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Association for Protection of Democratic Rights

2026-05-07T03:37:41Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Article!

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian human rights organisation based in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Association for Protection of Democratic Rights
| abbreviation = APDR
| logo = APDR logo.jpg
| formation = 1972
| founders = Civil rights activists in West Bengal
| type = Non-governmental organisation
| status = Active
| purpose = Human rights advocacy, civil liberties protection
| headquarters = 18, Madan Baral Lane, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| region_served = India
| website = [https://www.apdrwb.in www.apdrwb.in]
}}

The '''Association for Protection of Democratic Rights''' ('''APDR''') is one of India's oldest human rights organisations. It was founded in 1972 in [[West Bengal]]. The organisation focuses on civil liberties, democratic rights, political prisoners, and state accountability, especially in contexts of custodial deaths, police brutality, and repression under anti-terror laws.

== History ==
APDR was founded in the political context of the early 1970s, marked by the [[Naxalite movement]] and state repression in West Bengal. The organisation's first public declaration was released on 9 September 1972.<ref name="wire1">{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Sukla |title=Fifty Years of APDR: How the Civil Liberties Movement Took Shape in India |url=https://thewire.in/rights/fifty-years-of-apdr-how-the-civil-liberties-movement-took-shape-in-india |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=The Wire |date=13 September 2022}}</ref>

During the [[Indian Emergency]] (1975–77), APDR was banned and its literature destroyed. Several activists were arrested.<ref name="gx1">{{Cite web |title=APDR@50 – An Epic Journey (Part 3) |url=https://www.groundxero.in/2021/10/22/apdr50-an-epic-journey-part-3/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=Groundxero}}</ref>

== Objectives and activities ==
APDR documents cases of:
* illegal arrests and detentions,
* custodial torture and deaths,
* extra-judicial killings,
* denial of rights to political prisoners,
* misuse of laws like [[UAPA]], [[National Security Act (India)|NSA]], [[AFSPA]], and [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|TADA]].<ref name="wire1"/>

It conducted public fact-finding reports and protests, including:
* the Archana Guha torture case (1977),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Archana Guha's story still haunts civil society |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/archana-guhas-story-still-haunts-civil-society/articleshow/67116777.cms |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=16 December 2018}}</ref>
* the Rizwanur Rahman custodial death case (2007),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Activists demand CBI probe in Rizwanur case |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/activists-demand-cbi-probe-in-rizwanur-case/505568 |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=Outlook India |date=28 September 2007}}</ref>
* and the Bhikhari Paswan incident (1993).<ref>{{Cite web |title=People's Movement in India - Bhikhari Paswan case |url=https://www.sacw.net/2003/BhikhariPaswan.html |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

== Legal action ==
APDR filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1990s against the felling of 4,000 trees on Jessore Road, which led to a landmark judgment on environmental protection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APDR v State of West Bengal |url=https://www.r2heinfo.com/summaries/association-for-protection-of-democratic-rights-v-the-state-of-west-bengal-and-others/ |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

== Campaigns ==
In later years, APDR opposed:
* National Register of Citizens (NRC) and [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Massive anti-CAA rally in Kolkata |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/massive-anti-caa-rally-in-kolkata/cid/1732254 |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>
* arrest of activists under UAPA,<ref>{{Cite web |title=APDR demands withdrawal of UAPA cases against Arundhati Roy |url=https://www.apdrwb.in/apdr/singlepost/press-statement-1762024-arundhati-roy |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=APDR Official}}</ref>
* treatment of tribal villagers in Bastar and Jangalmahal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fact-finding team slams Bastar crackdown |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/fact-finding-team-slams-bastar-crackdown/story-GnLR4I1zCPiyS90YaLXYDJ.html |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 August 2015}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2003, police alleged that APDR had links with Maoist groups, which the organisation denied, asserting its non-partisan rights-based stance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=APDR has links with Naxals: Police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/apdr-has-links-with-naxals-say-police/articleshow/141870.cms |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2003}}</ref>

In 2004, APDR workers in Jangipara, Hooghly, were attacked by ruling CPI(M) members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: Physical attack on APDR activists |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/asia/india/Physical-Attack-on-Human-Rights |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=FIDH}}</ref>

== Structure ==
APDR operates through local branches across West Bengal, with its central office in Kolkata. It collaborates with:
* [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL),
* [[Committee for Protection of Democratic Rights]] (CPDR),
* [[Organisation for Protection of Democratic Rights]] (OPDR),
* Amnesty International, and others.<ref name="gx1"/>

== Publications ==
APDR publishes pamphlets, reports, and books on issues like:
* Political Prisoners in India
* Custodial Deaths in West Bengal
* Human Rights and Armed Forces

== Legacy ==
APDR played a foundational role in the civil liberties movement in India. Its model inspired other organisations like:
* PUCL (1976),
* Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee (1973),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=S.G. |title=Civil Rights Movements in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=174–180 |date=1983}}</ref>
* Jharkhand Organisation for Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Groups in India |url=https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rule-of-law/archives/india |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]]
* [[Committee for Protection of Democratic Rights]]
* [[Civil liberties in India]]
* [[Custodial deaths in India]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://www.apdrwb.in Official Website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/APDRofficial Facebook page]

[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Civil liberties advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in West Bengal]]

Narsobawadi

2026-05-03T12:50:50Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Started a data needs work

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nrusinhwadi
| other_name =
| nickname = (narasobāchi wāḍī)
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.69|N|74.60|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 416104
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sangli]] is 19 km and [[Kolhapur]] is 48 km
| blank1_name_sec2 = Nearest Railway Station
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Sangli railway station]] is 20 km
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Nrusinhwadi
}}

'''Nrusinhawadi''' commonly known as '''Narsobawadi''' or '''Narsobachi Wadi''' is a small town in Shirol Tahasil in [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]. Narsobawadi gets its name from the presence of 'Shri [[Narasimha Saraswati|Nrusinha Saraswati]]', the Purna Avatar of Lord Dattatreya.

With much archaeological value, this became a major pilgrim spot for many Shri Dattatreya devotees. Also, there is a confluence of the two rivers Panchganga and Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahalaxmikolhapur.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=83|title=Places To See Near Kolhapur|website=www.mahalaxmikolhapur.com|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>

== Description ==
Nrusinhawadi is famous for the [[Hindu]] temple of Shri Nrusinha Saraswati ({{langx|mr|नृसिंह सरस्वती}}) (1378–1458) located on the banks of the river Krushna.<ref name="DamleDamle2020">{{cite book|author1=Amod N. Damle|author2=Nilu H. Damle|title=Culture of Inequality: The Changing Hindu–Muslim Relations in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN38DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|date=22 October 2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-021703-2|pages=7–}}</ref>

Shri Dattatreya in his Nrusinha Saraswati incarnation is believed to have lived here for as long as 12 years. (Ref. Shri Gurucharitra). The life story of Shri Nrusinha Saraswati, his philosophy and related stories are described in [[Shri Guru Charitra]]. There are no images or idols here which show his presence. But there are two padukas or slippers which immortalize his great avatar.

Temple's Daily Schedule:
:05.00 Kakad Aarti and Paduka Puja
:08.00 to 12.00 [[Rudrabhisheka|Rudrabhishek]]
:12.30 to 13.30 Maha Puja, Aarti
:15.00 to 16.00 Pavamana Sookta Parayan
:19.30 Dhoop Aarti
:20.00 Palkhi
:22.00 Shej Aarti
:(after the Shej Aarti the temple is closed for devotees)

[[Vasudevanand Saraswati|Vasudevanand Saraswati Maharaj]], also known as Tembe Swami, a saint of recent times who is regarded as an incarnation of Dattatreya stayed here for 12 years. The room where Maharaj stayed is near the famous Datta temple which has the padukas of Dattatreya.

==Festivals celebrated in Temple==
# [[Datta Jayanti]]
# [[Narasimha Jayanti]] is celebrated in the Hindu calendar Pushya month
# Gopal Kala Utsav is celebrated from Magha Poornima to Phalguna Panchami.
# Sripada Srivallabha Jayanthi is celebrated in Badrapada Masa on Ganesha Chaturthi Day
# Dakshin dwar Sohla in which Krishna river water flows from North gate to South gate through temple

== Location and transport ==
Narasimhawadi is a small town located at the banks of [[Krishna River]]. It is about 3 km from Shirol Taluka. Kurundawad is the nearest town and is about 2 km away. Medical City, Miraj is at a distance of 19 km. State transport bus depot is located close to the temple premises.
Narasimhawadi may be reached by state transport buses that available from [[Jaysingpur]] and [[Kolhapur]].
Nearest railway station is [[Jaysingpur]] which is about 17 km from this place.
There are state transport buses connecting nearby cities. There are share jeeps and private vehicles available too.
The typical distances from major cities in [[Maharashtra]] are:
Pune – Narsoba Wadi (254 km), Sangli – Narsoba Wadi (22 km), Miraj – Narsoba Wadi (19 km), Jaysingpur – Narsoba Wadi (16.7 km), Kolhapur – Narsoba Wadi (52 km), Audumbar – Narsoba Wadi (53 km), Nipanni – Narsoba Wadi (45 km), Mumbai – Narsoba Wadi (405 km via Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway). (Ref. Google Maps)

=== Railways ===
Central Railway's [[Sangli railway station]] is the closest [[Railway station|Railway stations]] which is connected to almost all parts of India.

Nearest railway station [[Sangli]] is 22 km from Narsobawadi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/sangli-sli/79 |title=49 Departures from Sangli CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref> [[Sangli]] station is the nearest major railway station, about {{convert|22|km|abbr=on}} away on the Mumbai–Bangalore main line. Sangli railway station is also connected to the city via bus services. From Sangli railway station, there are several trains to Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune, Goa, Mysuru, Hubli, Belgaum, Surat, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Ajmer, Agra, Gwalior, Jhansi, Puducherry, Tirunelveli(Kanyakumari), Guntakal, Tiruchirapali, Ratlam, Kota, Nagpur, Itarsi, Chitaurgarh, Abu Road, Gandhidham etc. Sangli station is convenient to reach from Narsobawadi.

Many Devotees from [[North Karnataka]] prefer [[Sangli railway station]] to visit Narsobawadi. Further [[Jaysingpur]] station is smaller, but closest to the destination. Jaysingpur falls in between the cities of Sangli and Kolhapur.

==Amenities==
The town is known for its [[Basundi]] and Kandi [[peda|pedhe]]. [[Limonia acidissima|Kavathachi]] [[barfi]] is another local delicacy. There are many small food stalls around temple premises serving hot local preparations like amboli, kat-wada, mirchi bhajiyas and fresh sugarcane juice. Lodgings is available at local brahmin houses at reasonable rate. The hosts also serve simple homemade Brahmin meals.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://archive.org/details/GuruCharitraMarathi Shri Guru Charitra texts]
* http://wikimapia.org/126733/Narsinha-Wadi-Narasoba-Wadi-or-Narsoba-Wadi-or-Narasimhapur-or-Nrusimha-Wadi
* http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/10/narsobachi-wadi.html
* https://www.google.co.in/maps

{{Kolhapur district topics}}
{{Sangli district topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Arambagh PC Sen Railway Station

2026-05-03T00:42:11Z

GAURI PARIHAR: New!

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Arambagh Prafulla Chandra Sen railway station
| name_lang = English
| other_name = Arambagh railway station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]][[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| image = Arambagh Railway Station 2.jpg
| caption = Arambagh-Tarkeshwar EMU at Platform No.2
| address = Bulundi Road, [[Arambagh]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.88|N|87.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|10|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| lines = [[Howrah-Seoraphuli-Bishnupur branch line]]
Arambagh Bowaichandi Line (Proposed)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SE.RLY BOWAICHANDI-ARAMBAGH NEW LINE (31 KM). 36. BHADUTOLA JHARGRAM VIA LALGARH NEW LINE (54.5 KM). 37. BURAMARA CHAKULIA NEW LINE (50 KM) |url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1734073561473-map.pdf}}</ref>
| distance = 200 metres
| platforms = 3
| tracks = 3
| bus_stands = 1
| structure = Elevated
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes
| status = Operational
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = AMBG
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| opened = 2011-2012
| electrified = 2011-2012
| former = Tarakeswar-Bishnupur line
| passengers =
| pass_system = India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Mayapur|right=Goghat|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Goghat |type=[[Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line]]}}
| other_services =
| other_services2 =
| route_map = {{Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line}}
| mapframe = Yes
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Arambagh Railway Station
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| map_size = 300
| Track Gauge =
| route_map 2 = Arambagh-Bowaichandi Railway Line(Proposed)
}}

'''Arambagh Prafulla Chandra Sen Railway Station''' is a railway station of the [[Howrah–Seoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line|Howrah–Seoraphuli–Bishnupur line]] under [[Howrah railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]. It is situated beside [[Darbeshpur]]-Tirol-[[Arambagh]] Road at [[Arambagh]] in [[Hooghly district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prafulla Chandra Sen Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/arambagh-prafulla-chandra-sen-ambg/9838 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arambagh P C Sen (AMBG) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/arambagh-p-c-sen-ambg |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah - Goghat Local/37371 Train Running Status Seoraphuli/SHE to Goghat/GOGT - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/train-running-status-howrah-goghat-local-37371/21076/1/10678 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2024-04-09 |title=Tarakeswar-Bishnupur rail link nears completion |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/tarakeswar-bishnupur-rail-link-nears-completion-1503288466.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

In 1887, [[Howrah–Seoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line]] was planned to be constructed, and it was to be a track connecting Tarakeswar with Bishnupur. It was 90% completed before the 1900s, but a big pond was there in the track, and the villagers did not give the land to Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Pratik |date=2025-02-27 |title=Residents of this West Bengal village have been fighting for over a decade to protect their waterbody |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/residents-of-this-west-bengal-village-have-been-fighting-for-over-a-decade-to-protect-their-waterbody |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref> The station was opened in November 2011. The Talpur-Arambagh sector was started on 4 June 2012.<ref>{{Citation |title=Howrah–Seoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line |date=2025-10-07 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howrah%E2%80%93Seoraphuli%E2%80%93Bishnupur_branch_line&oldid=1315603692 |access-date=2025-10-08 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Rly gives nod to Mamata project" |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=412071&catid=36}}</ref> In August 2025, it was 70% finished and expected the first Howrah to Bishnupur train of this line will run in April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah - Goghat Local/37371 Train Running Status Seoraphuli/SHE to Goghat/GOGT - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/train-running-status-howrah-goghat-local-37371/21076/1/10678 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Future==
In the future, the station will be enlarged to 4 or 5 platforms because of the construction of the [[Howrah–Seoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-07-15 |title=Eastern Railway plans new route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/eastern-railway-plans-new-route/articleshow/77650.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |title=Bangla News, Bengali News, Latest Bengali News, Bengali Breaking News, বাংলা খবর, Bangla News Live |url=https://tv9bangla.com/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> A line from Arambgh to Bowaichandi is planned to be built.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PinkBook_2018-19/SER.pdf |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2018-19/PinkBook_2018-19/SER.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |title=Prafulla Chandra Sen Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/arambagh-prafulla-chandra-sen-ambg/9838 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2011]]

{{Authority control|qid=Q60062670}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Lebong Valley

2026-04-28T15:24:20Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Started first entry basic info

{{Short description|Valley near Darjeeling, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lebong
| native_name_lang = लेबोङ
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|03|34|N|88|16|43|E}}
}}
Lebong (लेबोङ) is a region located to the north of Darjeeling in the Indian state of West Bengal. It comprises the administrative units of Lebong Valley Gram Panchayat I and Lebong Valley Gram Panchayat II under the [[Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)|Darjeeling Pulbazar Block]], along with Ward No. 32 of the [[Darjeeling]] Municipality.

