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Lakshman (director)

2026-05-01T22:50:53Z

GJSAnnie74: added

{{Short description|Indian Tamil language filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshman
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2006 – Present
| spouse =
| website =
| occupation = Director, Distributor, Writer, Producer
}}

'''Lakshman''' is an Indian film distributor, director and producer who has worked in [[Tamil language]] films. He was born in Kokkarayanpettai, Erode district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/director/lakshman-movies-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317102508/http://spicyonion.com/director/lakshman-movies-list/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 March 2015|title=Lakshman|website=spicyonion.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/profile/lakshman-director/|title=Lakshman (Director) – Silverscreen India|website=Silverscreen.in|date=26 December 2020 }}</ref> Lakshman is known for directing [[Bhoomi (2021 film)]], an anti-corporate cringe film.

==Career==
Lakshman made a breakthrough as a film distributor following the success of [[S. J. Surya]]'s ''[[New (film)|New]]'' (2004), which he released in the Chengalpet area of Tamil Nadu. He subsequently agreed terms to produce a film starring S. J. Surya in the lead role and the pair initially considered starting a film with [[Selvaraghavan]] as director, before finalising Thamizhvannan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sjsuryah-was-supposed-to-do-a-film-with-selvaraghavan-for-director-lakshman.html|title=S.J.Suryah was supposed to do a film with Selvaraghavan for director Lakshman|date=1 February 2017|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was initially launched with the title ''36-24-36'', before the makers decided to use ''Kalvanin Kadhali'', with actress [[Nayanthara]] and [[Shradha Arya]] joining the cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.bizhat.com/news/sj_suryah_next_film.php|title=BizHat.com - S.J. Suryah's next film '36-28-36'|website=movies.bizhat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|title=Archive News|website=The Hindu}}</ref> The film had an average response critically and commercially.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kalvanin-kathali-review-tamil-pclvQribbahhe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608065404/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalvanin-kathali-review-tamil-pclvQribbahhe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2016|title=Kalvanin Kathali|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

After spending several years away from the film industry, Lakshman announced that he would make his first venture as a director with a film titled ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]'' (2015) featuring [[Jayam Ravi]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://chennaivision.com/jayam-ravi-hansika-director-lakshman-united-family-bogan-says-producer-prabhudeva/|title="Jayam Ravi, Hansika, Director Lakshman and Myself has united as a family through Bogan…" says Producer Prabhudeva - ChennaiVision|date=2016-12-05|newspaper=ChennaiVision|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-03|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103165340/https://chennaivision.com/jayam-ravi-hansika-director-lakshman-united-family-bogan-says-producer-prabhudeva/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ibduf_dandanakka-romeo-juliet-2015-anirudh-d-imman_shortfilms |title=Dandanakka - Romeo Juliet (2015) - Anirudh - D. Imman |accessdate=29 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160734/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ibduf_dandanakka-romeo-juliet-2015-anirudh-d-imman_shortfilms |archivedate=2 April 2015 }}</ref> The director had initially convinced [[Nayanthara]] to play the leading female role but did not want to repeat her pairing with Jayam Ravi, as the pair were working on another production, [[M. Raja|Raja]]'s ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'', at the time of casting. Subsequently, he chose to cast [[Hansika Motwani]] in a leading role instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eiway.com/2014/04/11/hansika-replaces-nayanthara/ |title=Hansika replaces Nayanthara ... - E-Iway News |website=Eiway.com |date=2014-04-11 |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archive-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104190112/http://eiway.com/2014/04/11/hansika-replaces-nayanthara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film opened in June 2015 to widespread negative reviews from film critics, with [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of [[The Hindu]] writing, "the film is a disaster...it's impossible to digest the overall preposterousness...''Romeo Juliet'' just cannot make up its mind whether it wants to be a screwball comedy or a melodrama — the tone is all over the place. And the writing is painfully inconsistent".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/romeo-juliet-a-preposterous-mix-of-comedy-and-melodrama/article7309949.ece |title=Review of Romeo Juliet by Baradwaj Rangan, starring Jayam Ravi and Hansika Motwani |work=The Hindu |date=2015-06-12 |accessdate=2016-01-11|last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj }}</ref> [[Rediff]].com wrote, "Lakshman's ''Romeo Juliet'' is just a rehash of old clichés", "he pitches love against money and there are no prizes for guessing which one wins".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-romeo-juliet-is-too-predictable/20150612.htm |title=Review: Romeo Juliet is too predictable - Rediff.com Movies |website=Rediff.com |date=2015-06-12 |accessdate=2016-01-11}}</ref> Similarly [[Sify]].com wrote, "Lakshman has packaged the film in a glossy manner but it is unable to find any spark or chemistry between the lead pair" adding "his direction is amateurish and so the characters are half-baked".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/romeo-juliet-review-tamil-pgnk27gjdjgdh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613092207/http://www.sify.com/movies/romeo-juliet-review-tamil-pgnk27gjdjgdh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2015 |title=Review : Romeo Juliet |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2016-01-11}}</ref> Despite the mixed reviews, the film performed well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-miruthan-will-be-india-s-first-man-versus-nature-film-says-jayam-ravi-2179157|title='Miruthan' will be India's first man vs nature film, says Jayam Ravi|first=Latha|last=Srinivasan|date=18 February 2016|website=DNA India}}</ref>

Following the commercial success of ''Romeo Juliet'', Lakshman and Jayam Ravi announced that they would collaborate for another venture together titled ''[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]'' (2017). In August 2015, [[Prabhu Deva]] revealed that his new film studio, Prabhu Deva Studios, would associate with the actor-director pair as the producer and a launch event was held for the film, alongside Deva's other productions ''[[Sometimes (film)|Sometimes]]'' (2017) and ''[[Vinodhan]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-deva-studios-launch-three-movies-news-tamil-pidrmedafjjie.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409100206/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-deva-studios-launch-three-movies-news-tamil-pidrmedafjjie.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|title=Prabhu Deva studios launch three movies|website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref> Lakshman initially wanted [[Vijay Sethupathi]] to portray a second leading role in the film, but his unavailability led him to consider alternate options. After discussing the role with [[Bobby Simha]], Lakshman finalised [[Arvind Swamy]] for the role, with the actor being seen with Jayam Ravi again after the success of ''Thani Oruvan'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/arvind-swami-to-team-up-with-jayam-ravi-once-again.html|title=Arvind Swami to team up with Jayam Ravi once again?|date=25 November 2015|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151127/entertainment-kollywood/article/arvind-swami-star-opposite-ravi-again|title=Arvind Swami to star opposite Ravi again?|first=s|last=subhakeerthana|date=27 November 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Hansika Motwani]], who starred in ''Romeo Juliet'', also joined the team of the film during late 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jayam-ravi-hansika-bogan-shoot-to-start-from-march-18-in-binny-mills-perambur-tamil-news-154785.html|title=IndiaGlitz - Jayam Ravi Hansika Bogan shoot to start from March 18 in Binny Mills Perambur - Tamil Movie News|date=16 March 2016|publisher=}}</ref> In October 2016, the film ran into trouble after an aspiring director, Anthony, alleged that the story of ''Bogan'' belonged to him. Anthony claimed that he had begun production on a film titled ''Halwa'' starring [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]] for producer [[Kasthuri Raja]] in 2011, and after the film ran into production trouble, he had emailed a copy of the script to ''Bogan'''s co-producer, Ganesh, who later chose to make it with Lakshman as director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/bogan-in-plagiarism-controversy-police-complaint-filed-against-prabhu-deva-director-lakshman-3094705/|title=Bogan in plagiarism controversy, police complaint filed against Prabhu Deva, director Lakshman|date=21 October 2016}}</ref> Anthony later claimed that Ganesh had used [[goonda]]s to attack him, and that he had turned down [[Vikraman]] of the Director’s Association's request for him to take away a compensation package.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/201016/who-has-rights-over-bogan.html|title=Who has rights over Bogan?|first=Janani|last=K|date=20 October 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In reply, Lakshman criticised Anthony and threatened him with legal action for trying slander the film and his name, and revealed that he had been tipped off by producer [[Nemichand Jhabak]] and actress [[Nayanthara]] about Anthony's attempts to use his story in a different project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/22/i-am-ready-to-face-any-issue-legally-lakshman-1530441.html|title=I am ready to face any issue legally: Lakshman|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 October 2016 }}</ref> Concluding the issue, Vikraman suggested that Anthony's claims were false and that he had no sympathy for the pair of the directors as the story seemed strongly inspired from the English film ''[[Face/Off]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wn.com/Bogan_Anthony%27s_Script_Were_Inspired_From_The_Same_African_Movie_Vikraman|title=Bogan Anthony's Script Were Inspired From The Same African Movie Vikraman|website=World News}}</ref>

The next is ''[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]'' (2021), his third consecutive movie with Jayam Ravi. He has directly premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhoomi-review-a-poorly-made-film-7145676/|title=Bhoomi review: A poorly made movie|date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Writer
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nalini Prava Deka

2026-05-01T04:23:14Z

GJSAnnie74: new

{{Short description|Indian writer (1944–2014)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Nalini Prava Deka
| image = Nalini_Prava_Deka.jpg
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|03|11}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|06|15|1944|03|11}}
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], India
| occupation = Author, poet, storyteller, playwright, social activist, [[feminist]]
| years_active = 1964–2014
| spouse = [[Bhabananda Deka]]
| children = Ankur Deka, Arnab Jan Deka, [[Jim Ankan Deka]]
}}'''{{anchor|Bibliography}}'''
'''Nalini Prava Deka''' (11 March 1944 – 15 June 2014) was an author, poet, storyteller, actress and playwright from [[Assam]], a state in India encompassing the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. She was honoured at a 2012 gathering in [[Ledo, Assam|Ledo]] by the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha|Assam Sahitya Sabha]] (Assam Literary Society).<ref name="Tinsukia Online">{{cite web|last1=Online|first1=Tinsukia|title=Assam Sahitya Sabha 2012, Ledo|url=http://www.tinsukiaonline.com/2012/02/assam-sahitya-sabha-2012-lidu-7th.html|website=tinsukiaonline.com|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071149/http://www.tinsukiaonline.com/2012/02/assam-sahitya-sabha-2012-lidu-7th.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Deka promoted Assamese heritage, traditional customs, weaving and fabric art, cooking and folk music with her husband, [[Bhabananda Deka]].<ref name="The Sentinel">{{cite news|last1=Sentinel|first1=The|title=Documentary film, books on Bhabananda–Nalini Prava|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=211080&dtP=2014-12-04&ppr=1#.VJpNfsAHI|access-date=9 January 2015|date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100737/http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=211080&dtP=2014-12-04&ppr=1#.VJpNfsAHI|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> They researched traditional Assamese lifestyle, art, literature and culture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Documentary Screening, Books Release Function|url=http://m.newshunt.com/india/english-newspapers/the-assam-tribune/news/documentary-screening-books-release-function_34098988/c-in-l-english-n-theassam-ncat-news|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150201213900/http://m.newshunt.com/india/english-newspapers/the-assam-tribune/news/documentary-screening-books-release-function_34098988/c-in-l-english-n-theassam-ncat-news|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2015|publisher=News Hunt|date=4 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReviewNE">{{cite web|title=Principal Bhabananda-Nalini Prabha Deka Endowment Lecture|url=http://reviewne.com/dutch-river-scientist-dr-constantin-stere-launched-arnab-jan-dekas-books-brahmaputra-docu-film|website=www.reviewne.com|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sankarjyoti">{{cite news|last1=Sankarjyoti|first1=Dainik|title=Endowment Lecture on Principal Bhabananda-Nalini Prava organised|url=http://www.sankarjyoti.com/current_issue.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225073611/http://www.sankarjyoti.com/current_issue.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|access-date=8 August 2015|date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Deka was the first female editor and publisher of a children's magazine, ''Phul'' (''Flower''),<ref name="An Extraordinary Assamese Couple">{{cite book|last1=Deka|first1=Arnab Jan|title=An Extraordinary Assamese Couple : Life & Socio-Literary Contributions of Prof. Bhabananda Deka & Nalini Prava Deka|date=28 February 2015|publisher=Universal Books & Assam Foundation-India|location=Guwahati, India|isbn=978-1-50845-889-0|pages=38–40|edition=1}}</ref> and wrote 30 critically praised books.<ref name="The Sentinel"/> All India Radio broadcast Deka's radio plays on issues related to women and children.<ref name="The Sentinel"/><ref name=Documentary>{{cite news|last1=Tribune|first1=The Assam|title=Remembering a scholar|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/showpage.asp?id=jan2415%2C12%2C87%2C156%2C1326%2C684|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=Assam Tribune Pvt Ltd|date=24 January 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132531/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/showpage.asp?id=jan2415%2C12%2C87%2C156%2C1326%2C684|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to ''[[the Assam Tribune]]'', Deka has "been like an institution to our society" and "has contributed immensely to the cultural and economic spheres of our state".<ref name="Documentary"/> ''Dainik Sankarjyoti'', an Assamese daily published in [[Guwahati]], described how she played a significant part in nurturing the traditional indigenous Assamese lifestyle and social ethos by promoting indigenous Assamese weaving traditions (maintaining ''taat xaal''—hand looms for weaving ''mekhela sadawr'' and ''suriya chapkawn'') and ''dheki'' (traditional Assamese crop grinders for rice and ''pithaguri''.<ref name="Sankarjyoti" />{{additional citation needed|date=November 2016}} Deka died on 15 June 2014 in Guwahati. ChaiTunes released a music video as a tribute.<ref name="Music Malt">{{cite web|last1=Malk|first1=Music|title=Chaitunes to Release the First Music Video – a Tribute to Assamese Writer Duo|url=http://www.musicmalt.com/2015/04/chaitunes-to-release-first-music-video.html|website=www.musicmalt.com|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="http://reviewne.com">{{cite news|title=Bangalore based music company releases Assamese music video featuring Queen Hazarika and Jim Ankan Deka|url=http://reviewne.com/bangalore-based-music-company-releases-assamese-music-video-featuring-queen-hazarika-jim-ankan-deka|access-date=8 August 2015|publisher=reviewne.com}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Flag-bearer of traditional Assamese lifestyle}}Traditional Assamese lifestyle==
A poet, Deka inculcated the legacy of Assamese culture and heritage in her children.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Samhita|first1=Sankhya|title=In Conversation – Jim Ankan Deka|url=http://www.friedeye.com/in-conversation-jim-ankan-deka/|website=friedeye.com|date=July 2010 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> She set up an indigenous Assamese traditional hand loom (''taat-xaal'') at her homes in New Delhi and Guwahati to produce hand-woven fabrics and garments. Deka wore her hand-woven ''mekhela-sadawr'' and wove ''suriya-sapkawns'' for her husband to wear.<ref name="ReviewNE" /><ref name="Sankarjyoti" /><ref name="An Extraordinary Assamese Couple" /> She set up a crop-grinding tool (''dheki'') at home, using it to producing her family's food from organic herbs. Raw paddy, including rice, wheat and lentils, was ground to produce traditional Assamese food and snacks such as ''saul'', ''kumawl saul'', '' bora saul'', ''sira'', ''aakhoi'' and ''xandawh''. Deka demonstrated self-reliance, even in the city.<ref name="ReviewNE" /><ref name="Sankarjyoti" />

=={{anchor|Book author|Short story writer|Poet and songwriter|Editor of children's magazine}}Author==
Deka wrote and edited a total of 30 books, mostly in Assamese. Some of her writing, including short stories, have been translated into English.<ref name="Documentary"/> Deka's books have been reviewed by [[Maheswar Neog]], [[Bhupen Hazarika]], Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya, [[Sheelabhadra]], Rammal Thakuria, [[Bhabananda Deka]], Bisweswar Hazarika and Kanak Chandra Deka. She had a cordial relationship with Bhupen Hazarika and [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]] (Indira Goswami), and Hazarika wrote an article about one of her books.<ref>{{cite web|last1=India|first1=North East|title=Dr. Mamoni Raisom Goswami – a Tribute by Nalini Prava Deka|url=http://www.india-north-east.com/2011/12/dr-mamoni-raisom-goswami-tribute-by.html|website=india-north-east.com|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101314/http://www.india-north-east.com/2011/12/dr-mamoni-raisom-goswami-tribute-by.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=India|first1=North East|title=Dr. Bhupen Hazarika – a Tribute by Nalini Prava Deka|url=http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/10/dr-bhupen-hazarika-tribute-by-nalini.html|website=india-north-east.com|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092429/http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/10/dr-bhupen-hazarika-tribute-by-nalini.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A compilation by Deka and her husband entitled ''Sahityik Dampati Adhyaksha Bhabananda Deka–Nalini Prava Deka''<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Documentary, Books to be released|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec0414|publisher=The Assam Tribune|date=4 December 2014|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503042216/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec0414|url-status=dead}}</ref> was introduced on 4 December 2014 in Guwahati.<ref name="The Sentinel"/><ref name="Documentary"/> Another book (''An Extraordinary Assamese Couple'', about Deka and her husband) was introduced on 28 February 2015 by Dutch scientist and author Constantin Aurel Stere.<ref name="ReviewNE" />

She wrote three short-story collections, including 2011's ''Elandhu'' (''Smut'', with some English-language stories) and ''Ebigha Mati'' (''A Plot of Land'') (1990).<ref name="The Sentinel"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Assamese Writer Nalini Prava Deka's Book 'Elandhu' Released in Guwahati|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KdmHWdf5vI|website=YouTube|access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> Deka's short stories emphasized brotherhood and religious tolerance.<ref name="Google Books">{{cite web|last1=Books|first1=Google|title=Elandhu : The Soot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu7KzXWgr-YC|website=books.google.com|date=21 March 2012|publisher=Eastern Fare Foundation}}</ref> Many of her poems were played and sung by Assamese musicians and singers.<ref name="Music Malt"/><ref name="http://reviewne.com"/> Deka began editing a popular children's magazine, ''Phul'' (''Flower''), in 1987<ref name="Documentary"/><ref name="The Sentinel"/> and printed and published the magazine for several years on her own printing press.<ref name="An Extraordinary Assamese Couple"/>

=={{anchor|Radio playwright}}Playwright==
Deka was a popular Assamese first-generation female radio playwright in Assam since the early 1970s. Her plays centered around issues concerning women and children,<ref name="Documentary"/> and many were broadcast on [[All India Radio]] from Guwahati.<ref name="Documentary film">{{cite news|work=The Sentinel|title=Documentary film, books on Bhabananda–Nalini Prava|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=211080&dtP=2014-12-04&ppr=1#211080|access-date=31 December 2014|publisher=Omega Publishers Pvt Ltd|date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100737/http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=211080&dtP=2014-12-04&ppr=1#211080|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Deka acted in some of her radio plays and onstage.

=={{anchor|Prominent social activist of North East India}}Social activist==
Deka was a leading social activist in Assam and played a role in the establishment of national and international organisations, including the Srimanta Sankardev International Foundation, Assam Foundation–India, Delhi Asomiya Sahitya Samaj, Sadou Asam Moina Parijat, Kamrup (undivided) District Sahitya Sabha, Sadou Asam Chemoniya Chora, Pub–Sarania Naamghar, Rajgarh Sahitya Chora, Pohar Proyasi Mohila Samiti, Urvashi Kristi Kendra and Urvashi Sangeet Vidyalay. She was the founding president of Purbanchaliya Mohila Parishad, the female wing of a regional political organisation in [[Northeast India]]. Through these organisations, Deka promoted Assamese heritage, culture and literature all over the world and began a social renaissance through female empowerment and religious tolerance.<ref name="The Sentinel" /> Her effort to create a social awakening in Assam inspired the song, "Xare Aso" ("We Are Awake").<ref name="Music Malt"/><ref name="http://reviewne.com"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Assam|first1=Magical|title=Xaare Asu|url=http://www.magicalassam.com/2015/05/xaare-aasu-queen-hazarika-and-jim-ankan-deka-video.html|website=magicalassam.com|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Deka, Nalini Prava}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Assamese-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian storytellers]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Writers from Guwahati]]
[[Category:People from Kamrup district]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:Women writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

Salma (writer)

2026-04-30T05:56:11Z

GJSAnnie74: Made Pg

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{infobox officeholder
| office1 = [[Chairperson]] of Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Board
| term_start1 = 2006
| party = [[Image:Flag DMK.svg|20px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| term_end1 = 2011
| image = SalmaDSC 0099.JPG
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 25 July 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[M. M. Abdulla]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Sarpanch|President]] of [[Ponnampatti]] [[Nagar panchayat|Town Council]]
| term_start2 = 2001
| term_end2 = 2006
| children = 2
| spouse = {{marriage |Malik||1988}}
| citizenship = [[India]]
| birth_name = Rajathi Samsudeen
| birth_place = [[Thuvarankurichi]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| occupation = Writer and Political activist
| awards = Mahakavi Kanhaiyalal Sethia Award (2019)
}}
'''Rakkiaiah''' (alternatively '''Rokkiah''', born '''Rajathi Samsudeen''' in 1968<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Sheikh Zakir|date=11 December 2013|title=Salma: Writing the poetry of freedom|url=http://twocircles.net/2013dec11/salma_writing_poetry_freedom.html|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[Two Circles]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=11 February 2019|title='Writing is an extremely political act'|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/salma-poet-tamil-jaipur-literature-festival-kanhaiyyalal-sethia-award-nahla-nainar-women-feminism-dmk/article26236115.ece|access-date=16 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130012/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/salma-poet-tamil-jaipur-literature-festival-kanhaiyyalal-sethia-award-nahla-nainar-women-feminism-dmk/article26236115.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>) is an [[Tamils|Indian Tamil]] writer, activist, and politician known by the [[pen name]] '''Salma''' and the [[nickname]] '''Rajathi''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Anandan|first=S.|date=25 July 2015|title=Writer Salma eager to take another pen name|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/writer-salma-eager-to-take-another-pen-name/article7462938.ece|access-date=16 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125940/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/writer-salma-eager-to-take-another-pen-name/article7462938.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and often referred to as '''Rajathi Salma'''.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=Lakshmi|date=3 May 2015|title=Songs of fortitude|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/heroes/Poet-Rajathi-Salma.html|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[The Week (India)|The Week]]|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125941/https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/heroes/Poet-Rajathi-Salma.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Her works have received international acclaim and she is renowned as a sensation in contemporary [[Tamil literature]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":022" />

She is a Rajya Sabha member<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=Acclaimed writer-activist Salma is DMK's surprise pick for Rajya Sabha |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2025/05/29/acclaimed-writer-activist-salma-is-dmks-surprise-pick-for-rajya-sabha/?utm_source=chatgpt.com/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and involved in [[Women's rights|women's]] and [[transgender rights]] activism.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Sundaram|first=Kannan|date=6 May 2017|title=With poetry and a pen name|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/with-poetry-and-a-pen-name/article18389582.ece|access-date=16 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125943/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/with-poetry-and-a-pen-name/article18389582.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2007 and 2011, she served as the chairperson of the State Social Welfare Board of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Salma {{!}} Author Profile|url=https://www.speakingtigerbooks.com/authors/salma/|access-date=16 November 2020|publisher=[[Speaking Tiger Books]]|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125943/https://www.speakingtigerbooks.com/authors/salma/|url-status=live}}</ref> Salma is also the founder of a non-government women's rights organisation named "Your Hope is Remaining".<ref name=":12" />

== Biography ==

=== 1968–1994: Early life ===
Salma was born in the [[Thuvarankurichi]] near [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to a conservative [[Rowther]] Muslim family.<ref name=":0" /> At a very early age, she became interested in reading. She was unable to pursue her interest in literature due to oppressive rules in her house which restricted her movement. On one occasion she was able to sneak out with a cousin and a male friend to watch a [[Malayalam language]] film, ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'', in the theater; the film depicted the life of a teenage prostitute although Salma was oblivious of the topic at the time. Upon finding out about the adventure, her parents were infuriated. They pulled her out of school before she turned 15 and secluded her at home. Her cousin and her friend did not face heavy consequences and eventually her friend began sneaking books to her from the village library. As a result, during her teen years Salma became an avid reader and writer. She was enamored with [[Russian literature]], having read the translated works of [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]], and her icons became figures like [[Nelson Mandela]] and [[Che Guevara]] instead of film stars.<ref name=":022" />

At the age of 13, Salma was betrothed to a cousin named Malik but was able to postpone the marriage until she was 19,<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":022" /> when her mother persuaded her to marry by feigning a heart attack.<ref name=":022" /> Following marriage, Salma was granted the name of Rokkiah Begum and had two children.<ref name=":0" /> Her interest in literature continued in her married life and was seen as akin to insanity by her family.<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Halarnkar|first=Samar|date=7 June 2018|title=Why 1,000 female paramilitary soldiers have no last name, and why that matters to India|url=https://scroll.in/article/863820/why-1000-female-paramilitary-soldiers-have-no-male-name-and-why-that-matters-to-india|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130007/https://scroll.in/article/863820/why-1000-female-paramilitary-soldiers-have-no-male-name-and-why-that-matters-to-india|url-status=live}}</ref> At the age of 22, Salma wrote her first poem, ''Oppandham'', as an outlet for her frustration and anger with her situation.<ref name=":022" /> Forced to hide her passion from her family, she would write while sitting on the toilet, on pieces of paper ripped from calendars and notebooks.<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Naidoo|first=Shanthini|date=5 November 2017|title=IN PICTURES: In praise of India's human goddesses|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2017-11-05-in-pictures-in-praise-of-indias-human-goddesses/|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[Times Live]]|language=en-ZA|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125957/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2017-11-05-in-pictures-in-praise-of-indias-human-goddesses/|url-status=live}}</ref> She was subjected to abuse by her husband because of her desire to write and he would often destroy her work if he found it. Her mother eventually helped her by smuggling out poems from her home and getting them published in a Tamil weekly.<ref name=":022" />

=== 1994–2006: Literary career and political debut ===
Around 1994–98, Salma had become a well-known figure in Tamil literary circles. She was signed with the Kalachuvadu publishing house and was invited to a number of literary conventions around Tamil Nadu which she visited under the guise of medical visits. Since a woman travelling alone was frowned upon in her social setting, her mother accompanied her on her first event in the city of [[Chennai]].<ref name=":3" />

Her family, however, continued to be apprehensive of her activities and regarded them as subversive.<ref name=":3" /> Her poems were described as unconventional as they covered social issues and did not refrain from mentioning women's sexuality, which eventually invoked the wrath of the social orthodoxy in her conservative neighbourhood as well as of her family, especially as she wrote poetry under her birth name and nickname of Rajathi.<ref name=":0" /> Their reaction caused her to adopt the pen name of Salma,<ref name=":22" /> appropriated from a character in a [[Kahlil Gibran]] novel.<ref name=":12" /> She published her first anthology of poems,<ref name=":0" /> ''Oru Malaiyum, Innoru Malaiyum'' under this name in 2000.<ref name=":12" /> In the same year, she was invited to a major three-day literary event called the World Tamil Conference set in Chennai. She attended, but refused to go on stage fearing that if a picture were to be published in the press it would raise controversy in her village and family. She also began writing a novel, which she completed by 2001 but was hesitant about publishing.<ref name=":3" />

In 2001, Salma contested the ''[[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]'' (local body) elections in [[Ponnampatti]] and was subsequently elected as the ''panchayat'' leader.<ref name=":12" /> In her testimony she states that her family was not opposed to her contesting as it was a constituency reserved for women and they intended to control it through her; but instead she carved out an opportunity for herself.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Muralidharan|first=Kavitha|date=16 December 2019|title=Tamil Nadu's Parties Have Found a Time-Worn Solution to the 50% Women's Reservation 'Problem'|url=https://thewire.in/politics/tamil-nadu-election-women-quota|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125942/https://thewire.in/politics/tamil-nadu-election-women-quota|url-status=live}}</ref> She was able to eventually leverage her position and become independent as she began serving as an elected official, chairing meetings and educating women in her community. In 2002, she was invited to an international women's rights conference held in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":022" /> She published her second anthology of poems, ''Devathai'', in 2003,<ref name=":12" /> and acceded to publishing her novel,<ref name=":3" /> ''Irandaam Jaamangalin Kadhai'' in 2004.<ref name=":1" /> The novel was described as a semi-autobiographical work,<ref name=":4" /> and depicted the life and hardships faced by a young girl called Rabia born in an orthodox Muslim minority community who staunchly clung to their traditions and ritual observance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2009|title=A seminal novel|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/827672/a-seminal-novel|access-date=17 November 2020|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130008/https://www.dawn.com/news/827672/a-seminal-novel|url-status=live}}</ref>

Salma states that she was impressed by the chief minister [[Karunanidhi]], whom she calls the "poet of progress" for having instituted the 50% reservation quota for women in local body elections and for paying attention to women's issues, which ultimately led her to join the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Salma|date=8 August 2018|title=Karunanidhi: The Poet of Progress|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/karunanidhi-the-poet-of-progress/314670|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[Outlook India]]|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130015/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/karunanidhi-the-poet-of-progress/314670|url-status=live}}</ref> After joining the party, she was appointed as the deputy secretary of the party's women's wing.<ref name=":0" /> In the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], the party nominated her to contest as the candidate from the [[Marungapuri (state assembly constituency)|Marungapuri constituency]].<ref name=":0" /> She lost the election by 1,200 votes, polling at 55,378 votes cast in her favor against 57,910 votes cast in favor of the winning candidate.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu 2006|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3339-tamil-nadu-2006/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130015/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3339-tamil-nadu-2006/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the campaigning, her opponent had circulated sexually explicit material from her writings in an attempt to swing some voters in his favor.<ref name=":0" /> Some of her male party workers had also reportedly hindered the campaigning efforts, to which she had later exclaimed that "some things never change for women".<ref name=":022" />

=== 2006–Present: Later career ===
Despite the loss, she was appointed as the chairperson of the State Social Welfare Trust, as the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was able to attain a majority in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] and form a government.<ref name=":3" /> During her tenure as chairperson, Salma was noted for her advocacy for the establishment of a number of welfare schemes and for launching several initiatives which were considered landmark schemes for transgender rights.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=30 December 2013|title=Books Reviews (Authors): Salma|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/salma/article5518608.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116110934/https://www.thehindu.com/books/salma/article5518608.ece|archive-date=16 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was also instrumental in launching an [[awareness campaign]] for the Domestic Violence Act and holding training programmes among police personnel, counselors, judges and women. In 2010, Salma founded the Chennai-based [[non-government organisation]] "Your Hope is Remaining", and began working as a social worker among rural women in an effort to promote [[gender equality]].<ref name=":12" /> In 2011, she lost her position as the chairperson of the State Social Welfare Trust when the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was voted out of power.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=23 February 2013|title=Documentary {{!}} Endurance test|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HI3GjsFP8Zq7MRdhoZdNCO/Documentary--Endurance-test.html|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130024/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HI3GjsFP8Zq7MRdhoZdNCO/Documentary--Endurance-test.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the meantime, her anthology of short stories ''Saabam'' was published in 2009,<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Yoosuf Ali|first=Shameela|date=22 August 2016|title=Rajathi Salma on a Journey of Courage and Creativity|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/rajathi-salma-journey-courage-creativity|access-date=2 December 2020|website=DESIblitz|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130016/https://www.desiblitz.com/content/rajathi-salma-journey-courage-creativity|url-status=live}}</ref> which was translated by N Kalyan Raman into English as ''The Curse: Stories.''<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Shekar|first=Anjana|date=12 November 2020|title=Women of many shades: Salma speaks on her new book 'The Curse: Stories'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-many-shades-salma-speaks-her-new-book-curse-stories-137468|access-date=2 December 2020|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130009/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-many-shades-salma-speaks-her-new-book-curse-stories-137468|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, she published her second novel ''Manaamiyangal,''<ref name=":8" /> which narrated the parallel lives of two women named Mehar and Parveen.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Simar|date=27 November 2020|title=Review: Women, Dreaming by Salma|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-women-dreaming-by-salma/story-Z2zcxJtek6rxKPVwSqFGuN.html|access-date=2 December 2020|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130013/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-women-dreaming-by-salma/story-Z2zcxJtek6rxKPVwSqFGuN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=25 October 2020|title=Read Of The Week (Oct 25th to Oct 31st)|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-books/read-of-the-week-oct-25th-to-oct-31st-905939.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125944/https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-books/read-of-the-week-oct-25th-to-oct-31st-905939.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In a review by the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', the novel was described as having captured [[Hélène Cixous]]'s "feminine practice of writing".<ref name=":9" /> It was translated from Tamil to English by [[Meena Kandasamy]] under the title of ''Women, Dreaming''.<ref name=":10" />

== Social and political beliefs ==

=== On women's issues and feminism ===
Salma holds the position that writing itself is a political act as one draws from society which in turn becomes a means of conveying political thought.<ref name=":12" /> Her writings themselves have been described on multiple occasions as one capturing a feminine perspective in them.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":9" /> According to her, the popular notion of a "well-defined morality" for a woman leads to the suppression of her body and mind, and that from her perspective, morality is about love, about whether one prioritises making people happy and not hurting them.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Rawther|first=Soyesh H.|date=6 January 2010|title=Salma beyond words|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Salma-beyond-words/article16836414.ece|access-date=16 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125945/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Salma-beyond-words/article16836414.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She states that women are expected to get married and become homemakers, whereas looking after the family should be the joint responsibility of both partners,<ref name=":12" /> and adds that women need the freedom to choose and act without fear, and that they do not need a man's permission to do so.<ref name=":6" /> Regarding face covering for women, she has taken the position that dressing is a personal choice of women and that no one has the right to dictate what one can or can not wear.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Manasa|date=28 January 2020|title=BJP's Pon Radhakrishnan seeks ban on covering faces, gets slammed for Islamophobia|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bjp-s-pon-radhakrishnan-seeks-ban-covering-faces-gets-slammed-islamophobia-117010|access-date=2 December 2020|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130016/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bjp-s-pon-radhakrishnan-seeks-ban-covering-faces-gets-slammed-islamophobia-117010|url-status=live}}</ref>

On asked whether she considers herself a [[Feminism|feminist]], Salma states that she does not identify herself as a feminist but is not opposed to being called one.<ref name=":6" /> According to her, while women have many more opportunities compared to the past, they still are not seen at equals of men by society at large. She has also come out in support of the [[MeToo movement in India]], stating that it was long overdue and has given women the courage to speak up against [[workplace harassment]].<ref name=":12" /> Since 2015, Salma has come out in explicit support for the LGBT movement in India as well.<ref name=":0" />

=== On religious conservatism ===
Salma has been severely critical of Muslim religious orthodoxy in both her writing and advocacy.<ref name=":0" /> In particular, she has condemned the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] for enabling misogynistic attitudes and the tradition of [[triple talaq]] to persist among the Muslim community in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Salma|date=26 July 2017|title=Speaking up for Muslim women|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/speaking-up-for-muslim-women-triple-talaq-muslim-personal-law-board-islamic-laws-4762811/|access-date=2 December 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125945/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/speaking-up-for-muslim-women-triple-talaq-muslim-personal-law-board-islamic-laws-4762811/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to her, religious fundamentalist leaders have attempted to appropriate culture as a whole and in the process resorted to intimidation of writers such as [[Taslima Nasrin]], [[M. F. Husain]] and [[Salman Rushdie]].<ref name=":0" />

She also holds that democracy in India is faltering as dissidents are being characterised as ''[[Urban Naxals]]'' and targeted with violence and state repression.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Smita|date=3 March 2020|title=The Badass Women 2020 List is Out|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/badass-women-2020-shethepeople/|access-date=2 December 2020|website=SheThePeople.TV|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130027/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?dnt=true&embedId=twitter-widget-4&features=eyJ0ZndfZXhwZXJpbWVudHNfY29va2llX2V4cGlyYXRpb24iOnsiYnVja2V0IjoxMjA5NjAwLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X2hvcml6b25fdHdlZXRfZW1iZWRfOTU1NSI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJodGUiLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfX0%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1390744013234491394&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shethepeople.tv%2Fhome-top-video%2Fbadass-women-2020-shethepeople%2F&sessionId=a6fa37f195164714dcbd65245673084a0fa1966f&theme=light&widgetsVersion=82e1070%3A1619632193066&width=500px|url-status=live}}</ref> Salma has attributed the rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as the reason for increase in caste based violence in Tamil Nadu,<ref name=":0" /> accused the party of attempting to ferment hatred against every Muslims<ref name=":13" /> and of attempting to control culture by resorting to the same tactics by targeting artists like [[Perumal Murugan]], Puliyoor Murugesan, [[Gunasekaran Sundarraj]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]].<ref name=":0" />

== Reception, recognition, and awards ==
Salma's life has been extensively documented by [[Kim Longinotto]] in her documentary ''Salma'', which is described as a journey of an under-educated housewife who was subjected to an effective form of house arrest and became an acclaimed Tamil literary figure. Longinotto herself described Salma as an "extraordinary beacon of hope".<ref name=":4" /> The documentary, which was screened in 2013, received several awards and was seen in eleven countries.<ref name=":022" />

The Indian magazine ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' accorded Salma the title of "Symbol of Perseverance" in one of its feature articles.<ref name=":022" /> Her works have been translated by the acclaimed [[Lakshmi Holmström]] and featured along with the likes of [[Sukirtharani]], [[Malathi Maitri]], and [[Kutti Revathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sivapriya|first=R.|date=10 May 2016|title=Reading Lakshmi Holmström (1935–2016), whose translations took Tamil literature to world readers|url=http://scroll.in/article/807825/reading-lakshmi-holmstrom-1935-2016-whose-translations-took-tamil-literature-to-world-readers|access-date=17 November 2020|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130020/https://scroll.in/article/807825/reading-lakshmi-holmstrom-1935-2016-whose-translations-took-tamil-literature-to-world-readers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Swami|first=Sridala|date=16 March 2013|title=Book Review {{!}} Wild Girls Wicked Words|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/BpFGmZOrwdKyaAeyVmALHM/Book-Review--Wild-Girls-Wicked-Words.html|access-date=18 November 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510130034/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/BpFGmZOrwdKyaAeyVmALHM/Book-Review--Wild-Girls-Wicked-Words.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Salma received the fourth edition of the Mahakavi Kanhaiyalal Sethia Award at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in 2019.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":1" />

== Bibliography ==

=== Anthology of poems ===
* ''Oru Maalaiyum Innoru Maalaiyum,'' (''An Evening and Another Evening,'' 2000)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Subramaniam|first=Arundhathi|date=1 December 2006|title=Salma (poet) - India|url=https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/8126/Salma/en/tile|access-date=16 November 2020|website=[[Poetry International Web]]|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510125955/https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/8126/Salma/en/tile|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Pachchai Devathai,'' (''Green Angel,'' 2003)<ref name=":5" />

=== Novels ===
* ''Irandaam Jaamangalin Kathai,'' (''The Hours Past Midnight,'' 2004)<ref name=":5" />
*''Manaamiyangal'' (''Dreams'', 2016)<ref name=":1" />

=== Collections ===
* ''Sabaam'' (Curses, 2009 & 2012)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salma}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Zero Poverty Uttar Pradesh Campaign

2026-04-30T00:45:52Z

GJSAnnie74: Made A Article

{{Short description|Initiative by Government of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox project|abbreviation=ZPUP|native_name=''Jīrō Pôvarṭī Uttara Pradēśa Abhiyāna''|name=Zero Poverty|country={{flag|India}}|chiefminister=Yogi Adityanath|date_of_establishment={{Start date and age|2024|10|02|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-02 |title=Yogi pledges to make UP India's first 'zero poverty' state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/yogi-pledges-to-make-up-india-s-first-zero-poverty-state-101727893514646.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003072924/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/yogi-pledges-to-make-up-india-s-first-zero-poverty-state-101727893514646.html |archive-date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>|state=Uttar Pradesh|website=[https://zero-poverty.in/ Zero Poverty Program]|logo=Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg|caption=Logo of the campaign|logo_size=250px|launch_date=[[Gandhi Jayanti]]|motto=|mission_statement=An endeavour to make Uttar Pradesh the first zero-poverty State of India<ref name="Zero Poverty Program">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=Zero Poverty Program|url=https://zero-poverty.in}}</ref>|slogan=''Samāvēśa aisā kī kōī bhī nā chūṭē'' An inclusion such that no one is left out<ref name="Zero Poverty Program"/>|key_people=Manoj Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief secretary of Uttar Pradesh]]|image=}}
'''Zero Poverty Uttar Pradesh Campaign''',{{Efn|[[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Jīrō Pôvarṭī Uttara Pradēśa Abhiyāna''}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zero Poverty Program |url=https://zero-poverty.in/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=zero-poverty.in}}</ref>''' also known as the '''Zero Poverty''' program,{{Efn|[[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Jīrō Pôvarṭī Abhiyāna''}} is an initiative by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] that was rolled out on {{Date|Oct 2, 2024}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Lucknow: 'Zero Poverty' अभियान ने पकड़ी रफ्तार, 2 अक्टूबर 2025 तक यूपी को गरीबी मुक्त बनाने का लक्ष्य |url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/514246/zero-poverty-campaign-gains-momentum-for-poverty-free-state#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.amritvichar.com |language=hi}}</ref> It was announced by [[Yogi Adityanath]], the [[chief minister of Uttar Pradesh]] on the occasion of [[Gandhi Jayanti]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-02 |title=Yogi pledges to make UP India's first 'zero poverty' state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/yogi-pledges-to-make-up-india-s-first-zero-poverty-state-101727893514646.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003072924/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/yogi-pledges-to-make-up-india-s-first-zero-poverty-state-101727893514646.html |archive-date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

The aim behind the program is to identify the extremely poor families in the state and proactively channelise [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] of various departments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-07 |title='Zero poverty': UP starts identification of families to be brought into mainstream |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-aims-for-zero-poverty-digital-tools-transform-identification-of-poor-families/articleshow/113993409.cms |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Under this campaign, the state has identified the poorest 10 to 25 families from each [[gram panchayat]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=गांधी जयंती: प्रदेश में शुरू हुआ जीरो पॉवर्टी अभियान, हर गांव में चिह्नित किए जाएंगे सबसे निर्धन 10 से 25 परिवार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/gandhi-jayanti-zero-poverty-campaign-started-in-the-state-10-to-25-poorest-families-will-be-identified-in-ev-2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> These welfares included both in-kind and cash transfers like [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]], Mukhyamantri Awas Yojana, [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi]], Shramik card, a golden card under [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] and other pension-related schemes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firozabad News: प्रधानमंत्री आवास व जीरो पावर्टी लाभार्थी योजना से गरीबों को मिलेगा लाभ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/firozabad/the-poor-will-benefit-from-the-prime-ministers-housing-and-zero-poverty-beneficiary-scheme-firozabad-news-c-169-1-sagr1026-143475-2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

The government has announced the campaign to take place in phases<ref name=":1" /> and has set {{Date|Oct 2, 2025}} as the target,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title=Poverty-free UP: Survey begins to identify 15 lakh poorest families |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/poverty-free-state-up-launches-survey-to-identify-poor-families/articleshow/116839285.cms |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> aiming to bring the annual income of the families to a minimum of {{INRConvert|1.25|l|lk=l|year=2025}}, both from Direct Benefit Transfers and custom livelihood support for the identified poor households.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Yogi Government's UP Budget 2025: Infra, education in spotlight- 7 key takeaways |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-yogi-adityanath-uttar-pradesh-up-government-presents-over-rs-808-lakh-crore-state-budget-focus-on-boosting-infrastructure-investment-zero-poverty-abhiyan-artificial-intelligence-city-adarsh-smart-348127 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Percentage of population who are multidimensionally poor by State and Union Territory.svg|left|thumb|[[Percentage]] of population who are multidimensionally poor by state and union territory. Uttar Pradesh currently has one of the highest [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty]] in [[India]].]]
[[Uttar Pradesh]] has one of the highest [[poverty rate]]s in [[India]], ranked [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|25th out of 28 states]] in 2023 in terms of [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty]] by the [[NITI Aayog]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Multidimensional Poverty in India Since 2005-06 |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/MPI-22_NITI-Aayog20254.pdf |website=[[Niti Aayog]]}}</ref> From 2018 to 2023, 13.5 crore Indians moved out of multidimensional poverty in India,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=135 million Indians moved out of multidimensional poverty in last 5 years: Niti Aayog report |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/135-million-indians-moved-out-of-multidimensional-poverty-in-last-5-years-niti-aayog-report-90692 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref> of which Uttar Pradesh alone had 3.44 [[crore]] people, the highest in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=U.P. leads in poverty reduction, Yogi says BIMARU tag gone |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-emerges-as-saksham-rajya-in-poverty-reduction-sheds-bimaru-tag-niti-aayog-101689707207414.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923171642/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-emerges-as-saksham-rajya-in-poverty-reduction-sheds-bimaru-tag-niti-aayog-101689707207414.html |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> It has witnessed one of the steepest declines in poverty alongside states like [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ranjan |first=Rahul |title=In National Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2023, Bihar recorded the steepest decline in number of MPI poor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/blackslate-corner/in-national-multidimensional-poverty-index-2023-bihar-recorded-the-steepest-decline-in-number-of-mpi-poor/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Yogi Adityanath]], the current [[chief minister of Uttar Pradesh]], has stated that with the current rate of [[investment]], by 2029, the [[nominal GDP]] of the state shall reach [[Dollar sign|$]]1 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Budget session: सीएम योगी का दावा- यूपी में छह करोड़ लोगों को गरीबी रेखा से निकाला गया |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/up-budget-session-2025-cm-yogi-adityanath-addressed-the-house-2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-24 |title=UP to become USD 1 trillion economy in four years, moving towards zero poverty: CM Adityanath |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/up-to-become-usd-1-trillion-economy-in-four-years-moving-towards-zero-poverty-cm-adityanath/articleshow/117527570.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Since 2017, Uttar Pradesh has experienced a significant economic turnaround, with the [[unemployment rate]] dropping from 19% to less than 3%, and [[per capita income]] rising from {{INRConvert|46|k|lk=on|year=2017}} to {{INRConvert|1.24|l|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unemployment down, per capita GDP up since 2017: UP CM on 8 yrs of govt |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/unemployment-down-per-capita-gdp-up-since-2017-up-cm-on-8-yrs-of-govt-125032400686_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326055045/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/unemployment-down-per-capita-gdp-up-since-2017-up-cm-on-8-yrs-of-govt-125032400686_1.html |archive-date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:GDP of Uttar Pradesh districts February 2025.png|thumb|[[GSDP]] of the [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts of Uttar Pradesh]], March 2025. The western regions have greater income than the rest of the state.]]
The disparity between the western region of Uttar Pradesh compared to the rest of the state has been significant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical land policies and socioeconomic development: The case of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/human-development/historical-land-policies-and-socioeconomic-development-the-case-of-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Ideas For India |language=en}}</ref> Among the ten richest districts of the state by [[GDP per capita]], seven are from west Uttar Pradesh - [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]], [[Meerut district|Meerut]], [[Etah district|Etah]], [[Agra district|Agra]], [[Amroha district|Amroha]], [[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]] and [[Hapur district|Hapur]]. On the other hand, all of the bottom ten districts are from east Uttar Pradesh - [[Chandauli district|Chandauli]], [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]], [[Deoria district|Deoria]], [[Ballia district|Ballia]], [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]], [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]] and [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-07 |title=Regional disparities persist, west U.P. far ahead of east |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-s-regional-disparities-western-districts-lead-in-development-indicators-eastern-districts-lag-behind-101694030468889.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914002723/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-s-regional-disparities-western-districts-lead-in-development-indicators-eastern-districts-lag-behind-101694030468889.html |archive-date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2023, the Gautam Buddha Nagar district contributed to 8.91% of the state's [[GSDP of Indian states|GDP]], whereas the bottom 65 districts combined contributed to less than 4%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Resolving regional disparities |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/resolving-regional-disparities/3349241/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

On {{Date|Oct 2, 2024}}, on the day of [[Gandhi Jayanti]], Adityanath launched the Zero Poverty Program,<ref>{{Cite web |title=गांधी जयंती: प्रदेश में शुरू हुआ जीरो पॉवर्टी अभियान, हर गांव में चिह्नित किए जाएंगे सबसे निर्धन 10 से 25 परिवार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/gandhi-jayanti-zero-poverty-campaign-started-in-the-state-10-to-25-poorest-families-will-be-identified-in-ev-2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> with the aim to [[eradicate poverty]] in the state within one year,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-03 |title=Uttar Pradesh targets to achieve 'Zero Poverty' status in one year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-aims-for-zero-poverty-in-one-year-a-bold-initiative-for-uplifting-families/articleshow/113885312.cms |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> stating that Uttar Pradesh shall be the first state to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=UP to be country's first 'zero poverty' state in a year: CM Yogi Adityanath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-to-be-countrys-first-zero-poverty-state-in-a-year-cm-yogi-adityanath-9600878/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The initiative aimed to survey the rural poor households on four basic criteria:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunj |first=Shrishti |date=5 October 2024 |title=गरीबों का सर्वे करेगी योगी सकरार, जीरो पावर्टी की मुहिम के तहत करेगी निर्धनताका आकलन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/up-yogi-adityanath-government-to-poor-survey-under-zero-poverty-campaign-to-eradicate-poverty-201728095287933.html |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref>

# Families that are homeless or live in [[Kutcha house|''kutcha'' houses]]
# Landless families who have no other option of livelihood except agriculture;
# Families dependent on daily wages, agricultural labour and have uncertain and irregular income;
# Families which lack financial resources; there is always a shortage of food and clothing in the family.

