more spare time was available), a work on the use of [[Projectile|missiles]] on horseback, ''De Jaculatione Equestri'' ("On the Use of the Dart by Cavalry").<ref name=EB1911/> It has not survived, but in ''Natural History'', he seems to reveal at least part of its content, using the movements of the horse to assist the [[javelin]]-man in throwing missiles while astride its back.<ref>{{cite book |title=Natural History |chapter=VIII.65 |quote=Those who have to use the javelin are well aware how the horse, by its exertions and the supple movements of its body, aids the rider in any difficulty he may have in throwing his weapon.}}</ref> During this period, he also dreamed that the spirit of [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus Nero]] begged him to save his memory from oblivion.<ref name=PYIII.5/> The dream prompted Pliny to begin forthwith a history of all the wars between the Romans and the Germani,<ref name=EB1911/> which he did not complete for some years.
[[File:Head Titus Glyptothek Munich 338.jpg|thumb|upright|Colossal head of [[Titus]], son of Vespasian. [[Glyptothek]], Munich]]

===Literary interlude===
At the earliest time that Pliny could have left the service, [[Nero]], the last of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]], had been emperor for two years. He did not leave office until AD 68, when Pliny was 45 years old. During that time, Pliny did not hold any high office or work in the service of the state. In the subsequent [[Flavian dynasty]], his services were in such demand that he had to give up his law practice, which suggests that he had been trying not to attract the attention of Nero, who was a dangerous acquaintance.

Under Nero, Pliny lived mainly in Rome. He mentions the map of [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] and the neighbourhood of the [[Caspian Sea]], which was sent to Rome by the staff of Corbulo in 58.<ref>{{cite book | title=Natural History | chapter=VI.15}}</ref><ref name=EB1911/> He also witnessed the construction of Nero's [[Domus Aurea]] or "Golden House" after the [[Great Fire of Rome]] in 64.<ref>{{cite book|title=Natural History|chapter=XXXVI.24}}</ref>

Besides pleading law cases, Pliny wrote, researched, and studied. His second published work was ''The Life of Pomponius Secundus'', a two-volume biography of his old commander, Pomponius Secundus.<ref name=PYIII.5/>

Meanwhile, he was completing his monumental work, ''Bella Germaniae'', the only authority expressly quoted in the first six books of the ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annales]]'' of [[Tacitus]],<ref name=EB1911/> and probably one of the principal authorities for the same author's ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]''.<ref name=Gudeman1900/> It disappeared in favor of the writings of Tacitus (which are far shorter), and, early in the fifth century, [[Quintus Aurelius Symmachus|Symmachus]] had little hope of finding a copy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Symmachus|title=Letters|chapter=IV.18}}</ref>

Like Caligula, Nero seemed to grow gradually more insane as his reign progressed. Pliny devoted much of his time to writing on the comparatively safe subjects of [[grammar]] and rhetoric.<ref name=EB1911/> He published a three-book, six-volume educational manual on rhetoric, entitled ''[[Studiosus]]'', "The Student". Pliny the Younger says of it: "The orator is trained from his very cradle and perfected."<ref name=PYIII.5/> It was followed by eight books entitled ''Dubii sermonis''<ref name=EB1911/> (''Of Doubtful Phraseology''). These are both now [[Lost literary work|lost work]]s. His nephew relates: "He wrote this under Nero, in the last years of his reign, when every kind of literary pursuit which was in the least independent or elevated had been rendered dangerous by servitude."

In 68, Nero no longer had any friends and supporters. He committed suicide, and the reign of terror was at an end, as was the interlude in Pliny's obligation to the state.

===Senior officer===
[[File:Vespasiano, 80 dc ca, s.n..JPG|thumb|upright|Bust of [[Vespasian]]]]

At the end of AD 69, after a year of civil war consequent on the death of Nero, [[Vespasian]], a successful general, became emperor. Like Pliny, he had come from the equestrian class, rising through the ranks of the army and public offices and defeating the other contenders for the highest office. His main tasks were to re-establish peace under imperial control and to place the economy on a sound footing. He needed in his administration all the loyalty and assistance he could find. Pliny, apparently trusted without question, perhaps (reading between the lines) recommended by Vespasian's son [[Titus]], was put to work immediately and was kept in a continuous succession of the most distinguished procuratorships, according to [[Suetonius]].<ref>Syme (1969), p. 224.</ref> A [[procurator (Roman)|procurator]] was generally a governor of an imperial province. The empire was perpetually short of, and was always seeking, officeholders for its numerous offices.

Throughout the latter stages of Pliny's life, he maintained good relations with Emperor Vespasian. As is written in the first line of Pliny the Younger's ''Avunculus Meus'':

{{blockquote|{{lang|la|Ante lucem ibat ad Vespasianum imperatorem (nam ille quoque noctibus utebatur), deinde ad officium sibi delegatum}}.}}

{{blockquote|Before dawn he was going to Emperor Vespasian (for he also made use of the night), then he did the other duties assigned to him.}}

In this passage, Pliny the Younger conveys to Tacitus that his uncle was ever the academic, always working. The word ''ibat'' (imperfect, "he used to go") gives a sense of repeated or customary action. In the subsequent text, he mentions again how most of his uncle's day was spent working, reading, and writing. He notes that Pliny "was indeed a very ready sleeper, sometimes dropping off in the middle of his studies and then waking up again."<ref>Epistles, III v</ref>

A definitive study of the procuratorships of Pliny was compiled by the classical scholar [[Friedrich Münzer]], which was reasserted by [[Ronald Syme]] and became a standard reference point. Münzer hypothesized four procuratorships, of which two are certainly attested and two are probable but not certain. However, two does not satisfy Suetonius' description of a continuous succession.<ref>Griffin (1992), p. 439.</ref> Consequently, Plinian scholars present two to four procuratorships, the four comprising (i) Gallia Narbonensis in 70, (ii) Africa in 70–72, (iii) Hispania Tarraconensis in 72–74, and (iv) Gallia Belgica in 74–76.

According to Syme, Pliny may have been "successor to Valerius Paulinus", procurator of [[Gallia Narbonensis]] (southeastern France), early in AD 70. He seems to have a "familiarity with the ''provincia''", which, however, might otherwise be explained.<ref>Syme (1969), p. 225.</ref> For example, he says<ref>{{cite book|title=Natural History|chapter=III.5 (.4)}}</ref> <blockquote>In the cultivation of the soil, the manners and civilization of the inhabitants, and the extent of its wealth, it is surpassed by none of the provinces, and, in short, might be more truthfully described as a part of Italy than as a province.</blockquote>
denoting a general popular familiarity with the region.

[[File:Palmeraie gabès2.jpg|thumb|Oasis at [[Gabès]]]]

Pliny certainly spent some time in [[Africa Province|the province of Africa]], most likely as a procurator.<ref>Syme (1969), pp. 214–215.</ref> Among other events or features that he saw are the provoking of ''rubetae'', poisonous toads ([[Bufonidae]]), by the [[Psylli]];<ref>{{cite book |title= Natural History |chapter= XXV.76
|quote= I myself have seen the Psylli, in their exhibitions, irritate them by placing them upon flat vessels made red hot, their bite being fatal more instantaneously than the sting even of the asp.}}</ref> the buildings made with molded earthen walls, "superior in solidity to any cement;"<ref>{{cite book |title= Natural History |chapter=XXXV.48 (14.)}}</ref> and the unusual, fertile seaside oasis of [[Gabès]] (then Tacape), Tunisia, currently a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Natural History |chapter= XVIII.51}}</ref> Syme assigns the African procuratorship to AD 70–72.

The procuratorship of [[Hispania Tarraconensis]] was next. A statement by Pliny the Younger that his uncle was offered 400,000 ''[[sesterce]]s'' for his manuscripts by Larcius Licinius while he (Pliny the Elder) was procurator of Hispania makes it the most certain of the three.<ref name=PYIII.5/> Pliny lists the peoples of "Hither Hispania", including population statistics and civic rights (modern [[Asturias]] and [[Gallaecia]]). He stops short of mentioning them all for fear of "wearying the reader".<ref>{{cite book |title= Natural History |chapter= III.4 (.3) Of Nearer Spain}}</ref> As this is the only geographic region for which he gives this information, Syme hypothesizes that Pliny contributed to the census of Hither Hispania conducted in 73/74 by Vibius Crispus, legate from the Emperor, thus dating Pliny's procuratorship there.<ref>Syme (1969), p. 216.</ref>

[[File:Panorámica de Las Médulas.jpg|thumb|[[Las Médulas]], Spain, site of a large Roman mine]]

During his stay in Hispania, he became familiar with the agriculture and especially the gold mines of the north and west of the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Natural History | chapter=XXXIII.21 | quote=Asturia, Gallæcia, and Lusitania furnish in this manner, yearly, according to some authorities, twenty thousand pounds' weight of gold, the produce of Asturia forming the major part. Indeed, there is no part of the world that for centuries has maintained such a continuous fertility in gold.}}</ref> His descriptions of the various methods of mining appear to be [[wikt:eyewitness|eyewitness]] judging by the discussion of [[gold mining]] methods in his ''Natural History''. He might have visited the mine excavated at [[Las Médulas]].

[[File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|thumb|The [[Porta Nigra]] Roman gate, [[Trier]], Germany]]

The last position of procurator, an uncertain one, was of [[Gallia Belgica]], based on Pliny's familiarity with it. The capital of the province was Augusta Treverorum ([[History of Trier|Trier]]), named for the [[Treveri]] surrounding it. Pliny says that in "the year but one before this" a severe winter killed the first crops planted by the Treviri; they sowed again in March and had "a most abundant harvest."<ref>{{cite book|title=Natural History|chapter=XVIII.49 (.19)}}</ref> The problem is to identify "this", the year in which the passage was written. Using 77 as the date of composition Syme<ref>Syme (1969), p. 213.</ref> arrives at AD 74–75 as the date of the procuratorship, when Pliny is presumed to have witnessed these events. The argument is based entirely on presumptions; nevertheless, this date is required to achieve Suetonius' continuity of procuratorships, if the one in Gallia Belgica occurred.

Pliny was allowed home (Rome) at some time in AD 75–76. He was presumably at home for the first official release of ''Natural History'' in 77. Whether he was in Rome for the dedication of Vespasian's [[Temple of Peace, Rome|Temple of Peace]] in the Forum in 75, which was in essence a museum for display of art works plundered by Nero and formerly adorning the Domus Aurea, is uncertain, as is his possible command of the ''[[vigiles]]'' (night watchmen), a lesser post. No actual post is discernible for this period. On the bare circumstances, he was an official agent of the emperor in a quasiprivate capacity. Perhaps he was between posts. In any case, his appointment as commander of the imperial fleet at [[Miseno|Misenum]]<ref name=Haaretz2017>{{cite news|author=Ariel David|title=Pompeii Hero Pliny the Elder May Have Been Found 2,000 Years Later|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|location=Tel Aviv|date=31 August 2017|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/MAGAZINE-pompeii-hero-pliny-the-elder-s-body-may-have-been-found-1.5446901}}</ref> took him there, where he resided with his sister and nephew. Vespasian died of disease on 23 June 79. Pliny outlived him by four months.

===Noted author===
During Nero's reign of terror, Pliny avoided working on any writing that would attract attention to himself. His works on oratory in the last years of Nero's reign (67–68) focused on form rather than on content. He began working on content again probably after Vespasian's rule began in AD 69, when the terror clearly was over and would not be resumed. It was to some degree reinstituted (and later cancelled by his son Titus) when Vespasian suppressed the philosophers at Rome, but not Pliny, who was not among them, representing, as he says, something new in Rome, an encyclopedist (certainly, a venerable tradition outside Italy).<ref>[https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2002&context=edissertations Repository], upenn.edu. Accessed 31 August 2022.</ref>

In his next work, ''Bella Germaniae'', Pliny completed the history which [[Aufidius Bassus]] left unfinished. Pliny's continuation of Bassus's ''History'' was one of the authorities followed by [[Lives of the Twelve Caesars|Suetonius]] and [[Plutarch]].<ref name=EB1911/> Tacitus also cites Pliny as a source. He is mentioned concerning the loyalty of [[Sextus Afranius Burrus|Burrus]], commander of the [[Praetorian Guard]], whom [[Nero]] removed for disloyalty.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tacitus|title=The Annals|chapter=13.20|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0078&layout=&loc=13.20}}</ref> Tacitus portrays parts of Pliny's view of the [[Pisonian conspiracy]] to kill Nero and make Piso emperor as "absurd"<ref>{{cite book|author=Tacitus|title=The Annals|chapter=15.53|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0078&layout=&loc=15.53}}</ref> and mentions that he could not decide whether Pliny's account or that of [[Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus (consul 58)|Messalla]] was more accurate concerning some of the details of the [[Year of the Four Emperors]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Tacitus |title=The Histories|chapter=3.29 |url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusHistory03.html}}</ref> Evidently Pliny's extension of Bassus extended at least from the reign of Nero to that of Vespasian. Pliny seems to have known it was going to be controversial, as he deliberately reserved it for publication after his death:<ref name=EB1911/>
<blockquote>It has been long completed and its accuracy confirmed; but I have determined to commit the charge of it to my heirs, lest I should have been suspected, during my lifetime, of having been unduly influenced by ambition. By this means I confer an obligation on those who occupy the same ground with myself; and also on posterity, who, I am aware, will contend with me, as I have done with my predecessors.<ref name='preface'>{{cite book | author=Pliny | title=Natural History | url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistory01plinuoft | chapter=Preface, 20| year=1938|publisher=Harvard University Press|translator-last1=Rackham|translator-first1=Harris}}</ref></blockquote>

==''Natural History''==
{{Main|Natural History (Pliny)}}
Pliny's last work, according to his nephew, was the {{lang|la|[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historia]]}} (''Natural History''), an encyclopedia into which he collected much of the knowledge of his time.<ref name=PYIII.5/> Some historians consider this to be the first encyclopedia written.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=J. |title=Pliny's World: All the Facts-and then Some. |journal=Smithsonian |date=1995 |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=152}}</ref> It comprised 37 books. His sources were personal experience, his own prior works (such as the work on Germania), and extracts from other works. These extracts were collected in the following manner: One servant would read aloud, and another would write the extract as dictated by Pliny. He is said to have dictated extracts while taking a bath. In winter, he furnished the copier with gloves and long sleeves so his writing hand would not stiffen with cold (Pliny the Younger in ''avunculus meus''). His extract collection finally reached about 160 volumes, which Larcius Licinius, the [[legatus|Praetorian legate]] of Hispania Tarraconensis, unsuccessfully offered to purchase for 400,000 ''sesterces.''<ref name=PYIII.5/> That would have been in 73/74 (see above). Pliny bequeathed the extracts to his nephew.

When composition of ''Natural History'' began is unknown. Since he was preoccupied with his other works under Nero and then had to finish the history of his times, he is unlikely to have begun before 70. The procuratorships offered the ideal opportunity for an encyclopedic frame of mind. The date of an overall composition cannot be assigned to any one year. The dates of different parts must be determined, if they can, by [[Philology|philological]] analysis (the ''[[post mortem]]'' of the scholars).

[[File:Laocoön and his sons group.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''[[Laocoön and His Sons]]'', a sculpture admired by Pliny]]

The closest known event to a single publication date, that is, when the manuscript was probably released to the public for borrowing and copying, and was probably sent to the Flavians, is the date of the Dedication in the first of the 37 books. It is to the ''[[imperator]]'' Titus. As Titus and Vespasian had the same name, Titus Flavius Vespasianus, earlier writers hypothesized a dedication to Vespasian. Pliny's mention of a brother ([[Domitian]]) and joint offices with a father, calling that father "great", points certainly to Titus.<ref name=B7>Beagon (2005), p. 7.</ref>

Pliny also says that Titus had been [[Roman consul|consul]] six times.<ref name=PNH1855>{{cite book|author=Gaius Plinius Secundus|author-link=Pliny the Elder|others=Translated by [[John Bostock (physician)|John Bostock]] and [[Henry Thomas Riley]]|volume=1|title=The Natural History of Pliny|chapter=Book I:Dedication|publisher=Henry G. Bohn|location=London|year=1855|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57493/57493-h/57493-h.htm#BOOK_I_DEDICATION|quote=You, who have had the honour of a triumph, and of the censorship, have been six times consul, and have shared in the tribunate....}}</ref> The first six consulships of Titus were in 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, and 77, all conjointly with Vespasian, and the seventh was in 79. This brings the date of the Dedication probably to 77. In that year, Vespasian was 68. He had been ruling conjointly with Titus for some years.<ref name=B7/> The title ''imperator'' does not indicate that Titus was sole emperor, but was awarded for a military victory, in this case that in Jerusalem in 70.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/titus.htm|title=Roman Emperors - DIR Titus|website=roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu}}</ref>

Aside from minor finishing touches, the work in 37 books was completed in AD 77.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pliny-the-Elder|title=Pliny the Elder – Roman scholar|author=Jerry Stannard|edition=15|year=1977|volume=14|page=572a}}</ref> That it was written entirely in 77 or that Pliny was finished with it then cannot be proved. Moreover, the dedication could have been written before publication, and it could have been published either privately or publicly earlier without the dedication. The only certain fact is that Pliny died in AD 79.

''Natural History'' is one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman Empire and was intended to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge, based on the best authorities available to Pliny. He claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such a work. It encompasses the fields of [[botany]], [[zoology]], [[astronomy]], geology, and [[mineralogy]], as well as the exploitation of those resources. It remains a standard work for the Roman period and the advances in technology and understanding of natural phenomena at the time. His discussions of some technical advances are the only sources for those inventions, such as [[hushing]] in mining technology or the use of [[water mill]]s for crushing or grinding grain. Much of what he wrote about has been confirmed by [[archaeology]]. It is virtually the only work that describes the work of artists of the time, and is a reference work for the [[history of art]]. As such, Pliny's approach to describing the work of artists informed [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]] in writing his commentaries in the 15th century, and [[Giorgio Vasari]], who wrote the celebrated ''[[Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects]]'' in 1550.

=== ''Natural History'' as the First Encyclopedia ===
Some historians consider ''Natural History'' to be the first encyclopedia ever written.<ref name=":0" /> It was the earliest encyclopedia to survive. There were many ancient histories written before Pliny the Elder's ''Natural History,'' but scholars still recognize ''Natural History'' as an encyclopedia, setting it apart from the other ancient histories. Regardless of if it was first, it is certainly the most significant. Through ''Natural History,'' Pliny the Elder gives modern experts a view into meanings of various things from first century Rome in a way that no other surviving text does.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Trevor|title=Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780199262885|language=English}}</ref> Each book of the ''Natural History'' covers a different topic, and the work is meant to cover every topic. Given the organization of the work, it is clear that it was meant to be a reference resource.<ref name=":1" /> Even modern scholars will sometimes compare an unknown object mentioned in a different ancient text with the objects described by Pliny and make comparisons. Modern scholars are also able to use ''Natural History'' to understand the traditions, fantasies, and prejudices in Ancient Rome.

The work became a model for all later encyclopedias in terms of the breadth of subject matter examined, the need to reference original authors, and a comprehensive index list of the contents. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published, lacking a final revision at his sudden and unexpected death in the AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

==Death==
[[File:Pompeii Garden of the Fugitives 02.jpg|thumb|Plaster casts of the casualties from pyroclastic surges|upright]]
Pliny, who had been appointed ''[[Roman navy#High command|praefectus classis]]'' (admiral) in the [[Roman navy]] by Vespasian, was stationed with the fleet at [[Miseno|Misenum]] at the time of the [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD|eruption of Mount Vesuvius]].<ref name=Haaretz2017/> On the 24th of August at around one in the afternoon, Pliny was informed of an unusual cloud in the distance by his sister, and he began making preparations to investigate. The mission suddenly became one of rescue when a message arrived containing an urgent plea for help from his friend [[Rectina]], who was stranded in [[Stabiae]]. Pliny boarded one of several [[Galley#Roman Imperial era|galleys]] that he dispatched across the [[Gulf of Naples]] to Stabiae.<ref name=PYVI.16>{{cite book|author=Pliny the Younger|chapter=VI.16 To Tacitus|title=Letters|date=26 September 2022 |url=http://www.bartleby.com/9/4/1065.html}}</ref>

As Pliny's vessel approached the shore near Herculaneum, cinders and [[pumice]] began to fall on it. The [[helmsman]] advised turning back, to which Pliny replied, "[[Fortune favours the bold]]; steer to where [[Pomponianus]] is." Upon reaching Stabiae, they found [[Roman Senate|Senator]] Pomponianus, but the same winds that brought them there prevented them from leaving. The group waited for the wind to abate, but they decided to leave later that evening for fear that their houses would collapse. The group fled when a plume of [[Volcanic gas|hot toxic gases]] engulfed them. Pliny, a corpulent man who suffered from a chronic respiratory condition, possibly [[asthma]], died and was left behind. Upon the group's return three days later after the plume had dispersed, Pliny's body was found, with no apparent external injuries.<ref name=PYVI.16/>

An account of Pliny the Elder's fatal journey to Stabiae is contained in a letter from Pliny the Younger to Tacitus, written twenty-seven years after the events transpired.<ref name=PYVI.16/><ref name=PYIII.5/><ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|last=Sandys |first=John Edwin |wstitle=Pliny the Elder|volume=21 |pages=841–844 |inline=1}}</ref> The younger Pliny believed that his uncle had been killed by toxic gases.<ref name=PYVI.16/> Suetonius shared an additional rumor that Pliny the Elder asked a slave to kill him to avoid heat from the volcano.<ref name=Suetonius>{{cite book|author=Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus|author-link=Suetonius|editor-last=Page|editor-first=T.E.|editor2-last=Rouse|editor2-first=William Henry Denham|editor2-link=W. H. D. Rouse|volume=II|series=The Loeb Classical Library|title=Suetonius – The Lives of Illustrious Men|chapter=The Life of Pliny the Elder|pages=504–5|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York|year=1914|isbn=9780674990425|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4lfAAAAMAAJ&q=liburnian}}</ref> In 1859, [[Jacob Bigelow]], after summarizing the information about Pliny's death contained in Pliny the Younger's letter to Tacitus, concluded that Pliny had died from apoplexy (stroke) or heart disease.<ref name=Bigelow1859>{{cite journal|title=On the Death of Pliny the Elder|first=Jacob|last=Bigelow|author-link=Jacob Bigelow|journal=Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=6|issue=2|pages=223–7|year=1859|doi=10.2307/25057949|jstor=25057949|bibcode=1859MAAAS...6..223B|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057949|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The dramatic circumstances of his death led [[encyclopédiste]] [[Louis de Jaucourt]] to assess that: "He is of particular interest to humanity for his tragic end, and to scholars worldwide for his writings, which are, in the arts and sciences, the most precious monuments of all antiquity."<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Denis|editor2=Diderot|year=1765|contribution=Verona|title=Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres|volume=XVII|first1=Louis|last1=de Jaucourt}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[PLINIVS]]'', a 2013 manga biography of Pliny
* [[Plinian eruption]]
* [[Plinius (crater)|Plinius]], lunar crater

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Anguissola |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Grüner |editor2-first=Andreas |title=The nature of art : Pliny the Elder on materials |date=2020 |publisher=Brepols |location=Turnhout, Belgium |isbn=9782503591179}}
* Beagon, Mary. (1992). ''Roman Nature: The Thought of Pliny the Elder.'' Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
* {{cite book |title=The elder Pliny on the human animal: Natural History, Book 7 |translator=Beagon, Mary |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University press |isbn=0-19-815065-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Carey |first=Sorcha |title=Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural history |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University press |isbn=0-19-920765-8}}
* Doody, Aude. (2010). ''Pliny's Encyclopedia: The Reception of the Natural History.'' Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
* {{cite book |title=Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics |first=Miriam Tamara |last=Griffin |edition=reprint |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-814774-9}}
* Fane-Saunders, Peter. (2016). ''Pliny the Elder and the Emergence of Renaissance Architecture.'' New York: Cambridge University Press.
* French, Roger, and Frank Greenaway, eds. (1986). ''Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, His Sources and Influence.'' London: Croom Helm.
* Gibson, Roy and Ruth Morello eds. (2011). ''Pliny the Elder: Themes and Contexts.'' Leiden: Brill.
* {{cite book |last=Healy |first=John F. |title=Pliny the Elder on science and technology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-814687-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Isager |first=Jacob |title=Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art |publisher=Routledge |location=London & New York |year=1991 |isbn=0-415-06950-5}}
* Laehn, Thomas R. (2013). ''Pliny's Defense of Empire.'' Routledge Innovations in Political Theory. New York: Routledge.
* {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Trevor |title=Pliny the Elder's Natural History: the Empire in the Encyclopedia |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-926288-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramosino |first=Laura Cotta |title=Plinio il Vecchio e la tradizione storica di Roma nella Naturalis historia |year=2004 |location=Alessandria |publisher=Edizioni del'Orso |isbn=88-7694-695-0 |language=it}}
* {{Cite book |contribution=Pliny the Procurator |pages=201–236 |first=Ronald |last=Syme |title=Harvard studies in classical philology |editor=Department of the Classics, Harvard University |edition=illustrated |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-674-37919-0}}
* {{cite web |author=Pliny the Elder |editor=William P. Thayer |title=''Pliny the Elder: the Natural History'' |language=la, en |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=24 May 2009}}
* {{cite web |author=Pliny the Elder |others=[[John Bostock (physician)|John Bostock]], [[Henry Thomas Riley]] (translators and editors); Gregory R. Crane (Chief editor) |title=''The Natural History'' |year=1855 |publisher=Taylor and Francis; Tufts University: Perseus Digital Library |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc |access-date=24 May 2009}}
* {{cite web |first=Richard V |last=Fisher |title=Derivation of the name 'Plinian' |url=https://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/pliny.htm |publisher=University of California at Santa Barbara: The Volcano Information Center}}

===Secondary material===
* {{cite web |first=Roger |last=Pearse |title=The manuscripts of Pliny the Elder |year=2013 |publisher=Tertullian.org |url=https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2013/06/22/the-manuscripts-of-pliny-the-elders-natural-history/ |access-date=22 June 2013}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Saller, Richard. 2022. ''[https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691229546/plinys-roman-economy Pliny's Roman Economy: Natural History, Innovation, and Growth]''. Princeton University Press.

==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|others=yes|about=yes|label=Pliny the Elder|viaf=|lccn=|lcheading=|wikititle=}}
* {{commons-inline|Plinius maior}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=50041}}
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0138 Works by Pliny the Elder at Perseus Digital Library]
* [https://hos.ou.edu/galleries//02LateAncient/Pliny/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112230037/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//02LateAncient/Pliny/ |date=12 November 2020 }} High resolution images of works by Pliny the Elder in.jpg and.tiff format.
* {{Internet Archive author |search=( "Gaius Plinius Secundus" OR "Pliny the Elder" )}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5293}}

{{Ancient Rome topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Natural history}}

{{Authority control}}

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Narayani Shastri

2026-03-23T07:58:37Z

GabrielaPreiss: added information per standard format and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Narayani Shastri
| image = Naryani_shastri_spa_launch.jpg
| caption = Narayani Shastri at Areopagus Spa launch
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|04|16|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Narayani Shastri B'day Spl: Narayani Shastri had hidden the matter of getting married, the secret was revealed after one and a half year|url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/tv-narayani-shastri-birthday-special-when-actress-kept-her-marriage-undercover-for-one-and-half-year-ps-4195059.html |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]] [[Actress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Steven Graver<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/narayani-shastri-reveals-she-has-been-married-for-one-and-a-half-year-see-her-pics-with-husband-4580462/|title=Narayani Shastri reveals she has been married for one-and-a-half year. See her pics with husband|website=Indian Express|date=22 March 2017|access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>|2015}}
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 2000–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''|''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]''|''[[Kkusum]]''|''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]''|''[[Piya Rangrezz]]''|''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''|''[[Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha]]''|''[[Laal Banarasi]]''}}
| partner = {{ubl|[[Anuj Saxena]] (2002–2003)|[[Gaurav Chopra]] (2004–2010)}}
}}

'''Narayani Shastri'''  is an Indian television and theatre actress known for her roles in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Kesar Anupam Kapadia, ''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]'' as Rimjhim Avinash Sharma, ''Namak Haraam'' as Swati Karan Sehgal, [[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]] as Satarupa Baldev Singh ''[[Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha]]'' as Rajvi Vipul Rawal and ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]'' as Devika.