The valley forms part of the [[Eastern Himalayas|Eastern Himalayan]] landscape and lies within close proximity to the urban centre of [[Darjeeling]], functioning as both a residential and semi-urban extension of the town. It includes local urban centres such as Lebong Golai Bazar and Cricket Bazar, which serve as important hubs for commerce and daily activity in the area.
[[File:Lebong Valley, with the hills of Sikkim.jpg|thumb|386x386px|'''Lebong Valley, with the hills of Sikkim''']]
Lebong is also historically and culturally significant, known for the nearby Lebong Race Course, one of the highest racecourses in the world, and for its scenic setting of [[Tea]] plantations within the [[Himalayas]].

== Lebong Race course ==
The Lebong Race Course is a historic site located in the Lebong Valley, to the east of Darjeeling. Established in 1882 alongside the Lebong Cantonment, it formed part of the British colonial military and recreational infrastructure in the region and was associated with various British Army regiments stationed in the area<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History – LEBONG CANTONMENT BOARD |url=https://lebong.cantt.gov.in/history/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250201075605/https://lebong.cantt.gov.in/history/ |archive-date=2025-02-01 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=lebong.cantt.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>.

The racecourse has often been described as one of the highest and smallest in the world. It measures approximately 480 metres in length, considerably shorter than standard racecourses, and is situated within a narrow valley surrounded by Himalayan terrain.

The formal use of the site for racing was governed by a lease agreement dated 20 September 1924 between the General Officer Commanding (GOC), Presidency of Assam District, and the Darjeeling Amusement Club, later known as the Darjeeling Gymkhana Club<ref name=":0" />. The racecourse continued to operate under this arrangement until 1984.
[[File:Gorkha Stadium, Lebong.jpg|thumb|Gorkha stadium, Lebong]]
Horse racing is no longer held at the site. The area is currently under the control of the Indian Army and is used primarily as a helipad, although it continues to host occasional cultural and sporting events.

== Tea Gardens of Lebong ==
The Lebong Valley is historically significant as one of the earliest sites of tea cultivation in the Darjeeling region, with plantations established in the 1850s. The valley continues to host several prominent tea estates, and Golai Bazar functions as a local commercial centre for communities associated with these gardens.
[[File:Pandam Tea Estate, Lebong.jpg|thumb|365x365px|'''Pandam Tea Estate, Lebong''']]
Among the earliest estates is Bannockburn Tea Estate, established in the mid-nineteenth century during the initial phase of tea plantation development in [[Darjeeling tea|Darjeeling]]. The estate covers approximately 300 hectares, of which around 143 hectares are under cultivation, with an annual production of about 90,000 kilograms of tea<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chamong Teas {{!}} About Estates |url=https://chamongtea.com/estates/index.php |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=chamongtea.com}}</ref>. The name “Bannockburn” is said to have been inspired by the [[Bannockburn|historic battlefield in Scotland]], reflecting the origins of early European planters.

[[Ging Tea Garden|Ging Tea Estate]], located within the Lebong Valley, was established in 1864 by the Darjeeling Tea Company. The estate spans roughly 250 hectares and is known for producing a range of teas, including black, green, and white varieties<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ging Tea Estate - Darjeeling Tea Garden - Chamong Group |url=https://darjeelingteaboutique.com/ging-tea-estate/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=DARJEELING TEA BOUTIQUE |language=en-US}}</ref>. The Ging Tea House, constructed during the colonial period, is among the earliest planter bungalows in the region<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Luxury Tea Hotels In Darjeeling |url=https://gingteahouse.com/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Ging Tea House |language=en-US}}</ref>.

[[Phoobsering Tea Estate]], established between 1856 and 1860 by the Darjeeling Tea Company, is one of the oldest plantations in the Darjeeling hills. It covers an area of approximately 510 hectares and is noted for its production of oolong tea<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoobsering Tea Garden {{!}} A Darjeeling Tea Estate of The Chamong Group |url=https://darjeelingteaboutique.com/phoobsering-tea-garden/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=DARJEELING TEA BOUTIQUE |language=en-US}}</ref>.

[[Badamtam Tea Estate]], founded in 1861, is another historic plantation in the Lebong Valley. It is currently owned by the [[Goodricke Group Limited|Goodricke]] Group and extends over approximately 172 hectares, situated at elevations ranging from 350 to 1,830 metres<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badamtam Tea Estate - A Darjeeling Tea Garden - Goodricke Group |url=https://darjeelingteaboutique.com/badamtam-tea-estate/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=DARJEELING TEA BOUTIQUE |language=en-US}}</ref>. The name “Badamtam” is generally believed to have derived from a local Lepcha term.
== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Valleys of India]]
[[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]

Captain Tractors

2026-04-23T23:50:44Z

GAURI PARIHAR: stub!

{{Short description|Tractor manufacturer in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Captain Tractors Private Limited
| logo = Captain tractors logo.jpeg
| former_name = Asha Exim Pvt Ltd
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Manufacturing company
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1994|03|27}} in [[Rajkot, Gujarat]]
| founder = G.T. Patel M.T. Patel
| hq_location_city = [[Rajkot|Rajkot, Gujarat]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
}}

'''Captain Tractors Private Limited''' (CTPL) is an Indian manufacturer of mini tractors and agricultural and farming equipment,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sukhpal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZm00saeXAAC&dq=%22Captain+Tractors%22&pg=PA61 |title=Agricultural Machinery Industry in India: Growth, Structure, Marketing and Buyer Behaviour |date=2010 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-531-8 |language=en}}</ref> headquartered in [[Rajkot|Rajkot, Gujarat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Chintu |date=6 May 2021 |title=CAPTAIN Tractors unveils its 8th generation series of Mini Tractors |url=http://krishijagran.com/industry-news/captain-tractors-unveils-its-8th-generation-series-of-mini-tractors/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Krishi Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Domestic Tractor Sales Reached a Total of 51932 Units in Feb 2022; Drops By 31.35% |url=http://krishijagran.com/farm-mechanization/domestic-tractor-sales-reached-a-total-of-51932-units-in-feb-2022-drops-by-3135/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=krishijagran.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भारत में इन कंपनियों के ट्रैक्टर की बंपर बिक्री, लिस्ट में महिंद्रा टॉप पर, देखें बाकियों के क्या हाल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/auto/car-bikes/best-selling-tractor-in-india-mahindra-swaraj-sonalika-tafe-escorts-eicher-john-deere-force-tractors-sale/articleshow/89075824.cms |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Founded in 1994, CTPL has received several awards, including four national awards and three state awards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Captain Tractors receives huge acceptance and appreciation at SIMA - Paris International Agri-Business Show 2017 |url=http://online.pubhtml5.com/vdxj/xwll/#p=12 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Agri Mech magazine}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-29 |title=Captain Tractors: Providing Outstanding and Innovative Solutions to Farmers |url=https://www.insightssuccess.in/captain-tractors-providing-outstanding-and-innovative-solutions-to-farmers/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Insights Success magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was founded as Asha Exim Pvt Ltd in 1994 by brothers G.T. Patel and M.T. Patel from the state of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Ajeet N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UAgszMG3ZUC&dq=%22Captain+Tractors%22&pg=PT63 |title=IIMA-Strategies for Future: Understanding International Business |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-367-3 |language=en}}</ref> and changed its name to Captain Tractors.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-05 |title=Captain Tractor in India – Pioneer of The Mini Tractor |url=https://www.lezeto.com/captain-tractor-in-india-pioneer-of-the-mini-tractor/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Lezeto |language=en-US}}</ref> The first mini tractor was launched by the company in [[India]] in 1998 <ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dave |first=Vimukt |date=2009-09-11 |title=Captain Tractors to launch 3 mini tractors in 2 years |work=[[Business Standard India]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/captain-tractors-to-launch-3-mini-tractors-in-2-years-109091100047_1.html |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2012 |title=TAFE, Captain Tractors tie up for sub-20-hp tractors |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tafe-captain-tractors-tie-up-for-sub-20-hp-tractors/article20405625.ece1 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> and named after the brand as Captain.<ref name=":0" /> The company started manufacturing agricultural implements and machinery for different farming systems after it received an approval from the [[Government of India]]. Its Captain DI 2600 model received a subsidy approval from the Government of India in 2004.<ref name=":7" /> In 2008, CTPL received two national awards from the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=TAFE and Captain Tractors form strategic alliance for sub 20HP tractors |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/tafe-and-captain-tractors-form-strategic-alliance-for-sub-20hp-tractors-113103009256_1.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2012, the company entered into a strategic partnership with [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE Group]] for small tractor series.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-03 |title=TAFE plans to invest Rs.100 crore on capacity expansion at Madurai |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/tafe-plans-to-invest-rs100-crore-on-capacity-expansion-at-madurai/article3277656.ece |access-date=2022-03-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=NS |date=11 October 2012 |title=Forbes India - Tafe, Mallika Srinivasan: The Tractor Queen |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2012/tafe-mallika-srinivasan-the-tractor-queen/33883/1 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en}}</ref> CTPL has about 60 percent market share in the mini tractor segment.<ref name=":1" /> In 2013 the company received an award for the Best R&D and Entrepreneurship from the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises, India]].<ref name=":3" /> In 2017, CTPL was a participant at the 77th edition of SIMA, the international agri-business show that was held from 26 February to 2 March 2017 at the Paris Nird Villepinte in [[France]]. The company has PA approval from countries including [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Portugal]], [[Greece]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Holland]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Tunisia]], [[Egypt]], and [[Austria]]. It also received the [[Homologation]] certificate for [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe|European countries]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIMA- Paris International Agribusiness Show opening ceremony |url=http://krishijagran.com/news/sima-paris-international-agribusiness-show-opening-ceremony/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=krishijagran.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, CTPL initiated a Memorandum of Understanding agreement with the [[Government of Gujarat]] during the [[Vibrant Gujarat]] 2021 event for a total investment of Rs 100 crore committing to generate employment for 1790 people in [[Rajkot]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 November 2021 |title=20 MoUs totalling ₹24,185 cr investments signed ahead of Vibrant Gujarat Summit |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/20-mous-totalling-24185-cr-investments-signed-ahead-of-vibrant-gujarat-summit/article37624803.ece |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

== International book of records ==
On April 6, 2023, CTPL converted 70 identical mini tractors into chariots during an event in [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]], [[Gujarat]]. These chariots were used to transport more than 140 idols of deities on a spiritual pilgrimage alongside walking participants, covering approximately 27 kilometers over 12 hours. The International Book of Records documented the event and recognized it as a world record for converting the highest number of mini tractors of the same model and color into chariots for a religious event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Tractor Sets New World Record with Spiritual Pilgrimage Featuring 70 Identical Mini Tractors |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/captain-tractor-sets-new-world-record-with-spiritual-pilgrimage-featuring-70-identical-mini-tractors |access-date= |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Mini Tractor Day ==
CTPL pioneered the development of indigenous mini tractors in India. After various experiments in 1994, the company invented the mini tractor and launched its first model on May 27, 1998. It was designed to mechanize agriculture and support small and marginal farmers in increasing agricultural productivity and income. This day is commemorated annually as 'The Mini Tractor Day' across 17 states. The product has received 10 national awards from the [[Government of India]]. In March 2024, the company launched its 250 Lion Series. These tractors featured Dual Cylinder Simpson Engines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=May 27 Is Celebrated As The Mini Tractor Day Across India |url=https://westerntimesnews.in/news/266620/may-27-is-celebrated-as-the-mini-tractor-day-across-india/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2008 - Awarded two National Award for R&D efforts by the [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Tractors Pvt Ltd: pioneer of the mini tractor |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/india-automobiles/showcase/captain-tractors-pvt-ltd |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[India Brand Equity Foundation|IBEF]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
* 2012 - Best [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|MSME]] award by the [[Government of Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards to Best MSMEs 2012-13 Entrepreneurial Excellence of MSMEs |url=https://ic.gujarat.gov.in/documents/pagecontent/MSMEAwards_Booklet.pdf |website=ic.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>
* 2015 - Awarded two National Award for Product Innovation & Outstanding Entrepreneurship in Micro & Small Enterprises<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of the Awardees of MSME National Awards - 2015 |url=http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/national_awardlist_2015.pdf |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=www.dcmsme.gov.in}}</ref>
* 2021 - Farm Power Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculturetoday Presents {{!}} 3rd Farm Power Awards 2021 |url=https://www.agriculturetoday.in/fpa2021/images/f-logo.jpg |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.agriculturetoday.in |language=en}}</ref>
* 2021 - ITOTY Award for Best Tractor between 21-30 HP<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=ITOTY - The Winner of ITOTY 2019 {{!}} Indian Tractor of The Year Winner |url=https://www.itoty.org/winners |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.itoty.org}}</ref>
* 2022 - ITOTY Award for Best Tractor under 20 HP<ref name=":6" />
* Patidar Udyog Ratna Award for Best Business Leadership{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
* 2024 - ITOTY Award for Best Tractor under 20 HP and Tractor Exporter of The Year<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITOTY - The Winner of ITOTY{{!}} Indian Tractor of The Year Winner |url=https://www.itoty.org/winners |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.itoty.org}}</ref>
* 2025 - Captain Tractor's directors—Rajesh Movaliya, Kailesh Movaliya, Nayan Movaliya, Satish Movaliya, and Shailesh Movaliya—were featured in the Forbes Select 200 list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Srishty |title=Captain Tractors' visionary leaders featured in prestigious Forbes Select 200 list |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-captain-tractors-visionary-leaders-featured-in-prestigious-forbes-select-200-list-3125762 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://captaintractors.com/ Official website]
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/captain-tractors-private-limited/U51909GJ1994PTC022141 Captain Tractors] on [[The Economic Times]]

[[Category:Agricultural machinery manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Tractor manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajkot]]

Dang Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:33Z

GAURI PARIHAR: creating

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dang
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Dang district, India|Dang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 173
| mla = Vijaybhai Rameshbhai Patel
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:193369}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Dang''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Dang district, India|Dang]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,

# Dang District entirely (Waghai, Ahwa and Subir Taluka)

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Vijaybhai Patel]]
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Mangalbhai Gavit
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|Mangalbhai Gavit
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2020 by election
| rowspan="2" | [[Vijaybhai Patel|Vijaybhai Rameshbai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election candidate==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Dangs Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vijaybhai Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=62533|percentage=47.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Patel Mukeshbhai Chandarbhai|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42859|percentage=32.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunil Gamit<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=20822|percentage=15.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1910|percentage=1.45|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=19,674|percentage=14.96|change=}}
-->
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:188585}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