The government announced that it shall partner with [[corporation]]s and leverage the [[corporate social responsibility]] fund for the same.<ref>{{Cite web |title=यूपी के 15 लाख गरीब परिवारों की नए साल में बदलेगी तकदीर, आठ महीने चलेगा महा अभियान |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/lucknow/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-govt-start-zero-poverty-mission-for-15-lakh-poor-families/2583875 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> Overall, over 20 schemes run by the [[state government]] were to be provided to such families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2025 |title=जीरो पावर्टी योजना के पात्रों को मिलेगा छूटी सभी योजनाओं का लाभ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/etah/story-zero-poverty-scheme-government-benefits-for-extremely-poor-families-in-villages-201740422229454.amp.html |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref> By the end of 2024, the state government had begun conducting surveys to identify 15 [[lakh]] extremely poor families for the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2024-12-31 |title='Zero Poverty' campaign gains momentum in UP to meet Oct 2, 2025 deadline |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/zero-poverty-campaign-gains-momentum-in-up-to-meet-oct-2-2025-deadline-1503381474.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Budget ==
In February 2025, the ninth budget session under chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] and the sixth session under [[Ministry of finance|finance minister]] [[Suresh Kumar Khanna]] took place. This was the first time Zero Poverty Program was discussed during a budget session.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-21 |title=Zero-poverty goal in budget will change state's scenario: UP finance minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/zero-poverty-goal-in-budget-will-change-states-scenario-up-finance-minister/articleshow/118430075.cms |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In this, the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] announced the allocation of {{INRConvert|250|c|year=2025}} towards the scheme, to ensure adequate availability of [[food]] and [[clothing]], [[education]], [[medicine]], [[housing]] facilities and [[Sustainable finance|sustainable income]] to poor families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=UP Budget: In new schemes, target zero poverty, clean air |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-budget-in-new-schemes-target-zero-poverty-clean-air-9847627/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=New scheme push in UP budget: Chevening scholarship, cookery training, zero poverty & clean air campaigns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/new-scheme-push-in-up-budget-chevening-scholarship-cookery-training-zero-poverty-clean-air-campaigns-9847645/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The government had aimed to bring the annual income of such families to at least {{INRConvert|1.25|l|lk=l|year=2025}}.<ref name=":4" />

As a part of the campaign, the Mukhyamantri Suposhan Yojana ({{Translation|Chief Minister Nutrition Scheme}}) was launched on {{Date|May 3, 2025}}.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=Yogi orders launch of Mukhyamantri Suposhan Yojana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/yogi-orders-launch-of-mukhyamantri-suposhan-yojana-101746294881442.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It was first launched in 8 districts, for which a budget of {{INRConvert|254.83|c|lk=on|year=2025}} was presented.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-10 |title=बच्चों को लेकर क्या करने जा रही योगी सरकार? यूपी के आठ जिलों में शुरू किया ये अभियान |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/mukhyamantri-nutrition-campaign-will-be-run-all-aspirational-districts-under-guidance-yogi-adityanath-201746876042530.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

For the [[Rationing|ration]] delivery system, under the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act]], the state government approved a budget of {{INRConvert|179.42|c|lk=c|year=2025}} on {{Date|May 14, 2025}} for the [[procurement]] and delivery of the ration, and for interstate coordination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Cabinet meet: UP Govt sets aside Rs 179.42 cr to boost ration delivery |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cabinet-meet-govt-rs-179-42-cr-ration-delivery-10008656/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As a part of the campaign, Uttar Pradesh was granted {{INRConvert|12031|c|lk=c|year=2025}} under the [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] on {{Date|Jul 26, 2025}}, to build permanent houses for the poor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-27 |title=Uttar Pradesh Secures Rs 12,031 Crore Under PMAY Urban 2.0 To Boost Housing For Urban Poor |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/economy-finance/up-pmay-urban |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref> For the cost of the construction, 60% was paid by the [[Government of India|central government]], while 40% was paid by the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Gets Rs 120 Billion for Urban Housing Scheme |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/latest-construction-news/real-estate-news/up-gets-rs-120-billion-for-urban-housing-scheme/76864 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref> The state government had previously allocated {{INRConvert|200|c|lk=c|year=2025}} to the housing schemes for families who were eligible for neither PM nor CM Awas Yojana by {{Date|Apr 8, 2025}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-08 |title=Zero poverty campaign to benefit 30K families in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/zero-poverty-campaign-to-benefit-30k-families-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/120074034.cms |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Initiatives ==
On {{Date|Oct 4, 2024}}, the [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[Manoj Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Manoj Kumar Singh]], held a [[video conference]] with all the [[divisional commissioner]]s and [[district magistrate]]s of the state, urging them to identify the 25 poorest families from each [[gram panchayat]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-05 |title=यूपी में चलेगी जीरो पावर्टी मुहिम, प्रमुख सचिव ने अफसरों को दिए ये निर्देश - zero poverty campaign |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/assessment-of-poverty-at-two-levels-for-zero-poverty-campaign-uttar-pradesh-news-ups24100500559 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

Between {{Date|Dec 19, 2024}} and {{Date|Jan 15, 2025}}, the [[Surveying|survey]] for 650 out of the targeted 1,037 [[village]]s had been completed, in which an average of 25 [[families]] per village were made part of the [[Welfare schemes in India|welfare schemes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=योगी सरकार की इस योजना के तहत एक गांव के 25 परिवारों को मिलेगा फायदा, 650 गांवों का सर्वे पूरा - Yogi government Zero Poverty Scheme 25 families of a village will get benefits survey of 650 villages completed in unnao |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/unnao-yogi-government-zero-poverty-scheme-25-families-of-a-village-will-get-benefits-survey-of-650-villages-completed-in-unnao-23867162.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In the [[Aligarh district]], the government could identify 20,500 such families in the 12 blocks it had divided the district into for the program. Out of these, the forms for 18,526 were filled by {{Date|Jan 17, 2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=UP में अब कोई नहीं रहेगा गरीब, बढ़ेगी इनकम, जानिए क्या है योगी सरकार का प्लान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-yogi-government-launches-zero-poverty-abhiyan-20500-families-identified-in-aligarh-8965525.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Similarly, over 15,000 families were also identified in the [[Varanasi district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=जीरो पॉवर्टी अभियान: काशी में तलाशे गए 15 हजार से ज्यादा गरीब, बढ़ेगी इनकी आय; इन योजनाओं का मिलेगा लाभ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/zero-poverty-abhiyan-survey-more-than-15-thousand-poor-people-found-in-kashi-2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> In the [[Barabanki district]], around 22,578 people were identified, of which 4,751 did not even have a [[Ration card (India)|ration card]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barabanki News: जीरो पावर्टी के तहत चिह्नित 22 हजार को मिलेगा आवास |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/barabanki/22-thousand-people-identified-under-zero-poverty-will-get-housing-barabanki-news-c-315-1-slko1014-135928-2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

On {{Date|Feb 18, 2025}}, in the [[Kushinagar district]], a total of 23,963 families across 980 [[gram panchayat]]s were identified, against the target of 24,500 families as stated by the district [[panchayati raj]] officer Alok Kumar Priyadarshi, bringing the progress of the identification progress to 97.81%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=जिले में जीरो पॉवर्टी वाले 23,963 परिवारों का हुआ चयन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kushinagar//story-fraudster-scams-youth-for-job-in-ssb-with-fake-documents-for-7-5-lakhs-201741061053300.amp.html?articleNo=1 |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|हिन्दुस्तान]]}}</ref> In the [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]], it was found out during the survey that 22,573 families do not have a permanent house. These families were prioritised for housing assistance through the [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]], aiming to provide them with permanent residences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=जीरो पावर्टी वाले 22,573 परिवारों के पास नहीं है आवास |trans-title=Zero Poverty Families Identified for Housing Assistance in District |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-khiri/story-zero-poverty-families-identified-for-housing-assistance-in-district-201741446658621.amp.html |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|हिन्दुस्तान]] |language=hi |publication-place=[[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]}}</ref>

On {{Date|Feb 7, 2025}}, chief secretary Manoj Kumar Singh mentioned that the data for approximately 13.57 lakh families<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Zero Poverty scheme's first beneficiary secures job at Ashok Leyland |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/zero-poverty-scheme-s-first-beneficiary-secures-job-at-ashok-leyland-101738866921070.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> had been collected, whereas 13.22 lakh of them had been verified. Of these, 11.1 lakh families were homeless and declared to be a top priority for the [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-07 |title=CS reviews progress in zero poverty campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cs-reviews-progress-in-zero-poverty-campaign/articleshow/118032928.cms |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On {{Date|Mar 18, 2025}}, commissioner Roshan Jacob conducted a review meeting focusing on financial approvals, the progress of [[construction]] projects, and the Zero Poverty program. She emphasised timely completion of projects, adherence to [[quality standard]]s, and warned of actions against delays or subpar work. Additionally, she directed officials to prioritise housing for families without homes under the [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] and ensure these families received essential services like [[clothing]], [[food]], [[education]] and [[Health care|healthcare]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025 |title=निर्माण कार्यों को समय से पूरा करने का कमिश्नर ने दिया संदेश |trans-title=Commissioner Dr Roshan Jacob Reviews Financial Approvals and Zero Poverty Program Progress |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-commissioner-dr-roshan-jacob-reviews-financial-approvals-and-zero-poverty-program-progress-201742312885641.html |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|हिंदुस्तान]] |place=लखनऊ |language=hi}}</ref>

On {{Date|Mar 27, 2025}}, while celebrating the eighth anniversary of the [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath government]], the initiation of the Zero Poverty Survey was highlighted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गरीब कल्याण के लिए सरकार ने जीरो पॉवर्टी सर्वे किया प्रारंभ : मनोहर लाल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/lalitpur/government-started-zero-poverty-survey-for-poor-welfare-manohar-lal-lalitpur-news-c-131-1-ltp1002-132277-2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

The [[government of Uttar Pradesh]] started a campaign that was to run from {{Date|Jul 1, 2025}} to {{Date|Sep 30, 2025}}, to ensure all the financial schemes are provided to the eligible families. Weekly reviews and monitoring were conducted to regularly track progress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=UP govt to launch financial inclusion scheme at gram panchayat level starting July 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-govt-to-launch-financial-inclusion-scheme-at-gram-panchayat-level-starting-july-1-101751036260606.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721073221/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-govt-to-launch-financial-inclusion-scheme-at-gram-panchayat-level-starting-july-1-101751036260606.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On the third day of the monsoon session of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] , on {{Date|Aug 13, 2025}}, a 24-hour debate was held in the parliament on Vision 2047, where Zero Poverty was one of the targets addressed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 August 2025|title=UP Assembly's first-ever 24-hour debate on 'Vision 2047' in the works|url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/up-assembly-s-first-ever-24-hour-debate-on-vision-2047-in-the-works-125081400052_1.html |access-date=15 August 2025|website=Business Standard|publisher=Asian News International}}</ref> During the 32 hours and 28 minutes-long debate,<ref>{{Cite web|title=UP Assembly 2025: उत्तर प्रदेश विधानसभा का मानसून सत्र सम्पन्न, सभी विधायी कार्य हुए पूर्ण, कई अहम विधेयक पारित|url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/up-monsoon-assembly-session-ends-smoothly-key-bills-passed-with-discipline-19864711 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Patrika News|language=hi}}</ref> finance minister [[Suresh Kumar Khanna]] stated that by 2047, poverty will be eradicated from Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=योगी सरकार का 'जीरो गरीबी' वाला मास्टरप्लान; वित्त मंत्री सुरेश खन्ना बोले- सभी को रोजगार, वर्ल्ड क्लास मेडिकल फैसिलिटी मिलेगी|url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/yogi-government-masterplan-for-zero-poverty-suresh-khanna-said-everyone-will-get-employment-up-politics-19862457 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Patrika News|language=hi}}</ref>

=== Skill training and employment ===
In June 2025, chief secretary Manoj Kumar Singh emphasised accelerating the campaign by linking over 13,57,772 identified ultra-poor families to key government schemes and livelihood opportunities. He stressed the need to empower eligible [[youth]] from these households through focused skill development across priority sectors like [[manufacturing]], [[banking]], [[information technology]], [[education]] and [[hospitality]] with support from industry and banking partners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=CS: Speed up zero poverty campaign |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/cs-speed-up-zero-poverty-campaign/ar-AA1GeL3o |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref> A verified database of 13.5 lakh families was used to converge 17-20 welfare schemes and to ensure no household was left behind. The immediate focus was on training and placing a pilot cohort of 300 youth, aiming to generate sustainable incomes of {{Indian rupee|1.25-1.5 lakh}} annually through skill-linked [[employment]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-07 |title=CS: Speed up zero poverty campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cs-speed-up-zero-poverty-campaign/articleshow/121684188.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Discussions highlighted the need to bridge [[Soft skills|soft skill]] gaps, improve training quality and duration, and strengthen partnerships with institutions already active in skilling, placement, and women-led enterprises. The campaign also planned targeted outreach to special groups like women and persons with disabilities, ensuring inclusivity in the poverty eradication effort.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=जीरो पॉवर्टी में चिह्नित परिवारों को बनाएं आत्मनिर्भर: मुख्य सचिव |trans-title=Make the families marked under Zero Poverty self-dependent: Chief secretary |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-zero-poverty-campaign-empowering-youth-for-sustainable-livelihood-in-uttar-pradesh-201749313120178.amp.html |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |publication-place=[[Lucknow]]}}</ref>

In the first phase of the campaign, the leaders of 300 poor families were identified and given skill training by the Uttar Pradesh Skill Development department.<ref>{{Cite web |last=भाषा |date=2025-07-20 |title='जीरो पॉवर्टी अभियान' के तहत चिन्हित परिवारों के सदस्यों को क्षमता प्रशिक्षण व रोजगार दिलायेगी सरकार |url=https://hindi.theprint.in/india/the-government-will-provide-capacity-training-and-employment-to-the-members-of-the-families-identified-under-the-zero-poverty-campaign/844966/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=ThePrint Hindi |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was planned to associate over 1,000 training partners in fields like [[office]]s, [[toilet]] cleaning, guest attendant, [[housekeeping]], [[hospitality]] and [[Language proficiency|language skill]] as a part of the ''360-degree approach''.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-20 |title=UP govt to provide skill training to members of families identified under Zero Poverty Campaign |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/up-govt-to-provide-skill-training-to-members-of-families-identified-under-zero-poverty-campaign-1503460115.html |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> The goal was to get these people employed in companies like [[Taj Hotels]], [[State Bank of India]], [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[Medanta]] and [[Adani Group]], where they can earn a minimum of {{INRConvert|18400|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2025 |title=जीरो पावर्टी अभियान के चिन्हित परिवार के सदस्यों को मिलेगी स्किल ट्रेनिंग |trans-title=Family members identified under Zero Poverty mission will receive skill training |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-yogi-government-s-zero-poverty-campaign-skill-training-for-300-poor-families-201753013533928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722071520/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-yogi-government-s-zero-poverty-campaign-skill-training-for-300-poor-families-201753013533928.html |archive-date=22 July 2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |place=[[Lucknow]] |language=hi}}</ref> By {{Date|Jul 19, 2025}}, 40 major business leaders had pledged to provide jobs to the family members identified in the campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-20 |title=UP govt to provide skill training, job placements to economically vulnerable families |url=https://theprint.in/india/up-govt-to-provide-skill-training-job-placements-to-economically-vulnerable-families/2696509/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Chief secretary [[Manoj Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Manoj Kumar Singh]] stated that employment was one of the key initiatives of the government aimed at truly empowering the poor, and that it could serve as a model for the rest of the country.'''<ref name=":8" />'''

=== Website ===
The [[website]], ''zero-poverty.in'', was launched as a compilation of [[subdomain]]s of welfare departments on-boarded under the campaign.<ref name=":0"/> In the first phase of the campaign, the [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] of Uttar Pradesh, Manoj Kumar Singh, guided the [[block development officer]]s to register the verified profile of the enumerators (village panchayat level employees and cadres) on the website in a time-bound manner.<ref name=":3" />

=== Mobile apps ===

==== ''BC Sakhi'' ====
''Banking Correspondent (BC) Sakhi'' (Women Banking Agents) is a community cadre for providing banking and financial services at doorstep at rural areas in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSRLM |url=https://www.upsrlm.org/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.upsrlm.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-29 |title=BC Sakhi: A workforce villagers bank on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bc-sakhi-a-workforce-villagers-bank-on/articleshow/112092531.cms |access-date=2025-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A dedicated [[mobile app]] was designed to promote the BC Sakhi Yojana, which was made to assist with the [[banking]] requirements in the [[Rural area|rural]] parts of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-18 |title=उत्तर प्रदेश के गांवों के लिए वरदान बनी बीसी सखी, लोगों की इस जरूरत को कर रही है पूरा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/jhansi-bc-sakhi-solving-villagers-banking-and-financial-problems-local18-9043071.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> It is one of the primary apps being used to conduct the survey for the program, alongside the [[panchayats]] and [[Self-help group (finance)|self-help groups]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farooqui |first=Sadaf |date=2025-01-02 |title=क्यों चल रहा है यूपी के गांवों का सर्वेक्षण, जानिए क्या है जीरो पॉवर्टी योजना |url=https://news1india.in/uttar-pradesh/utter-pradesh-government-zero-powerty-scheme-know-more-about-it/217211/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=news 1 india |language=en-US}}</ref>

The program provided an amount of {{INRConvert|4000|year=2025}} per month for six months to help the BC Sakhi users stabilise their [[banking service]] business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-22 |title=BC Sakhi Yojana: यह सरकार महिलाओं को दे रही 4000 रुपए महीना, बैंक कमीशन अलग, जानिए पूरी योजना |url=https://www.naidunia.com/national-bc-sakhi-yojana-banking-correspondent-sakhi-all-you-need-to-know-about-scheme-5584179 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref> As their business proceeded, the users were paid a commission based on the amount of [[Financial transaction|transactions]] they made, which was generally 0.20%-0.32% of the amount transacted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Pankaj |date=18 June 2020 |title=UP rolls out plan for BC Sakhis in gram panchayats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-rolls-out-plan-for-bc-sakhis-in-gram-panchayats/story-ImGgCVxiPB6i1rX3iIxSmO.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |place=[[Lucknow]]}}</ref>

==== ''Rishta'' ====
''Rishta'' is a mobile app launched by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] on the day the initiative was launched by Livelihood Mission under the rural development department. The app provides a platform to monitor all processes with details related to [[financial transaction]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=UP prioritizes digital tech to realize 'Zero Poverty' vision |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-prioritizes-digital-tech-to-realize-zero-poverty-vision-101728242202559.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The app shall also display detailed information on the poorest families identified by the mission's digital platform, allowing for an easy [[Direct Benefit Transfer]].<ref name=":0" />

The poorest families were to be selected on the [[Digital platform (infrastructure)|digital platform]] in a way that their profile can be easily verified. The concerned department officers and employees were to be in regular contact with them. The poorest families will be selected on the basis of four standards.<ref name=":2" />

==== ''MoP-UP'' ====
MoP-UP is a mobile app to collect [[data]] on the targeted poor families using a digital medium. The app was to be used by the members of the [[gram panchayat]]s responsible for gathering [[information]] on such families to report to the state government. The registered users were able to use the [[video call]] feature provided by the chief minister's [[helpline]] and receive [[Alert messaging|alerts]], [[pop-up notification]]s and [[Breaking news|updates]] from the app.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title=जीरो पावर्टी अभियान के लिए डिजिटल तकनीक का होगा उपयोग |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-up-launches-digital-initiative-to-identify-poorest-families-via-mobile-app-201728219321176.html |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref> To ensure transparency, all the records were accessible on ''MoP-UP'' and the website.<ref>{{Cite web |last=economypost |date=2024-12-31 |title=UP targets 'Zero Poverty' status by Oct 2 |url=https://www.economypost.in/uttar-pradesh/up-targets-zero-poverty-status-by-oct-2/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=(Xclusiv News) |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304145207/https://www.economypost.in/uttar-pradesh/up-targets-zero-poverty-status-by-oct-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Mukhyamantri Suposhan Yojana ===
On {{Date|May 3, 2025}}, Yogi Adityanath launched the Mukhyamantri Suposhan Yojana ({{Translation|Chief Minister Nutrition Scheme}}),<ref name=":9" /> [[Tweet (social media)|tweeting]] the same day that it shall be a big gift for the families identified under the Zero Poverty campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=Mukhyamantri Suposhan Yojana: Who will benefit, how to apply, when will it start {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mukhyamantri-suposhan-yojana-who-will-benefit-how-to-apply-when-will-it-start-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-take-home-ration-11746321203805.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The scheme was aimed towards over 11 lakh children aged between 3 and 6 years,<ref>{{Cite web |last=पांडेय |first=बलराम |date=2025-05-10 |title=योगी सरकार शुरु करेगी मुख्यमंत्री सुपोषण अभियान, यूपी में बाल कुपोषण पर होगा करारा वार |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-yogi-government-will-start-cm-nutrition-campaign-for-child-malnutrition-in-up-ann-2941292 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref> giving them [[snack]]s worth 400 [[calorie]]s and 15-20 grams of [[protein]] each day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-10 |title=CM Yogi launches nutrition scheme for 11L kids in aspirational districts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/cm-yogi-launches-nutrition-scheme-for-11l-kids-in-aspirational-districts-101746887958267.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The campaign was launched in 8 [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]] with the aim to prevent [[malnutrition]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar Yadav |first=Pravin |date=10 May 2025 |title=UP Suposhan Abhiyan: 11 लाख बच्चों को रोज मिलेगा हेल्दी डाइट, फल-दूध और प्रोटीन की होगी भरमार, जानें कैसे |trans-title=UP Nutrition Scheme: 11 lakh children will receive a healthy diet every day, there will be an abundance of fruit-milk and protein, learn how |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-suposhan-abhiyan-yogi-adityanath-launches-fight-child-malnutrition-in-8-districts-uttar-pradesh-1290897.html |access-date=28 August 2025 |website=[[OneIndia]]}}</ref> and related problems such as [[stunted growth]], [[underweight]] and [[wasting]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Bhartiya Basti - ताजा खबरें गांव की भाषा में |url=https://bhartiyabasti.com/uttar-pradesh-news-in-hindi/this-big-scheme-will-start-in-all-the-districts-of/article-19736 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=bhartiyabasti.com |language=hi}}</ref> Later, it was expanded to all the 75 districts of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP News: योगी सरकार देगी बड़ी सौगात, 75 जिलों में लागू होने वाली इस योजना से लोगों को मिलेगा बड़ा लाभ |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/cm-yogi-government-will-give-a-big-gift-people-will-get-huge-benefit-from-the-scheme-implemented-in-75-districts-19576175 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Impact ==
On {{Date|Feb 6, 2025}} in the village of Silauli in [[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]], Ram Sagar was given a job at [[Ashok Leyland]], a [[subsidiary]] of the [[Hinduja Group]], as a [[truck]] maker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHRWorld.com |title=Man who can't read lands job at Hinduja Group firm under Adityanath's poverty alleviation scheme - ETHRWorld |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/man-who-cant-read-lands-job-at-hinduja-group-firm-under-adityanaths-poverty-alleviation-scheme/118009427?utm_source=latest_news&utm_medium=homepage |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=ETHRWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> He had previously been living under poverty. Chief secretary Manoj Kumar Singh personally invited Ram Sagar and his wife Ruby<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोसाईंगंज की रूबी का परिवार बना पहला जीरो पॉवर्टी लाभार्थी, पत्नी के साथ मुख्य सचिव मनोज कुमार सिंह घर पहुंचे |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/ruby-family-of-gosainganj-became-first-beneficiary-of-zero-poverty-scheme-selected-by-chief-secretary-manoj-kumar-singh/articleshow/114899372.cms |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasha |date=2024-11-03 |title=उप्र : 'जीरो पॉवर्टी स्कीम' के लिए रूबी के परिवार को पहले लाभार्थी के रूप में चुना गया |url=https://www.ibc24.in/uttar-pradesh/up-rubys-family-selected-as-first-beneficiary-for-zero-poverty-scheme-2780718.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=IBC24 News : Chhattisgarh News, Madhya Pradesh News, Chhattisgarh News Live , Madhya Pradesh News Live, Chhattisgarh News In Hindi, Madhya Pradesh In Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> to hand him his [[offer letter]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी यूपी |date=2025-02-09 |title=इस स्कीम का फायदा मिलने के बाद परिवार ने सीएम योगी को माना भगवान, मिली नौकरी |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-government-zero-poverty-scheme-beneficiary-got-job-under-in-lucknow-2880539 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Ram Sagar was the first [[beneficiary]] of the scheme, at a time when around 13,57,000 more families had also been registered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अशोक लीलैंड में ऑफर लेटर, जीरो पॉवर्टी के पहले लाभार्थी को मिली नौकरी, परिवार की खुशी तो देखिए |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/administration/uttar-pradesh-first-beneficiary-of-zero-poverty-ram-sagar-got-job-in-ashok-leyland-know-about-scheme/articleshow/118002506.cms |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

In [[Sarojaninagar]], the state government allocated the defunct land previously used by [[Scooters India Limited]] to the [[Hinduja Group]] to set up a [[factory]] for [[electric bus]]es. The project head, Shakti Singh, signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the state government to create 12,000 jobs for the individuals whose families have been registered under the Zero Poverty Program. Ram Sagar was the first of the [[beneficiaries]] to work in the manufacturing plant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-07 |title=Zero poverty plan's 1st beneficiary gets job with Hinduja Group |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/zero-poverty-plans-1st-beneficiary-gets-job-with-hinduja-group/articleshow/117993256.cms |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Ram Sagar, who [[Literacy in India|could not read]], was enrolled in an [[Certification|equivalency certification]] course to qualify for the position. He was also to undergo an [[apprenticeship]] under the state government with a [[stipend]] of {{INRConvert|1500|year=2025}} per month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-02-06 |title=Man Who Can't Read Lands Job at Hinduja Group Firm Under Adityanath's Poverty Alleviation Scheme |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/india-news-man-who-cant-read-lands-job-at-hinduja-group-firm-under-adityanaths-poverty-alleviation-scheme-6624135.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> Hinduja Family Advisor S.K. Chaddha stated that Sagar's [[training]] shall last one year before he can go to the manufacturing plant. Until then, he was to work on-site.<ref name=":6" />

On {{Date|Feb 27, 2025}}, minister [[Satish Chandra Sharma (politician)|Satish Chandra Sharma]] visited Belkhara gram panchayat in [[Dariyabad Assembly constituency]] to review the progress of the surveys. With the help of the progress done, he was able to include all the eligible people in the [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=कुमार |first=दिलीप |date=27 February 2025 |title=जीरो पॉवर्टी अभियान और PM आवास योजना की समीक्षा:राज्य मंत्री शर्मा ने बेलखरा में सर्वे सूची की प्रगति देखी, पात्र लोगों को बिना भेदभाव लाभ देने के निर्देश |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/barabanki/belkhara/news/review-of-zero-poverty-campaign-and-pm-housing-scheme-134551671.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

On {{Date|Mar 12, 2025}}, in a speech at the [[Shahi Qila, Jaunpur|Shahi Qila in Jaunpur]], Adityanath stated that from 1 April, the programmes under the Zero Poverty campaign shall be expanded upon to cover the poor and deprived who are yet to benefit from the schemes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-13 |title=Yogi slams oppn for negative comments during Maha Kumbh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/yogi-slams-oppn-for-negative-comments-during-maha-kumbh/articleshow/118947590.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Will provide Rs 1 lakh financial assistance to all brides under Mukhyamantri Samoohik Vivah Yojana": CM Yogi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/will-provide-rs-1-lakh-financial-assistance-to-all-brides-under-mukhyamantri-samoohik-vivah-yojana-cm-yogi20250312180553/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> On {{Date|Mar 23, 2025}}, the president of [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] and cabinet minister [[Om Prakash Rajbhar]] addressed a rally in [[Basti district]], claiming that 15 lakh families had benefitted from the government schemes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basti News: जीरो पावर्टी योजना में 15 लाख परिवारों को किया गया लाभान्वित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/basti/15-lakh-families-benefited-under-zero-poverty-scheme-basti-news-c-207-1-kld1003-133909-2025-03-24 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

Upon the direction of chief secretary Manoj Kumar Singh, families who were identified under the Zero Poverty program were prioritised for the [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] scheme in the [[Jhansi district]]. All the [[block development officer]]s were instructed to complete the verification of the families and provide their information on the scheme's official portal by {{Date|Mar 30, 2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=पीएम आवास सर्वे में जीरो पॉवर्टी चिन्हित फेमिली को प्राथमिकता |trans-title=Zero Poverty Campaign Priority for Families Without Homes in Jhansi |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/jhansi/story-zero-poverty-campaign-priority-for-families-without-homes-in-jhansi-201741454945616.amp.html |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|हिंदुस्तान]] |language=hi |publication-place=[[Jhansi district|झाँसी]]}}</ref>

By {{Date|Jun 13, 2025}}, in the [[Sultanpur district]], 524 families had received [[Ration card (India)|ration cards]], of which 344 families belonged to the village of [[Jaisinghpur, Sultanpur|Jaisinghpur]] and 180 families belonged to the village of Motigarpur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-13 |title=524 परिवारों को मिला राशन कार्ड |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur/story-government-issues-ration-cards-to-524-poor-families-under-zero-poverty-line-survey-201749758737997.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath told the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] on {{Date|Aug 15, 2025}} that between 2017 and 2025, 6 crore people have risen above the poverty line as a result of the targeted policies and schemes of the government. He said that under the Zero Poverty campaign in the state, assistance is being provided to those who need to avail the schemes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2025|title=उत्तर प्रदेश में 6 करोड़ लोग गरीबी रेखा से ऊपर, 'जीरो पॉवर्टी' अभियान से हर जरूरतमंद तक पहुंचा राहत|url=https://www.saahassamachar.in/6-crore-people-above-poverty-line-in-uttar-pradesh-zero-poverty-campaign-brought-relief-to-every-needy|access-date=23 August 2025|website=Saahas Samachar}}</ref> He also stated that the Zero Poverty campaign has helped provide homes for the Vantanganiya and the [[Musahar]] communities.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-15|title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath highlights state's achievement in Independence Day address|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-highlights-states-achievement-in-independence-day-address/articleshow/112541977.cms|access-date=2025-08-23|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 August 2025|title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath highlights state's achievement in Independence Day address|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-highlights-states-achievement-in-independence-day-address20240815114255/|access-date=23 August 2025|website=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> He then said that under the Zero Poverty Program, 14 [[lakh]] families have been identified and their families' identity cards have been made.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aug 15 2025|first1=Akshansh Kulshreshtha Published|last2=Ist|first2=02:04 Pm|title=UP: सिर्फ 8 साल में 6 करोड़ गरीब हुए अमीर! जिंदगी बदलने जा रहा है सरकार का जीरो पावर्टी मिशन|url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/state/uttar-pradesh/up-zero-poverty-campaign-6-crore-out-of-poverty/articleshow-z3rxlo7|access-date=2025-08-23|website=Asianet News Hindi|language=hi}}</ref>

On {{Date|Aug 20, 2025}}, 25 beneficiary families each from the gram panchayats of Juganupur, Chakalkhipur, Ramlok and Hasnapur were linked with [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]], [[ration card]], [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana|Ujjwala]] connection, [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi|Kisan Samman Nidhi]], [[Anganwadi]] nutrition, student registration, textbook and dress distribution, disabled pension, [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana|Ayushman]] card, labor registration, [[MNREGA]] job card, [[Jal Jeevan Mission]], [[Janani Suraksha Yojana]] and other government schemes. The [[Chief Development Officer (India)|Chief Development Officer]] Abhishek Kumar said that the families identified in Zero Poverty are the first beneficiaries of the village.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 August 2025|title=एक छत के नीचे गांवों के सबसे गरीबों को 22 योजनाओं का लाभ|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-khiri/story-zero-poverty-initiative-government-empowers-25-poor-families-in-every-gram-panchayat-201755640403674.amp.html|access-date=23 August 2025|website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref>

=== Zero Poverty-P4 ===
On {{Date|Mar 30, 2025}}, the [[chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] launched Zero Poverty-P4, a [[public–private partnership]] program to alleviate poverty from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As a part of the program, the top 10% economically prosperous members of the [[Telugu diaspora]] were to support mentor the bottom 20% underprivileged families to help them improve their economic condition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Andhra Pradesh reviews preps for 'Zero Poverty-P4' launch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Mar/21/andhra-pradesh-reviews-preps-for-zero-poverty-p4-launch |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[government of Andhra Pradesh]] aimed to achieve its target by 2029.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=2025-03-30 |title=Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu launches 'P4' initiative to eradicate poverty by 2029 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-chandrababu-naidu-launches-zero-poverty-p4-initiative-to-eradicate-poverty-by-2029/article69394142.ece |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Limitations and shortcomings ==
While the Zero Poverty Program aimed to eradicate [[poverty]] from Uttar Pradesh [[Gandhi Jayanti|within one year]], 32,325 families from the [[Hardoi district]] identified were yet to be given any benefit five months after the conclusion of the survey. The [[District council (India)|district development officer]] of Hardoi stated that the second phase of the program was [[Red tape|yet to be approved]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=17 February 2025 |title=अधर में लटके, जीरो पॉवर्टी सर्वे में चिन्हित 30 हज़ार से अधिक परिवार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi/story-zero-poverty-campaign-government-s-efforts-to-identify-poor-families-in-hardoi-201739731073835.html |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|हिन्दुस्तान]] |location=[[Hardoi|हरदोई]]}}</ref> The [[web portal]] for the District Panchayat Raj Department was yet to be opened even after the conclusion of the survey. On {{Date|Feb 10, 2025}}, around 25,925 families in the [[Unnao district]] were yet to receive an update, although the survey had been conducted on {{Date|Dec 19, 2024}} and was 99% completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2025 |title=निधन परिवारों को सामर्थ्यवान बनने में अभी इंतज़ार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/unnao/story-zero-poverty-scheme-delay-in-verification-for-25925-families-in-unnao-201739190954231.html |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|हिन्दुस्तान]] |location=[[Unnao|उन्नाव]]}}</ref>

Until January 2025, in the [[Hathras district]], the survey was not conducted by 89 enumerators due to technical issues. When the [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat Raj]] Department conducted its review, the [[phone number]]s of many panchayat assistants were found to be wrongly recorded. Many panchayat assistants had even left their posts, and the remaining employees were not taking interest in the survey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hathras News: 89 गणनाकारों ने शुरू नहीं किया जीरो पाॅवर्टी सर्वे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras/89-enumerators-did-not-start-zero-poverty-survey-hathras-news-c-56-1-sali1016-125725-2025-01-18 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

In the [[Kaushambi district]], the Deputy Director of Agriculture Satyendra Kumar Tiwari withheld the [[Salary|salaries]] for March of two employees, Pankaj Patel and Ganesh Kumar, due to their negligence in the verification process of the Zero Poverty Initiative. Tiwari even warned them of further action being taken against them if the verification process was not completed immediately.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2025 |title=उप निदेशक कृषि ने दो कर्मचारियों का रोका वेतन |trans-title=Deputy director of agriculture stopped salary of two employees |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kausambi/story-police-arrest-young-man-with-45-liters-of-mahua-alcohol-in-saraswan-201743341079744.amp.html |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|हिंदुस्तान]] |language=hi |publication-place=[[Kaushambi district|कौशांबी]]}}</ref>

On {{Date|Mar 29, 2025}}, the [[Chief Development Officer (India)|Chief Development Officer]] Diksha Jain reviewed the provision of housing to poor families under the Zero Poverty program. The budget under this scheme was to be returned after two days, despite the incomplete progress. The progress of MNREGA was 62% in [[Ghatampur]], 47% in [[Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Kalyanpur]] and 71% in [[Bidhnu]]. Dissatisfaction was expressed over only 83 percent of the prescribed amount limit of [[National Rural Livelihood Mission]] being spent and the expected amount not being spent in [[Startup company|startup]], [[revolving fund]] and community investment fund.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=दो दिन शेष, आवास देने के लिए नहीं मिले 458 गरीब |trans-title=CDO Diksha Jain Reviews Zero Poverty Housing Program Urgent Action Required for Poor Families |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/story-cdo-diksha-jain-reviews-zero-poverty-housing-program-urgent-action-required-for-poor-families-201743291618551.amp.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |publication-place=[[Kanpur]]}}</ref>

At the launch of the campaign, Yogi Adityanath had claimed that the state shall achieve zero poverty by {{Date|Oct 2, 2025}}. By {{Date|Apr 8, 2025}}, however, Adityanath had made a change in his claim, stating that Uttar Pradesh shall achieve zero poverty within the next three years.<ref name=":7" />

== See also ==

* [[Fome Zero]], a similar initiative taken by the [[Federal government of Brazil]] in 2003
* [[Targeted Poverty Alleviation]], an anti-poverty campaign in [[China]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|1}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Poverty in India]]

Majivala

2026-04-26T05:37:35Z

GJSAnnie74: new

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| footnotes =
}}
'''Majivala''' village in [[Pachpadra]] tehsil of [[Balotra district]] in [[Rajasthan]], India. As of the 2011 India census, the total population of the village is 5882.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): MAJIWALA |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-majiwala-34902 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=localbodydata.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Majiwala Village (Pincode: 344022), Pachpadra, Balotra {{!}} Rajasthan {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/87335 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>

[[File:Majivala Village in Rajasthan.jpg|250px|thumb|Majivala Village.]]

==Location==
Majivala is a village located in the [[Pachpadra]] tehsil of the Balotra district in the Indian state of Rajasthan.

==Population==
According to the 2011 census, the village has a total population of 5,882 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchur Village Population - Srinagar - Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/45415-panchur-uttarakhand.html |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Language==
The official languages of the village are Hindi and [[Marwari language|Marwari]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Panchayati Akhara Nirmal

2026-04-24T08:52:56Z

GJSAnnie74: Made New Stub.

{{Short description|Religious organization (1862)}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Shri Panchayati Nirmal Akhara
| formation = 7 August 1862
| logo = Logo of the Panchayati Akhara Nirmal.png
| former_name = Dharam Dhuja Akhara Guru Gobind Singh Ji
| founder = Mahitab Singh
| founding_location = Chanarthalian di Haveli, Patiala, Patiala State, Cis-Sutlej States, Punjab, British India
| status = [[Akhara]]
| headquarters = Sati Ghat Road, Mohalla Maiyapur (Mohalla Miaria), Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249408, India
| leader_title = Sri Mahant
| leader_name = Swami Gyanadev Singh Maharaj
| parent_organization = [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]]
| website = nirmalakhara.org
}}

The '''Panchayati Akhara Nirmal''' or '''Nirmal Panchayati Akhara''' is an organization (''[[akhara]]'') based in [[Haridwar]], [[India]] associated with the [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] ''[[Sampradaya|sampardya]]''. It is the central organization of the Nirmalas and was founded in 1862 in Patiala. Before its establishment, there was no central authority of the Nirmalas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Giani Balwant |title=NIRMAL PAÑCHĀITĪ AKHĀṚĀ |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/NIRMAL%20PANCHAITI%20AKHARA.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref> It is one of the thirteen akharas that participate in the [[Kumbh Mela]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Manisha |date=2025 |title=Nirmal Akhada of Sikhs- Nagas cannot enter:Neither 'Pind Daan', nor initiation of 'Sannyasi', Sakshi Maharaj is also a saint from this Akhada |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/mahakumbh/news/nirmal-akhada-of-sikhs-nagas-cannot-enter-explained-neither-pind-daan-nor-initiation-of-sannyasi-sakshi-maharaj-is-also-a-saint-from-this-akhada-134388555.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=Bhaskar English}}</ref> It is part of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]], alongside other akharas that belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]], and [[Udasi]] traditions.

== History ==
[[File:Painting of a Nirmala Sikh, circa 19th century.png|thumb|Painting of a Nirmala Sikh, circa 19th century]]
It had been a tradition for various ascetic, religious, [[Indian religions|Indic sects]] of ''[[sadhu]]s'', such as the [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya|Dasnamis]], [[Sannyasa|Sannyasis]], [[Bairagi Brahmin (caste)|Bairagis]], [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandis]], Nagas, and [[Udasi]]s, to found ''akharas'' and ''[[Dera (organisation)|deras]]''. The Nirmala ''[[Sant (religion)|sants]]'' also had their own centres located around India. The Udasis had founded a ''panchaiti akhara'' in 1779 at [[Prayagraj|Prayag (Allahabad)]], with branches based out of [[Varanasi|Kashi (Varanasi)]] and [[Kankhal]]. The general Nirmala sect claims to have been founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in 1564, who they claim bestowed upon Bhai Bhagirath the ''[[Mul Mantar]]'' and ''Nirmal Vakh''. Furthermore, the Nirmalas believe that [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in 1686 dispatched five Sikh men, namely Bir Singh, Gainda Singh, Karam Singh, Ram Singh, and Saina Singh, known as the ''Panch Nirmal Gaurik'',<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=K Sandeep |last2=Malaviya |first2=Smriti |date=13 January 2019 |title=The Famous Akhadas at Kumbh Mela |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-famous-akhadas-at-kumbh-mela/story-x5TCnQW9n51cwXkkR4lfJJ.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> to Kashi (Varanasi) to study Sanskrit and [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The Brahmins rejected the five men due to them not being Brahmins (making them ineligible to study the Vedas), therefore Guru Gobind Singh made them dress in saffron and proclaimed them to be ''sadhus'', showing that one did not have to belong to a particular caste to study the Vedas or use Sanskrit. The five men studied the ''[[Vedas]]'', ''[[Vedanga]]s'', ''[[Puranas]]'', ''[[Dharmaśāstra|Dharma-shastras]]'', and ''[[Indian epic poetry|Itihases]]'' at Kashi for thirteen years, returning to Anandpur Sahib, where they were bestowed with the title ''Nirmal''. Historically this specific Nirmala organization was founded at Patiala in 1862.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

In the late 18th century, the Nirmalas and 11,000–12,000 Sikh horseman of [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Raja Sahib Singh of Patiala]] participated in the Kumbh at Haridwar but they had a clash with the Nagas, who protested their presence and their occupation of the ''[[ghat]]s''. The decision to establish an official Nirmala akhara was part of the agreement between the disputing parties.<ref name=":2" /> The idea of the Nirmalas having their own panchaiti akhara was first considered in 1807. At the 1855 [[Kumbh Mela|Kumbh]], the Nirmalas elected Mahitab Singh (also spelt Mehtab Singh) as their head or principal priest (''Sri Mahant''). Mahitab Singh had been patronized by the [[cis-Sutlej states]], namely [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Jind State|Jind]], and [[Nabha State|Nabha]], with the rulers of those three states founding the ''Chanarthalian di Haveli'' based in Patiala as a centre for the Nirmalas to be based out of, providing financial and land grants for its functioning. The inauguration of the organization, initially known as the ''Dharam Dhuja Akhara Guru Gobind Singh Ji,'' occurred on 7 August 1862 and its constitution, the ''Dastur ul-'Amal'', was compiled.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=2007|isbn=9788126908585|volume=II: 1606-1708 C.E.|pages=977|chapter=Sikh Religious Orders - Nirmal Panth}}</ref> A [[Nishan Sahib|yellow flag]] bearing a ''[[Khanda (Sikh symbol)|khanda]]'' ensign was adopted as the ''Dharma Dhvaja''.<ref name=":22" /> Four nomadic akharas were established for each of the four directions, each headed by a mahant.<ref name=":22" /> Some sources instead name Durga Singh Maharaj as the founder of the organization.<ref name=":6" /> The constitution ruled that offerings and donations could not be used for the personal benefit of mahants but rather had to be given to the organization as a whole and that new members had to swear upon the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. Furthermore, it required that all assistance given to the poor be noted and that accounts by the organization would be annually checked by the Sri Mahant on an annual basis. All members had to remain a celibrate and wear [[ochre]]-coloured clothing. Finally, the trio of the cis-Sutej states could intervene in the affairs of the akhara by removing any priest that they believed was acting against its constitution.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Maharajah Karam Singh of Patiala and his son Narinder Singh with a holy man.jpg|thumb|Maharajah Karam Singh of Patiala and his son Narinder Singh with a Nirmala holy man, Northern India or Pakistan, 19th century, Opaque watercolours on paper, 36 × 42 cm, Kapany Collection.]]
Mahitab Singh after his death was succeeded as head of the organization in 1871 by Pandit Ram Singh Kuberia. The akhara grew in influence during the tenure of Ram Singh, acquiring additional properties in Kankhal to serve as the base for the Nirmalas. The akhara which was originally based in Patiala and Kankhal can be found operating in [[Haridwar]], [[Prayagraj|Prayag (Allahabad)]], [[Ujjain]], [[Trimbak|Triyambak]] ([[Nashik]]), [[Kurukshetra]], [[Patna]], and other locations.<ref name=":1" /> While Giani Balwant Singh maintains that Pandit Ram Singh Kuberia was in office as the head mahant of the akhara from 1871 until his death in 1896, Rattan Singh Jaggi instead states that Ram Singh had given the seat of the sri mahant to Tara Singh Narotam in 1875.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jaggi |first=Rattan Singh |title=TĀRĀ SIṄGH NAROTAM, PAṆḌIT (1822-1891) |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/TARA%20SINGH%20NAROTAM%20PANDIT%20(1822-1891).html |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref>

The organization participated in the [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela|2025 Maha Kumbh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2025 |title=Shri Panchayati Akhada Nirmal enters Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.uniindia.com/shri-panchayati-akhada-nirmal-enters-maha-kumbh/north/news/3365587.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=United News of India}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=4 January 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh Mela 2025: An Akhara That Differs From Others With Its Unique Tradition |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!lifestyle/mahakumbh-2025-religious-flag-installing-tradition-akhara-how-nirmal-akhara-different-among-others-enn25010401874 |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=ETV Bharat}}</ref> They entered the camp on 11 January 2025 and the Dharmadhwaja flag was installed the following day on 12 January 2025.<ref name=":3" /> They were the last akhara of the akharas of the Kumbh to participate in the bathing ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohta |first=Nikita |date=31 January 2025 |title=Where rituals and reverence converge: The sadhu akharas of Kumbh Mela |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/where-rituals-and-reverence-converge-the-sadhu-akharas-of-kumbh-mela-9809170/ |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>

== Beliefs and practices ==
[[File:Photograph of a Nirmala Sikh man walking the streets of Bathinda, Bathinda district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|thumb|Photograph of a Nirmala Sikh man walking the streets of Bathinda, Bathinda district, Punjab, India, April 2023]]
The organization mixes [[Vedanta|Vedic thought]] with Sikh ''[[gurbani]]'', effectively mixing [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]] together.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=5 February 2025 |title=Nirmal Akhada: A spiritual confluence of vedas, vedangas and Guru Granth Sahib |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/nirmal-akhada-a-spiritual-confluence-of-vedas-vedangas-and-guru-granth-sahib-101738515153429.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> They maintain a belief in the [[Sikh gurus|ten Sikh gurus]] and the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. Recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib begins on [[Brahmamuhurta|Brahma Muhurta]]. The sadhus of the akhara remained clothed (as opposed to being a naga-sadhu) and refrain from intoxication, spreading of ash on the body, or sacred fires. Initiates are to maintain the 5Ks of Sikhism and the Guru Granth Sahib is enthroned at their centres and a ''[[granthi]]'' caretakes its recitation, being akin to a mainstream Sikh ''[[gurdwara]]'' in this regard.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> The Nirmal akhara differs from the Shaivite and Vaishnavite akharas as its members are to maintain uncut hair (''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'') and wear a ''[[dastar]]'' (turban), meanwhile those other akharas have their initiates and members [[Head shaving in Hinduism|shave their head]]. Furthermore, its ''[[Nishan Sahib]]'' (flag) is placed outside the akhara rather than at its internal centre. All [[Caste system in India|castes]] are welcome to the akhara.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Talwar |first=Vishal |date=2025 |title=Equality, simplicity, And Service Are The Core principles Of Nirmal Akhara |url=https://english.bharatexpress.com/india/equality-simplicity-and-service-are-the-core-principles-of-nirmal-akhara-188545/amp |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=Bharat Express}}</ref> At the beginning of a Kumbh, a ''Dharmadhwaja'' flag is installed at the akhara before sadhus and sants enter the encampment, who sit under it to perform rituals. A temple dedicated to a ''[[Ishtadevata|Ishtadev]]'' is also installed under the flag.<ref name=":3" /> Aside from the Guru Granth Sahib, they also venerate the Vedas, [[Bhagavad Gita]], and [[Upanishads]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Mohta |first=Nikita |date=31 January 2025 |title=Where rituals and reverence converge: The sadhu akharas of Kumbh Mela |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/where-rituals-and-reverence-converge-the-sadhu-akharas-of-kumbh-mela-9809170/ |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The akhara consists of five ''Mahamandaleshwars'' and also consists of a governing body comosed of 25–26 religious figures. Some of the positions in the functioning of the akhara are the president, secretary, treasurer (''Kothari''), and Mukami Mahants. The smallest unit of the akhara is that of a ''Vidyarathi'' (spiritual student). The akhara has thirty-two branches across India, while other sources give a range of 30–35 branches across India.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Around 15,000 sadhus across India are affiliated with the organization.<ref name=":12" />

Major positions, such as the ''[[Mahant]]'', ''[[Kothari (temple)|Kothari]]'', and ''[[Sant (religion)|Sant]]'', within the organizations are given to ascetics on criteria based upon the concepts of ''[[Shastra|Shastri]]'' and ''[[Jñāna|Gyani]]'', with knowledge on topics related to [[Sanskrit]], Shakhi, the Guru Granth Sahib, and the [[Dasam Granth]] being required.<ref name=":2" /> In 2019, the head of the group was Mahant Gurudev Singhji Vendantacharya.<ref name=":6" />

=== Current positions ===
The current key members and their positions are as follows:<ref name=":2" />

* Sri Mahant: Swami Gyanadev Singh Maharaj
* Mahamandaleshwar of the Shri Panchayati Nirmal Akhara: [[Sakshi Maharaj]]
* Secretary Mahant: Devendra Singh Shastri
* Kothari Mahant: Jaswinder Singh Shastri
* Chief Mahant: Laxman Singh
* Mahant: Gyan Singh

== List of heads ==
{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}
The leaders of the group, known as a ''[[Mahant|Sri Mahant]]'', are as follows:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

* Mahitab Singh (1862–1871)
* Pandit Ram Singh Kuberia (1871–1875)
* Pandit Tara Singh Narotam (1875–1891)

== Controversy ==
The group was accused in 2017–2018 of selling land it received as donations to builders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2017 |title=Seers' body nudges Nirmal Akhara factions for talks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/seers-body-nudges-nirmal-akhara-factions-for-talks/story-xozkpKPeFBxa9b6PZYjcrJ.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2018 |title=Akhara builds illegal flats, 88 units sealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/akhara-builds-illegal-flats-88-units-sealed/articleshow/63100136.cms |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Nawaz |first=M. S. |date=16 December 2018 |title=Saints at loggerheads over Kothari Mahant post in Nirmal Akhara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/saints-at-loggerheads-over-kothari-mahant-post-in-nirmal-akhara/articleshow/67119224.cms |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=Times of India}}</ref> Mahant Gyan Dev Singh expelled Mahant Gopal Singh from his Kothari Mahant position due to the allegations against him over misuse of the akhara's properties.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://nirmalakhara.org/ Official website]
* [https://nirmalashram.com nirmalashram.com]

{{Sikhism}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Sikh organisations]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]

R. Mahadevan

2026-04-23T09:30:25Z

GJSAnnie74: Made A Page.

{{short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Mahadevan
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 18 July 2024
| term_end =
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 = 24 May 2024
| term_end1 = 17 July 2024
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Sanjay V. Gangapurwala|Sanjay Vijaykumar Gangapurwala]]
| successor1 = [[D. Krishnakumar]] (acting) [[Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start2 = 25 October 2013
| term_end2 = 23 May 2024
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator2 = [[P. Sathasivam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| image = [[File: Justice R. Mahadevan.jpg|alt|250px]]
| parents = [[M. Aranganathan]] (father)
}}
'''R. Mahadevan''' (born 10 June 1963) is a [[judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]. He is a former judge of [[Madras High Court]] where he has also served as the [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/May/22/justice-r-mahadevan-appointed-as-acting-chief-justice-of-madras-hc | title=Justice R Mahadevan appointed as acting Chief Justice of Madras HC | date=22 May 2024 }}</ref>

==Career==
Mahadevan was born on 10 June 1963 to Tamil writer [[M. Aranganathan]] (1931-2017) in present-day [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He completed his law degree at [[Madras Law College]], Chennai. After completion of law degree he enrolled in the bar council of Chennai in 1989. Civil, criminal and writ sides with specialization in indirect taxes, customs and Central Excise matters are the areas where he had rich experience for more than 25 years. He also served as an Additional Government Pleader (Taxes) for the Government of Tamil Nadu. He was appointed as a judge of the [[Madras High Court]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=671&cid=2 | title=CDJ Law Journal }}</ref>

On 24 May 2024, he was appointed as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of Madras High Court after the retirement of [[Chief Justice]] [[Sanjay V. Gangapurwala]].

On 18 July 2024, he was appointed as a judge of [[Supreme Court of India]].

==See also==
* [[Madras High Court]]
* [[High Courts of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahadevan, R.}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Sugavasi Palakondrayudu

2026-04-21T22:39:20Z

GJSAnnie74: Made Details

{{Short description|Indian politician (1946–2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sugavasi Palakondrayudu
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|7|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rayachoti]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|5|6|1946|7|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
| term_start = 1984
| term_end = 1989
| predecessor = [[Pothuraju Parthasarthy]]
| successor = [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]
| assembly1 = Andhra Pradesh Legislative
| constituency_AM1 = [[Rayachoti Assembly constituency|Rayachoti]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = M. Narayana Reddy
| successor1 = [[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]]
| term_start2 = 1978
| term_end2 = 1985
| predecessor2 = Habibullah Mahal
| successor2 = Mandipalle Nagi Reddy
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam]] (1999–2009)
| other_party = [[Janata Party]] (1978–1983)
| spouse =
| children = 3
}}

'''Sugavasi Palakondrayudu''' (3 July 1946 – 6 May 2025) was an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3197.htm |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517004041/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3197.htm |archive-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Srinivas|date=2019-03-30|title=Political story on Rayachoti Constituency from Kadapa|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/political-story-on-rayachoti-constituency-from-kadapa-516703|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Palakondrayudu was born in [[Rayachoti]] village, now in [[Cuddapah district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], on 3 July 1946. He passed matriculation at Z.P. High School, Rayachoty.

He married on 2 December 1968, and had two sons and one daughter. Palakondrayudu died while undergoing treatment for illness at a [[Bengaluru]] hospital, on 6 May 2025. He was 78.<ref>[https://www.ap7am.com/en/100284/tdp-senior-leader-and-former-mp-palakonda-rayudu-passes-away TDP Senior Leader and Former MP Palakonda Rayudu Passes Away]</ref>

== Career ==
Palakondrayudu was a candidate of [[Janata Party]] and won in Andhra Pradesh state legislative assembly from [[Rayachoti]] assembly constituency in Kadapa district in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/info?eid=20&stateac=27|title=AP Assembly election result 1978}}</ref> He won a second time as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate from Rayachoti assembly constituency in 1983. He joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and won Lok Sabha Membership from [[Rajampet]] Lok Sabha constituency in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1984 India General (8th Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301110522/http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> He won in Rayachoti assembly constituency in 1999 and 2004 from the Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rayachoti.html|title=Rayachoti constituency results}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/district/tdp-leaders-communal-conflicts-in-ysr-district-rayachoti-345497|title=రాయచోటి టీడీపీలో ఆధిపత్యపోరు|date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/political-story-on-rayachoti-constituency-from-kadapa-516703|title=political story on Rayachoti|date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palakondrayudu, Sugavasi}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]

P. R. G. Arunkumar

2026-04-20T06:56:57Z

GJSAnnie74: Made New Biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. R. G. Arunkumar
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
| party = [[File:AIADMK OfficialFlag Vector.svg|20px]] [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[V. C. Arukutty]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (North)]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2016
| term_end1 = 12 May 2021
| predecessor1 = [[T. Malaravan]]
| successor1 = [[Amman K. Arjunan]]
| occupation = [[Agriculture]] and Small Industry
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|6|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]]
| father = Govidharaju
| spouse = A. Lathamani
| children = A. Deeraj Ram Krishna (Son)
}}

'''P. R. G. Arunkumar''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician.<ref>{{Cite web|title=G.Arunkumar(AIADMK):Constituency- KAVUNDAMPALAYAM(COIMBATORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=491|access-date=2021-05-10|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2021-05-03|title=Kavundampalayam Tamil Nadu Election 2021 Final Results LIVE:AIADMK Candidate G.Arunkumar wins from Kavundampalayam, Details Inside|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kavundampalayam-tamil-nadu-election-2021-results-live-updates-constituency-number-117-kavundampalayam-tn-election-2021-vote-counting-results-leading-trailing-bjp-dmk-aiadmk-1456117|access-date=2021-05-10|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> He was elected as a member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kavundampalayam]] Constituency in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=G Arunkumar {{!}} Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/g-arunkumar-kavundampalayam-candidate-s22a117c001/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=News18. }}</ref> He is the Coimbatore Suburban North District Organization Secretary of AIADMK. Previously he won in Coimbatore North constituency in the fifteenth legislative assembly.