== Personal life ==
Shastri was in a long-term relationship with co-star [[Gaurav Chopra]] with whom she participated in ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye 2]].''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Narayani Shastri on being friends with ex-boyfriend Gaurav Chopra: It was awkward initially|language=en|newspaper=India Today|agency=Ist|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/narayani-shastri-on-being-friends-with-ex-boyfriend-gaurav-chopra-it-was-awkward-initially-1265156-2018-06-20|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-23|title=I'm friends with all my ex-boyfriends: Narayani Shastri|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-m-friends-with-all-my-ex-boyfriends-narayani-shastri/story-eEorrkV7bURDR9LneSOr0J.html|access-date=2019-09-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Narayani married Steven Graver in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-22|title=Narayani Shastri reveals she has been married for one-and-a-half year. See her pics with husband|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/narayani-shastri-reveals-she-has-been-married-for-one-and-a-half-year-see-her-pics-with-husband-4580462/|access-date=2019-09-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-23|title=Narayani Shastri talks about her 'secret' marriage to British beau Steven Graver|url=https://zeenews.india.com/relationships/narayani-shastri-talks-about-her-secret-marriage-to-british-beau-steven-graver_1989120.html|access-date=2019-09-11|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Shastri made her debut in the [[DD National]]'s ''Kahani Saat Pheron Ki''. She played the lead role in ''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]'' as Rimjhim, and replaced [[Neha Mehta]] to play Mamta in [[Zee TV|Zee TV's]] ''[[Mamta (TV series)|Mamta]]''. Narayani played the role of Tulsi's sister Kesar in [[Star Plus]]' ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''. She played the character Tashu, Abhay's evil wife in [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]'s ''[[Kkusum]]''.she played shruti in koi apnaa saa(zee tv)

In 2017, she played the role of powerful business woman Satrupa in [[Star Plus]]' show ''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/narayani-shastri-roped-in-for-star-plus-chakravyuvh/articleshow/59067800.cms|title=Narayani Shastri roped in for Star Plus' 'Chakravyuvh' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2000
| ''Kahani Saat Pheron Ki''
| Deepa Shekhar Sehgal
|
|-
| ''Thriller At 10''
| Tina D' Costa
| Episode 166 to Episode 170
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Babul Ki Duwayen Leti Jaa]]''
| Jenny
|
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]''
| Shruti Tushar Gill
|
|-
| 2001–2003
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Kesar Anupam Kapadia
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2002
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' – Anushasan
| Ruby
| Episode 45
|-
| '' [[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
| Patient's Wife
| Episode 34
|-
| 2002–2003; 2005
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| Natasha "Tashu" Kanwar / Natasha Abhay Kapoor
|
|-
| 2002–2006
| rowspan = "2" | '' [[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]''
| Rimjhim Reborn Shruti Gill Sharma Avinash Sharma
|
|-
| 2025
| Megha Sharma / Koyal Twins Daughter for Narayani Shastri
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'' – Kabzaa
| Aashna "Aashu" (Before Plastic Surgery)
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Vikraal Aur Gabraal]]''
| Ruby
| Episode 25
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2006
| ''Twinkle Beauty Parlour Lajpat Nagar''
| Ranjana
|
|-
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' – ''The Case Of Mysterious Gift''
| Sunanda (Episode 426)
| Episodic Role
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye 2]]''
| Contestant
| [[Reality show]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tina-hussain-win-nach-baliye-2/story-Sa8PnYrGeizFioFj0yyBAN.html|title=Tina, Hussain win Nach Baliye 2|date=2006-12-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2006–2008
| ''Sanskar''
| Anupama / Nandini
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/bye-twinkle|title=Bye Twinkle.... Welcome Sanskar|date=2006-07-14|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/lifestyle/narayani-shastri|title=I cannot think of life without working out - Narayani Shastri|date=2007-01-09|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2007
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Disha
| Episode 7
|-
| ''[[Mamta (TV series)|Mamta]]''
| Mamata Akshay Srivastav
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2008
| ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
| Advocate Damini Verma
| Cameo role; Episode 358 to Episode 365<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/narayani-shastri-and-gaurav-chopra-in-ghar-ki-lakshmi-betiyaan_6427|title=Narayani Shastri and Gaurav Chopra in Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyaan...|date=2008-06-09|website= India Forums Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]''
| Contestant
| Reality Show
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''Namak Haraam''
| Swati Karan Sehgal
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/talking-point-with-narayani-shastri/437732/|title=TALKING POINT with narayani shastri - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]''
| Contestant
| Reality Show
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]''
| Contestant
| Reality Show
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subah Hogi]]''
| Gulabia
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow-narayani-shashtri-gets-into-character-for-phir-subah-hogi-launch-1677648|title=Narayani Shashtri gets into character for 'Phir Subah Hogi' launch {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|last=Thakur|first=Pramod|date=2012-04-19|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/i-just-accept-the-best-options-narayani-shastri-news-national-mejsElcehgbsi.html|title=I just accept the best options: Narayani Shastri|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2013
| ''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]''
| Guest Dancer
| Episode 16<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/narayani-shashtri-and-suhasi-dhami-to-perform-in-do-dil-bandhe-ek_48952|title=Narayani Shashtri and Suhasi Dhami to perform in Do Dil Bandhe Ek..|date=2013-08-31|website= India Forums Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Beta Hi Chahiye]]''
| Guest Dancer
| Episode 75<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Narayani-Shastri-the-hard-task-master/articleshow/21958101.cms|title=Narayani Shastri the hard task master!|date=2013-08-22|website= Entertainment Times Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''
| Senior Inspector Lata Mane
| Episode 106<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/The-actress-will-play-a-cop-in-the-show-and-will-help-Arjun-solve-a-case-/articleshow/22435918.cms|title=Narayani Shastri back with Arjun|date=2013-09-09|website= Entertainment Times Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2014
| ''[[The Adventures Of Hatim]]''
| Neena
| Episode 61<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/narayani-shastri-roped-episode-of-life-oks-hatim-140804|title=Narayani Shastri roped in for an episode of Life OK's Hatim|date=2014-08-04|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Saroja Arvind Khattar
| Episode 962<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/narayani-shastri-to-be-featured-in-savdhaan-india_66307|title=Narayani Shastri to be featured in Savdhaan India!|date=2014-12-09|website= India Forums Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Piya Rangrezz]]''
| Bhanvari Singh
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/narayani-shastri-all-set-to-play-a-negative-role-after-10-years/16155153|title=Narayani Shastri all set to play a negative role after 10 years!|date=2015-04-22|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/no-tears-no-glycerine-narayani-shastri-happy-with-negative-role/|title=No tears, no glycerine, Narayani Shastri happy with negative role|date=2015-04-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''
| Satarupa Baldev Singh
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/narayani-shastri-those-who-find-naagin-concept-regressive-watch-shows-on-vampires/story-ZzWtISLV9QVaDeYcwhgoJM.html|title=Narayani Shastri: Those who find naagin concept regressive, watch shows on vampires|date=2017-07-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/narayani-shastri-i-prefer-saying-what-i-believe-in-can-t-sugar-coat-my-words/story-uhHeHgivzRGbPD3uuhNRGM.html|title=Narayani Shastri: I prefer saying what I believe in; can't sugar-coat my words|date=2017-09-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/narayani-shastri-rishton-ka-chakravyuh-i-will-play-a-makkhi-on-screen-only-if-paid-in-millions-4758441/|title=I will play a makkhi on screen only if paid in millions: Narayani Shastri|date=2017-07-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2018
| ''Juzzbaatt – Sangeen Se Namkeen Tak''
| Guest
| Episode 15; [[talk show]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exes-narayani-shastri-and-gaurav-chopra-dance-to-a-romantic-number-on-juzzbaatt/articleshow/64651905.cms|title=Exes Narayani Shastri and Gaurav Chopra dance to a romantic number on JuzzBaatt - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 June 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Sejal
| Episode 37<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/actors-roped-in-for-tvs-laal-ishq-2/2018/10/11|title=Jatin Shah and Narayani Shastri in Laal Ishq|date=2018-10-11|website= IWM Buzz Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Karn Sangini]]''
| [[Radha (Mahabharata)|Radha]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amita-khopkar-out-narayani-shastri-to-play-karns-mother-in-karnsangini/articleshow/66796430.cms|title=Amita Khopkar out, Narayani Shastri to play Karn's mother in 'KarnSangini' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 November 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
| Devika
| Episode 152
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha]]''
| Rajvi Vipul Rawal
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/piya-ka-ghar-actress-narayani-shastri-to-join-mona-lisa-s-nazar-1460763-2019-02-20|title=Piya Ka Ghar actress Narayani Shastri to join Mona Lisa's Nazar|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2023–2024
| ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
| Maharani Saraswati Udaybhan Singh
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/narayani-shastri-and-yash-tonk-to-play-queen-and-king-in-dhruv-tara/articleshow/96194719.cms | title=Narayani Shastri and Yash Tonk to play queen and king in Dhruv Tara - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=13 December 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laal Banarasi]]''
| Shakuntala Agarwal / Shakuntala Dushyant Sinha
|
|-
| 2025
| ''Lekar Hum Deewana Dil''
| Priyadarshini Tripathi
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025–2026
| rowspan="2"|''[[Noyontara]]''
| Lalita Sengupta
| rowspan="2"|Dual role
|-
| Lata
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]''
| Bride in Marriage
|
|-
| 2000
| '' [[Ghaath (2000 film)|Ghaath]]''
| Varsha Khairnar
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Chandni Bar]]''
| Anju
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]''
| Shalu
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]''
| Shweta
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Na Ghar Ke Na Ghaat Ke]]''
| Mithilesh
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tv-actress-narayani-shastri-to-debut-in-bollywood-1342291|title=TV actress Narayani Shastri to debut in Bollywood|date=2010-02-02|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Rautu Ka Raaz]]''
|Warden Sangeeta
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1069398/rautu-ka-raaz-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-plays-a-cop-investigating-a-murder-in-a-hill-station|title='Rautu Ka Raaz' trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui plays a cop investigating a murder in a hill station
|website=Scroll|date=17 June 2024
|language=en|access-date=2024-06-18}}</ref>
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Gandii Baat|Gandii Baat 1]]''
| Preeto
| [[ALTBalaji]]
| S01E04<ref>{{cite web|title=Ex-flames Gaurav Chopra and Narayani Shastri to come together for a show?|date=17 June 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/ex-flames-gaurav-chopra-and-narayani-shastri-to-come-together-for-a-show-1262412-2018-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/876587/a-rapist-snake-a-doll-bride-and-other-taboo-tales-in-altbalajis-gandii-baat|title=A rapist snake, a doll bride and other taboo tales in AltBalaji's 'Gandii Baat'|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=23 April 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Narayani Shastri opens up on her digital debut with ALTBalaji's 'Gandi Baat'|date=11 January 2019 |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/buzz/news/23087/Narayani-Shastri-opens-up-on-her-digital-debut-with-ALTBalajis-Gandi-Baat.html}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| '' [[Naxalbari (web series)|Naxalbari]]''
| Sudha
| [[ZEE5]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Runh's special screening for LGBT community - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Runhs-special-screening-for-LGBT-community/articleshow/47071713.cms|access-date=2019-09-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|narayani-shastri}}
* {{IMDb name|1875474}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Narayani}}
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{india-tv-stub}}

1986 Hoshiarpur bus massacre

2026-03-21T16:12:43Z

GabrielaPreiss: improved article

{{Short description|Terrorist incident in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Hoshiarpur bus massacre
| location = Khuda, Dasua tehsil, [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India]]
| date = {{start date and age|30 November 1986}}
| partof = [[Insurgency in Punjab]]
| map = {{Location map|India
| width = 250
| float = right
| label = Khuda, Dasua Tehsil, Hoshiarpur district
|marksize = 8
|lat_deg = 30.29
|lon_deg = 74.31
}}
| coordinates = {{coord|31|35|N|75|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| target = [[Punjabi Hindus]]
| type = [[Mass shooting]]
| weapon = Assault rifles
| fatalities = 24 [[Hindus]]
| motive = *Sikh Separatism
*[[Persecution of Hindus]]
}}
The '''1986 Hoshiarpur Bus Massacre''' was a massacre of 24 [[Hindu]] bus-passengers by [[Khalistan]]i [[Militant|militants]].<ref name="NYT_1Dec1986">{{cite news |title=Temple Sikh Extremists Hijack Punjab Bus and Kill 24 People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/01/world/sikh-extremists-hijack-punjab-bus-and-kill-24-people.html |accessdate=17 October 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=1 December 1986}}</ref> The bus massacre was the worst terrorist incident in Punjab of the year 1986. It occurred on Sunday, 30 November 1986, near Khuda located in the [[Hoshiarpur district]] in the northern state of [[Punjab, India]] close to the [[Indo-Pak border]].<ref name="LAT24Hindus">{{cite news |last1=Tempest |first1=Rone |title=Sikh Gunmen Kill 24 Hindus, Wound 7 on Punjab Bus |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-12-01-mn-198-story.html |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=1 December 1986}}</ref>

According to the local police officials four Khalistani militants carrying automatic weapons ([[AK-47]]) and revolvers hijacked public bus No. PJG 7284, shouting pro-Khalistan slogans and taking it to a remote area. The terrorists then commanded all Hindu passengers to get off the bus. While the passengers were getting down, the terrorists opened fire on them killing twenty-four of them and injuring seven with gunshots.<ref name="LAT24Hindus"/> The gunmen then fled the location after the killings in motorcycles and scooters.<ref name="NYT_1Dec1986"/>

==Objective==
The goal of the terrorists behind the massacre was to drive out the millions of Hindus living in the Punjab state and force the Sikhs living in the other states of India to move in. This would have enabled the Sikh separatists to claim the Punjab state as a sovereign country of Khalistan.<ref name="LAT15Hindus">{{cite news |last1=Tempest |first1=Rone |title=Suspected Sikh Terrorists Kill 15 on India Bus |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-26-mn-2-story.html |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 July 1986}}</ref> Thousands of refugees belonging to the Hindu religion from Punjab had already moved to New Delhi to escape the communal violence.<ref name="LAT24Hindus"/>

In July same year, after a similar incident of the killing of [[1986 Muktsar Bus massacre|15 people in Muktsar]] in July, Hindu-Sikh riots had broken out in western part of [[New Delhi]], where a majority of Hindu refugees from Punjab lived. Five people were killed in those Riots. The Police in New Delhi were put on increased vigilance with more patrolling to prevent a similar rioting that had happened in July.<ref name="LAT24Hindus"/>

==Reactions==
The [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], made a condolence statement on the Sunday night where he had expressed sympathy for the "sorrowing mothers, fathers, wives and children of the victims." He said, "I am with them in this moment of grief, and I resolve with them not to rest until we have conquered the evil designs of disruptive forces,". The attack was called a "grave provocation to secularism, love and brotherhood, the basic principles of new, resurgent India."<ref name="LAT24Hindus"/>

The Governor of Punjab, S.S. Ray, called the incident an "act of madness" and he requested both the Sikhs and the Hindus in the state to maintain peace by keeping restraint.

According to the Police director of Punjab, [[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)|Julio Ribeiro]], in the last 11 months, more than 400 civilians were killed with an overall figure of more than 450 killed in sectarian violence in Punjab.<ref name="LAT24Hindus"/>

== See also ==
*[[1991 Punjab killings]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoshiarpur bus massacre, 1986}}
[[Category:Massacres in 1986]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in India]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 1986]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents on buses in India]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement]]
[[Category:Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:1986 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:1986 murders in India]]
[[Category:November 1986 in India]]
[[Category:1986 road incidents]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorist incidents in the 1980s]]

Mahesh Sharma (social activist)

2026-03-14T22:05:03Z

GabrielaPreiss: made new bio w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Datia district]], India
| other_names = [[Gandhi]] of [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]]
| known_for = Social activism, water conservation, revival of tribal tradition, sustainable development in tribal areas
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2019)
| organization = Shivganga Samagra Gram Vikas Parishad
}}

'''Mahesh Sharma''' is an Indian social activist and conservationist known for his work in [[sustainable development]] and tribal tradition revival in the [[Jhabua district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He has been referred to as the "[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] of [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]]". In 2019, the Indian government awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian honour in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the aam aadmis who were conferred with Padma awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/good-news/video/good-news-meet-the-aam-aadmis-who-were-conferred-with-padma-awards-1441423-2019-01-28 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Participatory and Sustainable Rural Development – An Experiment in Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.iitr.ac.in/rci/WebinarReport/1._Webinar_Report_Participatory_and_Sustainable_Rural_Development__An__Experiment_in_Jhabua_Madhya_Pradesh.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Institute Of Technology Roorkee]] |date=16 October 2020}}</ref> He is the founder of Shivganga, a non-governmental organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title='Gandhi of Jabhua'. Serving as the Co-founder of NGO, Shivganga visited LBSIM |url=https://www.lbsim.ac.in/news/'gandhi-of-jabhua'.-serving-as-the-co-founder-of-ngo-shivganga-visited-lbsim/136 |publisher=LBSIM |date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath Choudhury |first1=Rabindra |title=Tribal volunteers weave green magic with rainwater pits on barren hillock |url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/120817/tribal-volunteers-weave-green-magic-with-rainwater-pits-on-barren-hillock.html |publisher=[[Asian Age]] |date=12 August 2017}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in Ghughsi village of [[Datia district]]. Mahesh attended a government school near [[Pitambara Peeth]]. He participated in the student council during his school years. After completing his intermediate studies, Mahesh pursued a graduation degree in [[Gwalior]]. His family's financial situation improved around this time, allowing him to rent a room in Gwalior for ₹7 per month. He is the third of six brothers. He joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organization, to engage in social service.<ref name=bhaskarmp>{{cite news |title=पढ़ाई के लिए किराए का कमरा लेने नहीं थे पैसे, अब महेश शर्मा को मिलेगा पद्मश्री |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/indore/news/padamshree-will-be-awarded-to-mahesh-sharma-of-madhya-pradesh-01482690.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Work ==
He has been associated with RRS as its [[Pracharak]] and served as the organization minister of [[Vidya Bharati|Saraswati Vidya Pratisthan]]. In 1998, he became the General Secretary of the Forest Residents Welfare Council in [[Jhabua]], Madhya Pradesh. Since then, he has been involved in public welfare and awareness campaigns in the region. He started the Shivganga Abhiyan through Halma, a public participation project that has resulted in the construction of over 111,000 water structures and widespread tree planting. Halma is an ancient tradition of the [[Bhil tribes]] where people gather to help community members who are facing problems. These initiatives have reportedly increased groundwater levels and improved the agricultural productivity of drought-stricken villages.<ref name=bhaskarmp/> He constructed more than 5,000 small and large water structures in 350 villages.<ref>{{cite news |title=झाबुआ के महेश शर्मा को पद्मश्री से नवाजा |url=https://www.patrika.com/indore-news/jhabua-s-mahesh-sharma-gets-padma-shri-4037083/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321204739/https://www.patrika.com/indore-news/jhabua-s-mahesh-sharma-gets-padma-shri-4037083/ |archive-date=2019-03-21 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

[[File:Preparation for Halma 04.jpg|200px|thumb|Sharma's organization, Shivganga, has been organizing a large-scale Halma at Hathipava Hills in Jhabua since 2009, which is participated by over 10,000 villagers]]

His construction of 73 ponds over 12 years significantly reduced [[water scarcity]] and addressed related issues in 700 villages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhabua Man Constructs 73 Ponds In 12 Years Amid Looming Water Crisis |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/madhya-pradesh/jhabua-man-constructs-73-ponds-in-12-years-amid-looming-water-crisis/na20200724141858953 |publisher=[[ETV Network]] |date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

He established Shivganga Samagra Gram Vikas Parishad based in Jhabua,<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahesh Sharma of Shiv Ganga Samagra calls on CM |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/mahesh-sharma-of-shiv-ganga-samagra-calls-on-cm.html |publisher=[[Pioneer (newspaper)|Pioneer]] |date=19 January 2023}}</ref> which an outfit engaged in building water harvesting structures and check dams in tribal areas. The organization is primarily active in the [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]], [[Dhar district, India|Dhar]], and [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]] districts of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Rabindra |title=Tribal volunteers weave green magic with rainwater pits on barren hillock |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/120817/tribal-volunteers-weave-green-magic-with-rainwater-pits-on-barren-hillock.html |publisher=[[Asian Age]] |date=12 August 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rajendra Singh]]
* [[Uma Shankar Pandey]]
* [[Laxman Singh (conservationist)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:People from Jhabua district]]
[[Category:Social workers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Activists from Madhya Pradesh]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Bhairavi

2026-03-12T09:59:51Z

GabrielaPreiss: enhanced content as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Bharavi}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Bhairavi
| type = Hindu
| image = Goddess Bhairavi.jpg
| caption = A lithograph of Bhairavi
| affiliation = [[Parvati]], [[Adishakti]], [[Mahavidya]], [[Mother Goddess]], [[Mahakali]]
| abode = [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Manidvipa]]
| mantra = Om Hasaim Hasakarim Hasaim Bhairavyay Namo Namah
| mount = [[Indian lotus|Lotus]]
| god_of = Goddess of [[Kundalini]]<ref>David Frawley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Vp_rTWkAAC&dq=Kundalini+%2B+Bhairavi&pg=PA163 Inner Tantric Yoga], Lotus Press, 2008, page 163-164</ref>
| member_of = The Ten [[Mahavidyas]]
| weapon = Trishula, Khaṭvāṅga, Sword, Kapala, Sickle and Damru
}}

'''Bhairavi''' ({{langx|sa|भैरवी}}) is a [[Hindu]] goddess, described as one of the [[Mahavidya|Mahāvidya]]s, the ten avatars of the [[Mahadevi|mother goddess]]. She is the consort of [[Bhairava]] (a form of [[Shiva]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magee |first=Mike |title=Todala Tantra |url=https://www.academia.edu/12503050}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Bhairavi'' means "terrifying" or "awe-inspiring".<ref>Sukul, Kubernath. Vārānasī Vaibhava. Patna, India: Bihar Rastrabhasa Parisad, 1977</ref>

==Iconography==
Her dhyana [[shloka]] in the [[Devi Mahatmya]] describes her form. She wears red garments and wears a garland of severed heads around her neck. She has three eyes and her head is adorned with a crescent moon.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Alternatively, she is a beautiful woman with three eyes, clad in red (the typical color of tantric goddesses). She has a crown or a crescent, and her hair is loose. She may appear holding rosaries, manuscripts, a trident, a sword, a noose, a bow, etc. There are blood stains on her breasts and she may wear a garland of human heads or skulls.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls}}</ref>

[[Tripura Sundari]] and Tripura Bhairavi are closely associated but different.<ref name="Bhairavi">{{cite web | url=http://www.manblunderplus.com/2014/11/dasamaha-vidya-tripurabhairavi-part-5.html | title=Tripura Bhairavi | work=Mahavidyas | access-date=June 4, 2016 | author=Ravi V | archive-date=7 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807135659/http://www.manblunderplus.com/2014/11/dasamaha-vidya-tripurabhairavi-part-5.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legend==
Bhairavi is also a title for a female adept in [[Kundalini]], [[Tantra]]. A [[yogini]] is a student of [[Tantra]] or an aspirant. A ''Bhairavi'' has succeeded in Tantra with the help of 64 yoginis. Yogini or Jogini are 64 in number. Yoginis, female supporting deities of Bhairavi. Bhairavi is the supreme leader of all 64 yoginis. Bhairav also has 52 supporting powers called ''52 [[Bhairava|Bhairav]]''. Bhairavi is the consort of [[Bhairava]] according to the [[Puranas]] and [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantras]]. In Tantra Shastra all 64 yogini, 52 Bhairav and 56 Kalve work together.

Bhairavi is also called as Shubhankari, which means that she is the doer of auspicious deeds to her devotees who are her children, which means she is a good mother. She also favours violence, punishment and bloodshed to those who are irreligious and cruel, which also means that she is the mother of all violence to them. She is said to be seen as violent and terrible but is a benign mother to her children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sivasakti.com/tantra/dasa-maha-vidya/tripura-bhairavi/|title=Tripura Bhairavi – SivaSakti}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/spiritual-side-fierce-goddess-bhairavi-goddess-wisdom/|title=Spiritual side of fierce Goddess Bhairavi, the Goddess of wisdom|newspaper=Sanskriti - Hinduism and Indian Culture Website|date=4 May 2016|access-date=9 May 2019|archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609032916/https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/spiritual-side-fierce-goddess-bhairavi-goddess-wisdom/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery widths=250 heights=250>
File:The Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva MET DP257990 (cropped).jpg|Tantric goddess Bhairavi and her consort [[Shiva]] depicted as [[Kapalika|Kāpālika ascetics]], sitting in a [[charnel ground]]. Painting by [[Payag|Payāg]] from a 17th-century manuscript (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1630–1635), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City]].
File:Tripura-bhairavi yantra color.jpg|Bhairavi yantra
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bhairava]]
* [[Bhramari]]
* [[Devi]]
* [[Mahakali]]
* [[Mahavidya]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Kinsley, David (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions]''. University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-06339-2}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Maity |first=P. K. |date=1966 |orig-year=1962 |title=Historical Studies in the Cult of the Goddess Manasa |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128118 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Punthi Pustak |oclc=237198}}
* Trivedi, R. D. (1981). ''Iconography of Parvati''. Delhi: .

{{Mahavidya}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Mahavidyas]]

Eva Lombard

2026-03-11T20:50:02Z

GabrielaPreiss: New

{{Infobox person
| name = Eva Lombard
| birth_name = Evangéline Louise Lombard
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1890|2|2}}
| birth_place = [[Eaux-Vives]], [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1978|1|8|1890|2|2}}
| death_place = [[Thônex]], [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| education = [[University of Geneva]] (MD, 1918) [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] (1920-1921)
| occupation = [[Physician]], [[missionary]]
| known_for = Director of hospital in [[Udupi]], [[India]]
}}
'''Evangéline "Eva" Lombard''' (2 February 1890 – 8 January 1978) was a Swiss [[physician]] and [[missionary]] who worked in [[India]] for the [[Basel Mission]]. She was one of the first Swiss women to direct a hospital in India and served as director of a women's and children's hospital in [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], from 1923 to 1954. <ref>{{cite web | last1=Bornet | first1=Philippe | title=Two Swiss Female Doctors in Karnataka: Medicine and Religion between India and Switzerland | work=Interweaving histories: Itineraries between India and Switzerland (1900-1950) | date=January 2023 | url=https://www.academia.edu/114240204 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Eva Lombard was born in [[Les Eaux-Vives]], [[Geneva]], to Victor Jacques Lombard, a [[banker]] who had abandoned his career to work as a [[chaplain]] in Genevan penitentiary establishments (notably the prisons of Saint-Antoine and l'Evêché), and Elisabeth née Toméï, from [[Riga]], who taught reading and writing to female prisoners. She grew up with her older sister, Bénédictine Rita Lombard, in a family involved in banking activities and imbued with [[evangelical Christianity]]. Her grandfather, Alexandre Lombard, had played a major role in maintaining Sunday as a day of rest.<ref name="HDS">{{HDS|014454|Eva Lombard}}</ref>

After completing her schooling in [[Geneva]] and obtaining a federal [[matura]] at [[Calvin College]], Eva Lombard began medical studies at the [[University of Geneva]] in 1912, which she completed with a [[doctorate]] in 1918. She was active in Christian student societies and participated in meetings in [[Constantinople]] in 1911 and [[Mohonk Mountain House]] ([[New York (state)|New York]]) in 1913 as a delegate of the [[World Student Christian Federation]]. Eva Lombard remained unmarried and childless.<ref name="HDS" />

== Medical training and mission work ==
Wishing to engage in mission work as a physician, she went to [[London]] to attend courses at the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] (1920-1921). Eva Lombard shared the conviction of her father, who was persuaded he had experienced a miraculous healing in 1889 and was convinced of the divine capacity to act on human bodies.<ref name="HDS" />

From 1921 to 1954, Lombard worked in [[Kanara]] (State of [[Karnataka]]), on the western coast of India, first under the auspices of the Evangelical Canarese Mission – a [[French-speaking Switzerland|Swiss Romand]] organization that had taken over the activities of the [[Basel Mission]] in India after the [[World War I|First World War]] – then, from 1927, under the Basel Mission itself.<ref name="HDS" />

In June 1923, after familiarizing herself with hospital management in [[Mysore]] and the [[Kannada language]], she inaugurated a new hospital for women and children in [[Udupi]], of which she became director, financed largely by a donation from her mother. The hospital evolved from a small six-bed structure to an important regional institution, having 200 beds at the beginning of the 21st century and renamed [[Lombard Memorial Hospital]]. Eva Lombard worked from 1957 to 1960 in another hospital in the region, at Mandagadde, before retiring until her death at the Abbey of [[Presinge]] near Geneva (a rest home belonging to the [[Deaconess|deaconesses]] of [[Bern]]).<ref name="HDS" />

With [[Elisabeth Petitpierre]], Eva Lombard was one of the first Swiss female missionaries to have directed a hospital in India for many years.<ref name="HDS" />

== Writings and advocacy ==
The letters regularly sent to her family testify to the difficulties encountered and her progressive discovery of local society. A selection of her first missives, with a choice of photographs, was published in German translation in 1924 under the auspices of the Evangelical Canarese Mission, which was then concerned with finding support in the German-speaking part of the [[Swiss Confederation]]. Through her lectures given in Switzerland, notably to the [[Swiss Association of University Women]], on her activity and on the situation of women in India, Eva Lombard can be considered as the representative of a [[feminism]] imbued with both [[Protestant]] values and [[colonialism|colonial]] thought patterns.<ref name="HDS" />

== Bibliography ==

* Lombard, Eva: ''Etude sur un cas d'hydrocéphalie interne chronique'', doctoral thesis, University of Geneva, 1918.
* Lombard, Eva: ''Excursion médicale au pays de Mysore'', 1922.
* Lombard, Eva: ''Briefe einer Missionsärztin'', 1924.
* Lombard, Eva: "Le travail médical parmi les femmes au sud de l'Inde", in: ''Annuaire des femmes suisses'', 1929, pp. 44-55.
* Lombard, Eva: ''Quelques Conseils d'Hygiène à celles qui partent en Mission'', 1939.
* Lombard, Eva; Salins, K.A.: ''Silver Jubilee of the Basel Mission Hospital, Udipi, 1923-1948'', 1949.

== References ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Lombard, Eva
| author = Philippe Bornet
| publisher = [[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]]
| source =
| documentURL = https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/014454/2025-08-25/
| license statement URL =
| license = CC-BY SA
| howto =
| this =
}}{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lombard, Eva}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Swiss medical doctors]]
[[Category:Swiss missionaries]]
[[Category:University of Geneva alumni]]
[[Category:People from Geneva]]
[[Category:Swiss Protestants]]
[[Category:Medical missionaries]]
[[Category:Swiss women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Swiss medical researchers]]

Bhuvanbhanusuri

2026-03-07T20:37:05Z

GabrielaPreiss: stub!