==Election results==

=== 2020 by-poll ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2020: Dangs<ref name="Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10|accessdate=5 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140700/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10|archivedate=5 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate =[[Vijaybhai Patel|Vijaybhai Rameshbai Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 94,006
|percentage = 69.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suryakantbhai Ratanbhai Gavit|party=Indian National Congress|votes=33,911|percentage=25.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the Above|votes=2,939|percentage=2.17|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=60,095|percentage=44.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,35,148|percentage=75.83|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Dangs<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713055624/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mangalbhai Gavit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57,820
|percentage = 47.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vijaybhai Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=57,052|percentage=46.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Dinesbhai Pawar
|party = IND
|votes = 3,035
|percentage = 2.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=768|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,22,672|percentage=73.70|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Dangs<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mangalbhai Gavit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45,637
|percentage = 45.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vijaybhai Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=43,215|percentage=42.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,422|percentage=2.40|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,00,773|percentage=69.79|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dang district, India|Dang district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Dang district, India}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|20.8|73.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Dang district, India|Assembly constituency]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Anindita Paul

2026-04-17T02:51:48Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Post

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=October 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Anindita Paul
| image = Anindita Paul.jpg
| caption = Anindita at a photoshoot in Assam, 2016
| birth_name = Anindita Paul
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India
| genre = [[Indipop]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|[[composer]]|songwriter|producer}}
| years_active = 2000–present
| website = {{URL|http://www.aninditapaul.in/}}
}}
'''Anindita Paul''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] who performs primarily in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Hindi]]. She has worked in [[Assamese cinema]] and has recorded songs for [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anindita Paul |url=https://houseofstarss.com/playback-singer-female/anindita-paul |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=houseofstarss.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Anindita Paul received a Visharad degree in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical vocal music]] from an institution affiliated with the [[Bhatkhande Music Institute]], [[Lucknow]]. She initially trained under Dipen Roy in [[Guwahati]] and later continued her training in [[Kolkata]] under [[Pandit]] [[Ajoy Chakrabarty|Ajoy Chakraborty]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anindita Paul - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8145143/bio/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

Paul began her career performing stage shows in [[Assam]] and later became an artist of [[Bhajans]] and modern songs at [[All India Radio|All India Radio]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet stations of All India Radio — listen online live streams |url=https://onlineradiofm.in/broadcaster/all-india-radio |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=onlineradiofm.in}}</ref>

In 2000, she released her first [[Assamese language|Assamese]] album, {{Lang|as|Bilot Tire Birai Podumor Pahi Oye}}. The lyrics and compositions were written by Kamalananda Bhattacharya. Paul sang three songs on the album, including the title track.<ref name=":0" />

In 2001, Paul made her debut in Bollywood with the song “Kaisa Dhuan Uth Raha Hai” along with [[Zubeen Garg]] and [[Sagarika Mukherjee]] for Garg’s album [[Nupur (album)|Nupur]]. She later collaborated with Zubeen Garg on several projects in Assamese cinema, including the film {{Lang|as|Prem Aru Prem}} (2002).<ref>{{cite web|title="Kaisa Dhuan" (not available on Online Music Streaming, but only written on Sagarika's Instagram Stories)|url=https://www.instagram.com/s/aGlnaGxpZ2h0OjE3ODQzMDQ2MzkyNDQ0ODc5?story_media_id=2417572887082076708_4325218005|website=Instagram|accessdate=10 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nupur (2001) - Hindi Album, Tracklists, Full Album Details and more|url=http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/08/9168943891875835053.html|website=ZG Discography|accessdate=26 August 2021}}</ref>

Paul's debut solo album, ''Tumar Prasangshat'' (2010), was titled by poet [[Hiren Bhattacharyya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nelitreview.tumblr.com/post/26317578540/hiruda-and-his-musical-journey|title=Hiruda and his Musical Journey|website=NELIT Review|publisher=Siba K Gogoi|accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref>

== Film songs ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film name / Album !! Song
|-
|2021
|''Tomar Prasangshat''
|bokul phoolor dorez
|-
| 2016 || [[Gaane Ki Aane]] || Dancing Tonight<ref>{{cite web|title='DANCING TONIGHT ' Full AUDIO song - Gaane Ki Aane - Zubeen Garg & Parineeta - Anindita Paul|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBoAyPIPOkw|website=Youtube| date=31 December 2015 |publisher=Gaane Ki Aane|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || [[Raag (film)|Raag]] || a) Ayee Joon Jilmil Xondhiya<ref>{{cite web|title=Ae Jon Jilmil Xondhia|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihZGIalakMI|website=Youtube| date=19 January 2014 |publisher=Rajni Basumatary}}</ref> b) Tuptup Shore Endhar<ref>{{cite web|title=Tup Tup Xore Andhar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSo5Y_3ybOI|website=Youtube| date=20 January 2014 |publisher=Rajni Basumatary|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref> c) Akou Ebar<ref>{{cite web|title=Akou Ebar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TFq13oVi0Y|website=Youtube| date=20 January 2014 |publisher=Rajni Basumatary|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || Kachhe Achho Tumi (''Bengali Film'') || Chokhe Chokhe<ref>{{cite web|title=Swastika & Jishu - Zubeen Garg - Chokhe Chokhe - Kachhe Achho Tumi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QmDk3xWSs|website=Youtube|publisher=INRECO Bangla Film Songs|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || [[Jetuka Pator Dore]] || Biphol Sokupanire
|-
| 2010 || Mon Niye (''Bengali Film'') || Chena Chena<ref>{{cite web|title=Chena Chena - 2010 - Mon Niye Bengali Movie Song Zubeen Garg, Anindita|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhaBbjWjUyU|website=Youtube| date=29 August 2014 |publisher=Saregama Bengali|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || Aami Asomiya || Hei Khyon Aji Hatotey
|-
| 2006 || [[Adhinayak]] || Shopunor pahe pahe meli dilu axare soi<ref>{{cite web|title=ZUBEEN & ANINDITA PAUL Shopunor Pahe Pahe|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8X9EK1HeH1w|website=Youtube| date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || Senai Mur Dhulia || Mitha ei rati<ref>{{cite web|title=MITHA EAI RAATI by Anindita Paul Film - SENAI MUR DHULIA|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHOfcicrm68|website=Youtube| date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || Dinabandhu || (a) Kor Ejak Shopun Jen Boroshun<ref>{{cite web|title=Kor Ejak Dinabandhoo (2004) Best of Assamese Cinema|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xU4xp7DE_7M|website=Youtube|publisher=Assamese Film|accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref> (b) Diya muk diya<ref>{{cite web|title=Zubeen Garg & Anindita Paul- Diya muk Diya|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUbTmnkz9iY|website=Youtube| date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || Prem Bhara Chakalu || (a) Prem bhora sokulu (b) Akash Nila Kagojote
|-
| 2002 || Prem Aru Prem || Morom edhani morom<ref>{{cite web|title=ZUBEEN AND ANINDITA PAUL song SIORI SIORI|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfstQ7LUKOw|website=Youtube| date=10 April 2010 |accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Non-film songs==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Song
|-
| 2016 || Hindi || Naina<ref>{{cite web|title=Naina by Anindita Paul|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0tF56MCtuM|website=Youtube| date=23 April 2016 |accessdate=30 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Hindi || Chamak<ref>{{cite web|title=CHAMAK|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsOJAb0t0aw|website=Youtube| date=14 August 2015 |publisher=Eddie Avil|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Nandini (Assamese Mega Serial) || Title Song(Rang Channel)<ref>{{cite web|title=ASSAMESE Rang Tv mega serial - NANDINI title song 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stFY1wmVVTI|website=Youtube|publisher=Angel Arora|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || - || Poley Poley<ref>{{cite web|title=Kopil Bora & Florence Handique in "Poley Poley" - by Anindita Paul|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2UfE9eCrso|website=Youtube| date=22 June 2014 |accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || Pratigya (Assamese Mega Serial) || Title Song (Rang channel)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratigya Rang TV Serial FULL Title Song|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1UMUPH2djY|website=Youtube|publisher=Assamese Film and Culture|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2010 || rowspan="3"|Tumar Prashangshat || Aai o Aai<ref>{{cite web|title=Assamese video by ANINDITA PAUL - Song- Aai o Aai, Album- TUMAR PROXONGKHAT|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcSp0YDFr0g|website=Youtube| date=18 March 2012 |accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Bokul Phulor Dore<ref>{{cite web|title=Bokul Phular Dore|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C46f_b-XxE|website=Youtube|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Phagoon Aahe<ref>{{cite web|title=Assamese video by ANINDITA PAUL - Song- Phagoon Aahe, Album- TUMAR PROXONGKHAT|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhXFVKsBucg|website=Youtube| date=9 May 2010 |accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || Nupur (Zubeen's Hindi Album) || "Kaisa Dhuan"<ref>{{cite web|title="Kaisa Dhuan" (not available on Online Music Streaming, but only written on Sagarika's Instagram Stories)|url=https://www.instagram.com/s/aGlnaGxpZ2h0OjE3ODQzMDQ2MzkyNDQ0ODc5?story_media_id=2417572887082076708_4325218005|website=Instagram|accessdate=10 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2000 || - || Sorai Halodhiya<ref>{{cite web|title=Assamese song -SORAI HALODHIA, by- Anindita Paul|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLMPJ_qzYE4|website=Youtube| date=19 August 2010 |accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2000 || - || Bilot Tirebirai Podumor Pahi<ref>{{cite web|title=Assamese song -BILOT TIREBIRAI, by- Anindita Paul|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBehIk2T0Xo&spfreload=5|website=Youtube| date=16 August 2010 |accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
|}

== Recorded works in Hindi and other languages ==

Anindita Paul sang her first Hindi Song, "Kaisa Dhuan Uth Raha Hai", along with singers Zubeen Garg and Sagarika Mukherjee from Zubeen's album ''Nupur'' in 2001. Later, she also sang under Zubeen Garg's music direction in the Hindi film ''Strings''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3687984/|title=Strings: Bound by Faith (2006)|website=IMDB|publisher=May 2006}}</ref> and the Hindi-Assamese bilingual ''[[Ekhon Nedekha Nodir Xhipare]]''. She has sung for Bengali films, including {{Lang|bn|Kumauner Konya}}, under the music direction of [[Ravindra Jain]]. She has also lent her voice to the TV serial ''[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.kinorium.com/775932/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=en.kinorium.com}}</ref>([[Star One (TV channel)|Star One]]) for music director [[Pritam]].

Paul can be heard on the remix album ''Play-Gal Mix'' (released by [[Universal Music]]) and ''Dance Attack'' (released by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]), and has recorded two [[Telugu language|Telugu]] devotional songs for flutist [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|Naveen Kumar]] in [[Mumbai]]. Paul performed in the Spirit of Unity Concert for Universal Integration at [[Visakhapatnam]] in 2007, and she recently joined [[Shankar Mahadevan|Shankar Mahadevan Productions]]’ musical show ''My Country My Music''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/how-indias-diversity-inspired-shankar-mahadevan-to-make-music/16883180|title=How India's diversity inspired Shankar Mahadevan to make music|date=28 February 2016|publisher=Mid-Day Daily}}</ref>

Paul has worked alongside [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in the [[Chhattisgarhi cinema|Chhattisgarhi]] film ''[[Bhakla]]''.

== Awards ==

Anindita Paul has been nominated twice for the National Film Awards: for the song '{{Lang|as|Kor Ejak Shopun Jen Boroshun|italic=no}}' from the film {{Lang|as|Dinabandhu}} and for '{{Lang|as|Biphol Sokupanire|italic=no}}' from ''[[Jetuka Pator Dore]]''. Other awards include:

* 2004: Jyotipura Media Award for Best Female Playback Singer for '{{Lang|as|Kor Ejak Shopun Jen Boroshun|italic=no}}' ({{Lang|as|Dinabandhu}})
* 2005: Prag Cine Award for Best Female Playback Singer for '{{Lang|as|Kor Ejak Shopun Jen Boroshun|italic=no}}' (Dinabandhu) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050307/asp/guwahati/story_4461471.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095619/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050307/asp/guwahati/story_4461471.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Actors play phoenix at awards function - Gogoi appeals for donation at Prag ceremony to rebuild B. Borooah|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>
* 2010: Prag Cine Award for Best Female Playback Singer for '{{Lang|as|Biphol sokupanire|italic=no}}' ({{Lang|as|Jetuka Pator Dore}})
* 2014: [[Prag Cine Awards 2014|Prag Cine Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for ''[[Raag (film)|Raag]]'' [[Raag (film)|(film)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2014/03/list-of-award-winners-prag-cine-award-2014.html|title=List of Award Winners : Prag Cine Award 2014|website=Magical Assam|publisher=Magical Assam Staff|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creativica.in/nominations-of-prag-cine-award-2014/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531082314/http://www.creativica.in/nominations-of-prag-cine-award-2014/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 May 2016|title=Nominations of Prag Cine Award 2014|website=Creativica|publisher=Abhijit Roy|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0414/city05 |title=The Assam Tribune Online |website=Nominations for Prag Cine Award, 2013 |publisher=Staff Reporter |accessdate=5 May 2016 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315231108/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0414%2Fcity05 |archivedate=15 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ragasur.com/blog/avinominated/|title=Avinash gets nod for best music director|website=Ragasur|accessdate=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805001612/http://www.ragasur.com/blog/avinominated/|archive-date=5 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2015: Assam State Award Best Female Playback Singer for ''[[Raag (film)|Raag]]'' [[Raag (film)|(film)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramen Baruah honoured|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=oct1815|website=The Assam Tribune Online|publisher=Ramen Baruah honoured Staff Reporter|accessdate=2 June 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
* [http://www.aninditapaul.in Official Website]
*{{Facebook |id=100000174372348}}
*{{Instagram |id=singer_aninditapaul}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Anindita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Guwahati]]
[[Category:Singers from Assam]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Assam]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Nungba Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:13Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Starting some details first draft - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nungba
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| mla = [[Dinganglung Gangmei]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:29510}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Nungba''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nungba constituency results |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nungba-manipur-assembly-constituency |website=Result University |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>[Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/nungba.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Nungba Assembly Constituency]</ref>