==Electoral performance ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections Contested ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Opposition Candidate
! Opposition Party
! Opposition vote %
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || [[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore North]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || {{Won}} ||38.94 || S. Meenalogu|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 36.96
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]] || [[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || {{Won}} ||44.19 || Paiya R.Krishnan|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 41.00
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arunkumar, G}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Digboi War Cemetery

2026-04-19T02:15:50Z

GJSAnnie74: New

{{Short description|Commonwealth war cemetery in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox military memorial
| name = Digboi War Cemetery
| body = [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
| image = Digboi War Cemetery.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Panoramic view of Digboi War Cemetery
| commemorates = Commonwealth soldiers of the Second World War
| established = 1940s
| location = [[Digboi]], Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.40394|95.65767|display=inline,title}}
| designer = Commonwealth War Graves Commission
| total_burials = 200
| unknowns = 6
| by_war = {{ubl
| [[Second World War]]: 200
}}
| source = Commonwealth War Graves Commission
}}

'''Digboi War Cemetery''' is a Commonwealth war cemetery located in [[Digboi]], in the [[Tinsukia district]] of [[Assam]], India. It commemorates soldiers of the [[Second World War]] who died during the [[Burma Campaign]] and related military operations in [[Northeast India]]. The cemetery is maintained by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC).<ref name="cwgc">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |url=https://www.cwgc.org |publisher=CWGC |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

==Location==
Digboi is situated in the northeastern corner of Assam, near the [[India–Myanmar border]], on the historic road to Ledo. The cemetery lies approximately 1.5 kilometres from the main India Oil (Assam) Works on the road leading to Pengaree Tea Estate.<ref name="cwgc" />

==History==
During the Second World War (1939–1945), Assam served as a crucial operational zone for Allied forces engaged in the Burma Campaign. Due to its proximity to the Indo-[[Burma]] frontier, Digboi became an important logistical and medical centre, where a military hospital was established to treat casualties.<ref name="nativeplanet">{{cite web |title=War Cemetery, Digboi |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/digboi/attractions/war-cemetery/ |publisher=Native Planet |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

The cemetery was initially created to accommodate burials from this military hospital. By the end of the war, approximately 70 burials had been recorded.<ref name="bharat">{{cite web |title=War Cemetery Digboi |url=https://www.bharatonline.com/assam/digboi/war-cemetry.html |publisher=Bharat Online |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="cwgc" />

In the post-war period, graves from various temporary burial grounds in the region—including Panitola, [[Jorhat]], [[Ledo, Assam|Ledo]], [[Margherita, Assam|Margherita]], and [[Tinsukia]]—were relocated to Digboi for centralized maintenance by the Army Graves Service.<ref name="nativeplanet" /><ref name="cwgc" />

Additionally, graves were transferred from a former United States military cemetery at [[Shingbwiyang]] in Burma (now Myanmar), reflecting the multinational nature of Allied operations in the region.<ref name="bharat" /><ref name="cwgc" />

==Relocation==
[[File:War cemetery Digboi.jpg|thumb|Digboi War Cemetery]]

The original cemetery site was situated on a spur near the military hospital. However, the [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake]] and subsequent landslides rendered the location unstable.<ref name="bharat" />

Subsequent landslides, particularly in 1953 due to heavy rainfall, further endangered the cemetery, making relocation necessary.<ref name="cwgc" />

As a result, the cemetery was relocated in the early 1950s to its present site, approximately 1.5 km from the Indian Oil Centre in Digboi, where it remains safe from erosion and geological disturbances.<ref name="nativeplanet" /><ref name="cwgc" />

==Description==
The Digboi War Cemetery contains 200 burials of the Second World War, comprising 197 Commonwealth and 3 non-Commonwealth graves (including one Italian, one American, and one Belgian serviceman).<ref name="cwgc" />

Most of the graves belong to British and Indian servicemen who died between 1939 and 1945, with a small number of unidentified burials.<ref name="tripadvisor">{{cite web |title=War Cemetery, Digboi |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g858476-d4138976-Reviews-War_Cemetery-Digboi_Tinsukia_District_Assam.html |publisher=Tripadvisor |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

Like other CWGC cemeteries worldwide, the site features uniform headstones arranged in orderly rows, reflecting the Commission’s principle of equal commemoration regardless of rank, race, or creed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digboi War Cemetery |url= https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2020000/digboi-war-cemetery/ |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

An annual remembrance ceremony is held, typically on the second Saturday of [[November]], during which prayers from multiple religious traditions—including the [[Bible]], [[Guru Granth Sahib]], [[Bhagavad Gita]], and [[Quran]]—are recited in honour of the fallen soldiers.<ref name="bharat" /><ref name="assamonline">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Digboi |url=https://digboi.assamonline.in/guide/tourism-in-digboi |publisher=Assam Online |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Guwahati War Cemetery]]
* [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
* [[Burma Campaign]]
* [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.cwgc.org/|Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}
{{Cemeteries in India}}

[[Category:World War II memorials]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Tinsukia district]]

Ancient scripts of the Indian subcontinent

2026-04-18T13:13:47Z

GJSAnnie74: added a stub

{{Short description|Ancient Indian scripts}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}

[[File:India 250 BC.jpg|thumb|India in 250BC]]
'''Ancient Indian scripts''' have been used in the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]] as [[Writing system|writing systems]]. The Indian subcontinent consists of various separate linguistic communities, each of which share a common language and culture. The people of the [[ancient India]] wrote in many scripts which largely have common roots.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Richard |date=1995 |editor-last=von Hinüber |editor-first=Oskar |editor2-last=Falk |editor2-first=Harry |title=On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/604670 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=271–279 |doi=10.2307/604670 |jstor=604670 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Indus script==
[[File:NFM Indus Script.png|thumb|left|[[Indus script font]]]]
{{Main article|Indus script}}
The '''Indus script''' (also known as the '''Harappan script''') is a corpus of symbols produced by the [[Indus Valley Civilization]], in [[Harrapa]] and [[Kot Diji]].
Most inscriptions containing these symbols are extremely short, making it difficult to judge whether or not these symbols constituted a script used to record a language, or even symbolise a writing system.<ref name="Locklear">{{cite web |first1=Mallory |last1=Locklear |quote=After a century of failing to crack an ancient script, linguists turn to machines. |url= https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/25/14371450/indus-valley-civilization-ancient-seals-symbols-language-algorithms-ai |title=Science: Machine learning could finally crack the 4,000-year-old Indus script |work=[[The Verge]] |location=Manhattan, New York, NY |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=January 25, 2017 |access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> In spite of many attempts,<ref>(Possehl, 1996)</ref> the 'script' has not yet been deciphered, but efforts are ongoing. It was used during time period of 2700–1900 BCE<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/334517.stm |title='Earliest writing' found |author=David Whitehouse |date=May 4, 1999 |website=BBC News |access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Evidence for Indus script dated to ca. 3500 BCE |url= http://www.docstoc.com/docs/95980790/Evidence-for-Indus-script-dated-to-ca-3500-BCE |access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate |page=178 |author=Edwin Bryant |publisher=Oxford University}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Gupta script==

{{Main article|Gupta script}}
The '''Gupta script''' (sometimes referred to as '''Gupta Brahmi script''' or '''Late Brahmi script''')<ref name=sharma>Sharma, Ram. '' 'Brahmi Script' ''. Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002</ref> was used for writing [[Sanskrit]] and is associated with the [[Gupta Empire]] of India, which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī]] and gave rise to the [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]], [[Sharada script|Śāradā]] and [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important scripts of India, including [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] (the most common script used for writing Sanskrit since the 19th century), the [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhī script]] for [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] and the [[Tibetan script]].

==Siddhaṃ script==
{{Main article|Siddhaṃ script}}
{{Off topic|date=April 2026|reason=Medieval, not ancient.}}
'''{{IAST|Siddhaṃ}}''' (also ''{{IAST|Siddhāṃ}}''<ref>Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page 1215, col. 1 https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/</ref>), also known in its later evolved form as '''Siddhamātṛkā''',<ref>{{cite web|first1=Vinodh|last1=Rajan|first2=Shriramana|last2=Sharma|title=L2/12-221: Comments on naming the "Siddham" encoding|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12221-siddham-naming.pdf|date=2012-06-28|access-date=2014-08-19}}</ref> is a medieval [[Brahmic abugida]], derived from the [[Gupta script]] and ancestral to the [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]], [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]], [[Odia script|Odia]] and [[Nepalese scripts|Nepalese]] scripts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4QAAAAMAAJ&q=siddham+script+maithili|title=Devanagari: Development, Amplification, and Standardisation|date=3 April 1977|publisher=Central Hindi Directorate, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Govt. of India|access-date=3 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Tibetan script==
{{Main article|Tibetan script}}
{{Off topic|date=April 2026|reason=Medieval, not ancient.}}
The '''Tibetan script''' is a segmental writing system (''[[abugida]]'') of [[Brahmic scripts|Indic]] origin used to write certain [[Tibetic languages]], including [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], [[Dzongkha]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Jirel]] and sometimes [[Balti language|Balti]]. It has also been used for some non-Tibetic languages in close cultural contact with Tibet, such as [[Thakali language|Thakali]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manzardo |first1=Andrew E. |title=Impression Management and Economic Growth: The case of the Thakalis of Dhaulagiri Zone |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_09_01_02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131184509/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_09_01_02.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The printed form is called [[uchen script]] while the hand-written cursive forms used in everyday writing are called [[umê script]].

The script is closely linked to a broad ethnic Tibetan identity, spanning across areas in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Tibet]].<ref>Chamberlain 2008</ref> The Tibetan script is of Brahmic origin from the [[Gupta script]] and is ancestral to scripts such as [[Meitei script|Meitei]],<ref name="Meithei" >{{cite book |last1=Chelliah |first1=Shobhana Lakshmi |title=A Grammar of Meithei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noCHVvu0P8oC |quote="Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts, which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script" |publisher=De Gruyter |date=2011 |page=355 |isbn=9783110801118 }}</ref> [[Lepcha script|Lepcha]],<ref name="daniels">Daniels, Peter T. and William Bright. ''The World's Writing Systems''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> [[Marchen script|Marchen]] and the multilingual [[ʼPhags-pa script]].<ref name="daniels" />

==Kharosthi script==
[[File:Kharoshthi letters.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kharosthi]] letters]]
{{Main article|Kharosthi}}
The '''Kharosthi script''', also spelled '''Kharoshthi''' or '''Kharoṣṭhī''' (Kharosthi: 𐨑𐨪𐨆𐨯𐨠𐨁) <ref>"When these alphabets were first deciphered, scholars gave them different names such as 'Indian-Pali' for Brahmi and 'Arian-Pali' for Kharosthi, but these terms are no longer in use." in {{cite book |last1=Upāsaka |first1=Sī Esa |last2=Mahāvihāra |first2=Nava Nālandā |title=History of palæography of Mauryan Brāhmī script |date=2002 |publisher=Nava Nālanda Mahāvihāra |isbn=9788188242047 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P19jAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> was an ancient script used in [[Gandhara]]<ref name="CUP"/> to write [[Gāndhārī language|Gandhari Prakrit]] and [[Sanskrit]]. It was used in [[Central Asia]] too.<ref name="CUP">{{cite journal |jstor=25209596 |title=The Kharosthi Alphabet |author=R. D. Banerji |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=April 1920 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=193–219|doi=10.1017/S0035869X0014794X |s2cid=162688271 }}</ref> An [[abugida]], it was introduced at least by the middle of the 3rd century BCE, possibly during the 4th century BCE,{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=11–13}} and remained in use until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE.<ref name="CUP"/>

It was also in use in [[Bactria]], the [[Kushan Empire]], [[Sogdia]], and along the [[Silk Road]]. There is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century in [[Khotan]] and [[Niya (Tarim Basin)|Niya]], both cities in [[Xinjiang]].

==Sharada script==
{{Main article|Sharada script}}
{{Off topic|date=April 2026|reason=Medieval, not ancient.}}
The '''Śāradā''', '''Sarada''' or '''Sharada script''' is an [[abugida]] writing system of the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts. The script was widespread between the 8th and 12th centuries in the northwestern parts of Indian Subcontinent (in [[Kashmir]] and northern KPK), for writing [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].<ref name=Selin>{{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |author-link=Helaine Selin |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |date=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402045592 |page=Bakhshali Manuscript entry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=RA1-PA1 |language=en|bibcode=2008ehst.book.....S }}</ref><ref name=singh>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131711200 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Sir George Grierson. (1916). "[https://archive.org/details/244194891OnTheSharadaAlphabetJournalOfTheRoyalAsiaticSociety171916SirGeorgeGriersonKCIEMRAS/page/n17 On the Sharada Alphabet]". ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 17''.</ref> Originally more widespread, its use became later restricted to Kashmir, and it is now rarely used except by the [[Kashmiri Pandit]] community for religious purposes.
[[File:Sharada.svg|thumb|center|Word Sharada in [[Sharada script]]]]

==Landa script==
{{Main article|Laṇḍā scripts}}
{{Off topic|date=April 2026|reason=Medieval, not ancient.}}
'''Laṇḍā script''' evolved from the [[Sharada script|Śāradā]] during the 10th century. It was widely used in [[Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Kashmir]] and some parts of [[Balochistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. It was used to write [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Hindavi, [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Pashto]], and various [[Punjabi dialects]] like [[Pahari-Pothwari]].
[[Image:Landha Script.jpg|thumb|center|400px|[[Laṇḍā scripts|Landa script]]]]

===Sub-scripts of landa script===
Landa script gave rise to many important descendant writing systems like;

===Multani script===
[[File:Example of a Multani variant of Landa script, a mercantile shorthand script of Punjab, from 1880.png|thumb|left|[[Multani script]]]]
'''Multani''' is a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic script]] originating in the [[Multan]] region of Punjab. It was used to write [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], a dialect of Punjabi language. The script was used for routine writing and commercial activities. Multani is one of four Landa scripts whose usage was extended beyond the mercantile domain and formalized for literary activity and printing; the others being Gurmukhi, Khojki, and Khudawadi.
{{clear}}

===Mahajani script===
[[File:Mahajani_Script.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mahajani|Mahajani script]]]]
'''Mahajani''' is a Laṇḍā mercantile script that was historically for writing accounts and financial records in [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11274-n4126-mahajani.pdf | title=N4126: Proposal to Encode the Mahajani Script in ISO/IEC 10646 | first1=Anshuman | last1=Pandey | publisher=Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=2011-07-12 }}</ref>
It is a Brahmic script and is written left-to-right. Mahajani refers to the Punjabi word for 'bankers', also known as 'sarrafi' or 'kothival' (merchant).

===Khojki script===
'''Khojki''', or '''Khojiki''' ( {{langx|sd|خوجڪي}} ([[Arabic script]]) खोजकी ([[Devanagari]])), is a script used formerly and almost exclusively by the [[Khoja]] community of parts [[Sindh]]. The name "Khojki" is derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''khoje'', which means "master", or "lord". It was employed primarily to record [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] religious literature as well as literature for a few secret [[Twelver]] sects. It is one of the two Landa scripts used for liturgy, the other being the [[Gurmukhī alphabet]]

===Khudabadi script===
[[File:Sindhi khudabadi.svg|thumb|right|[[Khudabadi script]]]]
'''Khudabadi''' ({{Script|Sind|𑊻𑋩𑋣𑋏𑋠𑋔𑋠𑋏𑋢}}) is a script generally used by some [[Sindhis]] to write the [[Sindhi language]]. It is also known as ''Hathvanki (or Warangi)'' script. Khudabadi is one of the four scripts used for writing the Sindhi language, the others being [[Perso-Arabic]], [[Khojki]] and [[Devanagari]] script.

==Other scripts==
Other important scripts that have been used for writing purposes include;

[[File:Bactrian alphabet (block and cursive letters).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bactrian language|Bactrian script]]]]

===Bactrian script===
'''Bactrian''' (Αριαο, ''Aryao'', [[Help:IPA|{{IPA|[arjaː]|cat=no}}]]) is an extinct language formerly spoken in the region of [[Bactria]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sims-Williams|first1=N|title=Bactrian Language|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bactrian-language|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> and was used as the official language of the [[Indo-Greek kingdom]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], and the [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalite]] empires.

===Brahmi script===
{{Brahmic}}
'''Brahmi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɑː|m|i}}; [[ISO 15919]]: Brāhmī ) is the modern name<ref name="Salomon1998-p17a">{{harvnb|Salomon|1998|p=17}} Quote: " Until the late nineteenth century, the script of the Aśokan (non-Kharosthi) inscriptions and its immediate derivatives was referred to by various names such as “lath” or “Lat,” “Southern Aśokan,” “Indian Pali,” “Mauryan,” and so on. The application to it of the name Brahmi [''sc. lipi''], which stands at the head of the Buddhist and Jaina script lists, was first suggested by T[errien] de Lacouperie, who noted that in the Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia ''Fa yiian chu lin'' the scripts whose names corresponded to the Brahmi and Kharosthi of the ''Lalitavistara'' are described as written from left to right and from right to left, respectively. He therefore suggested that the name Brahmi should refer to the left-to-right “Indo-Pali” script of the Aśokan pillar inscriptions, and Kharosthi to the right-to-left “Bactro-Pali” script of the rock inscriptions from the northwest."</ref> for a writing system of ancient [[South Asia]]. It latter gave rise of Sharada, Landa and other scripts.

===Pahlavi script===
During rule of Persian empires in parts of [[Balochistan]], various [[Pahlavi scripts]] may have been used there as a writing system.
[[File:Eranshahr.svg|thumb|center|[[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi script]]]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Pandey |first=Raj Bali |date=1952 |title=Indian Palæography - Part 1 |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/12858.pdf |location=Banaras |publisher=Motilal Banarasidas |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

[[Category:Writing systems]]
[[Category:Gandhara]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]

Banpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T11:56:58Z

GJSAnnie74: added a data

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Banpur
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Puri district|Puri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1973
| electors =
}}

'''Banpur''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Puri district]] of [[Odisha]]. It was established in 1951 and disestablished in 1956. It was reestablished in 1961 and abolished in 1973.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=1951 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Statewise) Order of India |date=1951}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1956 |title=1956 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1957}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/1973-1974-delimitation-notifs |title=1973–1974 Delimitation Commission of India Orders Statewise Notifications |date=1974}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Between 1952 & 1971, 4 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Banpur constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Godabarish Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
! colspan="4" | {{center|''1957-1960 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| rowspan="2" | Raghunath Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Ramachandra Praharaja
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Puri district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Puri district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

Ilyas Kandhlawi

2026-04-14T03:11:54Z

GJSAnnie74:

{{short description|First Amir of Tablighi Jamaat (1885-1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]
|name = Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi
|image = তাবলীগ জামাতের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা মাওলানা ইলিয়াস (রঃ).jpg
|caption =
|predecessor1 = ''Position established''
|birth_name = Akhtar Ilyas
|birth_date = 1885 (1302 [[Hijri year]])
|birth_place = [[Kandhla]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1944|07|13|1885}} (1363 [[Hijri year]])
|death_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|resting_place = [[india]]
|occupation = [[Da'i]]
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|main_interests = [[Da'wah]]
|notable_ideas =
|notable_works =[[Tablighi Jamaat]]
|disciple_of =[[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] Muhammad Ismail Kandhlawi [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi
|influences =[[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] Muhammad Ismail Kandhlawi [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] Muhammad Kandhlawi Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] [[Abdul Qadir Raipuri]] [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]
|influenced =[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]] [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] [[Manzur Nu'mani]] Ihteshamul Hasan Kandhlawi Saeed Ahmad Khan Makki [[Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi]] [[Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi]] [[Muhammad Abdul Wahhab]] Abdul Muqeet Izhar ul Hassan [[Iftikhar-ul-Hasan Kandhlawi]] [[Maulana Zubair ul Hassan]] [[Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi]] [[Tariq Jameel]] [[Israr Ahmed]]
|office1 = 1st [[Amir]] of [[Tablighi Jamaat]]
|successor1 = [[Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi]]
|known_for = Founder of Tableeghi Jamaat
}}
{{Deobandi}}
'''Muḥammad Ilyās ibn Muḥammad Ismā‘īl Kāndhlawī Dihlawī''' (1885 – 13 July 1944) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Islamic scholar]] of the Deobandi movement who founded the [[Tablighi Jamaat]], in 1925, in [[Mewat|Mewat province]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/506349 | title=Deobands battle for survival | date=3 December 2009 | newspaper=Dawn | location=Pakistan | access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=KANDEHLEVÎ, Muhammed İlyas|last=Alper|first=Ömer Mahi̇r}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Muhammad Ilyas was born in 1303 AH (1885/1886) in the village of [[Kandhla]], [[Muzaffarnagar district]], [[North-West Provinces]], [[British India]] (in present-day [[Shamli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]). His year of birth can be computed by the ''tarikhi'' ([[chronogram]]matic) name "Akhtar Ilyas" ({{lang|ur|اختر الیاس}}) using [[abjad numerals]].<ref name="nadwi">{{cite book|title=حضرت مولانا محمد الیاس اور ان کی دینی دعوت / Ḥaẓrat Maulānā Muḥammad Ilyās aur un kī dīnī da'wat|date=n.d.|publisher=Maktabah Maḥmūdīyah|location=Rā’ewind [Raiwind]|language=ur|author1=Sayyid Abul-Ḥasan ‘Alī Nadwī|author-link1=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi|orig-year=First published c. 1947}}</ref><ref name = ''personality''>{{cite book |title=Great Personalities in Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRURyQeW32QC&q=maulana+ilyas&pg=PA439 |access-date=7 May 2020 |chapter=Maulana Ilyas Kandhlavi|year = 2004| publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors |isbn = 9788174351227}}</ref>

In a local [[Maktab (education)|maktab]] (school), he memorised one and a quarter [[Ajza']] of the [[Qur'an]], and he completed [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorising the Qur'an]] under his father's supervision in Nizamuddin area, Delhi. Thereafter, he studied the elementary books of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language]] mostly under his father. Later on, he lived with and studied under [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]. In 1905, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi died, when Muhammad Ilyas was 20. In 1908, Muhammad Ilyas enrolled in [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He also studied under [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]].<ref name="talib">{{cite book |last1=Jaleel |first1=Talib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwAmCgAAQBAJ&q=maulana+ilyas&pg=PA1007 |title=Notes on Entering Deen Completely: Islam as Its Followers Know It |date=11 July 2015 |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>

==Foundation of Tablighi Jamaat==
{{See|Tablighi Jamaat}}
In the early 1920s, he prepared a team of young [[madrasah]] graduates from [[Deoband]] and [[Saharanpur]] and sent them to [[Mewat]] to establish a network of mosques and Islamic schools movement.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} He once said that if he had to attribute a name to his movement, it would have been ''Tehreek-e-Imaan'' ('Imaan/Faith Movement'). The people of [[South Asia]] started calling the devotees ''Tableeghi'' and this name eventually became popular among the common people.<ref name="hindustan">{{cite news |title = Tablighi Jamaat traces its origins to the Mewat region |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/tablighi-jamaat-traces-its-origins-to-the-mewat-region/story-A1MBdEZzFtrNLLYdDnJbyI.html |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> The Tablighi Jamaat has since gone on to become one of the most widespread grassroots Islamic movements in the world with a presence in many countries, including Canada, South Africa and the UK.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=Religions |date=14 October 2019 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] wrote a biography named ''[[Life and mission of Maulana Mohammad Ilyas|Life and Mission of Maulana Mohammad Ilyas]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://www.deshrupantor.com/554812/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9 দ্বীনদরদি আলেম ইলিয়াস (রহ.)]
* {{Cite book
|last=Nadwi
|first=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani
|url=https://archive.org/download/jan-21/URDU_DAIRA_MARIF_E_ISLAMIA_VOL_19.pdf
|title=Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya
|publisher=[[University of the Punjab]]
|year=2001
|volume=19
|editor-last=Shafi
|editor-first=Muhammad
|location=Lahore, Pakistan
|pages=373–375
|language=ur
|author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nadwi |first1=Abu'l-Hasan `Ali |author-link1=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi |title=Life and Mission of Maulana Muhammad Ilyas |url= http://www.central-mosque.com/biographies/milyas.htm}}
*{{cite web |url=http://khadimululoombaghonwali.org/english/hazrat_molana_2.html |title=Profile of Maulana Mohammad Ilyas Kandhlawi |publisher=Madrasa Islamia Arabia Khadimul-Uloom Baghonwali and Bajheri |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212081802/http://khadimululoombaghonwali.org/english/hazrat_molana_2.html |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url=http://twocircles.net/2010apr16/tablighi_jamaat_mewat_part_2.html |title=The Tablighi Jamaat in Mewat -- Part 2 |author=Yoginder Sikand |date=17 April 2010 |publisher=TwoCircles.net |access-date=3 May 2017}}
{{Tablighi Jamaat}}
{{IslamismSA}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Ilyas Al-Kandhlawi}}
{{Wikiquote}}

[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Tablighi Jamaat people]]
[[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
[[Category:People from Shamli district]]
[[Category:Emirs of Tablighi Jamaat]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Sameer Gulamnabi Kazi

2026-04-12T00:15:18Z

GJSAnnie74: Made A Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Chairman, Maharashtra State Board Of Waqf ([[Minister of State]] Status)
| term_start = 8 August 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| citizenship =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Member of Maharashtra State Board Of Waqf
| term_start2 = 26 August 2021
| term_end2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| constituency1 =
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Sameer Gulamnabi Kazi''' is an Indian politician who is duly elected un-opposed as Chairperson of the Maharashtra State Board Of Waqf, to which he was elected by the Maharashtra Government in Waqf Board on 8 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister and Member – Mahawakf |url=https://mahawakf.com/minister-and-member/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.lokmat.com/latur/notices-received-by-talegaon-farmers-not-from-waqf-board-president-sameer-kazi-a-a464-c732/ तळेगावच्या शेतकऱ्यांना आलेल्या नोटीसा वक्फ बोर्डाकडून गेलेल्या नाहीत- अध्यक्ष समीर काजी]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazi, Sameer Gulamnabi}}
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Prema Ramamurthy

2026-04-09T04:25:54Z

GJSAnnie74: Made Data

{{Short description|Indian classical musician (born 1949)}}
{{Given name hatnote|Prema|Ramamurthy|lang=Kannada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prema Ramamurthy
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|08|28}}
| birth_place = [[Ballari]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Indian Carnatic Singer
| father = Nagaraj Sastry
| mother = Jayalakshmi
| spouse = Venkataramana Ramamurthy
| children = 2, including Srinivas, [[Jayaprada Ramamurthy]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = Singer for dance
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
| website =
| years_active =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2020)
}}
'''Prema Ramamurthy''' is an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist from [[Karnataka]]. In addition to solo performances, she has also composed music for art tele-films, devotional albums, thematic productions and documentary films. She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for the year 2020.

==Biography==
Prema Ramamurthy was born on 28 August 1949, to Nagaraj Sastry and Jayalakshmi in [[Ballari]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=Prema Ramamurthy |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741015870_Prema%20Ramamurthy_11zon.pdf |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |year=2020}}</ref>

She started learning Carnatic music at the age of three from her parents and grandfather Srinivasa Sastry.<ref name="SNA" /> She is the senior most disciple of Padmavibhushan Sangita Kalanidhi [[M. Balamuralikrishna]].

She specialised in [[Pallavi]] singing from [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]] and trained in Padams and Javalis in Carnatic music from [[T. Muktha]].<ref name="SNA" /> and from Muktha.<ref name="usao">{{Cite web |title=Ashwini Ramaswamy's "Let the crows come" |url=https://usao.edu/arts-and-culture/images-docs/ar-playbill.pdf |website=[[University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma]] |access-date=22 August 2025 |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602045012/https://usao.edu/arts-and-culture/images-docs/ar-playbill.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Personal life===
{{as of|2020}}, Prema is settled in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref name="SNA" /> Her daughter Dr.[[Jayaprada Ramamurthy]] is a renowned [[Flute|flautist]].

==Career==
Prema Ramamurthy has performed in various venues within and outside India including major festivals within the country and abroad.<ref name="SNA" /> She has traveled to over 60 countries for festivals conducted by ICCR, Avignon, Theatre Dela Ville, Tropical Hall Amsterdam etc. She was one of the first artists to be invited to 2nd World Telugu Conference at Malaysia, and one of the first musicians to visit South Africa after Apartheid. She has composed music for art tele-films, devotional albums, thematic productions and national award-winning documentary films produced by the [[Films Division of India]].<ref name="SNA" /> She is one of the first Indian composers to be selected for the New York Rockefeller Foundation Award. She is an 'A Top Grade artiste' of [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] and has performed for Akashvani Sangeet Sammelan, National Program of Music, South Indian Hook Up Concert, DD Bharati etc. She has performed for many media concerts including Tirumala Nadaneerajanam, Tiruvayaru Tyagaraja Utsavam, Etv, Ntv, Tv9, Tv5 etc.<ref name="usao"/>

==Awards and honors==
Prema Ramamurthy received many awards & titles including 'Lifetime Achievement Award' from the Government of Telangana, [[Ugadi Puraskar]], and the Sangeet Saraswati by the Madurai Sadguru Sangit Sabha.<ref name="SNA" /> She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for the year 2020, and New York Rockefeller Foundation Award 2020.<ref name="SNA" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramamuthy, Prema}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo Kakatiya

2026-04-06T06:17:44Z

GJSAnnie74: created the pg added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Bastar State
| common_name = Bastar
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| era =
| year_start = 1324
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1948
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Drapeau Bastar.png
| image_coat =
| image_map = Bastar-Kanker-Imperial Gazetteer.jpg
| image_map_caption = Bastar State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
| capital = [[Jagdalpur]]
| stat_area1 = 33831
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 306,501
| footnotes = [http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bastar.html Bastar Princely State]
}}
[[File:HH Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo Kakatiya.jpg|thumb|His highnesss Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo Kakatiya]]

'''Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo Kakatiya''' is an [[India|Indian]] politician <ref>{{Cite news |title=bastar-maharaja-to-join-active-politics |work=Pioneer |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/bastar-maharaja-to-join-active-politics-soon.html}}</ref> and decent of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kaktiyas.]] After the defeat of King PrathapaRudra by [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi sultans]] his brother Annamadeva went and Established his kingdom near the banks of <ref>{{Citation |title=Muslims acquire a constitutional identity and enter all-India politics |date=1972-12-07 |work=The Muslims of British India |pages=147–167 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563287.007 |access-date=2026-03-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511563287.007 |isbn=978-0-521-09783-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>[[Indravati River|Indravathi river]], this region is today Known as Bastar. During Britishers his heirs served as rulers of princely state.<ref>{{Cite news |title=living-god-of-Bastar-tribals |work=newindianexpress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2013/oct/20/The-living-god-of-Bastar-tribals-528132.htm}}</ref> The 22nd heir of Kakatiyas HH Maharaja Kamal Chandra dev kakatiya is the present ceremonial ruler of Bastar from the age of 12 years and is considered as "''The Living God of Tribals"''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=indian express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2013/oct/20/The-living-god-of-Bastar-tribals-528132.htm}}</ref> Maharaja Kamal Chandra bhanj deo [[Kakatiya dynasty|kakatiya]] also served as Chairman of "Chattisgarh state Youth Commission". He is currently continuing in Annamadev's lineage. [[Jagdalpur]] fort is home to the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] traditions and glories of local festivals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhattisgarh State website |url=https://bastar.gov.in/en/tourism/}}</ref>

== Bastar state ==
Bastar state was a [[princely state]] in India during the British Raj. It was founded in the early 14th century, by Annamadeva brother of [[Prataparudra II]]. Today the region is called as Bastar division in [[Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh state.]]

In the early 19th century the state became part of the Central Provinces and Berar under the British Raj, and acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948, to become part of the [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 1956, and later part of the [[Bastar district]] of Chhattisgarh state in 2000. The current ceremonial ruler is Maharaja Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo kakatiya, of the Kakatiya and [[Bhanj dynasty]].

== Bastar state rulers ==

* Annam Dev (1324 - 1369) - brother of the Kakatiya Raja of Warangal, Pratap Rudra Dev
* Digpal Deo (1680 - 1709)
* Rajpal Deo (1709 - 1721)
* Mama (1721 - 1731)
* Dalpat Deo (1731 - 1774)
* Daryao Deo (1774) and (1777 - 1819)
* Ajmar Singh Deo (1774 - 1777)
* Mahipal Deo (1819)
* Bhopal Deo (1830 - 1853)
* Bhairam Deo (27 Aug 1853 – 20 Jul 1891)
* Rudra Pratap Deo (20 Jul 1891 - 1921)
* Prafulla Kumari Devi (Rani) (23 Nov 1922 – 28 Feb 1936) - married Prince Prafulla Chandra Bhanj Deo of Mayurbhanj)
* Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo (28 Oct 1936 – 1948)
* Titular
* Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo (1948 - 25 March 1966)
* Vijay Chandra Bhanj Deo (25 March 1966 - 12 April 1970)
* Bharat Chandra Bhanj Deo ( 12 April 1970 - 1996)
* Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo (1996 - current)

== Early life of Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo ==
Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo was born in the year [[1984]] March 13 to Vijay Chandra bhanj deo kakatiya and Rajamatha krishna kumari devi. He has one sibling by name Rajakumari Gayathri devi. He did his Masters of Science from [[Coventry University]] and he also have a degree in [[Political science]] from St. Joseph's college of commerce in Bengaluru.He is proficient in many languages

== Origin of the word Deo/Dev as surname ==
The Bastar region was an outpost of Trikalinga and a part of the larger [[Kalinga kingdom]].During the years 1891–1921, Maharaja Rudra Pratap Dev was the ruler of Bastar. His daughter Prafulla Kumari Devi took up the responsibility as the ruling queen of Bastar. She married Prafulla Kumar Bhanj Dev of the [[Mayurbhanj State|'Mayurbhanj']] royal family of [[Odisha|Orissa]]. Instead of the queen moving to Orissa, Prafulla Kumar Bhanj Dev moved to bastar and stayed along with her. From then on, 'Bhanj', became a suffix as a surname for all the [[Kakatiya dynasty|kakathiya]] descendants.

== Career ==

Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo started a non-profit organization called, ''''''Pravir Sena'.''''' Kamal while serving as the chairman of Chhattisgarh state youth commission (which is a cabinet post of state government) has extensively worked on youth empowerment in terms of skill development and providing employment to youth of Bastar division. He is immensely popular among his people, as he took up the cause of the local [[Tribe|triba]]<nowiki/>l people, and provided political leadership.

== Bastar Dusshera ==
[[Bastar Dussehra]] is the unique cultural trait of Chhattisgarh Celebrated by the local people of the state with sufficient vigor. The festival of Dussehra connotes to the supreme power of goddess Danteswari. During Dussehra, the inhabitants of Bastar organizes special worship ceremonies at the [[Danteshwari Temple|Danteswari temple]] of Jagadalpur.on this occasion rath is made in which the goddess sits .<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xF-2ma0puXQ |title=Amit Shah Bastar Visit: 'बस्तर दशहरा'में अमित शाह {{!}} Bastar Dussehra 2025 {{!}} Chhattisgarh |date=2025-10-04 |last=Vistaar News |access-date=2026-03-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

=== History of Bastar [[Dusshera]] ===
[[File:Bastar_Dusshera_Unexplored_Bastar.jpg|thumb|Bastar Dusshera]]
<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Pandita |title=Rahul Pandita. Hello Bastar: The Untold Story Of India's Maoist Movement. |year=2011 |isbn=978938065834 |pages=chapter 6}}</ref> It is said that the Kaktiya ruler King Purushottam Deo in 15th century AD went to the holy shrines of Jagannath Puri temple. During his return he returned as ‘Rath-pati’ with a divine permission to mount on Chariot. From that day this festival is celebrated every year with great zest and enthusiasm. Uniqueness of Bastar Dussehra is
[[File:During_the_Dussehra_festival_procession_(_Kamal_Chandra_Bhanj_Deo_Kakatiya_).jpg|thumb|During the Dussehra festival procession ( Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo Kakatiya )]]
unlike Dusherra celebrated in other parts of our country here it is not celebrated to celebrate the victory of Lord [[Rama]] ove[[Ravana|r Ravana.]] In short it has nothing to do with Lord Rama. Instead it is celebrated as a congregation of native goddess of tribals of Bastar, Devi Mavli and her sisters.

== Re establishing the past glories ==
After 700 years representatives from [[Government of Telangana]] state went to Bastar region and invited the present Heir of Kakatiya Maharaja Sri kamal Chand bhanj dev as a chief guest for Kakatiya Sapthaham.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddy. K. |first1=Surender |last2=D. |first2=Balakrishna |last3=U. |first3=SwarnaLatha |last4=Reddy T. |first4=Ravinder |date=2015 |title=Ecological Studies of Renuka Yellamma Lake, Peddapally, Karaimnagar District, Telangana |journal=Indian Journal of Biology |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.21088/ijb.2394.1391.2115.2 |issn=2394-1391|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=kakatiya-descendent-to-check-out-warangal |work=.telanganatribune |url=https://www.telanganatribune.com/hyderabad/centuries-on-kakatiya-descendent-to-check-out-warangal/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=-kakatiya-descendent-to-visit-warangal |work=The Hans India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/centuries-on-kakatiya-descendent-to-visit-warangal-750189}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
<ref>{{Cite book |first=Nagesh |last=Beereddy |title=కాకతీయ ప్రస్థానం |year=2018 |isbn=9788193645215 |pages=116–119 |publisher=Bhāṣā Sāṃskr̥tika Śākha }}</ref>

[[Category:Bastar district]]
[[Category:Kakatiya dynasty]]

Gairi Rajputon Ki

2026-04-02T05:49:18Z

GJSAnnie74: Done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gairi Rajputon Ki
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.5258|N|78.4549|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tehri Garhwal]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of Development Block of India|Development Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Partap Nagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body = Gairi Gaon Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1750
| population_total = 1135
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Uttarakhand|Uttarakhandi]] [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 249196
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01376
| registration_plate = UK 09
| website = http://tehri.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gairi Rajputon Ki''' is a village in Partapnagar Tehsil of the [[Tehri Garhwal]] district in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/43466-gairi-rajputon-ki-uttarakhand.html|title = Gairi Rajputon Ki Population - Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand|date = 16 Oct 2015|work = Census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Location==
Gairi Rajputon Ki is inhabited by about 180 families.

== Demographics ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}
Gairi Rajputon Ki has a population of 508 males and 627 females (according to the Population Census of 2011), totaling 1135. In 2011, the literacy rate 71.64%, compared to 78.82% for Uttarakhand. Male literacy stood at 94.03%, while females reached 54.63%. The 204 children comprise 17.97% of the total. The average sex ratio is 1234, while Uttarakhand state is 963. The child sex ratio is 925, versus 890 for the state.

== Governance ==

The village is administered by a [[Sarpanch]] (village head), who is its elected representative.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Villages in Tehri Garhwal district]]

List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray

2026-03-24T13:24:30Z

GJSAnnie74: new

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''Accolades received by Satyajit Ray'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |[[File:SatyajitRay.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.35|alt=A portrait of Satyajit Ray wearing a white Kurta and right-hand kept on his chin]]
A portrait of Satyajit Ray
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" width=100%
! colspan=3 style="background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;" | Awards for films{{efn|Certain awarding bodies like the [[National Film Awards]] do not announce the nominees and only award winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible" width=100%
! colspan=3 style="background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;" | '''Awards for the films directed by Ray'''
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Film'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| '''''[[Pather Panchali]]''''' || {{won|18}} || {{nom|20}}
|-
| '''''[[Aparajito]]''''' || {{won|9}} || {{nom|10}}
|-
| '''''[[Parash Pathar]]''''' || {{won|0}} || {{nom|1}}
|-
| '''''[[Jalsaghar]]''''' ||{{won|2}} ||{{nom|3}}
|-
|'''''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''''' || {{won|6}} ||{{nom|7}}
|-
|'''''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|2}}
|-
|'''''[[Teen Kanya]]''''' || {{won|5}} ||{{nom|5}}
|-
| '''''[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|Rabindranath Tagore]]''''' || {{won|3}} || {{nom|3}}
|-
| '''''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]''''' || {{won|2}} || {{nom|2}}
|-
| '''''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]''''' || {{won|3}} || {{nom|3}}
|-
| '''''[[Mahanagar]]''''' || {{won|4}} || {{nom|5}}
|-
| '''''[[Charulata]]''''' || {{won|8}} || {{nom|9}}
|-
| '''''[[Two (1964 film)|Two]]''''' || {{won|0}} || {{nom|0}}
|-
| '''''[[Kapurush]]-O-[[Mahapurush]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|2}}
|-
| '''''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]''''' || {{won|7}} || {{nom|8}}
|-
| '''''[[Chiriyakhana]]''''' || {{won|2}} || {{nom|2}}
|-
| '''''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''''' || {{won|11}} || {{nom|11}}
|-
| '''''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|1}}
|-
| '''''[[Pratidwandi]]''''' || {{won|7}} || {{nom|7}}
|-
| '''''[[Seemabaddha]]''''' || {{won|5}} || {{nom|5}}
|-
| '''''[[Sikkim (film)|Sikkim]]''''' || {{won|0}} || {{nom|0}}
|-
| '''''[[The Inner Eye]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|1}}
|-
| '''''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Ashani Sanket]]''''' || {{won|6}} || {{nom|6}}
|-
| '''''[[Sonar Kella]]''''' || {{won|8}} || {{nom|8}}
|-
| '''''[[Jana Aranya]]''''' || {{won|5}} || {{nom|5}}
|-
| '''''[[Bala (1976 film)|Bala]]''''' || {{won|0}} || {{nom|0}}
|-
| '''''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]''''' || {{won|3}} || {{nom|3}}
|-
| '''''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''''' || {{won|2}} || {{nom|2}}
|-
| '''''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]''''' || {{won|2}} || {{nom|2}}
|-
| '''''[[Pikoo (film)|Pikoo]]''''' || {{won|0}} || {{nom|0}}
|-
| '''''[[Sadgati]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|1}}
|-
| '''''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''''' || {{won|2}} || {{nom|3}}
|-
| '''''[[Sukumar Ray (film)|Sukumar Ray]]''''' || {{won|0}} || {{nom|0}}
|-
| '''''[[Ganashatru]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|1}}
|-
| '''''[[Shakha Proshakha]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|1}}
|-
| '''''[[Agantuk]]''''' || {{won|7}} || {{nom|7}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|'''Total number of awards and nominations'''
|-
| {{won|'''Totals'''}} || {{won|'''134'''}} || {{nom|'''146'''}}
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible" width=100%
! colspan=3 style="background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;" | '''Awards for the films contributed by Ray'''
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Film'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| '''''[[Baksa Badal]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|1}}
|-
| '''''[[Goopy Bagha Phire Elo]]''''' || {{won|2}} || {{nom|2}}
|-
| '''''[[The Broken Journey|Uttoran]]''''' || {{won|1}} || {{nom|1}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|'''Total number of awards and nominations'''
|-
| {{won|'''Totals'''}} || {{won|'''4'''}} || {{nom|'''4'''}}
|}
|}

[[Satyajit Ray]] ({{Audio|SatyajitRay2.ogg|listen}}; 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian filmmaker who worked prominently in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. Ray received numerous awards and honours, including India's highest award in cinema, the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1984) and India's highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]], the [[Bharat Ratna]] (1992). He was also awarded the Commander of the [[Legion of Honour|National Order of the Legion of Honour]], the highest decoration in France (1987) and an [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Award]] at the [[64th Academy Awards]] (1991).<ref>{{cite web|title=Fondements et histoire|publisher=legiondhonneur.fr|url=http://www.legiondhonneur.fr/fr/page/fondements-et-histoire/103|access-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015062033/http://www.legiondhonneur.fr/fr/page/fondements-et-histoire/103|archive-date=15 October 2014|language=fr}}</ref>

Often regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of [[world cinema]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]] |url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |access-date=3 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618053015/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |archive-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=A Slanted Canon |author=Kevin Lee |publisher=Asian American Film Commentary |date=5 September 2002 |url=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/684ysTg3l?url=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html |archive-date=31 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite web |title=Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/directors5.html |access-date=3 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419012235/http://www.filmsite.org/directors5.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=The Greatest Directors Ever by ''Total Film'' Magazine |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/greatdirectors-totalfilm2.html |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215114/http://www.filmsite.org/greatdirectors-totalfilm2.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> Ray made his directorial debut in 1955 with ''[[Pather Panchali]]''.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=352–364}}{{sfn|Ray|2013|pp=138–161}} The film earned critical acclaim and was awarded under the Best Film category at various award ceremonies and film festivals, including the [[3rd National Film Awards]] (1955), [[7th Berlin International Film Festival]] (1957), and 1st [[San Francisco International Film Festival]] (1957). ''Pather Panchali'' was also awarded the "Prix du document humain" prize at the [[1956 Cannes Film Festival|9th Cannes Film Festival]] (1956). Ray won thirty-five [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]s during his four-decade career. Six of his films{{mdash}}''Pather Panchali'', ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (1959), ''[[Charulata]]'' (1964), ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (1968), ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' (1971), and ''[[Agantuk]]'' (1991){{mdash}}won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]. Three films{{mdash}}''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958), ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]'' (1962), and ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (1970){{mdash}}were awarded with [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]] and ''[[Mahanagar]]'' (1963) was adjudged the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Third Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film]]. Ray's 1961 [[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|documentary]] on [[List of Nobel laureates in Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] received awards at the Locarno and Montevideo film festivals as well as the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film]]. His [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (1977) won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]], and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]]. Ray's ''[[The Apu Trilogy|Apu Trilogy]]'' (1955–59), comprising ''Pather Panchali'', ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956) and ''Apur Sansar'' (1959), appeared in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{`s}} [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|All-Time 100 Movies]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/the-apu-trilogy-1955-1956-1959/|title=Time 100: The Apu Trilogy|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|author=Schickel, Richard|author-link=Richard Schickel|date=12 February 2005|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>

Ray won 21 awards for his direction, including seven Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards, six Indian National Film Awards, two Silver Bear awards at the Berlin International Film Festival, and two Golden Gate Awards at the San Francisco International Film Festival. In addition to directing, Ray was a music composer and also wrote the screenplay, lyrics, and dialogues for several films.{{sfn|Robinson|1989|pp=352–364}} He won twelve awards for his screenplay writing, including one posthumous award in 1994, one award for his original story idea, seven awards for his dialogues, five awards for his music compositions, and two awards for lyric-writing.

Ray also received various awards and honours at international film festivals and universities. These include awards at the [[Chicago International Film Festival|9th Chicago International Film Festival]] (1973), [[28th Berlin International Film Festival]] (1978), [[11th Moscow International Film Festival]] (1979), [[1982 Cannes Film Festival|35th Cannes Film Festival]] (1982), [[39th Venice International Film Festival]] (1982), [[Tokyo International Film Festival|4th Tokyo International Film Festival]] (1991), and 35th San Francisco International Film Festival (1992). He was also awarded an honorary doctorate from the [[Royal College of Art]] (1974), a [[Doctor of Letters]] from the [[University of Oxford]] (1978), the [[British Film Institute Fellowship]] (1983), and two [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] awards (1959, 1986). He is the only Indian to receive two out of [[List of Big Three film festivals winners|Big Three film festivals]] top prizes.