{{Short description|Śvetāmbara Jain Acharya of the Tapa Gaccha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

[[File:Bhuvanbhanusuri.jpg|thumb|Acharya Bhuvanbhanusuri]]

{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = Acharya
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| subsect = [[Tapa Gaccha]]
| guru = Ācārya [[Prem Suri]]
| birth_date = 1911
| birth_place = Ahmedabad
| death_date = 1993
| title = Jain Acharya
| known_for = Monastic leadership; literary and educational works; association with the Bhuvanbhānusūri Samudāy
}}

{{Jainism}}

'''Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri''' (1911–1993) was a Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka Jain Acharya of the [[Tapa Gaccha]] and a disciple of Ācārya Premsūri. He was active during the twentieth century and is documented in academic and institutional sources in connection with a Tapāgaccha monastic grouping that came to be identified as the “Bhuvanbhānusūri Samudāy”. He is also credited with a substantial body of published works and educational material issued through Jain institutional publishers, including texts in Gujarati, Hindi, and English.<ref name="flugel_demographics">Peter Flügel, ''Demographic Trends in Jaina Monasticism'', SOAS, University of London (2006), p. —, available at: https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/</ref>

== Early life ==
Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri was born in Vikram Samvat 1968, corresponding to 1911 CE, in Ahmedabad. Jain institutional biographical records identify his pre-monastic name as Kantibhai. He was the second son of Chimanbhai and Bhuriben. These details are recorded in Gujarati-language institutional author profiles connected with Jain publishing trusts. Independent academic demographic studies also list him with the same birth year and death year, identifying him as “Bhuvan Bhanu Suri (1911–1993)”.<ref name="jainebooks_profile">“Acharya Bhuvanbhanu Suriji – Author Profile”, Jain eBooks (Divya Darshan Trust), https://www.jainebooks.org/</ref><ref name="flugel_demographics" />

== Renunciation and monastic initiation ==
Institutional Jain biographies describe Kantibhai as having renounced household life and received monastic initiation (dīkṣā) under Ācārya Premsūri. Upon initiation, he entered Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka monastic discipline and assumed the monastic name '''Muni Bhanu Vijayaji'''. The initiation is described as acceptance of Charitradharma at the feet of his guru. Across institutional catalogues and author records, Ācārya Premsūri is consistently identified as his guru, and Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka practice is identified as his sectarian affiliation.<ref name="jainsite_initiation">“Acharya Bhuvanbhanu”, JainSite, https://www.jainsite.com/jain-acharyas/acharya-bhuvanbhanu/</ref><ref name="jainebooks_profile" />

== Monastic career ==
Following initiation, Bhuvanbhānusūri pursued a monastic career consistent with Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka discipline. Institutional sources associate him with itinerant monastic practice, chāturmāsa observances, and sustained engagement with religious instruction. While independent academic sources do not provide detailed itineraries of his travels, his monastic activity is reflected extensively through his literary output and his later role within monastic organisational structures.<ref name="jainebooks_profile" />

Throughout his monastic life, he was engaged in religious education and authorship. Jain institutional catalogues attribute a large number of publications to him, indicating sustained literary activity over several decades. These publications address doctrinal explanation, ethical instruction, narrative literature, and educational material designed for lay audiences and children.<ref name="jainebooks_profile" />

== Elevation to Acharya ==
[[File:Bhuvanbhanu-image5.jpg|thumb|Guru Murti of Acharya Vijay Bhuvanbhanusuri consecrated at a Jain temple]]
Institutional biographies record that Bhuvanbhānusūri was elevated to the rank of Acharya on the second day of the month of Mārgashīrsha (Magasir) in Vikram Samvat 2029, corresponding to 7 December 1972 CE. From this date onward, he is referred to in institutional and cataloguing records as “Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri” or “Bhuvanbhanu Soorishwarji”. His Acharyaship situates him among the senior monastic leadership associated with the Premsūri lineage within the [[Tapa Gaccha]].<ref name="jainsite_acharya">“Acharya Bhuvanbhanu”, JainSite, https://www.jainsite.com/jain-acharyas/acharya-bhuvanbhanu/</ref>

== Organisational role and the 1986 division ==
Academic demographic documentation records a significant organisational division within a Premsūri-associated Śvetāmbara monastic grouping in 1986. This division is described as arising from disagreements concerning calendrical observance, specifically the ek tithi and be tithi systems. The dispute is recorded as involving Ram Candra Suri and Bhuvan Bhanu Suri and resulted in the division of the Premsūri Samudāy into two principal sections in that year.<ref name="flugel_split">Peter Flügel, ''Demographic Trends in Jaina Monasticism'', SOAS, University of London (2006), p. —, https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/</ref>

The same academic source records that one of the resulting sections was renamed after Bhuvan Bhanu Suri and notes that this followed a break between Bhuvan Bhanu Suri and Ram Candra Suri in 1986. Within the limits of the documented material, this establishes Bhuvanbhānusūri’s association with the formation and naming of a distinct monastic grouping following the division.<ref name="flugel_demographics" />

== Bhuvanbhānusūri Samudāy ==
The designation “Bhuvanbhānusūri Samudāy” is supported by academic demographic records that describe a post-1986 monastic branch being renamed after Bhuvan Bhanu Suri. Institutional catalogues and later Jain publications continue to use his name as a monastic identifier, reflecting the persistence of this designation in organisational and bibliographic contexts. The sources describe this samudāy as a recognised grouping within the broader Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka monastic landscape, without attributing doctrinal innovation to it beyond its organisational identity.<ref name="flugel_demographics" />

== Literary activity ==
Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri is credited with an extensive body of written work. Jain institutional author profiles attribute at least seventy-two published books to him. These works were issued primarily through Jain publishing trusts and are listed in institutional ebook platforms, manuscript catalogues, and library databases. His publications span Gujarati, Hindi, and English and cover a range of formats, including doctrinal handbooks, encyclopaedic compilations, narrative biographies, and educational texts.<ref name="jainebooks_profile" />

=== Handbook of Jainology ===
''A Handbook of Jainology'' is listed in Jain e-Library catalogues as an English-language work authored by Bhuvanbhānusūri and published by Divya Darshan Trust in 2006. The catalogue entry provides bibliographic confirmation of authorship and publication details and situates the work within contemporary Jain educational literature.<ref name="handbook_jainology">“Handbook of Jainology”, Jain eLibrary (JainQQ), https://www.jainqq.org/</ref>

=== Sachitra Mahāvīra Charitra ===
Publisher catalogues list ''Sachitra Mahāvīra Charitra'' as a pictorial biography of Mahāvīra attributed to Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri. The work is described as bilingual or multilingual (Hindi and English) and published by Divya Darshan Trust. Catalogue descriptions list the work as 126 pages in length and identify it as an illustrated educational biography.<ref name="mbd_charitra">“Sachitra Mahaveera Charitra”, Motilal Banarsidass catalogue, https://www.motilalbanarsidass.com/</ref>

=== Amidrishti – The Divine Attitude ===
Book trade listings attribute ''Amidrishti – The Divine Attitude'' to Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri. The work is listed in English-language catalogues and identified as authored by him in commercial book listings, providing further evidence of his authorship across multiple publication contexts.<ref name="amidrishti">“Amidrishti – The Divine Attitude”, ExoticIndiaArt, https://www.exoticindiaart.com/</ref>

=== Kailāsasāgara Gaṇita ===
Jain manuscript and library catalogues list Bhuvanbhānusūri as a translator (anuvādaka) for ''Kailāsasāgara Gaṇita''. The catalogue associates the publication with Divya Darshan Trust, Mumbai, and records his role as a contributor to the Gujarati edition of the text.<ref name="kailasasagara">Jain eLibrary catalogue entry, JainQQ, https://www.jainqq.org/</ref>

=== Bhuvanbhanu Encyclopedia ===
Institutional ebook listings identify ''Bhuvanbhanu Encyclopedia, Part 1'' as a Gujarati-language compilation authored by Bhuvanbhānusūri. The work is presented as part of a multi-volume encyclopaedic series and is associated with Divya Darshan Trust publications. Catalogue metadata identifies the author and sectarian affiliation as Śvetāmbara.<ref name="encyclopedia">“Bhuvanbhanu Encyclopedia Part 1”, Jain eBooks, https://www.jainebooks.org/</ref>

== Educational initiatives ==
Organisational articles credit Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri with creating a series of illustrated religious picture stories for children approximately five decades prior to their documentation. These materials are described as a structured series intended to communicate Jain narratives and values to younger audiences through pictorial presentation. The initiative is referenced as part of his broader engagement with educational outreach and religious instruction.<ref name="children_stories">“Children’s Stories”, JainOnline, https://www.jainonline.net/</ref>

== Disciples and lineage ==
Sources acknowledge that Bhuvanbhānusūri had disciples within the Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka [[Tapa Gaccha]] tradition. Academic demographic studies situate him within a recognised monastic lineage but do not enumerate named disciples. Institutional biographies refer to disciples in general terms without providing comprehensive, independently verifiable lists.<ref name="flugel_demographics" />

== Death ==
Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri died in 1993. His death year is consistently recorded in academic demographic studies and institutional biographical listings and forms part of the standard biographical identifiers associated with his name.<ref name="flugel_demographics" />

== Legacy ==
Based on the documented sources, Acharya Bhuvanbhānusūri’s legacy is anchored in three principal areas: his association with the formation and naming of a distinct monastic grouping following the 1986 division; his extensive body of published works credited in institutional and library catalogues; and his role in producing educational and illustrated materials for Jain religious instruction, including works aimed at children. These aspects are consistently reflected across academic demographic records, Jain institutional publications, and bibliographic catalogues.<ref name="flugel_demographics" /><ref name="jainebooks_profile" /><ref name="children_stories" />

== See also ==
* [[Śvetāmbara]]
* [[Tapa Gaccha]]
* [[Jain Acharya]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]

Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam

2026-03-06T06:17:00Z

GabrielaPreiss: data - done

{{short description|Indian devotional film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam
| image = Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Uday Bhaskar
| writer =
| screenplay = T. K. Bhara
| story = Uday Bhaskar
| based_on = 
| producer = [[V. Doraswamy Raju]]
| starring = [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Sai Kiran]] [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Uday Bhaskar
| editing =
| music = Arjun Sharma
| studio = [[VMC Productions|VMC Combines]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[devotional film]] directed by Uday Bhaskar and starring [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Sai Kiran]] and [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]], who plays the titular role.

== Plot ==
The film is about how [[Parvati Devi]] becomes [[Vasavi Kanyaka Parameshvari]] as a result of a curse.<ref name="H"/>

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name="I"/>
{{Cast listing|
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as [[Parvati]]
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
*[[Sai Kiran]] as [[Vishnuvardhana]]
*[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]] as [[Vasavi Kanyaka Parameshvari]]
*Priya Haasan
*[[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] as [[Shiva]]
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
*[[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]]
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
}}

== Production ==
Despite being married and the mother of a then one-year-old daughter named Nainika, Meena accepted the film offer from producer [[V. Doraswamy Raju]] as she didn't want to send a wrong signal that she is not acting anymore. She shot for the film for four days at her convenience in Bangalore, where she lived at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meena-is-back-on-screen/articleshow/14556682.cms|title=Meena is back on screen!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2012|first=V.|last=Lakshmi|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/time-to-multi-task/article2931836.ece|title=Time to multi task|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=25 February 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref> The first schedule of the film was shot from 19 February 2012 to 19 February. 100 prominent [[Arya Vysya]] couples were invited to the sets during the shooting of the scenes with [[Vasavi Kanyaka Parameshvari]] entering the fire.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/svvfilmnews.html|title=Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam first schedule completed|date=19 February 2012|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=8 February 2025|archive-date=23 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223020325/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/svvfilmnews.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Arjun Sharma
| released = 2012
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:20
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|yifMpOYFZMY|Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music was composed by Arjun Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sri-vasavi-vaibhavam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/924326691|title=
Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2014|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref> The lyrics were written by Uday Bhaskar.<ref name="I"/> The platimum disc function took place on 12 September 2012 with [[Konijeti Rosaiah]], Sagar, Prasanna Kumar, [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]], [[Taraka Ratna]], [[Swetha Basu Prasad]], and [[Rachana Maurya]] as the chief guests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/platinum-srivasavivaibhavam.html|title=Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam platinum disc function|date=12 September 2012|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|language=te|access-date=8 February 2025|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103191221/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/platinum-srivasavivaibhavam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Champaya Gourartha
| extra1 = {{emdash}}
| length1 = 0:32
| title2 = Kasthurika Slokam
| extra2 = {{emdash}}
| length2 = 0:32
| title3 = Hreemkarasana
| extra3 = Janaki Ram
| length3 = 0:47
| title4 = Kothi Bavalu
| extra4 = Janaki Ram, Shilpa Sagar
| length4 = 2:55
| title5 = Mangalam
| extra5 = [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| length5 = 4:03
| title6 = Ammalagannayamma
| extra6 = Malavika, [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length6 = 4:19
| title7 = Om Namashivaya
| extra7 = Pallavi Suri
| length7 = 4:14
| title8 = Sadashiva Nee Roopam
| extra8 = Pallavi Suri
| length8 = 3:58
| title9 = Sri Vasavi Slokam
| extra9 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length9 = 0:47
| title10 = Sri Vasavi Dandakam
| extra10 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 = 3:52
| title11 = Vande Vanchitha Slokam
| extra11 = Shilpa Sagar
| length11 = 0:22
| title12 = Sri Krishnostava
| extra12 = Shilpa Sagar
| length12 = 0:53
| title13 = Akaram Ukaram
| extra13 = Uma Neha
| length13 = 3:06
| total_length = 30:20
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "The film seeks to offer a flattering portrayal of goddess Vasavi Devi for the devotees but there is something that doesn’t click. The film fails to conjure up a single intense devotional moment and that proves to be its undoing. Everything is just too passé".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sri-vasavi-vaibhavam/movie-review/17277991.cms|title=Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Karthik|last=Pasupulate|date=16 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826234550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Sri-Vasavi-Vaibhavam/movie-review/17277991.cms|archive-date=26 August 2016|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|sri_vasavi_vaibhavam}}

[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]

Posto (film)

2026-03-04T00:34:05Z

GabrielaPreiss: starting initial page w/ refs - done

{{Short description|2017 Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Posto
| image = Posto_movie_poster.jpg
| caption = Posto film-release poster
| director = [[Nandita Roy]] [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
| producer = Atanu Raychaudhuri & Windows Production
| writer = [[Nandita Roy]]
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Lily Chakravarty]] [[Mimi Chakraborty]] [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] [[Sohini Sengupta]]
| music = [[Anupam Roy]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| studio = Windows Production
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|05|12|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|title=Posto to release in the US, Canada, Dubai, Tokyo and London! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/posto-to-release-in-the-us-canada-dubai-tokyo-and-london/articleshow/58297933.cms|date=21 April 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Anindita |last=Acharya |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shiboprosad-and-nandita-s-next-bengali-film-is-on-parenting/story-9TAhbNkzZRU75WjtMA9IAN.html |title=Shiboprosad and Nandita's next Bengali film is on parenting |date=11 Nov 2016 |newspaper=Hindusthan Times |access-date=20 Apr 2017}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = {{INRConvert|7|c}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Tina |title=Bengali films facing identity crisis. Losing box office battle to Pushpas and RRRs |url=https://theprint.in/the-fineprint/bengali-films-facing-identity-crisis-losing-box-office-battle-to-pathaans-and-rrrs/1898330/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=24 December 2023}}</ref>
| native_name =
}}

'''''Posto''''' (Here, a name for the child character of film. Meaning: Poppy Seeds) is a 2017 Bengali Family drama film directed by [[Nandita Roy]] [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee|and Shiboprosad Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/guess-who-this-director-forwarded-anti-posto-messages/articleshow/58775476.cms|title=Guess who: This director forwarded anti-Posto messages|date=21 May 2017|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkata24x7.com/posto-and-prakton-a-copy-of-suchitras-story.html|title=Posto Praktone Bratyo Suchitra|date=18 May 2017|website=kolkata24x7.com|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> The film features [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]] and [[Mimi Chakraborty]]. The film was released on 12 May 2017 in 100 theatres across West Bengal, [[India]] and overseas ([[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]], [[Dubai]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Netherlands]]) on the same day. The film received critical acclaim as it portrayed the relationships in a very subtle way. The film was remade in Hindi language by the same director-duo [[Nandita Roy]] and [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] named ''[[Shastry Viruddh Shastry|Shastry Virudh Shastry]]'' (2023) which was released on 3 November 2023.

== Plot ==
Arko, affectionately called Posto (Arghya Basu Roy), is a little boy raised by his grandparents—Dinen Lahiri ([[Soumitra Chatterjee]]) and Gouri Lahiri ([[Lily Chakraborty]])—in Santiniketan. His parents, Arnab Lahiri ([[Jisshu Sengupta]]) and Sushmita Lahiri ([[Mimi Chakraborty]]), are both settled in Kolkata. They only visit their son once on the weekend. A clash between the grandparents and parents begins when the latter want to take away the child as the father gets an offer to start a restaurant business abroad. The relationship between the parents of Posto and his grandparents, which eventually sours and drags the kid into the courtroom.

==Cast==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Dinen Lahiri
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Arnab Lahiri
* [[Lily Chakravarty|Lily Chakraborty]] as Gouri Lahiri
* [[Mimi Chakraborty]] as Sushmita Lahiri, Arnab's wife
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as Alok, The lawyer and friend of Dinen Lahiri
* Argha Basu Roy as Arko / Posto
* [[Sohini Sengupta]]
* [[Siddartha Chatterjee]] as a Judge
* [[Malabika Sen]] as a Teacher

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack is composed by [[Anupam Roy]], with lyrics by himself.
[[Nachiketa Chakraborty]] won the Filmfare award for best playback singer (Male), 2018, for the song Keno Erom Kichu Holona. It’s a song about distance between relationships and Nachiketa’s melodious voice effectively brings forth the nuances contained in the composition.

{{Infobox album
| name = Posto
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anupam Roy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 June 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=46}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = Windows Music
| producer = Windows Music
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|q4s8lm7FsJM|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| all_writing =
| total_length = 23:46
| extra_column = Singer
| extra1 = [[Anupam Roy]]
| title1 = Posto
| length1 = 3:18
| length2 = 5:38
| title2 = Jonaki
| extra2 = [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| title3 = Home Shanti Home
| extra3 = Prashmita Paul, Upal Sengupta
| length3 = 3:41
| length4 = 5:15
| title4 = Keno erokom kichhu holo na
| extra4 = [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]]
| length5 = 3:39
| title5 = Sokatore
| extra5 = Sharana Sengupta, Soumita Ghosh, Palashi Ghose, Shreyan Majumdar, Utsa Biswas, Shabnam Parvin
| length6 = 2:15
| title6 = Daakghor
| extra6 = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
}}

== Release ==
The movie released on 12 May 2017. Its theatrical release created quite a buzz. Posto was later made part of the Family Welfare course organised by the State.
Nandu Ahuja, Senior VP, India Theatrical, Eros International Media Ltd, said, "History repeats itself as Posto, our third film with Shiboprosad and Nandita, is well on its way to become another blockbuster after Belaseshe and Praktan. We are happy with the response the film has received in Kolkata and hope the film will similarly woo audiences across the country."

== Box office ==
On the first day, the movie collection 2 million rupees ({{Indian Rupee}} 21 lakh). In the first four days, the film's earnings were 10 million ({{INRConvert|1|c}}.<ref name="timesofindia_58683726"/> In 1st 2 weeks, the collection breached 35 million ({{Indian Rupee}}3.5 crores).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/posto-s-success-is-special-for-us-said-jisshu-sengupta-and-and-mimi-chakraborty-1.618359|title=‘পোস্ত’র সাফল্যটা স্পেশ্যাল, বললেন মিমি-যিশু}}</ref> After 17 days, the box office collection crossed {{Indian Rupee}}4.5 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170530/jsp/t2/story_154072.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012041/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170530/jsp/t2/story_154072.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2017|title=Posto collects 4.5 crores in 17 days}}</ref> After the 1st 3 weeks, the movie had done a business of {{INR}} 5 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/posto-first-film-of-the-year-to-cross-5-crore-mark/articleshow/58975079.cms|title=Posto, first film of the year to cross 5 crore mark|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 June 2017|accessdate=13 January 2022}}</ref> At the end of 4 weeks, the movie had done a business of {{Indian Rupee}} 5.5 crore from the state of [[West Bengal]] alone<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=32352&boxid=15131326|title=Posto does business of 5.5 crores in West Bengal in 4 weeks}}</ref> and a worldwide business of {{INR}} 8 crores.

== Remake ==
''[[Shastry Viruddh Shastry|Shastry Virudh Shastry(Shastri vs Shastri)]]'' is the remade Bollywood film with similar story starring [[Paresh Rawal]] and marking [[Mimi Chakraborty|Mimi chakraborty]] first Hindi debut film. The film released on 3 November 2023.

==References==
<references>

<ref name="timesofindia_58683726">{{cite news| title= Posto creates history, makes 1 crore in 4 days|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/posto-creates-history-makes-1-crore-in-4-days/articleshow/58683726.cms}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
* {{IMDB title|6789386}}

{{Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anupam Roy]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Windows Production films]]

Africadalli Sheela

2026-03-03T22:10:33Z

GabrielaPreiss: updated structure after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|1986 film by Dwarakish}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Africadalli Sheela
| image = Africadalli Sheela.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Dwarakish]]
| writer = Dwarakish
| producer = Dwarakish
| starring = [[Charan Raj]] [[Sahila Chadha]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]] [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]] ({{small|background score}})
| cinematography = R. Deviprasad
| editing = Goutham Raju
| studio = Dwarakish Chitra
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1986|05|27}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Africadalli Sheela''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಶೀಲಾ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation}} Sheela in Africa) is a 1986 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]]-[[adventure film|adventure]] film, written, directed and produced by [[Dwarakish]]. Made on the similar lines as the Hollywood film ''[[Sheena (film)|Sheena]]'', the film was extensively shot in the forest ranges in the African continent. This film was the first Indian film to have been shot in the African forests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/from-200-theatres-to-12000-screens-the-stellar-journey-of-kannada-film-industry|title=From 200 theatres to 12,000 screens, the stellar journey of Kannada film industry|date=1 May 2022|website=Telangana Today|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref>

The film featured [[Charan Raj]] and Sahila in the lead roles, along with Dwarakish, [[Srinivasa Murthy]] and [[Kalyan Kumar]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]], with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and [[R. N. Jayagopal]]. Dwarakish remade the film in Tamil as ''[[Kizhakku Africavil Sheela]]'', which starred [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] and Sahila reprising her character, while she went on to reprise her character in its Hindi remake, titled ''Sheela'', starring [[Nana Patekar]].<ref>{{cite AV media |url-status = live |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GBdIinHCSFQ |archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBdIinHCSFQ |title = Kizhakku Africavil Sheela |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url-status = dead|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AigJYD-mA_0|title = YouTube|via = YouTube|access-date = 13 March 2015|archive-date = 8 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160308050333/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AigJYD-mA_0}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Charan Raj]] as Shankar
*[[Sahila Chadha]] as Sheela
*[[Ranjeeta]] as Sheela's mother
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Ramu
*[[Dwarakish]] as Naayaka
*[[Kalyan Kumar]] as Rao Bahaddur
*[[Disco Shanti]]
*[[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Raacha
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudheer]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Chikki Mukki
}}

==Soundtrack==
All the songs are composed and scored by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140915120952/http://mio.to/album/Africadalli+Sheela+%281986%29 Africadalli Sheela] mio.to</ref> This film marked the entry of singer [[K. S. Chithra]] to the [[Kannada cinema]]. Writing for ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' in a 2001 article, a reviewer noted that Lahiri's rendition of "Sheela Sheela" was "easily one of his best efforts in Kannada for its sheer slow pace and noiselessnes".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bellave |first1=Pradeep |title=Memorable tune from Bollywood |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun10/ent5.htm |work=Deccan Herald|access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010628201957/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun10/ent5.htm |archive-date=28 June 2001 |date=10 June 2001}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "Sheela Sheela" || [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Nazia Hassan]] || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
|-
| 2 || "Thakka Dhimi Thana" || [[Manjula Gururaj]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar
|-
| 3 || "Hey Hennu Illade" || Manjula Gururaj || [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
| 4 || "Thampada Tholu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Manjula Gururaj || R. N. Jayagopal
|-
| 5 || "Sheela O My Sheela" || K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0363994}}

{{Dwarakish}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Africadalli Sheela}}
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:1980s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:1986 adventure films]]
[[Category:Films set in Africa]]
[[Category:Jungle girls]]
[[Category:Films shot in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwarakish]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

One Crazy Ride

2026-03-03T11:52:59Z

GabrielaPreiss: starting a post initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}{{Infobox film
| name = One Crazy Ride
| image =

| alt =
| caption =
| director = Gaurav Jani
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = Nicolitta Pereira Vinod Panicker Sanjeev Sharma Gursaurabh Singh Toor Gaurav Jani
| music = Ved Nair
| cinematography =
| editing = Kishore Jadhav
| studio = Dirt Track Productions 60KPH Club
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009|02||India}}
| runtime = 87 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''One Crazy Ride''''' is a 2009 Indian [[documentary film]] based on a 2002 route-charting expedition in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dirttrackproductions.com/ocr.html |title=One Crazy Ride |author=Werner, Steve |publisher=Dirt Track Productions |accessdate=13 December 2012 }}</ref> It is directed by Gaurav Jani and produced by Dirt Track Productions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/india-s-one-crazy-ride-makes-it-to-wisconsin-film-fest_56591.htm |title=India's 'One Crazy Ride' makes it to Wisconsin Film Fest |newspaper=Zeenews |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=13 December 2012 }}</ref> The film follows five biking enthusiasts (Nicolitta Pereira, Vinod Panicker, Sanjeev Sharma, Gursaurabh Singh Toor and director Gaurav Jani) as they journey across [[the Himalayas]] via an untried route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/feb/050210-Mumbai-International-Film-Festival.htm |title=Of crazy rides and dark dreams |date=2 May 2012 |accessdate=13 December 2012 |first=Deepa |last=Gahlot |publisher=Mid-Day }}</ref> It was commercially released in Indian cinemas in February 2009.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/One-crazy-ride-wins-these-bikers-a-fan-following/articleshow/4656213.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126134438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-14/delhi/28161601_1_arunachal-pradesh-new-route-biking |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=One crazy ride wins these bikers a fan following |first=Megha |last=Suri |date=14 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 December 2012 }}</ref>

==Cast==

===Riders===
*Gaurav Jani: Formerly in the fashion industry, Gaurav quit his job to become a filmmaker. He founded a bikers club named 60KPH Club in India. In 2002, Gaurav, along with four other biking enthusiasts, organized a motorcycle expedition across the Himalayas to chart a route that was said to not exist.<ref name="Lisa Tsering">{{cite news |url=http://2010.wifilmfest.org/docs/100416_indiawest.pdf |title=India's 'One Crazy Ride' in Wisconsin Film Festival |date=16 April 2010 |accessdate=13 December 2012 |first=Lisa |last=Tsering |newspaper=India-West |archive-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428221811/http://2010.wifilmfest.org/docs/100416_indiawest.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Nicolitta Pereira
*Vinod Panicker
*Sanjeev Sharma
*Gursaurabh Singh Toor

==Synopsis==
[[File:India Arunachal Pradesh locator map.svg|thumb|right|150px|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] (highlighted in red), one of the locations visited]]
Lesser known parts of India are explored as a five fellow bike riders from the 60KPH club set out on an expedition across the less travelled Indian north eastern state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] to chart a route that supposedly does not exist. The bikers chronicle their attempt to travel from [[Tawang Town|Tawang]] in west Arunachal to [[Dong, Arunachal Pradesh|Dong]] in the east without entering the state of [[Assam]].

==Background==
Prior to ''One Crazy Ride'', director Gaurav Jani embarked alone on an expedition across the [[Changthang]] region of [[Ladakh]]. Footages of the journey soon became his first documentary film, ''[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]''. Following the success of the film, Jani decided to attempt a similar feat across Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pjCtLLcBw8SqSJHRUj7LhP/Ladakh--Riding-the-red-yak.html |title=Riding the red yak |date=6 December 2012 |accessdate=19 December 2012 |first=Rudraneil |last=Sengupta }}</ref>

==Production==
It is claimed that there was no film crew or any [[chase vehicle]]. Footage of the expedition was entirely shot with director Jani's [[tripod]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunner.travel/2009/09/01/one-crazy-ride/ |title=One Crazy Ride |date=1 September 2009 |publisher=RoadRUNNER |accessdate=19 December 2012 }}</ref> Filming locations include various parts of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], such as [[Tawang Town|Tawang]] and [[Dong, Arunachal Pradesh|Dong]].

The film features [[Dolby Digital]] audio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dirttrackproductions.com/ocr.html |title=One Crazy Ride (Product Details) |publisher=Dirt Track Productions }}</ref>

==Accolades==

*Certificate of Merit for Cinematography and Editing at IDPA Film Awards, India
*Jury Award at Flagstaff Mountain film Festival, USA
*Best Mountain Culture Film at [[Kendal Mountain Festival|Kendal Mountain Film Festival]], UK
*Best Film at the International Motorcycle Film Festival<ref>{{cite news|url=http://millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=4068 |title=Of bikes, friendship and Ladakh |date=15 June 2012 |accessdate=13 December 2012 |newspaper=Millennium Post }}</ref>
*Invited Entry at Asian Heritage Month Film Festival, Canada
*Invited Entry at Salt Spring Film Festival, Canada
*Invited Entry at Himalayan Film Festival, Netherlands
*Invited Entry at Mill Valley Film Festival, USA
*Invited Entry at 2010 Wisconsin Film Festival, USA<ref name="Lisa Tsering"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's "One Crazy Ride" Makes It To Wisconsin|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1003/S00387.htm|first=Rajan|last= Zed|date=21 March 2010|publisher=Scoop, NZ|accessdate=2012-12-13|type=Web|location=NZ}}</ref>
*Invited Entry at [[Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival|Kathmandu Mountain Film Festival]], Nepal
*Invited Entry at Shaff Adventure film Festival, UK
*Invited Entry at CMS Vatavaran Nature and Wildlife Film Festival, India
*Invited Entry at Mumbai International Film Festival, India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/editor/mumbai_international_film_festival_line_up_for_documentary_short_and_animation_films|title = Mumbai International Film Festival Line up for Documentary, Short and Animation films}}</ref>
*Invited Entry at Himalaya Film Festival, UK<ref name="Times of India"/>

==See also==
*[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*{{IMDb title|1520489|One Crazy Ride}}

[[Category:2009 documentary films]]
[[Category:Mountain biking films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about cycling]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]

I Hate You (film)

2026-03-03T09:13:57Z

GabrielaPreiss: Put up a data

{{Short description|2024 Indian romantic thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = I Hate You (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Anjee Ram
| writer = Anjee Ram
| producer = Naggaraz
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Karthik Raju
*[[Mokksha]]
*Sherry Agarwal
}}
| cinematography = S. Murali Mohan Reddy
| editing = J Prathap Kumar
| music = Swaakar
| studio = Sri Gayathri Entertainments
| distributor = SKML Motion Picture
| released = {{film date|2024|2|2|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''I Hate You''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Anji Ram. The film stars Karthik Raju, [[Mokksha]] and Sherry Agarwal in the lead roles.The film was produced by Naggaraz under the banner of Sri Gayathri Entertainments.

== Cast ==
* Karthik Raju
* [[Mokksha]]
* Sherry Agarwal

== Production ==
The film was produced by Naggaraz under the banner of Sri Gayathri Entertainments. The cinematography was done by J Prathap Kumar, while editing was handled by S Murali Mohan Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2023-11-30 |title='Atharva' review: Engaging crime thriller |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/atharva-review-engaging-crime-thriller-841517 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released 20 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=I Hate You Trailer Out: The Telugu Film Promises A Gripping Thriller With Riveting Twists |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/i-hate-you-trailer-out-the-telugu-film-promises-a-gripping-thriller-with-riveting-twists-8762337.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202011423/https://www.news18.com/movies/i-hate-you-trailer-out-the-telugu-film-promises-a-gripping-thriller-with-riveting-twists-8762337.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' stated that "I Hate You won't disappoint you if you watch it with low expectations. Any rom-com fan will love it.".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=I Hate You Movie Review |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/i-hate-you-movie-review-270559 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' critic wrote that "Director Anji Ram crafts a plot that navigates the complexities of romantic thrillers effectively."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=I Hate You Explores Complexities of Obsessive Love Disorder |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/i-hate-you-telugu-movie-review-880846 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Suhas Sistu of [[The Hans India]] rated'' 2.75 out of 5 and wrote that "The rich production values, well-chosen cast, and picturesque locations contribute to making this movie a satisfying watch for fans of the romantic thriller genre."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-01-07 |title=Karthik Raju's 'I Hate You' completes filming |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/karthik-rajus-i-hate-you-completes-filming-849759 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[News18 India|''News18'']] critic gave 2.5 out of 5 and noted that " Overall, it is a remarkable movie in the romantic thriller genre."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=I Hate You: రొమాంటిక్ థ్రిల్లర్ ఐ హేట్ యు రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/karthik-raju-i-hate-you-movie-review-and-rating-slb-2378035.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt30989795}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]

Before You Die

2026-03-02T04:55:43Z

GabrielaPreiss: put up!

{{short description|2022 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Before You Die
| image = Before You Die.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suvendu Raj Ghosh]]
| producer = Pradip Chopra
| story = Pradip Chopra
| writer = [[Sanjeev Tiwari]]
| screenplay = [[Sanjeev Tiwari]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Puneet Raj Sharma
* Kavya Kashyap
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Mukesh Rishi]]
* Pradip Chopra
* [[Mushtaq Khan]]
}}
| cinematography = Arabinda Narayan Dolai
| editing = Raj Singh Sidhu
| music = Bob SN Sharib Toshi
| studio = iLead Films
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|02|18}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Before You Die''''' is a Hindi [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Suvendu Raj Ghosh]] and produced by Pradip Chopra.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mushtaq Khan, Mukesh Rishi shoot in Kolkata for upcoming Hindi film - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/mushtaq-khan-mukesh-rishi-shoot-in-kolkata-for-upcoming-hindi-thriller/articleshow/85585359.cms|access-date=2021-11-24|website=The Times of India|date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-18|title='Before You Die' की रिलीज डेट आई सामने, इस दिन सिनेमाघरों में दस्तक देगी फिल्म|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-the-release-date-of-before-you-die-is-out-will-knock-in-theaters-on-this-day-entpks-3856504.html|access-date=2021-11-24|website=News18 हिंदी|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-11|title=Suvendu Raj Ghosh and iLEAD's next 'Before You Die' to release on 4th Feb, 22|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/suvendu-raj-ghosh-and-ileads-next-before-you-die-to-release-on-4th-feb-22-23200504|access-date=2021-11-24|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref> The film starring Puneet Raj Sharma, Kavya Kashyap, [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], Pradip Chopra, [[Mushtaq Khan]], Arha Mahajan, [[Badshah Moitra]], [[Rita Dutta Chakraborty|Rita Dutta]] and Lovekansh Garg, is a journey of a girl fighting cancer and her family. It is also a beautiful love story depicting courage and strength.<ref>{{Cite web|title=कैंसर से जंग लड़ने वालों के लिए आई फिल्म Before you die, टीजर कर रहा इमोशनल|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/before-you-die-teaser-is-emotional-for-those-fighting-the-battle-with-cancer/1031743|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Zee News|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suvendu Raj Ghosh And Ilead's Next 'Before You Die' To Release On 4th February, 22|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/suvendu-raj-ghosh-and-ileads-next-before-you-die-to-release-on-4th-february-22/400547|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Outlook India|language=en}}</ref> The film is scheduled to be released on 18 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=iLEAD Films, Suvendu Raj Ghosh's 'Before You Die...' to launch its trailer |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/ilead-films-suvendu-raj-ghoshs-before-you-die-to-launch-its-trailer20220127180735/ |access-date=27 January 2022|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Puneet Raj Sharma
* Kavya Kashyap
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Mukesh Rishi]]
* Pradip Chopra
* [[Mushtaq Khan]]

== Box office ==
As of 28 February 2022, the film grossed 0.15 crore in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Before You Die Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 February 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/before-you-die/box-office/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|16024234}}
* {{Bollywood hungama|before-you-die}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Ayendri Lavnia Roy

2026-02-27T11:19:05Z

GabrielaPreiss: done

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ayendri Lavnia Roy
| image =
| birth_date = 23 July 1998
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| known_for = *[[Titli (2020 TV series)|Titli]], as Rehana
*[[Aalta Phoring]], as Poushali
*[[Khelna Bari]], as Anuradha Apte
*[[Phulki]], as Ishita Paul
}}

'''Ayendri Lavnia Roy''' (born 23 July 1998) is an Indian television actress who is mostly seen in negative roles. She has worked in projects such as Titli, [[Gramer Rani Binapani]], [[Aalta Phoring]], [[Khelna Bari]], [[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]] and [[Phulki]].