It is part of [[Tamenglong district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kalanlung || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Jangamlung || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Saikhangam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || [[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Gaikhangam Gangmei || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Gangmumei Kamei]] || {{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Gangmumei Kamei || {{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Gaikhangam Gangmei || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Gaikhangam Gangmei || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || Gaikhangam Gangmei || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Gaikhangam Gangmei || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || Dinganglung Gangmei || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|57.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|42.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|36.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|31.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|23.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.41}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinganglung Gangmei |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,464 |percentage=57.39% |change=31.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,678 |percentage=42.37% |change=-9.79% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,786 |percentage=15.02% |change=-11.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,201 |percentage=85.40% |change= 7.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,510 |change =16.22% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.23% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,255 |percentage=52.16% |change=-1.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adim Pamei |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,108 |percentage=25.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pou Mathiupuang Gonmei |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=4,111 |percentage=20.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamei William Kabui |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=110 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,147 |percentage=26.18% |change=12.35% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,659 |percentage=77.42% |change= 2.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,392 |change =12.42% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,040 |percentage=53.67% |change=-10.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adim Pamei |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,710 |percentage=39.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Gaingam |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,092 |percentage=6.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,330 |percentage=13.83% |change=-16.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,844 |percentage=74.57% |change= -11.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,586 |change =7.23% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.18% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,595 |percentage=63.85% |change=18.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gangmumei Kamei]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,012 |percentage=33.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangamlung |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=2.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khamkhogin Thangjom |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=115 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,583 |percentage=30.74% |change=24.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,161 |percentage=86.22% |change= -3.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,063 |change =22.12% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 18.47% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,977 |percentage=45.37% |change=9.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prof. Gangmumei Kamei |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=6,085 |percentage=39.57% |change=-2.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashinpou Gangmei |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,679 |percentage=10.92% |change=3.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amu Kamei |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=636 |percentage=4.14% |change=-5.98% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=892 |percentage=5.80% |change=-0.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,377 |percentage=89.42% |change= 0.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,248 |change =2.37% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 8.78% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gangmumei Kamei]] |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=6,282 |percentage=42.38% |change=5.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,291 |percentage=35.70% |change=0.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amu Kamei |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,500 |percentage=10.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashinpou Gangmei |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,057 |percentage=7.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Haopu Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=3.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=991 |percentage=6.69% |change=5.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,822 |percentage=88.39% |change= -0.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,849 |change =8.59% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 5.79% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gangmumei Kamei]] |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=4,982 |percentage=36.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,772 |percentage=35.05% |change=-16.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Gaijinlung |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,431 |percentage=17.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amu Kamei |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,430 |percentage=10.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=210 |percentage=1.54% |change=-2.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,615 |percentage=88.73% |change= -5.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,516 |change =-8.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,235 |percentage=52.03% |change=-2.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gangmumei Kamei]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,592 |percentage=47.97% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=643 |percentage=4.06% |change=-4.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,827 |percentage=94.53% |change= 10.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,939 |change =16.56% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.04% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,484 |percentage=54.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gangmumei Kamei]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,508 |percentage=45.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=976 |percentage=8.14% |change=0.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,992 |percentage=84.06% |change= 7.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,532 |change =18.34% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 22.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Saikhangam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,905 |percentage=31.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangamlung |party=Janata Party |votes=2,168 |percentage=23.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Gaingam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,064 |percentage=22.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalanlung |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,951 |percentage=21.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehkam |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=135 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=737 |percentage=7.99% |change=7.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,223 |percentage=77.03% |change= -0.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,280 |change =36.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= 7.83% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangamlung |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=1,618 |percentage=23.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pougailungpou |party=Independent politician |votes=1,563 |percentage=22.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalanlung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,545 |percentage=22.60% |change=-15.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamtinlal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,424 |percentage=20.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namtiang |party=Independent politician |votes=619 |percentage=9.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamkhokam |party=Independent politician |votes=49 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55 |percentage=0.80% |change=-12.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,836 |percentage=77.41% |change= 23.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,999 |change =27.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.74% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Nungba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalanlung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,374 |percentage=38.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pougailungpou |party=Independent politician |votes=885 |percentage=24.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Huriang |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=15.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satkholal Neisheil |party=Independent politician |votes=490 |percentage=13.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Champadik |party=Independent politician |votes=288 |percentage=8.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=489 |percentage=13.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,577 |percentage=53.46% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,032 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Tamenglong district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.75|93.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Tamenglong district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Basta Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:18Z

GAURI PARIHAR: New!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basta
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 37
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Subasini Jena]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,46,159{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Basta''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=37|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225160035/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=37|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Basta (37) District : Balasore|accessdate= 22 February 2014}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes all 28 GPs of Baliapal block and 17 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Kainagiri, Naikudi, Mukulishi, Irda, Sahada, Chakuri, Darada, Barungadia, Patrajhada, Brahmanda, Sadanandapur, Kudia, Baharda, Mathani, Dudhahansa, Routpada and Gadapada) of Basta block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp13.htm|title= 13 - Basta Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.66}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.96}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.69}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.68}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.83}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.36}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|47.34}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|46.23}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.84}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|52.77}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|56.66}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1958.

List of members elected from Basta constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Basta Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/basta.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basta Assembly Election Results 2024: Basta Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/basta-constituency-result-18037 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Subasini Jena]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=6|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Basta Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/basta-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Nityananda Sahoo<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="5" |Raghunath Mohanty
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Bhupal Chandra Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Maheswar Baug
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="3" |Chintamani Jena
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Maheswar Baug
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|1958 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Akshaya Narayana Praharaja}}
| rowspan="2" |Akshaya Narayana Praharaja
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Trilochan Senapati
|}

== Election Results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Subasini Jena]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Bijan Nayak by a margin of 20,377 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Basta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Subasini Jena]]|votes=83,314|percentage=43.66|change={{increase}}1.70}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bijan Nayak|votes=62,937|percentage=32.99|change={{decrease}}2.03}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rabindra Nath Andia|votes=42,732|percentage=22.40|change={{increase}}0.83}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=403|percentage=0.21|change={{decrease}}0.05}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,377|percentage=10.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,90,803 | percentage=77.51|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Nityananda Sahu defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Bijan Nayak by a margin of 11,864 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Basta<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-IV) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase4/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%284th%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Nityananda Sahoo
|votes = 71,737
|percentage = 41.96
|change = {{decrease}}5.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bijan Nayak
|votes = 59,873
|percentage = 35.02
|change = {{decrease}}8.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raghunath Mohanty
|votes = 36,874
|percentage = 21.57
|change = {{increase}}14.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 441
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,864
|percentage = 6.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,70,957
|percentage = 75.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Nityananda Sahoo defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Jay Narayan Mohanty by a margin of 6,433 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Basta<ref>{{cite web|title=Reports on Election 2014 |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2014/Reports/General%20election%20report%20Final%20-1.9.2014.pdf|publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha|accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Basta (37)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=37|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122603/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=37|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Nityananda Sahoo
|votes = 76,737
|percentage = 47.69
|change = {{decrease}}2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jay Narayan Mohanty
|votes = 70,304
|percentage = 43.69
|change = {{decrease}}0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shyama Prasad Behera
|votes = 11,165
|percentage = 6.94
|change = {{increase}}3.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 604
|percentage = 0.38
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,433
|percentage = 39.97
|change = 33.48
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,922
|percentage = 80.14
|change = 2.96
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,00,793
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Raghunath Mohanty defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Jay Narayan Mohanty by a margin of 9,530 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Basta<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Raghunath Mohanty
|votes = 74,472
|percentage = 50.68
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jaynarayan Mohanty
|votes = 64,942
|percentage = 44.20
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arabinda Behera
|votes = 4,713
|percentage = 3.21
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,530
|percentage = ''6.49''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,46,933
|percentage = 77.18
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balasore district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|21.70|87.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Balasore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly

2026-04-09T06:04:49Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Started a pg from scratch

{{Short description|Leader of the opposition in Odisha's unicameral legislature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition
| native_name = '''ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ବିରୋଧୀ ଦଳ ନେତା '''
| body = the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| department = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| insignia = Odisha Vidhan Sabha Logo.png
| insigniasize = 200
| image = Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| incumbent = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| incumbentsince = 19 June 2024
| style = '''Honourable Leader of Opposition''' '''ମାନ୍ୟବର ବିରୋଧୀ ଦଳ ନେତା'''
| termlength = Duration of the Assembly i.e. 5 years
| appointer = Speaker of the Assembly
| inaugural = [[Shraddhakar Supakar]]
| residence = Naveen Niwas, [[Bhubaneswar]]
| member_of = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| nominator = Members of the Official Opposition Party of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| seat = Office of the Leader of Opposition, [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| deputy = [[Prasanna Acharya]]
| salary = *{{INRConvert|362000}}/monthly
*{{INRConvert|4344000}}/annually
}}

The '''leader of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].

== Eligibility ==
Official Opposition<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2010 |title=THE SALARY AND ALLOWANCES OF LEADERS OF OPPOSITION IN PARLIAMENT ACT, 1977 AND RULES MADE THEREUNDER |url=http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211914/http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> is a term used to designate the political party which has secured the second largest number of seats in the assembly. In order to get formal recognition, the party must have at least [[Quorum#India|10% of total membership of the Legislative Assembly]]. A single party has to meet the 10% seat criterion, not an alliance. Many of the Indian [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|state legislatures]] also follow this 10% rule while the rest prefer single largest opposition party according to the rules of their respective houses.

== List of Leaders of Opposition ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Name {{Small|(lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Tenure
![[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
!Assembly {{Small|(Election)}}
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
| [[File:Sradhakar Supakar.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Shraddhakar Supakar]] {{small|(1914{{ndash}}1993) MLA from [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol]]}}
|16 February 1952
|4 March 1957
|{{ayd|16 February 1952|4 March 1957}}
|[[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
|[[1st Orissa Legislative Assembly|1st]] {{small|([[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1952]])}}
|{{full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[File:RNS-Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]] {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1975) MLA from [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titlagarh]]}}
|1 April 1957
|22 May 1959
|{{ayd|1 April 1957|22 May 1959}}
|[[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
----
[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|[[2nd Orissa Legislative Assembly|2nd]] {{small|([[1957 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1957]])}}
|-
! colspan="10" |{{nobold|'''''[[President's rule]]''' was imposed in during the period'' (25 February {{ndash}} 23 June 1961)}}
|-
|(2)
|[[File:RNS-Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]] {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1975) MLA from [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]}}
|21 June 1961
|1 March 1967
|{{ayd|21 June 1961|1 March 1967}}
|[[Biju Patnaik]]
----
[[Biren Mitra]]
----
[[Sadashiva Tripathy]]
|[[3rd Orissa Legislative Assembly|3rd]] {{small|([[1961 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1961]])}}
|{{full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|3
|[[File:Sadasiva-Tripathy.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Sadashiva Tripathy]] {{small|(1910{{ndash}}1980) MLA from [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]}}
|18 March 1967
|11 January 1971
|{{ayd|18 March 1967|23 January 1971}}
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
|[[4th Orissa Legislative Assembly|4th]] {{small|([[1967 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="10" |{{nobold|'''''[[President's rule]]''' was imposed in during the period'' (11 January {{ndash}} 3 April 1971)}}
|-
|4
|[[File:Binayak Acharya.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Binayak Acharya]] {{small|(1918{{ndash}}1983) MLA from [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]}}
|4 May 1971
|14 June 1972
|{{ayd|4 May 1971|14 June 1972}}
|[[Bishwanath Das]]
| rowspan="3" |[[5th Orissa Legislative Assembly|5th]] {{small|([[1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1971]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|(2)
|[[File:RNS-Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]] {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1975) MLA from [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]}}
|14 June 1972
|9 February 1973
|{{ayd|14 June 1972|9 February 1973}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandini Satpathy]]
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|5
|[[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]] {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MLA from [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]}}
|9 February 1973
|3 March 1973
|{{ayd|9 February 1973|3 March 1973}}
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
! colspan="10" |{{nobold|'''''[[President's rule]]''' was imposed in during the period'' (3 March 1973 {{ndash}} 6 March 1974)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |(5)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Biju Patnaik]] {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MLA from [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]}}
|19 March 1974
|10 December 1974
|{{ayd|19 March 1974|10 December 1974}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandini Satpathy]]
| rowspan="2" |[[6th Orissa Legislative Assembly|6th]] {{small|([[1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1974]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|10 December 1974
|16 December 1976
|{{ayd|10 December 1974|16 December 1976}}
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
! colspan="10" |{{nobold|'''''[[President's rule]]''' was imposed in during the period'' (16 December {{ndash}} 29 December 1976)}}
|-
|(5)
|[[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]] {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MLA from [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]}}
|30 December 1976
|24 March 1977
|{{ayd|30 December 1976|24 March 1977}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Binayak Acharya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[6th Orissa Legislative Assembly|6th]] {{small|([[1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1974]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|6
| [[File:Ram Prasad Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]
|Ram Prasad Mishra {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2014) MLA from [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]}}
|31 March 1977
|30 April 1977
|{{ayd|31 March 1977|30 April 1977}}
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan="10" |{{nobold|'''''[[President's rule]]''' was imposed in during the period'' (30 April {{ndash}} 26 June 1977)}}
|-
|7
| [[File:Chintamani Panigrahi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Chintamani Panigrahi]] {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2000) MLA from [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]}}
|29 June 1977
|20 February 1978
|{{ayd|29 June 1977|20 February 1978}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Nilamani Routray]]
| rowspan="4" |[[7th Orissa Legislative Assembly|7th]] {{small|([[1977 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|8
|[[File:Brundaban Nayak.jpg|100x100px]]
|Brundaban Nayak {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1984) MLA from [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]}}
|20 February 1978
|3 September 1979
|{{ayd|20 February 1978|3 September 1979}}
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|9
|[[File:Prahlad Mallik.jpg|100x100px]]
|Prahlad Mallik {{small|(1929{{ndash}}1990) MLA from [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]}}
|3 September 1979
|13 February 1980
|{{ayd|3 September 1979|13 February 1980}}
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Janata Party}}
|-
|10
|[[File:Anant Narayan Singh Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]] {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2003) MLA from [[Surada Assembly constituency|Surada]]}}
|13 February 1980
|17 February 1980
|{{ayd|13 February 1980|17 February 1980}}
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan="10" |{{nobold|'''''[[President's rule]]''' was imposed in during the period'' (17 February {{ndash}} 9 June 1980)}}
|-
| -
| colspan="2" | Vacant{{Efn|No party was able to secure 10% of the assembly strength i.e. 14 Seats}}
|9 June 1980
|1 April 1984
|{{Ayd|9 June 1980|1 April 1984}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| rowspan="2" |[[8th Orissa Legislative Assembly|8th]] {{small|([[1980 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
| colspan="2" |No Official Opposition
|-
|11
| [[File:Sarat Kumar Deb.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Sarat Kumar Deb]] {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1988) MLA from [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]}}
|2 April 1984
|10 March 1985
|{{ayd|2 April 1984|10 March 1985}}
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|(5)
|[[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]] {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MLA from [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]}}
|22 March 1985
|3 March 1990
|{{ayd|22 March 1985|3 March 1990}}
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
----
[[Hemananda Biswal]]
|[[9th Orissa Legislative Assembly|9th]] {{small|([[1985 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| -
| colspan="2" | Vacant{{Efn|No party was able to secure 10% of the assembly strength i.e. 14 Seats}}
|5 March 1990
|15 March 1995
|{{Ayd|5 March 1990|15 March 1995}}
|[[Biju Patnaik]]
|[[10th Orissa Legislative Assembly|10th]] {{small|([[1990 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1990]])}}
| colspan="2" |No Official Opposition
|-
|(5)
|[[File:Biju-Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]] {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1997) MLA from [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]}}
|23 March 1995
|20 May 1996
|{{ayd|23 March 1995|20 May 1996}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
----
[[Giridhar Gamang]]
----
[[Hemananda Biswal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[11th Orissa Legislative Assembly|11th]] {{small|([[1995 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1995]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|12
|[[File:Ashok Kumar Das MLA Odisha.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Das]] {{small|(1942{{ndash}}2008) MLA from [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korei]]}}
|22 May 1996
|17 December 1997
|{{ayd|22 May 1996|17 December 1997}}
|-
|13
| [[File:Ram Krushna Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ram Krushna Patnaik]] {{small|(1940{{ndash}}2021) MLA from [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kodala]]}}
|22 February 1998
|16 November 1998
|{{ayd|22 February 1998|16 November 1998}}
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|14
| [[File:Prafulla Samal MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prafulla Samal]] {{small|(born 1947) MLA from [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]}}
|16 November 1998
|1 December 1998
|{{ayd|16 November 1998|1 December 1998}}
|-
|15
| [[File:Satchidananda Dalal.jpg|100x100px]]
|Satchidananda Dalal {{small|(born 1941) MLA from [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]}}
|11 December 1998
|29 February 2000
|{{ayd|11 December 1998|29 February 2000}}
|-
|16
| [[File:Ramakanta Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]
|Ramakanta Mishra {{small|(born 1944) MLA from [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]}}
|21 March 2000
|6 February 2004
|{{ayd|21 March 2000|6 February 2004}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[12th Orissa Legislative Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2000 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2000]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|17
|[[File:Janaki Ballav Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2015) MLA from [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]}}
|4 June 2004
|24 January 2009
|{{ayd|4 June 2004|24 January 2009}}
| rowspan="2" |[[13th Orissa Legislative Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2004 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2004]])}}
|-
|18
| [[File:Ulaka Rama Chandra.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ramachandra Ulaka]] {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2011) MLA from [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]]}}
|24 January 2009
|19 May 2009
|{{ayd|24 January 2009|19 May 2009}}
|-
|19
|[[File:Bhupinder Singh.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]] {{small|(born 1951) MLA from [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]]}}
|27 May 2009
|10 March 2014
|{{ayd|27 May 2009|10 March 2014}}
|[[14th Odisha Legislative Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2009 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2009]])}}
|-
|20
| [[File:Narasingha Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Narasingha Mishra]] {{small|(born 1940) MLA from [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]}}
|11 June 2014
|29 May 2019
|{{ayd|11 June 2014|29 May 2019}}
|[[15th Odisha Legislative Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]])}}
|-
|21
|[[File:Pradipta Kumar Naik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Pradipta Kumar Naik]] {{small|(born 1966) MLA from [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna]]}}
|25 June 2019
|30 July 2022
|{{Ayd|25 June 2019|30 July 2022}}
| rowspan="2" |[[16th Odisha Legislative Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|22
| [[File:Jayanarayan Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jayanarayan Mishra]] {{small|(born 1963) MLA from [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]}}
|30 July 2022
|4 June 2024
|{{Ayd|30 July 2022|4 June 2024}}
|-
|23
|[[File:Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]] {{small|(born 1946) MLA from [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]}}
|19 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{ayd|19 June 2024}}
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|[[17th Odisha Legislative Assembly|17th]] {{small|([[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]])}}
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Government of Odisha]]
* [[Governor of Odisha]]
* [[Chief Minister of Odisha]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|Deputy Chief Ministers of Odisha]]
* [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Elections in Odisha]]
* [[Politics of Odisha]]
* [[List of current Indian opposition leaders]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Odisha| ]]