==Honorary awards==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of awards and honours conferred on Satyajit Ray
! scope="col" | Year
!No.
! scope="col" | Awards and honours
! scope="col" | Awarding body
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1958
!1
! scope="row" |[[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]][[Padma Shri]]
| [[Government of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="padma54-13">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013) |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=8 May 2014 |pages=8, 19, 61 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1959
!2
! scope="row" |[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award#Films|Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar]]
| [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm#Films|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards)|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1965
!3
! scope="row" |[[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px]][[Padma Bhushan]]
| [[Government of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="padma54-13"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1967
!4
! scope="row" | JLCCA [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]
| Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/filter/6/r/all/IN/0/1|title=Ramon Magsaysay Award winners|publisher=Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation|access-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085335/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/filter/6/r/all/IN/0/1|archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
!5
! scope="row" |[[Order of the Yugoslav Star|Yugoslav Star with Golden Wreath]]
| [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Government of Yugoslavia]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Vishwamitra|title=Famous Indians of the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E03irrPxr2EC&pg=PA187|publisher=V & S Publishers|year=2011|page=187|isbn=978-81-920796-8-4}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1973
!6
! scope="row" | [[Doctor of Letters]]
| [[University of Delhi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=164}}
|-
!7
! scope="row" | Festival Honoree
| [[Chicago International Film Festival]] {{small|(9th)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/history/decades_of_tribute/|title=Decades of Tribute|access-date=8 June 2014|publisher=Cinema/Chicago Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407023416/http://chicagofilmfestival.com/history/decades_of_tribute/|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
!8
! scope="row" | [[Doctorate#Higher|Honorary Doctors]]
| [[Royal College of Art]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rca.ac.uk/more/our-history/college-honours/honorary-doctors/|title=Honorary Doctors of Royal College of Art|publisher=Royal College of Art|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315030921/http://www.rca.ac.uk/more/our-history/college-honours/honorary-doctors/|archive-date=15 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1976
!9
! scope="row" |[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|20px]][[Padma Vibhushan]]
| [[Government of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="padma54-13"/>
|-
!10
! scope="row" | Desikottam
| [[Visva-Bharati University]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/at_a_glance/desikot.htm|title=List of Desikottamas|publisher=Visva-Bharati University|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215213359/http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/at_a_glance/desikot.htm|archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1978
!11
! scope="row" | [[Doctor of Letters]]
| [[University of Oxford]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/staff/publications/blueprint/back_issues/document.rm?id=539|title=Blueprint July 2008|publisher=University of Oxford|format=PDF|page=4|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425162812/http://www.ox.ac.uk/staff/publications/blueprint/back_issues/document.rm?id=539|archive-date=25 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
!12
! scope="row" |Special Award
| [[Berlin International Film Festival]] {{small|([[28th Berlin International Film Festival|28th]])}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=183972|title=Satyajit Ray: Taking Bengali Cinema to the World|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=3 May 2011|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602195841/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=183972|archive-date=2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1979
!13
! scope="row" |Special Award
| [[Moscow International Film Festival]] {{small|([[11th Moscow International Film Festival|11th]])}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1979|title=1979 :: Moscow International Film Festival|publisher=Moscow International Film Festival|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403102012/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1979|archive-date=3 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1980
!14
! scope="row" | [[Doctor of Letters]]
| [[University of Burdwan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=164}}
|-
!15
! scope="row" | [[Doctor of Letters]]
| [[Jadavpur University]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/htdocs/view_department.php?deptid=68|title=Department :: Film Studies|publisher=Jadavpur University|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126005955/http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/htdocs/view_department.php?deptid=68|archive-date=26 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1981
!16
! scope="row" | [[Doctorate]]
| [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=164}}
|-
!17
! scope="row" | [[Doctor of Letters]]
| [[University of North Bengal]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=164}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1982
!18
! scope="row" | Hommage à Satyajit Ray
| [[Cannes Film Festival]] {{small|([[1982 Cannes Film Festival|35th]])}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecufilmfestival.com/en/cannes-trends/|title=Cannes Trends|publisher=[[ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival]]|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221133224/http://www.ecufilmfestival.com/en/cannes-trends/|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
!19
! scope="row" | [[Golden Lion#Golden Lion Honorary Award|Golden Lion Honorary Award]]
| [[Venice Film Festival]] {{small|([[39th Venice International Film Festival|39th]])}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/satyajit-ray-s-91st-birth-anniversary-today-205144|title=Satyajit Ray's 91st birth anniversary today|publisher=NDTV Movies|location=New Delhi|date=2 May 2012|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926231207/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/satyajit-ray-s-91st-birth-anniversary-today-205144|archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
!20
! scope="row" | Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar (Literature)
| [[Government of West Bengal]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Santi|title=Satyajit Ray: An Intimate Master|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIhlAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1998|page=238|isbn=978-81-7023-748-8}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1983
!21
! scope="row" | [[British Film Institute Fellowship]]
| [[British Film Institute]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/event/18693|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=31 May 2014|title=BFI Fellowship: 1983|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023062826/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/event/18693|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1984
!22
! scope="row" |[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
| [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Dadasaheb Phalke Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1985
!23
! scope="row" | Doctor of Literature
| [[University of Calcutta]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.htm|title=Recipients of Hony. Degrees|publisher=University of Calcutta|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234707/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.htm|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
!24
! scope="row" | Soviet Land Nehru Award
| [[Soviet Union]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=164}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1986
!25
! scope="row" | [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
| [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm#1990|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna Puraskar (Akademi Fellow)|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206222925/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1987
!26
! scope="row" | Dadabhai Naoroji Memorial Award
| [[Government of India]] {{small|([[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]])}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/11605/18/Chapter30-31_761-800p.pdf|page=18|title=30 Diary of National Events 1987–88|publisher=West Bengal Public Library Network|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602194837/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/11605/18/Chapter30-31_761-800p.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=President Kalam Gives Away Dadabhai Naoroji Award To Dr. Mashelkar|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rfeb2003/03022003/r0302200313.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=3 July 2015|date=3 February 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231014522/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rfeb2003/03022003/r0302200313.html|archive-date=31 December 2004}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1987
!27
! scope="row" | [[Legion of Honour|Commander of the Legion of Honour]]
| [[Government of France]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm19/french-honour-for-lata-mangeshkar/article1-172314.aspx|title=French honour for Lata Mangeshkar|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=New Delhi|date=12 November 2006|access-date=1 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607123553/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm19/french-honour-for-lata-mangeshkar/article1-172314.aspx|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
!28
! scope="row" | [[Doctor of Letters]]
| [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=165}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1991
!29
! scope="row" | [[Academy Honorary Award]]
| [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] {{small|([[64th Academy Awards|64th]])}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/|title=Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray|access-date=18 May 2014|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020193036/http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
!30
! scope="row" | Special Achievement Award
| [[Tokyo International Film Festival]] {{small|(4th)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.tiff-jp.net/en/archives?no=4|title=4th Tokyo International Film Festival|publisher=Tokyo International Film Festival|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200240/http://history.tiff-jp.net/en/archives?no=4|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1992
!31
! scope="row" | [[San Francisco International Film Festival#Founder.E2.80.99s Directing Award|Akira Kurosawa Award]]
| [[San Francisco International Film Festival]] {{small|(35th)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fest11.sffs.org/awards/oliver_stone.php|title=Founder's Directing Award: Oliver Stone|access-date=1 June 2014|publisher=[[San Francisco International Film Festival]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604223647/http://fest11.sffs.org/awards/oliver_stone.php|archive-date=4 June 2013 }}</ref>
|-
!32
! scope="row" |[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Bharat Ratna]]
| [[Government of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="recp54-09">{{cite web|title=List of recipients of Bharat Ratna (1954–2009)|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Recipients-BR_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=8 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Q99BVYEX?url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Recipients-BR_0.pdf|archive-date=7 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

==Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards==

The [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]], commonly referred as BFJA Awards, are awarded annually by The Bengal Film Journalists' Association founded in 1937.<ref name="BFJAAbout">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/about-us.php|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association: About Us|access-date=6 June 2015|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112143754/http://www.bfjaaward.com/about-us.php|archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Ray won thirty-nine awards for sixteen of his films and three awards for two films by other directors; Nityananda Dutta and [[Sandip Ray]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Ceremony
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1962
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Teen Kanya]]''
| rowspan="2" | 25th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="BFJA62">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1962|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1962|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607005905/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1962|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | 1963
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]''
| rowspan="4" | 26th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref name="BFJA63">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1963|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1963|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212817/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1963|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]''
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1964
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Mahanagar]]''
| rowspan="2" | 27th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="BFJA64">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1964|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1964|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108203706/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1964|archive-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Best Dialogue || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | 1965
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | ''[[Charulata]]''
| rowspan="4" | 28th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref name="BFJA65">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1965|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1965|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607002326/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1965|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1966
! scope="row" | ''Baksa Badal''{{efn|The film was directed by Nityananda Dutta. Ray composed the music for the film and wrote the screenplay along with the dialogue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/films/filmo_contribution.htm|title=Films with Contributions by Satyajit Ray|access-date=6 June 2014|publisher=satyajitray.org|archive-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003014559/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/filmo_contribution.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| rowspan="2" | 29th Annual BFJA Awards || Best Dialogue || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="BFJA66">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1966|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1966|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214121/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1966|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kapurush-O-Mahapurush'' {{•}}''[[Kapurush]]'' {{•}}''[[Mahapurush]]''
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | 1967
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]''
| rowspan="4" | 30th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref name="BFJA67">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1967|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1967|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204052213/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1967|archive-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | 1970
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''
| rowspan="6" | 33rd Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" |<ref name="BFJA70">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1970|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1970|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108210957/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1970|archive-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Lyricist Award|Best Lyricist]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | 1971
! scope="row" | ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]''
| rowspan="5" | 34th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref name="BFJA71">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1971|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1971|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114748/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1971|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | ''[[Pratidwandi]]''
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award|Best Director]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1972
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Seemabaddha]]''
| rowspan="3" | 35th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref name="BFJA72">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1972|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1972|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607004210/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1972|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! scope="row" | ''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Ashani Sanket]]''
| 37th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="BFJA74">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1974|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1974|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724073415/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1974|archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! scope="row" | ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
| 38th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="BFJA75">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1975|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1975|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607005523/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1975|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1986
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''
| 49th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="BFJA86">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1986|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1986|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606235343/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1986|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | 1993
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | ''[[Agantuk]]''
| rowspan="7" | 56th Annual BFJA Awards || [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref name="BFJA93">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1993|title=Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards – 1993|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224640/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1993|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Babulal Chowkhani Memorial Trophy for Best Original Story|Best Original Story]] || {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Goopy Bagha Phire Elo]]''{{efn|The film was directed by [[Sandip Ray]]. Satyajit Ray composed the music for the film and wrote the screenplay along with the lyrics.<ref name="SRfilmographysrucsc">{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/filmography|title=Satyajit Ray > Filmography|publisher=satyajitray.ucsc.edu|access-date=2 February 2013|archive-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072738/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/filmography|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Lyricist Award|Best Lyricist]] || {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shakha Proshakha]]''
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Indian Films Award|Best Indian Films]] || {{won}}
|}

==Bodil Awards==

Established in 1948, the [[Bodil Awards]] are presented annually at a ceremony in [[Copenhagen]] by [[Danish Film Critics Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodilprisen.dk/bodilprisen|title=Bodil Awards|access-date=7 June 2015|publisher=Denmark's National Association of Film Critics|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007162357/http://www.bodilprisen.dk/bodilprisen|archive-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> Ray received two awards.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of Bodil Awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Ceremony
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1967
! scope="row" | ''[[Aparajito]]''
| 21st Bodil Awards || [[Bodil Award for Best American Film|Best Non-European Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodilprisen.dk/1967|title=21st Bodil Awards|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Denmark's National Association of Film Critics|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102195113/http://www.bodilprisen.dk/1967|archive-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1969
! scope="row" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| 23rd Bodil Awards || [[Bodil Award for Best American Film|Best Non-European Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodilprisen.dk/1969|title=23rd Bodil Awards|access-date=4 June 2014|publisher=Denmark's National Association of Film Critics|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102202847/http://www.bodilprisen.dk/1969|archive-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
|}

==British Academy Film Awards==

The [[British Academy Film Awards]] is an annual event organised by the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] (BAFTA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/about|title=About BAFTA|date=22 May 2014 |access-date=7 June 2015|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315043019/http://www.bafta.org/about|archive-date=15 March 2015 }}</ref> Ray received three nominations.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of British Academy Film Awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Ceremony
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1958
! scope="row" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| [[11th British Academy Film Awards]] || [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film from Any Source]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1958/film/film-and-british-film|title=1958 Film Film And British Film|access-date=5 June 2014|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129200430/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1958/film/film-and-british-film|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1959
! scope="row" | ''[[Aparajito]]''
| [[12th British Academy Film Awards]] || [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film from Any Source]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1959/film/film-and-british-film|title=1959 Film Film And British Film|access-date=5 June 2014|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031170656/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1959/film/film-and-british-film|archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1962
! scope="row" | ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| [[15th British Academy Film Awards]] || [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film from Any Source]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1962/film/film-and-british-film|title=1962 Film Film And British Film|access-date=5 June 2014|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604032450/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1962/film/film-and-british-film|archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Filmfare Awards==

The [[Filmfare Awards]] are presented annually by [[The Times Group]] for the [[Bollywood]] films.<ref>{{cite news|title=Times Group takes on IIFA with new film awards|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/times-group-takes-on-iifa-with-new-film-awards-113013000097_1.html|date=30 January 2013|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219120616/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/times-group-takes-on-iifa-with-new-film-awards-113013000097_1.html|archive-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> Ray received two awards.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of Filmfare Awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Ceremony
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1977
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[26th Filmfare Awards]] || [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie|Critics Award for Best Movie]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=FF77>{{cite web|url=http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cfilm.htm|title=Previous Awards: Critics Award for Best Film|access-date=2 June 2014|publisher=Indiatimes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218030957/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cfilm.htm|archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_dir.html|title=Previous Awards: Best Director|access-date=2 June 2014|publisher=Indiatimes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008210934/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_dir.html|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>
|}

==National Board of Review==

Established in 1909, the National Board of Review awards are awarded annually by The [[National Board of Review|National Board of Review of Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/about/|title=About The National Board of Review|publisher=The National Board of Review|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123083326/http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/about/|archive-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> Ray received four awards.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of National Board of Review Awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Ceremony
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1958
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| rowspan="2" | 30th National Board of Review Awards || [[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="NBRA58">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1958/|title=1958 Award Winners|publisher=National Board of Review Awards|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602214619/http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1958/|archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Top Foreign Language Films || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1960
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| rowspan="2" | 32nd National Board of Review Awards || [[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="NBRA60">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1960/|title=1960 Award Winners|publisher=National Board of Review Awards|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013193338/http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1960/|archive-date=13 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Top Foreign Language Films || {{won}}
|}

==National Film Awards==

The Indian [[National Film Awards]] are presented by [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] during its annual ceremony to honour the best films of the [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] in the given year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/nfa.asp|title=National Film Awards@Directorate of Film Festivals|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> Ray won thirty-five awards for twenty-five of his films and one posthumous award for the film directed by his son [[Sandip Ray]]. He won maximum number of awards (six) for the Best Director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/fun-facts-about-the-national-awards/20150407.htm|title=Fun Facts about the National Awards|work=Rediff.com|date=7 April 2015|access-date=18 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409060124/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/fun-facts-about-the-national-awards/20150407.htm|archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#CEE8F0;"|{{dagger}}
|Indicates certificate of merit
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#E0E0D1;"|{{double-dagger}}
|Indicates a posthumous win
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of National Film Awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Ceremony
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1955
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[3rd National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="3rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf |title=3rd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=1 September 2011 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802150604/http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1958
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Jalsaghar]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[6th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]] || style="background-color:#CEE8F0;width:1%;" | {{sup|{{dagger}}}} || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="6thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx|title=6th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054317/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || style="background-color:#CEE8F0;width:1%;" | {{sup|{{dagger}}}} || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1959
! scope="row" | ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| [[7th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 September 2011|page=2}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1960
! scope="row" | ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]''
| [[8th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=7 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1961
! scope="row" | ''[[Teen Kanya]]''{{efn|The award was given to one of three parts of the film, ''Samapti''.}}
| [[9th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=8 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|Rabindranath Tagore]]''
| [[9th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Documentary Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="9thaward"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1962
! scope="row" | ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]''
| [[10th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]] || style="background-color:#CEE8F0;width:1%;" | {{sup|{{dagger}}}} || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=9 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1963
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahanagar]]''
| [[11th National Film Awards]]
| [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Third Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film]] || style="background-color:#CEE8F0;width:1%;" | {{sup|{{dagger}}}} || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=13 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1964
! scope="row" | ''[[Charulata]]''
| [[12th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="12thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx|title=12th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=14 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225220334/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=25 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1966
! scope="row" | ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]''
| [[14th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=149}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1967
! scope="row" | ''[[Chiriyakhana]]''
| [[15th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 September 2011|page=4}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1968
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[16th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011|pages=2, 4}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1970
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Pratidwandi]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[18th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011|pages=2, 5}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] || {{won}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! scope="row" | ''[[Seemabaddha]]''
| [[19th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=152}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! scope="row" | ''[[The Inner Eye]]''
| [[20th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Information Film {{small|(Documentary)}}]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1973
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Ashani Sanket]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[21st National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011|pages=8, 20}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Director]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1974
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[22nd National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011|pages=8, 11, 20}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! scope="row" | ''[[Jana Aranya]]''
| [[23rd National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|page=6}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1977
! scope="row" | ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]''
| [[25th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|page=18}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1978
! scope="row" | ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''
| [[26th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|page=14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1980
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[28th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|pages=20, 24}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1981
! scope="row" | ''[[Sadgati]]''
| [[29th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|title=29th National Film Awards|access-date=4 October 2011|page=21}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1984
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''
| [[32nd National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012|page=32}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1989
! scope="row" | ''[[Ganashatru]]''
| [[37th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012|page=64}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1991
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Agantuk]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[39th National Film Awards]]
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012|pages=14, 16}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] || {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1994
! scope="row" | ''[[The Broken Journey|Uttoran]]''{{efn|name=uttoran|The film was directed by Sandip Ray. Satyajit Ray wrote the screenplay for the film.<ref name="SRfilmographysrucsc"/>}}
| [[41st National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || style="background-color:#E0E0D1;width:1%;" | {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012|page=50}}</ref>
|}

== Other annual film awards ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Ceremony
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1967
! scope="row" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| 40th Kinema Junpo Awards || Best Foreign Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=139}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1968
! scope="row" | ''[[Chiriyakhana]]''
| West Bengal Government Film Awards || Best Direction || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=365}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Ashani Sanket]]''
| West Bengal Government Film Awards || Best Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=154}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1974
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
| rowspan="3" | West Bengal Government Film Awards
| Best Film
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Won
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| Best Direction
|-
| Best Screenplay
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1975
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Jana Aranya]]''
| rowspan="3" | West Bengal Government Film Awards
| Best Film
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Won
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| Best Direction
|-
| Best Screenplay
|}

==Major film festival awards==
===Berlin International Film Festival===

Founded in 1951, the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], also called the Berlinale, is an annual film festival held in Berlin, Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/archiv_biografien/Biografie_Martay.html|title=Oscar Martay profile|access-date=7 June 2015|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426223115/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/archiv_biografien/Biografie_Martay.html|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> Ray won nine awards and three nominations for seven of his films. He is one of the four directors to win the Silver Bear for Best Director more than once and received maximum number of nominations (seven) for the Golden Bear for Best Film.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films at Berlin International Film Festival
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Film festival
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1957
! scope="row" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| [[7th Berlin International Film Festival]] || Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=139}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1960
! scope="row" | ''[[Aparajito]]''
| [[10th Berlin International Film Festival]] || Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=140}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1963
! scope="row" | ''[[Teen Kanya]]''
| [[13th Berlin International Film Festival]] || Selznick Golden Laurel for Best Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=144}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1964
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Mahanagar]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[14th Berlin International Film Festival]] || [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1964/02_programm_1964/02_Programm_1964.html|title=Programme 1964: In Competition|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503150655/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1964/02_programm_1964/02_Programm_1964.html|archive-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Silver Bear for Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1964/03_preistr_ger_1964/03_Preistraeger_1964.html|title=Prizes & Honours 1964|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319032841/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1964/03_preistr_ger_1964/03_Preistraeger_1964.html|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1965
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Charulata]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[15th Berlin International Film Festival]] || [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/02_programm_1965/02_Programm_1965.html|title=Programme 1965: In Competition|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503170208/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/02_programm_1965/02_Programm_1965.html|archive-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Silver Bear for Best Director]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html|title=Prizes & Honours 1965|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319033406/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| OCIC Catholic Award || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=147}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1966
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[16th Berlin International Film Festival]] || [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/02_programm_1966/02_Programm_1966.html|title=Programme 1966: In Competition|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503155609/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/02_programm_1966/02_Programm_1966.html|archive-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Special Recognition || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/03_preistr_ger_1966/03_Preistraeger_1966.html|title=Prizes & Honours 1966|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319025331/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/03_preistr_ger_1966/03_Preistraeger_1966.html|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Critics' Prize (UNICRIT Award) || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=149}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Ashani Sanket]]''
| [[23rd Berlin International Film Festival]] || [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1973/03_preistr_ger_1973/03_Preistraeger_1973.html|title=Programme 1973: In Competition|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319040253/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1973/03_preistr_ger_1973/03_Preistraeger_1973.html|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
|}

=== Cannes Film Festival ===

Originally set to be held in 1939 but subsequently held in 1946, the [[Cannes Film Festival]] is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France. Ray won two awards and four nominations for four of his films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/about/aboutFestivalHistory.html|title=About the Festival: History of the Festival|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Festival de Cannes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407102913/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/about/aboutFestivalHistory.html|archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films at Cannes Film Festival
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Film festival
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1956
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[1956 Cannes Film Festival]] || [[Palme d'Or|Palme d'Or for Best Film]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="cannesSR">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/artist/id/851.html|title=Cannes Film Festival: Satyajit Ray profile|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Festival de Cannes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209133512/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/artist/id/851.html|archive-date=9 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Prix du document humain || {{won}}
|-
| OCIC Catholic Award || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite book|last=Lyden|first=John|title=The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9OJLAZakI4C&pg=PA62|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-44853-6|page=62}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1958
! scope="row" | ''[[Parash Pathar]]''
| [[1958 Cannes Film Festival]] || [[Palme d'Or|Palme d'Or for Best Film]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="cannesSR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1962
! scope="row" | ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]''
| [[1962 Cannes Film Festival]] || [[Palme d'Or|Palme d'Or for Best Film]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="cannesSR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1984
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''
| [[1984 Cannes Film Festival]] || [[Palme d'Or|Palme d'Or for Best Film]] || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="cannesSR"/>
|}

=== San Francisco International Film Festival ===

Organized by the [[San Francisco Film Society]] and founded in 1957, the [[San Francisco International Film Festival]] is billed as "the longest-running film festival in the Americas".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sffs.org/sfiff58/about|title=About San Francisco International Film Festival|access-date=7 June 2015|publisher=San Francisco International Film Festival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413101650/http://www.sffs.org/sfiff58/about|archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Ray won four awards for two of his films.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films at San Francisco International Film Festival
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Film festival
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1957
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| rowspan="2" | 1st San Francisco International Film Festival
| Golden Gate Award for Best Film
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sffs.org/films/film_details.php?id=3802|title=Pather Panchali@San Francisco International Film Festival|access-date=4 June 2015|publisher=San Francisco International Film Festival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921212332/http://history.sffs.org/films/film_details.php?id=3802|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Golden Gate Award for Best Director
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1958
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Aparajito]]''
| rowspan="2" | 2nd San Francisco International Film Festival
| Golden Gate Award for Best Film
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sffs.org/films/film_details.php?id=255|title=Aparajito@San Francisco International Film Festival|access-date=5 June 2015|publisher=San Francisco International Film Festival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921211042/http://history.sffs.org/films/film_details.php?id=255|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Golden Gate Award for Best Director
| {{won}}
|}

=== Venice Film Festival ===

Initially named as "Esposizione d'Arte Cinematografica", the [[Venice Film Festival]] was founded in 1932 as part of the 18th [[Venice Biennale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/the30s.html|title=The 30s@Venice Film Festival|access-date=7 June 2015|publisher=la Biennale di Venezia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073108/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/the30s.html|archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Ray won five awards and one nomination for four of his films.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films at Venice Film Festival
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Film festival
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1957
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Aparajito]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[18th Venice International Film Festival]]
| [[Golden Lion|Golden Lion for Best Film]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/awards1.html|title=The awards of the Venice Film Festival|access-date=4 June 2015|publisher=la Biennale di Venezia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016035043/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/awards1.html|archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Cinema Nuovo Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=140}}
|-
| [[International Federation of Film Critics#FIPRESCI Award|FIPRESCI Critics' Award]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fipresci.org/awards/1957|title=FIPRESCI Award 1957|access-date=4 June 2015|publisher=International Federation of Film Critics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605001553/http://www.fipresci.org/awards/1957|archive-date=5 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1965
! scope="row" | ''[[Kapurush]]''
| [[26th Venice International Film Festival]]
| [[Golden Lion|Golden Lion for Best Film]]
| {{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=170}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! scope="row" | ''[[Seemabaddha]]''
| [[33rd Venice International Film Festival]]
| [[International Federation of Film Critics#FIPRESCI Award|FIPRESCI Critics' Award]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=152}}
|}

=== Other international film festival awards ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%"
|+ List of awards presented to Satyajit Ray's films at various international film festivals
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Film festival
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1956
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| [[Edinburgh International Film Festival|9th Edinburgh International Film Festival]] || Diploma Of Merit
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=139}}
|-
| Manila Film Festival
| Golden Carbao
| {{won}}
|-
| Rome Film Festival
| Vatican Award
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1958
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| Stratford Film Festival || Critics' Award for Best Film of the Year || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/07/14/archives/indian-film-honored-pather-panchali-wins-prize-at-stratford-ont.html|title=Indian Film Honored; 'Pather Panchali' Wins Prize at Stratford, Ont., Fete|page=16|date=14 July 1958|access-date=8 June 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201703/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00613FD355A137B93C6A8178CD85F4C8585F9|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vancouver International Film Festival]] || Best Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=139}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1958–59
! scope="row" | ''[[Aparajito]]''
| USA Film Festival || Golden Laurel for Best Foreign Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=140}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1959
! scope="row" | ''[[Jalsaghar]]''
| [[1st Moscow International Film Festival]] || Grand prix for Best Film || {{nominated}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff35/eng/archives/?year=1959|title=1959 :: Moscow International Film Festival|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Moscow International Film Festival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604033859/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff36/eng/archives/?year=1959|archive-date=4 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| [[New York Film Festival]] || Cultural Award: Best Foreign Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=139}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1960
! scope="row" | ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| [[BFI London Film Festival|7th BFI London Film Festival]] || [[Sutherland Trophy|Sutherland Trophy for Best Original And Imaginative Film]] || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=142}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1961
! scope="row" | ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| [[Edinburgh International Film Festival|14th Edinburgh International Film Festival]] || Diploma Of Merit || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=142}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|Rabindranath Tagore]]''
| [[Locarno International Film Festival|14th Locarno International Film Festival]] || Golden Sail for Short Films || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.pardo.ch/details.do?methodcall=premiDetails&oc=310755|title=Golden Sail for Short Films (1961)|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Festival del film Locarno|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191634/http://archive.pardo.ch/details.do?methodcall=premiDetails&oc=310755|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1962
! scope="row" | ''[[Teen Kanya|Two Daughters]]''{{efn|The original title of the film ''Teen Kanya'' means three daughters (or girls), however the international version of the film is titled ''Two Daughters''. Though the feature film has three different stories, only two of them were included for the international release—''The Postmaster'' and ''Samapti''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm|title=Teen Kanya (Three Daughters / Two Daughters)|publisher=satyajitray.org|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-date=5 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105050916/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| [[Melbourne International Film Festival|10th Melbourne International Film Festival]] || Golden Boomerang for Best Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=144}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1962
! scope="row" | ''[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|Rabindranath Tagore]]''
| Montevideo Film Festival || Special Mention || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=145}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1965
! scope="row" | ''[[Charulata]]''
| [[Acapulco Film Festival]] || Best Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=147}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1969
! scope="row" | ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''
| [[New Zealand International Film Festivals|Auckland International Film Festival]] || Silver Cross Award for Best Direction and Originality || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2013/08/04/mon01.asp|title=Chandran Rutnam: First Lankan director to win Best Director Award|newspaper=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)|Sunday Observer]]|date=4 August 2013|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607123553/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm19/french-honour-for-lata-mangeshkar/article1-172314.aspx|archive-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=live|author=Perera, Charith}}</ref>{{sfn|Ray|2013|p=150}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 1970
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''
| [[Melbourne International Film Festival|18th Melbourne International Film Festival]] || Best Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=150}}
|-
| Tokyo Film Festival || Merit Award || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=145}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Ashani Sanket]]''
| [[Chicago International Film Festival|9th Chicago International Film Festival]] || Gold Hugo for Best Feature Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/history/movies/?festival=ciff_1973|title=9th Chicago Film Festival (1973)|access-date=8 June 2014|publisher=Cinema/Chicago Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407013827/http://chicagofilmfestival.com/history/movies/?festival=ciff_1973|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=365}}{{sfn|Ray|2012|p=454}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! scope="row" | ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
| 10th Teheran International Festival of Films for Children and Young Adults || Golden Statue for Best Live Feature Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=155}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! scope="row" | ''[[Jana Aranya]]''
| [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival|30th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] || Karlovy Vary Prize || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Robinson|1989|p=366}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1979
! scope="row" | ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''
| [[Hong Kong International Film Festival|3rd Hong Kong International Film Festival]] || Best Feature Film || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="iic">{{cite web|url=http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/ContentAttachments/Publications/635301449163371226_IIC%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202013-14%205-3-2014.pdf|title=India International Centre: Annual Report 2013-2014|access-date=8 June 2014|publisher=India International Centre|page=244}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 1980
! scope="row" | ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[BFI London Film Festival|27th BFI London Film Festival]]
| rowspan="3" | Wington Award
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Ray|2013|p=142}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aparajito]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| {{won}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==

*{{cite book|last=Ray|first=Bijoya|title=Manik and I: My Life with Satyajit Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7YadsNfe3QC|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2012|pages=624|isbn=978-81-8475-750-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|editor-last=Ray|editor-first=Sandip|editor-link=Sandip Ray|title=Satyajit Ray on Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgeaM-Zl6ykC&pg=PA164|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2013|pages=171|isbn=978-0-231-16495-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|author-link=W. Andrew Robinson|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=1989|isbn=1-86064-965-3}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6249|Satyajit Ray}}
* [http://www.satyajitray.org/ SatyajitRay.org]
* [http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/ Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center: University of California – Santa Cruz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313215233/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/ |date=13 March 2007 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150620025913/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/ Satyajit Ray society]}}

{{Satyajit Ray}}
{{featured list}}

[[Category:Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian film director|Ray, Satyajit]]

Ibtada

2026-03-23T11:59:13Z

GJSAnnie74: created first data initial version!

{{Short description|Educational organization in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Tone|date=January 2020}}
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'''Ibtada''' ([[Urdu]] for 'the beginning') is a private [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] development organization which focuses on organization and education of deprived women of the [[Alwar]], [[India]] region. Ibtada is headquartered in [[Alwar]], [[India]], and the [[Mewat]] region of [[Rajasthan]].

It was founded in 1997 by Rajesh Singhi.

Ibtada serves around 400 villages in 6 Blocks of [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]]. This area is known to be dominated by [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo-Muslims]], the traditional peasantry class. The region suffers extreme social and economic underdevelopment due to lack of resources, awareness, education, health and gender equality.

== History ==
Initially focused on the formation of self-help groups (SHGs). By March 1999, Ibtada had formed 16 SHGs, which grew to 142 by 2001 and to over 2000 at present. In addition to forming SHGs, Ibtada had established upper tier institutions, including 68 clusters and 4 federations. The organization has also implemented livelihood interventions in the areas of agriculture and animal husbandry, with goat rearing being a key intervention involving over 500 families. Ibtada has also focused on developing the skills of women, enabling them to work as Resource Persons for their communities. Through this process, Ibtada has developed women as Pashu Sakhies, Krishi Sakhies, Swasthya Sakhies, Shiksha Sakhies, and Adhikar Sakhies.

Ibtada's girls' education programme began in August 2000, with 7 learning centers (called Taleemshalas). This program has since grown to encompass 121 learning centers as of 2011. The Taleemshalas provide education to out-of-school girls up to Class V, after which they are mainstreamed into public schools. However, following the implementation of the Right to Education (RTE) in 2009, Ibtada began working with government schools to improve their quality and involve the community in their functioning. Currently, Ibtada's public school program covers 100 schools in the districts of Ramgarh and Kishangarh, and also includes an Upper Primary School in Gwalda.

== Initiatives ==
[[File:NJPC_meeting.jpg|right|thumb|180x180px|A discussion on best practices around menstrual hygiene]]

=== Savings credit based institutions ===
Promoting community-based institutions for women empowerment is the core of Ibtada's mission. These institutions empower women to: change power relations in their family and in society, foster decision-making processes among women, enhance their degree of control over resources and provide them space for visibility and collective action. Ibtada's three tier Institutional architecture (SHGs, Clusters and Federations or Manch) forms the base for implementing different programmes for Financial Inclusion, Livelihoods, Girls Empowerment and Rights & Entitlements. Ibtada has promoted 10 federations until now, including 5 for the NRLM. Currently, four federations - Chetna, Kranti, Sangharsh, and Savera, registered as Trusts work autonomously with ongoing support from Ibtada.

=== Women-led livelihoods ===
Entrepreneurship amongst women is promoted by providing them with market knowledge as well as financial help. Women who are members of the SHGs can secure loans to start small shops in their village, thus reducing their dependence on agriculture or on an animal husbandry-based income. Women are also provided market knowledge to source stock and Ibtada provides support for maintaining accounts. As part of this intervention, many women were able to open general stores, cosmetics, animal feed or tailoring shops etc. and are earning additional income.

=== Education ===
Education has been a primary focus of Ibtada's initiatives, with introduction of school libraries, Bal sansads as well as supplementary classes. They have also worked in order to improve infrastructure in public schools and have facilitated the setting up and operations of School Management committees.

=== Girl Empowerment ===
The lack of education for girls has been one of the important reasons of the poor state of women and girls in the Mewat region. The Girls Empowerment Program is focused upon providing formal and informal education to girls aged 12 to 18 years through Girls Resource Centers (established at village level), career guidance, vocational training, financial support & transport facilities.

=== Rights and entitlements===
Village Rights Committees are created in clusters that disseminate information to the women about government schemes, programs, entitlements and roles & responsibilities of the service providers to empower and make them 'Adikaar Sakhis' who can help the village members receive their rights and entitlements.

== Campaigns ==

=== Covid Response ===
Since 2020, Ibtada has been carrying out a robust covid relief response in the villages of Alwar, Rajasthan. The aim of the response has been to provide instant relief to the community by bridging existing gaps and creating awareness.

== Awards ==

=== Kebera Edelweiss Social Innovation Honours (Runners-up), 2009 ===

=== NABARD SHG Bank Linkage Award (Runners up), 2010-11 ===

=== CSO Partners Outstanding Annual Report, 2011 ===

=== Rajasthan State Bhamashah Award 2014 & 2015, 2017 [https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#:~:text=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%2C%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%20%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97,%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%A4] ===

=== Alwar Gaurav Award 2017 ===

=== IACC Award for Leadership in Corporate Social Responsibility Programs, 2018 ===

=== PoleStar Social Impact Award for Empowerment, 2019 [https://www.polestar-foundation.org/] ===

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://goonj.org/}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.goodnewsindia.com/index.php/magazine/story/goonj/|title=Goonj: A ready to wear label for the poor|work=Good News magazine}}

{{Indian non-profit}}
{{Non-governmental organizations in India}}

[[Category:Charities based in India]]

Bengali dialects

2026-03-20T07:13:39Z

GJSAnnie74:

{{short description|Dialects of the Bengali language}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Bengali dialects2.png|thumb|upright=1.2|A map of [[Bengal]] (including parts of [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Myanmar]], [[Odisha]], [[Nepal]] and [[Jharkhand]]) showing the six major dialect clusters of [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. 
{{Legend|#FFD400|[[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhumi]]|invert=y}}
{{Legend|#FF70F5|[[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]]*|invert=y}}
{{Legend|#0A9F00|[[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]]|invert=y}}
{{Legend|#9000FF|[[Southern Bengali dialect|Sundarbani]]|invert=y}}
{{Legend|#0033FF|[[Eastern Bengali|Vanga]]|invert=y}}
{{Legend|#CC0022|[[Varendri dialect|Varendri]]|invert=y}}
(''those marked with an asterisk (*) are sometimes considered dialects and sometimes considered separate languages'')|class=skin-invert-image]]
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Culture of Bangladesh}}
The '''Bengali dialects''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলা উপভাষা}} {{IPA|bn|baŋla upobʱaʃa|}}) or '''Bengali varieties''' ({{lang|bn|বাংলা ভাষিকা}} {{IPA|bn|baŋla bʱaʃika|}}) are the [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of the [[Bengali language]], an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]] language of the [[Indo-European language family]], widely spoken in the [[Bengal region]] of [[South Asia]]. The spoken dialects of Bengali are [[mutually intelligible]] with neighbouring dialects.

Bengali dialects can be classified along at least two dimensions: spoken vs. literary variations, and [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] vs. regional variations.

==Classifications==
[[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] and [[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]] classified Bengali dialects in six classes by their [[phonology]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[pronunciation]]. They are:<ref name="IJL2001">{{cite journal |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Anita |year=2001 |title=Problems of Phonetic Transcription in Bengali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yxhAAAAMAAJ&q=Rarhi |journal=Praci-Bhasha-Vijnan Indian Journal of Linguistics |volume=20 |page=79 |oclc=2256120 |quote=We all know that there are 4 or 5 dialects of the Bengali language. These are, according to Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji and Sukumar Sen - Rarhi, Barendra, Kamarupi, Banga and Jharkhandi as added by Dr. S. Sen.}} NB Barendra refers to Varendri</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sukumar |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bh%C4%81sh%C4%81ra_itibr%CC%A5tta/26Sl1RT4NpEC?hl=bn |title=Bhāshāra itibr̥tta |date=1993 |publisher=Ānanda Pābaliśārsa |isbn=978-81-7215-123-2 |pages=148-150 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি |url=http://munshiganjup.satkhira.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6980ee69a31054345f1ce431 |website=Munshiganj Union Parishad |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref>

# '''[[Eastern Bengali dialects|Eastern Bengali]]'''/'''Bangali'''/'''Vanga dialects''': the most widely spoken dialect of Bengali language. It is spoken across the [[Khulna Division|Khulna]], [[Barisal Division|Barisal]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] [[Divisions of Bangladesh]], [[Tripura]] and parts of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]. However, it's not a widely accepted grouping as dialects spoken in Khulna are much closer to [[Central Bengali dialect|Central dialects]]. Dialects spoken in central, central-north and southern Bangladesh are very different from [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] and [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] dialects.
# '''[[Central Bengali dialects|Central Bengali]]'''/'''Rarhi dialects''': spoken across much of Southern [[West Bengal]], [[India]] and Southwestern [[Bangladesh]]. It is spoken by almost 20 percent of Bengali people. The regions where it is spoken include the whole of [[Presidency division]], the northern half of [[Khulna Division]], the southern half of [[Burdwan division]] and parts of the district of [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]].
# '''[[Southern Bengali dialects|Southern Bengali]]'''/'''Sundarbani dialects''': spoken in the [[Presidency Division]] and the [[Khulna Division]] of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. It shares similarities with the [[Eastern Bengali dialects|Bangali]] and [[Central Bengali dialects|Rarhi]] dialects.<ref name="DialectsArchive">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh 12 |url=https://www.dialectsarchive.com/bangladesh-12 |website=Dialects Archive |publisher=George Mason University |access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref>
# '''[[North Central Bengali dialects|North Central Bengali]]'''/'''Varendri dialects''': spoken in [[Rajshahi Division]], Western and southern [[Rangpur Division]] of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Malda division]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]] (previously part of [[Varendra]] or [[Barind]] division). It is also spoken in some adjoining villages in [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]] bordering Malda.
# '''[[Western Bengali dialects|Western Bengali]]'''/'''Manbhumi'''/'''Jharkhandi dialects''': spoken in the westernmost Bengali speaking regions which includes the whole of [[Medinipur division]] and the northern half of [[Burdwan division]] in [[West Bengal]]. Also included are the so-called '''[[Jharkhand|Jharkhandi]]''' dialects spoken in parts of [[Santhal Pargana division]], [[Kolhan division]] and parts of [[North Chotanagpur division]] and [[Ranchi district]]. It is also spoken in some adjoining villages in [[Odisha]] bordering [[Medinipur district|Medinipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Oishmaya Sen |date=1 August 2017 |title=What Languages Are Spoken In Bangladesh? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-bangladesh.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref>
# '''[[Rangpuri language|Far Northern Bengali]]'''/'''Rangpuri'''/'''Rajbanshi dialects''': spoken in eastern [[Rangpur Division]] of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Jalpaiguri division]] and parts of [[Malda division]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]] and nearby areas in [[Goalpara]] of [[Assam]], [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] of [[Bihar]] and the [[Provinces of Nepal|Nepali province]] of [[Koshi Province|Koshi]].

==Standard registers==
Bengali has two [[Standard language|standard]] [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]]. More than other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], Bengali exhibits strong [[diglossia]] between the formal, written language and the vernacular, spoken language. Two styles of writing, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax, have emerged:<ref name="daniul">{{cite book |last=Huq |first=Mohammad Daniul |year=2012 |chapter=Chalita Bhasa |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chalita_Bhasa |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="daniul1">{{cite book |last=Huq |first=Mohammad Daniul |year=2012 |chapter=Sadhu Bhasa |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sadhu_Bhasa |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
# ''[[Sadhu bhasha|Shadhubhasha]]'' (সাধুভাষা) is the [[Literary language|literary register]] with longer verb inflections and a more Sanskrit-derived (তৎসম ''tôtshôm'') vocabulary (সাধু ''shadhu'' = 'chaste' or 'sage'; ভাষা ''bhasha'' = 'language'). Songs such as India's national anthem ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' (by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]) and national song ''[[Vande Mātaram]]'' (by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]) were composed in Shadhubhasha, but its use is on the wane in modern writing.
# ''Choltibhasha'' (চলতিভাষা ) or ''Cholitobhasha'' (চলিতভাষা), a written Bengali style that reflects a more colloquial idiom, is increasingly the standard for written Bengali (চলিত ''cholito'' = 'current' or 'running'). This form came into vogue towards the turn of the 19th century, in an [[orthography]] promoted in the writings of [[Peary Chand Mitra]] (''Alaler ghare dulal'', 1857),<ref name="alal">{{cite book |last=Huq |first=Mohammad Daniul |year=2012 |chapter=Alaler Gharer Dulal |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alaler_Gharer_Dulal |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Pramatha Chowdhury (''Sabujpatra'', 1914) and in the later writings of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. It is modeled on the dialect spoken in the [[Shantipur]] and [[Shilaidaha]] region in [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] Districts. This form of Bengali is often referred to as the "Kushtia standard" (Bangladesh) or "Nadia dialect" (West Bengal).<ref name="morshed">{{cite book |last=Morshed |first=Abul Kalam Manjoor |year=2012 |chapter=Dialect |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dialect |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

Spoken Bengali exhibits far more variation than written Bengali. Formal spoken Bengali, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, and lectures, is modelled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Bengali stands alongside other spoken dialects, or ''Ancholik Bangla'' (আঞ্চলিক বাংলা) (i.e. 'regional Bengali'). The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one dialect – often, speakers are fluent in Choltibhasha, one or more Ancholik dialect, and one or more forms of ''Gramyo Bangla'' (গ্রাম্য বাংলা) (i.e. 'rural Bengali'), dialects specific to a village or town.

To a non-Bengali, these dialects may sound or look vastly different, but the differences are mostly in Pronunciation and vocabulary, and not so much a grammatical one, one exception is the addition of grammatical gender in some eastern dialects. Many dialects share features with [[Sadhu bhasha]], which was the written standard until the 19th century. Comparison of Bengali dialects gives us an idea about archaic forms of the language as well.

During standardisation of Bengali in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the cultural elite were mostly from the regions of [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], [[Kolkata]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Nadia District|Nadia]] and [[Kushtia]]. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect. While the language has been standardised today through two centuries of education and media, variation is widespread, with many speakers familiar with or fluent in both their socio-geographical variety as well as the standard dialect used in the media.

==Regional dialect differences==
{{no sources|section|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Bengali dialects.png|thumb|A map showing the major Bengali dialects within their dialect clusters, represented by different color shades|class=skin-invert-image]]
Dialectal differences in Bengali manifest themselves in three forms: [[standardized dialect]] vs. regional dialect, literary language vs. colloquial language, and lexical (vocabulary) variations. The name of the dialects generally originates from the district where the language is spoken.

While the standard form of the language does not show much variation across the Bengali-speaking areas of South Asia, regional variation in spoken Bengali constitutes a [[dialect continuum]]. Mostly speech varies across distances of just a few miles and takes distinct forms among religious communities. [[Bengali Hindus]] tend to speak in Sanskritised Bengali (a remnant of the [[Sadhu bhasha]]), [[Bengali Muslims]] comparatively use more [[Farsi|Perso]]-[[Arabic]] vocabulary and [[Bengali Christians]] converse in [[Christian Bengali]] when engaging in their own circles. Apart from the present dialects, there are a few more that have disappeared. For example, Sātagāiyã' (this is the name used in [[East Bengal]] for the dialect of the Southwestern Rarh region).

===Phonological variations===
The Eastern dialects serve as the primary colloquial language of the [[Dhaka]] district, mixed nowadays with the standard register. In contrast to Western and Central dialects where ট [{{IPA link|t̠}}] and ড [{{IPA link|d̠}}] are unvoiced and voiced postalveolar stops respectively, far Eastern dialects pronounce them as apical alveolar {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}, especially in less formal speech. These dialects also lack contrastive nasalised vowels or a distinction in র /{{IPA|r~ɾ}}/, ড়/ঢ় {{IPA|/ɽ/}}, pronouncing them mostly as {{IPA|/ɹ/}}, although some speakers may realise র /{{IPA|r~ɾ}}/ when occurring before a consonant or prosodic break. This is also true of the [[Sylheti dialect]], which has a lot in common with the [[Kamrupi dialect]] of Assam in particular, and is sometimes considered a separate language. The Eastern dialects extend into Southeastern dialects, which include parts of Chittagong. The [[Chittagonian dialect]] has [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman influences]].

==== Fricatives and fricatives ====
In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern [[Bangladesh]] ([[Barisal Division|Barisal]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]] and [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet Divisions]]), and [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley]] of [[India]], many of the stops and [[Affricate consonant|affricates]] heard in the western and (south) central dialects are pronounced as [[Fricative consonant|fricatives]]. Western [[Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar]] and [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal affricates]] {{lang|bn|চ}} [{{IPA link|tɕ}}~{{IPA link|tʃ}}], {{lang|bn|ছ}} [{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}~{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}], {{lang|bn|জ}} [{{IPA link|dʑ}}~{{IPA link|dʒ}}], {{lang|bn|ঝ}} [{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}~{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}] correspond to eastern {{lang|bn|চ}} [{{IPA link|ts}}~{{IPA link|s}}], {{lang|bn|ছ}} {{IPA|[s]}}, {{lang|bn|জ}} [{{IPA link|z}}], {{lang|bn|ঝ}} {{IPA|[z~zʱ]}}. Note that few Perso-Arabic borrowings containing the phoneme [{{IPA link|z}}] are realized as such in all dialects.

The unvocied aspirated velar stop {{lang|bn|খ}} {{IPA|[kʰ]}}, the aspirated labial stop {{lang|bn|ফ}} {{IPA|[pʰ]}} and the voiced aspirated labial stop {{lang|bn|ভ}} {{IPA|[bʱ]}} of western-central Bengali dialects correspond to {{lang|bn|খ়}} [{{IPA link|x}}~{{IPA link|χ}}], {{lang|bn|ফ়}} [{{IPA|ɸ}}~{{IPA|f}}] and {{lang|bn|ভ়}} [{{IPA link|b}}~{{IPA link|β}}~{{IPA link|v}}] in eastern Bengali. These pronunciations are more prevalent in the [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] variety of northeastern Bangladesh and south Assam, the variety spoken by most of the Bengali community in the United Kingdom. Note that phonemic transcriptions from left to right for eastern Bengali dialects indicate the realizations further eastwards. Retroflexes lose aspiration and variously remain like that or become alveolar. Breathy voiced stops lose breathiness. The voiced velar stop {{lang|bn|গ}} [{{IPA link|g}}] can fricative to {{Lang|bn|গ়}} [{{IPA link|ɣ}}], and is mostly lost afterwards.

Many eastern Bengali dialects share phonological features with Assamese, including the debuccalisation of {{Lang|bn|স}}, {{Lang|bn|শ}} & {{Lang|bn|ষ}} [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] to {{Lang|bn|হ}} [{{IPA link|h}}] (but not to {{Lang|bn|খ়}} {{IPA|[x]}}).

====Tibeto-Burman influence====
The influence of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] on the phonology of eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels, an alveolar articulation for the [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] [[Stop consonant|stops]] ট {{IPA|[ʈ]}}, ঠ {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}, ড {{IPA|[ɖ]}}, and ঢ {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}, resembling the equivalent phonemes in languages such as [[Thai language|Thai]] and [[Lao language|Lao]] and the lack of distinction between র [{{IPA link|ɾ}}] and ড়/ঢ় [{{IPA link|ɽ}}]. Unlike most languages of the region, some Purbo Bengali dialects do not include the breathy voiced stops ঘ {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}, ঝ {{IPA|[dʒʱ]}}, ঢ {{IPA|[d̠ʱ]}}, ধ {{IPA|[d̪ʱ]}}, and ভ {{IPA|[bʱ]}}. Some variants of Bengali, particularly Chittagonian and Chakma Bengali, have contrastive [[tone (linguistics)|tone]]; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. In dialects such as [[Hajong language|Hajong]] of northern Bangladesh, there is a distinction between ''উ'' and ''ঊ'', the first corresponding exactly to its standard counterpart but the latter corresponding to the Japanese {{IPA|[ü͍]}} sound {{Audio|Ja-U.oga|''listen''}}. There is also a distinction between ''ই'' and ''ঈ'' in many northern Bangladeshi dialects. ''ই'' representing the {{IPAblink|ɪ}} sound whereas ''ঈ'' represents an {{IPAblink|i}}.

=== Comparison table ===
====Dialects and subdialects====
{| = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
! English !! [[Sadhu bhasha]] !! [[Standard Bengali]] !! Jessore-Khulnaiya !! [[Western Bengali dialects|Manbhumi]] !! Barishali !! [[Dhakaiya Kutti|Old Dhakaiya]] !! Faridpuri !! [[North Central Bengali dialects|Varendri]] !! [[Mymensinghi dialect|Mymensinghi]] !! [[Central Bengali dialects|Rarhi]] !! [[Southern Bengali dialects|Sundarbani]] !! Comillan !! [[Noakhali language|Noakhali]] !! [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] !! [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] !! [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]]
|-
| will eat (first person) || khaibo || khabo || khabo || khabo || khamu || khamu || khamu || khabo / khamõ || khamu / khaibam || khabo || khabo || khamu / khayam || khaiyyum || haiyyum || xaimu || khaim
|-
| [[Taka]] || ṭaka || ṭaka || ṭa(h)a || ṭeka || ṭaha || ṭæka || ṭaha || ṭæka || ṭæha || ṭaka || ṭaka/ta(k)a || ṭæha || ṭĩa || ṭĩa || ṭekha/texa || ṭeka
|-
| [[Dhaka]] || ḍhaka || ḍhaka || ḍhaha || ḍhaka || ḍaha || ḍaka || ḍhaha || ḍhaka || ḍaha || ḍhaka || ḍhaka/Dha(k)a || ḍaha || ḍaka || ḍaha || ḍaxa || ḍhaka
|}

====Other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages====
{| = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
! English !! [[Assamese language|Assamese]] !! [[Odia language|Odia]] !! [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] !! [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] !! [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] !! [[Maithili language|Maithili]] !! [[Halbi language|Halbi]] !! [[Chakma language|Chakma]] !! [[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]] !! [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]] !! [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]] !! [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
|-
| will eat (first person) || kham || khaibi || khaimi || khayyum || khaib || kha leb || khawan || haumu || hàb/ham || khaibang || kham || kheitoi
|-
| taka || tôka || ṭankā || ṭankā || ṭia || ṭaka || ṭaka || ṭaka || ṭeka || ṭaka || ṭaka || ṭaka || ṭaka
|-
| dhaka || dhaka || ḍhaka || ḍhaka || ḍaka || ḍhaka || ḍhaka || ḍhaka || ḍaka || ḍaka || ḍhaka || ḍhaka || ḍhaka
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Bengali vocabulary]]
* [[Bengali phonology]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Ahsan
| given1 = Syed Ali
| year = 2000
| script-title=bn:বাংলা একাডেমী বাংলাদেশের আঞ্চলিক ভাষার অভিধান
| publisher = Bangla Academy, Dhaka
| isbn = 984-07-4038-5
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Haldar
| given1 = Gopal
| year = 2000
| title = Languages of India
| publisher = National Book Trust, India
| isbn = 81-237-2936-7
}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Bengali_and_Other_Related_Dialects_of_So.html?id=lRRYBHQvXdsC Book – Bengali and Other Related Dialects of South Assam]

{{Bengali language topics}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Language varieties}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Dialects}}
[[Category:Bengali dialects]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Dialects by language]]

Deoghar Municipal Corporation

2026-03-15T13:28:54Z

GJSAnnie74: started basic stub from scratch - done

{{Short description|Local governing body of Deoghar}}
{{Further|Deoghar |Deoghar district|label1=}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Deoghar Municipal Corporation
| native_name = देवघर नगर निगम
| coa_res =
| logo = Deoghar Municipal Corporation.png
| logo_caption = Emblem of the Deoghar Municipal Corporation
| foundation = {{start date and age|2010}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India) | Mayor]]
| leader1 = Ravi Kumar Raut
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Tip Chatterjee
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India) | Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Rohit Sinha, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story--10410710.html |title=रोहित सिन्हा बने देवघर नगर निगम के नगर आयुक्त |publisher=Live Hindustan |date=9 July 2024 |accessdate=1 October 2025}}</ref>
| seats = 36
| session_room = Municipal Corporation, Deoghar.jpg
| meeting_place = Court Road, [[Deoghar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] - 814112
| website = {{url |https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/deoghar/Deoghar.aspx}}
| last_election1 = 2026
| next_election1 = 2031
}}

'''Deoghar Municipal Corporation (DMC)''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Deoghar]] and the surrounding areas in Deoghar subdivision of [[Deoghar district]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/deoghar/deoghar.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025454/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/deoghar/deoghar.aspx |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban Development & Housing Department |title=Urban Development & Housing Department, Govt. of Jharkhand |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Other/ULBInformation.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606195626/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Other/ULBInformation.aspx |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipalities {{!}} District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/public-utility-category/municipality/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Established in 2010 by a Special Act, brought by the [[Government of Jharkhand]], Deoghar Municipal Corporation is headed by the Mayor of the city and governed by a Commissioner.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deoghar Municipal Corporation under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Handlers/CreditRating.ashx?id=CR6-22052017050532PM.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804083109/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Handlers/CreditRating.ashx?id=CR6-22052017050532PM.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जर्जर सड़क से लोगों का आवागमन हुआ मुश्किल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-devghar-s-road-woes-promises-of-development-remain-unfulfilled-201754689008962.amp.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.livehindustan.com |date=9 August 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> It functions under the provisions of the ''Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011'' and has been formed to improve the city's infrastructure and cleanliness.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=9 Feb 2012 |title=Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5332/1/jharkhand_municipal_act_2011_%28english%29.pdf |access-date=1 Oct 2025 |website=India Code |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar Municipal Corporation transforms garbage dumping site into a park, leading to improved environmental quality |url=https://abp.championsofchange.gov.in/content/298deoghar-municipal-corporation-transforms-garbage-dumping-site-into-a-park-leading-to-improved-environmental-quality |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=abp.championsofchange.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=देवघर में गर्मी की दस्तक के साथ ही बढ़ी पानी की खपत, नगर निगम ने तैयार किए इतने टैंकर, घरों तक सीधी सप्लाई |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/deoghar-municipal-corporation-has-prepared-water-tanks-demand-during-summer-season-jharkhand-news-jhs25032802207 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=28 March 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Report No. 3 of 2024: Performance Audit of Solid Waste Management in Jharkhand |url=https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2024/Report-No.-3-of-2024_SWM_JHR-English-%2822-05-2024%29-066acd68d100425.95459333.pdf |publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |date=22 May 2024 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=देवघर में आने वाले सैलानियों के लिए तैयारी में जुटा नगर निगम, सफाई व्यवस्था के लिए कर्मचारियों को निर्देश |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/preparation-of-municipal-corporation-for-tourists-coming-to-deoghar-jharkhand-news-jhs24120802607 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=8 December 2024 |language=hi}}</ref>

==History==

The Deoghar Municipal Corporation was officially established on 26 June, 2010 following the merger of the Deoghar Municipality and the Jasidih Notified Area Committee '''('''NAC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Deoghar Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/deoghar/deoghar.aspx |website=UDHD Jharkhand |access-date=2025-10-01 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624084753/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/deoghar/Deoghar.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> This reorganization was executed by [[Government of Jharkhand]], which empowers the state government to designate urban areas as Municipal Corporations based on criteria such as population size and infrastructure requirements.