== Career ==
Roy initially started with modelling and was working in commercials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title=হট পোশাকে মিরর সেলফি আয়েন্দ্রীর! ‘আমি নাকি নেশায় আসক্ত…’, বডি সেমিংয়ের জবাব দিলেন নায়িকা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ayendri-roy-share-her-mirror-selfie-and-gave-a-strong-response-against-body-shaming-31751707601130.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705144345/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ayendri-roy-share-her-mirror-selfie-and-gave-a-strong-response-against-body-shaming-31751707601130.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 July 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> She started her acting career with Adorini and also worked in [[Ami Sirajer Begum]] and [[Ekhane Aakash Neel (2008 TV series)|Ekhane Aakash Neel]] and since Titli she started getting popular in the industry and has been playing negative roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikary |first=Ratna |date=2023-05-09 |title=Mithai Fun Troll: কানের দুলের পর এবার মিঠাই'এর নাইটি! রোহিনী বসু নয় ও 'ঝাঁপিনি বসু', খিল্লি করছে দর্শক |work= Tolly Tales |url=https://www.tollytales.com/entertainment/bangla-serial/again-rohini-stole-mithais-dress-after-her-earrings-19632 |access-date=2023-06-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=সাহা |first1=শ্যামশ্রী |title=প্রেম করছেন নীলাঙ্কুর-আয়েন্দ্রী! সোশ্যাল মিডিয়ায় কীসের ইঙ্গিত দিলেন অভিনেত্রী? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/24303/tollywood_actor_nilankur_mukherjee_and_actress_ayendri_roy_are_dating_each_other_the_rumours_spread_on_social_media_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015165142/https://aajkaal.in/story/24303/tollywood_actor_nilankur_mukherjee_and_actress_ayendri_roy_are_dating_each_other_the_rumours_spread_on_social_media_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2024 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=19 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Channel
!Role
!Notes
!Production company
|-
|2017-2018
|Adorini
|rowspan="6" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|Puchki
| rowspan="3" |Supporting Role
|[[Blues Productions|Blues Production]]
|-
|2018-2019
|[[Ami Sirajer Begum]]
|Shehzadi Afseen Begum
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|-
|2019-2020
|[[Ekhane Aakash Neel (2019 TV series)|Ekhane Aakash Neel]]
|Dr.Sunayna
|[[Surinder Films]]
|-
|2020-2021
|[[Titli (2020 TV series)|Titli]]
|Rehana Mitra
|rowspan="10" |Antagonist
|Tent Cinema
|-
|2021-2022
|[[Gramer Rani Binapani]]
|Olivia
|Boyhood Productions
|-
|2022-2023
|[[Aalta Phoring]]
|Poushali Mitra
|Tent Cinema
|-
|2022-2023
|''[[Khelna Bari]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|Anuradha Apte
| rowspan="3" |Zee Bangla in-house Productions
|-
|2023
|[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]
|Rohini Basu
|-
|2023-2025
|[[Phulki (Bengali TV series)|Phulki]]
|Ishita Paul
|-
|2024
|Akash Kusum
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|Jhum Mukerjee Deb Barman
|[[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
|-
|2024
|[[Sohag Chand]]
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|Mallika
|[[Surinder Films]]
|-
|2024-2025
|[[Neem Phooler Madhu]]
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Mohini
|Zee Bangla in-house Productions
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|[[Geeta LL.B]]
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Adhora Sinha
|[[Blues Productions]]
|-
|[[Mithijhora]]
|rowspan="4" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|Dr. Oindrila Chakraborty
|rowspan="2" |Supporting Role
|Organic Productions
|-
|[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]
|Upasana
|Zee Bangla in-house Productions
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
|Tui Amar Hero
|Manjuri (Later replaced by Satabdi Nag)
|rowspan="2" |Antagonist
|Teamwork Productions
|-
|Kusum
|Megha Banerjee
|[[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Shivam Pradhan

2026-02-11T07:25:53Z

GabrielaPreiss: done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivam Pradhan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{death date|2016|10|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = India
| education = [[Ramjas College]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2010-2017
| relatives = Piyush Pradhan (father) Aparna Pradhan (mother)
}}
'''Shivam Pradhan''' (died 29 October 2016) was an Indian actor. He established his career in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Standing-apart-Shivam-Pradhan/article16087524.ece|title=Standing apart: Shivam Pradhan|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ramjas-dramatics-society-to-dedicate-annual-fest-to-alumnus-and-actor-shivam-pradhan/articleshow/57754108.cms|title=Ramjas' dramatics society to dedicate annual fest to alumnus and actor Shivam Pradhan - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

==Acting career==
He started acting in plays from school. In class 11th, he acted in his first play ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'', written by [[Mohan Rakesh]].

In theater, he acted in various plays, such as the Roman play ''[[Peer Gynt]]'' in Hindi and [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s play ''[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]'' in Hindi (by [[Neelabh Ashk]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/interview-of-tere-bin-laden-2-phillauri-actor-shivam-pradhan-for-all-the-peter-dinklage-fans-in-got/|title=GOT वालों! लो मिलो लॉर्ड टिरियन के इंडियन वर्जन से, वे अब नहीं रहे!|work=LallanTop - News with most viral and Social Sharing Indian content on the web in Hindi|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

He worked as a dubbing artist for animation series on [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]] and [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]].<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thelallantop.com/news/actor-of-do-dooni-chaar-tere-bin-laden-2-and-the-upcoming-phillauri-is-no-more-rip-shivam-pradhan/|title='दो दूनी चार', 'तेरे बिन लादेन-2', 'फिल्लौरी' के एक्टर शिवम प्रधान नहीं रहे!|work=LallanTop - News with most viral and Social Sharing Indian content on the web in Hindi|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

He worked in 270 episodes of Pragaya channel's Info-tainment series.<ref name=":2" />

He worked for 13 episodes of [[Tata Sky]]'s ''Daily Zindagi'' ad campaign.<ref name=":2" />

He was the host at the ''Star Parivaar Awards ''(2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universityex.com/stories/shivam-pradhan/|title=Shivam Pradhan, an alumnus of Ramjas College to star in Kerry On Kutton - University Express|website=www.universityex.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Director
!Notes
|-
|2008
|''[[Good Night (2008 film)|Good Night]]''
|Ratan
|Geetika Narang
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]''
|Waiter at Paratha
|[[Habib Faisal]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive]]''
|Daaga
|[[Abhishek Sharma (director)|Abhishek Sharma]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Kerry on Kutton]]''
|Hippy Thakur
|Ashok Yadav
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]''
|Piyush
|[[Anshai Lal]]
|
|-
|2017
|''Baked''
|Bansi Bhaiya
|Vishwajoy Mukherjee
|Web Series
|}

==Death==
He was suffering from a breathing problem during the last 7 years before his death. He died on 29 October 2016.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3272269}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Shivam}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Bal Sahitya Puraskar

2026-02-10T03:21:32Z

GabrielaPreiss: done!

{{short description|Literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Bal Sahitya Puraskar
| image = File:2010 Bal Sahitya Award.jpg
| alt =
| caption = First Bal Sahitya Puraskar Ceremony, 2010
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Literary award in [[India]]
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 2010
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INR}} 50,000
| former name =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 14
| previous = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| next =[[Yuva Puraskar]]
| website={{Url|https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp|Official website}}}}
The '''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' also known as '''Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar''', is a literary honour in India, which the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers for their contribution in the field of [[Children's literature]] in any of the 22 [[languages of the 8th Schedule to the Indian constitution]] as well as in [[English language|English]] and [[Rajasthani language]]. Instituted in 2010, it comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122121418/https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Lists of recipients by years ==
{{Maincat|Bal Sahitya Puraskar by year}}
{{Expand list|date=November 2023}}
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020]]
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021]]
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2022]]
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023]]
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2024]]
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025]]

== Lists of recipients by language ==
{{Maincat|Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language}}
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Assamese]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Bengali]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Bodo]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Dogri]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for English]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Gujarati]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Hindi]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Kannada]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Kashmiri]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Konkani]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Maithili]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Malayalam]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Meitei]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Marathi]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Nepali]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Odia]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Punjabi]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Rajasthani]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Sanskrit]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Santali]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Sindhi]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners for Tamil]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Telugu]]
* [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Urdu]]

== See also ==
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
*[[List of literary awards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi]]

Planet Marathi OTT

2026-02-05T04:41:24Z

GabrielaPreiss: starting a info from scratch - done

{{Short description|Marathi OTT platform}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Planet Marathi OTT
| logo = Planet Marathi.png
| company_type = [[OTT platform]]
| language = Marathi English
| founded = 2021<ref name=":1" />
| area_served = 100+ countries<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Soumya Vilekar announces her exit from Planet Marathi OTT after 7 years of association |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-soumya-vilekar-announces-her-exit-from-planet-marathi-ott-after-7-years-of-association-3368570/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
| owner = Planet Marathi Group
| founder = Akshay Bardapurkar<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-05 |title=Planet Marathi Founder: Industry no longer bound by narrow vision of old gatekeepers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/planet-marathi-founder-industry-no-longer-bound-by-narrow-vision-of-old-gatekeepers/articleshow/90655936.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Soumya Vilekar<ref name=":1" />
| key_people = Akshay Bardapurkar ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) Aditya Oke ([[Chief Operating Officer|COO]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planet Marathi OTT Launches Pay Per View Ticket Window |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/planet-marathi-ott-launches-pay-per-view-ticket-window/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Koimoi}}</ref>
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Streaming media]]
* [[Video on demand]]
* [[Digital distribution]]
}}
| assets = {{INR|200 crore}}<ref name=":1" />
| subsidiaries = Planet Bharat Planet Goem
| url = [https://planetmarathi.com/ planetmarathi.com]
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Optional
| users = 1 million (January 2024)<ref name=":1" />
| current_status = Active
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
}}

'''Planet Marathi OTT''' is an Indian [[Subscription video on demand|subscription video on-demand]] [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] [[streaming media]] service which is [[India|India's]] first digital platform provide content in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name=":0" /> Planet Marathi claims to have over 550,000 installs and over 24 million video plays since its launch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-09-04 |title=Marathi OTT platform Planet Marathi records 500% increase in subscriber base |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/marathi-ott-platform-planet-marathi-records-500-increase-in-subscriber-base-11662274353040.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Planet Marathi had appointed [[Marathi people|Marathi]] actress [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] to its board of founders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrinal Kulkarni on Planet Marathi OTT's board of founders {{!}} Media |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/mrinal-kulkarni-on-planet-marathi-otts-board-of-founders/478341 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Campaign India}}</ref> Director of content, [[Abhijit Panse]], was appointed by the company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-08 |title=Planet Marathi OTT appoints Abhijit Panse as director of content |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-planet-marathi-ott-appoints-abhijit-panse-as-director-of-content-3388136/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2023, the Planet Marathi Group and [[Vista Media Center|Vistas Media]] announced the launch of ''Planet Bharat'', an over-the-top platform.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=Planet Marathi Group and Vistas Media join hands to launch an OTT platform, 'Planet Bharat' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/planet-marathi-group-and-vistas-media-join-hands-to-launch-an-ott-platform-planet-bharat/articleshow/102718260.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The company had also launched a news vertical and a [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-language digital entertainment platform, ''Planet Goem''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-04-25 |title=Planet Marathi Group to launch news vertical |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/planet-marathi-group-to-launch-digital-news-vertical-aims-to-revolutionize-marathi-news-landscape-worldwide-11682400979580.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Soumya and her son, Anitya Vilekar, who held positions as directors within the company, have stepped down in 2024 from their roles on the board of directors.<ref name=":1" />

== Launch ==
The platform was launched in [[Mumbai]] by [[Madhuri Dixit]] in the presence of popular Marathi film personalities including [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Tejaswini Pandit]], [[Sanjay Jadhav]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]], [[Prasad Oak]], [[Siddharth Jadhav]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-01 |title=Planet Marathi: Madhuri Dixit launches India's first Marathi OTT platform |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/planet-marathi-madhuri-dixit-launches-indias-first-marathi-ott-platform-10031466 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=Madhuri Dixit launches 'Planet Marathi' OTT platform |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/madhuri-dixit-launches-planet-marathi-ott-platform-730577 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== Availability ==
The platform is available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[iOS]] worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planet Marathi OTT launches Planet Goem |url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/planet-marathi-ott-launches-planet-goem/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Indian Broadcasting World |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's first Marathi video streaming platform, Planet Marathi OTT to launch in December |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/indias-first-marathi-video-streaming-platform-planet-marathi-ott-to-launch-in-december-5517821.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |quote=The OTT will be available on both iOS and Android globally.}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://planetmarathi.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Subscription video on demand services]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Sala (Hoysala Dynasty)

2026-02-05T01:25:33Z

GabrielaPreiss: adding - done

{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sala
| title = Hoy, Sala Founder of [[Hoysala Dynasty]]
| image =
| birth_place = Sosevuru ([[Angadi]]), [[Chikkamagaluru]] District Karnataka
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| dynasty = [[Hoysala Dynasty]]
}}

'''Sala''' is the legendary founder of the [[Hoysala dynasty]] of Karnataka, India. He is remembered for the famous story in which he killed a tiger (or lion) on the command of his [[Jain]] preceptor, an act that is said to have given the dynasty its name.

== Legend and name ==

According to Hoysala tradition, the dynasty's name originated from the words '''''Hoy, Sala'''!'' meaning "Strike, Sala!", shouted by his [[Jain]] guru '''Sudatta Muni''' when Sala encountered a tiger (sometimes described as a lion) threatening the sage during worship. Sala is said to have slain the beast with a single blow, establishing his bravery and giving rise to the royal emblem depicting the fight.<ref>Foekema, Gerard (1996). ''A Complete Guide to Hoysaḷa Temples''. Abhinav Publications. p. 13.</ref>

This legend is prominently depicted in sculpture at Hoysala temples such as the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakeshava Temple]] at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], where the emblem of Sala fighting the tiger/lion became the royal crest of the Hoysalas.

== Historical context ==

While '''Sala''' himself remains a semi-legendary figure, inscriptions suggest that the [[Hoysala]] family originated in the '''Malnad''' region (Western Ghats) of [[Karnataka]]. Sosevuru, now known as [[Angadi]] village in [[Chikkamagaluru]] district, is traditionally regarded as their ancestral home and was a prominent [[Jain]] religious center at the time.<ref>Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001). ''A Concise History of Karnataka''. Bangalore: Jupiter Books. p. 100.</ref>

The Hoysalas began as local chiefs or feudatories of the Western [[Chalukyas]] of Kalyana. Early rulers like Nripa Kama and [[Vinayaditya (Hoysala dynasty)|Vinayaditya]] expanded their influence over Gangavadi (southern Karnataka). The dynasty rose to major power in the 12th century under King Vishnuvardhana, who defeated the Cholas and consolidated control over the Deccan.<ref>Kamath (2001), pp. 100–104.</ref><ref>Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955). ''A History of South India''. Oxford University Press. p. 242.</ref>

== Legacy ==

Sala's the legend of his tiger-slaying act served as a powerful origin myth for the [[Hoysala dynasty]]. It symbolized royal valor and divine favor, legitimizing the dynasty’s rule and linking it to the protection of religious institutions.

Today, the "Hoy, Sala!" story and emblem are iconic parts of Karnataka’s cultural heritage, celebrated in art, sculpture, and folklore.

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Jainism in Karnataka]]

Bhojraj Ji Ka

2026-02-03T12:42:36Z

GabrielaPreiss: enhance article based on references

#redirect[[Shekhawat]]

National Institute of Disaster Management (India)

2026-01-29T15:42:57Z

GabrielaPreiss: Starting initial info initial version!

{{Short description|Research institution in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Independent sources|date=September 2019}}{{Infobox institute
| name = National Institute of Disaster Management '''(NIDM)'''
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Institute's Logo
| latin_name =
| motto = ''Resilient India - Disaster free India''
| founder =
| established = 1995
| mission = *To work as consulting agency for the Government by providing assistance in policy formulation and; 
*To facilitate in reducing the impact of disasters through its technological innovations.
| focus =
| president = [[Home Minister of India]]
| chairman =
| head_label = Executive Director
| head = Shri Safi Ahsan Rizvi, IPS 1989 batch
| faculty = 16
| adjunct_faculty =
| staff = 22
| key_people =
| budget =
| endowment =
| debt =
| num_members =
| subsidiaries =
| owner = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]
| non-profit_slogan =
| former_name = National Centre for Disaster Management (Upgraded to present status on 16 October 2003 ) 
| location =
| city =
| state =
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{url|www.nidm.gov.in}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

'''National Institute of Disaster Management''' ('''NIDM''') is an Indian education and research institution located in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]. NIDM is primarily responsible for the training and capacity development programs for managing [[natural disaster]]s in [[India]].

It was constituted under an [[Act of Parliament]] in 1995; was re-designated to give the present name of National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) by the ''Disaster Management Act 2005''<ref name="DMAct">{{cite web | url=http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/pdf/DM_Act2005.pdf | title=Disaster Management Act 2005 | publisher=NDMA | accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> assented to by the [[President of India]] on 9 January 2006.<ref name="a">{{cite journal | url=http://works.bepress.com/aparna_meduri/20/ | title=The Disaster Management Act, 2005 | author=Aparna Meduri | journal=The ICFAI Journal of Environmental Law. | year=2006 | issue=6–11 | editor=E.N.Murthy | publisher=The ICFAI University Press | archive-date=17 August 2018 | access-date=10 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023040/https://works.bepress.com/aparna_meduri/20/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The [[International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction]],<ref name="A/RES/54/219">{{UN document |docid=A/RES/54/219 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=54 |resolution_number=219 |accessdate=2011-07-05|date=3 February 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Our Mandate|url=http://www.unisdr.org/who-we-are/mandate|publisher=The United Nations The Office for Disaster Risk Reduction|accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> proposed with the purpose of ensuring the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction prompted the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, the nodal ministry for disaster management in [[India]] to establish a national centre for management and planning the control of such natural disasters in 1995.

The centre was later upgraded as the National Institute of Disaster management (NIDM) on 16 October 2003, with the transfer of responsibility for disaster management to the Ministry of Home Affairs. The institute was inaugurated by the Home Minister on 11 August 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NIDM Genesis|url=https://nidm.gov.in/genesis.asp}}</ref>

==Responsibilities==
The National Disaster Management Act of 2005 granted the institute statutory organisation status. The Act holds the institute responsible for "planning and promoting training and research in the area of disaster management, documentation and development of national level information base relating to disaster management policies, prevention mechanisms and mitigation measures".<ref name="genesis">{{cite web | url=https://nidm.gov.in/genesis.asp | title=Genesis and Functions | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | accessdate=28 December 2012 | author=National Institute of Disaster Management}}</ref>

The NIDM has been mandated to be a deemed university and institute of excellence in learning and capacity building. NIDM has worked with other organisations to develop a model curriculum for strengthening disaster management in higher education and research. Most central universities have envisaged the operation of Centres for Disaster Management under their School of Environmental Studies.

===Training===
NIDM works under the government's directives to train and conduct periodic checks to regulate effective earthquake and disaster control policies throughout the country with support from semi-government, private firms and [[non-government organisations]]. It also conducts mock drills, crisis communication training and hazard hunt exercises every two to three months. In 2012 [[Delhi]] witnessed one of the biggest mock drills conducted in India, simulating an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 on the [[Richter Scale]]. The main purpose was to check the alertness and preparedness of various agencies, commuters and residents in the event of a disaster of such magnitude.<ref name=g>{{cite news|title=Mega drill in Delhi to test quake readiness|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article2895669.ece|accessdate=1 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 February 2012|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> 
The [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]] and Delhi Disaster Management Authority jointly conducted the drills at several places across the national capital.

== See also ==
* [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)]]
* [[National Disaster Response Force]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1995 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:Emergency management in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1995]]

Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque

2026-01-26T15:07:00Z

GabrielaPreiss: starting first post first draft

{{Short description|Mosque in Nizamuddin West, South Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque
| image =
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption =
| location = [[Nizamuddin West]], [[South Delhi]], [[Delhi NCT]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.59157|77.24336|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rite = [[Tablighi Jamaat]] ''movement''
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Delhi central
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Central Delhi]]
| consecration_year =
| leadership = {{nowrap|[[Saad Kandhlawi|Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi]]}} {{small|([[Emir|Ameer]])}}
| founded_by = [[Ilyas Kandhlawi|Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]]
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| facade_direction =
| year_completed = {{circa|1857}}
| construction_cost =
| capacity = 2,000 worshippers
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| website =
}}
The '''Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque''', also called '''Banglewali Masjid''', is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[mosque]] located in [[Nizamuddin West]] in [[South Delhi]], [[India]]. It is the birthplace and global centre of the [[Tablighi Jamaat]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Mahurkar, Uday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/the-new-threat-from-tablighi-jamaat-1661938-2020-04-01 |title=Tablighi Jamaat's defiance spreads concern |work=India Today |date=1 April 2020 |access-date= }}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news |author1=Gettleman, Jeffrey |author2=Schultz, Kai |author3=Raj, Suhasini |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12/world/asia/india-coronavirus-muslims-bigotry.html?searchResultPosition=1 |title=In India, Coronavirus Fans Religious Hatred |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 April 2020 |access-date= }}</ref> the missionary and reformist movement started by [[Ilyas Kandhlawi|Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]] in 1926. The congregation is led by his great-grandson, [[Emir|Ameer]] [[Saad Kandhlawi|Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi]], since 2015.

Since 2015, frictions developed within Tablighi Jamaat over the leadership of the organisation; however, the mosque remains the headquarters for the Nizamuddin branch of the movement.<ref name="milli">{{cite news |author=Burhanuddin Qasmi, M |title=Tablighi Jamaat at the crossroads |newspaper=The Milli Gazette |date=30 July 2016 |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14612-tablighi-jamaat-at-the-crossroads |access-date= }}</ref>

== Building ==
''[[The New York Times]]'' described the Markaz as "a tall, white, modern building towering over the Nizamuddin West neighborhood".<ref name=NYT/> It is a centre of the neighbourhood's economy, with money changers, guesthouses, travel agencies and gift shops surrounding it and catering to the missionaries that visit the Markaz.<ref name=NYT/>

The building is six stories high, and has capacity of approximately 2,000 worshippers. It is adjacent to the Hazrat Nizamuddin Police Station, with which it shares a wall. The famous [[Nizamuddin Dargah|Khawaja Nizamuddin Aulia shrine]] is close by.<ref name="India TV">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/nizamuddin-markaz-statewise-list-people-attended-tablighi-jamaat-march-coronavirus-positive-cases-603172 |title=Nizamuddin Markaz: State-wise list of nearly 2,000 people who attended Tablighi Jamaat in March |work=[[India TV News]] |date=31 March 2020 |access-date= }}</ref>

The complex includes the Kashiful Uloom [[madrasa]].

Typical gatherings at the Markaz host between 2,000 and 4,000 people. During the day, the large halls in the building are used for prayers and sermons. At night, they are used as sleeping quarters for 200–300 people on each floor.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/04/02/world/asia/02reuters-health-coronavirus-india-islam-insight.html |title=The Religious Retreat That Sparked India's Major Coronavirus Manhunt |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 April 2020 |access-date= |author= }}</ref>

==History==
=== Early history ===
The ''Banglewali Masjid'' (Bungalow Mosque) was built in Nizamuddin by Mirza Ilahi Baksh, a relative of the last Mughal emperor, sometime after 1857. Maulana Muhammad Ismail, the father of Maulana Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi, established a madrasa in its premises under the name ''Kashif ul-Uloom''. It is said that he used to go out and invite people to come to the mosque and, on one occasion, he happened to bring [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meos]] from Mewat who were in Delhi as labourers. Noticing that they were not schooled in proper practice of prayer, he decided to teach it to them, which was the beginning of the madrasa.{{sfnp|Kuiper|2017|pp=168–169}}

After the death of Maulana Ismail and his elder son, MaulanaMuhammad Ilyas took up the task of teaching at the madrasa. He too was concerned with educating the Meos of Mewat.{{sfnp|Kuiper|2017|p=173}} Noticing that his own direct teaching would be inadequate to the task, in time, he evolved the practices of ''tabligh'' that now form the foundation of [[Tablighi Jamaat]].{{sfnp|Kuiper|2017|pp=179}} They involved turning ordinary Muslims into preachers. Training them in the preaching work became the main activity of the madrasa, gradually turning the Banglewali Masjid into a ''markaz'' (centre or headquarters). Ilyas also set up an organisational network for his fledgling organisation bringing men of influence to gather in the mosque. By the end of Ilyas's life, Tablighi Jamaat emerged as a national organisation with transnational potential.{{sfnp|Kuiper|2017|pp=180–182}}

=== Transnational centre ===
{{main|Tablighi Jamaat}}
Under Ilyas's son and successor, [[Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi]] (1917–1965), the Tablighi Jamaat expanded worldwide and became a transnational organisation.{{sfnp|Pieri|2015|p=60}} The Nizamuddin Markaz became the world headquarters (''Aalami Markaz''). According to a commentator, it is "the heart circulating blood through the body" for the Tablighi Jamaat organisation.{{sfnp|Pieri|2015|p=65}} It is the place where people are trained for missionary work, worldwide tours are organised and information to the entire worldwide network is distributed.{{sfnp|Pieri|2015|p=65}}

After Yusuf Kandhlawi's sudden death, the senior members chose [[Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi]] (1918–1995), a close relative of Maulana Ilyas, as the third amir.{{sfnp|Pieri|2015|p=61}}
After the 30-year leadership of Inamul Hasan, during which the movement grew to its present size, an executive council (''shura'') was established to share the responsibilities of leadership.{{sfnp|Pieri|2015|p=61}}

=== Recent developments ===
According to scholar Zacharias Pieri, the final decision-making responsibility fell on two men within the ''shura'': [[Zubair ul-Hasan Kandhlawi]] and [[Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi]].<ref>
{{harvp|Pieri|2015|p=61}}: "Since Izhar ul-Hasan’s death in 1996, the governing executive council was made up of Zubayr and Saad (Arshad 2007).[3] In the strictest sense, the final decision-making powers in the movement fell to these two men."
</ref>
After Zubair ul-Hasan's death in 2014, Maulana Saad assumed the leadership of the council and the movement.<ref>
{{harvp|Pieri|2015|p=61}}: "In 2014, there was yet another change in TJ’s leadership with the passing away of Zubair ul-Hasan. Zubair was seen as the senior leader in the movement and teacher of the current leader Maulana Saad. ... Reetz commented that even before Maulana Zubair’s death, Maulana Saad moved to the center of the movement and was seen as the “spiritual and symbolic head” attracting immense popularity on an international level."
</ref>
According to ''The Milli Gazette'', the senior members of the Tablighi Jamaat from around the world met at the Pakistan regional markaz at [[Raiwind Markaz|Raiwind]] in 2015 and resolved that the organisation would be governed by a ''shura''. Raiwind amir [[Muhammad Abdul Wahhab]] who was a member of the original ''shura'' backed this effort.<ref name="milli"/><ref name="counter" />
Kandhlawi did not accept the recommendations of the meeting, causing a split in the organisation.<ref name="milli"/>

The friction led to division of the Tablighi Jamaat leadership into two groups, the first being led by [[Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi]] at the Nizamuddin Markaz, while the other being led by Ibrahim Dewla, [[Ahmed Laat]] and others at [[Jama Masjid, Nerul|Nerul Markaz, Navi Mumbai]] in India.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |author=Mohammed Wajihuddin |title=How Tablighi movement split into two groups two years ago |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 April 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-tablighi-movement-split-into-two-groups-two-years-ago/articleshow/74922079.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> The [[Raiwind Markaz]] in [[Pakistan]] is part of the latter group and has become the "de facto base" of the shura group.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=Religions |date=14 October 2019 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/126433/1/Timol%2C%20R%20-%20Structures%20of%20Organisation%20and%20Loci%20of%20Authority%20in%20a%20Glocal%20Islamic%20Movement%20The%20Tablighi%20Jama%E2%80%99at%20in%20Britain.pdf }}</ref><ref name="counter">{{cite web |last1=Ghazali |first1=Abdus Satar |title=Global leadership split in Tablighi Jamaat echoes in San Francisco Bay Area |url=https://countercurrents.org/2018/10/global-leadership-split-in-tablighi-jamaat-echoes-in-san-francisco-bay-area |website=countercurrents.org |access-date=30 March 2020 |date=12 October 2018}}</ref>

===COVID-19 pandemic===
{{main|2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi}}

The mosque organised a large congregation in March 2020, attended by approximately 9,000 missionaries, with the majority from various states of India,<ref name="TOI 2 April">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: About 9,000 Tablighi Jamaat members, primary contacts quarantined in country, MHA says |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2 April 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-about-9000-tablighi-jamaat-members-primary-contacts-quarantined-in-country-mha-says/articleshow/74948832.cms}}</ref><ref name="HT 2 April">{{cite news |title=How Nizamuddin markaz became Covid-19 hotspot; more than 8,000 attendees identified |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2 April 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-nizamuddin-markaz-became-a-hotspot-for-covid-19-8-000-people-identified/story-zedKlaDNTPpbDLdMsgExAM.html}}</ref> and 960 attendees from 40 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=379 Indonesians among foreigners from 40 countries attended Tablighi Jamaat gathering: Sources |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/379-indonesians-among-foreigners-from-40-countries-attended-tablighi-jamaat-gathering-sources20200403152720/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=ANI}}</ref> Three major events has been planned, between 8–10 March, during 15–17 March and during 22–24 March.<ref name="news-communique.com">{{cite web |url=https://news-communique.com/index.php/2020/04/05/panic-grips-tablighi-jamaat-ijtema-maulana-saad-on-the-run/ |title=Panic Grips Tablighi Jamaat Ijtema: Maulana Saad On The Run |date=5 April 2020 |website=News-Communique.com |access-date=10 January 2025 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501183230/https://news-communique.com/index.php/2020/04/05/panic-grips-tablighi-jamaat-ijtema-maulana-saad-on-the-run/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|Media reports have variously mentioned a "congregation" held on 11–13 March,<ref name=Beg>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-corona-outbreak-afflicted-by-communal-virus-blaming-tablighi-jamaat-could-be-misdirected/349784 |title=Communal Corona? Is It Justified To Blame Tablighi Jamaat For Nizamuddin Outbreak? |first1=Mirza Arif |last1=Beg |date=31 March 2020 |website=Outlook}}</ref> 13–15 March,<ref name=Mustafa>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/coronavirus-criminal-liability-of-tablighi-jamaat |title=The Coronavirus Spread and the Criminal Liability of the Tablighi Jamaat |first1=Faizan |last1=Mustafa |date=16 April 2020 |website=The Wire}}</ref> or other dates, which however do not appear on the Markaz's calendar.}}