Mahan Singh Hazarawala

2026-04-07T23:30:23Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Started the bio basic info - done

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahan Singh Hazarawala
| image =
| caption =
| office = Governor of [[Hazara region|Hazara]]
| 1blankname = Monarch
| 1namedata = [[Ranjit Singh]]
| term_start = 1837
| term_end = 1838
| predecessor = [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]
| successor = [[Tej Singh]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| death_date = 1844
| death_place = Hazara, Sikh Empire
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank =
| battles =
| awards =
| parents = Data Ram Bali (Father)
| signature = Persian seal of Mahan Singh Mirpuri.jpg
}}
'''Mahan Singh Hazarawala''' (died 1844) was a military officer in the [[Khalsa Army]] of [[Sikh Empire]], serving under [[Hari Singh Nalwa]].<ref name=saggar>{{Cite book |last=Saggar |first=Balraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BduAAAAMAAJ&q=He+was+also+called+Mahan+Singh+Hazarawala+.+He+was+son+of+Data |title=Who's who in the History of Punjab, 1800–1849 |date=1993 |publisher=National Book Organisation |isbn=978-81-85135-60-1 |pages=240 |language=en}}</ref> The city of [[Mansehra]] in Pakistan is believed to be named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile - Mansehra|url=https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2013/05/MansehraProfile200907.pdf |access-date= |website=Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority|via=Humanitarian Library|publisher=Kamran Printers, Blue Area, Islamabad|date=July 2007}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mahan Singh was born into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family from the [[Bali clan|Bali]] clan of [[Mohyal Brahmin]]s. He was the son of Data Ram Bali, a trusted servant of [[Muqarrab Khan Gakhar|Sultan Muqarrab Khan]], the Muslim [[Gakhars|Gakhar]] chief of the [[Pothohar]] region.<ref name=saggar/><ref>{{cite book |last=Griffin|first= Lepel. H |title=The Punjab Chiefs|volume= II |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206739/page/n283/mode/1up |publisher=Civil And Military Gazette Press Lahore |pages=265–266 |year=1890 |access-date=}}</ref>

== Military career ==
While in [[Lahore]] in search of a job, he happened to participate in a hunting expedition of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], in which he caught the notice of the Maharaja by single-handedly killing a leopard with his sword.<ref name=eos>{{cite encyclopedia |first=S. S. |last=Bhatia |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Mahan Singh (d. 1844) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=III M–R |edition=Third |pages=13–14 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/13/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}</ref> Impressed by his valor, the Maharaja had him inducted into the army under Hari Singh Nalwa.<ref name=eos/>

Mahan Singh served in the battles of [[Battle of Peshawar (1834)|Peshawar]] and [[Battle of Shopian|Kashmir]], and in the 1818 [[siege of Multan (1818)|siege of Multan]], where he was wounded twice.<ref name=eos/> In April 1837, he was the main defender of the [[Jamrud Fort]], holding out against an invasion by the [[Afghans]] during the [[Battle of Jamrud]]. Nalwa was killed in that battle but Mahan Singh kept the news secret until reinforcements arrived from Lahore.<ref name=eos/>

== Death ==
Mahan Singh succeeded Hari Singh as the [[Divan|Diwan]] of [[Hazara region|Hazara]], where he was killed in 1844 by his own soldiers when a mutiny broke out.<ref name=eos/>

==See also==
* [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Generals]]
* [[Mansehra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirpuri, Mahan Singh}}
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:1844 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian military personnel]]

Samundi

2026-04-02T05:57:03Z

GAURI PARIHAR:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Samundi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]
| writer = Manoj Kumar Sivaram Gandhi (dialogues)
| producer = Mohan Natarajan V. Shanmugam
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]}}
| cinematography = [[Utpal V Nayanar]]
| editing = Napoleon
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Sri Raja Kaliamman Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|09|18}}
| country = India
| runtime = 140 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Samundi''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]. It was released on 18 September 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சாமுண்டி / Samundi (1992) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/samundi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124115656/https://screen4screen.com/movies/samundi |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2023}}
Samundi, his mother and his little sister Lakshmi move into their new house in a little village. Ponnuthayi, a washerwoman, sympathises with Samundi's family and she eventually falls in love with Samundi. Rajangam and his brother spread terror among the villagers. One day, the ringing of temple bells and the heralding of the festival throws Samundi into an uncontrollable fit of rage. Ponnuthayi asks the reason for his rage and Samundi tells her about his tragic past.

In the past, Samundi prepared his sister Rasathi's wedding and he took her to the temple. There, he clashed with some thugs. In the confrontation, Rasathi was pushed into the lake and drowned. The wedding was cancelled and Samundi's family left his village.

Samundi cannot tolerate any more the oppression of Rajangam's henchmen so he beats them. The villagers then acclaim Samundi, and Rajangam feels ridiculed. At Samundi's wedding, a police officer, who is under Rajangam's order, arrests the innocent Samundi. Samundi is then released after the villagers' pressure. The angry Samundi enters in Rajangam's house with a machete and kills Rajangam and to his surprise, he finds his sister Rasathi alive and wearing a white saree (widow's clothes). What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Samundi
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Ponnuthayi
*[[Meera (Malayalam actress)|Meera]] as Rasathi
*[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Lakshmi
*[[Goundamani]]
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Rajangam
*[[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]]
*Varalakshmi as Samundi's mother
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*Samikannu as Ponnuthayi's father
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[Sethu Vinayagam]]
*[[Joker Thulasi]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
}}

== Production ==
The film's shooting was held in [[Gobichettipalayam]], a small town near [[Coimbatore]], which became famous after the tremendous success of ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=28 August 1992 |title=Gobi glamour catching |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920828&printsec=frontpage |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 1992 |title=Samundi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/samundi/bB1Oc4u1OMg_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611035047/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/samundi/bB1Oc4u1OMg_ |archive-date=11 June 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2023 |title=Samundi |url=https://isaishop.com/product/shop/digital-albums/deva/samundi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241028091050/https://isaishop.com/product/shop/digital-albums/deva/samundi/ |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=IsaiShop |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Ethungadi" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:46
|-
| "Kannula Paalai" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra || 5:09
|-
| "Kummanum" || [[S. Janaki]] || 4:50
|-
| "Mannai Thottu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:13
|-
| "Muthu Nagai" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 5:24
|-
| "Kathava Sathu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 4:43
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "The film offers nothing new in terms of entertainment nor can it keep viewers glued to their seats for long".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=23 October 1992 |title=Rings a bell |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920925&printsec=frontpage |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film completed a 100-day run at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 January 1993 |title=Run-of-the-mill fare |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)}}

[[Category:1992 action drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gobichettipalayam]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bholekar Srihari

2026-03-31T18:15:45Z

GAURI PARIHAR: New

{{Use British English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Srihari Bholekar
| Born =
| image = BHOLEKAR.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Srihari Bholekar in 2014
| birth_name = Srihari Bollakpalli
| birth_date = 1 January 1941
| birth_place = Bollakpalli, [[Banswada]], [[Telangana]], India
| death_date = 23 August 2018
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| education = 1961 Diploma in Drawing and Painting from Sir J.J School of Arts, Bombay
1969 B.A from [[Osmania University]]
| field = Painting, sculpture, print-making, murals
| training =
| movement = 1969
| patrons =
| awards = National Award (Lalit Kala Akademi Award)
| spouse = Laxmi Bholekar
| url =
}}

'''Srihari Bholekar''' (1 January 1941 – 23 August 2018) was a painter, sculptor and [[printmaker]] from [[Telangana]], India.

==Early life==
Bholekar was born in Bollakpalli. He obtained his diploma in drawing and painting from the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J.J. School of Art, Mumbai]], completed Diploma in Painting in 1961 and since then continued painting, winning several awards, participating several state and national exhibitions, and organising art activities. He was also a graduate from Osmania University.

He participated in several group and one-man shows in Portugal, Italy, Macedonia, Poland, Germany, New Delhi, Chandigarh, Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore Chennai, Bhopal, Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Amritsar, Raipur, Baroda and took part in Art Conference National Academy of Fine Arts, International Arts Conference Lalit [[Kala Academy]] 3rd Triennale, New Delhi World Telugu Conference and Artiste Conference A.P. State Lalit Kala Academy Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.subcontinentart.com/ArtistProfile.aspx?StoreVendorId=262|title=Profile of an artist|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920235039/http://www.subcontinentart.com/ArtistProfile.aspx?StoreVendorId=262|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bholekar came from a small village called Bollakpalli, on the banks of river Manjeera which is 5 kilometers away from Banswada in the [[Kamareddy district]] of Telangana State in India. He belonged to the Patlolla family where he was also known as Patlolla Srihari. He got his name Bholekar when it was recorded by Marathi-based institutions where he initially studied. This is due to the practice of the people of Maharashtra of adding the '-Kar' suffix to one's village/community and keeping it as a surname.

As he was born and brought up in Telangana in India he set his paintings of rural life in a modern style. Most of his subjects portray the life of Telangana and its culture, customs, traditions, difficulties, plights, misfortunes and predicaments.

The Art of Bholekar brings the significant emotional, cultural and cognitive evaluations of nature of life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.subcontinentart.com/BholekarSrihari.aspx?AP|title=SubContinentArt – Artist Profile|website=Subcontinentart.com|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218104623/http://www.subcontinentart.com/BholekarSrihari.aspx?AP|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kleinsassen.de/gal-kain/kai091.php?drucken=drucken|title=Bholekar Srihari – Kunststation Kleinsassen|author=Peter Klingebiel|website=Kleinsassen.de|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>'

Bholekar died on August 23, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/240818/pride-of-telugus-srihari-a-great-loss-to-art-world.html|title=A great loss to art world|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.navatelangana.com/article/sopathi/708985|title=శ్రీహరి ఇకలేరు కానీ...|work=Navatelangana a Telugu Daily}}</ref>

==Career and style==
He worked as the Chief Artist at [[Indian Air Force]] at Begumpet and in 1996 he was honoured with Commendation by A.O.C – in – C.H.Q.T.C Indian Air Force,<ref name="subcontinentart">{{cite web|url=http://www.subcontinentart.com/BholekarSrihari.aspx?AP|title=SubContinentArt – Artist Profile|website=Subcontinentart.com|access-date=2014-11-29|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218104623/http://www.subcontinentart.com/BholekarSrihari.aspx?AP|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bholekar attributed his free-spirited nature to the village life he grew up in. “Till 10 years I enjoyed the village life. Art has not developed because of it but its influence is still there. The energy, the process and boldness in my works comes from village atmosphere. I had come through so many situations in early life; not hardships, but I enjoyed my life as a child. My parents did not allow me to go and play in the jungle”.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/joy-of-the-unknown/article7930883.ece|title=Bholekar's drawings with magnetic appeal}}</ref>

A specialist in mural paintings, Bholekar has the distinction of holding the first contemporary one-man show in [[Salar Jung Museum]] in 1963. “I was just 21 and had exhibited my works,” . The exhibits made the art lovers sit up and take notice of the young artist. “The modern paintings were bold and not decorative. The theme was my village and my imagination of the village,” <ref name=":0" />

His works travelled far and wide and made a name for him in the international arena. He also worked as a chief artist in Begumpet airport and worked vigorously in the world of art for 18 years before walking away from it. “I stopped everything and wanted to be a simple man without any artistic attachments,” he said, "Was it easy to stay away from art? “I have a strong will power. I stopped drinking and smoking at the age of 35 because of willpower. I am born with art instinct and returned to printmaking”.<ref name=":0" />

Bholekar's art encompasses many different media. After making a mark in print media, he gravitated to ink drawings. “Here artists do not interact much with artists of other countries. Their works are simple as they do not experiment. Their subject is same and as a result, they get stagnated. I don’t want to be like that”, “My drawings will continue for some time and then I will shift to another media.”<ref name=":0" />

“One can enjoy the design sense and interpret the work in one’s own way. My abstract drawing is like music. One need not know the intricacies of laya and raga but its rhythm is appreciated. Likewise, art lovers can enjoy the rhythmic lines and its composition and it is aesthetic too”.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==

* 2004 National Award - Govt. of India - [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://magazine.telangana.gov.in/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%A8/|title=తెలిసీ తెలియని, చూసీ చూడని రూపాలు|work=Telangana Monthly}}</ref>
*2005-07 Senior Fellowship Visual Art Graphics, [[Government of India]], Ministry of Culture, New Delhi
*2003 Honoured as one of the Veteran Artist of India, New Delhi
*1996 Honoured with Commendation by A.O.C - in – C.H.Q.T.C Indian Air Force
*1988 Gold Medal All India Exhibition, Maha Koshal Kala Parishath, Raipur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.subcontinentart.com/ArtistProfile.aspx?StoreVendorId=262%60|title=welcome to ART GALLERY|website=www.subcontinentart.com|access-date=2018-03-14}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
*1988 Honoured as Eminent Artist by Maharastra Mandal (A.P), Hyderabad
*1977 Gold Medal All India Exhibition Hyderabad Art Society

==Exhibitions==
'''Solo Exhibitions'''

2000 An Exhibition at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], Mumbai.

1977 The Graphics Prints Exhibition Organised by Alliance Franchise, Bangalore

1973 Mural Paintings at Kala Bhavan, Hyderabad

1968 Exhibition of Paintings at Kala Bhavan, Hyderabad

1966 Hyderabad Art Society

1965 [[Ravindra Bharathi]]

1964 Ajantha Pavilion Public Gardens, Hyderabad

'''Group Exhibitions'''

1966, 69, 78, 85, 86 and 2004 National Exhibition of Art, Lalitha Academy (Painting, Sculpture & Graphics), New Delhi

1974, 76, 85, 2004 Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata

1985 Arts Society of India, Mumbai

Karnataka Chitrakala Parishad, Bangalore

[[Bombay Art Society]], Mumbai

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.artattelangana.org/artistDetails.php?PARId=PAR86|title=Artist Page | Art@Telangana|publisher=Artattelangana.org|access-date=2014-11-29|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516184321/http://artattelangana.org/artistDetails.php?PARId=PAR86|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.artbuzz.org/painters.html|title=Art Buzz – emerging and mid-career Fine Art Artist Painters|publisher=Artbuzz.org|access-date=2014-11-29|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064218/http://www.artbuzz.org/painters.html|url-status=dead}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srihari, Bholekar}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Telangana]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Kunthipuzha

2026-03-30T06:54:15Z

GAURI PARIHAR: creating entry!