Prior to the merger, Deoghar functioned as a municipality, while Jasidih operated as a NAC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook Deoghar 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3559cb990c9dffd8675f6bc2186971dc2/uploads/2018/03/2018032421.pdf |access-date=1 Oct 2025 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation, Jharkhand}}</ref> The restructuring aimed to streamline urban governance and enhance service delivery in the region. Following the merger, Deoghar also became one of the Municipal Corporations in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jharkhand Urban Local Bodies Audit Report |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2011/Jharkhand_ULB_2009_Chap_1.pdf|website=CAG India |access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref>

In 2019, Deoghar Municipal Corporation received a national Swachhta Excellency Award which was presented by the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The recognition was based on assessments of cleanliness, community participation and sanitation facilities under the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deoghar gets sanitation award to be presented by PM Modi on Feb 15 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/deoghar-gets-sanitation-award-to-be-presented-by-the-pm-modi-on-feb-15/story-Q6cidktFbLdHu0viFZOh4H.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 February 2019 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

In October 2020, the newly constructed building of the Deoghar Municipal Corporation was inaugurated by Chief Minister, [[Hemant Soren]]. Built at an estimated cost of 21 crore by the Jharkhand Urban Development Corporation Limited, the building covers approximately 89,993 square feet, making it one of the largest civic structures in Jharkhand. It features modern amenities, including a park, a fountain and a rainwater harvesting system, designed to support administrative functions while incorporating sustainable infrastructure practices.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=17 October 2020 |title=Hemant inaugurates ₹21-crore civic body building in Deoghar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/hemant-inaugurates-21-crore-civic-body-building-in-deoghar/articleshow/78726580.cms |access-date=1 October 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-10-17 |title=देवघर को आज मिलेगी नवरात्रि की सौगात, नगर निगम भवन का मुख्यमंत्री हेमंत सोरेन करेंगे उद्घाटन |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/city/deoghar/cm-hemant-soren-will-inaugurate-municipal-corporation-building-in-deoghar/jh20201017115951153 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Administrative setup==
The provision of Jharkhand Municipal Act 2011 defines the power of Deoghar Municipal Corporation.<ref name=":1" /> The corporation consists of 36 municipal wards, each represented by an elected councillor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-13 |title=झारखंड : देवघर नगर निगम के 50% वार्डों पर होगा महिलाओं का कब्जा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-jharkhand-50-percent-wards-of-deoghar-municipal-corporation-will-be-occupied-by-women-2956963.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=देवघर नगर निगम और मधुपुर नगर परिषद में वार्डों के आरक्षण में हुए कई फेरबदल, देखें पूरी लिस्ट |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/deoghar-municipal-corporation-and-madhupur-municipal-council-election-many-changes-in-reservation-of-wards-rgj |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> The elected body is headed by a Mayor and a Deputy Mayor. In addition, the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government, oversees the administrative functions of the corporation.<ref name=":0" />

Since July 2024, Rohit Sinha is the current Municipal Commissioner of Deoghar Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N7india |date=2024-07-04 |title=Deoghar निगम आयुक्त का तबादला, रोहित सिंहा बने नए निगम आयुक्त |url=https://n7india.com/news/jharkhand/2024/07/04/east-singhbhum-additional-commissioner-rohit-sinha-has-been-transferred-to-the-post-of-municipal-commissioner-deoghar-municipal-corporation/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=N7 India News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=योगेंद्र प्रसाद बने जिले के नए एडीसी रोहित बने देवघर नगर निगम आयुक्त |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/jamshedpur/news/yogendra-prasad-became-the-new-adc-of-the-district-rohit-became-the-devghar-municipal-corporation-commissioner-133268866.html |access-date=3 Oct 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

The administrative role of the Deoghar Municipal Corporation includes:

*Implementation of decisions taken by the elected council.

*Management of urban services and infrastructure within city limits.

*Supervising day to day municipal governance through officials and staff.

== Functions ==
Deoghar Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-05-19 |title=प्लास्टिक कचरे का निष्पादन करने के लिए निगम ने मंगाई मशीन, बनेंगे विशेष ईंधन कैप्सूल |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/deoghar-nagar-nigam-ordered-special-machine-disposing-plastic-waste-jharkhand-news-jhs25051903512 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=Deoghar news : स्वच्छता ही सेवा अभियान के तहत निगम में दिलायी गयी सफाई रखने के लिए शपथ |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/the-corporation-took-an-oath-to-maintain-cleanliness |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-17 |title=Deoghar Street lights will switch on-off on their own time |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/durga-puja-preparation-deoghar-street-lights-will-switch-on-and-off-on-their-own-time-municipal-corporation-installing-ccm-system-jbj |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban Development & Housing Department |title=Functions |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Functions.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701110435/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Functions.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-24 |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-08-21 |title=देवघर में अतिक्रमण के खिलाफ चलाया गया अभियान, बुलडोजर से तोड़ी गई कई दुकानें |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/administration-launched-campaign-against-encroachment-in-deoghar-jharkhand-news-jhs25082103585 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=नगर निगम क्षेत्र के कई वार्डों में नाला निर्माण का कार्य शुरु |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-construction-of-drain-started-in-many-wards-of-municipal-corporation-area-8198892.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

* Solid waste management.
* Street light management.
* Approval of construction of new building and regulation of land use.
* Issuance of birth and death certificate.
* Construction and maintenance of municipal roads and drains.
* Slum Management & encroachment removal.
* Development & maintenance of burial grounds and crematoriums.
* Regulation of slaughter houses.
* Prevention of food adulteration.
* Preventive health care.
* Management of storm water and waste water drainage.

== Revenue ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="me11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="me12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="me13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State
Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== List of ward councillors ==
The following are the ward councillors elected in the 2026 Deoghar Municipal Corporation election: <ref>{{cite web
|title=Gazette Notification: Elected Ward Councillors of Deoghar Municipal Corporation
|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3559cb990c9dffd8675f6bc2186971dc2/uploads/2026/03/17726887331345.pdf
|publisher=District Gazette, Deoghar
|date=28 February 2026
|access-date=13 March 2026
|website=deoghar.nic.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Ward No.
! Councillor
! Reservation
|-
| 1 || Sandeep Kumar || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 2 || Pratima Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 3 || Kishore Kumar Rao || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 4 || Pankaj Paswan || Scheduled Caste
|-
| 5 || Tipu Verma || Unreserved
|-
| 6 || Reema Singh || Unreserved
|-
| 7 || Ruby Kumari || Scheduled Caste
|-
| 8 || Manju Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 9 || Mo. Sarfaraz Sheikh || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 10 || Budhni Devi || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 11 || Kiran Verma || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 12 || Anup Kumar || Backward Class-II
|-
| 13 || Ranjan Kumar || Unreserved
|-
| 14 || Rashimun Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 15 || Dinesh Kumar || Unreserved
|-
| 16 || Maya Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 17 || Kiran Kumari || Scheduled Caste
|-
| 18 || Shailja Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 19 || Soni Kesari || Backward Class-II
|-
| 20 || Chandni Chaudhary || Backward Class-II
|-
| 21 || Bharti Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 22 || Apna Jha || Unreserved
|-
| 23 || Shailesh Charan Mishra || Unreserved
|-
| 24 || Sangita Kumari || Unreserved
|-
| 25 || Suman Kumari || Unreserved
|-
| 26 || Umeshwar Das || Scheduled Caste
|-
| 27 || Radhika Devi || Backward Class-II
|-
| 28 || Pratima Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 29 || Avesh Jyoti || Backward Class-II
|-
| 30 || Gopi Kumar Gupta || Backward Class-II
|-
| 31 || Preeti Narone || Unreserved
|-
| 32 || Vishal Kumar Saraf || Backward Class-II
|-
| 33 || Anoj Kumar Rao || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 34 || Sahida Bibi || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 35 || Pradeep Kumar Chaudhary || Unreserved
|-
| 36 || Kartik Prasad Yadav || Unreserved
|}

==See also==
* [[Ranchi Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Dhanbad Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Giridih Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Medininagar Municipal Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Deoghar]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Jharkhand]]

Satyawan Savitri

2026-03-12T18:20:42Z

GJSAnnie74:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Marathi Mythological TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Mythology]]
| company = The Film Clique
| writer =
| screenplay =
| director = Vishal Bhosale
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| image = Satyawan Savitri.jpg
| image_size =
| list_episodes =
| num_episodes = 62
| producer = Santosh Kolhe
| executive_producer = Shubham Salgare Abhishek Virkar
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography = Vinayak Jadhav
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|06|12}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|08|20}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Satyawan Savitri''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] mythological TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It is produced under the banner of The Film Clique and premiered from 12 June 2022 by replacing ''[[Man Jhala Bajind]]''. It stars Vedangi Kulkarni and Aditya Durve in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New mythological show 'Satyavan Savitri' to launch soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-mythological-show-satyavan-savitri-to-launch-soon/articleshow/88412498.cms |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An epic saga that defines the power of true love and shows how a resilient Savitri fights for her love and brings her husband, Satyavan, back from the clutches of death.

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 12 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=यमराजांकडून पतीचे प्राण परत घेऊन येणाऱ्या सावित्रीची कथा; ‘सत्यवान सावित्री’ मालिका लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/satyavan-savitri-new-serial-is-coming-soon-on-zee-marathi-700225.html |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=[[TV9 Marathi]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* 31 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘सत्यवान सावित्री’ मालिकेत ‘ही’ अभिनेत्री साकारणार सावित्रीची भूमिका |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/this-actress-is-going-to-play-savitri-role-in-satyavan-savitri-serial-au163-723903.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=[[TV9 Marathi]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Vedangi Kulkarni as Savitri<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedangi Kulkarni to play Savitri in 'Satyavan Savitri' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/vedangi-kulkarni-to-play-savitri-in-satyavan-savitri/articleshow/92030892.cms |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
** Radha Dharne as Child Savitri
* Aditya Durve as Satyawan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Durve to play Satyavan in 'Satyavan Savitri'; says, "I have worked hard on my body language, physique and tone" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aditya-durve-to-play-satyavan-in-satyavan-savitri-says-i-have-worked-hard-on-my-body-language-physique-and-tone/articleshow/92061430.cms |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
** Arnav Kalkundri as Child Satyawan
* Vikram Gaikwad as Satyawan's father
* Prasanna Ketkar as Savitri's father
* Varsha Ghatpande as Savitri's grandmother
* Bageshree Deshpande
* Nandkishor Chikhale

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt22564776}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/satyavan-savitri/0-6-4z568049 ''Satyawan Savitri''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Sheesha (1986 film)

2026-03-03T23:58:50Z

GJSAnnie74: quick added content to improve readability and fixed typos per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sheesha
| image = Sheesha (1986 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Basu Chatterjee]]
| producer = [[Sattee Shourie]] [[Mona Kapoor]]
| writer = [[Sankar (writer)|Mani Shankar Mukherjee]]
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Moon Moon Sen]] [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] [[Mallika Sarabhai]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| studio = S.G.S. Films
| released = {{Film date|1986|10|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 5 Crores
}}

'''''Sheesha''''' (transl. '''''Mirror''''') is a 1986 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] and [[Mallika Sarabhai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheesha (1986) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sheesha-14866 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205231552/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sheesha-14866 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film was production coordinated by [[Mona Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheesha (1986) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-xje5cl/sheesha/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=Radio Times |language=en}}</ref> The movie was based on a Bengali novel ''Mansamman'', authored by [[Mani Shankar Mukherjee|Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=785kAAAAMAAJ&q=Shankar+film+Sheesha |title=Hindi Cinema Year Book |date=2005 |publisher=Screen World Publication |language=en}}</ref> It was first Hindi movie about sexual harassment in office.

==Plot==
The film is a courtroom drama as well. Dinesh Prakash ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]) and Manisha ([[Moon Moon Sen]]) are in love and they get married. Now Dinesh is the executive director at B. C. Drugs located in Chembur. At a birthday celebration on 15 December, Manisha invites their friends including Advocate Ashok Kumar ([[Vijayendra Ghatge]]). But she is shocked beyond her senses when she finds out that her husband has been arrested and charged with the rape of Poonam ([[Mallika Sarabhai]]), a telephone operator. Has Dinesh really committed any crime? Has Poonam created a trap for Dinesh? A movie ahead of its time, given the 'Me Too' syndrome. It also reflects a sad reality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MX Player |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-sheesha-movie-online-cdacc72b45b347c76b7929d846e6593f |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=www.mxplayer.in}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Dinesh Prakash
* [[Moon Moon Sen]] as Manisha
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Advocate Ashok Kumar
* [[Mallika Sarabhai]] as Poonam
* [[Guddi Maruti]] as Rajni
* [[Arvind Deshpande]]
* Madhumita as Deepa, Wife of Adv. Kumar
* Suresh Chatwal as Damodar
* Baby Naaz as Pramila Sood
* Mrinalini as Mrs. Narayanan
* Nandita Thakur as Rukmini
* Bhagwan Sinha as Dr. H.L.Sharma
* Ravi Jhankal as Govind
* Sudha Chopra as Hairdresser
* Manek Chaudhary as Dharmaraj
* Gauri Varma as Poonam's mom
* Ranjana Sachdev as Shyama
* Sonal Randhawa as Poonam's younger sister

==Music==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Pyar Hai Bas Yahi"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Pyar Hai Kya Yahi"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Yeh To Naari"
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
| "Kya Hoga, Kyun Hoga"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0158215}}

{{Basu Chatterjee}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Basu Chatterjee]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:1986 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Mani Shankar Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

Oonche Log (1985 film)

2026-03-03T23:55:19Z

GJSAnnie74: quick rework content based on references and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oonche Log
| image = Oonche Log (1985).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Brij]]
| producer = [[Raj Kumar Kapoor]] Sudha Sadanah R. P. Sharma
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Salma Agha]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1985|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Oonche Log''''' ({{Translation|Exalted people}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Brij]]. The film stars [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Salma Agha]] as the main lead characters. This film is remake of the 1966 film ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]'' and the Pakistani film ''[[Dehleez (film)|Dehleez]]'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suhayb |first=Muhammad |date=November 13, 2020 |title=When Bollywood copied Lollywood: The Nadeem Phenomenon |url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/when-bollywood-copied-lollywood-the-nadeem-phenomenon/MTg3Mg== |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Youlin Magazine |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003222300/https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/when-bollywood-copied-lollywood-the-nadeem-phenomenon/MTg3Mg== |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Giridhar |date=19 November 2021 |title=Cine-Maa And Pa: How Bollywood Embraced The Adoption Genre |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/entertainment-news-cine-maa-and-pa-how-bollywood-embraced-the-adoption-genre/305200/ |website=Outlook |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319064900/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/entertainment-news-cine-maa-and-pa-how-bollywood-embraced-the-adoption-genre/305200 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's cinematography, music of [[R. D. Burman]], performance of [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] were critically praised, but [[Salma Agha]]'s performance was criticised.

==Cast==
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Raju / Rai Bahadur Rajdev Singh
* [[Salma Agha]] as Poonam Singh
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Thakur Vikram Singh
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Thakur Pratap Singh
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Thakur Maan Singh
* [[Deven Verma]] as Mubarak Ali
* [[Raza Murad]] as Khan
* [[Priti Sapru]] as Sonia
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Rai Bahadur

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]]. Brij insisted on using the same tune and lyrics of "Aaj Tu Gair Sahi" of the Pakistani film ''Dehleez'', sung by [[Mehdi Hasan]], in this film the same song was recorded with [[Kishore Kumar]]. This version with orchestration by [[R. D. Burman]] was appreciated.

===Track listing===
Lyrics: [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aaj Tu Gair Sahi"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Dil Kya Chaahe"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Tera Ghar Teri Galiyan"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Tu Mera Kya Lage O Saathiya, Jhin Jhin Tara"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Salma Agha]]
|-
| "O Sajna O Sajna"
| Salma Agha
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0158047|title=Oonche Log}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1985 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Pakistani films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Brij Sadanah]]
[[Category:Films based on Wuthering Heights]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mayor Muthanna

2026-03-03T22:29:17Z

GJSAnnie74: minor enhance layout per standard format additionally after review

{{short description|1969 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayor Muthanna
| image = Mayor Muthanna.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Siddalingaiah]]
| producer = Ambuja Dwarakeesh
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Basumani
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[M. P. Shankar]] [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash
| editing = Bal G. Yadav
| studio = Sri Venkateshwara Cinetone
| distributor = Dwaraka Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1969|||}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mayor Muthanna''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮೇಯರ್ ಮುತ್ತಣ್ಣ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Siddalingaiah]]. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar]] and [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]]. The film was Siddalingaiah's debut as a director and actor [[Dwarkish]]'s first independent production venture who had earlier co- produced the 1966 movie ''[[Mamatheya Bandhana]]'' with 2 other people under Thunga Pictures.<ref>{{cite web |title= History: Siddalingaiah enters industry |url= http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3886-history-51-siddalingaiah-enters-industry.html |publisher= Chitraloka |date= 18 September 2013 |accessdate= 5 October 2013 |archive-date= 27 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135639/http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3886-history-51-siddalingaiah-enters-industry.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> The sub-plot of the film regarding the salvaging of the sub-standard grain was inspired by the 1886 novel ''[[The Mayor of Casterbridge]]'' by [[Thomas Hardy]]. However, apart from this small episode, neither any plot point nor any sequence was borrowed from that novel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=R. Sebastian |first1=Shilpa |title=Remembering S Siddalingaiah, destined to direct |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tribute-to-director-siddalingaiah-on-his-83rd-birth-anniversary-which-falls-on-december-15/article30295337.ece |accessdate=15 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tribute-to-director-siddalingaiah-on-his-83rd-birth-anniversary-which-falls-on-december-15/article30295337.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The movie was remade in Telugu in 1974 as ''Chairman Chalamayya'' starring [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=XG8YnL1AnUs&feature=youtu.be | title=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರ ಎಷ್ಟು ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು ಪರಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆಗಿವೆ ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? | Halu Jenu Ramkumar | Ep 54 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=13 October 2022 | access-date=15 October 2022 | archive-date=11 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011232306/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=XG8YnL1AnUs&feature=youtu.be | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Muthanna
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]] as Geetha
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Ranganath Rao
* [[B. V. Radha]] as Shanthi
* [[M. P. Shankar]] as Rajappa
* [[Dwarakish]] as Ranga
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Sudhakar Rao
* Niranjan
* T. B. Nagappa
* Vijayabhanu
* [[Rajanand]] as Madhu
* Sriram
* Ashwath Narayan
* [[H. R. Shastry]]
* Mahadevappa
* B. M. Venkatesh in a cameo
* [[M. Jayashree]] as Kamala
* Renuka
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
}}

==Production and Release==
[[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]] who hardly portrayed roles requiring him to consume alcohol had appeared in one such role in the song ''Javvathu Medai'' from the 1963 Tamil movie ''[[Panathottam]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=nliFQu6t4Ve2caws&v=y69H1ffzHQA&feature=youtu.be | title=Panathottam Tamil Movie Songs | Video Jukebox | M. G. Ramachandran | Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy | website=[[YouTube]] | date=22 March 2023 }}</ref> Producer Dwarkish wanted Rajkumar to do a similar sequence. Rajkumar, who like MGR, does not appear in roles requiring him to consume alcohol on-screen, refused to do such a song and hence they incorporated a sequence where he only had to act like as though he has consumed alcohol. Another song ''Ayyayyayyo Hallimukha'' was shot at HMT swimming pool even though it was raining since both Dr.Rajkumar and Bharati were supposed to go to Jaipur for the shooting of another movie ''[[Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)|Sri Krishnadevaraya]]'' from the next day.<ref name=":1"/> The movie was made with a budget of Rs. 1.10 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web | title=ನನ್ನ ಬದುಕಿನ ಟ್ರೇಲರ್ | url=https://www.prajavani.net/old-columns/belli-tereya-hinde/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D-2061954 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420143210/https://www.prajavani.net/old-columns/belli-tereya-hinde/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D-2061954 | access-date=2025-07-01 | archive-date=2024-04-20}}</ref> This was the first Kannada movie to be sold to distributors before release. However, the producer had lamented that he did a pre-release business at a very less amount which would give him only a paltry sum of ₹50,000 as profit whereas post release the movie did a business of ₹10 lakhs.<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=HHjYn7vV83c53r-M&v=VizORMob8eY&feature=youtu.be | title=ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಗೆ ಮೊದಲೇ ಮಾರಾಟವಾದ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಮೇಯರ್ ಮುತ್ತಣ್ಣ |Dwarakish Interview| Mayor Muthanna | website=[[YouTube]] | date=7 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by the duo [[Rajan–Nagendra]], with lyrics written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Onde Naadu" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 2 || "Hello Hello" || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 3 || "Mayor Muthanna" || [[Dwarakish|Dwarakeesh]]
|-
| 4 || "Haavige Mungusiyuntu" || P. B. Sreenivas, L. R. Eswari, Dwarakeesh
|-
| 5 || "Ayyayyayyo Hallimukka" || L. R. Eswari
|-
| 6 || "Halliyaadarenu Shiva" || P. B. Sreenivas
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1389526}}

{{Siddalingaiah}}
{{Dwarakish}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayor Muthanna}}
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddalingaiah]]
[[Category:1969 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Unemployment

2026-02-22T00:58:01Z

GJSAnnie74:

{{short description|People without work and actively seeking work}}
{{About||payments tax paid to unemployed people|Unemployment benefits}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Unemployment rate, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=2|Unemployment rate, 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Unemployment rate |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/unemployment-rate |website=Our World in Data |access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>]]
{{Economics sidebar}}
{{Macroeconomics sidebar}}

'''Unemployment''' is the state of not being in paid [[employment]] or [[self-employment]] but rather currently available for [[Work (human activity)|work]]. Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the [[labour force]] (the total number of people employed above a specified age<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate-by-age-group.htm|title=Employment - Employment rate by age group - OECD Data|website=theOECD}}</ref> added to those unemployed) during the [[reference period]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/|title=OECD Statistics|website=stats.oecd.org}}</ref>

Unemployment can have many sources, such as the following below:

* the status of the [[economy]], which can be influenced by a [[recession]]
* [[competition]] caused by [[globalization]] and [[international trade]]
* new [[technology|technologies]] and [[invention]]s
* [[Policy|policies]] of the [[government]]
* [[regulation]] and [[market (economics)|market]]
* [[war]], [[civil disorder]], and [[natural disasters]]

Unemployment and the status of the economy can be influenced by a country through, for example, [[fiscal policy]]. Furthermore, the [[monetary authority]] of a country, such as the [[central bank]], can influence the availability and cost for money through its [[monetary policy]].

In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely [[Conceptual model|modelling]] the effects of unemployment within the economic system. Some of the main types of unemployment include [[structural unemployment]], [[frictional unemployment]], [[cyclical unemployment]], [[involuntary unemployment]] and classical unemployment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawins |first=Kevin H. |title=Unemployment |date=1987 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-022763-6 |oclc=21972786}}</ref> Structural unemployment focuses on foundational problems in the economy and inefficiencies inherent in labor markets, including a mismatch between the supply and demand of laborers with necessary skill sets. Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to [[disruptive technology|disruptive technologies]] and [[globalization]]. Discussions of frictional unemployment focus on voluntary decisions to work based on individuals' valuation of their own work and how that compares to current wage rates added to the time and effort required to find a job. Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address job entry threshold and wage rates.

According to the UN's [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO), there were 172 million people worldwide (or 5% of the reported global workforce) without work in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page3.jspx?MBI_ID=2&locale=en&_afrLoop=1809645378580656&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26locale%3Den%26_afrLoop%3D1809645378580656%26MBI_ID%3D2%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dsxm9jfbzq_21|title=International Labour Organization: Unemployment rate}}</ref>

Because of the difficulty in measuring the unemployment rate by, for example, using surveys (as in the [[United States]]) or through registered unemployed citizens (as in some [[Europe]]an countries), statistical figures such as the [[employment-to-population ratio]] might be more suitable for evaluating the status of the [[workforce]] and the economy if they were based on people who are registered, for example, as [[taxpayer]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/en/networks/global-forum-tax-transparency/resources/aeoi-implementation-portal/tax-identification-numbers.html|title=Tax identification numbers|website=OECD}}</ref>

==Definitions, types, and theories==
[[File:Unemployment in Mexico 2009.jpg|thumb|Unemployment in Mexico 2009]]
The state of being without any work yet looking for work is called unemployment. Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including [[#Cyclical unemployment|cyclical or Keynesian unemployment]], [[frictional unemployment]], [[structural unemployment]] and classical unemployment definition. Some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonal unemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hidden unemployment.<ref name="bls"/>

Though there have been several definitions of "voluntary" and "[[involuntary unemployment]]" in the economics literature, a simple distinction is often applied. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual's decisions, but involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of [[frictional unemployment]] is voluntary since it reflects individual search behavior. Voluntary unemployment includes workers who reject low-wage jobs, but involuntary unemployment includes workers fired because of an economic crisis, [[deindustrialization|industrial decline]], company bankruptcy, or organizational restructuring.

On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, and classical (natural) unemployment may result from the legislative and economic choices made by labour unions or political parties.

The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those with fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers even when wages are allowed to adjust and so even if all vacancies were to be filled, some unemployed workers would still remain. That happens with cyclical unemployment, as macroeconomic forces cause microeconomic unemployment, which can boomerang back and exacerbate those macroeconomic forces.

===Real wage unemployment===
Classical, natural, or real-wage unemployment, occurs when real wages for a job are set above the [[market-clearing]] level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. On the other hand, most economists argue that as wages fall below a livable wage, many choose to drop out of the labour market and no longer seek employment. That is especially true in countries in which low-income families are supported through public welfare systems. In such cases, wages would have to be high enough to motivate people to choose employment over what they receive through public welfare. Wages below a livable wage are likely to result in lower labor market participation in the above-stated scenario. In addition, consumption of goods and services is the primary driver of increased [[demand for labor]]. Higher wages lead to workers having more income available to consume goods and services. Therefore, higher wages increase general consumption and as a result demand for labor increases and unemployment decreases.

Many economists{{who|date=September 2020}} have argued that unemployment increases with increased governmental regulation. For example, [[minimum wage]] laws raise the cost of some low-skill laborers above market equilibrium, resulting in increased unemployment as people who wish to work at the going rate cannot (as the new and higher enforced wage is now greater than the value of their labour).<ref>{{cite book |first=F. A. |last=Hayek |title=The Constitution of Country |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1960 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book |first=Alain |last=Anderton |title=Economics |year=2006 |location=Ormskirk |publisher=Causeway |edition=Fourth |isbn=978-1-902796-92-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/economics04edande}}</ref> Laws restricting layoffs may make businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

However, that argument overly simplifies the relationship between wage rates and unemployment by ignoring numerous factors that contribute to unemployment.<ref name="P. Garegnani 1970">{{cite journal |first=P. |last=Garegnani |title=Heterogeneous Capital, the Production Function and the Theory of Distribution |journal=[[Review of Economic Studies]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |year=1970 |pages=407–436 |jstor=2296729 |doi=10.2307/2296729}}</ref><ref name="Robert L. Vienneau 2005">{{cite journal |first=Robert L. |last=Vienneau |title=On Labour Demand and Equilibria of the Firm |journal=[[The Manchester School (journal)|The Manchester School]] |volume=73 |issue=5 |year=2005 |pages=612–619 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.2005.00467.x|s2cid=153778021 }}</ref><ref name="Ian Steedman 2009">{{cite journal |first1=Arrigo |last1=Opocher |first2=Ian |last2=Steedman |title=Input Price-Input Quantity Relations and the Numéraire |journal=[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]] |volume=3 |year=2009 |issue=5 |pages=937–948 |doi=10.1093/cje/bep005}}</ref><ref name="Wyne Godley 1989">{{cite journal |first1=Michael |last1=Anyadike-Danes |first2=Wyne |last2=Godley |title=Real Wages and Employment: A Skeptical View of Some Recent Empirical Work |journal=[[The Manchester School (journal)|The Manchester School]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |year=1989 |pages=172–187 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.1989.tb00809.x}}</ref><ref name="Graham White 2001">{{cite journal |first=Graham |last=White |title=The Poverty of Conventional Economic Wisdom and the Search for Alternative Economic and Social Policies |journal=The Drawing Board: An Australian Review of Public Affairs |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=67–87 |url=http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n2/white.html }}</ref> Some, such as [[Murray Rothbard]], suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market-clearing level.<ref>{{cite book |first=Murray |last=Rothbard |title=America's Great Depression |location=Princeton |publisher=Van Nostrand |year=1963 |page=45 |title-link=America's Great Depression }}</ref>

In ''Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America'', economists [[Richard Vedder]] and Lowell Gallaway argue that the empirical record of wages rates, productivity, and unemployment in America validates classical unemployment theory. Their data shows a strong correlation between adjusted real wage and unemployment in the United States from 1900 to 1990. However, they maintain that their data does not take into account [[exogenous variable|exogenous events]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Vedder |first2=Lowell |last2=Gallaway |title=Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America |location=New York |publisher=NYU Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8147-8792-2 }}</ref>

===Cyclical unemployment===
[[File:US Unemployment rate 1990 to present.png|thumb|upright=1.5|US unemployment rate, 1990—2022. The increase in unemployment during recessions (shaded) is called cyclical unemployment.]]
Cyclical, deficient-demand, or [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] unemployment occurs when there is not enough [[aggregate demand]] in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently, fewer workers are needed, wages are sticky and do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and unemployment results.<ref name="Keynes 2007">{{cite book|title=The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money |last=Keynes |first=John Maynard |year=2007 |orig-date=1936 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-0-230-00476-4 |url=http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynescont.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316094655/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynescont.htm |archive-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> Its name is derived from the frequent ups and downs in the [[business cycle]], but unemployment can also be persistent, such as during the [[Great Depression]].

With cyclical unemployment, the number of unemployed workers exceeds the number of job vacancies and so even if all open jobs were filled, some workers would still remain unemployed. Some associate cyclical unemployment with frictional unemployment because the factors that cause the friction are partially caused by cyclical variables. For example, a surprise decrease in the money supply may suddenly inhibit aggregate demand and thus inhibit [[labor demand]].

[[Keynesian]] economists, on the other hand, see the lack of supply of jobs as potentially resolvable by government intervention. One suggested intervention involves [[deficit spending]] to boost employment and goods demand. Another intervention involves an expansionary [[monetary policy]] to increase the [[supply of money]], which should reduce [[interest rate]]s, which, in turn, should lead to an increase in non-governmental spending.<ref>
{{cite book
|first = Seymour E.
|last=Harris
|title=The New Economics: Keynes' Influence on Theory and Public Policy
|year=2005
|isbn=978-1-4191-4534-6
|publisher= Kessinger Publishing}}
</ref>

===Full employment===
{{Main|Full employment}}

[[File:NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg|thumb|right|Short-run [[Phillips curve]] before and after Expansionary Policy, with Long-Run Phillips Curve (NAIRU). Note, however, that the unemployment rate is an inaccurate predictor of inflation in the long term.<ref name=chang/><ref name=hossfeld/>]]

In demands based theory, it is possible to abolish cyclical unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand for products and workers. However, the economy eventually hits an "[[inflation]] barrier" that is imposed by the four other kinds of unemployment to the extent that they exist. Historical experience suggests that low unemployment affects inflation in the short term but not the long term.<ref name=chang>Chang, R. (1997) [https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113212953/https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf |date=13 November 2013}} ''Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review'' 1Q97:4–13</ref> In the long term, the [[velocity of money]] supply measures such as the MZM ("money zero maturity", representing cash and equivalent [[demand deposit]]s) velocity is far more predictive of inflation than low unemployment.<ref name=hossfeld>{{Cite web|first=Oliver|last=Hossfeld|date=2010|url=http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/forschungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFERWP_2010-4.pdf|title=US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction|publisher=International Network for Economic Research, working paper no. 2010.4|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215511/http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/forschungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFERWP_2010-4.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/MZMV |title=MZM velocity |publisher=Research.stlouisfed.org |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

Some demand theory economists see the inflation barrier as corresponding to the [[natural rate of unemployment]]. The "natural" rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists when the labour market is in equilibrium, and there is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates. An alternative technical term for that rate is the [[NAIRU]], the ''Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment''. Whatever its name, demand theory holds that if the unemployment rate gets "too low", inflation will accelerate in the absence of wage and price controls (incomes policies).

One of the major problems with the NAIRU theory is that no one knows exactly what the NAIRU is, and it clearly changes over time.<ref name=chang/> The margin of error can be quite high relative to the actual unemployment rate, making it hard to use the NAIRU in policy-making.<ref name=hossfeld/>

Another, normative, definition of full employment might be called the ''ideal'' unemployment rate. It would exclude all types of unemployment that represent forms of inefficiency. This type of "full employment" unemployment would correspond to only frictional unemployment (excluding that part encouraging the [[McJob]]s management strategy) and so would be very low. However, it would be impossible to attain this full-employment target using only demand-side [[Keynesian]] stimulus without getting below the NAIRU and causing accelerating inflation (absent incomes policies). Training programs aimed at fighting structural unemployment would help here.

To the extent that hidden unemployment exists, it implies that official unemployment statistics provide a poor guide to what unemployment rate coincides with "full employment".<ref name=chang/>

===Structural unemployment===
{{Main|Structural unemployment}}

[[File:Okuns law quarterly differences.svg|thumb|[[Okun's Law]] interprets unemployment as a function of the rate of growth in GDP.]]
[[Structural unemployment]] occurs when a labour market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for the available jobs. Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment except that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to abolish this type of unemployment easily.

Structural unemployment may also be encouraged to rise by persistent cyclical unemployment: if an economy suffers from longlasting low aggregate demand, it means that many of the unemployed become disheartened, and their skills (including [[job hunting|job-searching]] skills) become "rusty" and obsolete. Problems with debt may lead to [[homelessness]] and a fall into the vicious cycle of poverty, which means that people affected in this way may not fit the job vacancies that are created when the economy recovers. The implication is that sustained ''high'' demand may ''lower'' structural unemployment. This theory of persistence in structural unemployment has been referred to as an example of [[path dependence]] or "[[hysteresis]]".

Much ''[[technological unemployment]]'',<ref name="Jerome 1934"/> caused by the replacement of workers by machines might be counted as structural unemployment. Alternatively, technological unemployment might refer to the way in which steady increases in labour productivity mean that fewer workers are needed to produce the same level of output every year. The fact that aggregate demand can be raised to deal with the problem suggests that the problem is instead one of cyclical unemployment. As indicated by [[Okun's law]], the demand side must grow sufficiently quickly to absorb not only the growing labour force but also the workers who are made redundant by the increased labour productivity.

Seasonal unemployment may be seen as a kind of structural unemployment since it is linked to certain kinds of jobs (construction and migratory farm work). The most-cited official unemployment measures erase this kind of unemployment from the statistics using "seasonal adjustment" techniques. That results in substantial and permanent structural unemployment.

===Frictional unemployment===
{{Main|Frictional unemployment}}

[[File:US beveridge 2004 through fall 2010.gif|thumb|The [[Beveridge curve]] of 2004 [[vacancy (economics)|job vacancy]] and unemployment rate (from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics)]]

Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs in which a worker [[search theory|searches]] for or transitions from one job to another. It is sometimes called ''search unemployment'' and can be voluntary, based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are [[heterogeneity in economics|heterogeneous]], and a mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment, work-time, location, seasonal industries, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. New entrants (such as graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of frictional unemployment.

Workers and employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away. They will invest some time and effort to find a better match. That is, in fact, beneficial to the economy since it results in a better allocation of resources. However, if the search takes too long and mismatches are too frequent, the economy suffers since some work will not get done. Therefore, governments will seek ways to reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment by multiple means including providing education, advice, training, and assistance such as [[daycare center]]s.

The frictions in the [[labour market]] are sometimes illustrated graphically with a [[Beveridge curve]], a downward-sloping, convex curve that shows a correlation between the unemployment rate on one axis and the vacancy rate on the other. Changes in the supply of or demand for labour cause movements along the curve. An increase or decrease in labour market frictions will shift the curve outwards or inwards.

===Hidden unemployment===
Official statistics often underestimate unemployment rates because of hidden, or covered, unemployment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Komlos |first=John |url=https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7859.pdf |title=The Real U.S. Unemployment Rate Is Twice the Official Rate, and the Phillips Curve |publisher=CesIfo working paper No 7859 |year=2019 |pages=54–74}}</ref> That is the unemployment of potential workers that are not reflected in official unemployment statistics because of how the statistics are collected. In many countries, only those who have no work but are actively looking for work or qualifying for social security benefits are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking for work and sometimes those who are on government "retraining" programs are not officially counted among the unemployed even though they are not employed.

The statistic also does not count the "[[underemployment|underemployed]]", those working fewer hours than they would prefer or in a job that fails to make good use of their capabilities. In addition, those who are of working age but are currently in full-time education are usually not considered unemployed in government statistics. Traditional unemployed native societies who survive by gathering, hunting, herding, and farming in wilderness areas may or may not be counted in unemployment statistics.

===Long-term unemployment===
Long-term unemployment (LTU) is defined in [[European Union]] statistics as unemployment lasting for longer than one year (while unemployment lasting over two years is defined as ''very long-term unemployment''). The United States [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] (BLS), which reports current long-term unemployment rate at 1.9 percent, defines this as unemployment lasting 27 weeks or longer. Long-term unemployment is a component of [[structural unemployment]], which results in long-term unemployment existing in every social group, industry, occupation, and all levels of education.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Bivens |first1= Josh |last2=Shierholz |first2=Heidi |title=Lagging Demand, Not Unemployability, Is Why Long-term Unemployment Remains So High |publisher=Economic Policy Institute |url=http://www.epi.org/publication/lagging-demand-is-behind-high-long-term-unemployment/}}</ref>

In 2015 the European Commission published recommendations on how to reduce long-term unemployment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016H0220%2801%29&qid=1456753373365 |title=COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION of 15 February 2016 on the integration of the long-term unemployed into the labour market |id=2016/C 67/01 |date=20 February 2016 |work=[[Official Journal of the European Union]]}}</ref> These advised governments to:

* encourage long-term unemployed people to register with an [[Public employment service|employment service]];
* provide each registered long-term unemployed person with an individual in-depth assessment to identify their needs and potential within 18 months;
* offer a tailor-made job integration agreement (JIA) to all registered long-term unemployed within 18 months. These might include measures such as [[Mentorship|mentoring]], help with [[Job hunting|job search]], [[further education]] and [[training]], support for housing, transport, child and care services and rehabilitation. Each person would have a single point of contact to access this support, which would be implemented in partnership with employers.

In 2017–2019 it implemented the Long-Term Unemployment project to research solutions implemented by EU member states and produce a toolkit<ref>{{Cite web|title=LTU project - Long Term Unemployment project - EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND - European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/esf/transnationality/ltu-project|access-date=11 March 2021|website=EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND|language=en}}</ref> to guide government action. Progress was evaluated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commission publishes report on reintegration of long-term unemployed|url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&langId=en&newsId=9346|access-date=11 March 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> in 2019.

===Marxian theory of unemployment===
Marxists share the Keynesian viewpoint of the relationship between economic demand and employment, but with the caveat that the market system's propensity to slash wages and reduce labor participation on an enterprise level causes a requisite decrease in aggregate demand in the economy as a whole, causing crises of unemployment and periods of low economic activity before the [[capital accumulation]] (investment) phase of economic growth can continue. According to [[Karl Marx]], unemployment is inherent within the unstable capitalist system and periodic crises of mass unemployment are to be expected. He theorized that unemployment was inevitable and even a necessary part of the capitalist system, with recovery and regrowth also part of the process.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/hardcastle/unemployment.htm |title=Marx and Keynes on Unemployment |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083213/https://www.marxists.org/archive/hardcastle/unemployment.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 }}</ref> The function of the [[proletariat]] within the capitalist system is to provide a "[[reserve army of labour]]" that creates downward pressure on wages. This is accomplished by dividing the proletariat into surplus labour (employees) and under-employment (unemployed).<ref>{{Cite book|first= Karl |last=Marx|date=2009|url=|title=Capital: An Abridged Edition) (Edited by David McLellan|publisher=Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, UK.|isbn=978-0-19-953570-5}}</ref> This reserve army of labour fight among themselves for scarce jobs at lower and lower wages. At first glance, unemployment seems inefficient since unemployed workers do not increase profits, but unemployment is profitable within the global capitalist system because unemployment lowers wages which are costs from the perspective of the owners. From this perspective low wages benefit the system by reducing [[economic rent]]s. Yet, it does not benefit workers; according to Karl Marx, the workers (proletariat) work to benefit the bourgeoisie through their production of capital.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm | title=Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1)}}</ref> Capitalist systems unfairly manipulate the market for labour by perpetuating unemployment which lowers laborers' demands for fair wages. Workers are pitted against one another at the service of increasing profits for owners. As a result of the capitalist mode of production, Marx argued that workers experienced alienation and estrangement through their economic identity.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/a/l.htm | title=Glossary of Terms: Al}}</ref> According to Marx, the only way to permanently eliminate unemployment would be to abolish capitalism and the system of forced competition for wages and then shift to a socialist or communist economic system. For contemporary Marxists, the existence of persistent unemployment is proof of the inability of capitalism to ensure full employment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marx|first=Karl|title=The Communist Manifesto|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm|access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref>

===Labor force participation rate===
{{Main|Employment-to-population ratio}}
[[File:US Labor Force Participation Rate by gender.png|thumb|upright=1.5|US labor force participation rate from 1948 to 2021, by gender
{{legend|#4A90E2|Male participation}}
{{legend|#000000|Total labor force participation}}
{{legend|#AA4643|Female participation}}]]
[[File:Work Force Participation Rate by Age Group.webp|thumb|330px|{{center|US Work Force Participation Rate by Age Group}}
{{legend-line|#B8BEBA solid 3px|55+}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|25-54}}
{{legend-line|#FFD932 solid 3px|20-24}}
{{legend-line|#EE220C solid 3px|16-19}}
]]
[[File:Workforce in the United States.webp|thumb|{{center|Workforce in the United States}}
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 3px|Working age population 15-64}}
{{legend|#727272|Part time employment}}
{{legend|#A4A4A4|Full time employment}}
]]

The labor force participation rate is the ratio between the [[labor force]] and the overall size of their [[cohort (statistics)|cohort]] (national population of the same age range). In the West, during the latter half of the 20th century, the labor force participation rate increased significantly because of an increase in the number of women entering the workplace.

In the United States, there have been four significant stages of women's participation in the labour force: increases in the 20th century and decreases in the 21st century. Male labor force participation decreased from 1953 to 2013. Since October 2013, men have been increasingly joining the labour force.

From the late 19th century to the 1920s, very few women worked outside the home. They were young single women who typically withdrew from the labor force at marriage unless family needed two incomes. Such women worked primarily in the [[textile manufacturing]] industry or as [[domestic worker]]s. That profession empowered women and allowed them to earn a living wage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women Workers in the British Industrial Revolution – EH.net |url=https://eh.net/encyclopedia/women-workers-in-the-british-industrial-revolution/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> At times, they were a financial help to their families.

Between 1930 and 1950, female labor force participation increased primarily because of the increased demand for office workers, women's participation in the high school movement, and [[electrification]], which reduced the time that was spent on household chores. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, most women were secondary earners working mainly as secretaries, teachers, nurses, and librarians ([[pink-collar]] jobs).

From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s, there was a period of revolution of women in the labor force brought on by various factors, many of which arose from the [[second-wave feminism]] movement. Women more accurately planned for their future in the work force by investing in more applicable majors in college that prepared them to enter and compete in the labor market. In the United States, the female labor force participation rate rose from approximately 33% in 1948 to a peak of 60.3% in 2000. As of April 2015, the female labor force participation is at 56.6%, the male labor force participation rate is at 69.4%, and the total is 62.8%.<ref name="research.stlouisfed.org">{{Cite web|url=https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/LNS11300002|title=Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: Women|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref>

A common theory in modern economics claims that the rise of women participating in the US labor force in the 1950s to the 1990s was caused by the introduction of a new contraceptive technology, [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], as well as the adjustment of [[age of majority]] laws. The use of birth control gave women the flexibility of opting to invest and to advance their career while they maintained a relationship. By having control over the timing of their fertility, they were not running a risk of thwarting their career choices. However, only 40% of the population actually used the birth control pill.

That implies that other factors may have contributed to women choosing to invest in advancing their careers. One factor may be that an increasing number of men delayed the age of marriage, which allowed women to marry later in life without them worrying about the quality of older men. Other factors include the changing nature of work, with machines replacing physical labor, thus eliminating many traditional male occupations, and the rise of the service sector in which many jobs are gender neutral.

Another factor that may have contributed to the trend was the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. Such legislation diminished sexual discrimination and encouraged more women to enter the labor market by receiving fair remuneration to help raising families and children.

At the turn of the 21st century, the labor force participation began to reverse its long period of increase. Reasons for the change include a rising share of older workers, an increase in school enrollment rates among young workers, and a decrease in female labor force participation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Van Zandweghe|first=Willem|title=Interpreting the Recent Decline in Labor Force Participation|journal=KC Fed Economic Review, First Quarter, 2012|pages=5–34|url=http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/pdf/12q1VanZandweghe.pdf|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115193338/http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/pdf/12q1VanZandweghe.pdf}}</ref>

The labor force participation rate can decrease when the rate of growth of the population outweighs that of the employed and the unemployed together. The labor force participation rate is a key component in long-term economic growth, almost as important as [[productivity]].

A historic shift began around the end of the [[Great Recession]] as women began leaving the labor force in the United States and other developed countries. The female labor force participation rate in the United States has steadily decreased since 2009, and as of April 2015, the female labor force participation rate has gone back down to 1988 levels of 56.6%.<ref name="research.stlouisfed.org"/>

Participation rates are defined as follows:

{| style="margin:auto; width:90%;"
| Pop = total population || LF = labor force = U + E
|-
| LFpop = labor force population (generally defined as all men and women aged 15–64) || p = participation rate = LF / LFpop
|-
| E = number employed || e = rate of employment = E / LFpop
|-
| U = number of unemployed || u = rate of unemployment = U / LF
|}

The labor force participation rate explains how an increase in the unemployment rate can occur simultaneously with an increase in employment. If a large number of new workers enter the labor force but only a small fraction become employed, then the increase in the number of unemployed workers can outpace the growth in employment.<ref>Peter Barth and Dennis Heffley [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621060113/http://www.cteconomy.uconn.edu/TCE_Individual_Articles/Spring_2004/LocalLaborForceParticipationRates.pdf "Taking Apart Taking Part: Local Labor Force Participation Rates"] University of Connecticut, 2004.</ref>

===Unemployment-to-population ratio===
The unemployment-to-population ratio calculates the share of unemployed for the whole population. This is in contrast to the unemployment rate, which calculates the percentage of unemployed persons in relation to the ''active'' population. Particularly, many young people between 15 and 24 are studying full-time and so are neither working nor looking for a job. That means that they are not part of the labor force, which is used as the [[denominator]] when the unemployment rate is calculated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics#Youth_unemployment_trends |title=Unemployment statistics - Statistics Explained |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

===NEET===
{{Excerpt|NEET|paragraphs=1}}

===Youth and young adult unemployment===
[[Youth unemployment]] refers to unemployment among people aged 15-24,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary {{!}} DataBank |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/jobs/series/SL.UEM.1524.ZS |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref> while young adult unemployment refers to unemployment among ages 25-34.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Jungeun Olivia |last2=Jones |first2=Tiffany M. |last3=Yoon |first3=Yoewon |last4=Hackman |first4=Daniel A. |last5=Yoo |first5=Joan P. |last6=Kosterman |first6=Rick |date=2019 |title=Young Adult Unemployment and Later Depression and Anxiety: Does Childhood Neighborhood Matter? |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=30–42 |doi=10.1007/s10964-018-0957-8 |issn=1573-6601 |pmc=6360094 |pmid=30478821}}</ref> Youth unemployment is in many countries higher than general unemployment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title=Youth employment support - European Commission |url=https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies-and-activities/european-employment-strategy/youth-employment-support_en |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Unemployment of young adults was associated with [[Political decay#Political instability|political instability]] and [[revolution]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al-Shammari |first=Nayef |last2=Willoughby |first2=John |date=2019 |title=Determinants of political instability across Arab Spring countries |journal=Mediterranean Politics |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=196–217 |doi=10.1080/13629395.2017.1389349 |issn=1362-9395}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hailu Demeke |first=Yemareshet |date=2022 |title=Youth unemployment and political instability: evidence from IGAD member countries |journal=Cogent Economics & Finance |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=2079211 |doi=10.1080/23322039.2022.2079211}}</ref>

==Measurement==
{{Redirect|Unemployment rate|a list of countries|List of countries by unemployment rate}}
There are also different ways national statistical agencies measure unemployment. The differences may limit the validity of international comparisons of unemployment data.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf "International Unemployment Rates: How Comparable are They?"] by Constance Sorrentino, Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3–20.</ref> To some degree, the differences remain despite national statistical agencies increasingly adopting the definition of unemployment of the International Labour Organization.<ref name="ilo.org">International Labour Organization Bureau of Statistics [http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_088394.pdf Measurement of employment, unemployment and underemployment – Current international standards and issues in their application]. Retrieved August 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924111726/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_088394.pdf |date=24 September 2011 }}</ref> To facilitate international comparisons, some organizations, such as the [[OECD#Statistics|OECD]], [[Eurostat]], and [[Division of international labor comparisons|International Labor Comparisons Program]], adjust data on unemployment for comparability across countries.

Though many people care about the number of unemployed individuals, economists typically focus on the unemployment rate, which corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed caused by increases in population and increases in the labour force relative to the population. The unemployment rate is expressed as a [[percentage]] and calculated as follows:

:<math>\text{Unemployment rate}=\frac{\text{Unemployed workers}}{\text{Total labor force}} \times 100</math>

As defined by the [[International Labour Organization]], "unemployed workers" are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work.<ref>International Labour Organization, Bureau of Statistics,[http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf The Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians], received 21 July 2007</ref>
Individuals who are actively seeking job placement must make the effort to be in contact with an employer, have job interviews, contact job placement agencies, send out resumes, submit applications, respond to advertisements, or some other means of active job searching within the prior four weeks. Simply looking at advertisements and not responding will not count as actively seeking job placement. Since not all unemployment may be "open" and counted by government agencies, official statistics on unemployment may not be accurate.<ref name="sfgate.com">{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Zuckerman |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/11/17/BU239666.DTL |title=Official unemployment numbers omit discouraged seekers, part-time workers |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=17 November 2002 |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629055550/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2002%2F11%2F17%2FBU239666.DTL |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> In the United States, for example, the unemployment rate does not take into consideration part-time workers, or those individuals who are not actively looking for employment, due to attending college or having tried to find a job and given up.<ref name="sfgate.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-09-07/u-dot-s-dot-jobless-rate-drops-for-the-worst-of-all-reasons|first=P.|last=Coy|title=U.S. jobless rate drops for the worst of all reasons|website=Bloomberg|date=8 September 2012}}</ref>

According to the OECD, Eurostat, and the US [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] the unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labour force.

"An unemployed person is defined by Eurostat, according to the guidelines of the International Labour Organization, as:
*Someone aged 15 to 74 (in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway: 16 to 74 years);
*Without work during the reference week;
*Available to start work within the next two weeks (or has already found a job to start within the next three months);
*Actively having sought employment at some time during the last four weeks."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Unemployment|title=Glossary:Unemployment|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>
The labour force, or workforce, includes both employed (employees and self-employed) and unemployed people but not the economically inactive, such as pre-school children, school children, students and pensioners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Labour_force|title=Glossary:Labour force|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>

The unemployment rate of an individual country is usually calculated and reported on a monthly, quarterly, and yearly basis by the National Agency of Statistics. Organisations like the OECD report statistics for all of its member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/unemp/unemployment-rate.htm|title=Unemployment rate|publisher= Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)}}</ref>

Certain countries provide unemployment compensation for a certain period of time for unemployed citizens who are registered as unemployed at the government [[employment agency]]. Furthermore, pension receivables or claims could depend on the registration at the government employment agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=862&langId=en|title=Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion|publisher= European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usa.gov/unemployment|title=Unemployment Help|publisher=United States government website}}</ref>

In many countries like in [[Germany]], the unemployment rate is based on the number of people who are registered as unemployed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Arbeit/Arbeitsmarkt/Glossar/arbeitslosenquote.html|title=Arbeitslosenquote|publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt}}</ref> Other countries like the United States use a labour force survey to calculate the unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/|title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Labour_force_survey_(LFS)|title=Glossary:Labour force survey (LFS)|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>

The ILO describes four different methods to calculate the unemployment rate:<ref>International Labour Organization, LABORSTA,[http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/c3e.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707132204/http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/c3e.html|date=7 July 2007}}. Retrieved 22 July 2007.</ref>
* ''Labour Force Sample Surveys'' are the most preferred method of unemployment rate calculation since they give the most comprehensive results and enables calculation of unemployment by different group categories such as race and gender. This method is the most internationally comparable.
* ''Official Estimates'' are determined by a combination of information from one or more of the other three methods. The use of this method has been declining in favor of labour surveys.
* ''Social Insurance Statistics'', such as unemployment benefits, are computed based on the number of persons insured representing the total labour force and the number of persons who are insured that are collecting benefits. This method has been heavily criticized because of the expiration of benefits before the person finds work.
* ''Employment Office Statistics'' are the least effective since they include only a monthly tally of unemployed persons who enter employment offices. This method also includes those who are not unemployed by the ILO definition.

The primary measure of unemployment, U3, allows for comparisons between countries. Unemployment differs from country to country and across different time periods. For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States had lower unemployment levels than many countries in the [[European Union]],<ref>Schmitt, John; Rho, Hye Jin; Fremstad, Shawn. [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/US-EU-UR-2009-05.pdf U.S. Unemployment Now As High as Europe.] Center for Economic and Policy Research. May 2009.</ref> which had significant internal variation, with countries like the United Kingdom and [[Denmark]] outperforming [[Italy]] and [[France]]. However, large economic events like the Great Depression can lead to similar unemployment rates across the globe.