However, worshippers got stuck in the Markaz building as a result of a [[COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi|COVID-19]] [[Janata curfew|government-mandated one-day lockdown]] on 22 March. The government implemented a nationwide indefinite lockdown on 24 March, and the adjacent police station issued a notice to the mosque the same day, asking for the closure of the building.<ref name="Hindu cordoned off"/> In the ensuing days, medical teams visited the mosque, and mosque representatives met with government authorities. There was some evacuation of worshippers during this period.<ref name=Beg/><ref name="Hindu cordoned off">{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Saurabh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/coronavirus-200-people-from-nizamuddin-develop-symptoms-area-cordoned-off/article31204617.ece| title=Coronavirus {{!}} 200 people in Nizamuddin develop symptoms; area cordoned off |date=30 March 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date= }}</ref> On 30 March, the authorities evacuated the building and sent about 2,300 worshippers to hospital wards and quarantines.<ref name="WaPoSuperSpreader2Apr">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-coronavirus-tablighi-jamaat-delhi/2020/04/02/abdc5af0-7386-11ea-ad9b-254ec99993bc_story.html |title=India confronts its first coronavirus 'super-spreader' – a Muslim missionary group with more than 400 members infected |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Masih |first2=Niha |last3=Irfan |first3=Shams |date=2 April 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

International and domestic [[Contact tracing#COVID-19|contact tracing of COVID-19 cases]]<ref name="Hindu identify">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2100-foreigners-visited-india-for-tablighi-activities-this-year-says-mha/article31219576.ece |title=MHA tells States to track foreign Tablighi members |date=31 March 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi area under watch: Officials link 5 Telangana deaths to Nizamuddin mosque, trace 1,600 people |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/parts-of-delhis-nizamuddin-west-cordoned-off-after-covid-19-cases-traced-to-area-6338798/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=ndtv>{{cite news |title=647 COVID-19 Cases in Last 2 Days Linked To Islamic Sect Meet in Delhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/647-coronavirus-cases-found-in-last-two-days-linked-to-islamic-sect-gathering-in-delhi-says-governme-2205635 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=647 coronavirus positive cases in two days linked to Tablighi Jamaat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/647-coronavirus-positive-cases-in-two-days-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat/articleshow/74967407.cms |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=102 new Covid-19 cases in Tamil Nadu; state's tally reaches 411 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/102-new-covid-19-cases-in-tamil-nadu-state-s-tally-reaches-411-11585922977996.html |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=Livemint}}</ref> attributed the event with the quarantine of approximately 40,000 people in India, including mosque attendees and their contacts.<ref name="ABP 18 April">{{cite news |title=Tablighi Jamaat Responsible For 30% Total Coronavirus Cases in India: Health Ministry |newspaper=ABP News |date=18 April 2020 |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/tablighi-jamaat-responsible-for-30-total-coronavirus-cases-in-india-health-ministry-1201263}}</ref> Leaders of the mosque received widespread criticism from the Muslim community for holding the congregation despite a ban on public gatherings being issued by [[Government of Delhi|Union government authorities in Delhi]] on 13 March.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tablighi Jamaat draws widespread condemnation from Muslim society |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/academics-among-muslims-condemn-the-act-of-tablighi-jamaat-in-nizamuddin/article31218658.ece |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/covid-19-govt-bans-ipl-in-delhi-till-further-orders/article31058763.ece |title=COVID-19: Govt. bans IPL in Delhi till further orders |date=13 March 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date= }}</ref>

Several media houses were accused for instigating communal [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] sentiments by blaming Indian COVID-19 outbreak on the congregation and for spreading misinformation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Even a Pandemic Is Communalised|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/covid-19-tablighi-jamaat-hindu-muslim|access-date=2020-12-16|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-30|title=Coronavirus: The human cost of fake news in India|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53165436|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=“The Tablighi Jamaat phase saw hate speech directed against one entire community-Muslims-with very visible impact on the ground such as calls for economic and social boycott and physical violence against Muslims. Hate speech in this period was in some instances clear incitement to genocide and sought to reduce Muslims to second class citizenship.”|author=|title=|source=Report: Wages of Hate – Journalism in Dark Times.}}

Mainstream India media propagated conspiracy of Muslims deliberately spreading coronavirus called "''Corona Jihad''". The most notorious incident was [[Arnab Goswami]] of [[Republic TV]] falsely portraying an assembly of [[Labour in India|migrant workers]] at [[Bandra railway station]] demanding from the government to make arrangements for them to return home during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] as an assembly of Muslims gathered purportedly on the orders of the ''[[imam]]'' of a local mosque in an attempt to deliberately spread the [[COVID-19|viral infection]] among Hindus in an act of [[biological terrorism]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2020-05-03 |title=Bandra migrants protest: Case filed against Arnab Goswami for allegedly spreading communal hatred |url=https://scroll.in/latest/960942/bandra-migrants-protest-case-filed-against-arnab-goswami-for-allegedly-spreading-communal-hatred |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Organisations such as [[Human Rights Watch|Human rights watch]] condemned this Islamophobic campaign.<ref name=NYT/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-01 |title=CoronaJihad is Only the Latest Manifestation: Islamophobia in India has Been Years in the Making |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/01/coronajihad-only-latest-manifestation-islamophobia-india-has-been-years-making |access-date=2020-12-21 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=It Was Already Dangerous To Be Muslim in India. Then Came the Coronavirus |url=https://time.com/5815264/coronavirus-india-islamophobia-coronajihad/ |access-date=2020-12-21 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513085602/https://time.com/5815264/coronavirus-india-islamophobia-coronajihad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Legal action was taken against mosque officials;<ref>{{cite news|date=16 April 2020|title=India coronavirus: Tablighi Jamaat leader on manslaughter charge over Covid-19 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52306879}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 April 2020 |author=Ahmed, Zubair |title=India coronavirus: Tablighi Jamaat gives blood for plasma therapy |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52452468 |access-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2022 |author=Lama, Prawesh |title=Two years after Markaz sealing, little headway in case against Maulana Saad |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/two-years-after-markaz-sealing-little-headway-in-case-against-maulana-saad-101647540758471.html |access-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref> and various individuals, both Indians and foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/thane-21-foreigners-who-had-attended-tablighi-meet-arrested/articleshow/75325950.cms |title=Thane: 21 foreigners who had attended Tablighi meet arrested | Thane News |date=23 April 2020 |work=The Times of India }}</ref> All charges were dismissed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-16 |title=Tablighi case: All foreigners freed, court slams police, says no proof |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tablighi-case-all-foreigners-freed-court-slams-police-says-no-proof-7106554/ |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After a two-year hiatus, the mosque was reopened for worship in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2022 |title=After 2-year hiatus, Nizamuddin Markaz reopens for Shab-e-Barat |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/after-2-year-hiatus-nizamuddin-markaz-reopens-for-shab-e-barat-378637/ |work=The Tribune, India |access-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* Other Tablighi Jamaat mosques
** [[Bishwa Ijtema|Tongi Ijtema]], Bangladesh
** [[Nerul Aalami Markaz]], Maharashtra, India
** [[Raiwind Markaz]], Pakistan

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation |last=Kuiper |first=Matthew J. |title=Da'wa and Other Religions: Indian Muslims and the Modern Resurgence of Global Islamic Activism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtEwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT169 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-68170-4}}
* {{citation |last=Pieri |first=Zacharias P. |title=Tablighi Jamaat and the Quest for the London Mega Mosque: Continuity and Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9G_BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |year=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-46439-2}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_How_Tablighi_Jamaat_may_end_up_becoming_India’s_hotspot.webm |title=Covid-19 How Tablighi Jamaat may end up becoming India’s hotspot |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |via=Wikimedia Commons |date=31 March 2020 |work=[[YouTube]] |access-date= |format=streaming video }}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:19th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1850s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1857]]
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]
[[Category:Tablighi Jamaat]]

Adikesava Perumal temple, Sriperumpudur

2026-01-24T03:30:59Z

GabrielaPreiss: stub!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Adi Kesava temple
| image = Sriperumbudur-Sri-Adikesava-Perumal-Temple-4.JPG
| alt = Gateway tower of the temple
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|06|N|79|56|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Sriperumbudur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Adi Kesava ([[Vishnu]])
Yathirajanatha Valli ([[Lakshmi]])
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
}}

'''Adi Kesava Temple''' (also called '''Ramanujar Temple''') is dedicated to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]] located in [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Kanchipuram district]], in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Adi Kesava, and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Ethiraja Nadhavalli. The temple is believed to be the birthplace of [[Ramanuja]], the exponent of [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosophy. The gold plated shrine in front of the hall of Ramanuja was built by the Maharaja of Mysore. It is considered one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition.

The temple is open from 6:30 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 4 p.m. to 8 p.m and has six daily rituals at various times of the day. Various festivals are celebrated in the temple, with the Chitirai Brahmotsavam, Masi Pooram festival during February - March and Panguni Uthiram festival during March - April being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[Ramanuja]] (1017–1137 CE) was a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and [[scriptural]] [[exegete]], born in a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] family at Sriperumbudur.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Ramanuja's gift to the Lord|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/sri-ramanujas-gift-to-the-lord/article4233363.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 December 2012|location=India}}</ref> [[Vaishnavites|Vaishnavas]] see him as one of the most important [[acharya]]s (teacher) of their tradition, and as the leading expounder of [[Vishishtadvaita]], one of the classical interpretations of the [[Vedic philosophy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bartley |first=C. J. |title=The Theology of Rāmānuja: Realism and religion |publisher=Routledge Curzon |year=2002 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="carman24">{{cite book | last=Carman | first=John Braisted | title=The Theology of Rāmānuja: An essay in interreligious understanding | publisher=[[Yale University Press]] | place=[[New Haven]] and London | year=1974 |page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Majesty and Meekness: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God |first=John B. |last=Carman |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1994 |isbn=9780802806932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyVfKEmEK2QC |page=80}}</ref> Ramanuja grew up under the tutelage of Tirumalai Nambi, who was working in [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. Once, a king wanted to punish Ramanuja. Ramanuja's disciple, [[Koorathalvar]], helped Ramanuja escape and gave him a white cloth to wear. Ramanuja escaped, but the king punished Koorathalvar by blinding his eyes. Following the event, a festival is celebrated in the temple where Ramanuja appears in a white cloth for Koorathalvar. Once, a king took the idol of Narayanapuram to please his daughter. Ramanuja went to Delhi to recover the idol and the idol is believed to have fallen on his lap as a child by divine powers as a child. The Chella Pillai Utsavam is held every year commemorating the event.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Adhi Kesavaperumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1151|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> As per another legend, a king tried to kill a tiger that was trying to attack a cow. In spite of his efforts, the cow was killed by the tiger and the king incurred the curse of the cow. To expiate himself from the sin, he did penance at his place. Adi Kesava is believed to have appeared for the king and relieved his curse.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Sriperumbudur-Sri-Adikesava-Perumal-Temple-5.JPG|left|200px|thumb|Chittirai Kulam - the [[Pushkarni|temple tank]]]]
The temple is built in [[Dravidian architecture]] occupies around {{convert|1.5|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and has two precincts. It is located in [[Sriperumbudur]], a suburb in [[Chennai]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It has features from [[Chola art|Chola]] and [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara]] architecture. There are inscriptions from the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] dating back to 1572 from the rule of [[Sriranga I]] (1572–1586 CE). There is another inscription from the period of [[Aliya Rama Raya]] (1542–1565) during 1556 indicating gifts of 36 villages to the temple. The [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] (roof of the sanctum) was gold plated in 1912 and is earliest South Indian temple to have the feature. The plate has the image of Sriramanuja inscribed on it. There is a copper plate recording the history of the gold plate in the temple.<ref name=A/> The temple has a rectangular plan surrounded by {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} high walls, pierced by a seven-tier ''[[gopuram]]'', the gateway tower. The presiding deity is housed in the sanctum and is an image made of granite seen in standing posture. The shrine of [[Garuda]] facing Adi Kesava, the [[vahana]] of Vishnu, is located axial to the central shrine. The central shrine is approached through a worship hall and a narrow Ardha [[mandapam]]. The flagpost is located behind the shrine of Garuda, axial to the central shrine and the gateway tower. There are images of [[Alvars]] in the worship hall on both sides and the shrine of Yathiraja Nadhavalli is located on in the second precinct. This is one of the temples where Lakshmi takes the name of a devotee.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=1–7|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref> The gold plated hall in front of the shrine of Ramanuja was endowed by the Maharaja of Mysore. There are no separate Sorgavasal, the sacred entrance way opened during the [[Vaikunta Ekadasi]] festival. There is a Bhoodakal hall where the festive images of the presiding deity and is consort are housed during the festival.<ref name="dinamalar"/> During 2017, a canal was dug from Sriperumbudur lake to the Madapalli (kitchen) of the temple. The temple tank, Narasimha Kulam was also revived during 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Birthplace getting a facelift|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1882372928|work=The Hindu|first=Prabhu|last=S.|date=31 March 2017|accessdate=18 June 2022|location=Chennai| id={{ProQuest|1882372928}} }}</ref>

==Worship practices and festivals==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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|image1=Sriperumbudur-Sri-Adikesava-Perumal-Temple-1.JPG
|footer=Images of the temple towers
|footer_align=center
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The temple is open from 6:30 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both adi kesavan and his consort yathiraja natha valli. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

Various festivals are celebrated in the temple, with the Chitirai Brahmotsavam, Masi Pooram festival during February - March and Panguni Uthiram festival during March - April being the most prominent. During Chittirai Brahmotsavam, the temple car housing the festival deities of Adikesava and Yathiraja natha valli is drawn around the steerts of Sriperumbudur. The festival car was not operational for the 25 years preceding 2003 and was resumed from 2003. The festival is followed by Thiruavadara Utsavam of Ramanuja, the birthday festival of the saint.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=New temple car for Ramanuja|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/25/stories/2003042501120500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031102043234/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/25/stories/2003042501120500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2003|date=25 April 2003|access-date=9 November 2015|last=T.A.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Srinivasan}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]

Tori Fatehpur

2026-01-22T04:08:42Z

GabrielaPreiss: slightly adjust section for clarity

{{Short description|Princely state in India (?-1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Tori Fatehpur
|common_name =Tori-Fatehpur
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Jagir|Princely Estate]] (Jagir)
|era =
|year_start = 1690
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1950
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Tori-Fatehpur State-2.png
|image_coat =
|image_map = Beri-Bijna-Tori Fatehpur map.jpg
|image_map_caption =Tori Fatehpur State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 = 93
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 7,099
|footnotes =
}}
'''Tori Fatehpur''' ({{langx|hi|टोडी फतेहपुर}} or टोडी फ़तेहपुर), also known as '''Tori''', was a [[Princely states of India|princely state]] in India during the [[British Raj]]. It was one of the [[Hasht-Bhaiya]] [[Jagir]]s, under the [[Bundelkhand Agency]] of British India.<ref>P. K. Bhattacharyya, ''Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records'', P. 52</ref> Today it is part of [[Jhansi District]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History==
Tori Fatehpur State was founded in the [[Bundelkhand|Bundelkhand region]] in 1812 by a descendant of the royal family of [[Orchha State|Orchha]] Diwan Rai Singh of [[Baragaon, Jhansi|Baragaon]] near [[Jhansi]]. He had eight sons who were granted Jagirs, including Dhurwai, Bijna, and Tori Fatehpur.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]].'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908</ref>

Tori Fatehpur is on a hill near [[Gursarai]], about 100 km from Jhansi. The fort on the hill is more than 300 years old.<ref>[http://torifatehpur.blogspot.com/2010_05_01_archive.html Tori Fatehpur]</ref>

A part royal family started living in a town near [[Jhansi]] in the late 1880s after a massive drought and adapted a name "Biswari" for survival. After drought state lost all of its trade and other sources of fortune which resulted in downfall of state.

After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], on 1 January 1950, Tori Fatehpur acceded to the Republic of India and was merged into the Indian state of [[Vindhya Pradesh]].

==See also==
* [[Bundelkhand Agency]]
* [[Political integration of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/tori_fatehpur Tori Fatehpur Princely State]
{{coord|25|27|N|79|08|E|region:IN_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

{{MP Princely States}}

[[Category:Jhansi district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1812 establishments in Asia]]

{{Jhansi-geo-stub}}
{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}

C.S. Jha

2026-01-19T22:37:46Z

GabrielaPreiss: Stub

{{Short description|Vice-Chancellor in Banaras Hindu University (1991-1993)}}
{{EngvarB|date = November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University
| order = 18th
| image =
| appointer = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| predecessor = [[R.P. Rastogi]]
| successor = [[D.N. Mishra]]
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]] [[Bristol University]]
| term_start = 1 May 1991
| term_end = 14 June 1993
}}

'''C.S. Jha''' (born 1934) was an Indian [[engineer]], professor, and [[academic administrator]]. He served as the 18th [[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]] from 1991 to 1993.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Indian Engineering Congress |title=Prof C S JhaMemorial Lecture |url=https://www.ieindia.org/webui/ajax/Downloads/WebUI_PDF/Publication/Prof_CS_Jha_Memorial_Lecture.pdf?v.20210204.1 |website=ieindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-22 |title=‘BHU has nurtured communal harmony for over 100 years’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhu-has-nurtured-communal-harmony-for-over-100-years/story-f7il6fYWxxI17LLTGo81TP.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Jha obtained B.Sc. in physics from [[Patna University]], and PhD in Electrical Engineering from [[Bristol University]].<ref name=":1"/>

Jha later went on to serve [[IIT Delhi]] as an assistant professor in 1962, from where he retired in 1994. In that period C. S. Jha went on to become Dean of Engineering at IIT Delhi(1966–69), Director of [[IIT Kharagpur]](1974–78), education (technical) advisor to the [[Government of India]] (1979–84), and [[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University|Vice Chancellor of]] [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1991–93).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaras Hindu University, [BHU], Varanasi-221005, U.P., India. - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/53_3251_4739_Office-of-the-Vice-Chancellor-List-of-Vice-Chancellors |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3rd Convocation of the National Institute of Technology Rourkela |url=https://nitrkl.ac.in/Convocation/docs/IIIConvocation/3rdConvocation.pdf |website=[[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]}}</ref>

Upon retirement in 1994, Jha was appointed as the chairman of the Recruitment & Assessment Centre of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]].<ref name=":1"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, C.S.}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Video games in India

2026-01-15T17:28:35Z

GabrielaPreiss: new

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Pie chart
| radius = 100
| thumb = right
| caption = Online gaming market of India by revenue per platform in FY 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/indias-online-gaming-ind-eyes-rs-11900-crore-revenue-by-fy23/articleshow/68255662.cms|title=India's online gaming ind eyes Rs 11,900 crore revenue by FY23|date=2019-03-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2019/03/online-gaming-india-fantasy-sports.pdf|title=KPMG - The evolving landscape of sports gaming in India|date=March 2019}}</ref>
| label1 =Mobile
| value1 =85
| color1 =#00afa8
| label2 =PC / Laptop
| value2 =11
| color2 =#702783
| label3 =Tablets
| value3 =4
| color3 =#0072bb
}}
'''Video gaming in India''' is an emerging market since [[India]] is experiencing [[Online gaming in India|strong growth in online gaming]], making it one of the top gaming markets in the world. Over the past few decades, the Indian gaming industry has gone from close to nonexistent in the 1990s to one of the top markets globally in the late 2010s. In 2019, the online gaming market in India was estimated at {{INRConvert|6200|c|lk=c}} with an estimated 300 million gamers, a 41.6% increase from 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=KPMG in India's Media and Entertainment report 2019|url=https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2019/08/india-media-entertainment-report-2019.pdf|website=[[KPMG]]}}</ref> As of 2021, it is one of the top five [[Mobile game|mobile gaming]] markets in the world. By the third quarter of 2020 there were more than 7.4 billion mobile game downloads.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Beyond the tipping point - A primer on online casual gaming in India |url=https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2021/06/digital-mobile-casual-gaming-in-india.pdf |journal=KPMG Assets}}</ref> According to the "State of India Gaming Report," released by venture capital firm Lumikai with [[Google]], as of November 2023, there were 568 million gamers in India. Additionally, it was reported that in FY23, 41% of gamers were female and 66% were from non-metros, with each user on average spending 10–12 hours per week on video games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=41% of Indian gamers are women, 66% from non-metros, reveals Google-backed study |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/puzzles-and-games/info/indian-gaming-industry-statistics-women-mobile-apps-9158087/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Video game piracy]] is also prevalent across the country, making up the majority of installed games.<ref name=":3" />

Video game development in India is still underdeveloped compared to other Asian countries, such as [[Video games in Japan|Japan]], [[Video games in China|China]] and [[Video games in South Korea|South Korea]].<ref name=":0" /> However, the growing amount of gamers in India has attracted interest from global video game companies. As investments from international video game companies continue to rise, more global game studios such as [[Ubisoft]] and [[Xbox Game Studios|Microsoft Games]] have opened offices in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-22|title=Ubisoft announces new studios in Mumbai and Odesa|url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/22/ubisoft-announces-new-studios-in-mumbai-and-odesa/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322203404/https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/22/ubisoft-announces-new-studios-in-mumbai-and-odesa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first1=Sharmila|last1=Bhowmick|title=Taj theme & gaming team: Microsoft's new office in Noida is a story of two firsts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/taj-theme-gaming-team-microsofts-new-city-office-is-a-story-of-two-firsts/articleshow/80731941.cms|access-date=2021-11-04|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Local Indian game studios are also steadily growing. India went from 15 game development studios to 275 from 2009 to 2021.<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" /> The growing presence of video games in India has led to bans and regulations on gaming imposed by the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":29" />

==History==

=== Growth of gaming devices ===
In India, video games used to only be available at video game parlours, where games came in the form of [[Arcade game|coin-operated machines]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=India's Video Gaming Revolution |url=https://gtcompressed.com/indias-video-gaming-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111053613/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/indias-video-gaming-revolution |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=gtcompressed.com/}}</ref> In the 1990s, 8-bit [[Famiclone|NES clones]] that ran on cartridges were introduced to India. Each cartridge contained many classic games like ''[[Super Mario Bros.|Super Mario Bros]]'' or [[Contra (video game)|''Contra'']].<ref name=":12" /> These game consoles allowed people to play games inside their homes, which sparked the initial growth of the popularity of video games in India.<ref name=":12" />

In the mid-to-late-90s, sales in [[personal computers]] skyrocketed and replaced the 8-bit consoles.<ref name=":12" /> Players were also now able to install games on PCs rather than purchase cartridges.<ref name=":12" /> The PC remains one of the most popular devices for games today, with 87% of surveyed gamers preferring it over mobile gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PC gaming gaining preference among India's gaming community, says HP report|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/pc-gaming-gaining-preference-among-indias-gaming-community-says-hp-report/article34767380.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|website=@businessline|date=9 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The [[PlayStation]] also remains fairly popular, though not as much as the PC since console games tend to cost more.<ref name=":12" />

In the 2000s, [[mobile device]]s became more common in India. This caused a huge growth in gaming because most smartphones had access to mobile games.<ref name=":12" /> In 2020, there were 696 million smartphone users, compared to 2013 where there were 76 million users.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} India expects to reach 970 million users by 2025.

=== Growth of the gaming industry ===
[[Internet café|Cyber cafés]], which are cafés offering public Internet access, contributed to the growth of India's video game market. In 2006, there were over 100,000 cyber cafés, 40% of which were used to play online games.<ref name=":25">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Harsimran|title=Growth of cyber cafes declining sharply|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/growth-of-cyber-cafes-declining-sharply/articleshow/3233831.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> In 2008, there were 180,000 cyber cafés, but by 2017, the number declined to 50,000. One of primary reasons for decline was the [[Information Technology Act, 2000|IT Act]], which caused licensing issues and other restrictions.<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=www.ETtech.com|title=The last cyber cafes of India - ETtech|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/the-last-cyber-cafes-of-india/61208031|access-date=2020-09-11|newspaper=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Cyber cafe at INS Agnibahu.jpg|thumb|Indian cyber cafés provide access to computers and gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/ins-angre?page=0,1|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>]]
Video game studios have been sprouting in India, most notably in [[Bangalore]], which is often called the "[[Silicon Valley of India]]." In 2009, there were only 15 game development studios in India.<ref name=":27">{{Cite journal|last=Zeiler|first=Xenia|date=May 2017|title=Indian Video Games and Cultural Heritage|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/228559/Research_On_India_in_Finland__Helsinki_2017__Ed_Zeiler_final.pdf#page=90|journal=Research on India in Finland: Past, Present, Future|pages=85–87}}</ref> As of 2021, there are 15,000 game developers and 275 game developing companies in India.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-25|title=The gaming industry in India: A boom waiting to happen|url=https://www.dqindia.com/gaming-industry-india-boom-waiting-happen/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=DATAQUEST|language=en-US}}</ref> Technology and gaming companies began investing in India's gaming industry after seeing its potential.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} Large game conventions began to be hosted in India when its industry was projected to earn {{INRConvert|4200|c|lk=c}} in 2014. Indian colleges also began offering game design and development courses to students, which led to younger generations joining the industry and an increase in game developers.<ref name=":12" />

==Rating system==
In India, the most widely used video game content rating system [[PEGI|PEGI (Pan European Gaming Information)]], does not have a legal basis that supports it officially but it was semi-officially introduced to the country in 2008–2009 and is used in both foreign and Indian published video games all around the country, and in almost all cases, though India is not officially represented in the PEGI council. Other labels can be seen as well such as the [[Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle|German USK]] specially on second-hand items.

==Local industry==
=== Video games produced in India ===
The first [[PlayStation 2]] video game completely created in India, ''Hanuman: Boy Warrior'', was based on Hindu mythology and followed the story of the Hindu God [[Hanuman]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Michael|date=2009-04-20|title=First PS2 game produced in India garners Hindu protest|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2009/04/first-ps2-game-produced-in-india-garners-hindu-protest/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref> This game was developed by Aurona Technologies Limited, a gaming studio located in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":13" /> The release of the game was controversial because it was criticized for disrespecting the Hindu religion.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Michael|date=2009-12-24|title=When religion and games intersect—and how it often goes badly|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2009/12/when-religion-and-games-intersectand-why-it-often-goes-badly.ars|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref> Hindu leader, Rajan Zed, was vocal in the criticism of the game.<ref name=":14" />

''Hanuman'' was later followed by ''[[Don 2: The Game]]'', a [[tie-in]] to the [[Don 2|film of the same name]]. Besides being released for the PlayStation 2 (also serving as the final PAL region release for the console overall), ''Don 2'' was also released for the [[PlayStation Portable]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/now-a-video-game-on-don-2-426499.html|title=Now, a video game on 'Don 2'|publisher=CNN-News18|date=8 December 2011|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

Nowadays, many studios in India derive most of their [[income]] from [[outsourcing]] to foreign companies. Though most of the studios work on mobile games, there are a few working on projects on PC and consoles, such as Bangalore-based Tentworks Interactive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tentworks.io/|title=Tentworks Interactive|website=Tentworks Interactive}}</ref> Tentworks Interactive recently revealed India's first major PC game title, ''City Block Builder'', that is set for release in 2021 at the [[EGX (expo)|EGX gaming expo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egx.net/egx/news/city-block-builder-will-be-playable-at-egx|title=City Block Builder will be playable at EGX|website=www.egx.net}}</ref> ''City Block Builder'' won Best of EGX (2019) in [[London]] by ''Cultured Vultures Magazine'', marking the first time that an Indian title has won such an award at a foreign expo.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 October 2019|title=EGX 2019: 5 of the Best Games We Played|url=https://culturedvultures.com/egx-2019-5-of-the-best-games-we-played/}}</ref>
In 2013, NipsApp Game Studios released Hanuman Fortune, a mobile game inspired by Indian mythology.