{{Short description|River in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}

[[File:Kunthipuzha River, Kerala (2016).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kunthipuzha]]
The '''Kunthipuzha''' is a waterway located in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It flows through the [[Silent Valley National Park]]. This river is also called the [[Thuthapuzha]] by the local population. Kunthipuzha is one of the main tributaries of the [[Bharathapuzha]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Journal of Zoology Studies A comparative analysis of the avifauna of kalpathypuzha, kunthypuzha and Nila River basins|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341901074|access-date=2021-07-09|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> the second-longest river in Kerala. This river is mainly used by the people of Mannarkkad taluk and Pattambi Taluks of [[Palakkad district]] and Perinthalmanna Thaluk of Malappuram District.

==Etymology==
This river is known for the story of bathing of Kunthi devi, the mother of pandavas and so it is named as Kunthippuzha. Another theory is that Kunthippuzha is the shortened form of "Kunthirikkappuzha" ({{langx|ml|കുന്തിരിക്കപ്പുഴ}}). "Kunthirikkam" is the Malayalam word for [[Boswellia serrata]] which is a kind of frankincense tree seen in this region.
In Mannarkkad region this river is called the Kunthipuzha, while when it reaches Malappuram-Palakkad border, locals call it as Thuthapuzha, after a border town,
Officially the river is Kunthipuzha

==Course==
The Kunthipuzha originates from the [[Anginda peak]] in the [[Silent Valley National Park]] part of the [[Western Ghats]] in [[Kerala]]. Initially it flows through the tropical evergreen forests and mountainous terrain of the [[Silent Valley National Park]]. Then it enters into the [[Palakkad Gap|Palakkad plains]] where it passes several towns namely, [[Kottoppadam, Mannarkkad|Kottopadam]], [[Mannarkkad|Mannarkad]], [[Kumaramputhur]], [[Karimpuzha, Palakkad|Karimpuzha]], [[Sreekrishnapuram]], [[Vellinezhi]], [[Thachanattukara]], [[Aliparamba|Aliparambu]], [[Maravamangalam|Marayamangalam]], [[Elamkulam, Malappuram|Elamkulam]], [[Pulamantol|Pulamanthole]], [[Moorkkanad]], [[Vailathur|Vilathur]] and [[Magudeswarar Temple, Kodumudi|Kodumudy]]. The Kunthipuzha then merges with the [[Bharathapuzha]] at [[Irimbiliyam]].

==Other tributaries of the river Kunthipuzha==
{{Commons category|Kunthipuzha River}}
*Nellipuzha
*[[Kanjirappuzha (Mannarkkad)|Kanjirappuzha]]
*[[Ambankadavu]]
*[[Thuppanadippuzha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Rivers of Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Bharathappuzha]]

{{Kerala-river-stub}}

College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai

2026-03-26T11:24:50Z

GAURI PARIHAR: brief fix citations for clarity and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Postgraduate Medical Examination Board in India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2012}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = College of Physicians and Surgeons of Mumbai
| abbreviation = CPS Mumbai
| native_name =
| established = {{start date and age|1912}}
| founder = [[Surgeon General H.W. Stevenson (surgeon)|H.W. Stevenson]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Dr. Ajay D. Sambre (DOMS, FCPS)
| staff =
| staff_year =
| website = {{URL|https://www.cpsmumbai.org}}
}}
'''College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai''' or '''CPS Mumbai''' is an autonomous body that imparts [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate medical education]] and offers 10 Fellowship & 17 Diploma courses. It was established in 1912. It is located in [[Mumbai]] near [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM Hospital]] and it caters to doctors from all over [[India]]. The qualifications granted by CPS Mumbai allow practitioners to register themselves as specialists in the specialty concerned, upon duly completing the tenure of 2 years Diploma or 3 years Fellowship and passing the exit examination.

[[File:College-of-Physicians-and-Surgeons-Mumbai.jpg|thumb|CPS House, Parel]]

==History==
In 1912, through its [[Governor-General of India|Governor]], the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]] permitted to establish a Postgraduate Medical Institution in accordance with the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]]. Dr. Rajab Ali Patel agreed to establish such a college by dropping the prefix 'Royal'. Hence the birth of the institution "College of Physicians and Surgeons", now popularly known as CPS. Initially, it was registered under the Bombay Society Act of 1860 in March 1913. Established as a sister institute to the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons in London]], which dates back to the 14th century, CPS functions as an examining body and provides affiliations to different district and private hospitals and [[Medical college in India|medical colleges]].

CPS Mumbai has been offering various fellowship and diploma courses at the postgraduate level to meet the shortage of [[Specialty (medicine)|specialist doctors]] in India. It is the only examining body besides the [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences]] (NBEMS) to have been recognized by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] to impart postgraduate medical education.

The college was recognised until July 2024 to grant specialist qualifications (Fellowship & Diploma) in the specialties of Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery & Gynaecology, Dermatology, Pathology, Ophthalmology and Child Health which were recognised by the National Medical Commission of India. For a brief period between 2017 and 2018, it granted specialist qualifications (Diploma) in other specialties such as Orthopaedics, Anaesthesiology, Radiology & Electrology, Public Health, Tuberculosis Diseases, Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Psychological Medicine, Transfusion Medicine and Family Planning which were recognised nationally by the National Medical Commission of India.

At its peak, it had around 1,600 doctors pursuing specialization under its ambit. CPS is said to have granted almost 45,000 doctors over its 110-year history with diploma or fellowship qualifications allowing them to register themselves as specialists. Currently, CPS Mumbai is recognised by various State Governments of India to grant specialist qualifications with validity confined to only those states or union territories.

==Establishment==

On 21 April 1912, a committee meeting was called to discuss the proposal in forming a college. The proposal was put to the vote and passed unanimously. It was also decided that college should function as a Registered Society. Therefore, steps were taken to register it under [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860]], and documents were signed to that effect on 4 March 1913.

Surgeon General H W. Stevenson was unanimously elected as founder president, while Dr. [[Temulji Bhicaji Nariman|Temulji B. Nariman]] and Col. C. H. L. Meyer were elected as vice-presidents. The college committee converted itself into the first Council of the college. Then the constitution was drafted and passed unanimously.

==Administration office==
CPS is situated in the prime locality of Mumbai near KEM Hospital, [[Parel]], and its office comprises an area of approximately 80,000 sq. feet in a five-storied building having different departments. The CPS has four lecture halls and four examination halls, which accommodates approximately 500 students.

==Fellowship and diploma==
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Mumbai offers 3-year fellowship and 2-year diploma courses. Both courses are full-time stipendiary hospital positions allowing the holder an entry onto the specialist register.

Various fellowship courses offered by CPS (3-year Specialist Training Course)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Course !! Course name
|-
| FCPS(MED) || FCPS-Medicine
|-
| FCPS(SURG) || FCPS-Surgery
|-
| FCPS(MID-GY) || FCPS-Midwifery & Gynaecology
|-
| FCPS(OPTHL) || FCPS-Ophthalmology
|-
| FCPS(CH) || FCPS-Child Health
|-
| FCPS(DERMT) || FCPS-Dermatology and Venereology
|-
| FCPS(ORL) || FCPS-Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
|-
| FCPS(ORTHO) || FCPS-Orthopaedics
|-
| FCPS(ANAES) || FCPS-Anaesthesiology
|-
| FCPS(PATHO) || FCPS-Pathology
|}

Various Diploma Courses offered by CPS (2-year Specialist Training Course)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Course !! Course name
|-
| DGO || Diploma in Gynaecology and Obstetrics
|-
| DCH || Diploma in Child Health
|-
| DPB || Diploma in Pathology and Bacteriology
|-
| D.ORTHO || Diploma in Orthopaedics
|-
| DMRE || Diploma in Medical Radiology and Electrology
|-
| DDV || Diploma in Dermatology and Venereology
|-
| DOMS || Diploma in Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery
|-
| DORL || Diploma in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
|-
| TDD || Diploma in Tuberculosis Diseases
|-
| DA || Diploma in Anaesthesiology
|-
| DPM || Diploma in Psychological Medicine
|-
| DGM || Diploma in General Medicine
|-
| DGS || Diploma in General Surgery
|-
| DTMH || Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|-
| DTM || Diploma in Transfusion Medicine
|-
| DPH || Diploma in Public Health
|-
| DFP || Diploma in Family Planning
|}

==Certificate==
'''Certificate Courses:''' These were 1-year training programmes designed to be imparted at post MBBS level. They were recognised as specialist medical qualifications by the Gujarat Medical Council. However, no post MBBS certificate course was recognised by National Medical Commission/Medical Council of India as a specialist qualification. Enrollment into the Certificate Courses has ceased since 2019.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Course !! Course name
|-
| C-DIAB || Certificate in Diabetology
|-
| C-HIV || Certificate in HIV/AIDS
|}

==State Medical Council recognition==

Various Diploma, Fellowship and Certificate Courses are recognised by different Indian States which allow the holders to practice as specialists in those states, namely

1. Maharashtra Medical Council (MMC) vide GR Extraordinary 4-B dated 15 March 2010 through notification no. PGM.1010/CR-18 (Part 2)/ 10/EDU-2 read with the MMC Act 1965. The qualifications are recognised only for candidates possessing CPS qualifications when granted either before 14 July 2023; or if enrolled before 14 July 2023. All non NMC recognised CPS qualifications are not valid in the state of Maharashtra if enrolled after 14 July 2023.

2. Gujarat Medical Council (GMC) vide GR no. MCG/10/2011/460646/J dated 26 August 2011, provided the candidate is a domicile of the State of Gujarat.

3. Rajasthan Medical Council (RMC) since 2016, provided the entire course of Diploma or Fellowship is completed within the state of Rajasthan. The state ceased any new admissions after 2018.

4. Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu.

Such recognition has sometimes been controversial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/states-medical-body-turns-heat-on-101-yr-old-college/|title = State's medical body turns heat on 101-yr-old college|date = 18 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/underqualified-students-invited-for-admissions/articleshow/71159294.cms|title=Underqualified students invited for admissions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/government-ignores-own-probe-report-and-high-court-strictures|title=Government ignores own probe report and High Court strictures}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/mmc-suspends-licence-of-14-docs-4-from-pune/articleshow/73103004.cms|title=Maharashtra Medical Council suspends licence of 14 doctors, four from Pune|date=5 January 2020}}</ref>

==National recognition==
MCPS, FCPS (Medicine), FCPS (Surgery), FCPS (Midwifery & Gynaecology), FCPS (Ophthalmology), FCPS (Dermatology & Venereology), FCPS (Pathology), DGO, DCH and DPB qualifications granted by College of Physicians and Surgeons of Mumbai were recognised since its Inception in 1913. However, in December 2009, the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare derecognised qualifications granted by the College of Physicians and Surgeons owing to a lack of infrastructure and faculty required to run the courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-2000-students-left-in-lurch-as-medical-college-gets-derecognised-1346211|title=2,000 students left in lurch as medical college gets derecognised}}</ref>

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi (MoHFW) in the Notification dated October 17, 2017, recognised all the PG diploma courses (DGO, DCH, DPB, D.ORTHO, DMRE, DDV, DTMH, DOMS, DA, TDD, DORL, DGM, DGS, DFP, DPM, DTM, DFP, DEME along with Super-speciality Diploma Courses) offered by the College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai after an extensive review of the courses and based on recommendations of PG Medical Education Committee spearheaded by Dr Devi Shetty with the following note,

(i) All the admissions should be through NEET PG and centralised counselling and as per Government policy from time to time.
(ii) The CPS qualifications shall not be treated as a recognised medical qualification for the purpose of teaching.
(iii) Further, any postgraduate degree course to be run by the CPS shall be with the prior approval of this Ministry subject to fulfillment of stipulations prescribed on the lines of Minimum Standard Requirement Regulations of MCI.

Four months after the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had recognised all PG diplomas granted by the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the same ministry derecognised all of them except DGO, DCH and DPB, by a notification published on January 22, 2018. They added 6 Fellowship courses to the list of courses recognised by the Medical Council of India. Therefore, only three PG Diplomas and six Fellowships granted by CPS were recognised by the Medical Council of India (MCI)/National Medical Commission (NMC) .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/36-diplomas-derecognised-after-u-turn-by-centre/articleshow/63021727.cms|title = 36 diplomas derecognised after U-turn by Centre}}</ref>
However, this notification didn't affect the recognition status of candidates who enrolled themselves in PG Diploma Courses offered by CPS Mumbai between October 2017 and February 2018. All the Broad Specialty PG Diploma holders (D.ORTHO, DMRE, DDV, DOMS, DORL, DPM, DTMH, DTM, DA, TDD, DTM, DFP, DPH, DGM, DGS) of this interim period continue to be recognised as specialists.