In 2013, the ILO adopted a resolution to introduce new indicators to measure the unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution I Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization |publisher=ILO |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_230304.pdf}}</ref>
*LU1: Unemployment rate: [persons in unemployment / labour force] × 100
*LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment) / labour force]
x 100
*LU3: Combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force: [(persons in unemployment + potential labour force) / (extended labour force)] × 100
*LU4: Composite measure of labour underutilization: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment + potential

labour force) / (extended labour force)] × 100

===European Union (Eurostat)===
{{Further|List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate|List of European regions by unemployment rate}}
[[File:Unemployment Rate in Europe (2020).svg|thumb|Unemployment in Europe (2021) according to Worldbank]]
[[File:Unemployment_rates_EU-28,_EA-19,_US_and_Japan,_seasonally_adjusted,_January_2000_-_October_2019.png|thumb|Unemployment rates from 2000 to 2019 for United States, Japan and [[European Union]]]]

[[Eurostat]], the statistical office of the [[European Union]], defines unemployed as those persons between age 15 and 74 who are not working, have looked for work in the last four weeks, and are ready to start work within two weeks; this definition conforms to ILO standards. Both the actual count and the unemployment rate are reported. Statistical data are available by member state for the European Union as a whole (EU28) as well as for the [[eurozone]] (EA19). Eurostat also includes a long-term unemployment rate, which is defined as part of the unemployed who have been unemployed for more than one year.<ref>Marco Giugni, ed. ''The Contentious Politics of Unemployment in Europe: Welfare States and Political Opportunities''(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) covers Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland.</ref>

The main source used is the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). It collects data on all member states each quarter. For monthly calculations, national surveys or national registers from employment offices are used in conjunction with quarterly EU-LFS data. The exact calculation for individual countries, resulting in harmonized monthly data, depends on the availability of the data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_SDDS/EN/une_esms.htm|title=European Commission, Eurostat|access-date=5 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126055630/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_SDDS/en/une_esms.htm|archive-date=26 November 2009}}</ref>

===United States Bureau of Labor statistics===
{{See also|Unemployment in the United States|JOLTS report}}

[[File:USA 2008 unemployment by county.svg|thumb|Unemployment rate in the US by county in 2008<ref>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/la/laucnty08.txt|title=Labor force data by county, 2008 annual averages|author=Bureau of Labor Statistics|server=FTP server|url-status=dead|year=2009}}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=8em}}{{legend|#0000ff|1.2–3%}}{{legend|#00dddd|3.1–4%}}{{legend|#00ffaa|4.1–5%}}{{legend|#00ff00|5.1–6%}}{{legend|#77cc00|6.1–7%}}{{legend|#ffff00|7.1–8%}}{{legend|#ffaa00|8.1–9%}}{{legend|#ff0000|9.1–10%}}{{legend|#ff00aa|10.1–11%}}{{legend|#666666|11.1–13%}}{{legend|#000000|13.1–22.9%}}{{colend}}]]

The [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] measures employment and unemployment (of those over 17 years of age) by using two different labor force surveys<ref>United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics,[http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_faq.htm]. Retrieved 23 July 2007.</ref> conducted by the [[United States Census Bureau]] (within the [[United States Department of Commerce]]) and/or the Bureau of Labor Statistics (within the [[United States Department of Labor]]) that gather employment statistics monthly.<ref name="bls">{{Cite web|url=https://www.milkenreview.org/articles/measuring-labor-force-slack|title=Measuring Labor force Slack|website=Milken Institute review}}</ref> The [[Current Population Survey]] (CPS), or "Household Survey", conducts a survey based on a sample of 60,000 households. The survey measures the unemployment rate based on the ILO definition.<ref>{{Cite web|first=| last=|url=http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_over.htm#overview|title=Current Population Survey overview|website=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date= 25 May 2007}}</ref>

The Current Employment Statistics survey (CES), or "Payroll Survey", conducts a survey based on a sample of 160,000 businesses and government agencies, which represent 400,000 individual employers.<ref name=c>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "[http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_02012008.pdf The Employment Situation: January 2008]," January 2008</ref> Since the survey measures only civilian nonagricultural employment, it does not calculate an unemployment rate, and it differs from the ILO unemployment rate definition. Both sources have different classification criteria and usually produce differing results. Additional data are also available from the government, such as the unemployment insurance weekly claims report available from the Office of Workforce Security, within the U.S. Department of Labor's [[Employment and Training Administration]].<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Employment & Training Administration, Office of Workforce Security, [http://workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/unemploy/claims_arch.asp UI Weekly Claims]</ref> The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides up-to-date numbers via a PDF linked here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_03052010.pdf |title=The Employment Situation: February 2010 |access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> The BLS also provides a readable concise current Employment Situation Summary, updated monthly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm |title=Employment Situation Summary |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>
[[File:US Unemployment measures.svg|thumb|U1–U6 since 1950, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics]]

The Bureau of Labor Statistics also calculates six alternate measures of unemployment, U1 to U6, which measure different aspects of unemployment:<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table A-15. Alternative measures of labour underutilization Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref>
* U1:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab15.htm |title=Labor Force Statistics (CPS), Alternative Measures U-1 through U-6 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> Percentage of labor force unemployed 15 weeks or longer.
* U2: Percentage of labor force who lost jobs or completed temporary work.
* U3: Official unemployment rate, per the ILO definition, occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively looked for [[wage labor|work]] within the past four weeks.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf|author=International Labor Organization |title=Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment, and underemployment, adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labor Statisticians; see page 4 |date=October 1982 |access-date=26 November 2007 }}</ref>
* U4: U3 + "[[discouraged workers]]", or those who have stopped looking for work because current economic conditions make them believe that no work is available for them.
* U5: U4 + other "marginally attached workers," or "loosely attached workers", or those who "would like" and are able to work but have not looked for work recently.
* U6: U5 + Part-time workers who want to work full-time, but cannot for economic reasons ([[underemployment]]).
''Note: "Marginally attached workers" are added to the total labour force for unemployment rate calculation for U4, U5, and U6.'' The [[Current Population Survey#1994 revisions|BLS revised the CPS in 1994]] and among the changes the measure representing the official unemployment rate was renamed U3 instead of U5.<ref>{{cite web |first1=John E. |last1=Bregger |first2=Steven E. |last2=Haugen |year=1995 |title=BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures |work=Monthly Labor Review, October: 19–29 |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1995/10/art3full.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=6 March 2009 }}</ref> In 2013, Representative [[Duncan D. Hunter|Hunter]] proposed that the Bureau of Labor Statistics use the U5 rate instead of the current U3 rate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rep. Hunter Seeks to Change Jobless Reporting Method |author=Honathan Horn |url=http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2013/apr/24/tp-rep-hunter-seeks-to-change-jobless-reporting/ |newspaper=San Diego Union Tribune |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020412/http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2013/apr/24/tp-rep-hunter-seeks-to-change-jobless-reporting/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 }} {{cite news |title=GOP lawmaker calls for change to how government measures unemployment |author=Molly K. Hooper |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/110906-gop-lawmaker-calls-for-change-to-how-government-measures-unemployment/ |newspaper=The Hill |date=8 April 2012 |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013147/http://thehill.com/homenews/house/220457-gop-lawmaker-calls-for-change-to-how-government-measures-unemployment- |url-status=live }} {{cite news |title=The Unemployment Rate Is a Farce That Needs Fixing: Rep. Duncan Hunter |author=Matt Nesto |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/breakout/unemployment-rate-farce-needs-fixing-rep-duncan-hunter-113437674.html |newspaper=Yahoo! Finance |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref>

Statistics for the US economy as a whole hide variations among groups. For example, in January 2008, the US unemployment rates were 4.4% for adult men, 4.2% for adult women, 4.4% for Caucasians, 6.3% for Hispanics or Latinos (all races), 9.2% for African Americans, 3.2% for Asian Americans, and 18.0% for teenagers.<ref name=c/> Also, the US unemployment rate would be at least 2% higher if prisoners and jail inmates were counted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/00-05_REP_PunishingDecade_AC.pdf |title=The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium |publisher=Justice Policy Institute |date=May 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution |first1=Bruce |last1=Western |first2=Katherine |last2=Beckett |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |volume=104 |issue=4 |year=1999 |pages=1030–1060 |doi=10.1086/210135 |s2cid=27785866 }}</ref>

The unemployment rate is included in a number of major economic [[index (economics)|indices]] including the US [[The Conference Board|Conference Board]]'s [[Index of Leading Indicators]] a [[macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] measure of the state of the economy.

{{multiple image
| footer =
| align = center
| direction =
| total_width = 650

| image1 = US Unemployment 1800-1890.gif

| alt1 = US Unemployment 1800–1890
| caption1 = Estimated US unemployment rate from 1800 to 1890. All data are estimates based on data compiled by Lebergott.<ref name="Lebergott1964">{{cite book |first=Stanley |last=Lebergott |year=1964 |title=Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800 |url=https://archive.org/details/manpowerineconom0000lebe |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manpowerineconom0000lebe/page/164 164]–190 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill
}}</ref> See limitations section below on how to interpret unemployment statistics in self-employed, agricultural economies. See image information for complete data.

| image2 = US annual unemployment rate.svg

| alt2 = US Unemployment since 1890
| caption2 = Estimated US unemployment rate since 1890; 1890–1930 data are from [[Christina Romer]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Christina |last=Romer |year=1986 |title=Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data |journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |jstor=1831958 |doi=10.1086/261361|s2cid=15302777 }}</ref> 1930–1940 data is from Coen.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert M. |last=Coen |year=1973 |title=Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s: A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience |journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=46–55 |jstor=1927993 |doi=10.2307/1927993}}</ref> 1940–2011 data is from [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]].<ref>{{Cite FTP |author=Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aat1.txt |server=FTP server |url-status=dead |title=Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1940 to date |access-date=6 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf |title=Historical Comparability |year=2006 |work=Employment and Earnings. Household Data Explanatory Notes, February 2006 }}</ref> See image info for complete data.

| image3= 1948- Unemployment rate - US.svg |caption3= Unemployment rate in the United States, monthly since 1948<ref>{{cite web |title=Unemployment Rate (UNRATE) |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE |publisher=US Federal Reserve (St. Louis office) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218063011/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE |archive-date=December 18, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

===Limitations of definition===
Some critics believe that current methods of measuring unemployment are inaccurate in terms of the impact of unemployment on people as these methods do not take into account the 1.5% of the available working population incarcerated in US prisons (who may or may not be working while they are incarcerated); those who have lost their jobs and have become [[discouraged worker|discouraged]] over time from actively looking for work; those who are [[self-employed]] or wish to become self-employed, such as tradesmen or building contractors or information technology consultants; those who have retired before the official retirement age but would still like to work (involuntary early retirees); those on [[disability]] pensions who do not possess full health but still wish to work in occupations suitable for their medical conditions; or those who work for payment for as little as one hour per week but would like to work full time.<ref name="Krueger 1999">{{cite journal|last=Krueger|first=Alan B.|author2=Lawrence F. Katz|title=New Trend in Unemployment?: The High-Pressure U.S. Labor Market of the 1990s|journal=Brookings Review|year=1999|url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1999/fall_unemployment_katz.aspx|access-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084352/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1999/fall_unemployment_katz.aspx|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

The last people are "involuntary part-time" workers, those who are underemployed, such as a computer programmer who is working in a retail store until he can find a permanent job, involuntary stay-at-home mothers who would prefer to work, and graduate and professional school students who are unable to find worthwhile jobs after they graduated with their bachelor's degrees.

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P109961, Berlin, Arbeitsamt Sonnenallee, Arbeitslose.jpg|thumb|A government unemployment office with job listings, [[West Berlin]], [[West Germany]], 1982]]
Internationally, some nations' unemployment rates are sometimes muted or appear less severe because of the number of self-employed individuals working in agriculture.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/> Small independent farmers are often considered self-employed and so cannot be unemployed. That can impact non-industrialized economies, such as the United States and Europe in the early 19th century, since overall unemployment was approximately 3% because so many individuals were self-employed, independent farmers; however, non-agricultural unemployment was as high as 80%.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/>

Unemployment in official accounts has been estimated to be [[Under-reporting|under-reported]] by between 1% and 4%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Shuaizhang |last2=Hu |first2=Yingyao |date=2013 |title=Misclassification Errors and the Underestimation of the US Unemployment Rate |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.103.2.1054 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=1054–1070 |doi=10.1257/aer.103.2.1054 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref>

Many economies industrialize and so experience increasing numbers of non-agricultural workers. For example, the United States' non-agricultural labour force increased from 20% in 1800 to 50% in 1850 and 97% in 2000.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/> The shift away from self-employment increases the percentage of the population that is included in unemployment rates. When unemployment rates between countries or time periods are compared, it is best to consider differences in their levels of industrialization and self-employment.

Additionally, the measures of employment and unemployment may be "too high". In some countries, the availability of [[unemployment benefits]] can inflate statistics by giving an incentive to register as unemployed. People who do not seek work may choose to declare themselves unemployed to get benefits; people with undeclared paid occupations may try to get unemployment benefits in addition to the money that they earn from their work.<ref name="Reporting benefit fraud.">{{cite web|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/BenefitFraud/DG_10014876 |title=Reporting benefit fraud |publisher=Directgov |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

However, in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, and the European Union, unemployment is measured using a sample survey (akin to a [[Gallup Organization|Gallup]] poll).<ref name="ilo.org"/> According to the BLS, a number of Eastern European nations have instituted labour force surveys as well. The sample survey has its own problems because the total number of workers in the economy is calculated based on a sample, rather than a census.

It is possible to be neither employed nor unemployed by ILO definitions by being outside of the "labour force".<ref name="sfgate.com"/> Such people have no job and are not looking for one. Many of them go to school or are retired. Family responsibilities keep others out of the labour force. Still others have a physical or mental disability that prevents them from participating in the labour force. Some people simply elect not to work and prefer to be dependent on others for sustenance.

Typically, employment and the labour force include only work that is done for monetary gain. Hence, a [[homemaker]] is neither part of the labour force nor unemployed. Also, full-time students and prisoners are considered to be neither part of the labour force nor unemployed.<ref name="Krueger 1999"/> The number of prisoners can be important. In 1999, economists Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger estimated that increased incarceration lowered measured unemployment in the United States by 0.17% between 1985 and the late 1990s.<ref name="Krueger 1999"/>

In particular, as of 2005, roughly 0.7% of the US population is incarcerated (1.5% of the available working population). Additionally, children, the elderly, and some individuals with disabilities are typically not counted as part of the labour force and so are not included in the unemployment statistics. However, some elderly and many disabled individuals are active in the labour market.

In the early stages of an [[boom and bust|economic boom]], unemployment often rises.<ref name="Keynes 2007"/> That is because people join the labour market (give up studying, start a job hunt, etc.) as a result of the improving job market, but until they have actually found a position, they are counted as unemployed. Similarly, during a [[recession]], the increase in the unemployment rate is moderated by people leaving the labour force or being otherwise discounted from the labour force, such as with the self-employed.

For the fourth quarter of 2004, according to [[OECD]] ([http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/30/35024561.pdf Employment Outlook 2005] {{ISBN|92-64-01045-9}}), normalized unemployment for men aged 25 to 54 was 4.6% in the US and 7.4% in France. At the same time and for the same population, the employment rate (number of workers divided by population) was 86.3% in the US and 86.7% in France. That example shows that the unemployment rate was 60% higher in France than in the US, but more people in that demographic were working in France than in the US, which is counterintuitive if it is expected that the unemployment rate reflects the health of the labour market.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Dean|url=http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/beat_the_press_archive?month=01&year=2007&base_name=wall_street_journal_gets_germa&162#comment-1679545|title=Wall Street Journal Gets German Unemployment Wrong|work=The American Prospect|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033323/http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/beat_the_press_archive?month=01&year=2007&base_name=wall_street_journal_gets_germa&162#comment-1679545|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>Raymond Torres, OECD head of Employment Analysis, [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-823448,36-917229@51-628862,0.html Avec 1,2 % de baisse fin avril, le taux de chômage continue sa décrue]{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Le Monde'', 30 mai 2007 : ''unemployment measure is less and less meaningful to measure labour market efficiency.''</ref>

Those deficiencies make many [[labour economics|labour market]] economists prefer to look at a range of economic statistics such as labour market participation rate, the percentage of people between 15 and 64 who are currently employed or searching for employment, the total number of full-time jobs in an economy, the number of people seeking work as a raw number and not a percentage, and the total number of person-hours worked in a month compared to the total number of person-hours people would like to work. In particular, the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] does not use the unemployment rate but prefers various employment rates to date recessions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwwdev.nber.org/dec2008.html |title=Determination of the December 2007 Peak in Economic Activity |publisher=The National Bureau of Economic Research |date=28 November 2008 |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130905171428/http%3A//wwwdev.nber.org/dec2008.html |archive-date=5 September 2013 }}</ref> Moreover, some articles in prestigious magazines such as The Economist have argued that alternative ways to measure economic misery are needed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Economists need new indicators of economic misery |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/11/14/economists-need-new-indicators-of-economic-misery |access-date=2024-11-20 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==Effects==
[[File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Migrant Mother'', photograph by [[Dorothea Lange]], 1936]]
High and the persistent unemployment, in which [[economic inequality]] increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth because it is a waste of resources; generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions; drives people to poverty; constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility; and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest, and conflict.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Castells-Quintana|first=David|author2=Vicente Royuela |title=Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation|journal=Investigaciones Regionales|year=2012|volume=12|issue=24|pages=153–173|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/33140/1/617293.pdf|access-date=17 October 2013|hdl=10017/27066|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The 2013 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, [[Robert J. Shiller]], said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem.<ref>{{cite news|last=Christoffersen|first=John|title=Rising inequality 'most important problem,' says Nobel-winning economist|url=https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/rising-inequality-most-important-problem-says-nobel-winning-economist/article_a5065957-05c3-5ac0-ba5b-dab91c22973a.html|access-date=19 October 2013|newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

===Costs===
====Individual====
[[File:Life-events-on-happiness.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The effect of various life events on life satisfaction. Unemployment is one of the events with the most long-lasting negative effects on life satisfaction.]]
Unemployed individuals are unable to earn money to meet financial obligations. Failure to pay mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to [[homelessness]] through [[foreclosure]] or [[eviction]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/suburban-homeless-rising-tide-of-families-16-02-2010/ |title=Suburban Homeless: Rising Tide of Families |work=CBS News |date=16 February 2010 |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219010200/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/16/national/main6213988.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Across the United States the growing ranks of people made homeless in the foreclosure crisis are generating [[tent cities]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/26/tent-city-california-recession-economy |title=U.S. tent cities highlight new realities as recession wears on |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 March 2009 |location=London |first=Oliver |last=Burkeman}}</ref>

Unemployment increases susceptibility to [[cardiovascular disease]], [[somatization]], [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and [[suicide]]. In addition, unemployed people have higher rates of medication use, poor diet, physician visits, [[tobacco smoking]], [[alcoholic beverage]] consumption, drug use, and lower rates of exercise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781380|title = Mission Critical: Getting Vets With PTSD Back to Work|last1 = Meade|first1 = Barbara J.|date = 29 March 2013|work = NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health|last2 = Glenn|first2 = Margaret K.|last3 = Wirth|first3 = Oliver|publisher = Medscape & NIOSH}}</ref> According to a study published in Social Indicator Research, even those who tend to be optimistic find it difficult to look on the bright side of things when unemployed. Using interviews and data from German participants aged 16 to 94, including individuals coping with the stresses of real life and not just a volunteering student population, the researchers determined that even optimists struggled with being unemployed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newswise.com/articles/view/545782/ |title=Even Optimists Get the Blues When Pink-slipped |work=Newswise |access-date=27 October 2008 }}</ref>

In 1979, M. Harvey Brenner found that for every 10% increase in the number of unemployed, there is an increase of 1.2% in total mortality, a 1.7% increase in [[cardiovascular disease]], 1.3% more [[cirrhosis]] cases, 1.7% more suicides, 4.0% more arrests, and 0.8% more assaults reported to the police.<ref>{{cite book |first=M. Harvey |last=Brenner |chapter=Influence of the Social Environment on Psychology: The Historical Perspective |title=Stress and Mental Disorder |editor-first=James E. |editor-last=Barrett |location=New York |publisher=Raven Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-89004-384-4 }}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite web|author=Richard Ashley|year=2007|url=http://ashleymac.econ.vt.edu/ashley/3204/brenner.pdf|title=Fact sheet on the impact of unemployment|publisher=Virginia Tech, Department of Economics|access-date=11 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025150953/http://ashleymac.econ.vt.edu/ashley/3204/brenner.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref>

A study by [[Christopher Ruhm]] in 2000 on the effect of recessions on health found that several measures of health actually improve during recessions.<ref name=Ruhm>{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Ruhm |title=Are Recessions Good for Your Health? |journal=[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] |year=2000 |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=617–650 |doi=10.1162/003355300554872 |s2cid=51729569 |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/C_Ruhm_Are_2000.pdf }}</ref> As for the impact of an economic downturn on crime, during the [[Great Depression]], the crime rate did not decrease. The unemployed in the US often use [[welfare spending|welfare]] programs such as [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]] or accumulating [[debt]] because unemployment insurance in the US generally does not replace most of the income that was received on the job, and one cannot receive such aid indefinitely.

Not everyone suffers equally from unemployment. In a prospective study of 9,570 individuals over four years, highly conscientious people suffered more than twice as much if they became unemployed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boyce|first=Christopher J.|author2=Wood, Alex M. |author3=Brown, Gordon D.A. |title=The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment|journal=Journal of Research in Personality |year=2010 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=535–539 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.001 }}</ref> The authors suggested that may because of conscientious people making different attributions about why they became unemployed or through experiencing stronger reactions following failure. There is also the possibility of reverse causality from poor health to unemployment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bockerman|first=Petri|author2=Ilmakunnas, Pekka |title=Unemployment and self-assessed health: evidence from panel data|journal=Health Economics |year=2009|volume=18|issue=2|pages=161–179|doi=10.1002/hec.1361 |pmid=18536002|url=http://www.petribockerman.fi/bockerman%26ilmakunnas_une_2009.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.719.5903}}</ref>

Some researchers hold that many of the low-income jobs are not really a better option than unemployment with a [[welfare state]], with its [[unemployment insurance]] benefits. However, since it is difficult or impossible to get unemployment insurance benefits without having worked in the past, those jobs and unemployment are more complementary than they are substitutes. (They are often held short-term, either by students or by those trying to gain experience; turnover in most low-paying jobs is high.)

Another cost for the unemployed is that the combination of unemployment, lack of financial resources, and social responsibilities may push unemployed workers to take jobs that do not fit their skills or allow them to use their talents. Unemployment can cause [[underemployment]], and fear of job loss can spur psychological anxiety. As well as anxiety, it can cause depression, lack of confidence, and huge amounts of stress, which is increased when the unemployed are faced with health issues, poverty, and lack of relational support.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Unemployment and underemployment: A narrative analysis about loss|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236855506|journal = Journal of Vocational Behavior|pages = 256–265|volume = 82|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.02.005|first1 = David L.|last1 = Blustein|first2 = Saliha|last2 = Kozan|first3 = Alice|last3 = Connors-Kellgren|year = 2013}}</ref>

Another personal cost of unemployment is its impact on relationships. A 2008 study from Covizzi, which examined the relationship between unemployment and divorce, found that the rate of divorce is greater for couples when one partner is unemployed.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Covizzi
| first = Ilaria
| date = 1 July 2008
| title = Does Union Dissolution Lead to Unemployment? A Longitudinal Study of Health and Risk of Unemployment for Women and Men Undergoing Separation
| journal = European Sociological Review
| language = en
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 347–361
| doi = 10.1093/esr/jcn006
| issn = 0266-7215
}}</ref> However, a more recent study has found that some couples often stick together in "unhappy" or "unhealthy" marriages when they are unemployed to buffer financial costs.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Amato
| first1 = Paul R.
| last2 = Beattie
| first2 = Brett
| date = 1 May 2011
| title = Does the unemployment rate affect the divorce rate? An analysis of state data 1960–2005
| journal = Social Science Research
| volume = 40
| issue = 3
| pages = 705–715
| doi = 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.12.012
}}</ref> A 2014 study by Van der Meer found that the stigma that comes from being unemployed affects personal well-being, especially for men, who often feel as though their masculine identities are threatened by unemployment.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Meer
| first = Peter H. van der
| date = 21 November 2012
| title = Gender, Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: Why Being Unemployed Is Worse for Men than for Women
| journal = Social Indicators Research
| language = en
| volume = 115
| issue = 1
| pages = 23–44
| doi = 10.1007/s11205-012-0207-5
| s2cid = 145056657
| issn = 0303-8300
| url = https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/bcd5b6e9-0297-4ce4-9f93-6913d64be0f9
}}</ref>

====Gender and age====
{{anchor|Effects of unemployment on men}}Unemployment can also bring personal costs in relation to gender. One study found that women are more likely to experience unemployment than men and that they are less likely to move from temporary positions to permanent positions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Fang
| first1 = Tony
| last2 = MacPhail
| first2 = Fiona
| date = 27 November 2007
| title = Transitions from Temporary to Permanent Work in Canada: Who Makes the Transition and Why?
| journal = Social Indicators Research
| language = en
| volume = 88
| issue = 1
| pages = 51–74
| doi = 10.1007/s11205-007-9210-7
| issn = 0303-8300
| hdl = 10315/6293
| s2cid = 154555810
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> Another study on gender and unemployment found that men, however, are more likely to experience greater stress, depression, and adverse effects from unemployment, largely stemming from the perceived threat to their role as breadwinner.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Michniewicz
| first1 = Kenneth S.
| last2 = Vandello
| first2 = Joseph A.
| last3 = Bosson
| first3 = Jennifer K.
| date = 19 January 2014
| title = Men's (Mis)Perceptions of the Gender Threatening Consequences of Unemployment
| journal = Sex Roles
| language = en
| volume = 70
| issue = 3–4
| pages = 88–97
| doi = 10.1007/s11199-013-0339-3
| s2cid = 144321429
| issn = 0360-0025
}}</ref> The study found that men expect themselves to be viewed as "less manly" after a job loss than they actually are and so they engage in compensating behaviors, such as [[financial risk]]-taking and increased assertiveness. Unemployment has been linked to extremely adverse effects on men's [[mental health]].<ref>{{citation|title=Facing the Challenge: The Impact of Recession and Unemployment on Men's Health in Ireland|date=June 2011|url=http://www.mhfi.org/IPHreport2011.pdf|publisher=Institute of Public Health in Ireland}}</ref> Professor Ian Hickie of the [[University of Sydney]] said that evidence showed that men have more restricted social networks than women and that men have are heavily work-based. Therefore, the loss of a job for men means the loss of a whole set of social connections as well. That loss can then lead to men becoming [[social isolation|socially isolated]] very quickly.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/25/loneliness-a-key-risk-factor-for-suicide-among-australian-men-study Social isolation a key risk factor for suicide among Australian men – study]. ''The Guardian''. Author - Melissa Davey. Published 25 June 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</ref> An Australian study on the mental health impacts of graduating during an economic downturn found that the negative mental health outcomes are greater and more scarring for men than women. The effect was particularly pronounced for those with vocational or secondary education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Ang |last2=Toll |first2=Mathew |title=Effects of graduating during economic downturns on mental health |journal=Annals of Epidemiology |date=2021 |volume=55 |issue=55 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.12.005| issn=1047-2797 |pmid=33359536 |s2cid=229693054 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279720304348|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Costs of unemployment also vary depending on age. The young and the old are the two largest age groups currently experiencing unemployment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Kaberi Gayen
| last2 = Ronald McQuaid
| last3 = Robert Raeside
| date = 22 June 2010
| title = Social networks, age cohorts and employment
| journal = International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
| volume = 30
| issue = 5/6
| pages = 219–238
| doi = 10.1108/01443331011054208
| issn = 0144-333X
}}</ref> A 2007 study from Jacob and Kleinert found that young people (ages 18 to 24) who have fewer resources and limited work experiences are more likely to be unemployed.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Jacob
| first1 = Marita
| last2 = Kleinert
| first2 = Corinna
| date = 1 April 2008
| title = Does Unemployment Help or Hinder Becoming Independent? The Role of Employment Status for Leaving the Parental Home
| journal = European Sociological Review
| language = en
| volume = 24
| issue = 2
| pages = 141–153
| doi = 10.1093/esr/jcm038
| issn = 0266-7215
| hdl = 10419/31878
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> Other researchers have found that today's high school seniors place a lower value on work than those in the past, which is likely because they recognize the limited availability of jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Wray-Lake
| first1 = Laura
| last2 = Syvertsen
| first2 = Amy K.
| last3 = Briddell
| first3 = Laine
| last4 = Osgood
| first4 = D. Wayne
| last5 = Flanagan
| first5 = Constance A.
| date = 1 September 2011
| title = Exploring the Changing Meaning of Work for American High School Seniors From 1976 to 2005
| journal = Youth & Society
| language = en
| volume = 43
| issue = 3
| pages = 1110–1135
| doi = 10.1177/0044118X10381367
| issn = 0044-118X
| pmc = 3199574
| pmid = 22034546
}}</ref> At the other end of the age spectrum, studies have found that older individuals have more barriers than younger workers to employment, require stronger social networks to acquire work, and are also less likely to move from temporary to permanent positions.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Additionally, some older people see [[age discrimination]] as the reason for them not getting hired.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = McVittie
| first1 = Chris
| last2 = McKinlay
| first2 = Andy
| last3 = Widdicombe
| first3 = Sue
| title = Passive and active non-employment: Age, employment and the identities of older non-working people
| journal = Journal of Aging Studies
| volume = 22
| issue = 3
| pages = 248–255
| doi = 10.1016/j.jaging.2007.04.003
| year = 2008
}}</ref>

====Social====
[[File:Dyfiharipadarally (32).jpg|thumb|Demonstration against unemployment in [[Kerala]], [[South India]], [[India]] on 27 January 2004]]
An economy with high unemployment is not using all of the resources, specifically labour, available to it. Since it is operating below its [[production possibility frontier]], it could have higher output if all of the workforce were usefully employed. However, there is a tradeoff between economic efficiency and unemployment: if all [[frictional unemployment|frictionally unemployed]] accepted the first job that they were offered, they would be likely to be operating at below their skill level, reducing the economy's efficiency.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_1st_Edn_Ch22/PThy_1st_Edn_Chap_22.html |title=Price Theory: First Edition, Chapter 22: Inflation and Unemployment |publisher=Daviddfriedman.com |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

During a long period of unemployment, workers can lose their skills, causing a loss of [[human capital]]. Being unemployed can also reduce the [[life expectancy]] of workers by about seven years.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

High unemployment can encourage [[xenophobia]] and [[protectionism]] since workers fear that foreigners are stealing their jobs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=M. |last2=Rotte |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Crime, unemployment, and xenophobia?: An ecological analysis of right-wing election results in Hamburg, 1986–2005 |journal=Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=29–63 |doi=10.1007/s10037-008-0032-0 |s2cid=161133018 }}</ref> Efforts to preserve existing jobs of domestic and native workers include legal barriers against "outsiders" who want jobs, obstacles to immigration, and/or [[tariff]]s and similar [[trade barrier]]s against foreign competitors.

High unemployment can also cause social problems such as crime. If people have less disposable income than before, it is very likely that crime levels within the economy will increase.

A 2015 study published in ''[[The Lancet]]'', estimates that unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year globally.<ref>Sarah Boseley (11 February 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/feb/11/unemployment-causes-45000-suicides-a-year-worldwide-finds-study Unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year worldwide, finds study]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref>

====Political====
Unemployment can cause of [[civil disorder]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sulich|first=Adam|year=2016|title=The young people's labour market and crisis of integration in European Union |url=https://www.academia.edu/25508981 |journal=International Conference on European Integration |volume=2 |pages=926–934}}</ref> in some cases leading to revolution, particularly [[totalitarianism]]. The fall of the [[Weimar Republic]] in 1933 and [[Machtergreifung|Adolf Hitler's rise to power]], which culminated in [[World War II]] and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate<ref name="leopold">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/les-leopold/why-are-we-afraid-to-crea_b_487041.html|first=|last=|title=Why are We Afraid to Create the Jobs We Need?|website=Les Leopold|date=5 March 2010}}</ref> of above 20%.

The [[hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]] is not directly blamed for the Nazi rise, since hyperinflation occurred primarily in 1921 to 1923, the year of Hitler's [[Beer Hall Putsch]]. Although hyperinflation has been blamed for damaging the credibility of democratic institutions, the Nazis did not assume government until 1933, ten years after the hyperinflation but in the midst of high unemployment.

A study found unemployment is associated with decreased trust in democracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altindag |first=Duha |last2=Mocan |first2=Naci |date=2010 |title=Joblessness and Perceptions about the Effectiveness of Democracy |journal=Journal of Labor Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=99–123 |doi=10.1007/s12122-010-9089-y |issn=1936-4768}}</ref> Rising unemployment has traditionally been regarded by the public and the media in any country as a key guarantor of electoral defeat for any government that oversees it. That was very much the consensus in the United Kingdom until 1983, when Thatcher won the [[1983 United Kingdom general election]], despite overseeing a rise in unemployment from 1.5 million to 3.2 million since the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 election]] and decreasing popular vote percentage.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15276765 |work=BBC News | title=Whatever happened to full employment? | date=13 October 2011}}</ref>

===Benefits===
{{Main|Full employment}}

The primary benefit of unemployment is that people are available for hire, without being [[recruiter|headhunted]] away from their existing employers. That permits both new and old businesses to take on staff.

Unemployment is argued to be "beneficial" to the people who are not unemployed in the sense that it averts inflation, which itself has damaging effects, by providing (in [[Marxian economics|Marxian]] terms) a [[reserve army of labour]], which keeps wages in check.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Natale|first1= Samuel|last2=Rothschild|first2= Brian|year=1995|title=Work Values: Education, Organization and Religious Concerns (Value Inquiry Book Series, No 28)|publisher=Brill Rodopi|pages=91–100}}</ref> However, the direct connection between full local employment and local inflation has been disputed by some because of the recent increase in [[international trade]] that supplies low-priced goods even while local employment rates rise to full employment.<ref>{{cite book |last=He |first=Xiaohong |year=1998 |chapter=From Trade Among Nations to Trade Within Firms Across National Borders |title=Globalization and Regionalization: Strategies, Policies, and Economic Environments |editor1-first=Jean Louis |editor1-last=Mucchielli |editor2-first=Peter J. |editor2-last=Buckley |editor3-first=Victor V. |editor3-last=Cordell |publisher=International Business Press |location=Binghamton, NY |pages=15–73 |isbn=978-0-7890-0513-7 }}</ref>

[[File:Efficiency wage Shapiro Stiglitz.svg|thumb|In the [[Shapiro–Stiglitz model]] of efficiency wages, workers are paid at a level that dissuades shirking. That prevents wages from dropping to market clearing levels.]] Full employment cannot be achieved because workers would shirk if they were not threatened with the possibility of unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/01/29/what-full-employment-really-means|title=What full employment really means|date=2017|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> The curve for the no-shirking condition (labelled NSC) thus goes to infinity at full employment. The inflation-fighting benefits to the entire economy arising from a presumed optimum level of unemployment have been studied extensively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=Carl |last2=Stiglitz |first2=Joseph E. |title=Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=74 |year=1984 |pages=433–444 |issue=3 |jstor=1804018}}</ref> The [[Shapiro–Stiglitz model]] suggests that wages never bid down sufficiently to reach 0% unemployment.<ref name=SHAPIROSTGLTZMATH>{{cite web |url=http://coin.wne.uw.edu.pl/lwincenciak/docs/lecture_4.pdf |title=Efficiency wages, the Shapiro-Stiglitz Model |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112948/http://coin.wne.uw.edu.pl/lwincenciak/docs/lecture_4.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref> That occurs because employers know that when wages decrease, workers will shirk and expend less effort. Employers avoid shirking by preventing wages from decreasing so low that workers give up and become unproductive. The higher wages perpetuate unemployment, but the threat of unemployment reduces shirking.

Before current levels of world trade were developed, unemployment was shown to reduce inflation, following the [[Phillips curve]], or to decelerate inflation, following the NAIRU/[[natural rate of unemployment]] theory since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing a current job. When more jobs are available for fewer workers (lower unemployment), that may allow workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents and needs.

As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, [[special interests]] may also benefit. Some employers may expect that employees with no fear of losing their jobs will not work as hard or will demand increased wages and benefit. According to that theory, unemployment may promote general labour [[productivity]] and [[profit (economics)|profitability]] by increasing employers' rationale for their [[monopsony]]-like power (and profits).<ref name="Marx 1863 478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300">{{cite book|last=Marx|first=Karl|title=Theorien über den Mehrwert (Theory of Surplus Value)|year=1863|pages=478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300|url=http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me26/me26b471.htm}}</ref>

Optimal unemployment has also been defended as an environmental tool to brake the constantly accelerated growth of the GDP to maintain levels that are sustainable in the context of resource constraints and environmental impacts.<ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = O'Sullivan
| first1 = Arthur
| author-link = Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)
| first2 = Steven M. | last2 = Sheffrin | author-link2 = Steven M. Sheffrin
| title = Economics: Principles in Action
| url = https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul
| url-access = limited
| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
| year = 2003
| location = Upper Saddle River, NJ
| page = [https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul/page/n351 335]
| isbn = 978-0-13-063085-8
}}</ref> However, the tool of denying jobs to willing workers seems a blunt instrument for conserving resources and the environment. It reduces the consumption of the unemployed across the board and only in the short term. Full employment of the unemployed workforce, all focused toward the goal of developing more environmentally efficient methods for production and consumption, might provide a more significant and lasting cumulative environmental benefit and reduced [[resource consumption]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Richard |first=Michael Graham |date=2 June 2008 |url=http://treehugger.com/files/2008/02/4_reasons_recession_bad_environment.php |title=Counter-Point: 4 Reasons Why Recession is BAD for the Environment |work=TreeHugger |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209142057/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/4_reasons_recession_bad_environment.php |archive-date=9 February 2008 }}</ref>

Some critics of the "culture of work" such as the anarchist [[Bob Black (anarchist)|Bob Black]] see employment as culturally overemphasized in modern countries. Such critics often propose quitting jobs when possible, working less, reassessing the cost of living to that end, creation of jobs that are "fun" as opposed to "work," and creating cultural norms in which work is seen as unhealthy. These people advocate an "[[anti-work]]" ethic for life.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Idle Foundation|url=http://idlefoundation.org|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709181256/http://idlefoundation.org/|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref>

===Decline in work hours===
As a result of productivity, the work week declined considerably during the 19th century{{Clarify|reason=Is this statement true?
The first source supports the converse, that excessively long hours were counterproductive and reduction in working hours could improve productivity
Also, introduction of new laws also led to a decline in working hours|date=January 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Hours of Work in U.S. History |year=2010 |url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whaples.work.hours.us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026075949/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whaples.work.hours.us |archive-date=26 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Whaples
| first1 = Robert
| title = The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences |journal=[[Journal of Economic History]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=454–457
| year = 1991
| jstor = 2122588
| doi=10.1017/s0022050700039073
| s2cid = 153813437
}}</ref> By the 1920s, the average workweek in the US was 49 hours, but it was reduced to 40 hours (after which overtime premium was applied) as part of the 1933 [[National Industrial Recovery Act]]. During the Great Depression, the enormous productivity gains caused by [[electrification]], [[mass production]], and agricultural mechanization were believed to have ended the need for a large number of previously employed workers.<ref name="Jerome 1934">{{Cite book
| last1 = Jerome
| first1 = Harry
| title = Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research
| year = 1934
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = Bell
| first1 = Spurgeon
| title = Productivity, Wages and National Income, The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution
| year = 1940
}}</ref>

==Remedies==
{{see also|Job creation index|List of occupations|Upskilling|Career and technical education}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 75%; float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|+United States families on relief (in 1,000s)<ref>{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Donald S.|title=WPA and Federal Relief Policy|year=1943|page=34}}</ref>
|-
!
! 1936
! 1937
! 1938
! 1939
! 1940
! 1941
|-
! colspan="7"| Workers employed
|-
! WPA
| 1,995
| 2,227
| 1,932
| 2,911
| 1,971
| 1,638
|-
! CCC and NYA
| 712
| 801
| 643
| 793
| 877
| 919
|-
! Other federal work projects
| 554
| 663
| 452
| 488
| 468
| 681
|-
! colspan="7"| Cases on public assistance
|-
! Social security programs
| 602
| 1,306
| 1,852
| 2,132
| 2,308
| 2,517
|-
! General relief
| 2,946
| 1,484
| 1,611
| 1,647
| 1,570
| 1,206
|-
! colspan="7"| Totals
|-
! Total families helped
| 5,886
| 5,660
| 5,474
| 6,751
| 5,860
| 5,167
|-
! Unemployed workers (BLS)
| 9,030
| 7,700
| 10,390
| 9,480
| 8,120
| 5,560
|-
! Coverage (cases/unemployed)
| 65%
| 74%
| 53%
| 71%
| 72%
| 93%
|}

Societies try a number of different measures to get as many people as possible into work, and various societies have experienced close to [[full employment]] for extended periods, particularly during the [[post-World War II economic expansion]]. The United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s averaged 1.6% unemployment,<ref>{{cite book | last = Sloman | first = John | title = Economics | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/economics0000slom/page/811 811] | publisher = Prentice Hall | location = London | isbn = 978-0-273-65574-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/economics0000slom/page/811}}</ref> and in Australia, the 1945 ''[[White Paper on Full Employment in Australia]]'' established a government policy of full employment, which lasted until the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/26/having-a-constant-pool-of-unemployed-workers-is-deliberate-policy|title=Having a constant pool of unemployed workers is deliberate policy {{!}} Van Badham|last=Badham|first=Van|date=26 July 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

However, [[mainstream economics|mainstream economic]] discussions of full employment since the 1970s suggest that attempts to reduce the level of unemployment below the [[natural rate of unemployment]] will fail but result only in less output and more inflation.

===Demand-side solutions===
Increases in the demand for labour move the economy along the [[demand curve]], increasing wages and employment. The demand for labour in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. As such, if the demand for goods and services in the economy increases, the demand for labour will increase, increasing employment and wages.

There are many ways to stimulate demand for goods and services. Increasing wages to the working class (those more likely to spend the increased funds on goods and services, rather than various types of savings or commodity purchases) is one theory that is proposed. Increased wages are believed to be more effective in boosting demand for goods and services than central banking strategies, which put the increased money supply mostly into the hands of wealthy personnel and institutions. Monetarists suggest that increasing money supply in general increases short-term demand. As for the long-term demand, the increased demand is negated by inflation. A rise in fiscal expenditures is another strategy for boosting aggregate demand.

Providing aid to the unemployed is a strategy that is used to prevent cutbacks in consumption of goods and services, which can lead to a vicious cycle of further job losses and further decreases in consumption and demand. Many countries aid the unemployed through social [[welfare spending|welfare]] programs. Such unemployment benefits include [[unemployment insurance]], [[unemployment compensation]], welfare, and subsidies to aid in retraining. The main goal of such programs is to alleviate short-term hardships and, more importantly, to allow workers more time to search for a job.

A direct demand-side solution to unemployment is government-funded employment of the able-bodied poor. This was notably implemented in Britain from the 17th century until 1948 in the institution of the [[workhouse]], which provided jobs for the unemployed with harsh conditions and poor wages to dissuade their use. A modern alternative is a [[job guarantee]] in which the government guarantees work at a living wage.

Temporary measures can include [[public works]] programs such as the [[Works Progress Administration]]. Government-funded employment is not widely advocated as a solution to unemployment except in times of crisis. That is attributed to the public sector jobs existence depending directly on the tax receipts from private sector employment.

In the US, the unemployment insurance allowance is based solely on previous income (not time worked, family size, etc.) and usually compensates for one third of previous income. To qualify, people must reside in their respective state for at least a year and work. The system was established by the [[Social Security Act]] of 1935. Although 90% of citizens are covered by unemployment insurance, less than 40% apply for and receive benefits.<ref>{{cite web|work=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities|title=Introduction to Unemployment Insurance|url=http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1466#_ftn2|access-date=21 October 2010|date=15 December 2008}}</ref> However, the number applying for and receiving benefits increases during recessions. For highly-seasonal industries, the system provides income to workers during the off-season, thus encouraging them to stay attached to the industry.

Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase short-term growth in the economy, increasing the demand for labour and decreasing unemployment.

===Supply-side solutions===
[[File:State Employment growth and Tax Changes for the Top 10%.jpg|thumb|Supply-side economics proposes that lower taxes lead to employment growth.<ref name="economix.blogs.nytimes.com"/>]]
[[File:State Employment growth and Tax Changes for the Bottom 90% v2.jpg|thumb|Tax decreases on high income earners (top 10%) are not correlated with employment growth, but tax decreases on lower-income earners (bottom 90%) are correlated with employment growth.<ref name="economix.blogs.nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/tax-cuts-for-job-creators/ | work=The New York Times | title=Tax Cuts for Job Creators | date=19 October 2012}}</ref>]]
[[Frisch elasticity of labor supply|Price elasticity of labor supply]] has been estimated at around 0.7-1.8.<ref name="b013">{{cite journal | last=Keane | first=Michael P. | title=Recent research on labor supply: Implications for tax and transfer policy | journal=Labour Economics | volume=77 | date=2022 | doi=10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102026 | doi-access=free | article-number=102026 | hdl=1959.4/unsworks_80539 | url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/960dcb86-30f8-478f-b8a7-1a3215f0cdc7/download | access-date=25 July 2025| hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Supply-side]] policies include making the labour market more flexible, reducing [[income tax]]es, and removing the minimum wage. Supply-siders argue that their reforms increase long-term growth, create jobs, and reduce unemployment. Other supply-side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

===Labour market flexibility===
{{Main|Labour market flexibility}}

According to classical economic theory, markets reach equilibrium where supply equals demand; everyone who wants to sell at the market price can do so. Those who do not want to sell at that price do not; in the labour market, this is classical unemployment or reduced labor force participation. That assumes [[perfect competition]] exists in the labour market, specifically that no single entity is large enough to affect wage levels. However, the labor market is not 100% efficient although it may be more efficient than the bureaucracy. Some{{who|date=March 2021}} argue that minimum wages and regulations preventing some people from selling their labour.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==History==
[[File:Unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen opened in Chicago by Al Capone, 02-1931 - NARA - 541927.jpg|thumb|Unemployed men outside a soup kitchen in [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]], 1931]]
There are relatively limited historical records on unemployment because it has not always been acknowledged or measured systematically. Industrialization involves [[economies of scale]], which often prevent individuals from having the capital to create their own jobs to be self-employed. An individual who cannot join an enterprise or create a job is unemployed. As individual farmers, ranchers, spinners, doctors and merchants are organized into large enterprises, those who cannot join or compete become unemployed.

Recognition of unemployment occurred slowly as economies across the world industrialized and bureaucratized. Before that, traditional [[Self-sustainability|self-sufficient]] native societies had no concept of unemployment. The recognition of the concept of "unemployment" is best exemplified through the well documented historical records in England. For example, in 16th-century, England no distinction was made between [[vagrancy (people)|vagrants]] and the jobless; both were simply categorized as "[[sturdy beggar]]s", who were to be punished and moved on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Sturdy+Beggars&offset=0 |title=Sturdy Beggars |publisher=Probertencyclopaedia.com |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608180220/http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Sturdy+Beggars&offset=0 |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref>

===16th century===

The closing of the [[monastery|monasteries]] in the 1530s increased [[poverty]], as the [[Roman Catholic Church]] had helped the poor. In addition, there was a significant rise in [[enclosures]] during the [[Tudor period]]. Also, the population was rising. Those unable to find work had a stark choice: starve or break the law. In 1535, a bill was drawn up calling for the creation of a system of [[public works]] to deal with the problem of unemployment, which were to be funded by a tax on income and capital. A law that was passed a year later allowed vagabonds to be whipped and hanged.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/poortudors.html |title=Poor Tudors |publisher=Localhistories.org |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref>

In 1547, a bill was passed that subjected vagrants to some of the more extreme provisions of the criminal law: two years' servitude and branding with a "V" as the penalty for the first offense and death for the second.<ref>R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key, Early modern England, 1485–1714, p176</ref> During the reign of Henry VIII, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed.<ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/history-of-the-death-penalty/ History of the Death Penalty]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In the 1576 Act, each town was required to provide work for the unemployed.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/poverty_01.shtml Poverty in Elizabethan England]". BBC – History.</ref>

The [[Poor Relief Act 1601]], one of the world's first government-sponsored welfare programs, made a clear distinction between those who were unable to work and those able-bodied people who refused employment.<ref>"[http://www.brandonsd.mb.ca/crocus/library/social_classes_in_shakespeare.htm#Poor Social Classes in Shakespeare's England]" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316162145/http://www.brandonsd.mb.ca/crocus/library/social_classes_in_shakespeare.htm#Poor |date=16 March 2010 }}</ref> Under the [[Poor Law]] systems of [[English Poor Laws|England and Wales]], [[Scottish Poor Laws|Scotland]] and [[Irish Poor Laws|Ireland]], a [[workhouse]] was a place people unable to support themselves could go to live and work.<ref>"[http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/historyf.htm British social policy, 1601–1948] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630115443/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/historyf.htm |date=30 June 2007 }}", The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen.</ref>

===Industrial Revolution to late 19th century===
[[File:Tompkins square riot 1874.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Depression of 1873–79]]: Illustration of [[New York City Police Department|New York City police]] violently attacking unemployed workers in [[Tompkins Square Riot (1874)|Tompkins Square Park]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], 1874]]
{{blockquote|text=Poverty was a highly visible problem in the eighteenth century, both in cities and in the countryside. In France and Britain by the end of the century, an estimated 10 percent of the people depended on charity or begging for their food.|author=Jackson J. Spielvogel|source=, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fwxLkRmd-4QC Western Civilization: Since 1500]. Cengage Learning. p.566. {{ISBN|0-495-50287-1}}}} By 1776, some 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in England and Wales and housed almost 100,000 paupers.

A description of the miserable living standards of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by [[Fredrick Engels]] in ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] in 1844''.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 |last= Engels |first= Fredrick |year= 1892 |publisher= Swan Sonnenschein & Co |location= London |pages= 45, 48–53 |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html |access-date= 21 December 2011 |archive-date= 12 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013114/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html }}Link is to excerpt</ref> In the preface to the 1892 edition, Engels noted that the extreme poverty he had written about in 1844 had largely disappeared. [[David Ames Wells]] also noted that living conditions in England had improved near the end of the 19th century and that unemployment was low.

The scarcity and the high price of labor in the US in the 19th century was well documented by contemporary accounts, as in the following:

{{blockquote|text="The laboring classes are comparatively few in number, but this is counterbalanced by, and indeed, may be one of the causes of the eagerness by which they call in the use of machinery in almost every department of industry. Wherever it can be applied as a substitute for manual labor, it is universally and willingly resorted to.... It is this condition of the labor market, and this eager resort to machinery wherever it can be applied, to which, under the guidance of superior education and intelligence, the remarkable prosperity of the United States is due."<ref>{{citation | last = Roe | first = Joseph Wickham | title = English and American Tool Builders | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1916 | location = New Haven, Connecticut | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ | lccn = 16011753}}. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ({{LCCN|27024075}}); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ({{ISBN|978-0-917914-73-7}}). Report of the British Commissioners to the New York Industrial Exhibition, London 1854</ref>|author=[[Joseph Whitworth]], 1854}}

Scarcity of labor was a factor in the economics of [[slavery in the United States]].

As new territories were opened and federal land sales were conducted, land had to be cleared and new homesteads established. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants annually came to the US and found jobs digging canals and building railroads. Almost all work during most of the 19th century was done by hand or with horses, mules, or oxen since there was very little mechanization. The workweek during most of the 19th century was 60 hours. Unemployment at times was between one and two percent.