On May 7, 2024, MadMantra released ''[[Kamla (video game)|Kamla]]'', a survival horror game set in the 1980s in India.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 May 2024|title=KAMLA|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/2585270/KAMLA/|website=Steam}}</ref> In the game, you play as a priest tasked with exorcising a woman named Kamla who has been possessed by a demon.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 October 2023|title=New Indian Horror Game Kamla Announced, Drawing Inspiration from Traditional Folklore|url=https://in.ign.com/kamla/195744/news/new-indian-horror-game-kamla-announced-drawing-inspiration-from-traditional-folklore|website=IGN India}}</ref> The gameplay involves solving puzzles, finding items for a ritual, and evading Kamla when she’s angry.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 May 2024|title=Indian Survival Horror Game Kamla Is Now Available on PC; Check Out the Launch Trailer, Pricing and More Here|url=https://in.ign.com/kamla/206261/news/indian-survival-horror-game-kamla-has-launched-here-is-all-we-know|website=IGN India}}</ref>

=== Integration of Indian history and culture ===
The [[indie game]] scene in India has been growing recently as more studios develop games that draw on Indian history and culture. ''Asura'', a PC game created in 2017 by Ogre Head Studio, draws on aspects of Indian mythology.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Soni|first=Jitendra|date=2020-09-04|title=The best games on PC from Indian creators|url=https://www.techradar.com/best/the-best-games-on-pc-from-indian-creators|access-date=2021-11-02|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> The game is not only popular in India, but also in the U.S., China, and Japan.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad-based indie game Asura a rage in China|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/dec/04/hyderabad-based-indie-game-asura-a-rage-in-china-1717810.html|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The New Indian Express |date=4 December 2017 }}</ref> ''Asura'' won the Game of the Year award at the 2017 [[NASSCOM]] Game Development Conference.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-25|title=One level up: Indie games are playing on desi history, poetry, myth|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/one-level-up-indie-games-are-playing-on-desi-history-poetry-myth/story-zuiqNtwWXNL6g1C8uSfQxI.html|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Holy Cow Productions and Nodding Heads Games, two Indian-based game studios, are also working to create games drawing on Indian history and culture.<ref name="hindustantimes.com" /> In July 2020, prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] called for more video games based on Indian culture as they had "huge potential" to promote national pride.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's prime minister appeals for games based on "Indian culture and folk tales"|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-08-26-indias-prime-minister-appeals-for-games-based-on-indian-culture-and-folk-tales|access-date=2021-11-04|website=GamesIndustry.biz|date=26 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> A month later, Nodding Heads Games released ''[[Raji: An Ancient Epic]]'', an adventure game inspired by Indian folklore, on the [[Nintendo Switch]] and received positive reviews globally.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web|title=India needs an industry where games like Raji can thrive|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-09-24-raji-nodding-heads-interview|access-date=2021-11-04|website=GamesIndustry.biz|date=24 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Digitalisation of Indian sports and traditional games ====
{{See also|Sport in India}}
Several traditional board games and card games have been digitalised.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-05-24 |title=Live Gaming: Traditional Indian Games Go Digital |url=https://thebridge.in/gp-article/live-gaming-traditional-indian-games-go-digital-31768 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=How Tech Has Changed Traditional Indian Games |url=http://www.uniindia.com/how-tech-has-changed-traditional-indian-games/business-economy/news/2276714.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.uniindia.com}}</ref> In 2009, [[Desi Adda: Games of India]] was released, showcasing the [[traditional games of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ravi |date=2015-07-06 |title=IGNdia Opinion: Last of The Survivors and the beginnings of the Indian Indie Scene |url=https://in.ign.com/india/77568/editorial/igndia-opinion-last-of-the-survivors-and-the-beginnings-of-the-indian-indie-scene |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref> In the same year, an American study found that digitalising local games led to better results in educating rural Indians than giving them Western video games.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kam |first1=Matthew |title=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |last2=Mathur |first2=Akhil |last3=Kumar |first3=Anuj |last4=Canny |first4=John |date=2009-04-04 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-60558-246-7 |series=CHI '09 |location=New York, NY, USA |pages=31–40 |chapter=Designing digital games for rural children: A study of traditional village games in India |doi=10.1145/1518701.1518707 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518707 |s2cid=11619685}}</ref>

In 2025, [[Kho Kho Federation of India]] President [[Sudhanshu Mittal]] mentioned that as part of a larger digitalisation drive, they had created their own e-sports version of [[kho kho]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-14 |title=KKFI President Reveals Road Map to Boost Kho - Kho |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/kkfi-president-reveals-road-map-to-boost-kho-kho-1885217 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Political and social commentary ===
[[Studio Oleomingus]], a gaming studio based in [[Chala, Gujarat]], creates video games that comment on India's history and politics.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Ong|first=Alexis|date=2020-09-22|title='Video games are a great place for politics': meet India's modern magical realists|url=http://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/sep/22/video-games-india-politics-dhruv-jani-sushant-chakraborty-studio-oleomingus|access-date=2021-11-04|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The games make use of surreal and fantastical visuals and environments to evoke Indian children's literature.<ref name=":22" />

''Missing-Game for a Cause'' is a role-playing video game produced in India by Leena Kejriwal and Satyajit Chakraborty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=T. R.|last2=Slotkin|first2=T. A.|date=1975-08-15|title=Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=24|issue=16|pages=1469–1474|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(75)90020-9|issn=1873-2968|pmid=7}}</ref> The game's storyline allows players to experience life of a victim of human trafficking.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|title=#TheTraffickingTrap – "Missing"- A Humane Game for a Cause – Railway Children India|url=https://railwaychildren.org.in/blog/thetraffickingtrap-missing-a-humane-game-for-a-cause/|access-date=2021-11-04|language=en-US}}</ref> The game was created to raise awareness about human trafficking in India, where there are 98 million victims of human trafficking.<ref name=":23" /> The game won [[NASSCOM]]'s Indie Game of the Year Award in 2016 and has over 500,000 downloads.<ref name=":23" />

== Mobile gaming ==
Mobile gaming in India has grown exponentially because of inexpensive smartphones, high-speed 4G internet connection, and convenient access.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=S. Ronendra|title=Mobile gaming market in India to touch $3 billion by 2023|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/mobile-gaming-market-in-india-to-touch-3-billion-by-2023/article34090995.ece|access-date=2021-11-02|website=@businessline|date=17 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=Why Is Mobile Gaming One of the Most Popular Industries in India?|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/why-is-mobile-gaming-one-of-the-most-popular-industries-in-india/03251502|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News|language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2019, India is one of the top five mobile gaming markets in the world in terms of number of users. In [[Fiscal year|2019]], online gaming in India was estimated at {{INRConvert|6200|c|lk=c}} with an estimated 300 million gamers.<ref name=":0" /> The Indian gaming market is expected to grow from {{INRConvert|8900|c|lk=c}} in 2021 to {{INRConvert|22300|c|lk=c}} by 2023.<ref name=":16" />

''[[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds Mobile]]'' (''PUBG Mobile''), a [[battle royale game]] published by [[Tencent|Tencent Games]], became the most popular mobile game in India in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Ananya Bhattacharya, Kuwar|title=Charted: India's obsession with Chinese online game PUBG|url=https://qz.com/india/1489469/tencents-pubg-is-driving-indian-gamers-crazy/|access-date=2020-04-11|website=Quartz India|date=10 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=Pocket-lint|date=2021-04-12|title=What is PUBG Mobile and why is everyone talking about PlayerUnk|url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/games/news/144028-what-is-pubg-mobile-and-why-is-everyone-talking-about-playerunknown-s-battlegrounds|access-date=2021-11-02|website=www.pocket-lint.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> As of January 2020, India became ''PUBG Mobile'''s largest market in the world with 175 million downloads, which is 24% of all ''PUBG Mobile'' players worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Partleton|first1=Kayleigh|last2=Writer|first2=Staff|title=PUBG Mobile shoots through $1.5 billion in lifetime revenue|url=https://www.pocketgamer.biz/asia/news/72145/pubg-mobile-1500000000-lifetime-revenue/|access-date=2020-04-11|website=pocketgamer.biz |date=12 December 2019 }}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there was an increase in the number of Indian mobile gamers because of the [[stay-at-home order]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lockdown sees surge in mobile gaming in India|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/lockdown-sees-surge-in-mobile-gaming-in-india/article34098475.ece|access-date=2021-03-18|website=@businessline|date=18 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> From April 2019 and June 2020 when COVID occurred, the [[Google Play|Google Play Store]] saw a 51% increase in mobile game downloads and the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|iOS App Store]] saw a 20% increase.<ref name=":16" /> Within the first 9 months of lockdown in 2020, India became the largest consumer of online games with 7.3 billion downloads.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-07 |title=Big Bang Growth of India's Gaming Industry |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/big-bang-growth-of-indias-gaming-industry/articleshow/92053190.cms |access-date=2023-05-22 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

According to [https://www.ey.com/en_in/media-entertainment/reinvent-india-s-m-e-sector-is-innovating-for-the-future Ernst & Young report 2024] on India estimated an Media and Entertainment industry- India is poised to become the world’s largest gaming hub. The gaming industry overtook filmed entertainment to become the fourth largest segment in Indian Media and Entertainment ecosystem. Among 450 million online gamers, 100 million play games daily. Estimated 90 million gamers paid to play games. 83% of the segment revenue has been procured from real money games. The [https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_in/topics/media-and-entertainment/2023/12/ey-new-frontier-online-gaming-report.pdf December 2023 issue] of this report also asserted that between FY20 and FY23, India’s online gaming segment witnessed a notable CAGR of 28% culminating in a market size of INR 16428 crores in FY23. Reportedly, this segment has attracted INR 22931 crores between FY20 to FY24YTD from both domestic and international sources. In addition to that, Indian gaming industry presently employs around 100000 individuals and is expected to generate more than 250000 jobs by 2025.
Several Indian studios contribute to the growth of the domestic gaming industry.
Notable examples include Nazara Technologies, Rockstar India, and NipsApp Game Studios,
a Kerala-based company that has developed both mobile games and virtual reality training solutions.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Dissecting Game Development: Why investors are choosing NipsApp as the next big thing
|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dissecting-game-development-why-investors-are-choosing-nipsapp-as-the-next-big-thing-3122645
|work=DNA India
|date=25 January 2025
|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=NipsApp’s VR Revolution: Games, Healthcare, and Beyond
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/consumer-connect/nipsapp-s-vr-revolution-games-healthcare-and-beyond-2933263.html
|work=Zee News
|date=2 August 2023
|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>

==Esports==
The Indian esports industry has seen significant growth in prize money, participation, and recognition over the past decade.

In 2016, the total [[prize money]] in Indian eSports in [[2016 in video gaming|2016]] was [[₹]]77 [[lakhs]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-09 |title=Esports In India - 2016 |url=https://afkgaming.com/archive/articles/esports-in-india-2016 |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=AFK Gaming |language=en}}</ref> This grew to ₹2.06 [[crores]] in 2017 with ''[[Dota 2]]'' and [[Counter Strike: Global Offensive|''CS:GO'']] tournaments contributing to 87% of the total amount.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-04 |title=Esports in India - 2017 |url=https://afkgaming.com/archive/articles/esports-in-india-2017 |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=AFK Gaming |language=en}}</ref> The India esports market's specific 2025 valuation varies by source, with reports in early-to-mid 2025 valuing it at USD 200.7 million in 2024

By 2018, The total announced prize money in Indian eSports grew to ₹5.63 crores of which ₹3.84 crores is attributable to tournaments that actually took place during the year. The share of Dota 2 and CS:GO tournaments dropped to 61% as ''[[PUBG Mobile]]'' tournaments accounted for 18% of the total prize money during the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-05 |title=Esports in India - 2018 |url=https://afkgaming.com/archive/articles/esports-in-india-2018 |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=AFK Gaming |language=en}}</ref>

At [[Asian Games 2018]], Tirth "gcttirth" Mehta from [[Bhuj]], [[Gujarat]] won India's first esports medal for ''[[Hearthstone]]'', one of the six game titles selected for the competition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-04 |title=23-Year-Old Gamer From Gujarat Won India's 1st Ever E-Sports Bronze Medal At Asian Games 2018 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/23-year-old-gamer-from-gujarat-won-india-s-1st-ever-e-sports-bronze-medal-at-asian-games-2018_-352376.html |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=India Times |language=en}}</ref> He bagged the bronze medal at this demonstration event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehra |first=Ashwin |date=2023-01-30 |title=From Underground to Mainstream: The Recognition of Esports by the Indian Government » Agami Esports |url=https://www.agamiesports.com/blog/news/recognition-of-esports/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Agami Esports Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Karan “Jin Kazama” Manganani from [[Jaipur]] was placed 4th for [[Clash Royale]] at the same tournament.{{citation needed|date=January 2022|reason=cite deleted per WP:USURPSOURCE}} These two, along with Moinuddin Amdani and Abhinav Tejan, have been recognized by the ESFI as the top 4 esports athletes and will represent the country at "global competitions".{{citation needed|date=January 2022|reason=cite deleted per WP:USURPSOURCE}}

In [[2019 in video gaming|2019]], the total prize money in Indian eSports grew by 180%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-13 |title=Indian Esports Prize Money Grew by 180% in 2019 |url=https://esportsobserver.com/indian-esports-prizepool-2019/ |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=The Esports Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> International eSports events such as [[ESL One|ESL One Mumbai]] and [[DreamHack|DreamHack: Delhi 2019]] were hosted in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Shounak |date=15 January 2019 |title=ESL One Mumbai announced with a prize pool of $300,000 for Dota 2 |url=https://afkgaming.com/archive/articles/esl-one-mumbai-announced-with-a-prize-pool-of-300000-for-dota-2 |access-date=7 February 2020 |work=AFK Gaming}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghuram |first=Vignesh |date=2019-09-30 |title=DreamHack: Delhi 2019 Announced |url=https://afkgaming.com/articles/esports/News/2539-DreamHack-Delhi-2019-Announced |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=AFK Gaming |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2019, international eSports team organization [[Fnatic]] announced its expansion into India by acquiring the Indian PUBG Mobile team XSpark.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Shounak |date=2019-10-18 |title=Fnatic Acquires Indian PUBG Mobile Team XSpark |url=https://afkgaming.com/articles/mobileesports/News/2627-Fnatic-Acquires-Indian-PUBG-Mobile-Team-XSpark |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=AFK Gaming |language=en}}</ref> In January [[2020 in video gaming|2020]], Fnatic's Indian PUBG Mobile team moved into a temporary bootcamp in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Nishant |date=2020-02-03 |title=A First Look at Fnatic India's PUBG Mobile Bootcamp |url=https://afkgaming.com/articles/mobileesports/Blogs/3199-A-First-Look-at-Fnatic-Indias-PUBG-Mobile-Bootcamp |access-date=2020-02-06 |website=AFK Gaming |language=en}}</ref>

COBX Gaming, an esports venture backed by Route Mobile founder Rajdip Gupta, announced a $10 million investment to promote the esports ecosystem in India. COBX will launch an online domestic league, and an international league besides building an Indian team for international eSports championships.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rajdip |date=April 2017 |title=Route Mobile founder to invest $10 million in esports launch online league |url=https://m.economictimes.com/small-biz/startups/route-mobile-founder-to-invest-10m-in-esports-launch-online-league/amp_articleshow/57863425.cms&ved=2ahUKEwicxdePrM3lAhXGIbcAHS5-CB8QFjACegQIDxAO&usg=AOvVaw0kLdNfhNoiJROm72FGH1yV&ampcf=1 |access-date=2019-11-02 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rajdip |date=April 2017 |title=Route Mobile set to launch USD 300,000 e-sports league in India. |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=124385467&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,guest&custid=s1226370&groupid=main&profile=eds |access-date=2019-10-03 |website=eds.a.ebscohost.com}}</ref>

In February 2021, the hashtag #RecognizeEsportsInIndia trended on [[Twitter]], which caught the attention of the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bridge |first=The |date=2021-02-24 |title=Esports to be Officially Recognised by the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) |url=https://thebridge.in/uncategorized/esports-officially-recognised-indian-olympic-association-ioa/ |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Chakladar |first=Rishab |date=10 February 2021 |title=Indian Olympic Association (IOA) is set to officially recognize Esports as a Sport |url=https://technosports.co.in/2021/02/10/indian-olympic-association-ioa-is-set-to-officially-recognize-esports-as-a-sport/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=TechnoSports}}</ref> A few weeks later, the [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA) announced [[esports]] as an official sport and the [[Esports Federation of India]] (ESFI) as its governing body.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Before this announcement, esports were considered a [[demonstration sport]] in India.

In 2021, after Krafton, a South Korean gaming company, launched ''[[Battlegrounds Mobile India]] (BGMI)'' in India, they hosted [[Battlegrounds Mobile India#BGMI Launch Party|BGMI Launch Party]], the first BGMI esports tournament to celebrate the game's official release.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Krafton announces 'The Launch Party' tournament for Battlegrounds Mobile India - Esports |url=https://thetimesofesports.com/krafton-announces-the-launch-party-tournament-for-battlegrounds-mobile-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724204035/https://thetimesofesports.com/krafton-announces-the-launch-party-tournament-for-battlegrounds-mobile-india/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=2021-10-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Wasif |date=2021-07-09 |title=BGMI The Launch Party: Overall Standings and Points Table |url=https://dotesports.com/news/results-for-the-battlegrounds-mobile-india-bgmi-launch-party |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2022, [[INOX Leisure]] partnered with Esports Federation of India (ESFI) to exclusively host and promote ESFI tournaments in its cinemas across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INOX partners with Esports Federation of India; aims to rake in revenue of Rs 5-8 crore |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/inox-partners-with-esports-federation-of-india-aims-to-rake-in-revenue-of-rs-5-8-crore/2448018/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Financialexpress |date=2 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

India's esports revenue grew by 29% from ₹750 [[crore]] in 2020 to ₹970 crore in 2021. The number of players doubled to 600,000 in 2021, while the viewership grew to 2 million hours in the same year. The number of players is projected to reach 1 million in 2022, of which 20 percent would be female.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big league beckons: Esporting in India fast approaches a turning point |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/why-electronic-sports-is-at-a-turning-point-in-india/articleshow/92622918.cms |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2025, Esports became a demonstration sport for the first time at a [[Khelo India]] event in the [[2025 Khelo India Youth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khelo India Youth Games 2025: Esports Takes Center Stage in Bihar |url=https://www.indiatodaygaming.com/news/national/story/khelo-india-youth-games-2025-esports-takes-center-stage-in-bihar-8518 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today Gaming |language=en}}</ref>

Since the launch of ''[[Valorant]]''<nowiki/>'s India server in 2020 and the release of ''[[Counter-Strike 2]]'' in 2023, a new PC gaming esports scene has emerged in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Aditya Singh |date=2020-10-13 |title=VALORANT Mumbai Servers to go Live Starting Tomorrow |url=https://afkgaming.com/esports/news/5200-valorant-mumbai-servers-to-go-live-starting-tomorrow |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=AFK Gaming |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=How the Valorant community has been thriving in India |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/riot-games-valorant-india-community |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Red Bull |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2025-04-20 |title=India's Esports Explosion in 2025: Counter-Strike 2, VALORANT, and the Rise of a New Era |url=https://nenow.in/sports/indias-esports-explosion-in-2025-counter-strike-2-valorant-and-the-rise-of-a-new-era.html |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> The release of ''Counter-Strike 2'' in September 2023 revitalized interest in the long-running franchise, which had maintained a strong following in the country through ''Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO)''. India accounted for 1.64% of the global ''CS:GO'' player base as of 2021. Following the launch of CS2, industry stakeholders, including the Esports Federation of India, described it as a turning point for the domestic esports scene, forecasting increased international participation, content creation, and sponsorship opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Counter-Strike 2 Takes India's Esports Landscape by Storm |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/counter-strike-2-new-era-indian-esports-article-104187683 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

''Valorant'' has also played a significant role in the resurgence of Indian PC esports. [[Riot Games]] introduced the Valorant Challengers South Asia circuit as a qualifying pathway for Indian teams to reach international tournaments such as [[Valorant Champions Tour|VCT Ascension Pacific]]. In 2025, Indian team Global Esports became the first from the country to qualify for VCT, Riot has invested in building esports infrastructure in India through LAN events, structured scrimmages and support initiatives focusing on coaching and mental wellness Initiatives aimed at increasing inclusivity include the Game Changers tournament circuit and collaborations with female-led content creator communities, which supported the formation of India’s first all-women Valorant roster. Riot’s offline engagement in India has included community LAN events, influencer meetups, and civic-focused campaigns such as a [[Valorant#Agents|''Harbor''-themed]] beach cleanup event in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-25 |title=Valorant turns 5: How Riot is building a made in India gaming ecosystem |url=https://www.digit.in/features/gaming/valorant-turns-5-how-riot-is-building-a-made-in-india-gaming-ecosystem.html |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Digit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fudge |first=James |date=2025-04-04 |title=Max Level Represents Riot Games in India and South Asia - TEA |url=https://esportsadvocate.net/2025/04/max-level-represents-riot-games-in-india-and-south-asia/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Esports Advocate |language=en}}</ref>

== Government regulations ==

=== Bans on Chinese games ===
In March 2019, ''[[PUBG Mobile]]'' was banned in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] after the local government decided the game was "too addicting and violent" and a distraction during exam season.<ref name="BanLifted2">{{cite web|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Amritanshu|title=PUBG ban lifted from Ahmedabad, police still worried about side effects of the game|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/pubg-ban-lifted-from-ahmedabad-police-still-worried-about-side-effects-of-the-game-1491451-2019-04-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412164129/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/pubg-ban-lifted-from-ahmedabad-police-still-worried-about-side-effects-of-the-game-1491451-2019-04-01|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=April 12, 2019|website=India Today |date=April 2019 }}</ref> A number of students were caught playing the game and arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PUBG Mobile Ban: You Will Get Arrested For Playing The Battle Royal Game in These Cities in India|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/pubg-mobile-ban-you-will-get-arrested-for-playing-the-battle-royal-game-in-these-cities-in-india-2066153.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314091133/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/pubg-mobile-ban-you-will-get-arrested-for-playing-the-battle-royal-game-in-these-cities-in-india-2066153.html|archive-date=March 14, 2019|access-date=March 15, 2019|website=News18|date=14 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{cite web|last1=Liao|first1=Shannon|date=March 14, 2019|title=Police in India arrested ten students for playing PUBG|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/14/18265945/college-students-arrested-pubg-india-ban-police|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314201205/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/14/18265945/college-students-arrested-pubg-india-ban-police|archive-date=March 14, 2019|access-date=March 15, 2019|website=The Verge}}</ref> After the exam season ended, the ban was lifted in some cities.<ref name="BanLifted2" />

Amidst the ongoing [[2020 China–India skirmishes]], on June 29, 2020, ''[[Mobile Legends: Bang Bang]]'' was officially banned in [[India]] along with other 58 Chinese apps like [[TikTok]], [[UC Browser]], and Xender due to privacy concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=TikTok stops working for users in India; alert shows working with India govt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/tiktok-removed-play-store-india-bans-59-chinese-apps-6482706/|access-date=2020-09-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Mobile Legends: Bang Bang]]'' was one of top grossing mobile games in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Master the Meta: India bans PUBG Mobile & 117 other apps - what will happen next?|url=https://www.pocketgamer.biz/comment-and-opinion/74406/master-the-meta-india-bans-pubg-mobile-and-117-other-apps-what-will-happen-next/|access-date=2020-09-08|website=pocketgamer.biz |date=7 September 2020 }}</ref> On September 2, 2020, the Indian government banned ''[[PUBG Mobile]], PUBG Mobile Lite'', and over 100 other Chinese apps.<ref name=":26" /> They believed the apps were "stealing and surreptitiously transmitting user data in an unauthorized manner to servers which have locations outside India."<ref>{{Cite web|title=India-China dispute live updates: PUBG among 118 mobile applications banned by government|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-lac-dispute-live-updates/liveblog/77882560.cms|access-date=September 2, 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bai|first=Saritha|date=September 2, 2020|title=India Bans 118 China Apps Including PUBG, Alipay and Baidu Search|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-02/tencent-s-pubg-banned-by-india-as-tensions-with-china-escalate|access-date=September 2, 2020|work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> India prohibited the use of ''[[PUBG Mobile]]'' under the [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology (IT) Act]] Section 69A.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=Not just in India, PUBG Mobile was banned in these countries in 2020|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/not-just-in-india-pubg-mobile-was-banned-in-these-countries-in-2020-283040-2020-12-30|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Business Today|date=30 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> India is one of several countries to have banned ''[[PUBG Mobile|PUBG mobile]]'' in 2020, including China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Korea, Jordan, Nepal, Israel, and Iraq.<ref name=":18" />

In response to the 2020 ban on ''[[PUBG Mobile|PUBG mobile]]'', [[Krafton]], a South Korean video game company, created ''[[Battlegrounds Mobile India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=Ian Carlos|date=2021-06-17|title=PUBG Mobile returns to India after ban with green blood and a new name|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/17/22539055/pubg-battlegrounds-mobile-india-returns-ban|access-date=2021-11-03|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> This game differs slightly from the original ''[[PUBG Mobile|PUBG mobile]]'' game due to cosmetic changes, but eliminates governmental concerns about the previous app being created in China. ''[[Battlegrounds Mobile India]]'' does not allow players under the age of 18 to play more than three hours a day without parental consent.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Sidhwani|first=Priyansh|date=2021-05-07|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India Has Restriction For Under-18 Gamers Like 3 Hours a Day|url=https://techstory.in/battlegrounds-mobile-india-has-restriction-for-under-18-gamers-like-3-hours-a-day/|access-date=2021-11-03|website=TechStory|language=en-US}}</ref> Minors are also not allowed to spend over 7000 INR a day on the game’s store.<ref name=":19" />

=== Bans on online wagering games ===
The governments in several Indian states have imposed bans on [[online gambling|online gaming]] which involve wagering money.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|last1=Chander|first1=Vishwadha|last2=Kalra|first2=Aditya|date=2021-09-24|title=India's Silicon Valley state seeks to ban online gaming, worrying booming industry|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-silicon-valley-state-seeks-ban-online-gaming-worrying-booming-industry-2021-09-24/|access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=Legislation to ban online games like rummy, poker soon: Tamil Nadu law minister|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/legislation-ban-online-games-rummy-poker-tamil-nadu-law-minister-7438096/|access-date=2021-11-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 2020, online gaming regulations were created in response to concerns about gamers resorting to suicide because of financial debts from gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Passes Gaming Amendment Bill To Ban Online Games|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/andhra-pradesh-passes-gaming-amendment-bill-to-ban-online-gaming-2332856|access-date=2021-11-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In 2021, the [[Tamil Nadu]] government announced a ban (which was subsequently deemed unconstitutional by the Madras High Court) on online versions of games of skill like [[Chess]], Trivia, Fantasy, [[Rummy]] and [[Poker]].<ref name=":29"/> In [[Karnataka]], a hub of the Indian tech industry, a ban on online betting games was also proposed in 2021.<ref name=":20" /> Karnataka's ban has been extended to online games that require users to pay an entry fee.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2021-10-06|title=Karnataka's online gaming ban leaves the gaming industry disappointed|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/karnataka-s-online-gaming-ban-leaves-the-gaming-industry-disappointed-121100600799_1.html|access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref> Due to [[Karnataka|Karnataka’s]] importance in the Indian technology and gaming field, this ban has raised concerns about how it affects on the Indian gaming industry and triggered protests against it.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /> On August 21, 2025, Indian government banned all fantasy sports games and other real money-based online games as they were considered online gambling.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's government bans fantasy sports games |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/08/24/indias-government-bans-fantasy-sports-games |access-date=2025-08-26 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Will Dream11, Gameskraft challenge India's new online gaming law in court after ban? What they said |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/will-dream11-gameskraft-challenge-indias-new-online-gaming-law-after-ban-what-they-said-101756186897558.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Piracy==
India is leading in having pirated video games in the world.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |title=India's Video Gaming Revolution |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/indias-video-gaming-revolution |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=www.sunday-guardian.com}}</ref> While there are a section of [[hardcore gamers]], there are still many gamers playing cartridge games on the [[TV]] and [[Handheld game console|handheld game consoles]]. The continued use of game cartridges led to the proliferation of [[pirated]], [[second hand]] and [[knock-offs]] ones to meet the needs of a diverse range of consumers with different access to money and information.<ref>* {{cite journal |last1=Deka |first1=Maitrayee |date=2016 |title=Bazaars and Video Games in India |url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23279/1/Bazaars_and_Video_Games_in_India.pdf |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=172–188 |doi=10.1177/0974927616668005 |s2cid=151653264}}</ref> Pirated games were also an effect of mainstream video game publishers that did not recognize India as a serious market.<ref name=":122" /> The average consumer primarily played pirated games because of its low cost and the lack of access to original games.<ref>* {{cite journal |last1=Deka |first1=Maitrayee |date=2016 |title=Bazaars and Video Games in India |url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23279/1/Bazaars_and_Video_Games_in_India.pdf |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=172–188 |doi=10.1177/0974927616668005 |s2cid=151653264}}</ref>

With a [[piracy]] rate of [[software]] and [[Video game console|consoles]] of over 80% and a penetration rate of [[IBM PC compatible|PC]] still low, India's video game market has long lagged behind the rest of world, [[Video game publishers|publishers]] and distributors of video games are struggling to find their place.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Gaming Is a Niche in India Because Game Retail Is Broken |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/games/opinion/gaming-is-a-niche-in-india-because-game-retail-is-broken-754521 |access-date=2017-01-02 |website=Gadgets.ndtv.com}}</ref>

This delay is also explained by the fact that the country has traditionally never had a real [[Video game culture|culture of gaming]]. However, this situation is changing for since past few years due to the increase in the average income of Indians and the increasing interest in [[internet]] and [[entertainment]].<ref name="BG33">{{Harvsp|Stang|Osterholt|Hoftun|2007}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fantasy sport in India]] - Overview of [[Fantasy sport]] in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Bendik Stang, Morten A. Osterholt et Erik Hoftun, The Book of Games, Volume 2 : The Ultimate Reference on PC & Video Games, Book of Games, 2007, p. 397 ({{ISBN|9788299737821}})
* Maitrayee Deka, (2016). Bazaars and Video Games in India. BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies. 7 (2)

{{History of video games}}
{{Asia topic |Video games in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Video games in India}}
[[Category:Video gaming in India| ]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]

Trial by Fire (TV series)

2026-01-04T22:04:46Z

GabrielaPreiss: new

{{Short description|Indian crime drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Trial_By_Fire_poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Official poster
| genre = [[Crime fiction|Crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prashant Nair]]
* Kevin Luperchio
}}
| based_on = {{based on|Trial by Fire: The Tragic Tale of the Uphaar Fire Tragedy|Neelam Krishnamoorthy and Shekhar Krishnamoorthy}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Gabbeta Ranjith |title=Trial by Fire: Series on 1997 Uphaar Cinema fire to arrive on Netflix in January |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/trial-by-fire-series-on-1997-uphaar-cinema-fire-to-arrive-on-netflix-in-january-8324064/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=14 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prashant Nair]]
* Kevin Luperchio
}}
| director = [[Prashant Nair]] Randeep Jha
 [[Avani Deshpande]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abhay Deol]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Rajshri Deshpande]]
* [[Rajesh Tailang]]
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
* [[Shilpa Shukla]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Henry Dcunha
* Sidharth Jain
* Rishi Negi
* Vinod Iyer
* Prashant Nair (Showrunner)
}}
| cinematography = Saumyananda Sahi
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 45-48 minutes
| company = Endemol Shine India House of Talkies
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|01|13|df=y}}
}}

'''''Trial By Fire''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series written by [[Prashant Nair]], Kevin Luperchio and directed by [[Prashant Nair]] and Randeep Jha and Avani Deshpande. It stars [[Abhay Deol]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Rajshri Deshpande]], [[Rajesh Tailang]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Shilpa Shukla]], Shardul Bharadwaj and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trial By Fire Web Series (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Netflix |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/trial-by-fire-web-series-114733 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=13 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The series is based on the book ''Trial by Fire: The Tragic Tale of the Uphaar Fire Tragedy'' authored by Neelam Krishnamoorthy and Shekhar Krishnamoorthy about the [[Uphaar Cinema fire]].

At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Trial by Fire'' received 6 nominations, including Best Drama Series, Best Director in a Drama Series (Nair) and Best Actor in a Drama Series (Deol) and won 2 awards – Best Series (Critics) and Best Actress in a Drama Series (Deshpande).