The Postgraduate Medical Education Board of NMC in its meeting held on 16.7.2024, decided to discontinue recognition for all CPS courses. Therefore, any admission into any PG Diploma or Fellowship courses of CPS Mumbai after 16.7.2024 stands non recognised by the National Medical Commission.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:College Of Physicians and Surgeons Of Mumbai}}
[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1913]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]

Gopal Gurunath Bewoor

2026-03-25T11:22:28Z

GAURI PARIHAR: quick update

{{Short description|Indian Army general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G.G.Bewoor
| office = 8th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)]]
| president = [[V. V. Giri]] [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| term_start = 16 Jan 1973
| term_end = 31 May 1975
| honorific-prefix = [[General (India)|General]]
| honorific-suffix = [[PVSM]]
| native_name =
| image = File:General Gopal Gurnath Bewoor.jpg
| width = 200px
| caption =
| predecessor = [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]]
| successor = [[Tapishwar Narain Raina|General Tapishwar Narain Raina]]
| office2 = Ambassador of [[India]] to [[Denmark]]
| term_start2 = Feb 1976
| term_end2 = Feb 1978
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1916|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Seoni]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|10|24|1916|08|11}}
| death_place =
| spouse = Radhika Gokhale
| nickname =
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 15 July 1937 – 31 May 1975
| rank = [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[General (India)|General]]
| servicenumber =IC-129<ref name="DCOAS"/>
| unit =
[[Dogra Regiment]]
[[File:Badge_of_Baluch_Regiment_1945-56.jpg|20px]] [[10th Baluch Regiment]]
[[File:XIX-cap-badge.jpg|20px]] [[Green Howards]]

| commands = [[File:IA Southern Command.svg|20px]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army]] [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] 27 Infantry Division 80 Infantry Brigade Director General, [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]]
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] (1972)}}
}}

[[General (India)|General]] '''Gopal Gurunath Bewoor''' {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM}} (11 August 1916 – 24 October 1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/33-gg-bewoor.html |title=General Gopal Gurunath Bewoor, PVSM |work=Bharat Rakshak |date=12 October 2006 |access-date=19 June 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029195546/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/33-gg-bewoor.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> was a senior [[Army ranks and insignia of India|officer]] of the [[Indian Army]] who served as the 8th [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]], and later an [[Indian diplomatic missions|Indian diplomat to Denmark]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Where Gallantry is Tradition : Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College |first1=Bikram |last1=Singh |first2=Sidharth |last2=Mishra |year=1997 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Allied Publishers |page=50 |isbn=9788170236498}}</ref>

In a long service spanning four decades, Gen. Bewoor saw action during [[World War II]] and later was involved in Indian Army operations in [[Pakistan]], including during the [[1965 Indo-Pakistani war|second war in 1965]] as well as effectively commanding the [[Southern Command (India)|southern command]] during the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war|third war in 1971]]. He succeeded [[Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]] as the army chief in January 1973 and following his retirement from the army, served as the Indian Ambassador to [[Denmark]] till 1979.

In 1972, he was honoured with [[Padma Bhushan]] the third highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

==Family and education==
Born at [[Seoni]] on 11 August 1916 into {{Sfn|Wilkinson|2015|p=254}} [[Kannada people|Kannada]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-qaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|publisher=Harvard University Press|author=Steven Wilkinson|year=2015|page=109| isbn=978-0-674-72880-6 |quote=Coorgi (Thimayya, 1957–1961), a Bengali (Chaudhuri, 1962– 1967), a Tamil (Kumaramangalam, 1967–1970), a Parsi (Manekshaw, 1969–1973), a Kannadiga (Bewoor, 1963–1975), and a Kashmiri (Raina, 1975–1978).}}</ref> [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 95, Part 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ|author=Pritish Nandy|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1974|page=30}}</ref> Gopal Gurunath Bewoor was the son of Sir [[Gurunath Venkatesh Bewoor]] ICS and Rukmini Bewoor. He was educated at [[Colonel Brown Cambridge School]], [[Dehradun]], [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] (RIMC), [[Dehradun]] in 1928 and later the [[Indian Military Academy]]. A part of the Kitchener section, Gopal was appointed Cadet Captain in 1934. He also won Lord Rawlinson's trophy during this time.

==Commissioned into the Indian Army==
Bewoor was commissioned a second [[lieutenant]] on the Special List, Indian Land Forces on 15 July 1937. On 10 August 1937 he was attached to the 2nd Battalion, [[Green Howards]], and saw action during operations in Waziristan. On 10 August 1938 he was admitted to the Indian Army and posted to 5th Battalion [[10th Baluch Regiment]] (now 12 Baloch), with which he saw action [[Burma Campaign|in Burma]]. His seniority as a second lieutenant was antedated to 30 August 1936 and he was promoted lieutenant 30 November 1938. In July 1945, he was transferred from the 5th Baluch and went on to attend the Staff College course at [[Quetta]], and then he was appointed as the Under Secretary (Military) to the Viceroy's Coordination Council. He was the only Indian officer to have achieved this feat.

At Independence in 1947, Bewoor was the Secretary of the Army Partition Committee in 1947, which determined the allotment of weapons, equipment and regiments that were to remain in India or to be allotted to Pakistan. Since his parent regiment - the Baluch - went to Pakistan, he was transferred to the [[Dogra Regiment]] and promoted to acting lieutenant colonel in December 1947. With a view to imparting basic military training to school and college students, he was appointed as the Director of the NCC ([[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]]) in April 1948 with the acting rank of full colonel, and was promoted substantive major on 30 August 1949.<ref name="major_subs">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1520 |date=29 October 1949 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1949/O-2356-1949-0000-109469.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

== Promoted to general rank ==
He was promoted to the acting rank of [[Brigadier]] in 1951, later assuming command of the 80th Infantry Brigade in [[Jammu]] & [[Kashmir]]. He was appointed as the Director, Personnel Services at Army HQ in August 1953, and was promoted to substantive colonel on 30 August 1956.<ref name="colonel">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=97 |date=20 April 1957|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2121-1957-0016-96182.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> The following year, on 4 June 1957, he was again promoted to acting brigadier and given command of an infantry brigade.<ref name="brig_actg">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=194 |date=10 August 1957|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2122-1957-0032-96240.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

On 27 February 1959 at the age of 42 years and 6 months he was promoted to acting Major General as the first Chief of Staff at the Western Command HQ in [[Shimla]]. He is believed to be the second youngest ever Major General in the Indian Army, (Gen JN Chaudhury being the youngest, when he was promoted to acting Major General at the age of 39 years and 8 months.) <ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=101 |date=25 April 1959|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1990-1959-0017-89885.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Promoted to substantive brigadier on 30 August 1959,<ref name="brig_subs">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=266 |date=31 October 1959|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1990-1959-0044-89912.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> he assumed the appointment of Colonel of the [[11 Gorkha Rifles]] on 25 May 1960. He was then appointed as the GOC of the 27th Infantry Division on 17 February 1961 at [[Jalandhar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=97 |date=15 April 1961|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1961/O-1909-1961-0015-85833.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Later he moved this division to [[Kalimpong]] ([[West Bengal]]) in the wake of the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]].

In June 1963, he was appointed as the Director of Military Training at Army HQ and remained there till November 1964. He was promoted as General Officer Commanding 33 Corps at Siliguri in November 1964 with the rank of lieutenant general. He moved to Army HQ in May 1967 as Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (DCOAS), to which he had been appointed on 27 April,<ref name="DCOAS">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=428 |date=27 May 1967 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and held that appointment till June 1969. As DCOAS, he was awarded Param Vishist Seva Medal (PVSM) for his meritorious services. However, he has been later criticized for his role in changing the General Staff Qualitative Requirement (GSQR) for evaluation of anti-tank missiles which resulted in the purchase of the [[SS.11|SS11B1]] from France's Aerospatiale and the death of a competing indigenous [[DRDO Anti Tank Missile]] project.

In July 1969, he assumed the appointment of General Officer Commanding–in–Chief, Southern Command. During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the Indian military strategy was mainly defensive on the Western Front, while attacking in the Eastern Sector, culminating in the surrender of Dacca and the secession of East Pakistan into the newly formed Bangladesh.
Bewoor's Southern Command was tasked with maintaining a front from Bikaner southwestwards to the Arabian Sea. This command was divided into four sectors: Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer and Kutch. The first two sectors were manned by [[12th Infantry Division (India)|12 Division]] with [[11th Infantry Division (India)|11 Division]] holding Barmer and Kutch. In addition it was supported by an armoured regiment, two independent armoured squadrons, and one missile squadron. For his command of operations in the Rajasthan Sector, Bewoor was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour.

== As Chief of Army Staff ==
He succeeded the popular [[Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]], the liberator of Bangladesh, as Army Chief on 15 January 1973 and held that appointment for two years and four months till his retirement on 31 May 1975.

Soon after taking office Bewoor was told of one of the most significant developments in the history of Indian defence policy, of which the Indian Army and the Defence Ministry were previously in the dark, namely the Department of Atomic Energy's plans to detonate a nuclear device. The project codenamed [[Smiling Buddha]] had been underway from 1967 under the leadership of [[Raja Ramanna]]. The task of sinking the shaft for the test was assigned to the 61 Engineering Regiment stationed in Jodhpur. Ramanna first contacted the regiment commander, Lt. Col. Subherwal, in May 1973 to dig the shaft. In June 1973 Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] took General Bewoor into confidence and ordered him to support the project. After an initial setback - the finding of water at the first drill site - the location of the test was shifted to the village of Malki near [[Pokhran]], Rajasthan. Bewoor was personally present at the test site and witnessed the actual nuclear explosion of 18 May 1974. He was the first to inform the Prime Minister's Office via a telephone call to D.P. Dhar.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html |title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program: Smiling Buddha: 1974 |work=Nuclear Weapon Archive |date=8 November 2001 |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> A. Parthasarthi however claims in 1974 he found a note written from the PM (without her characteristic green-ink initials) to Bewoor dated as early as 15 November 1972 asking for the Army's co-operation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parthasarathi |first=A. |title=Technology at the Core: Science & Technology with Indira Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrRN4qlR1AsC&q=bewoor+pokhran&pg=PA128 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0170-6 |page=128}}</ref> This must be viewed with some skepticism, since Bewoor was not the COAS on the purported date of this note.

==After retirement==
He served as the Honorary Colonel of the Dogra Regiment up to 11 August 1979. After retirement, he served as the Indian Ambassador to Denmark, from February 1976 to March 1978. He served as a member of the Senate of the [[University of Pune]], for two years from August 1979 onwards. He was also on the Board of Directors of Kirloskar Oil Engines & Vickers Sperry of Pune. Besides, he was often invited to give talks on leadership and military matters by various educational societies. He died on 24 October 1989.

The street in Koregaon Park, Pune where the general lived after retirement is named General Bewoor Path after him.

==Family==
General Bewoor was married to Radhika Gokhale on 12 March 1943. They had two sons and a daughter.

His son Group Captain Anant Bewoor (Retd), served in the [[Indian Air Force]] and saw action with the [[IPKF]] in [[Sri Lanka]] and during the [[Siachen]] operations, and was the Commanding Officer (CO) of the 44th Squadron, which flies the [[IL-76]] heavy-lift military transport aircraft. His younger son, Keshav Bewoor, is also an Air Force officer, and retired from service in the rank of Air Vice Marshal.

Arun Bewoor, former managing director, International Flavors and Fragrances is the son of his late brother Madhav Gurunath Bewoor.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/article1041274.ece |title=Scent of a Man |first=Vinay |last=Kamath |work=[[The Hindu]]: Business Line |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

Meenakshi Bakhle (wife of D.S. Bakhle, ICS) was General Bewoor's sister. She was a president of the Maharashtra State Women's Council.<ref>[http://mswcindia.org/pastpresidents.aspx The Maharashtra State Women's Council] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216012838/http://mswcindia.org/pastpresidents.aspx |date=16 December 2010 }}</ref> For her (minor) role in the [[Samyukta Maharashtra]] controversy in 1956 she was famously referred to as कोमडी चोमडी मिनाक्षी ("Komdi Chomdi Meenakshi") by "Acharya" [[Prahlad Keshav Atre]] and satirized as a अति विशाल महिला ("Ati Vishaal Mahilaa") in the famous [[P.L. Deshpande]] 1957 play तुझे आहे तुजपाशी ("Tujhe Ahe Tujapashi").

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samar_Seva_Star_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}

|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Burma_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png|width=106}}

|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Padma Bhushan]]
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Samar Seva Star]]
|[[Paschimi Star]]
|-
|[[Raksha Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|[[1939–1945 Star]]
|[[Burma Star]]
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]
|[[India Service Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg|25px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 15 July 1937<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book|pages=224|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 30 November 1938<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-2.svg|25px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army || 15 August 1940 (acting) 15 November 1940 (temporary) 16 August 1942 (war-substantive) 30 August 1944 (substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|25px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] || British Indian Army || 15 November 1940 (acting) 16 August 1942 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-2.svg|25px]] || Captain || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-4.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] || [[Indian Army]] || December 1947 (acting)<ref group="note" name="insignia" /><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-5.svg|25px]] || [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || April 1948 (acting)<ref group="note" name="insignia" /><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|25px]] || Major || Indian Army || 30 August 1949<ref name="major_subs"/><ref group="note" name="insignia" /><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || August 1953<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=222 |date=10 October 1953 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1953/O-2248-1953-0041-103969.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 30 August 1956<ref name="colonel"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1951 (acting) 4 June 1957 (acting)<ref name="brig_actg"/> 30 August 1959 (substantive)<ref name="brig_subs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 27 February 1959 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen"/> 1962 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=370 |date=12 September 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 7 November 1964 (acting)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509 |date=19 December 1964|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> 1965 (substantive)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 15 January 1973<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=218 |date=17 February 1973|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1973/O-1283-1973-0007-57171.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmFwBgAAQBAJ|title=Army and Nation|first=Steven I.|last=Wilkinson|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780674967007}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071204210425/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Army-Chiefs/Chiefs-Army11.html Bharat-rakshak.com Biography].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060310074612/http://www.regiments.org/biography/defchiefs/in2CinC.htm Regiments.org]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=k35_SlDMyUsC&dq=Gurunath+Venkatesh+Bewoor&pg=PA63]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Sam Manekshaw]]
|title = [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]]
| years = 1973–1975
| after = [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]]}}
{{succession box
| before = Moti Sagar
|title = General Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]
| years = 1969–1973
| after = Sartaj Singh}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box | before ={{not sure}}|title = Ambassador of [[India]] to the [[Denmark]]| years = Feb 1976–Feb 1978 | after = {{not sure}}}}

{{s-end}}
{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bewoor, G. G.}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Denmark]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:10th Baluch Regiment officers]]