The tight labor market was a factor in productivity gains by allowing workers to maintain or to increase their nominal wages during the secular deflation that caused real wages to rise at various times in the 19th century, especially in its final decades.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society
|last=Wells
|first=David A.
|year=1891 |publisher= D. Appleton and Co.|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-543-72474-8 |url= https://archive.org/details/recenteconomicc01wellgoog |quote=RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.
}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R79053, Arbeitsloser auf Arbeitssuche.jpg
| width1 = 147
| caption1 = An unemployed [[Germans|German]], 1928. Unemployment in [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] reached almost 30% of the workforce after the Great Depression.
| image2 = UnemployedMarch.jpg
| width2 = 165
| caption2 = Unemployed [[Canadians|Canadian]] men, marching for jobs during the Great Depression to Bathurst Street United Church, [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] in [[Canada]], 1930
}}

There were labor shortages during [[World War I]].<ref name="Jerome 1934"/> Ford Motor Co. doubled wages to reduce turnover. After 1925, unemployment gradually began to rise.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression |last=Beaudreau |first=Bernard C.|year=1996 |publisher=Authors Choice Press|location=New York, Lincoln, Shanghi }}</ref>

The 1930s saw the [[Great Depression]] impact unemployment across the globe. In Germany and the United States, the unemployment rate reached about 25% in 1932.<ref>[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/about.htm About the Great Depression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220090243/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/about.htm |date=20 December 2008 }}, University of Illinois</ref>

In some towns and cities in the northeast of England, unemployment reached as high as 70%; the national unemployment level peaked at more than 22% in 1932.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/3156.html |title=Social conditions in Britain in the 1930s: employment and unemployment |publisher=Blacksacademy.net |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910191113/http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/3156.html |archive-date=10 September 2011 }}</ref> Unemployment in Canada reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933.<ref>[http://www.canadianeconomy.gc.ca/English/economy/1929_39depression.html 1929–1939 – The Great Depression] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127051620/https://canadianeconomy.gc.ca/english/economy/1929_39depression.html |date=27 January 2009 }}, Source: [[Bank of Canada]]</ref> In 1929, the U.S. unemployment rate averaged 3%.<ref>[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Steindl.GD.Recovery Economic Recovery in the Great Depression], Frank G. Steindl, Oklahoma State University {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928064254/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Steindl.GD.Recovery |date=28 September 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:WPA Art Poster, Work Promotes Confidence.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|WPA poster promoting the benefits of employment]]
In the US, the [[Works Progress Administration]] (1935–43) was the largest make-work program. It hired men (and some women) off the relief roles ("dole") typically for unskilled labor.<ref>Nancy E. Rose, ''Put to Work: The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression'' (2nd ed. 2009)</ref>
During the New Deal, over three million unemployed young men were taken out of their homes and placed for six months into more than 2600 work camps managed by the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Finegan |first=Chance |url=http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2008/09/park-history-spirit-civilian-conservation-corps |title=National Park History: "The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps" |publisher=National Parks Traveler |date=11 September 2008 |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905182850/http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2008/09/park-history-spirit-civilian-conservation-corps |archive-date=5 September 2010 }}</ref>

Unemployment in the United Kingdom fell later in the 1930s as the Depression eased, and it remained low (in single figures) after [[World War II]].

Fredrick Mills found that in the US, 51% of the decline in work hours was due to the fall in production and 49% was from increased productivity.<ref name="Rifkin 1995">{{cite book| author = Rifkin, Jeremy | title = The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era | publisher = Putnam Publishing Group | year = 1995| isbn = 978-0-87477-779-6| title-link = The End of Work }}</ref>

By 1972, [[unemployment in the United Kingdom]] had crept back up above 1,000,000, and it was even higher by the end of the decade, with inflation also being high. Although the [[monetarist]] economic policies of [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government saw inflation reduced after 1979, unemployment soared in the early 1980s and in 1982, it exceeded 3,000,000, a level that had not been seen for some 50 years. That represented one in eight of the workforce, with unemployment exceeding 20% in some places that had relied on declining industries such as coal mining.<ref name="politics.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/employment/unemployment-$366619.htm |title=Unemployment, issue briefing |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609124435/http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/employment/unemployment-$366619.htm }}</ref>

However, it was a time of high unemployment in all other major industrialised nations as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phelps |first1=Edmund S. |author-link=Edmund S. Phelps |last2=Zoega |first2=Gylfi |chapter=The Incidence of Increased Unemployment in the Group of Seven, 1970–94 |pages=177–210 |title=Essays in Economic Theory, Growth and Labor Markets |editor1-first=George |editor1-last=Bitros |editor2-first=Yannis |editor2-last=Katsoulacos |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84064-739-6 }}</ref> By the spring of 1983, unemployment had risen by 6% in the previous 12 months, compared to 10% in Japan, 23% in the US, and 34% in [[West Germany]] (seven years before [[Reunification of Germany|Reunification]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/inquire/p/b88b2934-f50c-4ea7-9545-07ecda47865f |title=CPA Poster Collection |publisher=Conservative Party Archive Poster Collection |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812184047/http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/detail/ODLodl~6~6~51795~105151%3A1983-08 |archive-date=12 August 2011 }}</ref>

Unemployment in the United Kingdom remained above 3,000,000 until the spring of 1987, when the economy enjoyed a boom.<ref name="politics.co.uk"/> By the end of 1989, unemployment had fallen to 1,600,000. However, inflation had reached 7.8%, and the following year, it reached a nine-year high of 9.5%; leading to increased interest rates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://safalra.com/other/historical-uk-inflation-price-conversion/ |title=Historical UK Inflation And Price Conversion |publisher=Safalra's Website |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=30 August 2012 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120830011628/http://safalra.com/other/historical-uk-inflation-price-conversion/ }}</ref>

Another [[early 1990s recession|recession occurred from 1990 to 1992]]. Unemployment began to increase, and by the end of 1992, nearly 3,000,000 in the United Kingdom were unemployed, a number that was soon lowered by a strong economic recovery.<ref name="politics.co.uk"/> With inflation down to 1.6% by 1993, unemployment then began to fall rapidly and stood at 1,800,000 by early 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/16/business/jobless-rate-in-britain-drops-to-six-year-low.html |title=Jobless Rate in Britain Drops to Six-Year Low |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 January 1997 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Unemployment rate in Japan.svg|thumb|right|350px|Unemployment rate of Japan.<ref name=OECDemp>{{Citation |publisher=OECD |title= OECD Labour Force Statistics 2020|date=2020 |doi=10.1787/23083387|isbn= 978-92-64-68771-4|url= https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-labour-force-statistics_23083387}}</ref> Red line is G7 average. 15-24 age (thin line) is [[youth unemployment]]. ]]

The official unemployment rate in the 16 [[European Union]] (EU) countries that use the euro rose to 10% in December 2009 as a result of [[late 2000s recession|another recession]].<ref>"[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5191873,00.html?maca=en-rss-en-eu-2092-rdf Euro-zone unemployment climbs to 10 percent high]. {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Welle]]|italic=no}}. 29 January 2010.</ref> [[Latvia]] had the highest unemployment rate in the EU, at 22.3% for November 2009.<ref>"[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2010/01/08/Eurozone-unemployment-hits-double-digits/UPI-55211262961642/ Eurozone unemployment hits double digits]". UPI.com. 8 January 2010.</ref> Europe's young workers have been especially hard hit.<ref>"[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/13/europes_new_lost_generation Europe's New Lost Generation]". Foreign Policy. 13 July 2009.</ref> In November 2009, the unemployment rate in the [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|EU27]] for those aged 15–24 was 18.3%. For those under 25, the unemployment rate in [[Spain]] was 43.8%.<ref>[http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/09/109&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en November 2009 Euro area unemployment rate up to 10.0% EU27 up to 9.5% ]. [[Eurostat]]. 8 January 2010.</ref> Unemployment has risen in two thirds of European countries since 2010.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/apr/30/global-unemployment-outlook-gloomy-ilo Global unemployment outlook gloomy, warns ILO]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 30 April 2012.</ref>

Into the 21st century, unemployment in the United Kingdom remained low and the economy remaining strong, and several other European economies, such as France and Germany, experienced a minor recession and a substantial rise in unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2003770.stm |title=Germany's recession ends |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2002 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2008, when the recession brought on another increase in the United Kingdom, after 15 years of economic growth and no major rises in unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7670800.stm |title=Jobless rise highest for 17 years |work=BBC News |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> In early 2009, unemployment passed the 2 million mark, and economists were predicting it would soon reach 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7947766.stm |title=Unemployment passes two million |work=BBC News |date=18 March 2009 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> However, the end of the recession was declared in January 2010<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8479639.stm |title=UK economy emerges from recession |work=BBC News |date=27 January 2010 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> and unemployment peaked at nearly 2.7 million in 2011,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/03/15/uk-youth-unemployment-at-its-highest-in-two-decades-22.5 |title= UK youth unemployment at its highest in two decades: 22.5% |work=MercoPress |date= 15 April 2012}}</ref> appearing to ease fears of unemployment reaching 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8634241.stm |title=UK unemployment increases to 2.5 million |work=BBC News |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> The unemployment rate of Britain's young black people was 47.4% in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/mar/09/half-uk-young-black-men-unemployed |title=Half of UK's young black males are unemployed |work=The Guardian |date=9 March 2012 |location=London |first1=James |last1=Ball |first2=Dan |last2=Milmo |first3=Ben |last3=Ferguson}}</ref> 2013/2014 has seen the employment rate increase from 1,935,836 to 2,173,012 as supported by<ref>http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/2014_2015re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-226710 {{dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> showing the UK is creating more job opportunities and forecasts the rate of increase in 2014/2015 will be another 7.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/index.html|title=Data |publisher= ONS|work=ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

The [[Great Recession]] has been called a "mancession" because of the disproportionate number of men who lost their jobs as compared to women. The gender gap became wide in the United States in 2009, when 10.5% of men in the [[labor force]] were unemployed, compared with 8% of women.<ref>{{citation|last=Baxter|first=Sarah|title=Women are victors in 'mancession{{'-}}|date=7 June 2009|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6445913.ece|work=The Sunday Times|location=London|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-date=1 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601004715/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6445913.ece}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Howard J. Wall|title=The 'Man-Cession' of 2008-2009|date=October 2009|url=http://stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id=1712|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829033336/http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id=1712}}</ref> Three quarters of the jobs that were lost in the recession in the US were held by men.<ref>{{citation|last=Daum|first=Meghan|title=Inside the mating economy|date=20 October 2011|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2011-oct-20-la-oe-daum-bolick-20111020-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Vanderkam|first=Laura|title=The Princess Problem|date=4 March 2012|url=http://lauravanderkam.com/2012/03/princess-problem-2/|publisher=originally ran in USA Today on 12 August 2009}}</ref>

A 26 April 2005 ''Asia Times'' article noted, "In regional giant South Africa, some 300,000 textile workers have lost their jobs in the past two years due to the influx of Chinese goods".<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20050425165247/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GD26Dj01.html Asia strips Africa's textile industry]". ''Asia Times''. 26 April 2005.</ref> The increasing [[Economy of the United States#International trade|US trade deficit]] with China cost 2.4 million American jobs between 2001–2008, according to a study by the [[Economic Policy Institute]] (EPI).<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN238294820100323 China trade blamed for 2.4 million lost US jobs-report]". Reuters. 23 March 2010.</ref> From 2000 to 2007, the United States lost a total of 3.2 million manufacturing jobs.<ref>"[https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-20-4155011268_x.htm Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000]". ''USA Today''. 20 April 2007.</ref> 12.1% of US military veterans who had served after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001 were unemployed as of 2011; 29.1% of male veterans aged 18–24 were unemployed.<ref name=":0"/> As of September 2016, the total veteran unemployment rate was 4.3 percent. By September 2017, that figure had dropped to 3 percent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/8379-utilities-open-employment-arms-u-s-military-veterans/|title=Utilities open employment arms to U.S. military veterans|last=Riley|first=Kim|date=11 October 2017|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=23 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

About 25,000,000 people in the world's 30 richest countries lost their jobs between the end of 2007 and the end of 2010, as the economic downturn pushed most countries into [[recession]].<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/sep/16/unemployment-rises-recession Unemployment hits highest since 1995]". 16 September 2009.</ref> In April 2010, the US unemployment rate was 9.9%, but the government's broader U-6 unemployment rate was 17.1%.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/05/07/broader-u-6-unemployment-rate-increases-to-171-in-april/ Broader U-6 Unemployment Rate Increases to 17.1% in April]". [[The Wall Street Journal]]. 7 May 2010.</ref> In April 2012, the unemployment rate was 4.6% in Japan.<ref>[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics Unemployment statistics]. [[Eurostat]]. April 2012.</ref> In a 2012 story, the ''Financial Post'' reported, "Nearly 75 million youth are unemployed around the world, an increase of more than 4 million since 2007. In the European Union, where a debt crisis followed the financial crisis, the youth unemployment rate rose to 18% in 2011 from 12.5% in 2007, the ILO report shows."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/05/23/global-youth-unemployment-rate-climbs/ |title=Global youth unemployment rate climbs |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> In March 2018, according to US Unemployment Rate Statistics, the unemployment rate was 4.1%, below the 4.5–5.0% norm.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebalance.com/current-u-s-unemployment-rate-statistics-and-news-3305733|title=Current U.S. Unemployment Rate Statistics and News|date=April 2018|last=AMADEO|first=KIMBERLY|newspaper=The Balance }}</ref>

In 2021, the labor force participation rate for non-white women and women with children declined significantly during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with approximately 20 million women leaving the workforce. Men were not nearly as impacted, leading some to describe the phenomenon as a "she-cession".<ref>{{cite web | title=The She-cession: How the Pandemic Forced Women from the Workplace and How Employers Can Respond | website=Ohioline | date=20 January 2022 | url=https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-4110 | access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Lim | first1=Katherine | last2=Zabek | first2=Mike | title=Women of color and women with children disproportionately left the labor force during the COVID-19 pandemic | website=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis | date=28 February 2022 | url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2022/women-of-color-and-women-with-children-disproportionately-left-the-labor-force-during-the-covid-19-pandemic | access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Business and economics}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Career and Life Planning Education]]
* [[Critique of work]]
* [[Economics terminology that differs from common usage]]
* [[Effective unemployment rate]]
* [[Employment protection legislation]]
* [[Employment-to-population ratio]]
* [[Federal Reserve Economic Data]] (FRED)
* [[Global labor arbitrage]]
* [[Graduate unemployment]]
* [[HIRE Act]]
* [[Job migration]]
* [[Jobseeker's Allowance]]
* [[List of countries by long-term unemployment rate]]
* [[List of countries by unemployment rate]]
* [[List of films featuring unemployment]]
* [[List of U.S. states by unemployment rate]]
* [[List of European regions by unemployment rate]]
* [[Practice firm]]
* [[Refusal of work]]
* [[Salary inversion]]
* [[Scottish Unemployed Workers Network]]
* [[Short-time working]]
* [[Spatial mismatch]]
* [[Technological unemployment]]
* [[Unemployment extension]]
* [[Universal basic income]]
* [[Waithood]]
* [[Workfare]]
* [[Youth exclusion]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Farmer |first=Roger E. A. |author-link=Roger Farmer |chapter=Unemployment |title=Macroeconomics |location=Cincinnati |publisher=South-Western Publishing |year=2001 |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-324-14964-7 |pages=173–192}}
*{{cite journal|title=Political aspects of full employment |last=Kalecki |first=Michał |author-link=Michał Kalecki |year=1943 |url=http://pluto.mscc.huji.ac.il/~mshalev/ppe/Kalecki_FullEmployment.pdf |journal=The Political Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=322–331|doi=10.1111/j.1467-923X.1943.tb01016.x }}
*{{cite journal|title=Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy |last=McGaughey |first=Ewan |date=September 2022 |volume=51 |issue=3 |journal=Industrial Law Journal |pages=511–559|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3044448|ssrn=3044448 |s2cid=219336439 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book|title=Aftershock: The Next Economy and America's Future |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Reich |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |edition=1st |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-307-59281-1}}
*{{cite book |first=David |last=Romer |author-link=David Romer |chapter=Unemployment |title=Advanced Macroeconomics |edition=Fourth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2011 |pages=456–512 |isbn=978-0-07-351137-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Simonazzi |first1=Annamaria |author-link2=Fernando Vianello |last2=Vianello |first2=Fernando |year=2001 |chapter=Financial Liberalization, the European Single Currency and the Problem of Unemployment |editor1-last=Franzini |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Pizzuti |editor2-first=F. R. |title=Globalization, Institutions and Social Cohesion |publisher=Springer |location=Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-67741-3}}

===Historical: Europe and Japan===

*{{cite book|title=Full Employment in a Free Society |last=Beveridge |first=William H. |author-link=William Beveridge |edition=1st |year=1944 |publisher=Allen & Unwin}}, in Great Britain.
* {{cite journal |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen N. |last2=Ritschl |first2=Albrecht |author-link2=Albrecht Ritschl (economist) |title=Real Wages, Productivity, and Unemployment in Britain and Germany during the 1920s |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=32 |issue=3 |year=1995 |pages=327–349 |doi=10.1006/exeh.1995.1014}}
* {{cite journal |doi= |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2630c4a8-575b-4869-a30e-771e832ac650/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Dimsdale.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article |title=Unemployment in interwar Germany: an analysis of the labor market, 1927-1936 |date=2006 |last1=Dimsdale |first1=Nicholas H. |last2=Nicholas |first2=Horsewood |last3=Arthur |first3=Van Riel |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume= |issue= |pages=778-808 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.04.003 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316748234 |title=The NAIRU determinants: What's structural about unemployment in Europe? |date=2017 |last1=Heimberger |first1=Philipp |last2=Kapeller |first2=Jakob |last3=Schütz |first3=Bernhard |journal=Journal of Policy Modeling |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=883–908 }}
* {{cite book|title=Unemployment and Public Works Policy in Interwar Britain and Japan: An International Comparison |last=Kato |first=Michiya |url=https://osu.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=1274&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1 |edition=69-101 |year=2010}}
* {{cite book|title=Patterns of Unemployment in North America, Western Europe and Japan: Unemployment in Western countries|last=Kaufman|first=Roger T.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |edition=3-35 |year=1980}}

* Keyoe Timothy J., and Edward C. Prescott. ''Great depressions of the Twentieth Century'' (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 2007), Sixteen essays by experts. covering the US, Europe, & Latin America.
* {{cite journal |doi= |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.475.2377&rep=rep1&type=pdf |title=Unemployment in the OECD since the 1960s. What do we know? |date=2005 |last1=Nickell |first1=Stephen |last2=Luca |first2=Nunziata |last3=Wolfgang |first3=Ochel |journal=Economic Journal |volume=115.500 |issue= |pages=1-27 }}
* {{cite book | last=Stachura | first=P.D. | title=Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=1986 | isbn=978-1-349-18355-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYGwCwAAQBAJ | access-date=3 June 2023}}
* {{cite journal |doi=|url=|title=Unemployment and Economic Policy in Denmark in the 1930s |date=2017 |last1=Topp |journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=71-90 }}
*{{cite book|last=Webb |first=Sidney |author-link=Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield |title=How the Government Can Prevent Unemployment. |year=1912 |edition=First |location=Letchworth, Herts. |series=The National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution. |publisher=Garden City Press Ltd. |url=https://archive.org/stream/howgovernmentcan00webb#page/n3/mode/2up}}, in Great Britain

===Historical: United States===
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grq023 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227465071 |title=Labour markets in the interwar period and economic recovery in the UK and the USA |date=2010 |last1=Hatton |first1=T. J. |last2=Thomas |first2=M. |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=463–485 }}
* {{cite journal |url=https://rjensen.people.uic.edu/causes-cures.pdf |title=The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression |date=1989 |last1=Jensen |first1=Richard J. |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=553-583 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102124644/https://rjensen.people.uic.edu/causes-cures.pdf }}.
* {{cite journal |url= https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7859.pdf |title=The Real U.S. Unemployment Rate Is Twice the Official Rate, and the Phillips Curve |date=2019 |last1=Komlos|first1=John|journal=CESifo Working Papers|volume= |issue= |pages=54-74}}
*{{cite book |last=Keyssar |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Keyssar |title=Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23016-2 |year=1986 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/outofworkfirstce0000keys}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1257/jep.7.2.41 |title=Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s |date=1993 |last1=Margo |first1=Robert A. |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=41–59 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Stricker |first=Frank |title=American Unemployment: Past, Present, and Future |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=|year=2020 |url=https://eh.net/book_reviews/american-unemployment-past-present-and-future/}}
* {{cite journal |jstor=2123118 |title=Last Hired, First Fired? Unemployment and Urban Black Workers During the Great Depression |last1=Sundstrom |first1=William A. |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1992 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=415–429 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700010834 }}

* Vedder, Richard K., and Lowell E. Gallaway. ''Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America'' (NYU Press, 1997)

==External links==
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Unemployment }}
* {{commons category-inline|Unemployment}}
* {{wikiquote-inline|unemployment}}
* {{wiktionary-inline|unemployment}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051223210842/http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/datazone_uicalc_index Economic Policy Institute]
* [https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/unemployment-rate Current unemployment figures], CEIC Data
* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lab_une_rat-labor-unemployment-rate Current unemployment rates by country]
* [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=251 OECD Unemployment statistics]
* [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/SL-UEM-TOTL-ZS/ Unemployment statistics] by Lebanese-economy-forum, World Bank data
* [https://jobcity.in JobCity is Right Platform for Govt Jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303142419/https://jobcity.in/ |date=3 March 2020 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100601214002/http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/UNEM Thermal maps of the world's unemployment percentage rates] – by country, 2007–2010

{{Employment}}
{{Economics}}
{{Aspects of capitalism}}
{{United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Unemployment| ]]
[[Category:Personal financial problems]]
[[Category:Waste of resources]]

Joy A. Thomas

2026-02-15T00:55:54Z

GJSAnnie74: created first entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian-born American information theorist (1963–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Joy A. Thomas
| honorific_suffix =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1963|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|09|28|1963|01|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mountain View, California]], [[United States]]
| death_cause = 
| alma_mater = [[IIT Madras]] [[Stanford University]]
| occupation = [[Information theorist]], [[data scientist]], author
| years_active =
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| spouse = Priya
| children = Two children
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}}

'''Joy Aloysius Thomas''' (1 January 1963 – 28 September 2020) was an Indian-born American [[information theorist]], author and a senior [[data scientist]] at [[Google]]. He was known for his contributions to information theory and was the co-author of ''Elements of Information Theory'', a popular text book which he co-authored with [[Thomas M. Cover]]. He also held a number of patents and was the founder of startups such as 'Insights One'.

== Biography ==
Joy Thomas, born on January 1, 1963, in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], did his schooling at [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore]].<ref name="India-born global expert in Information Theory, Joy Thomas, passes away in US">{{Cite web |title=India-born global expert in Information Theory, Joy Thomas, passes away in US |url=https://www.indiatechonline.com/it-happened-in-india.php?id=3995 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=www.indiatechonline.com}}</ref> He stood first in the IIT [[Joint Entrance Examination]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narayan |first1=Shoba |title=A word of advice for the IITs |date=28 January 2011 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/YHBBTKOcB0jFmPCsNphZqM/A-word-of-advice-for-the-IITs.html |publisher=Mint |accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref> After graduating from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]], he migrated to the US where he continued his studies to secure a PhD from [[Stanford University]] in 1984.<ref name="Bloomberg profile">{{Cite web |title=Bloomberg profile |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/17863043 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> It was here that he met [[Thomas M. Cover]], the renowned [[information theorist]],<ref name="ഇൻഫർമേഷൻ തിയറി വിദഗ്ധൻ ഡോ. ജോയ് തോമസ് അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |title=ഇൻഫർമേഷൻ തിയറി വിദഗ്ധൻ ഡോ. ജോയ് തോമസ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/10/04/dr-joy-thomas-died.html |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> and together they wrote a book in 1991, ''Elements of Information Theory'', which is considered by many as a benchmark text book on the subject.<ref name="Thomas Cover, acclaimed information theorist and electrical engineer, dies at 73">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Myers |date=2012-04-12 |title=Thomas Cover, acclaimed information theorist and electrical engineer, dies at 73 |url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/april/thomas-cover-041212.html |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=Stanford University |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Book Review-Elements of Information Theory (Thomas M. Cover and Joy A. Thomas)">{{Cite journal |last=Kieffer |first=John |date=1994 |title=Book Review-Elements of Information Theory (Thomas M. Cover and Joy A. Thomas) |url=http://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/1036124 |journal=SIAM Review |language=en |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=509–511 |doi=10.1137/1036124 |issn=0036-1445|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1990, he joined the [[IBM Research]] at the [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] as a research staff member where he worked until he became involved in the founding of Stratify, a startup founded in 1991, which was later rebranded as Iron Mountain Digital. Later, he founded InsightsOne, another startup which was subsequently acquired by [[Apigee]] in 2014.<ref name="Apigee discloses $20M transaction after buying InsightsOne">{{Cite web |title=Apigee discloses $20M transaction after buying InsightsOne |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2014/01/08/apigee-discloses-20m-financing-after.html |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref>

Joy Thomas was an adjunct professor at Columbia University and Stanford University and held a number of patents.<ref name="Joy Aloysius Thomas Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications">{{Cite web |title=Joy Aloysius Thomas Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/joy-aloysius-thomas |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=patents.justia.com}}</ref> He died on September 28, 2020, at [[Mountain View, California]], at the age of 57, survived by his wife, Priya, and children, Joshua and Leah.<ref name="India-born global expert in Information Theory, Joy Thomas, passes away in US" />

== Patents ==
* {{Cite web |title=US Patent – API specification generation (Patent # 10,747,505 issued August 18, 2020) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/10747505 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=patents.justia.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=US Patent – Automatically extracting profile feature attribute data from event data (Patent # 10,255,300 issued April 9, 2019) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/10255300 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=patents.justia.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=US Patent – Method and apparatus for prediction of computer system performance based on types and numbers of active devices (Patent # 8,234,229 issued July 31, 2012) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/8234229 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=patents.justia.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=US Patent – Techniques for organizing data to support efficient review and analysis (Patent # 7,945,600 issued May 17, 2011) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/7945600 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=patents.justia.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=US Patent Application – Method and apparatus for prediction of computer system performance based on types and numbers of active devices (Application #20030023719 issued January 30, 2003) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/20030023719 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=patents.justia.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=US Patent – Adaptive multiple dictionary data compression (Patent # 5,870,036 issued February 9, 1999) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/5870036 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=patents.justia.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=US Patent – Parallel compression and decompression using a cooperative dictionary (Patent # 5,729,228 issued March 17, 1998) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/5729228 |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=patents.justia.com}}

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |last1=Cover |first1=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EuhBluW31hsC |title=Elements of Information Theory |last2=Thomas |first2=Joy A. |date=2006-07-11 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-74881-6 |language=en}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Cover |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Thomas |first2=A. |date=1988 |title=Determinant Inequalities via Information Theory |url=http://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/0609033 |journal=SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=384–392 |doi=10.1137/0609033 |issn=0895-4798|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Dembo |first1=A. |last2=Cover |first2=T.M. |last3=Thomas |first3=J.A. |date=1991 |title=Information theoretic inequalities |journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Theory |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1501–1518 |doi=10.1109/18.104312}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=dblp: Joy A. Thomas |url=https://dblp.org/pid/94/1920.html |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=dblp.org |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=On Amazon |url=https://www.amazon.in/ |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=www.amazon.in |language=en-in}}
* {{Cite web |date=10 July 2012 |title=Joy Thomas's Tribute to Thomas Cover |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IztJ9eQ56_M |access-date=2020-10-05 |website=ISL Stanford |publisher=YouTube}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Joy A.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:American information theorists]]
[[Category:American data scientists]]
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]

Lingapalem Mandal

2026-02-02T03:55:13Z

GJSAnnie74: slightly reworked details for accuracy and improved wording for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

{{primary sources|reason=The majority of this article appears to be based on WP:PRIMARY sources, including "census results, [...] investigative reports, [...] tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires". Most of the information in the article consists of statistics taken from the 2011 census and other similar documents, with figures simply subbed out from a template article.|date=November 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lingapalem Mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|57|01|N|80|59|23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Lingapalem]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 58,360
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|pages=146|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 37
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}
'''Lingapalem Mandal''' is one of 28 [[mandal]]s in the [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4945-lingapalem-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Lingapalem Mandal - West Godavari|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> Its headquarters are located in [[Lingapalem]]. It is bordered by [[T.Narasapuram mandal|T.Narasapuram]] and [[Chintalapudi mandal|Chintalapudi]] in the North, [[Khammam district]] tin the West, [[Kamavarapukota mandal]] in the East, and [[Pedavegi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Pedavegi mandal]] in the South.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in West Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/WestGodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=1 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220632/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/westgodavari.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

Lingapalem Mandal has a population of 58,360 in 15,626 households per the 2011 [[Census of India|census]]. Of this total, 29,546 are male and 28,814 are female.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/West_Godavari/Lingapalem|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206164048/http://www.indiagrowing.com/andhra_pradesh/west_godavari/LINGAPALEM|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 February 2013|title=Population of Lingapalem Mandal|publisher=India Growing|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> There are 5,786 children between 0 and 6 years old, of which 2,896 are male and 2,890 are female. The average literacy rate is 67.60% with 35,553 literate people in total; of which 19,100 are male and 16,453 are female.<ref name=population />

The majority of the population (23,897) have been designated as members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]], with 329 belonging to Scheduled Tribes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/lingapalem-mandal-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4945|title=Lingapalem Censusindia.in|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Work profile ===

Per the 2011 census, 32,623 Lingapalem Mandal residents described themselves as [[Laborer|labourers]], including 18,862 men and 13,761 women. Of the 30,021 labourers who described their primary occupations, 23,361 were [[Farmworker|agricultural labourers]], 3,497 were cultivators, 264 were [[Domestic worker|domestic labourers]] and 2,899 worked in other areas.<ref name="population" />

== Administration ==
Lingapalem Mandal is under the administration of the [[Chintalapudi (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Chintalapudi Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{cite web|title=TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|work=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> of [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref> and is one of the sixteen mandals under the [[Eluru revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elururevenuedivision.ap.gov.in/DivisionProfile.html|title=Eluru Revenue division|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122022017/http://elururevenuedivision.ap.gov.in/DivisionProfile.html|archive-date=22 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

As of the 2011 census, the mandal has 25 village settlements with [[Lingapalem]] being the most populated and [[Malleswaram]] being the least.

The settlements in the mandal include:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:750px;|
#Asannagudem
#Ayyaparajugudem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/no-let-up-in-samaikyandhra-stir-in-west-godavari-district/article4994623.ece|title=No let up in Samaikyandhra stir in West Godavari district|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Badarala<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/woman-throws-son-daughter-self-from-running-train/other/news/446928.html|title=Woman throws son, daughter, self from running train|publisher=United News of India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Bhogole
#Chandrannapalem
#Dharmajigudem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-08-27/Pregnant-woman-dies-at-PHC-kin-allege-negligence/322062|title=Pregnant woman dies at PHC, kin allege negligence|publisher=Hans India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Ganapavarigudem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/integrationists-corner-vatti/article5024317.ece|title=Integrationists corner Vatti|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Juvvachalakarayudupalem
#Kalarayanagudem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Floods-play-havoc-in-West-Godavari-district/article15299949.ece|title=Floods play havoc in West Godavari district|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Kalyanampadu
#Konijerla
#Kothapalle<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-indian-overseas-bank,state-andhra-pradesh,district-west-godavari,branch-khambamvaripalli,ifsccode-IOBA0000976.cms|title=IFSC Code For INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK WEST GODAVARI - ANDHRA PRADESH|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Kothulagokavaram
#[[Lingapalem]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-11-30/Govt-will-procure-discoloured-paddy-Sujatha/189897|title=Govt will procure discoloured paddy: Sujatha|publisher=Hans India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Malleswaram
#Mattamgudem
#Mudicherla
#Mulagalampadu<ref name = Horticulture>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/may/02/horticulture-crops-in-upland-areas-damaged-in-areas-of-andhra-pradesh-1599967.html|title=Horticulture crops in upland areas damaged in areas of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Patchanagaram
#Puppalavarigudem
#Rangapuram<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Environment/2017-05-01/Downpour-gales-wreak-havoe-on-crops-in-West-Godavari-/297106|title=Downpour, gales wreak havoe on crops in West Godavari|publisher=Hans India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
#Singagudem<ref name = Horticulture/>
#Thimmakkapalem
#Vemulapalle
#Yedavalli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhrawishesh.com/live-tv/telugu-headlines-top-stories/41002-kotagiri-vidhyadhara-rao-passes-away.html|title=Kotagiri Vidhyadara Rao Passed Away|publisher=Andhra & Telangana wishes|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
}}

== Education ==

The mandal plays a major role in education for students from nearby rural villages. Lingapalem Mandal's primary and secondary education consists of both public and private schools, according to the state's ''School Education Department''.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> As per the school information report for the 2015-2016 academic year, the mandal had more than 7,016 students enrolled in over 80 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020147/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Transport ==

Lingapalem lies on [[State Highway 43 (Andhra Pradesh)|State Highway 43]] connecting [[Chintalapudi, West Godavari district|Chintalapudi]] to [[Eluru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-10/-Crack-down-on-illegal-mining-in-WG-Collector-/292454|title=Crack down on illegal mining in WG: Collector|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Eluru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Eluru district]]

Kodeeswari

2026-02-01T02:40:44Z

GJSAnnie74: created a details first draft

{{Short description|Indian-Tamil quiz show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kodeeswari.png
| genre = [[Game show|Quiz show]]
| presenter = [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
| num_episodes = 40
| country = India
| related = ''[[Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi]]'' ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|12|23|df=yes}}
| channel = [[Colors Tamil]]
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|02|14|df=yes}}
| num_seasons = 1
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kodeeswari''''' was a Tamil quiz show which aired on Colors Tamil from Monday to Friday at 8 pm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COLORS Tamil to host Kodeeswari, an all-women game show - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/colors-tamil-to-host-kodeeswari-an-all-women-game-show-100469.html|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Radhika Sarathkumar's 'Kodeeswari' to premiere on December 23|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/radhika-sarathkumars-kodeeswari-to-premiere-on-december-23/articleshow/72403992.cms|access-date=2021-10-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It is the Indian Tamil women's edition of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' It began on 23 December 2019. It was hosted by [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=கோடீஸ்வரி: தொகுப்பாளினியாக அவதாரம் எடுத்த ராதிகா!|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/raadhika-sarathkumar-to-host-kodeeswari-tv-show-in-colors-channel/articleshow/71630019.cms|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Colors Tamil ropes in Radikaa Sarathkumar as the host of Kodeeswari - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/colors-tamil-ropes-in-radikaa-sarathkumar-as-the-host-of-kodeeswari-100246.html|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-19|title=Colors Tamil ropes in mega star Radikaa Sarathkumar as the Host & Presenter of Kodeeswari|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/colors-tamil-ropes-in-mega-star-radikaa-sarathkumar-as-the-host-presenter-of-kodeeswari/|access-date=2021-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019212115/https://www.televisionpost.com/colors-tamil-ropes-in-mega-star-radikaa-sarathkumar-as-the-host-presenter-of-kodeeswari/|archive-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2019, the show was restarted from ''[[Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi]]'' to ''Kodeeswari''. This season was the first in India where a woman became the host, and was the first version in the world where only women were allowed to sign up as contestants.
== Rules ==
Similar to international version of [[Who wants to be a Millionaire?|Millionaire]], after all contestant selected to the show and qualify, they will be play Fastest Finger First to get into the Hot Seat.

== Time Limit ==
Similar to the some another of the [[India]] version, in this season, every contestant had a clock. For the answers of 1st to 5th questions. The contestants had 45 seconds to answer 6th to 10th questions. The contestant was given 60 seconds if the contestant successfully answered the 10th question, they could answer 11-15 questions. In the meantime, the clock would be disappeared, and the player could think long time as they wanted.

== Lifelines ==

* '''Audience Poll''' (''பார்வையாளர் கருத்துக்கணிப்பு''):- If any contestant would use this lifeline, the host would repeat the question to the audience. The studio audience would get 10 seconds to answer the question. Audience members would use touchpads to give the answer what they believe. After the audience would have chosen their choices, their choices would be displayed to the contestant in percentages in bar-graph format and also shown on the monitors screens of the host and contestant, as well as the TV viewers.
* '''50:50''':- If the contestant would use this lifeline, the host would ask the computer to remove two of the wrong answers. This would remain one right answer and one wrong answer. This would help a contestant giving 50% chance of answering the correct answer.
* '''Ask The Expert''' (''நிபுணரிடம் கேளுங்கள்''):- If the contestant would use this lifeline, the contestant would be allowed to call the selected expert. The host would usually be started off by talking to the expert and introduces him/her to the viewers at the first of the show.
* '''Flip A Question''' (''ஒரு கேள்வியை புரட்டவும்''):- When a contestant would use this lifeline, the computer would replace the current question with another one of the same monetary value. However, any lifelines used on the original question are not reinstated, and the contestant could not return to the original question, as the computer will reveal the correct answer to the old question before replacing it.

== Money Tree ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
!'''Question'''
!'''Correct Answer Value'''
!'''Walk Away Value'''
!'''Miss Answer Value'''
!'''Amount Lost if Wrong Answer'''
|-
|'''15'''
|'''₹1,00,00,000/-'''
|₹50,00,000/-
| rowspan="5" |₹3,20,000/-
|₹46,80,000/-
|-
|14
|₹50,00,000/-
|₹25,00,000/-
|₹21,80,000/-
|-
|13
|₹25,00,000/-
|₹12,50,000/-
|₹9,30,000/-
|-
|12
|₹12,50,000/-
|₹6,40,000/-
|₹3,20,000/-
|-
|11
|₹6,40,000/-
|₹3,20,000/-
|₹0/-
|-
|'''10'''
|'''₹3,20,000/-'''
|₹1,60,000/-
| rowspan="5" |₹10,000/-
|₹1,50,000/-
|-
|9
|₹1,60,000/-
|₹80,000/-
|₹70,000/-
|-
|8
|₹80,000/-
|₹40,000/-
|₹30,000/-
|-
|7
|₹40,000/-
|₹20,000/-
|₹10,000/-
|-
|6
|₹20,000/-
|₹10,000/-
|₹0/-
|-
|'''5'''
|'''₹10,000/-'''
|₹5,000/-
| rowspan="5" |₹0/-
|₹5,000/-
|-
|4
|₹5,000/-
|₹ 3,000/-
|₹3,000/-
|-
|3
|₹3,000/-
|₹2,000/-
|₹2,000/-
|-
|2
|₹2,000/-
|₹1,000/-
|₹1,000/-
|-
|1
|₹1,000/-
|₹0/-
|₹0/-
|}

== Winners ==

=== ₹1,00,00,000/- Winners ===

* Kousalya Kharthika (21 January 2020)

=== ₹25,00,000/- Winners ===

* Mahalakshmi (3 January 2020)

=== ₹12,50,000/- Winners ===

* Vallikannu (23 December 2019)
* Kubbulakshmi Kumutha (30 December 2019)
* Eshwari (10 January 2020)
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] and [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar Ramanathan]] (13 January 2020)

=== ₹6,40,000/- Winners ===

* Chandini (24 December 2019)
* Gowthami (25 December 2019)
* Devi Shree (1 January 2020)
* Pradeepa (9 January 2020)
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] (14 January 2020)
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] (15 January 2020)

=== ₹3,20,000/- Winners ===

* Swetha (27 December 2019)
* Vasanthi G (31 December 2019)
* Balapushpa (7 January 2020)
* Abinaya (8 January 2020)

=== ₹1,60,000/- Winners ===

* Meena (27 December 2019)
* Sree Geetha (2 January 2019)

=== ₹40,000/- Winners ===

* Darshu (14 December 2019)
* Angeline (26 December 2019)

=== ₹10,000/- Winners ===

* Archana Devi (6 January 2020)
* Susmitha (7 January 2020)

=== ₹0/- Winners ===

* Uma Maheswari (31 December 2019)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?}}

[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Television series by Radaan Mediaworks]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Church of St. Nicholas, Vukovar

2026-01-06T04:05:28Z

GJSAnnie74: put up new article...

{{Infobox church
| name = Church of St Nicholas
| fullname = Hram svetog Nikole Храм светог Николе
| dedication = [[St Nicholas]]
| color =
| image = Crkva svetog Nikole u Vukovaru - Црква светог Николе у Вуковару 13.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Church of St Nicholas
| pushpin map =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize = 250px
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|20|55|N|19|00|8|E|display=inline,title}}
| osgridref =
| denomination = [[Serbian Orthodox]]
| architect =
| style = [[Baroque]]
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation = [[Register of Cultural Goods of Croatia]]
| constructed_date =
| archdiocese = [[Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranja]]
| country = Croatia
| location = [[Vukovar]], [[Vukovar-Syrmia County]]
}}

'''Church of St. Nicholas''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Храм светог Николе}}; [[Romanization of Serbian|Serbian Latin:]] ''Hram svetog Nikole''; {{langx|hr|Hram svetog Nikole}}) in [[Vukovar]] is a [[Serbian Orthodox]] church in eastern [[Croatia]]. The church is one of the oldest baroque buildings of the Serb community north of the [[Sava]] River.<ref name="Vukovara 2008">Konstrukcija poslijeratnog prostora:Simbolička izgradnja Vukovara, Mateo Žanić, Institutu društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar, POLEMOS: časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira, Vol.XI No.22 Srpanj 2008.</ref>

==Architecture==
St. Nicholas is nave building with an [[apse]] and [[bell tower]] at the main [[facade]].<ref name="Ministarstvo kulture">{{cite web|url=http://www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=6212&kdId=69369570|title=Ministarstvo kulture-pretraživanje kulturnih dobara|access-date=2013-03-30}}</ref> The main front in the central part is slightly accentuated, processed by single and doubled [[pilaster]]s, [[cornice]]s and attic wavy line on the edges of a [[Classicism|classicist]] vases.<ref name="Ministarstvo kulture" /> Slender tower that emphasize edge pilasters ending baroque [[arch]]es with the [[lantern]].<ref name="Ministarstvo kulture" /> Vaulted nave of the church is divided into four bays, which are separated by a wide [[archivolts]] resting on Ionic [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]], while the semi-dome-vaulted [[sanctuary]].<ref name="Ministarstvo kulture" /> The bell tower, which was completed in 1767, is 37 meters high.<ref name="Izvor">{{cite web|url=http://www.zvo.hr/izvor/567d99df21516c0.pdf|title=Православни храмови источне Славоније, Барање и западног Срема /14/|publisher=[[Joint Council of Municipalities]]|format=PDF|page=20|access-date=2014-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225012104/http://www.zvo.hr/izvor/567d99df21516c0.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Present church was built in the period from 1733 till 1737.<ref name="Konzulat">{{cite web|url=http://www.gk-srbije-vukovar.hr/spomenici.html|title=KULTURNO ISTORIJSKI SPOMENICI, ZGRADA SRPSKOG DOMA U VUKOVARU and -RODNA KUĆA I CRKVA U KOJOJ JE KRŠTEN ZAHARIJE ORFELIN U VUKOVARU |publisher= [[Consulate General of Serbia in Vukovar]] |access-date=2014-03-05}}</ref> The church is built on location of old wooden church from 1690.<ref name="Vukovara 2008"/><ref name="Konzulat" /> The church was closed and looted during the World War II (1941-1942), and in 1991 interior of the church was dynamited by the local Croatian armed units in the city.<ref name="Konzulat" /> Of the total 1991 pre-war internal inventory there is kept only 39 icons, 3 gospels and part of archive and church vessels.<ref name="Izvor" /> Reconstruction of external damage is completed, while the restoration of the interior is still in progress.

==Inventory==
[[File:Crkva svetog Nikole u Vukovaru - Црква светог Николе у Вуковару 03.jpg|thumb|left|Baroque iconostasis.]]
[[File:Spomenik Crkva svetog Nikole u Vukovaru - Споменик Црква светог Николе у Вуковару 01.jpg|thumb|left|Orthodox memorial cross for the "Serbian victims" of the [[Battle of Vukovar|war in Vukovar]].]]

St Nicholas inventory along church itself, is stated separately in [[Register of Cultural Goods of Croatia]] as a [[Collection (museum)|collection]] protected cultural property.<ref name="Ministarstvo kulture" /> Collection is composed of Baroque [[iconostasis]] from 1757, 17 [[icons]] from 1760, 23 books printed in [[Moscow]] in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries - two of which are valuable [[Octoechos (liturgy)|octoechos]] from 1537, liturgical vessels, two choirs, the bishop's and the Virgin thrones, pews from the 18th century and table for [[Communion rite|communion]].<ref name="Ministarstvo kulture" />

==Serbian Home Vukovar==
[[File:Srpski dom Vukovar 04.jpg|thumb|Serbian Home building]]
The original '''Serbian Home''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Српски дом}}; [[Romanization of Serbian|Serbian Latin:]] ''Srpski dom'') building in Vukovar was built in 1733. for the needs of the ''Serbian Russo-Slavic School''.<ref name="Konzulat"/> The original building was destroyed in a fire in 1822 in which 300 buildings in Vukovar burned.<ref name="Izvor"/>

The building was also seat of ''Serbian Singing Society "Javor"''. During [[World War II]], the church was taken over by [[Nazis]] and [[Ustaše]] who established at as a Town Command Center.<ref name="Izvor"/> They changed building name into ''[[Adolf Hitler]] Home'' and destroyed the Serbian Cyrillic inscription ''Српски дом'' at the top of building.<ref name="Izvor" /> In the former Yugoslavia, the building belonged to Velepromet company and today it is subject to an ownership dispute between the town and Serbian Orthodox Church. Since 1991 building temporary facility religious rites until church interior will be renovated.<ref name="Konzulat"/><ref name="Izvor"/>

==See also==
*[[Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranja]]
*[[Vukovar]]
*[[Battle of Vukovar]]
*[[Serbs of Croatia]]
*[[List of Serbian Orthodox churches in Croatia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Serbian Orthodox churches|state=collapsed}}
{{Serbian Orthodox Church in Croatia}}
{{Vukovar}}
{{Joint Council of Municipalities}}
{{Serbian minority institutions and organizations in Croatia}}

[[Category:Churches completed in 1737]]
[[Category:1737 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:18th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings]]
[[Category:Serbian Orthodox church buildings in Vukovar-Srijem County|Vukovar]]
[[Category:Destroyed churches in Croatia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vukovar]]
[[Category:Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranja churches|Vukovar]]

Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Rewa Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-23T06:33:16Z

GJSAnnie74: put up info...

#REDIRECT [[Rani Kamalapati–Rewa Vande Bharat Express]]

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Marathwada

2025-12-04T11:01:12Z

GJSAnnie74: Improved readability and structure

{{short description|Segmented region of the Kingdom of Hyderabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marathwada
| settlement_type = [[Geographical region]]
| image_map = [[File:Aurangabad Division.png|center|300 px]]Location of Marathwada in [[Maharashtra]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Aurangabad,_Bibi_Ka_Maqbara_(9842174586).jpg
| photo2a = Ajanta, cave 26, chaitya-griha, Buddha (9841424296).jpg
| photo2b = Aundha Nagnath Shiva Temple Jyotirlinga Maharashtra India.jpg
| photo3a = Hazur Sahib, Nanded, Maharashtra, September 2012.jpg
| photo3b = Aurangabad,ellora kailash temple.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 260
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top : [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]], [[Kailasa Temple]], [[Hazur Sahib|Shri Hazoor Sahib Gurudwara]], Chaitya Griha or prayer hall at [[Ajanta Caves]]}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = Districts
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Beed district|Beed]], [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Nanded district|Nanded]], [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Aurangabad]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Division
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Aurangabad division]]
| area_total_km2 = 64590
| population_total = 18,731,872 (2011)<ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|title=District wise Demography|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/maharashtra.html|publisher=Census 2011|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 354<ref name=Census2011/>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = 76.27%<ref name=Census2011/>
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = 932<ref name=Census2011/>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
}}

'''Marathwada''' ({{IPA|mr|məɾaːʈʰʋaːɖa|Marathi}}) is a geographical region of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It was formed during the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam's rule]] and was part of the then [[Hyderabad State]]. The region coincides with the [[Aurangabad division]] of Maharashtra. It borders the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Telangana]], and it lies to the west of the [[Vidarbha]] and east of [[North Maharashtra|Uttar Maharashtra]] regions of Maharashtra. The largest city of Marathwada is [[Aurangabad]]. Its people speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]] ([[Hyderabadi Urdu]]).

Marathwada is known for its struggle for the integration into India , which is commemorated on 17 September as [[Marathwada Liberation Day]].

==Etymology==
The term ''Marathwada'' means ''the house of Marathi speaking people'', that is land occupied by the Marathi-speaking population of the former [[Hyderabad state]] during the period of [[Nizam]]'s rule. The term can be traced to 18th century state records of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref name=Kate>{{cite book|last=Kate|first=P. V.|title=Marathwada under the Nizams, 1724-1948|date=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi, India|isbn=978-8170990178|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC}}</ref>

==Demographics==

Marathwada has total area of 64590&nbsp;km2 and had a population of 18,731,872 at the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Population Census data 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/maharashtra.html|publisher=Government of India|access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref>{{efn|Marathwada is not separate political or administrative entity so there is no reference of population by name of "Marathwada", population has been calculated by adding population of 8 districts of Marathwada.}}

===Languages===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Marathwada (2011)
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 77.98 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 9.56 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 6.49 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 3.20 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.77 |color5 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the territory making up Marathwada had a variety of languages. 77.98% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 9.56% [[Urdu]], 6.49% [[Hindi]] and 3.20% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

===Religion===

Hinduism is the majority religion in Marathwada, with Islam and Buddhism being significant minorities. Sikhism has a significant presence in Nanded, meanwhile Jains are present in urban areas of Marathwada such as Aurangabad, Jalna and Osmanabad.

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 76.67% of the population of Marathwada followed [[Hinduism]], 15.12% [[Islam]], 7.17% [[Buddhism]], 0.22% [[Christianity]] and the remaining 0.82% of the population followed other religions or stated no religion.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Population By Religious Community |format=XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |date=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>{{efn|Marathwada is not separate political or administrative entity so there is no reference of population by name of "Marathwada", population for each religion has been calculated by adding population of 8 districts of Marathwada.}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Religion in Marathwada (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 76.67 |color1=darkorange
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 15.12 |color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Buddhism]] |value3 = 7.17 |color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[Christianity]] |value4 = 0.22 |color4 = blue
|label5 = Other or not stated |value5 = 0.82 |color5 = grey
}}

==Under Nizam's rule==
The region of Hingoli and Aurangabad were a major hub for the military stations and depot during the time of [[Nizam]] as well as during the British rule. Also [[Hyderabad State]] took special work to build Dams, modify and renovate the existing underwater system, particularly in Aurangabad. Major works were undertaken to build railways ([[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]) connecting the city of Hyderabad to Bombay (now Mumbai) via Aurangabad. Handlooms and paper factories were established in Kaghzipura near Aurangabad. Religious sites were developed in [[Khuldabad]].

Temporary guest houses were built for Sikh devotees in Nanded which lies in ruins due to neglect by the government authorities. Also roads connecting to Ahmedabad were initiated.<ref name=Nizam>{{cite web|title=MAU|url=http://www.mkv.ac.in/doe/maufrgen.html|publisher=mkv|access-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518022708/http://www.mkv.ac.in/doe/maufrgen.html|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cities and districts==
===Major cities of Marathwada region===
All the cities below have population of more than 100,000 with Aurangabad having 1.1 million inhabitants per the 2011 census.
*[[Aurangabad]]
*[[Nanded]]
*[[Latur]]
*[[Parbhani]]
*[[Udgir]]
*[[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]
*[[Beed]]
*[[Osmanabad]]
*[[Parli Vaijnath|Parli]]
*[[Ambajogai]]
*[[Majalgaon]]

===Districts===
*[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], now Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Faisal |date=16 September 2023 |title=Aurangabad formally renamed 'Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar', Osmanabad becomes 'Dharashiv' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/aurangabad-formally-renamed-chhatrapati-sambhajinagar-osmanabad-becomes-dharashiv-101694887835968.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref>
*[[Beed district|Beed]]
*[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
*[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
*[[Latur district|Latur]]
*[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
*[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], now Dharashiv<ref name=":0" />
*[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]

In 2023, the Maharashtra government officially renamed Aurangabad district to Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar and Osmanabad district to Dharashiv.<ref name=":0" />

There are [[Municipal Corporation]]s at <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aurangabadmahapalika.org/singleIndex.jsp?orgid=95 |title=औरंगाबाद महानगरपालिका |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329051457/http://www.aurangabadmahapalika.org/singleIndex.jsp?orgid=95 |archive-date=29 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nwcmc.gov.in/ |title=NWCMC Home Page |publisher=Nwcmc.gov.in |access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> [[Latur Municipal Corporation]], [[Parbhani Municipal Corporation]] and [[Jalna Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pcmcparbhani.org/ | title=Index of /}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{main|Tourism in Marathwada}}

[[File:Aurangabad,ellora kailash temple.jpg|thumb|God Shiva temple in Ellora Caves]]
[[File:Chaitya Griha Cave 10 Ellora.jpg|thumb|Chaitya Griha or prayer hall at [[Ajanta Caves]] in cave number 26]]
[[File:Aurangabad bibi ka maqbara.jpg|thumb|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], also known as mini Taj Mahal]]
[[File:Hazur Sahib, Nanded, Maharashtra, September 2012.jpg|alt=Shri Hazoor Sahib Gurudwara Nanded|thumb|[[Hazur Sahib Nanded]]]]
The state government recognises Aurangabad as the "Tourism Capital of Maharashtra".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/headlines.php |title=World News Headlines |publisher=Newkerala.com |access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> There are various [[List of tourist attractions in Aurangabad|tourist attractions in Aurangabad]]. Other places visited by tourists are:
{{columns-list|
* [[Ajanta Caves]]
* [[Ellora Caves]]
* [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
* [[Devgiri Fort , Maharashtra| Devgiri Fort]]
* [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]]
* [[Udgir Fort]]
* [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]]
* [[Dharashiv Caves]]
* [[Aundha Nagnath]]
* [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]]
* [[Kandhar]]
* [[Grishneshwar Temple]]
* [[Bhokardan Caves]]
* [[Parli, Maharashtra|Parli]]
* [[Tuljapur]]
* [[Yogeshwari]], [[Mukundraj]], [[Ambajogai]]
* [[Dharur, Beed]]
* [[Samarth Ramdas|Jamb Samarth]], [[Jalna district]]
* [[Kankaleshwar Temple, Beed]]
* [[Nanded Fort]]
* [[Sahasrakund Waterfall]]|colwidth=20em}}

==Education==
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University.JPG|right|thumb|[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], Aurangabad]]
Marathwada has four government medical colleges, situated at Aurangabad, Latur, Nanded and Ambajogai.
The region also has good government engineering colleges such as [[Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad]] and [[Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Nanded. It also has three major universities, being [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] at Aurangabad, [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University]] at [[Parbhani]], and [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]] at Nanded.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

The foundation of agricultural research in Marathwada region of [[Hyderabad state]] was laid by the 7th [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] ''[[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]'' with the commencement of the Main Experimental Farm in 1918 in [[Parbhani]]. During the [[Nizam]]'s rule agricultural education was available only at Hyderabad; crop research centers for sorghum, cotton and fruits existed in Parbhani. After [[Independence of India|independence]], this facility was developed further by the Indian government which was renamed as [[Marathwada Agriculture University]] on 18 May 1972.<ref name="Nizam"/> The [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[Mumbai]] (formerly known as UDCT) has a satellite campus located in [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] which was established in 2018.