== Cast ==
* [[Abhay Deol]] as Shekhar Krishnamoorthy
* [[Rajshri Deshpande]] as Neelam Krishnamoorthy
* Abhishek Sharrma as Ujjwal Krishnamoorthy (Shekhar and Neelam's son)
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Neeraj Suri
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Captain Hardeep Bedi
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Mrs. Bedi
* Atul Kumar as Mahesh Karve
* [[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues|Ivan Rodrigues]] as Abhishek
* Shardul Bhardwaj as Mr. Arora
* [[Shilpa Shukla]] as Shalini
* [[Rajesh Tailang]] as Veer Singh
* Nimisha Nair as Amrita Singh
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Minister
* Punit Tiwari as Veer Singh's Son-in-Law
* Shardul Bharadwaj as Umesh
* Akanksha Vishwakarma as female AVUT member
* Sharmila Kumari as news reporter
* Chetan Sharma as Chirag
* Jaspal Sharma as Hari
* Abhinav Jha as Rupesh
* Kiran Sharma as Sarla
* Mohit Tripathi as Reporter

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Trial by Fire
|DirectedBy = [[Prashant Nair]]
|WrittenBy = [[Prashant Nair]], Kevin Luperchio
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = A.V.U.T
|DirectedBy = [[Prashant Nair]], Randeep Jha
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, [[Prashant Nair]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Memorial
|DirectedBy = [[Prashant Nair]], Randeep Jha
|WrittenBy = [[Prashant Nair]], Kevin Luperchio
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Uphaar
|DirectedBy = [[Prashant Nair]], Randeep Jha
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, [[Prashant Nair]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Heroes
|DirectedBy = Prashant Nair
|WrittenBy = [[Prashant Nair]], Kevin Luperchio
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Villains
|DirectedBy = [[Prashant Nair]], Randeep Jha, Avani Deshpande
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, [[Prashant Nair]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Border
|DirectedBy = Prashant Nair
|WrittenBy = [[Prashant Nair]], Kevin Luperchio
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Reception ==
Praising the performance of Rajshri Deshpande, Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' in his review stated "Delivering a flawless performance that will remain etched in memory for years, Rajshri Deshpande makes us forget that we are watching a dramatic adaptation of true events, and Abhay Deol plays a perfect foil as the sedate Shekhar."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2023-01-14 |title='Trial By Fire' Netflix series review: Anatomy of a man-made disaster |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trial-by-fire-netflix-series-review-anatomy-of-a-man-made-disaster/article66378277.ece |access-date=2023-03-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Santanu Das of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' in his review stated "''Trial by Fire'' is an urgent and important work that urges the viewers to sit up and take notice of a decades-old tragedy that has been passed from one verdict to another. Rather than bridging the trials and calculations of a court-room investigation thriller, this is a controlled, heartbreaking drama that looks back in order to ask what has changed."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-15 |title=Trial by Fire review: Netflix series based on 1997 Uphaar tragedy is a triumphant reminder of the cost of resilience |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/trial-by-fire-review-netflix-series-based-on-1997-uphaar-tragedy-is-a-triumphant-reminder-of-the-cost-of-resilience-101673784235834.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

Mike McCahill of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote "''Trial by Fire'' becomes vastly more kaleidoscopic than the linear procedural form typically allows. Nair and Luperchio dig out involving subplots for the Ansals’ enforcer Neeraj (Ashish Vidyarthi) and repairman Veer Singh (Rajesh Tailang), while a haunting, deftly acted sidebar centred on a retired Army couple (Anupam Kher and Ratna Pathak Shah) allows the show to re-examine both the veracity of the film people were literally dying to see, and what India was prepared to stand and fight for circa 1997."<ref>{{cite news |last=McCahill |first=Mike |title=Searing 'Trial by Fire' Marks Delayed Justice – And One of Netflix India's Best Yet: TV Review |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/uphaar-cinema-trial-by-fire-netflix-review-1235491675/ |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

Elisa Guimarães of ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]'' stated "Over the course of seven episodes, the miniseries chronicles the family’s long struggle in the Indian justice system, as well as the pain of losing one’s children in such a horrifying, unexpected way."<ref>{{cite news |last=Guimarães |first=Elisa |title=The Uphaar Cinema Fire: What Is the True Story Behind 'Trial by Fire'? |url=https://collider.com/trial-by-fire-series-true-story/ |access-date=30 September 2023 |work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' expressed that she was in the same theatre for the 12 o clock show, just three hours before the incident but moved to another theatre, and after reaching home she got the information about the incident. She wrote "Gopal and Sushil Ansal may still be the biggest names in the construction business, the charges against them may have been drastically reduced, they may have escaped serving their long sentence, but there is no missing the fact that they were brought to book. It was also their trial by fire, made a reality by Neelam and Shekhar, who have managed to start some ‘''badlaav''’, as opposed to ‘''badla''’, even though their fight for justice is far from over."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Trial By Fire review: This poignant series on Uphaar tragedy needed to be made |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/trial-by-fire-review-poignant-series-on-uphaar-tragedy-8379828/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated 4 out 5 stars and wrote "The script adopts a consistently solemn tone to convey the magnitude of the Krishnamoorthy's loss and sorrow. The impact is enhanced manifold by a performance of stupendous power from Rajshri Deshpande as Neelam, who has been at the forefront of the campaign to prevent the misuse of power and pelf to escape culpability."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Trial By Fire Review: Eye-Opening Account Of A Disaster Delhi Is Unlikely To Forget |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/trial-by-fire-review-eye-opening-account-of-a-disaster-delhi-is-unlikely-to-forget-4-stars-3688949 |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=13 January 2023}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "The show also captures the poignancy of small moments – Neelam suddenly noticing that her kids’ toothbrushes are still by the basin in the bathroom; a birthday cake being shoved into the arms of Shekhar; the stoic-looking Neelam exploding because she heard Shekhar humming."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title='Trial By Fire' review: A moving chronicle of courage in the face of terrible tragedy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1041447/trial-by-fire-review-a-moving-chronicle-of-courage-in-the-face-of-terrible-tragedy |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=13 January 2023}}</ref>

Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised Abhay Deol and Rajashri Deshpande's performance and wrote "The series' heart and soul, Rajshri Deshpande as Neelam Krishnamoorthy, delivers a gripping performance that will resonate for a very long time. She belts out a standout performance as a grieving mother who is driven to seek justice. She continues to take the lead, while her husband Shekhar, played by Abhay Deol, offers wonderful support."<ref>{{cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |title=Trial By Fire Season 1 Review: Brilliant direction and compelling performances by Rajshri Deshpande and Abhay Deol make this real-life tragedy a must watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/trial-by-fire/season-1/seasonreview/96753701.cms |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 January 2023}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Utkarsh Mishra for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the series 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The series seems to show that the Ansals were single-handedly responsible for the tragedy (no wonder they went to court seeking an injunction against its release). Other perpetrators, or 'villains' as the series calls them, get their comeuppance, or reach a point of regret."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Utkarsh |title=Trial by Fire Review: Gripping |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/trial-by-fire-review/20230113.htm |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=13 January 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Kartik Bhardwaj of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Abhay Deol finally gets a role deserving of his acting capabilities. His Shekhar, emanates hopelessness and despondency in subtle actions, like brushing his teeth or standing in a beeline at a government office. His zeal to fight for justice is fading out as the years pass and he is becoming someone just yearning for an escape."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |title='Trial By Fire' web series review: Intricate study of melancholy and the human condition |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jan/14/trial-by-fire-movie-review-intricate-study-of-melancholy-and-the-human-condition-2537629.html |access-date=14 January 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 January 2023}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote "While the show does suffer in pacing towards the end, sometimes spending too long on an arc, ''Trial By Fire'' is one of the best examples of telling such a story."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Pratikshya |title='Trial By Fire' Review: This Re-telling of a Tragedy Is Gripping & Poignant |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/trial-by-fire-full-show-review-abhay-deol-rajshri-deshpande-netflix-show-ansal-brothers-uphaar-tragedy-dehi |access-date=30 September 2023 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=13 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Shubham Kulkarni of ''Koimoi'' rated the series 3.5/5 and wrote "''Trial By Fire'' is difficult to watch if you are sensitive but a very important conversation. Do not give this a miss because it isn’t just a show."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Shubham |date=2023-01-13 |title=Trial By Fire Review: An Haunting Retelling Of A Real-Life Catastrophe That Makes You Feel The Pain Even 26 Years Later |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/trial-by-fire-review/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |work=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

The series currently holds a 100% ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'' rating.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trial by Fire - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/trial_by_fire/s01 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=30 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Category
!Nominee / work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Drama Series
| rowspan="2" |''Trial by Fire''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Series (Critics)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director in a Drama Series
|[[Prashant Nair]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Drama Series
|[[Abhay Deol]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Drama Series
|[[Rajshri Deshpande]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best VFX (Series)
|Deepak Bhatia, Prashant Thakur
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing (Series)
|Xavier Box, Dániel Hajnal
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11611698}}
* {{cite book |last1=Krishnamoorthy |first1=Neelam |last2=Krishnamoorthy |first2=Shekhar |title=Trial by Fire: The Tragic Tale of the Uphaar Fire Tragedy |date=20 September 2016 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-93-86057-66-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiADDQAAQBAJ |language=en}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Television shows based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Disaster television series]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]

List of Marathi films of 2001

2025-12-29T13:17:42Z

GabrielaPreiss: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|None}}
{{Marathi films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] in the year 2001.
==2001 Releases==
A list of Marathi films released in 2001.
{| class ="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! style="width: 05%;" |Year
! style="width: 15%;" |Film
! style="width: 15%;" |Director
! style="width: 40%;" class="unsortable" |Cast
! style="width: 10%;" |Release date
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Producer
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Notes
! style="width: 15%;" class="unsortable" |Source
|-
| rowspan = "5" align="center" | 2001
|-
|''[[Dhyaas Parva]]'' ||[[Amol Palekar]] || [[Seema Biswas]], Nishith Dadhich, [[Mohan Gokhale]] || || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0331232/|title=Dhyasparva (2001)|work=IMDb}} {{unreliable?|date=August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Ashi Gyaneshwari'' || Ranjan Suryawanshi|| [[Ramesh Bhatkar]], Sharad Bhutadiya, Anand Gurav || || Akstha Productions || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1414807/|title=Ashi Gyaneshwari (2001)|date=29 August 2015|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Devki]]'' || Milind Oak || [[Alka Kubal]], Milind Gawli, [[Sudhir Joshi]] ||10 December 2001 (India) || Everest Entertainment || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2633742/|title=Devki (2001)|date=10 December 2001|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|''Akleche Kande'' || Ashok Chopra || [[Anand Abhyankar]], Sanjay Bagul, Sunil Bansal || ||Moksh Films, Sagar Film || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1353917/|title=Akleche Kande (2001)|author=choprainvest|date=29 August 2015|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{2001 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Films Of 2001}}
[[Category:Lists of 2001 films by language]]
[[Category:2001 in Indian cinema| Marathi]]
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|2001]]
[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films| ]]

Nithyakalyana Perumal temple

2025-11-18T12:31:35Z

GabrielaPreiss:

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Nithyakalyana Perumal Temple
| image = Thiruvidanthai8.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Nithyakalyana Perumal Temple, [[Thiruvidandai|Thiruvidanthai]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|45|47.9|N|80|14|31.2|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nithyakalyana_Perumal_temple&params=12_45_47.9_N_80_14_31.2_E_type:landmark_region:IN]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| location = [[Thiruvidandai]], [[Chennai]]
| elevation_m = 21.76
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Nithyakalyana Perumal ([[Varaha]])
* Komalavalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Kalyana Theertham
| tower = Kalyana Vimanam
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| creator =
| website =
|religious_affiliation=[[Vaishnavism]]
}}

'''Nithyakalayana Perumal temple''' in [[Thiruvidandai]], a village in [[Chennai]], [[Chengalpattu|Chengalpattu district]] of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to [[Varaha]], the boar [[avatar]] of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Tamil architecture|Tamil style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Nithyakalayana Perumal (Varaha) and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Komalavalli Thayar.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=1993}}</ref> The original structure of the temple was built by the [[Pallavas]] during the 7th century CE, with later additions from the [[Cholas]] during the 11th century.

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple tank is located opposite to the temple, outside the main entrance. The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Chittirai Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (during April–May), and [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] during ''Margali'' (December–January), are being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:NithyakalyanarPerumal.JPG|left|thumb|[[Varaha]], the presiding deity of the temple]]
According to legend, Vishnu's [[dvarapala|gatekeepers]] [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]] are cursed by sages that they would be born as [[Asura|asuras]] during their next birth. They were born on earth as [[Hiranyaksha]] and [[Hiranyakashipu]] to sage [[Kashyapa]] and his wife [[Diti]]. The demon brothers on account of their powers, take control of the universe. The elder brother Hiranyaksha practices penance and obtains a boon from [[Brahma]] which makes him invincible by any animal or human. Hiranyaksha captures earth, personified as goddess [[Bhudevi]] and hides her under the [[Causal Ocean]] called Garbhodhaka. All the celestial deities and sages went to Vishnu for rescue. Since Hiranyaksha did not include the boar in the list of animals that can slay him, Vishnu assumes this form with huge tusks and goes down to the primordial ocean. Hiranyaksha obstructs Varaha and the pair having a strong duel. Varaha lifts the earth on his tusks, which would go on to be the most common figurine representation of Varaha. The two fought each other with their mace, with Varaha emerging victorious after a thousand-year duel. Varaha emerges from the [[Causal Ocean]] with the earth in his tusks and repositions her in her original spot. The earth goddess [[Bhudevi]] falls in love with Varaha, whom he is believed to have taken in his lap in this place. A number of maidens awaited to marry the divine looking boar Varaha. As per the wish of sage Kalava, who wanted Vishnu to marry his 360 daughters. Varaha married the 360 daughters one per day during the course of the whole year. Since he is believed to marry maidens daily, he came to be known as Nithyakalyana Perumal (meaning the deity who marries for eternity).<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=136–7|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

As per another legend, a king by name Harikesarivarman used to visit the temple every day from [[Mahabalipuram]] and wanted to settle at this place. Vishnu was pleased by his devotion and appeared as Sthalasayana Perumal at Mahabalipuram – the legend is associated with the [[Thirukadalmallai]] temple at Mahabalipuram.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=449–51}}</ref>

==History==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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|image1=Thiruvidanthai9.JPG
|image2=Thiruvidanthai10.JPG
|footer=Sculptures of [[Varaha]] and [[Narasimha]] on the pillars
|footer_align=center
}}
The temple was built during the [[Pallava]] regime in the 7th century.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Rare Vishnu sculpture found at Thiruvidanthai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/31/stories/2005053111450500.htm|date=31 May 2005|access-date=29 November 2015|last=T.A.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Subramanian}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Kanchipuram]] was the capital of the Pallavas who ruled the region during the 6th to 9th centuries. They had [[Mamallapuram]] and [[Thiruvidanthai]] as their port towns and the two towns emerged as strong ports for the Empire. The temple is believed to have been built along with the monumental temples in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao|first=P.V.L. Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&q=thiruvidantai+history&pg=PA141|page=141}}</ref> The temple has inscriptions dated 959 CE from the Pallava times.<ref>{{cite book|title=PILC Journal of Dravidic Studies: PJDS., Volume 13|publisher=Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture|year=2003|page=111}}</ref>

One of the earliest inscriptions in the temple is from [[Rashtrakuta]] king Krishna III (939–67) during 959 CE indicating gift of lamp to the temple.<ref name=Madhavan/> There were later additions from the [[Chola]] kings as indicated from an inscription during the 35th regnal year of [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] during 1052 CE. [[Raja Raja Chola]] is believed to have commissioned the Panguni Uthiram festival during 1003 CE. There are inscriptions indicating benevolent contributions from [[Kulothunga Chola I]] during 1115 CE.<ref name=census>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu - Kancheepuram district|last=C.|first=Dr.Chandramouli|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|location=Chennai}}</ref> The temple is a declared monument of the Archaeological Survey of India on account of the inscriptions in the temple.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|title=List of Ancient Monument and Archeological Sites and Remains of Chennai and Tiruchur Circle|access-date=28 February 2016|work= ASI |publisher= Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> It is maintained as a monument under the Chennai circle and Mamallapuram subcircle of the institution.<ref name="ASI1">{{cite web |url=http://asichennai.gov.in/mamallapuram_sub_circle.html|title=List of Monuments and Sites: Mamallapuram subcircle|access-date=28 February 2015|work= ASI |publisher= Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai}}</ref> The temple has a palanquin made of ivory, the one of its kind for any Hindu temple.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=449–51}}</ref> There are inscriptions during the period of [[Jatavarman Vira Pandyan II]] indicating gifts to the goddess of the temple.<ref name=Madhavan/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Thiruvidanthai14.JPG|200px|left|thumb|The image of the pillared hall with sculptures before the temple]]
Nithyakalyana Perumal temple is located in [[Thiruvidandai]], a village in [[Chennai]] at [[Kanchipuram district]] on the [[Chennai]] - [[Mahabalipuram]] [[East Coast Road]], {{convert|38|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Chennai City. The sanctum is approached through a sixteen pillared sculpted hall in front of the temple. The pillars have sculptures indicating various legends, with one of them carrying the replica of the image of the presiding deity. The temple has two precincts approached through two flat gateway towers. All the shrines in the temple are enclosed within granite walls. The second precinct has two temple masts, each of them located axial to the sanctum and the entrance. The precinct also has a hall to house the temple chariot. The sanctum is approached through an assembly and prayer hall. The granite image of Nithyakalyana Perumal in the form of Varaha having Bhudevi on his lap, is housed in the sanctum. The image is around {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall and is one of the rarest images of the deity.<ref name=hindu1/> [[Garuda]], the eagle ''[[vahana]]'' of [[Vishnu]] has a small shrine facing the sanctum. The shrine of Ranganathar is located in the first precinct, parallel to the sanctum. The North-West corner of the temple houses the shrine of Komalavalli. There is a separate shrine for [[Ranganatha]] and his consort [[Ranganayaki]] around the first precinct. The shrine of [[Andal]] is located to the left of sanctum in the first precinct.<ref name=Madhavan/> There are inscriptions on the walls around the assembly and the prayer hall.<ref name=A/> There are three temple tanks associated with the temple. Kalyana Pushakarani is the principal temple tank located right opposite to the temple in the end of the street and visible from East Coast Road (ECR). Varaha Pushkarani is located near the northern compound wall of the temple, while Ranganatha Tirtham is located North-east to the temple. Punnai tree, which is usually associated with Shiva temples, is the sacred tree associated with the temple.<ref name=Madhavan/>

==Religious importance==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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|footer=Images of shrines in the temple
|footer_align=center
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Nithyakalayana Perumal temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam|Naalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. Thirumangai Alvar has glorified the powers of Komalavalli Thayar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Pei Azhwar's Moonram Thiruvandhadi|last1=Pēyāl̲vār|last2=M.|first2=Rajagopalan|year=2004|publisher=N. Rajagopalan|page=75}}</ref> The temple also finds mention in later works by [[Nathamuni]], Thirukachi Nambi, [[Ramanuja]] and [[Manavala Mamunigal]]. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Nitya Kalyana Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=263|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> Following the legend of Nithyakalyana Perumal, where Vishnu is believed to marry daily, the temple is frequented by people seeking marriage or whose marriage is delayed. A common worship practice is to offer garlands to the presiding deity, wearing it and circumambulating the temple nine times. [[Ranganatha]], the reclining form of Vishnu, is believed to have attended the first wedding and after finding that there is a marriage every day, he set his abode in the temple.<ref name=A/> The presiding deity is addressed by various names like Varaha Deva, Alvar Varaha Deva, Vara Swami and Varaha Nayanar as seen from the inscriptions on the walls of the temple.<ref name=Madhavan>{{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India, Volume 4, Tamil Nadu|isbn=978-81-908445-3-6|first=Chithra|last=Madhavan|publisher=Alpha Land Published Pvt. Limited|year=2014|edition=1st|pages=13–20}}</ref>

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Thiruvidanthai15.JPG|200px|left|A four pillared hall and the [[theertham|temple tank]], Kalayana Theertham|thumb]]
Though the temple is an archaeological site, the temple is active in worship practices.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=Conservation and worship at temples can co-exist|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/conservation-and-worship-at-temples-can-coexist/article3525118.ece|location=Chennai|date=14 June 2012|access-date=29 November 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|last=Sridhar|first=Ashaa}}</ref> The temple follows [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship based on Vaikasana Agamic tradition. The temple is open from 6:30 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Nithyakalyana Perumal and his consort Komalavalli. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. Various festivals are celebrated in the temple, with the Chittirai Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] of ''Chittirai'' (during April–May), and [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] during ''Margazhi'' (December–January) being the most prominent.<ref name=dinamalar/> During Brahmotsavam festival, the festival deities of Nithyakalyana Perumal and Komalavalli is taken in procession around the streets of the temple. Thirumangai Alvar Utsavam is celebrated during the star of Kiruthikai during November–December.<ref name=Madhavan/> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=hindu1/> The temple is one of the most visited tourist destination in the Chennai–Mahabalipuram region.<ref name=hindu3>{{cite news|title=Hop-on, hop-off bus service in Chennai withdrawn|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hopon-hopoff-bus-service-in-chennai-withdrawn/article5563325.ece|date=11 January 2014|access-date=29 November 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nithyakalyana_Perumal_temple&params=12_45_47.9_N_80_14_31.2_E_type:landmark_region:IN GeoHack - Nithyakalyana Perumal Temple]

{{commons category}}

* [http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df064.html About Thirukadigai]

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Varaha temples]]

Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre

2025-11-17T22:25:59Z

GabrielaPreiss: cleanup

{{Short description|ISRO India research centre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
|logo_width = 100px
|logo_caption = ISRO logo
|seal = Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre Logo.png
|seal_width = 150px
|seal_caption = LPSC seal
|picture =
|picture_width =
|picture_caption =
|formed = {{start date and age|df=y|1985|11|30}}
|date1 =
|date1_name =
|date2 =
|date2_name =
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|parent_agency = ISRO
|jurisdiction = [[Government of India|Department of Space]]
|headquarters = Thiruvananthapuram
|employees =
|budget =
|chief1_name = Dr. [[M. Mohan]]
|chief1_position = Director
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|child2_agency =
|website = [https://www.lpsc.gov.in/ lpsc.gov.in]
|footnotes =
|map =
|map_width =
|map_caption =
|chief3_name=|chief3_position=|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief6_position=|chief7_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_department=}}

The '''Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre''' ('''LPSC''') is a [[research and development]] centre functioning under [[ISRO]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lpsc.gov.in/ |title=LPSC Webpage |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121434/http://www.lpsc.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has two units located at Valiamala, in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], and [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. LPSC is augmented by [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]] at [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

LPSC is engaged in development of liquid and [[Cryogenic#Fuels|cryogenic propulsion]] stages for launch vehicles and auxiliary propulsion systems for both launch vehicles and satellites. Activities related to liquid propulsion stages, cryogenic propulsion stages and control systems for launch vehicles and spacecraft is done at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Precision fabrication facilities, development of transducers and integration of satellite propulsion systems are carried out at [[Bangalore]]. The developmental and flight tests along with assembly and integration are done at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]], [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].

The development of liquid propellant stages for the [[PSLV]], control systems for SLV-3, [[ASLV]], [[PSLV]] and [[GSLV]], satellite propulsion systems including those for [[INSAT]] and IRS and production of pressure transducers are done by the LPSC for [[India]]. The LPSC has developed indigenous cryogenic upper stage for [[GSLV|Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) which was successfully test fired by ISRO on 4 August 2007. LPSC is currently developing a restartable [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]-[[Methane]] engine and stages for the [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle]], which uses a reusable booster stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multiple restarts of Launch Vehicle Stages - ISRO successfully carried out ignition trial using Spark Torch Igniter |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISROsuccessfullycarriedoutSparkTorchIgniter.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

LPSC's current director is Dr. [[M. Mohan]].<ref name=Director>{{cite news|title=New Directors at ISRO centres|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-directors-at-isro-centres/article6167830.ece|access-date=2 July 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 July 2014|archive-date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021081857/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-directors-at-isro-centres/article6167830.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==LPSC Trivandrum==
This unit serves as LPSC headquarters, and is involved in research and development of Earth-storable and cryogenic propulsion for launch vehicles. It delivers engines, stages, associated control systems and components for launch vehicle and spacecraft.
<ref name="lpsc1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lpsc.gov.in/html/history.htm |title=Home-History Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre |access-date=5 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127095733/http://www.lpsc.gov.in/html/history.htm |archive-date=27 January 2014 }}</ref><ref name="lpsc2">{{cite web | url=http://www.isro.org/isrocentres/lpsc.aspx | title=ISRO Centres-Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre | access-date=5 February 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927042605/http://www.isro.org/isrocentres/lpsc.aspx | archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref>

The main activities carried out at Valiamala include:<ref name="lpsc1" />
*Research and Development in earth storable and cryogenic propulsion systems for Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft applications
*System design and architecture
*Management of system projects
*Management of earth storable and cryogenic engine and stage systems
*Integration of launch vehicle propulsion control system packages and modules
*Low thrust thruster test facilities for satellite thrusters

==LPSC Bangalore==
This unit caters predominantly to propulsion requirements of satellite programmes of ISRO apart from development of indigenous sensors and transducers.<ref name="lpsc2"/> The activities that are carried out here include:<ref name="lpsc1"/>
*Design and realisation of monopropellant thrusters and components
*Integration of spacecraft propulsion systems
*Development and production of transducers
*Management of launch vehicle stage tanks and structures at industries

==IPRC Mahendragiri==
{{Main|ISRO Propulsion Complex}}
On 1 February 2014, this unit was renamed as [[ISRO Propulsion Complex|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Propulsion Complex]] and was also made an autonomous department under ISRO. The Mahendragiri unit was previously functioning under LPSC in Valiamala.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Isros-Mahendragiri-centre-elevated-gets-more-powers/articleshow/29681520.cms | title=Isro's Mahendragiri centre elevated, gets more powers | date=1 February 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=V | last=Devanathan | access-date=27 January 2019 | archive-date=28 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128154207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Isros-Mahendragiri-centre-elevated-gets-more-powers/articleshow/29681520.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> The main activities carried out at here are:<ref name="lpsc1"/>
*Assembly and integration of liquid engines and stages
*Testing of liquid engines and stages
*High altitude test facilities for upper stage engines
*Propellant storage facilities

==See also==
*[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
*[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]
*[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
*[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{ISRO facilities}}
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:ISRO]]
[[Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

2022 Syed Modi International

2025-11-09T06:02:11Z

GabrielaPreiss: done!

{{short description|2022 badminton tournament in Lucknow}}
{{morefootnotes|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = {{nowrap|2022 Syed Modi International}}
|image =
|caption =
|dates = 18–23 January
|number_edition =
|level = G2L5
|prize_money = 150000
|other =
|venue = [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]]
|location = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|MS = ''Not awarded''
|country_MS =
|WS = [[P. V. Sindhu]]
|country_WS = IND
|MD1 = [[Man Wei Chong]]
|country_MD1 = MAS
|MD2 = [[Tee Kai Wun]]
|country_MD2 = MAS
|WD1 = [[Anna Cheong]]
|country_WD1 = MAS
|WD2 = [[Teoh Mei Xing]]
|country_WD2 = MAS
|XD1 = [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]]
|country_XD1 = IND
|XD2 = [[Tanisha Crasto]]
|country_XD2 = IND
|previous = [[2019 Syed Modi International|2019]]
|next = [[2023 Syed Modi International|2023]]
}}
{{TOC-right}}
The '''2022 Syed Modi International''' (officially known as the '''Syed Modi India International''') was a badminton tournament that took place at the [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]] in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, from 18 to 23 January 2022. It had a total prize pool of US$150,000.

The men's singles title was not awarded, a first in the tournament's and the sport's history, due to both finalists – both [[French people|French]] – contracted with [[COVID-19]].

==Tournament==
The 2022 Syed Modi International was the second tournament of the [[2022 BWF World Tour]] and was part of the [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships]], which had been held since 1991. The tournament was organized by the [[Badminton Association of India]] with sanction from the [[Badminton World Federation]].<ref name="pros">{{cite web |title=Prospectus Syed Modi India International 2022 |url=https://extranet.bwfbadminton.com/docs/events/4427/docs/SYED%20MODI%20India%20International%202022%20-%20Prospectus.pdf |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010624/https://extranet.bwfbadminton.com/docs/events/4427/docs/SYED%20MODI%20India%20International%202022%20-%20Prospectus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Venue===
This international tournament was held at the [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]] at [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="pros"/>

=== Point distribution ===
Below is the point distribution table for each phase of the tournament based on the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF points system]] for the [[BWF World Tour Super 300]] event.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking System |url=https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |publisher=Badminton World Federation |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510005434/https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="75" | Winner
! width="75" | Runner-up
! width="75" | 3/4
! width="75" | 5/8
! width="75" | 9/16
! width="75" | 17/32
|-
| 7,000 || 5,950 || 4,900 || 3,850 || 2,750 || 1,670
|}

=== Prize money ===
The total prize money for this tournament was US$150,000. The distribution of the prize money was in accordance with BWF regulations.<ref name="pros"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
| width="104px" | '''Event'''
| width="68px" | '''Winner'''
| width="68px" | '''Finalist'''
| width="68px" | '''Semi-finals'''
| width="80px" | '''Quarter-finals'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 16'''
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Singles'''
| $11,250 || $5,700 || $2,175 || $900 || $525
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Doubles'''
| $11,850 || $5,700 || $2,100 || $1,087.50 || $562.50
|}

== Men's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sai Praneeth]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Verma]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy Kumar]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourabh Verma]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Brian Yang (badminton)|Brian Yang]] ''(withdrew)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arnaud Merklé]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=17
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath]]
| RD1-score2-1=19
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=9

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IRL}} [[Nhat Nguyen]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=18
| RD1-score3-3=15
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Claerbout]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=15
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arnaud Merklé]]
| RD2-score1-1=w
| RD2-score1-2=/
| RD2-score1-3=d
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Claerbout]]
| RD2-score2-1=w
| RD2-score2-2=/
| RD2-score2-3=d
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|SRI}} [[Buwaneka Goonethilleka|B Goonethilleka]]
| RD1-score1-1=10
| RD1-score1-2=6
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arnaud Merklé|A Merklé]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kartikey Gulshan Kumar|K G Kumar]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''9'''
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhankar Dey|S Dey]]
| RD1-score4-1=2r
| RD1-score4-2=
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy Kumar|Prannoy K]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Danylo Bosniuk|D Bosniuk]]
| RD1-score6-1=14
| RD1-score6-2=18
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat|P Rajawat]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Yadav Chittaboina|R Y Chittaboina]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arnaud Merklé|A Merklé]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kartikey Gulshan Kumar|K G Kumar]]
| RD2-score2-1=8
| RD2-score2-2=12
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy Kumar|Prannoy K]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2=16
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat|P Rajawat]]
| RD2-score4-1=11
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=18

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arnaud Merklé|A Merklé]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=5
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy Kumar|Prannoy K]]
| RD3-score2-1=19
| RD3-score2-2=16
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ansal Yadav|A Yadav]]
| RD1-score1-1=9
| RD1-score1-2=6
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Sen|C Sen]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George|K George]]
| RD1-score3-1=16
| RD1-score3-2=18
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Sergey Sirant|S Sirant]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFR
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Subramanian|S Subramanian]]
| RD1-score5-1=18
| RD1-score5-2=15
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soong Joo Ven|Soong J V]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Alap Mishra|A Mishra]]
| RD1-score7-1=15
| RD1-score7-2=8
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath|M Manjunath]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Sen|C Sen]]
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=20
| RD2-score1-3=12
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Sergey Sirant|S Sirant]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=18
| RD2-score2-2='''22'''
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soong Joo Ven|Soong J V]]
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2=16
| RD2-score3-3=21
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath|M Manjunath]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=16
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3='''23'''

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Sergey Sirant|S Sirant]]
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=12
| RD3-score1-3=18
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath|M Manjunath]]'''
| RD3-score2-1=11
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3='''21'''
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Julien Carraggi|J Carraggi]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''23'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Bruun|K Bruun]]
| RD1-score2-1=12
| RD1-score2-2=21
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Ade Resky Dwicahyo|A R Dwicahyo]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=15
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourabh Verma|So Verma]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=19
| RD1-score4-3=18

| RD1-seed5=PFR
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Adulrach Namkul|A Namkul]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ng Tze Yong|Ng T Y]]
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Nhat Nguyen|N Nguyen]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''7'''
| RD1-score7-2=
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Verma|Sa Verma]]
| RD1-score8-1=2r
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFR
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Julien Carraggi|J Carraggi]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|AZE}} [[Ade Resky Dwicahyo|A R Dwicahyo]]
| RD2-score2-1=15
| RD2-score2-2=16
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=PFR
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|THA}} [[Adulrach Namkul|A Namkul]]
| RD2-score3-1=17
| RD2-score3-2=12
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Nhat Nguyen|N Nguyen]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=PFR
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Julien Carraggi|J Carraggi]]
| RD3-score1-1=14
| RD3-score1-2=15
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Nhat Nguyen|N Nguyen]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Claerbout|L Claerbout]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddharth Pratap Singh|S P Singh]]
| RD1-score2-1=15
| RD1-score2-2=8
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siril Verma|Si Verma]]
| RD1-score3-1=19
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=18
| RD1-seed4=PFR
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raghu Mariswamy|R Mariswamy]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=13
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheam June Wei|Cheam J W]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=19
| RD1-score5-2='''22'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Xiaodong Sheng|XD Sheng]]
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2=20
| RD1-score6-3=17

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh|J Teh]]
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2=11
| RD1-score7-3=16
| RD1-seed8=PFR
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kaushal Dharmamer|K Dharmamer]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=14
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Claerbout|L Claerbout]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=PFR
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Raghu Mariswamy|R Mariswamy]]
| RD2-score2-1=9
| RD2-score2-2=9
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheam June Wei|Cheam J W]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=PFR
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kaushal Dharmamer|K Dharmamer]]
| RD2-score4-1=16
| RD2-score4-2=13
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Claerbout|L Claerbout]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheam June Wei|Cheam J W]]
| RD3-score2-1=11
| RD3-score2-2=19
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

== Women's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#'''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]] (champion)'''
#{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Michelle Li]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Yeo Jia Min]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeniya Kosetskaya]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|USA}} [[Iris Wang]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|POL}} [[Jordan Hart]] ''(withdrew)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=5
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeniya Kosetskaya]]
| RD1-score2-1=11r
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=19
| RD1-score3-3=7
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=19
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod]]
| RD2-score2-1=13
| RD2-score2-2=16
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanya Hemanth|T Hemanth]]
| RD1-score2-1=9
| RD1-score2-2=9
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|USA}} L Lam'''
| RD1-score3-1=15
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ira Sharma|I Sharma]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=16
| RD1-score4-3=16

| RD1-seed5=6
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong|S Katethong]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Krishna Priya Kudaravalli|S K P Kudaravalli]]
| RD1-score6-1=13
| RD1-score6-2=13
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=PFR
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kriti Bharadwaj|K Bharadwaj]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=PFR
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanishq Mamilla Palli|T M Palli]]
| RD1-score8-1=6
| RD1-score8-2=4
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|USA}} L Lam
| RD2-score2-1=16
| RD2-score2-2=13
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=6
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong|S Katethong]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=PFR
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kriti Bharadwaj|K Bharadwaj]]
| RD2-score4-1=11
| RD2-score4-2=7
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD3-score1-1=11
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=6
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong|S Katethong]]
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2=12
| RD3-score2-3=17
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Isharani Baruah|I Baruah]]
| RD1-score1-1=15
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=18
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Švábíková|T Švábíková]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=13
| RD1-score2-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed3=PFR
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Mookerjee|R Mookerjee]]
| RD1-score4-1=8
| RD1-score4-2=15
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeniya Kosetskaya|E Kosetskaya]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFR
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaidehi Choudhari|V Choudhari]]
| RD1-score6-1=16
| RD1-score6-2=10
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anura Prabhudesai|A Prabhudesai]]
| RD1-score7-1=17
| RD1-score7-2=8
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Yaëlle Hoyaux|Y Hoyaux]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Švábíková|T Švábíková]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]
| RD2-score2-1=16
| RD2-score2-2=13
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeniya Kosetskaya|E Kosetskaya]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Yaëlle Hoyaux|Y Hoyaux]]
| RD2-score4-1=18
| RD2-score4-2=14
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Švábíková|T Švábíková]]
| RD3-score1-1=8
| RD3-score1-2=14
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=5
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeniya Kosetskaya|E Kosetskaya]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rituparna Das|R Das]]
| RD1-score1-1=7
| RD1-score1-2=10
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya|A Upadhyaya]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=PFR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Purva Barve|P Barve]]
| RD1-score3-1=13
| RD1-score3-2=10
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFR
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Smit Toshniwal|S Toshniwal]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiya Imad Farooqui|S I Farooqui]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=17
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mundada|S Mundada]]
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2=11
| RD1-score6-3=10

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|USA}} [[Disha Gupta|D Gupta]]
| RD1-score7-1=15
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=6
| RD1-seed8=PFR
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2=16
| RD1-score8-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya|A Upadhyaya]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=PFR
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Smit Toshniwal|S Toshniwal]]
| RD2-score2-1=12
| RD2-score2-2=19
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiya Imad Farooqui|S I Farooqui]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=PFR
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]]
| RD2-score4-1=6
| RD2-score4-2=15
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya|A Upadhyaya]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''24'''
| RD3-score1-2='''23'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiya Imad Farooqui|S I Farooqui]]
| RD3-score2-1=22
| RD3-score2-2=21
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mugdha Agrey|M Agrey]]
| RD1-score1-1=13
| RD1-score1-2=14
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap|A Kashyap]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Uttejitha Rao Chukka|S U R Chukka]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFR
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anjana Kumari|A Kumari]]
| RD1-score4-1=9
| RD1-score4-2=12
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashmita Chaliha|A Chaliha]]
| RD1-score5-1=
| RD1-score5-2=
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]'''
| RD1-score6-1=w
| RD1-score6-2=/
| RD1-score6-3=o

| RD1-seed7=PFR
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerana Neeluri|P Neeluri]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=PFR
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani|Gadde R S]]
| RD1-score8-1=3
| RD1-score8-2=4
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap|A Kashyap]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Uttejitha Rao Chukka|S U R Chukka]]
| RD2-score2-1=9
| RD2-score2-2=6
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=PFR
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerana Neeluri|P Neeluri]]
| RD2-score4-1=10
| RD2-score4-2=8
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap|A Kashyap]]
| RD3-score1-1=11
| RD3-score1-2=11
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

== Men's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] / [[Chirag Shetty]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)|Vladimir Ivanov]] / [[Ivan Sozonov]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sumeeth Reddy]] / [[Manu Attri]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] / [[Dhruv Kapila]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Kian Meng]] / [[Tan Wee Kiong]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan Goud Panjala]] / [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabien Delrue]] / [[William Villeger]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#'''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong]] / [[Tee Kai Wun]] (champions)'''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Singh Chouhan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajesh Verma (badminton)|Rajesh Verma]]
| RD1-score1-1=10
| RD1-score1-2=9
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=6
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=4
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila]]
| RD1-score3-1=16
| RD1-score3-2=12
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=6
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala]]
| RD2-score1-1=18
| RD2-score1-2=15
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Singh Chouhan|P S Chouhan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajesh Verma (badminton)|R Verma]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gagan (badminton)|Gagan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sohit Hooda|S Hooda]]
| RD1-score2-1=18
| RD1-score2-2=19
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=PFR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhavya Chhabra|B Chhabra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Garv Sahni|G Sahni]]
| RD1-score3-1=
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vighnesh Devlekar|V Devlekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deep Rambhiya|D Rambiya]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=w
| RD1-score4-2=/
| RD1-score4-3=o

| RD1-seed5=PFR
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Hruitvik Ambekar|H Ambekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apoorva Javadekar|A Javadekar]]
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=d
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ketan Chahal|K Chahal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Khatri|D Khatri]]
| RD1-score6-1=w
| RD1-score6-2=/
| RD1-score6-3=d

| RD1-seed7=PFR
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Krushal Raj|K Raj]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Raj (badminton)|P Raj]]
| RD1-score7-1=
| RD1-score7-2=
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Astiva Kale|A Kale]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aniruddha Mayekar|A Mayekar]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=w
| RD1-score8-2=/
| RD1-score8-3=o

| RD2-seed1=PFR
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Singh Chouhan|P S Chouhan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajesh Verma (badminton)|R Verma]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=w
| RD2-score1-2=/
| RD2-score1-3=o
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vighnesh Devlekar|V Devlekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deep Rambhiya|D Rambiya]]
| RD2-score2-1=
| RD2-score2-2=
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3=
| RD2-score3-1=
| RD2-score3-2=
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Astiva Kale|A Kale]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aniruddha Mayekar|A Mayekar]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=w
| RD2-score4-2=/
| RD2-score4-3=o

| RD3-seed1=PFR
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Singh Chouhan|P S Chouhan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajesh Verma (badminton)|R Verma]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Astiva Kale|A Kale]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aniruddha Mayekar|A Mayekar]]
| RD3-score2-1=17
| RD3-score2-2=13
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Prasad|S Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=o
| RD1-seed2=PFR
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Bokka Navaneeth|B Navaneeth]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikrishna Sai Kumar Podile|S S K Podile]]
| RD1-score2-1=
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=19
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Junaidi Arif|A Junaidi]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Muhammad Haikal|M Haikal]]
| RD1-score4-1=18
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=17

| RD1-seed5=6
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala|V G Panjala]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} V K Hanumaiah Ranganatha {{flagicon|IND}} A Surya
| RD1-score6-1=15
| RD1-score6-2=14
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddharth Jakhar|S Jakhar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshay Saroha|L Saroha]]
| RD1-score7-1=18
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=12
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub|N M Azriyn A]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Khim Wah|Lim K W]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2=17
| RD1-score8-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=PFR
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Prasad|S Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]]
| RD2-score1-1=17
| RD2-score1-2=17
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=6
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala|V G Panjala]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=15
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub|N M Azriyn A]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Khim Wah|Lim K W]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=17
| RD2-score4-3=8

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek]]
| RD3-score1-1=17
| RD3-score1-2=18
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=6
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala|V G Panjala]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Satinder Malik|S Malik]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pankaj Naithani|P Naitahni]]
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Deswal|G Deswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shubham Yadav|S Yadav]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=o

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Sharma|T Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinay Kumar Singh|V K Singh]]
| RD1-score3-1=8
| RD1-score3-2=13
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabien Delrue|F Delrue]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[William Villeger|W Villeger]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFR
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFR
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashwat Dalal|S Dalal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshay Malik|L Malik]]
| RD1-score6-1=14
| RD1-score6-2=19
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|NOR}} [[Torjus Flåtten|T Flåtten]] {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Vegard Rikheim|V Rikheim]]
| RD1-score7-1=21
| RD1-score7-2=9
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila|D Kapila]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''23'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Deswal|G Deswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shubham Yadav|S Yadav]]
| RD2-score1-1=13
| RD2-score1-2=18
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabien Delrue|F Delrue]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[William Villeger|W Villeger]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=PFR
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]]
| RD2-score3-1=
| RD2-score3-2=
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=4
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila|D Kapila]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=w
| RD2-score4-2=/
| RD2-score4-3=o

| RD3-seed1=7
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabien Delrue|F Delrue]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[William Villeger|W Villeger]]
| RD3-score1-1=16
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=19
| RD3-seed2=4
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila|D Kapila]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2=19
| RD3-score2-3='''21'''
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Himanshu Mittal|H Mittal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shubham Sharma (badminton)|S Sharma]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=o
| RD1-seed2=PFR
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikrant Chawat|V Chawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandeep Choudhary (badminton)|S Choudhary]]
| RD1-score2-1=
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi (badminton)|Ravi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Arora|C Arora]]
| RD1-score3-1=10
| RD1-score3-2=6
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong|Man W C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun|Tee K W]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshay Kadam|A Kadam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Mohamed Rehan|R M Rehan]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Chakraborty (badminton)|B Chakraborty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kapil Chaudhary|K Chaudhary]]
| RD1-score6-1=15
| RD1-score6-2=17
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Buwaneka Goonethilleka|B Goonethilleka]]
| RD1-score7-1=16
| RD1-score7-2=8
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)|V Ivanov]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ivan Sozonov|I Sozonov]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Himanshu Mittal|H Mittal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shubham Sharma (badminton)|S Sharma]]
| RD2-score1-1=7
| RD2-score1-2=9
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong|Man W C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun|Tee K W]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshay Kadam|A Kadam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Mohamed Rehan|R M Rehan]]
| RD2-score3-1=9
| RD2-score3-2=12
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)|V Ivanov]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ivan Sozonov|I Sozonov]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=8
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong|Man W C]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun|Tee K W]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=2
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)|V Ivanov]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ivan Sozonov|I Sozonov]]
| RD3-score2-1=13
| RD3-score2-2=12
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

== Women's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] / [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasiia Akchurina]] / [[Olga Morozova (badminton)|Olga Morozova]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Benyapa Aimsaard]] / [[Nuntakarn Aimsaard]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Ashwini Bhat]] / [[Shikha Gautam]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo]] / [[Lim Chiew Sien]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Anne Tran]] / [[Margot Lambert]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand]] / [[Treesa Jolly]] ''(final)''
#'''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong]] / [[Teoh Mei Xing]] (champions)'''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Haritha Manazhiyil Harinarayanan]] {{flagicon|IND}} Ashna Roy
| RD1-score1-1=18
| RD1-score1-2=7
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=8
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Low Yeen Yuan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Valeree Siow]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=8
| RD1-score3-3=16
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=17
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=8
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]
| RD2-score2-1=12
| RD2-score2-2=13
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanishka Deshpande|T Deshpande]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mundada|S Mundada]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anuriya Das|A Das]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanghamitra Saikia|S Saikia]]
| RD1-score2-1=9
| RD1-score2-2=12
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivangi Singh|S Singh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mayuri Yadav|M Yadav]]
| RD1-score3-1=
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rudrani Jaiswal|R Jaiswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamaludeen Anees Kowsar|J A Kowsar]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=w
| RD1-score4-2=/
| RD1-score4-3=o

| RD1-seed5=PFR
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manidipa Dey|M Dey]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Uthsava Palit|U Palit]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kavya Gupta|Ka Gupta]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khushi Gupta|Kh Gupta]]
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Haritha Manazhiyil Harinarayanan|H M Harinarayanan]] {{flagicon|IND}} A Roy'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shenan Christian|S Christian]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lavanya Sharma|L Sharma]]
| RD1-score8-1=18
| RD1-score8-2=12
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFR
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanishka Deshpande|T Deshpande]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mundada|S Mundada]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rudrani Jaiswal|R Jaiswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamaludeen Anees Kowsar|J A Kowsar]]
| RD2-score2-1=12
| RD2-score2-2=13
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=PFR
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Manidipa Dey|M Dey]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Uthsava Palit|U Palit]]
| RD2-score3-1=18
| RD2-score3-2=10
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Haritha Manazhiyil Harinarayanan|H M Harinarayanan]] {{flagicon|IND}} A Roy'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=PFR
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanishka Deshpande|T Deshpande]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mundada|S Mundada]]
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=24
| RD3-score1-3=11
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Haritha Manazhiyil Harinarayanan|H M Harinarayanan]] {{flagicon|IND}} A Roy'''
| RD3-score2-1=13
| RD3-score2-2='''26'''
| RD3-score2-3='''21'''
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Navdha Manglam|N Manglam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Likhita Srivastava|L Srivastava]]
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=d
| RD1-seed2=PFR
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Aafreen Bishnoi|A Bishnoi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chitwan Khatri|C Khatri]]
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=d

| RD1-seed3=PFR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikki Rapria]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishu Rapria]]
| RD1-score3-1=13
| RD1-score3-2=9
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramya Venkatesh Chickmenhalli|R V Chickmenhalli]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apeksha Nayak|A Nayak]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong|A Cheong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing|Teoh M X]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFR
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Deethya Jagadish G|Deethya J G]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sujith P Krishnapriya|S P Krishnapriya]]
| RD1-score6-1=4
| RD1-score6-2=5
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=PFR
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Janani Ananthakumar|J Ananthakumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divya R. Balasubramanian|D R Balasubramanian]]
| RD1-score7-1=13
| RD1-score7-2=13
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anura Prabhudesai|A Prabhudesai]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=
| RD2-score1-1=
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramya Venkatesh Chickmenhalli|R V Chickmenhalli]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apeksha Nayak|A Nayak]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=w
| RD2-score2-2=/
| RD2-score2-3=o

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong|A Cheong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing|Teoh M X]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anura Prabhudesai|A Prabhudesai]]
| RD2-score4-1=13
| RD2-score4-2=18
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramya Venkatesh Chickmenhalli|R V Chickmenhalli]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apeksha Nayak|A Nayak]]
| RD3-score1-1=
| RD3-score1-2=
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong|A Cheong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing|Teoh M X]]'''
| RD3-score2-1=w
| RD3-score2-2=/
| RD3-score2-3=o
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Sai Sravya Lakkamraju|S S S Lakkamraju]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=18
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=PFR
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Palak Arora|P Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda|U Hooda]]
| RD1-score2-1=19
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=18

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Go Pei Kee|Go P K]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Yap Ling|Y Ling]]
| RD1-score3-1=15
| RD1-score3-2=12
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo|V Hoo]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Chiew Sien|Lim C S]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehreen Riza|M Riza]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arathi Sara Sunil|A S Sunil]]
| RD1-score5-1=20
| RD1-score5-2=15
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada|S Gurazada]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''22'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Low Yeen Yuan|Low Y Y]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Valeree Siow|V Siow]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=PFR
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Poori Singh|P Singh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anisha Wase|A Wase]]
| RD1-score8-1=7
| RD1-score8-2=8
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Sai Sravya Lakkamraju|S S S Lakkamraju]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]
| RD2-score1-1=13
| RD2-score1-2=11
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo|V Hoo]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Chiew Sien|Lim C S]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada|S Gurazada]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]
| RD2-score3-1=15
| RD2-score3-2=17
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Low Yeen Yuan|Low Y Y]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Valeree Siow|V Siow]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=5
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo|V Hoo]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Chiew Sien|Lim C S]]
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=15
| RD3-score1-3=19
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Low Yeen Yuan|Low Y Y]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Valeree Siow|V Siow]]'''
| RD3-score2-1=17
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3='''21'''
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Deeksha Choudhary|D Choudhary]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yashica Jakhar|Y Jakhar]]
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritika Thaker|R Thaker]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=o

| RD1-seed3=PFR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahek Nayak|M Nayak]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saumya Singh|S Singh]]
| RD1-score3-1=1
| RD1-score3-2=4
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand|G Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Mookerjee|R Mookerjee]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivani Santosh Singh|S Santosh Singh]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade|S Ghorpade]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Daksha Gautam|D Gautam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anubha Kaushik|A Kaushik]]
| RD1-score7-1=3
| RD1-score7-2=5
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasiia Akchurina|A Akchurina]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Olga Morozova (badminton)|O Morozova]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritika Thaker|R Thaker]]
| RD2-score1-1=12
| RD2-score1-2=7
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand|G Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Mookerjee|R Mookerjee]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivani Santosh Singh|S Santosh Singh]]
| RD2-score3-1=14
| RD2-score3-2=9
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasiia Akchurina|A Akchurina]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Olga Morozova (badminton)|O Morozova]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=7
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand|G Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''24'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=2
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasiia Akchurina|A Akchurina]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Olga Morozova (badminton)|O Morozova]]
| RD3-score2-1=22
| RD3-score2-2=10
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

== Mixed doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Rodion Alimov]] / [[Alina Davletova]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie]] / [[Peck Yen Wei]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Callum Hemming]] / [[Jessica Pugh]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad]] / [[Juhi Dewangan]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chan Peng Soon]] / [[Valeree Siow]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila]] / [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ''(withdrew)''
#'''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]] / [[Tanisha Crasto]] (champions)'''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[William Villeger]] / [[Anne Tran]] ''(quarter-finals)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=18
| RD1-score1-3=11
| RD1-seed2=7
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=18
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed3=PFR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshan Shetty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=20
| RD1-score3-3=9
| RD1-seed4=PFR
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hema Nagendra Babu Thandarang]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=15
| RD1-score4-2='''22'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=7
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=PFR
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Hema Nagendra Babu Thandarang]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada]]
| RD2-score2-1=16
| RD2-score2-2=12
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Rodion Alimov|R Alimov]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Alina Davletova|A Davletova]]
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehreen Riza|M Riza]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=o

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Deswal|G Deswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anubha Kaushik|A Kaushik]]
| RD1-score3-1=8
| RD1-score3-2=13
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[William Villeger|W Villeger]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Anne Tran|A Tran]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjana Santosh|S Santosh]]
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Thilini Hendahewa|T Hendahewa]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Bokka Navaneeth|B Navaneeth]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritika Thaker|R Thaker]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehreen Riza|M Riza]]
| RD2-score1-1=9
| RD2-score1-2=17
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[William Villeger|W Villeger]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Anne Tran|A Tran]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''27'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Thilini Hendahewa|T Hendahewa]]
| RD2-score4-1=25
| RD2-score4-2=14
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''24'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|FRA}} [[William Villeger|W Villeger]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Anne Tran|A Tran]]
| RD3-score2-1=22
| RD3-score2-2=17
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Juhi Dewangan|J Dewangan]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=PFR
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kshitiz Tyagi|K Tyagi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maini Boruah|M Boruah]]
| RD1-score2-1=18
| RD1-score2-2=7
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddharth Jakhar|S Jakhar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Megha Morchana Bora|M M Bora]]
| RD1-score3-1=14
| RD1-score3-2=20
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} A Surya {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranjal Prabhu Chimulkar|P P Chimulkar]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''22'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=7
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=PFR
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vighnesh Devlekar|V Devlekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade|S Ghorpade]]
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam|D S Konthoujam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Konjengbam|P Konjengbam]]
| RD1-score7-1=
| RD1-score7-2=
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand|G Gopichand]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=w
| RD1-score8-2=/
| RD1-score8-3=o

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Juhi Dewangan|J Dewangan]]
| RD2-score1-1=
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} A Surya {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranjal Prabhu Chimulkar|P P Chimulkar]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=w
| RD2-score2-2=/
| RD2-score2-3=o

| RD2-seed3=7
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''26'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand|G Gopichand]]
| RD2-score4-1=14
| RD2-score4-2=24
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} A Surya {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranjal Prabhu Chimulkar|P P Chimulkar]]
| RD3-score1-1=13
| RD3-score1-2=19
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=7
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkeshari Yadav|B Yadav]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kirtesh Dhindhwal|K Dhindhwal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Daksha Gautam|D Gautam]]
| RD1-score2-1=6
| RD1-score2-2=9
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=PFR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Santhosh Gajendran|S Gajendran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deethya Jagadish G|Deethya J G]]
| RD1-score3-1=16
| RD1-score3-2=13
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chan Peng Soon|Chan P S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Valeree Siow|V Siow]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Arora|C Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishu Rapria|N Rapria]]
| RD1-score5-1=19
| RD1-score5-2=9
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFR
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshan Shetty|A Shetty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kashish Sharma|K Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saruni Sharma|S Sharma]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=PFR
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mayank Rana|M Rana]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ridhi Kaur Toor|R K Toor]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkeshari Yadav|B Yadav]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=w
| RD2-score1-2=/
| RD2-score1-3=o
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chan Peng Soon|Chan P S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Valeree Siow|V Siow]]
| RD2-score2-1=
| RD2-score2-2=
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=PFR
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshan Shetty|A Shetty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kashish Sharma|K Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saruni Sharma|S Sharma]]
| RD2-score4-1=3
| RD2-score4-2=10
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkeshari Yadav|B Yadav]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]
| RD3-score1-1=15
| RD3-score1-2=20
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=PFR
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshan Shetty|A Shetty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''22'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFR
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deeksha Choudhary|D Choudhary]]
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=3279C7FA-DF02-496D-B97E-E815C4EDF4A4 Tournament Link]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before=[[2022 India Open (badminton)|2022 India Open]] | title=[[2022 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]] [[2022 BWF season]] | years= | after=[[2022 Odisha Open]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{2022 BWF World Tour}}
{{Syed Modi International Badminton Championships}}

[[Category:Syed Modi International Badminton Championships]]
[[Category:2022 BWF World Tour|Syed Modi International]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian sport|Syed Modi International]]
[[Category:January 2022 sports events in India|Syed Modi International]]

Ujjainiya

2025-11-06T08:34:00Z

GabrielaPreiss: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Rajput Clan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
The '''Ujjainiya Parmār''' (also spelled as '''Ujjaini''' or simply '''Ujjainiya''') are a [[Rajput]] [[clan]] that inhabits the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur region]] in the state of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book |title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |pages=76–77 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''|first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> They were an offshoot of the [[Paramara dynasty|Parmara]] Rajputs that claims [[Agnivansha|Agnivanshi]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A86fAAAACAAJ |title=Early Chauhan Dynasties: A Study of Chauhan Political History, Chauhan Political Institutions and Life in the Chauhan Dominions from 800 to 1316 A. D. |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Limited) |isbn=978-81-208-0492-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QVuAAAAMAAJ&q=parmar+agnivanshi |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |language=en}}</ref>

They are considered to have played a prominent role in the political history of medieval Bihar with many of their strongholds being established in the erstwhile [[Shahabad district]] of West Bihar, the most notable of which are [[Dumraon Raj]] and [[Jagdispur]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Role of Ujjainiya Rajputs in the Political History of Bihar | author=Rajiva Nain Prasad | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 30| year=1968 | pages= 167–177|jstor = 44141471}}</ref>
Their oral tradition is contained within a 19th century book called the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''. According to this, they trace their ancestry to [[Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] where the [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] Rajput kings ruled. After settling in Bihar, the locals started to refer to them as Ujjainiya.<ref name="Ahmad" /> They call themselves ''Ujjainiya Parmars''.<ref name="westernRaj">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT275 |title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |first=Saikat K. |last=Bose |year=2015 |pages=Formation_of_Rajput_identity | isbn=978-9-38446-454-7}}</ref>

== Origins ==

Certainly by the 17th century, as documented in a text that they consider to record their history, and perhaps as early as the 14th century, the Ujjainiya Parmar Rajputs believed themselves to be related to the royal family of Ujjain in [[Malwa]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA59|pages=59–60|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990|first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |isbn=978-0-52152-305-9}}</ref> The oral tradition of the Ujjaniya, as written in the 19th century in a book called ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjaniya'', makes a similar claim of a royal relationship.<ref name="Ahmad" /> This document contains a family tree which claims to directly link the Paramara King, The great [[Bhoja]] Raj Parmar to certain Ujjainiya chieftains in Bihar.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Tradition and Genealogy of the Ujjainiyas in Bihar | author=Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 24| year=1961 | pages= 351–352|jstor = 44140725}}</ref>

By the 17th century, the Ujjainiyas were recognised as Parmar Rajputs by the Rajputs of [[Rajasthan]] and were allowed a place in the Rajasthani bardic ''khyat''.<ref name="AlamSubrahmanyam1998">{{cite book|author1=Muzaffar Alam|author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|title=The Mug̲h̲al State, 1526-1750|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118059/page/n115 109]}}</ref>

==History==
===Arrival in Bihar and war with the Cheros===
During the 14th century, the Ujjainiyas who were under the leadership of Hunkar Singh, came into conflict with the [[Chero dynasty]] who were the traditional rulers of much of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]. In the ensuing battles, both sides suffered many casualties with the Cheros losing more than 20,000 men however eventually the Chero rulers were expelled from Western Bihar and retreated to [[Palamau district|Palamau]] in modern-day Jharkhand.<ref name="Gopal2017">{{cite book|author=Surendra Gopal|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT289|date=22 December 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6|pages=289–295}}</ref> The conflict between the Ujjainiyas and the Cheros lasted for centuries as many Cheros who remained resented the Ujjainiyas and continued to rebel against them by undertaking a protracted guerilla campaign against them.<ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book|author1=Surinder Singh|author2=I. D. Gaur|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA77|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7|pages=77–}}</ref>

===Conflict with the Jaunpur Sultanate===
{{See also|Jaunpur-Bhojpur War}}
Once the Ujjainiyas established sway over Western Bihar, they came into conflict with the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] which lasted for more than 100 years. The Ujjainiyas responded to the Jaunpur Sultan, Malik Sarwar disturbing Brahmins in their prayers. The Ujjainiya chieftain, Raja Harraj was initially successful in protecting these Brahmins and defeating the forces of Malik Sarwar however the Ujjainiyas were defeated in subsequent battles and retreated in the forests and resort to guerrilla warfare.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Relation of Bhojpur and Jaunpur (From 1389 A.D. to 1519 A.D | author= Md. Iftekhar Alam | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 44| year=1983 | pages= 213|jstor = 44139839}}</ref>

=== Battle of Surajgarha ===

The Ujjainiyas under the leadership of Raja Gajpati helped [[Sher Shah Suri]] in the battle of Surajgarha against the [[Muslim]] rulers of Bengal who at the time were a major regional power. Raja Gajpati handpicked 2000 of his best men and was able to help Sher Shah Suri in achieving victory. General Ibrahim Khan was killed by Raja Gajpati and all the camp equipments, elephants and artillery pieces of the Bengal army fell into the hands of Ujjainiyas. In return for their help the Ujjainiyas were entitled to any spoils of war they have found.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Role of Ujjainia Chiefs of Bhojpur in the Battle of Surajgarha (1530 A.D.): Summary | author=Muhammad Iftekhar Alam | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 52| year=1991 | pages= 122–127|jstor = 44142625}}</ref>

== Role in military labour ==

The Ujjainiyas played a prominent role in the recruitment of [[Purbiya]] mercenary soldiers from [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] for Hindu rulers, the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s and the [[East India Company|British]]. For a period, their name was synonymous with the military labour market of Northern India.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=j.ctt6wp6pg.11 | title=Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000 | journal=Fighting for a Living | publisher=Amsterdam University Press | author=Dirk H.A. Kolff | year=2013 | pages=257}}</ref>

==Personalities==
* [[Kunwar Singh|Veer Kunwar Singh]]
* [[Raja Horil Singh]]
* [[Babu Amar Singh]]
* [[Kunwar Dhir]]
* [[Gajpati Ujjainia]]

== See also ==
*[[Ganwaria Rajput]]
*[[Babu Saheb]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajput Groups |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:History of Ujjain]]

Theranautilus

2025-10-27T05:55:00Z

GabrielaPreiss: done

{{refimprove|date=September 2021}}
{{short description|Indian healthcare company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Theranautilus Private Limited
| logo =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Healthcare]], [[Robotics]], [[Nanotechnology]]
| founder ={{plainlist|
* [[Ambarish Ghosh]]
* Debayan Dasgupta
* Shanmukh Peddi
}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2020}}
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* [[Ambarish Ghosh]]
* Debayan Dasgupta
* Shanmukh Peddi}}
| products = Theradrive, Therablaze
| website = {{URL|http://www.theranautilus.com/}}
}}
'''Theranautilus,''' is an Indian [[Privately held company|private]], deep-tech, [[nanotechnology]] and [[healthcare]] [[company]], headquartered in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. The company was established in 2020. The company was initially a lab spin-off from the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore. Theranautilus's device can be used to guide the nanorobots to their targets deep inside the dentinal tubules.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Debayan |last2=Peddi |first2=Shanmukh |last3=Saini |first3=Deepak Kumar |last4=Ghosh |first4=Ambarish |date=2022-05-04 |title=Mobile Nanobots for Prevention of Root Canal Treatment Failure |journal=Advanced Healthcare Materials |volume=11 |issue=14 |language=en |article-number=2200232 |doi=10.1002/adhm.202200232 |pmid=35481942 |pmc=7613116 |s2cid=248414599 |issn=2192-2640|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Science |url=https://iisc.ac.in/events/tiny-bots-that-can-deep-clean-teeth/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kieran |date=2022-05-11 |title=Nanobots used for better root canal treatment |url=https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/nanobots-used-for-better-root-canal-treatment/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Advanced Science News |language=en-US}}</ref> Once the nanorobots reach the bacterial infestation site, they can be remotely activated to deploy their antibacterial mechanism. This novel solution minimizes root canal failure, which currently afflicts up to 14-16% of the millions of root canal treatment procedures performed every year globally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/using-nanorobots-in-dental-procedures/article35911710.ece|title=Using nanorobots in dental procedures|newspaper=The Hindu |date=August 14, 2021|via=www.thehindu.com |last1=Desikan |first1=Shubashree }}</ref>
They were awarded the National award under Technology Start-up category by the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1717635|title=National Technology Day celebrations highlight surge in entrepreneurship spirit for cost effective tech|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
Theranautilus was also ranked amongst the "Top 10 med-tech companies solving real health challenges" by the Board of Innovation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boardofinnovation.com/blog/top-10-medtech-innovations/|title=Top 10 med-tech companies solving real health challenges|date=February 16, 2023}}</ref>
Recently, the company demonstrated controlled formation of cement plugs inside dentin tubules by deploying bioceramic laden nanobots. This innovation may alleviate dentine hypersensitivity in patients.
<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Peddi
| first1 = S.
| last2 = Hegde
| first2 = P.
| last3 = Reddy
| first3 = P.
| last4 = Barman
| first4 = A.
| last5 = Barik
| first5 = A.
| last6 = Dasgupta
| first6 = D.
| last7 = Ghosh
| first7 = A.
| date = 2025
| title = Directed Self‐Assembly of Magnetic Bioceramic Deep Inside Dentinal Tubules May Alleviate Dental Hypersensitivity
| journal = Advanced Science
| volume =
| issue =
| article-number = e07664
| doi = 10.1002/advs.202507664
| doi-access = free
| pmc = 12533301
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tech-stub}}
[[Category:Nanotechnology companies]]

Y. Mhonbemo Hümtsoe

2025-10-22T10:03:41Z

GabrielaPreiss:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''Y. Mhonbemo Humtsoe''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Y Mhonbemo Humtsoe(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- WOKHA (ST)(WOKHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6803 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Wokha Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Wokha district|Wokha District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing Nationalist Congress Party.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Y Mhonbemo Humtsoe in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/y-mhonbemo-humtsoe-wokha-candidate-s17a038c001/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Nagaland election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-election-winner-list-2023-ndpp-bjp-winner-candidate-list-for-nagaland-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidate-party-101677731585125.html |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Humtsoe is from [[Wokha]], Nagaland. He is the son of Yanphamo Humtsoe. He completed his M.A. in history in 1981 at [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Humtsoe won from Wokha Assembly constituency representing [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in the 2023 Nagaland Assembly election. He polled 15,949 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Renponthung Ezung of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 3,061 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he lost the 2018 Nagaland Assembly election to [[Chumben Murry]] of [[Naga People's Front]] by a margin of 8,555 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Election: Wokha Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno38-acno38.html |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He along with 6 other NCP mla's joined NDPP (now NPF) in 2025.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hümtsoe, Y. Mhonbemo}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Wokha district]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Indiranagar (Bangalore Metro)

2025-10-21T00:03:14Z

GabrielaPreiss: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Indira Nagar metro station (Bengaluru)]]