==Droughts and suicide of farmers==
Marathwada is affected by frequent anomalies in rainfall during Monsoon season, which accounts for almost 80 per cent of the annual rainfall. The average annual rainfall over the division is 882&nbsp;mm. Almost three-fourths of the Marathwada division is covered by farmlands. Hence, drought continues to have a considerable impact on the life of farmers.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book |last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S |title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) |chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India |volume=2017 |pages=5505–5507 |doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250 |year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref>

In some Marathwada districts recurring droughts have forced people to drink fluoride-contaminated groundwater from borewells which has inflicted debilitating fluorosis on many.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/marathwadas-troubled-waters-harm-your-bones/|title= Marathwada's troubled waters harm your bones|website=People's Archive of Rural India|date= 12 January 2018}}</ref>

The region also sees high instances of [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmer suicides]]. According to government records, 422 farmers in Marathwada committed suicide in 2014. This was because of their inability to bear crop losses and a financial quandary made acute by [[water scarcity]] and an agrarian crisis.<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/422-farmer-suicides-in-2014-in-marathwada-gives-bjp-govt-the-jitters-114120400229_1.html |title=422 farmer suicides in 2014 in Marathwada gives BJP govt the jitters &#124; Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=5 December 2014 |access-date=29 May 2015|newspaper=Business Standard India |last1=Jog |first1=Sanjay }}</ref> 2014 was the third consecutive year of low rainfall, and when rainfall did occur it was sometimes untimely and damaged crops. Of the 422 suicides, 252 cases were due to an inability to repay agricultural loans. There have been more than 117 farmer suicides in the first two months of 2017.<ref name="business-standard1"/> According to a study by IIT Bombay, the severe or extreme droughts have frequently occurred in major portions of Marathwada, in the last few decades.<ref name="IGARSS2017"/>

==See also==
* [[:Category:People from Marathwada|List of people from Marathwada]]
* [[Hyderabad State]]
* [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]
* [[Make in Maharashtra]]
* [[Manav Vikas Mission]]
* [[Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=-nVDBvv_OqAC&pg=PA136&dq= Beyond Economic Development: A Case Study of Marathwada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150316145019/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vidarbha-and-marathwada-trapped-in-a-vicious-cycle/article1-1326919.aspx Vidarbha and Marathwada: Trapped in a vicious cycle -Hindustan Times]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/Cane-cultivation-leaving-Marathwada-bone-dry-Study/articleshow/46440781.cms Cane cultivation leaving Marathwada bone dry: Study -The Times of India]
*[http://www.sriharsha.in/marathwada-drought/ Photo-essay on the 2016 drought in Marathwada]
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28205741 Have India's farm suicides really declined? -BBC article]
*[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/in-worst-drought-year-marathwada-emerges-new-suicide-region/ In worst drought year, Marathwada emerges new suicide region -Indian Express]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wrong-method-used-to-calculate-Vidarbha-Marathwada-backlog/articleshow/46328013.cms 'Wrong method used to calculate Vidarbha, Marathwada backlog' - The Times of India]
*{{cite book|author=Lucien D. Benichou|title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1847-6}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070612010847/http://www.undp.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=129&Itemid=217 Human Development Report 2002 - Maharashtra (India)]

{{Marathwada}}
{{Maharashtra}}

{{coord|19.8833|N|75.3333|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Marathwada| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Maharashtra]]

Ragasthan

2025-11-25T07:11:06Z

GJSAnnie74: Made A Entry

'''Ragasthan''' is a three-day desert camping music festival held in November in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/story/8-unique-music-festivals-worth-taking-leaves-from-work-290569-2015-08-27 "8 unique music festivals in India worth taking leave for"]. ''India Today'', August 27, 2015</ref> The festival provides an experience of camping in the deserts of Jaisalmer,<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/gig-guide/194574 "Gig guide"]. ''Mid-day'', By Moeena Halim | 30-Dec-2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150104140253/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141228/jsp/graphiti/story_4743.jsp "Rocking the countryside"]. ''Telegraph India'', December 28, 2014</ref> combined with multiple genres of music played on four stages, film, art, photography and various outdoor activities such as paintball, sand-surfing and zorbing.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/will-travel-for-music-nine-cool-indian-music-festivals-to-attend/story-QdKJRQifj3Oodk7DYztxjN.html "Will travel for music? Nine cool Indian music festivals to attend"]. Somya Singh, Hindustan Times, New Delhi | May 22, 2015</ref> Music on the four main stages runs concurrently: the Morio stage features [[Pop music|pop]], [[Rock music|rock]] and [[alternative rock]] acts; the Ammara stage features [[Electronic music|electronic]] and [[dubstep]] music; the Olun stage features [[world music]], [[Fusion (music)|fusion]], [[Folk music|folk]] and [[Classical music|classical]] musicians; and the Open Mic stage features singer-songwriter bands and artists.

==History==
Festival founder Keith Menon first proposed the idea for a desert festival in 2008. Planning took time, and the first Ragasthan Festival took place from November 16 to 18, 2012 at the Kanoi Dunes near the outskirts of the city of [[Jaisalmer]]<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/arts/music/music-festivals-popping-up-in-indias-remotest-corners.html?_r=0 "Music Festivals Popping Up in India’s Remotest Corners"]. ''New York Times'', by AARTI BETIGERIDEC. 12, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://mumbaiboss.com/2012/10/16/an-arts-and-music-festival-pops-up-on-the-dunes/ "Attend The Ragasthan Festival In Jaisalmer, Rajasthan | Mumbai Boss"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209073410/http://mumbaiboss.com/2012/10/16/an-arts-and-music-festival-pops-up-on-the-dunes/ |date=2013-12-09 }}.</ref> Patrons were brought to the festival site on Ragasthan festival buses and invited to set up their own stalls at the nomad market, create art installations and jam with attending artists by campfires.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday">[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20121105-ragasthan-camel-safari-jaisalmer-760304-2012-10-25 "Our pick of the month: Welcome to Ragasthan"].</ref><ref>Pushkar. [http://travel.financialexpress.com/happening-hotspot/852-ragasthan "Ragasthan"].</ref>
Patrons stayed at the venue in Swiss Tents or set up tents they brought themselves. Single day passes were also available. In 2012,<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tunes-of-the-dunes/998375/ "Tunes of the Dunes"]. ''Indian Express''</ref> Ragasthan was attended by about 6,000 fans over three days.

Ragasthan 2012 featured four music stages, one workshop zone, two film zones (tented and open air) featuring selections from the Sci-Fi Film Festival (UK), one adventure sports area, one flea-market zone, tented restaurants and bars, art installations and two camping zones (Swiss Tents and BYOT – Bring Your Own Tent). Activities like giant kite-flying, RC Plane flying, Turban-tying contests, sky-lanterns, etc. were held through the three days.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140903132923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-21/jaipur/35257611_1_music-lovers-jaisalmer-young-audiences "'Ragasthan' ends on a high note"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref>

Camel rides, camel carts and tractors were used as modes of transport within the festival premises.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131107194249/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-13/jaipur/35087065_1_world-music-movies-rajasthan-roots "Ragasthan festival to begin on Nov 16"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref><ref name="cntraveller">[http://www.cntraveller.in/content/weekend-head-rajasthan%E2%80%99s-ragasthan "This weekend, head to Rajasthan’s Ragasthan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108142639/http://www.cntraveller.in/content/weekend-head-rajasthan%E2%80%99s-ragasthan |date=2013-11-08 }}. ''Condé Nast Traveller India''.</ref> Drinking water and tea were provided for free to all patrons.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/music-makers-112120100051_1.html "Music makers"]. 1 December 2012.</ref> In 2012 the festival was listed amon the top ten music festivals in India by ''Radio and Music'' magazine.<ref>[http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/year-ender/2012-top-10-music-festivals-india "2012: Top 10 music festivals in India"]. ''Radio and Music''.</ref> The artist lineup featured more than 30 artist spread across various genres of music and varied nationalities.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday" /><ref>[https://archive.today/20140903132927/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Ragasthan-music-festival-a-mixed-bag-of-music/Article1-963673.aspx "Ragasthan music festival: a mixed bag of music"]. ''Hindustan Times''.</ref><ref name="cntraveller" /> Visual artist [[Viktor Furiani]] and his team, Mosquito Masala performed video-mapped live projections at the Morio and Ammara stages for the three nights.



Because of a change in the timing of the festival from November to February, there was no 2013 festival.<ref>[http://www.soundbox.co.in/ragasthan-festival-pushed-to-february-2014/ "Ragasthan Festival Pushed to February 2014"]. ''Sound Box'', October 24, 2013.</ref> In 2014 the festival included a variety of art installations.<ref>[https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/15-things-we-loved-about-ragasthan-104321604.html "15 things we loved about Ragasthan"]. By Anisha Rachel Oommen | ''Yahoo Lifestyle Entertainment'' – Mon 17 Feb, 2014</ref> That year, the band Kabir Cafe played at the festival,<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/393883/kabir039s-words-musically.html "Kabir's words, musically"]. Archana Pandey, March 23, 2014. ''Deccan Herald''.</ref> as well as pianist Christophe Chassol.<ref>[http://cheekmagazine.fr/culture/chassol-quand-tu-arrives-dans-un-nouveau-pays-cest-toi-qui-provoques-les-choses/ “Quand tu arrives dans un nouveau pays, c’est toi qui provoques les choses”]. ''Cheek Magazine''. 19 February 2014</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Arts festivals in India]]
[[Category:Rock festivals in India]]

Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)

2025-11-21T10:21:48Z

GJSAnnie74: improved section additionally and fixed typos based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|abbreviation = JAP (L)
|colorcode = {{Party color|Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)}}
|president = [[Pappu Yadav]]
|foundation = 9 May, 2015
|dissolution = 2024
|founder = [[Pappu Yadav]]
|headquarters = Ward No. 05/14, Vardhman Hata, Arjun Bhawan, Arjun Nagar, [[Purnia]], [[Bihar]]-
854301
|eci = Registered Unrecognised Party
|alliance = Socialist Secular Morcha {{small|(2015–2020)}}
 [[Progressive Democratic Alliance (Bihar)|Progressive Democratic Alliance]]{{small|(2020–2024)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/pappu-yadav-jan-adhikar-party-alliance-news-update-jap-chief-offer-to-rlsp-upendra-kushwaha-ahead-bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-2020-127760937.html|title=पप्पू यादव ने बनाया प्रगतिशील लोकतांत्रिक गठबंधन, उपेंद्र कुशवाहा को दिया साथ आने का न्योता}}</ref>
|colours =[[Green]] {{coloursample|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|split=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|merged=[[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)'''; English: People's Rights Party (Democratic) was a [[political party]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The party was formed by Indian politician [[Pappu Yadav]] in May 2015.

[[Pappu Yadav]] was a [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]] and was expelled from [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] for years due to anti-party activities. The party was launched just before [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. Pappu Yadav campaigned against [[Nitish Kumar|Nitish]]-[[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu]] [[Janata Parivar|Alliance]], but didn't secure any assembly seat in the state legislative assembly.

In 2024, before general election he merged his party in Indian National Congress.

== 2015 Bihar Elections ==
Jan Adhikar Party (L) fought on 64 seats as part of Socialist Secular Morcha which comprises [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], [[Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic]] and [[Samras Samaj Party]].<ref name="india1">[http://zeenews.india.com/news/bihar/madhepura-mp-pappu-yadav-expelled-from-rjd-may-join-hands-with-bjp_1591527.html Madhepura MP Pappu Yadav expelled from RJD, may join hands with BJP | Zee News]. Zeenews.india.com (7 May 2015). Retrieved on 2015-07-28.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/samajwadi-party-teams-up-with-pappu-yadav-ncp-3-others-to-form-third-front/articleshow/49028112.cms|title=Samajwadi Party teams up with Pappu Yadav, NCP, 3 others to form third front| newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar2025-campaign-stunt-pappu-yadav/article7303500.ece Bihar@2025 campaign stunt: Pappu Yadav]. The Hindu (11 June 2015). Retrieved on 2015-07-28.</ref><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar2025-campaign-political-stunt-ec-should-stop-it-pappu-yadav/articleshow/47618675.cms Bihar@2025 campaign political stunt, EC should stop it: Pappu Yadav – The Economic Times]. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (10 June 2015). Retrieved on 2015-07-28.</ref><ref name="thehindubusinessline1">[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/pappu-yadav-launches-new-party/article7298822.ece Pappu Yadav launches new party | Business Line]. Thehindubusinessline.com (9 June 2015). Retrieved on 2015-07-28.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150702062547/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150629/jsp/bihar/story_28356.jsp#.VZGCpIuUdyz Yadavs join hands to fight in unison]. Telegraphindia.com (29 June 2015). Retrieved on 2015-07-28.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Expelled-RJD-MP-Pappu-Yadav-floats-new-party/articleshow/47319368.cms Expelled RJD MP Pappu Yadav floats new party – The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (17 May 2015). Retrieved on 2015-07-28.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150610223844/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pappu-yadav-could-win-over-disgruntled-lalu-supporters-in-bihar/article1-1357284.aspx Pappu Yadav could win over disgruntled Lalu supporters in Bihar]. Hindustantimes.com (11 June 2015). Retrieved on 2015-07-28.</ref>

The party was not able to win a single seat in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] and collected 1.04% of vote in the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/election-results/bihar-election-resuls/6699-bihar-assembly-election-result-2015-live.html|title=Bihar Bihar Election Results 2015|work=infoelections.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/State-admin-gears-up-for-counting/articleshow/49649215.cms|title=Bihar administration gears up for counting| website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EVMs-in-strongrooms-CISF-jawans-on-guard/articleshow/49586792.cms|title=EVMs in strongrooms, CISF jawans on guard|work=The Times of India|date=29 October 2015 }}</ref>

== 2020 Bihar Elections ==
[[Election Commission of India]] provided new symbol 'scissors' in [[Bihar Assembly Election 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=जीतन राम मांझी की पार्टी HAM को कड़ाही तो पप्पू यादव की JAP को मिली कैंची, EC ने 12 दलों का चुनाव चिन्ह बदला|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-assembly-elections-jitan-ram-manjhi-party-ham-kadai-and-pappu-yadav-jap-gets-kainchi-election-commission-changed-election-symbol-of-12-parties-3492959.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref> JAP(L) contested under [[Progressive Democratic Alliance (Bihar)|Progressive Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ramashankar|date=Sep 29, 2020 |title=Bihar: JAP floats new alliance with three parties {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jap-floats-new-alliance-with-three-parties/articleshow/78371247.cms |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar polls: Pappu Yadav's Jan Adhikar Party floats new alliance - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Sep/28/bihar-polls-pappu-yadavs-jan-adhikar-party-floats-new-alliance-2203069.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=12 September 2020 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==External links==
* [http://www.pappuyadav.org/ Official Website of Rajesh Ranjan (Pappu Yadav)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224114003/http://www.pappuyadav.org/ |date=24 December 2014 }}
* [http://www.japl.org.in/ Official Website of Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)] (now leads to a casino guide website called "gocasinos")

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{Janata Parivar parties}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Parivar]]
[[Category:Political parties in Bihar]]
{{India-party-stub}}

Amarpalli, Dum Dum

2025-10-10T05:50:57Z

GJSAnnie74: added a data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Amarpally
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = Amal Dutta Krirangan, South Dum Dum.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Amal Dutta Krirangan, Surer Math <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/aroop-biswas-inaugurates-amal-dutta-krirangan-in-dum-dum-404445|title=Aroop Biswas inaugurates Amal Dutta Krirangan in Dum Dum|date=6 March 2020 |publisher=millenniumpost|access-date=16 Feb 2025}}</ref>
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6232|N|88.4107|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700074
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Amarpally''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=16 Feb 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=16 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6195|88.4101}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Amarpally
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6195|88.4101}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

=== Police station ===
Newly established Nagerbazar police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Amarpally areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=20 Feb 2025}}</ref>

=== Post office ===

[[Dum Dum Road]] has a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700074 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Jawpore and Motijheel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/dumdum-road-kolkata-74/|title=Dum Dum Road Post Office|publisher=|access-date=25 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Railways ===
[[Dum Dum Junction railway station]] is situated nearby.

=== Metro ===
[[Dum Dum metro station]] of [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] is situated nearby.

=== Bus ===
Several buses ply on [[Dum Dum Road]].

==Markets==
Markets near Amarpally area are:
* Nagerbazar Market
* Dum Dum Road Market
* Dum Dum New Market

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

Goatskin (material)

2025-09-30T23:57:15Z

GJSAnnie74: put up new data...

{{short description|Furreds skin of a goat}}
[[Image:Parchment from goatskin.jpg|thumb|Finished [[parchment]] made of goatskin stretched on a wooden frame]]
[[Image:Goat skins.jpg|thumb|Goat skins]]
'''Goatskin''' refers to the [[skin]] of a [[goat]], which by long term usage, is denoted by the term ''[[Morocco leather]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt2275.html |title=Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology |publisher=Cool.conservation-us.org |date=2011-11-19 |access-date=2013-01-12}}</ref> [[Kidskin]], used for gloves, shoes and other accessories, is traditionally goatskin, although other leathers such as sheep and kangaroo can be used to make kid.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cumming |first=Valerie |title=Gloves |year=1982 |publisher=Batsford |location=London |isbn=9780713410082 |edition=Reprinted. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gloves00vale }}</ref><ref name=allen>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Frederick J. |chapter=Leather: The Varieties of Upper Leather |title=The Shoe Industry |year=1916 |publisher=The Vocation Bureau of Boston / Рипол Классик (Ripol Classic) |isbn=9785874447977 |pages=94–96 |quote=There are five chief kinds of upper leather, as follows : Kid or goat, calfskin, side leather, sheepskin, and coltskin or horsehide. There are also other kinds, such as kangaroo, chamois, buckskin, pigskin... |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/shoeindustry00alle/page/94/mode/1up?view=theater }}</ref>

[[Tanning (leather)|Tanned]] [[leather]] from goatskin is considered extremely durable and is commonly used to make [[Carpet|rug]]s (for example in Indonesia) and [[carpet binding]]. It is often used for [[glove]]s, [[boot]]s, and other products that require a soft hide. Kid gloves, popular in [[Victorian times]], are still made today. It has been a major material for leather [[bookbinding]]s for centuries, and the oldest European binding, that of the [[St Cuthbert Gospel]] in the [[British Library]], is in red goatskin. Goatskin is used for a traditional Spanish container for wine [[bota bag]] (or called goatskin). Traditional [[kefir]] was made in bags from goatskin.

Non-tanned goatskin is used for [[parchment]] or for [[drumhead]]s or [[sounding board]]s of some musical instruments, e.g., [[mišnice]] in medieval Europe, [[bodhrán]] in Ireland, [[esraj]] in India and for instrumental drum skin named ''[[bedug]]'' in Indonesia.

In [[ancient Rome]] priests (known as Luperci) wore goatskins during [[Lupercalia]], a pastoral festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Lupercalia.html |title=LacusCurtius • Roman Religion — The Lupercalia (Smith's Dictionary, 1875) |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |date=2003-02-14 |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>

A breed of goat that provides high-quality skin is for example the [[Black Bengal goat|Black Bengal]] breed, native to [[Bangladesh]].

In 1974, there was controversy in the [[United States]] surrounding goatskin products originating in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml74/74026.html |title=Goatskin Products from Haiti Anthrax Warning |publisher=Cpsc.gov |access-date=2013-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109000405/https://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml74/74026.html |archive-date=2013-01-09 }}</ref> The U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] discovered that some of these products contained deadly [[anthrax]] spores. All Haitian goatskin products in the USA were recalled, although no fatalities were reported.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Jagdpaletots Ziege und Seehund.jpg|Goatskin and sealskin jacket (1902)
Image:Guerba.jpg|Water reservoir in Algeria
Image:Mauritanian_bota_bag.jpg|Water reservoir in Mauritania
Image:Kid_skin.jpg|Kid skins
Image:Handbuch_Hanicke100.jpg|Cut for a goatskin 'coachman collar' (1895)
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Goatskin-producing goat breeds|Goatskin-producing goat breeds]]
*[[Mashk]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Goat skin}}
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goatskin (Material)}}
[[Category:Hides (skin)]]
[[Category:Goats]]

{{material-stub}}
{{agri-stub}}

Pen taluka

2025-09-30T10:17:42Z

GJSAnnie74: Made A Article.

{{Short description|Taluka in Maharashtra India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pen
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| map_caption = Location of Panvel
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.739|N|73.097|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Pen, India|Pen]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| governing_body = Panchayat Samiti Pen Raigad
| leader_title = [[Chairperson]]
| leader_name = '''NA'''
| leader_title1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name1 = '''NA'''
| leader_title2 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sunil Tatkare]] {{small|([[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad Constituency]])}}
| leader_title3 = [[Pen (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Ravisheth Patil]] {{small|([[Pen (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pen constituency]])}}
| population_demonym = Penkar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410206/ 410217/ 410208/410218
| area_code = 02141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-46, MH-06
| population_total = 205,585
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1503.61
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pen taluka''' is a [[subdistrict]]/[[upazila]]/[[tehsil]] in [[Raigad district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |language=mr |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |access-date=2015-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archive-date=2015-07-22}}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district|publisher=Raigad District Collectorate|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Raigad district==
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circled and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]], [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]], [[Murud taluka|Murud]], [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], Pen, [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]], [[Roha taluka|Roha]], [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad-Pali taluka|Sudhagad-Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and [[Uran taluka|Uran]].<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pen taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|95.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|1.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|1.75}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.98}}
}}

Pen taluka has a population of 195,454 according to the 2011 census. Pen had a literacy rate of 77.90% and a sex ratio of 963 females per 1000 males. 21,884 (11.20%) are under 7 years of age. 12,216 (16.46%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.28% and 16.58% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Pen taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 92.24 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 2.46 |color2 = orange
|label3 = 'Other' Marathi |value3 = 2.02 |color3 = tomato
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 0.93 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.35 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 92.24% of the population in the taluka spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 2.46% [[Hindi]] and 0.93% [[Urdu]] as their first language. 2.02% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Marathi.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

Mukkarambakkam

2025-09-20T08:18:13Z

GJSAnnie74: added

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mukkarambakkam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.3287989|N|80.0143656|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk|Gummidipoondi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 28
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3488
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628610
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mukkarambakkam''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Mukkarambakkam has 869 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 67.93%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3488 || 1768 || 1720
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 420 || 225 || 195
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1829 || 934 || 895
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 341 || 176 || 165
|-
| Literates || 2084 || 1169 || 915
|-
| Workers (all) || 2000 || 1144 || 856
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1596 || 977 || 619
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 193 || 130 || 63
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 1142 || 672 || 470
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 7 || 1 || 6
|-
| Main workers: Other || 254 || 174 || 80
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 404 || 167 || 237
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 16 || 7 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 303 || 116 || 187
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 82 || 43 || 39
|-
| Non-workers || 1488 || 624 || 864
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Baluchari sari

2025-08-29T16:28:12Z

GJSAnnie74: reworked formatting for accuracy for clarity

{{Short description|Silk sari from Bengal}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{infobox Sharee
| name = '''Baluchari sari'''
| image = Baluchari saree of Bishnupur DSC06029.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| location = [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]
| origin‌‌_place = Baluchar, [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]]
| origin‌‌_date = 18 century
| created_by =
| creation_date =
| ingredients = Silk
| cotton_thread_count = 100s
| length = {{convert|5–6.5|m|ft}}
| breadth = {{convert|116-122|cm|ft}}
| anchal =
| style of anchal =
| colour =
| style = Bengal tradition
| borders =
| style of borders =
| usage = Festival
| variants =
| related_saree =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| gi_status = Registered
| file_no = 173
| website =
}}

[[File:Baluchori saree DSC 0093.jpg|thumb|right|Baluchari Sari]]
'''Baluchari Sari''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: বালুচরী শাড়ি) is a type of [[sari]], a garment worn by women in the [[India]]n states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]] and the country of [[Bangladesh]]. This particular type of sari originated in [[West Bengal]] and is known for depictions of mythological scenes on the ''[[Sari|anchal]]'' of the sari. It used to be produced in [[Murshidabad]] but presently [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] and its surrounding areas of West Bengal are the only place where authentic Baluchari saris are produced. It takes approximately one week to produce one such sari.<ref>{{cite news|last=BALASUBRAMANIAM|first=CHITRA|title=Recreating the age-old Baluchari magic|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article2795487.ece|access-date=20 July 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 January 2012|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116120224/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article2795487.ece|archive-date=16 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mookerji|first=Madhumita|title=Baluchari silk loses its sheen to Benarasi|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_baluchari-silk-loses-its-sheen-to-benarasi_1121911|access-date=20 July 2012|newspaper=DNA}}</ref> In 2011, the Baluchari Sari was granted the status of [[Geographical Indication]] for West Bengal in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal 41 GI Application 173|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_41.pdf|publisher=Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks, Government of India|access-date=11 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809204632/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_41.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Eastern India Bengal Silk, 1740-1828 Economic.png|thumb|left|Centres of cloth weaving for export and of Bengal silk manufacture (1740–1828)]]
Baluchari Sari made of [[tassar silk]] and a thousand years old when the [[Jagat Malla]] king rule in [[Mallabhum]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pandey|first1=Dr.S.N.|title=West Bengal General Knowledge Digest|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=9788174822826|pages=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0F6QKfiktQC|access-date=26 January 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=App|first1=Urs|title=The Birth of Orientalism|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812200058|pages=302|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iTIXXjyXPQC|access-date=26 January 2016|language=en|date=2011-06-06}}</ref> This flourishing trend later declined, especially during British rule, due to political and financial reasons. It became a dying craft as most of the weavers were compelled to give up the profession.

In the first half of twentieth century, Subho Thakur, a famous artist, felt the need to recultivate the rich tradition of Baluchari craft. Though Bishnupur was always famous for its silk, he invited Akshay Kumar Das, a master weaver of Bishnupur, to his center to learn the technique of jacquard weaving. Sri Das then went back to Bishnupur and worked hard to weave Baluchari on their looms with the financial and moral support of Sri Hanuman Das Sarda of Silk Khadi Seva Mandal.

According to [[Maniklal Sinha]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Maniklal |title=Rarher Jati O Kristi |publisher=Sukanta Sinha; Bangiya Sahitya Parisad |year=1982 |edition=3rd |location=Bishnupur |pages=35 |language=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Manoranjan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265671 |title=Mallabhum Bishnupur |date=2002}}</ref> Baluchari saree in the post independent year, government of India tried to recover. In obedience to the government of its then Sri Shyamadas babu this extinct Baluchari Tat-Veteran renowned artist 'Akshay Kumar Das (Potranga) and his subtle artwork discovered its weaving process by feeling. In this regard, he is completely helped by Nikhil Bharat Khadi and Village Development Commission certified by [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishupur]].

Silk Khadi Seva Mandal Local Director Hanuman Das Sarada. Thus 'Akshay Babur a renaissance of the Baluchari saree has been heralded through sheer hard work and a touch of innovative ingenuity.

Once Bishnupur was the capital of Malla dynasty and different kinds of crafts flourished during their period under the patronage of Malla kings. Temples made of terracotta bricks were one achievement of these rulers. A major influence of these temples can be seen in Baluchari sarees. Mythological stories taken from the walls of temples and woven on Baluchari sarees is a common feature in Bishnupur.<ref name=ban1 />

==Production process==
The production process of Baluchari<ref>{{cite web |title=Weaving Tales of Cloth (Baluchari Saree of West Bengal) |url=https://archive.org/details/pli.ccrt.Weaving |website=Internet Archive |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> can be divided into several parts:

Cultivation of cocoons: Since the discovery so many years ago that the fibre or filament composing the cocoon of the silkworm can be constructed into a beautiful and durable fabric, silkworms have been bred for the sole purpose of producing raw silk.

Processing of yarns: To make the yarn soft, it is boiled in a solution of soda and soap and then dyed in acid colour, according to the requirement of the sari. The yarn is stretched from both the sides in opposite directions putting some force with both palms. This process is needed to make the yarn crisper.

Motif making: Making of the motifs for 'pallavs' and other part of Baluchari is in itself an intricate process. The design is drawn on a graph paper, it is coloured and punching is done using cards. After punching, these cards are sewed in order and fixed in the jacquard machine.

Weaving: After the [[jacquard loom]] has been introduced, the weaving of a Baluchari sari takes five to six days. Two weavers work on a shifting basis.

Baluchari thus prepared becomes a sign of aristocracy, the attire of status. Maintenance of quality of Baluchari sari is taken care of precisely. The quality is checked from the stage of dying of the yarn to the packaging of the sari.<ref name=ban1>{{cite web|title=Baluchari & silk iems|url=http://bankura.org/site/Handlooms.asp|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-date=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725042103/http://bankura.org/SITE/Handlooms.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Motifs: themes and variety==
[[File:Baluchori Saree DSC 0090.jpg|thumb|Baluchari saree - Mahabharat motif showing the Pandavas marrying Draupadi.]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sareesofbengal.com/index.php/collections/baluchari.html|title=Baluchari Silk Sarees|first=Sarees|last=Baluchari|website=sareesofbengal.com|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190245/https://sareesofbengal.com/index.php/collections/baluchari.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Baluchari saris, locally called Baluchori saris, today often have depictions from scenes of Mahabharat and Ramayana. During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[British Raj|British]] eras, they had a square design in the ''pallu'' with paisley motifs in them. They depicted scenes from the lives of the Nawab of Bengal featuring women smoking hookahs, nawabs driving horse carriages, and even European officers of the East India Company. It would take two craftsmen working for almost a week to produce one sari. The main material used is silk and the sari is polished after weaving.<ref>{{cite news|last=Datta|first=Sampriti|title=Bengal's Baluchari sari may get GI cover|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bengals-baluchari-sari-may-get-gi-cover/341013/|access-date=20 July 2012|newspaper=Financial Express}}</ref><ref name="Baluchari saree background">{{cite web|title=Baluchari saree background|url=https://www.parinita.co.in/pages/baluchari|website=Parinita Sarees|access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref>

Baluchari saris illustrate Hindu mythological scenes, [[nature]], [[folklore]], legends, historical events, and [[Abstract art|abstract designs]]. They showcase gods, heroes, nature elements, love stories, [[Battle|battles]], and contemporary patterns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Art of Baluchari Weaving: Unveiling the Richness and Significance of Baluchari Sarees |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/the-art-of-baluchari-weaving-unveiling-the-richness-and-significance-of-baluchari-sarees/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>

While there isn’t a lot of variation in the method of weaving used today, balucharis can be broadly categorized based on the threads used in weaving the patterns:
* Baluchari (resham): The simplest balucharis have resham threads in a single colour to weave the entire pattern
* Baluchari (meenakari): These balucharis have threads in two or more colours with attractive meenakari work that further brightens the patterns
* Swarnachari (baluchari in gold): They are the most gorgeous balucharis, woven with gold (Swarna) or silver-coloured threads (often with meenakari work in another colour), which is called Zari. That illuminates the patterns to a much larger extent.

==Organic Baluchari==
With the changing times, the Baluchari sari has had a makeover and a touch of eco-friendliness in terms of the used yarns and colours.

Cotton Kapas is spun with fibres of banana plants and bamboo shoots and the dyes are extracts of fruits, flowers, leaves, and vegetables such as pomegranate, jamun, neem fruits and leaves, basil leaves, turmeric, marigold flowers, mangoes and others.

The organic baluchari cotton sarees were displayed in the sari fair organised by Rang Mahal, a forum of weavers from Nadia district in West Bengal. However, with the GI certification of Baluchari sarees with reference to Bankura district of West Bengal in India, it is now not permitted to use the term Baluchari for any other similar product based on cotton or any other material.<ref name=TH1>{{cite news|last=KANTHIMATHI|first=L|title=Colourful, organic drapes from Bengal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/colourful-organic-drapes-from-bengal/article4059175.ece|access-date=12 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 November 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name=TH2>{{cite news|last=Chari|first=Pushpa|title=Colours of Bengal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/colours-of-bengal/article4073850.ece|access-date=12 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 November 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Display and felicitation==
The Baluchari sari was one of the award winners for the main weaving styles amongst 34 National Awards for the years 2009 and 2010 presented by the Hon. President
[[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref name=SME1>{{cite news|url=http://www.smetimes.in/smetimes/news/top-stories/2012/Nov/09/prez-to-present-shilp-guru-awards-to-handicraft-artisans6278046.html|access-date=12 November 2012|newspaper=SME Times|date=9 November 2012|title=Prez to present Shilp Guru Awards to handicraft artisans today}}</ref>

The Baluchari sari of Bankura was showcased at the India International Trade Fair organised at [[New Delhi]]. The pavilion of [[West Bengal]] prominently displayed those products of handicrafts and handloom sector which were recognised for their unique nature keeping the theme "Skilling India" in view.<ref>{{cite news|last=Press Trust of India|title=West Bengal to showcase traditional skills|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/west-bengal-to-showcase-traditional-skills/79170/|access-date=16 November 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=14 November 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sari}}
{{Bengali clothing}}
{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]

Ramachandrapuram mandal, Konaseema district

2025-07-31T20:57:06Z

GJSAnnie74: Made A Location.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramachandrapuram Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}
'''Ramachandrapuram Mandal''' is one of the 22 mandals in [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4924-ramachandrapuram-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Ramachandrapuram Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> there are 1 town 20 villages.

== Demographics ==
Ramachandrapuram Mandal has total population of 114,527 as per the Census 2011 out of which 57,410 are males while 57,117 are females and the average Sex Ratio of Ramachandrapuram Mandal is 995. The total literacy rate of Ramachandrapuram Mandal is 77.33%. The male literacy rate is 72.47% and the female literacy rate is 67.08%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/ramachandrapuram-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4924|title=Ramachandrapuram Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421201035/https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/ramachandrapuram-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4924|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Towns ===

#[[Ramachandrapuram, Konaseema]]

=== Villages ===

#Adivarapupeta
#Ambikapalle Agraharam
#Bapanayyacheruvu
#Bheemakrosupalem
#Chodavaram
#Draksharama
#Hasanbada
#Jagannaikulapalem
#Kandulapalem
#Kapavaram
#Malapadu
#[[Narasapurapupeta]]
#Nelapartipadu
#Oduru
#Tadipalle
#Tallapolam
#Thotapeta
#Unduru
#Utrumilli
#Vegayammapeta
#Velampalem
#Vella
#Venkatayapalem
#Yanamadala
#Yerupalle

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

National Digital Repository for Museums of India

2025-05-26T12:46:04Z

GJSAnnie74: new

{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}{{notability|Organizations|date=June 2018}}}}

'''National Digital Repository for Museums of India''' is a [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]]-led project to create a seamless access to collections and artifacts organized according to themes, regardless of the physical and geographical locations of the museums that house them. The first public version developed on [[DSpace|Dspace]] was released in 2002. The initial draft of Open Archival Information System ([[OAIS]]) was also released in year 2003. It is necessary to transform museums for greater relevance and application for the modern society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inclusivemuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Program-2014-Strategic-Transformations-Museums-in-21st-Century.pdf|title=Transforming Indian Museums Using Digital Technologies|last=Katre|first=Dinesh|date=2014|website=STRATEGIC TRANSFORMATIONS: MUSEUMS IN 21st CENTURY|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=CDAC INDIA|title=Transforming Indian Museums into Digital Knowledge Centres by Dr Dinesh Katre|date=2018-05-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UVJlLKskBU|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> Therefore, while focusing the needs of Indian museums, Dr. Dinesh Katre, Senior Director at C-DAC initiated the development of e-curator software named as JATAN (जतन): Virtual Museum Builder in 2001, which was developed and released in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delnet.nic.in/news-naclin-report.htm|title=DELNET|website=delnet.nic.in|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delnet.nic.in/naclin-contents-2004.htm|title=DELNET|website=delnet.nic.in|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> Subsequently, JATAN (जतन) software<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Katre|first=Dinesh|date=2004|title=Pragmatic and Usable Approach for Digital Library Initiatives in India|journal=Proceedings of International Conference on Digital Libraries (ICDL), New Delhi, India|volume= I|pages=41–48|citeseerx=10.1.1.185.3990}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Developing Cyber Libraries: Festschrift in Honour of Professor M. Sankara Reddy|last=T. Ashok|first=Babu|publisher=Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|year=2006|isbn=978-81-7764-973-4|location=India|pages=148–153}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ignca.nic.in/PDF_data/kn_digital001_pdf_data/T1a_Laying_the_Foundations.pdf|title=Laying the Foundations for. Digital Preservation in Indian Museums|date=January 31, 2009|website=IGNCA|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdac.in/index.aspx?id=mc_hc_jatan_virtual_museum|title=JATAN: Virtual Museum Builder|date=May 6, 2018|website=C-DAC|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref> was deployed in [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum]], Mumbai; [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum]], Pune and The Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery in Vadodara.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dr. Dinesh Katre|title=Sahara Samay Television News Report on JATAN: Virtual Museum Builder Developed by C-DAC|date=2009-06-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQj1e4NGHSg|access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Dr. Dinesh Katre|title=ETV News Report on JATAN: Virtual Museum Builder of C-DAC|date=2009-04-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzI63Iz0heI|access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Dr. Dinesh Katre|title=Star Maza Television News Report on JATAN: Virtual Museum Builder Developed by C-DAC|date=2009-04-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRl2hlDVChU&t=1s|access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref> Although the response from museums was lukewarm, C-DAC continued developing JATAN (जतन) software into a comprehensive digital collection management system for museums. As part of this research, early visions of using crowdsourcing method for metadata enrichment of museum artefacts and unified virtual catalogue for Indian museums was presented in 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Katre|first=Dinesh|date=October 2011|title=Converging and diverging factors of libraries, archives and museums – an Indian perspective|journal=IFLA Journal|volume= 37| issue = 3|pages=195–203|doi=10.1177/0340035211418728|s2cid=110749204 }}</ref>

During 2013, Ministry of Culture started the Vivekananda Memorial Museum Excellence Program in collaboration with the [[Art Institute of Chicago]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/national-museum-artefacts-to-be-centrally-digitised-news-national-ob3vuycdcbdsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162359/http://www.sify.com/news/national-museum-artefacts-to-be-centrally-digitised-news-national-ob3vuycdcbdsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-01-30|title=National museum artefacts to be centrally digitised|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/383907/four-lakh-artefacts-available-viewing.html|title=Four lakh artefacts available for viewing at your fingertips|date=January 31, 2014|work=The Deccan Herald|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishcouncil.in/sites/default/files/re-imagine_museums_india-uk.pdf|title=Re-Imagine Museums and Galleries|date=October 2014|website=British Council|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=India's cultural treasures to go online|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/india/indias-cultural-treasures-to-go-online.html|access-date=2020-12-22|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> As part of this program various existing software solutions available in India were evaluated and finally JATAN: Virtual Museum Builder was selected for standardized implementation across national museums.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/india/indias-cultural-treasures-to-go-online.html|title=India's cultural treasures to go online|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Take-a-virtual-tour-of-10-national-museums/articleshow/32688618.cms|title=Take a virtual tour of 10 national museums - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/now-smart-museums-to-give-virtual-tours-and-3d-view-of-rare-artifacts-5064538/|title=Now, smart museums to give 'virtual' tours and 3D view of rare artifacts|date=2018-02-15|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/c-dac-centre-collaboration-takes-1-1l-indian-museum-artefacts-online/articleshow/62876922.cms|title=C-DAC, Centre collaboration takes 1.1L Indian museum artefacts online - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/get-3d-visual-treat-of-rare-statues-in-allahabad-museum-soon/story-PbpHiIHIhGE91JluPDJXDM.html|title=Get 3D visual treat of rare statues in Allahabad Museum soon|date=July 27, 2017|work=The Hindustan Times|access-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref>

== Certification Program for Museum Curators ==
The team of Human-Centred Design & Computing Group at C-DAC, Pune organized JATAN certification training program in order to motivate and prepare the museum curators in taking on with the challenging task of digitization. Several batches of this 2 days training program for the museum curators were conducted. The training covered digitization best practices, hands on experience of JATAN software and exposure to advancements in [[digital heritage]] preservation, 3D [[Virtual walk-through]]s, mobile apps, touch screen kiosk applications for museum visitors. Around 50 curators from 10 national museums were trained as part of this initiative.

== Standardized Implementation of JATAN (जतन) in National Museums ==
In the first phase this project, Ministry of Culture decided to implement JATAN (जतन) software in the following 10 national museums -

* [[National Museum, New Delhi]]
* [[Allahabad Museum]], Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/get-3d-visual-treat-of-rare-statues-in-allahabad-museum-soon/story-PbpHiIHIhGE91JluPDJXDM.html|title=Get 3D visual treat of rare statues in Allahabad Museum soon|date=2017-07-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
* [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]], West Bengal
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]s (NGMA), New Delhi
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai|National Gallery of Modern Arts]] (NGMA), Mumbai, Maharashtra
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Arts]] (NGMA), Bengaluru, Karnataka
* [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) Museum, Goa
* [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) Museum, Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pradesh
* [[Salar Jung Museum]], Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
* Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata, West Bengal

As per the technical specifications provided by Human-Centred Design & Computing Group at C-DAC, Pune the museums procured and established computer labs equipped with computers, [[Server (computing)|server]], [[digital camera]], [[Image scanner|scanner]], [[Network Attached Storage (NAS)]], [[Local area network (LAN)|Local Area Network (LAN)]] and broadband connectivity, etc. The museums also arranged local technical support for maintenance of this facility. Major achievement of this effort was that museums became self-reliant and started with the digitization at their own. After the successful implementation of JATAN software in 10 national museums, C-DAC was entrusted with a new project to develop the National Portal and Digital Repository for Museums of India.

== National Portal and Digital Repository for Museums of India ==
Ministry of Culture funded and entrusted this project to C-DAC, Pune with the objective of providing online and integrated access to digitized collections of 10 national museums by establishing the [http://www.museumsofindia.gov.in National Portal and Digital Repository for Museums of India].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/article/national-portal-and-digital-repository-for-museums-of-india/|title=National Portal and Digital Repository for Museums of India|website=Digital meets Culture|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/national-digital-repository-museums-india|title=National Digital Repository for Museums of India {{!}} National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> Human-Centred Design and Computing Group at C-DAC Pune designed and developed the portal as well as the software tools required for cataloging and digital repository management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmPy_5GzNmc|title=National Portal and Digital Repository for Museums of India (English)|date=October 24, 2014|website=Youtube|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8shAwIi_ymA|title=भारतीय संग्रहालयों के लिए राष्ट्रीय पोर्टल और डिजिटल भंडार (Hindi)|date=October 25, 2014|website=Youtube|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref>

The main features of the national portal are as under-

* The portal introduces India's rich heritage through a diverse range of digital collections in terms of sculptures, paintings, manuscripts, arms and weapons, terracotta, pottery, coins and a numerous other category of antiquities.
* Search and retrieval across all museums and categories
* Automatic keyword suggestions
* Parameter based filtering of search results
* High resolution images with zoom-in/out and metadata
* Direct access to digital collections through categorization
* Virtual exhibitions with scholarly essays published by museum curators
* Automatic timeline mapping of objects
* Dedicated homepages for museums to managed by nodal officers 
* Museum wise access to digital collections
* Museum wise event announcements
* Portal administration
* Scalable framework of virtual museums  

The portal was inaugurated by honorable Minister for Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]], [[Shripad Naik]] on 21 October 2014. Presently, the national portal is providing online access to over 1,15,000 historical antiquities with approximately 5,00,000 digital images with metadata produced by 10 national museums.

== Data packaging and transfer ==
Digitization and metadata integration is undertaken locally in each museum. Transfer and integration of museum data in centralized database was the major challenges before us as museums are still to be connected over [[National Knowledge Network]] (NKN). Therefore, JATAN software has been supported with the functionality to package and transfer the digitized contents to C-DAC, Pune.

== Process for acquisition and ingesting of museums data ==

=== e-SANGRAHAN (ई-संग्रहण): E-acquisition tool ===

It is a digital data acquisition tool which receives the packaged data sent by the museums and makes to available for ingesting in Sanskriti Digitalaya system.

=== DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय): e-Library and Archival System ===

It is an e-Library and Archival System primarily focusing on the long term archival and repository development of digitized contents in image, audio and video formats. This system is an adaptation of [[Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems|CCSDS]] [[Open Archival Information System]] (OAIS) Reference Model, ISO 14721: 2012 in cultural heritage domain. It supports the domain specific metadata standards like [[MARC21]], [[Dublin Core]], MODS, [[Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard|METS]], etc. The system allows to configure archival strategies and dissemination package for the public access portal.

Human-Centred Design & Computing Group at C-DAC, Pune has designed technical quality assurance procedures for data acquisition, archival and dissemination. The correctness of information is to be ensured by domain experts in museums only.

== Unique advantages ==

* The National Portal and Digital Repository for Museums of India has dissolved the physical walls and removed the geographical distances between 10 national museums by merging them into a single Virtual Museum which can be accessed online through single window.
* Students and teachers can access the museums directly from home or classrooms.
* Researchers, scholars,  historians and tourists can access the [[antiquities]] from anywhere.
* The project has created a comprehensive national database / register of museum antiquities which is necessary for management, protection and conservation of historical antiquities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://network.icom.museum/fileadmin/user_upload/minisites/cidoc/BoardMeetings/Shilpi_Roy.pdf|title=Standardization of museum documentation in India: A case study of recent government initiatives|last=Roy|first=Shilpy|website=ICOM|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
National Portal and Digital Repository for Museums of India won the Grand Jury Special Mentions [[Manthan Award]] in 2015 in e-Culture and Heritage Category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://manthanaward.org/e-culture-heritage-tourism-winner/|title=e-Culture, Heritage & Tourism Winner|work=Manthan Award|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> Hon'ble Minister for Culture, Dr. [[Mahesh Sharma]] has appraised [[Rajya Sabha|Rajyasabha]] on the progress of JATAN Project in an official press release dated 4 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178393|title=More than 1 lakh art objects digitized under Project 'JATAN' till date: Dr. Mahesh Sharma|date=April 4, 2018|work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Culture|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref> Another press release on capacity building to improve standards in museums also mentions about the progress on museums of India in collaboration with C-DAC, Pune.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176233|title=107 museum professionals given specialized training to improve standards of Indian museums: Dr. Mahesh Sharma|date=February 6, 2018|work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Culture|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Virtual museum|Virtual Museum]]
*[[National Digital Preservation Program]]
*[[Heritage science|Heritage Science]]
*[[Digitization]]
*[[Digital preservation|Digital Preservation]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Virtual museums]]
[[Category:Indian digital libraries]]
[[Category:Ministry of Culture (India)]]
[[Category:Museums in India]]
[[Category:National museums of India]]
[[Category:Cultural promotion organizations]]
[[Category:Indian educational websites]]
[[Category:Indian online encyclopedias]]

Chiplun taluka

2025-05-14T15:30:58Z

GJSAnnie74: Made

{{Short description|Taluka in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
'''Chiplun taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Ratnagiri district]] of Maharashtra, India.<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |language=Marathi |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archivedate=2015-07-22 }}</ref><ref name="RatnagiriDistrictCourt-20150817">{{cite web|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/ratnagiri|title=History – Ratnagiri District Court|publisher=Ratnagiri District Court|accessdate=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823195743/http://ecourts.gov.in/ratnagiri|archive-date=23 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> As per Census 2011, there are 2 towns and 165 villages within Chiplun Taluka.

== Ratnagiri district ==
The taluka is one of nine talukas in Ratnagiri district, the others being [[Ratnagiri taluka|Ratnagiri]], [[Rajapur taluka|Rajapur]], [[Lanja taluka|Lanja]], [[Sangmeshwar taluka|Sangmeshwar]] [[Guhagar taluka|Guhagar]], [[Khed taluka, Ratnagiri|Khed]], [[Dapoli taluka|Dapoli]] and [[Mandangad taluka|Mandangad]].<ref name="RatnagiriDistrictCourt-20150817" />

== Tourist attractions ==
[[Vashishti River]], Lord Parashurama Temple and [[Gowalkot]] fort are the main attractions of Chiplun. Sawatsada Waterfalls, [[Koyna Dam]], Nehru Smriti Udyan, Nageshwar Temple, etc. are few other tourist spots in Chiplun taluka. Famous Math of Shree Swami Samarth and Shivsrushti is at Dervan Village.

==See also==
* [[Chiplun]]
* [[Konkan]]
* [[Konkan division]]
* [[Western Ghats]]
* [https://www.instagram.com/chiplun_ Chiplun Instagram Account]

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/chiplun_ Chiplun Instagram Account]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ratnagiri district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Ratnagiri district]]

{{Ratnagiri-geo-stub}}

Wood's dispatch

2024-09-23T11:14:13Z

GJSAnnie74: brief add intro per sources additionally and corrected details for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Wood's despatch]]

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Sakol Dam

2024-04-21T16:30:44Z

GJSAnnie74: Made Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Sakol Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Sakol Dam D02924
| dam_crosses = local river
| location = Udgir
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1425|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|17.65|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|371|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1992<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Sakol_D02924 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412232718/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Sakol_D02924 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2013 | title=Sakol D02924 | accessdate=25 March 2013 }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|10950|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|4256|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.3070849|76.8941688|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Sakol Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on local river near [[Udgir]], [[Latur district]] in state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|17.65|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1425|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|371|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|12689.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Latur district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Moviya

2024-04-18T20:17:33Z

GJSAnnie74: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moviya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt = Location of Moviya village in Gujarat
| map_caption = Location of Moviya on the map of Gujarat
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.9153|70.8465|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayati Raj
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Gujarati, Hindi and English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 360330
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = http://www.moviya.com/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Moviya''' is a village located in [[Rajkot]] district in the state of [[Gujarat]], India. The village is located at about 42 km from the District, [[Rajkot]]. The village follows the [[Panchayati raj]] system. The village has undergone transformation under the panchayat. There has been use of advanced technology in education. Efforts have been made for empowerment of women and increasing the security in the village. Some of the facilities provided by the panchayat include local, gutter project, health care centre, banking facility.

== Demographics ==
The population of Moviya was 8000 as per [[2001 census of India]], which increased to 10,000 in [[2011 census of India|2011]]. As of June 2012, the population is 13,000.

== Urbanization ==

There is a 65 KV sub-station that supplies power to the village. The ''[[Sarpanch]]'' aims at getting [[Wi-Fi]] connected to the entire village so that the villagers can use unlimited internet once they purchase the [[modem]] from the [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] office.

The panchayat in this village has made efforts to provide the best possible facilities to students. E-Class and [[CCTV]] cameras are installed in the primary schools as well as in the village. Apart from schools, 25 CCTVs are installed at prime junctions of the village so that the litterbugs can be spotted and punished.

Auto Rixa are used for transport purpose within the village.

For communication purpose, 120 waterproof speakers are installed, which are used by the ''Sarpanch'' to inform the people of new schemes and to make important announcements.

The total estimate for this development work was {{INRConvert|14|c}}, and the state and central governments provided support for the same.

== Education system ==

Education was primarily focused since king of Gondal made it compulsory for all. Literacy level has always been up in all villages of Gondal state.

There are five primary and secondary schools and three high-secondary schools in Moviya. There are three schools that have a hostel facility and own transport bus for village students and neighboring villages' students.

== Water system ==
The panchayat had installed a [[reverse osmosis plant]] in 2010 to ensure the supply of clean drinking water to the villagers. During weddings and other ceremonies, water tankers are arranged. Drinking water taps are available for all. The village also has a proper [[sanitation]] and [[drainage]] system, which is completely underground.

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.moviya.com/}}

{{Rajkot district}}

[[Category:Villages in Rajkot district]]

Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016

2024-04-10T21:32:15Z

GJSAnnie74: redirect

#REDIRECT [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]] {{R from merge}}

Sunranwala

2023-08-30T23:54:04Z

GJSAnnie74: update page based on references and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Sunranwala, Kapurthala]] {{R from merge}}