Al-Tawhid Brigade

2026-03-24T19:52:31Z

GAURI PARIHAR: formatting fix

{{Short description|Disbanded armed Islamist insurgent group in Syria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox war faction
| name = al-Tawhid Brigade
| native_name = لواء التوحيد
| native_name_lang = ar
| war = the [[Syrian Civil War]]
| image = Tawhid Brigades.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Official logo of the Tawhid Brigade
| active = 18 July 2012—18 June 2015?<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aI3yAmNGW1vLpJCOrhiVLqpUUIX9PG1RNsCqJGGfhxI/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=Syrian Civil War factions|website=Google Docs}}</ref>
| ideology = [[Sunni]] [[Islamism]]<ref name="guide">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24403003 |title=Guide to the Syrian rebels |work=[[BBC]] |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509120306/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24403003 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=TAWHID>{{Cite news|title=Fighting in Aleppo, Resisting Geneva: An Interview With the Tawhid Brigade|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54064|access-date=18 August 2025|author=Aron Lund|work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="AlMonitorTawheed"/> [[Jihadism]] (until 2015)<ref name=TRAC /><ref name="AlMonitorTawheed" /><ref name=heller>{{cite news |last=Heller |first=Sam |date=30 September 2015 |title=Ahrar al-Sham's Revisionist Jihadism |url=https://warontherocks.com/2015/09/ahrar-al-shams-revisionist-jihadism/ |work=War on the Rocks |access-date=28 January 2023 }}</ref> '''Factions''': [[Salafism]]<ref name=ceip26dec />
| leaders = {{plain list|
* [[Abdul Qader Saleh]]{{KIA}}<ref name="Islamistbrigadestrike">{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/86539/World/Region/Syria-air-strike-hits-Islamist-brigade-leadership.aspx|title=Syria air strike hits Islamist brigade leadership|work=[[Al Ahram]]|publisher=AFP|date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121020450/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/86539/World/Region/Syria-air-strike-hits-Islamist-brigade-leadership.aspx|archive-date=21 November 2013|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref><ref name=reuters17nov>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-commander-idUSBRE9AH03H20131118|title=Top Syrian rebel commander dies from wounds|work=Reuters|date=17 November 2013|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> (Top commander July 2012–November 2013)
* Adnan Bakkour{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/02/al-qaeda-fighters-kill-syrian-rebel-leader-2014229511898140.html|title=Al-Qaeda fighters kill Syrian rebel leaders|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=2 February 2014|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref> (Senior commander)
* Abdelaziz Salameh<ref name=ceip26dec>{{Cite news|title=The Levant Front: Can Aleppo's Rebels Unite?|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/middle-east/diwan/2014/12/the-levant-front-can-aleppos-rebels-unite?lang=en|date=26 December 2014|access-date=8 July 2025|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|author=Aron Lund}}</ref> (Top commander November 2013-2014)
* Maj. Mohammed Hamadeen<ref name=bolling>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_RebelGroupsNorthernAleppo.pdf|title=Rebel Groups in northern Aleppo Province|work=Institute for the Study of War|author=Jeffrey Bolling|date=29 August 2012}}</ref> (Free North Brigade)
* Col. Yusef al-Jader{{KIA}}<ref name="AhramalJader">{{cite news|title=Free Syrian Army top commander killed in Syria's Aleppo|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/60568/World/Region/Free-Syrian-Army-top-commander-killed-in-Syrias-Al.aspx|newspaper=[[Al-Ahram]]|date=15 December 2012|access-date=7 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218153721/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/60568/World/Region/Free-Syrian-Army-top-commander-killed-in-Syrias-Al.aspx|archive-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> (Senior commander in Aleppo)
* Yussef al-Abbas{{KIA}}<ref name="Islamistbrigadestrike" /> (Intelligence chief)
}}
| clans = *Free North Brigade
*Mountain Knights Brigade
*Darat Izza Brigade
*Aleppo Shahba Battalions
*[[Conquest Brigade]]<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/rebels-furious-over-diplomatic-deal-on-syria/1750815.html |title=Rebels Furious Over Diplomatic Deal on Syria |author=Jamie Dettmer |work=[[Voice of America]] |date=16 September 2013 |accessdate=8 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="disdain">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/15/syria-rebels-obama_n_3931250.html?guccounter=1 |title=Syrian Rebels Express Disdain For Obama And Other World Leaders |author=Antonio Pampliega |work=[[HuffPost]] ([[Agence France-Presse]]) |date=15 September 2013 |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
*[[Northern Storm Brigade]]
* Elite Islamic Battalion (left in November 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/2252.html|title=Tawhid Brigade dismisses 6 battalions over shariah breaches SYRIA NEWS - ZAMAN ALWSL}}</ref>
| headquarters = [[Aleppo]], [[Mare']], and [[Tell Rifaat]]
| area = {{plain list|
* [[Aleppo Governorate]]
* [[Homs Governorate]]
* [[Raqqa Governorate]]
* [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]]
}} of [[Syria]]<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=ArjDnn|number=609762274941792256|title=Further reports of Burkan al-Firat (YPG/J + local FSA) gains around Tal Abyad. Unconfirmed: ISIS Supply lines from Raqqah to Tal Abyad cut.|date=13 June 2015|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>{{bsn|date=July 2025}}
| size = 8,000 (July 2012)<ref name="Lund">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/15/holy_warriors|title=Holy Warriors|last=Lund|first=Aron|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=15 October 2012|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref> 10,000 (own claim) (Nov 2012)<ref name=Atassi/> 13,000 (own claim) (Sep 2013)<ref name="auto"/><ref name="disdain"/> 8,000-10,000 (December 2013)<ref name="guide" />
| partof = * {{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} [[Free Syrian Army]] (2012-2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/syria-the-free-syrian-army/|title=Syria - The Free Syrian Army|publisher=Vice|date=22 December 2012|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518025303/http://www.vice.com/ground-zero/syria-the-free-syrian-army|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="7DecReuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-fsa-idUSBRE9B607S20131207 |title=Syrian Islamists seize Western-backed rebel bases: monitoring group|publisher=Reuters|date=7 December 2013|access-date=13 January 2025|first1=Alexander|last1=Dziadosz|first2=Dasha|last2=Afanasieva}}</ref>
* [[Syrian Islamic Liberation Front]] (2012–2013)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Front (Syria) (Black).svg}} [[Islamic Front (Syria)|Islamic Front]] (2013–2015)
* [[Levant Front]] (coalition) (2014-2015)<ref name=ceip26dec />
* [[Euphrates Volcano]] (eastern branch only, 2014)<ref name=volcano>{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-kurdish-leader-hails-euphrates-volcano-fight-against-1988594600|title=Syrian Kurdish leader hails 'Euphrates Volcano' fight against IS|work=[[Middle East Eye]]|author=Jonathan Steele|date=12 September 2014|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="al-Omar">{{Cite web|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2020/11/raqqa-after-three-years-of-islamic-states-expulsion/ |title=Raqqa after three years of "Islamic State's expulsion" |author=Hussam al-Omar|work=[[Enab Baladi]] |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=8 July 2025 |quote=The newly formed coalition of factions consisted of the al-Tawhid Brigade (the eastern sector), [...] the Kurdish Front, the Kurdish People's Protection Units, and the Kurdish Women's Protection Units.}}</ref><ref name="Lister-285">{{harvnb|Lister|2015|p=285}}: "[...] a highly unusual alliance between the Kurdish YPG, and six FSA factions and the Islamic Front's Liwa al-Tawhid. Announced formally on 10 September, the Burkan al-Furat (Euphrates Volcano coalition) aimed to fight back against IS [...]"</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Insignia of the Syrian Revolutionary Command Council.svg|border=}} [[Syrian Revolutionary Command Council]] (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/middle-east/diwan/2014/12/the-revolutionary-command-council-rebel-unity-in-syria?lang=en|title=The Revolutionary Command Council: Rebel Unity in Syria?|work=Carnegie Endowment of International Peace|date=1 December 2014|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
| allies = {{flag|Qatar}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.svg}} [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria]]<ref name="AhramalJader" /><ref name="AlMonitorTawheed"/> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg}} [[al-Nusra Front]]<ref name="AlMonitorTawheed">{{cite news|title=The Story of Al-Tawhid Brigade: Fighting for Sharia in Syria|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2013/10/syria-opposition-islamists-tawhid-brigade.html|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]] ([[As-Safir]])|date=22 October 2013|access-date=8 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925033432/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2013/10/syria-opposition-islamists-tawhid-brigade.html|archive-date=25 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/warring-rebel-groups-abduct-each-others-members-in-syria/|title=Warring Syrian rebel groups abduct each other's members|date=18 May 2013|publisher=The Times of Israel|access-date=8 July 2025|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg}} [[Ahrar ash-Sham]]<ref name="IslamistBlocSyria">{{cite news|title=New Islamist Bloc Declares Opposition to National Coalition and US Strategy|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/major-rebel-factions-drop-exiles-go-full-islamist/|author=Aron Lund|publisher=Syria Comment|date=24 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Jaysh Al Islam white flag.svg}} [[Jaysh al-Islam]]<ref name="IslamistBlocSyria" /> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sham Legion.svg}} [[Sham Legion]]<ref name=ngs>{{cite news|url=http://notgeorgesabra.wordpress.com/2014/05/17/freedom-human-rights-rule-of-law-the-goals-and-guiding-principles-of-the-islamic-front-and-its-allies/|title=Freedom, Human Rights, Rule of Law: The Goals and Guiding Principles of the Islamic Front and Its Allies|date=17 May 2014|access-date=17 May 2014|work=Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style}}</ref> {{flagdeco|Rojava}}{{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} [[Kurdish Front]] (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-kurds-pyd-ypg-isis-rebels-kobani-afrin.html|title=Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS|last=van Wilgenburg|first=Wladimir|date=27 March 2014|work=Al Monitor|access-date=16 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011258/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-kurds-pyd-ypg-isis-rebels-kobani-afrin.html|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flag|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/13884/analyzing-events-in-azaz|title=Analyzing Events in Azaz: A Detailed Look At ISIS' Takeover|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|author-link=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|date=10 October 2013}}</ref>
| opponents = {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Flag of Syria (1980–2024).svg}} [[Ba'athist Syria]] {{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} [[Jabhat Ghuraba al-Sham|Ghuraba al-Sham Front]]<ref name="TOI"/> {{flag|Hezbollah}} {{flag|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} (2014)<ref name=ngs/> {{flagicon image|People's Protection Units Flag.svg|border=no}} [[People's Protection Units]] (2012–2014)<ref name="almon">{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/06/syria-rebels-kurdish-militias-clash.html|title=Syrian Rebels Clash With Kurdish Militias|date=9 June 2013|publisher=Al Monitor|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>
| battles = {{tree list}}
* '''[[Syrian Civil War]]'''
** [[Rojava conflict]]
** [[Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)]]
** [[Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)]]<ref name="taz">{{cite news| url = https://taz.de/Buergerkrieg-in-Syrien/!5070428/| title =Bürgerkrieg in Syria: Jedem seine eigene Rebellengruppe |trans-title=Civil war in Syria: Everyone has their own rebel group| work = TAZ |language=German| date = 28 March 2013 | access-date = 19 October 2021| last1 =Metzger | first1 =Nils }}</ref>
** [[Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)]]<ref name="taz" />
** [[Siege of Menagh Air Base]]
** [[Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)]]
** [[2013 Latakia offensive]]
** [[Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War|Syrian opposition–ISIL conflict]]
*** [[Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)]]
** [[Siege of Kobanî]]
{{tree list/end}}
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{SYR}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://russiancouncil.ru/en/syria-extremism#lt | title=Anti-government extremist organizations in Syria }}</ref> {{UAE}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395272478814 | title=UAE Cabinet approves list of designated terrorist organisations, groups | date=16 November 2014 }}</ref>
| successor = [[Levant Front]] (faction)
}}

The '''al-Tawhid Brigade''' ({{langx|ar|لواء التوحيد|Liwa al-Tawhid|lit=Brigade of monotheism}}; named after [[Tawhid]], the "oneness of God,") was an armed [[Islamist]] [[Syrian Opposition|insurgent group]] involved in the [[Syrian Civil War]].

The al-Tawhid Brigade was formed in 2012.<ref name=bbc2012/><ref name=TRAC/> Reportedly backed by [[Qatar]],<ref name=reuters14nov>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-aleppo-idUSBRE9AE04320131115|title=Syrian air raid kills rebel commander in Aleppo: activists|work=[[Reuters]]|date=14 November 2013}}</ref> al-Tawhid was considered one of the biggest groups in northern Syria, dominating most of the insurgency around Aleppo.<ref name="TRAC" />

Its leader [[Abdul Qader Saleh]] was killed in November 2013 in a [[Syrian Air Force]] airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrian-rebel-leader-abdul-qader-saleh-dies-of-injuries-sustained-in-airstrike/2013/11/18/ee71c086-5046-11e3-9ee6-2580086d8254_story.html|title=Syrian rebel leader Abdul Qader Saleh dies of injuries sustained in airstrike|last1=Sly|first1=Liz|last2=Morris|first2=Loveday|date=18 November 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

== Organization ==
=== Ideology ===
The al-Tawhid Brigade was initially founded by Islamist groups,{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=80}} and followed an ideology similar to that of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=86}} ''[[Agence France-Presse]]'' and ''[[Al-Monitor]]'' journalists described the unit as being affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name="AhramalJader" /><ref name="AlMonitorTawheed"/> According to ''[[As-Safir]]'', the al-Tawhid Brigade even operated as an "armed wing of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Syria|Syrian Muslim Brotherhood]]" due to close connections between leaders of the rebel group and Brotherhood figures. However, other sources argued that the al-Tawhid Brigade simply accepted support from anyone who was somewhat ideologically similar to itself, including [[Salafism|Salafists]].<ref name="AlMonitorTawheed"/> Based on a Saudi, anti-Assad source, researcher Mark Tomass described the al-Tawhid Brigade as "Salafi-Jihadist" despite it being "classified as moderate".{{sfn|Tomass|2017|p=131}} In late 2013, the rebel group co-signed a joint statement calling for [[Sharia]] law and rejecting the authority of the [[Syrian National Coalition]].<ref name=Roggio>{{cite web |author=Bill Roggio |title=Free Syrian Army units ally with al Qaeda, reject Syrian National Coalition, and call for sharia |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/09/free_syrian_army_uni.php |publisher=The Long War Journal |date=26 September 2013 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Branches ===
Originally, al-Tawhid was composed of four subunits, the ''Mountain Knights Brigade'', the ''Darat Izza Brigade'', the ''Free North Brigade'', and the ''Aleppo Shahba Battalions''.<ref name=bolling/> The ''Mountain Knights Brigade'' operated in the southwest of [[Aleppo Governorate]] near the border with the [[Idlib Governorate]] and the city of [[Atarib]]. The ''Darat Izza Brigade'' was named after the town of [[Darat Izza]] and operated in the western part of the city of [[Aleppo]].<ref name=bolling/> The ''Free North Brigade'' was the largest subunit of the Tawhid Brigade and present in the [[Kilis]] Corridor. It took over the leadership of several subunits in [[al-Bab]] to the east of Aleppo.<ref name="qas">{{Cite web|url=https://www.qasioun.net/ar/news/show/75737/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85|title=Brigade North are free to announce joining the Sham Corps|work=Qasioun News Agency|date=16 June 2017|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619072416/http://qasioun.net/ar/news/show/75737/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By March 2013, the al-Tawhid Brigade had become active in northeastern and eastern Syria as well, where one of its representatives, Sheikh Saif, tried to set up a loose coalition of Islamist groups known as the "[[Islamic Front (Syria)|Islamic Front]]".<ref name="taz" /> Around June 2013, the militia was reorganised into nearly 30 sub-factions.<ref name="ctc270813">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-non-state-militant-landscape-in-syria|title=The Non-State Militant Landscape in Syria|last=Lund|first=Aron|publisher=[[CTC Sentinel]]|date=27 August 2013|access-date=28 August 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007045801/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-non-state-militant-landscape-in-syria|url-status=dead}}</ref> By June, the rebel group had 38 "regiments" and about 11,000 fighters as well as 10,000 "administrators".<ref name="AlMonitorTawheed"/>

In September 2013, the [[Supreme Military Council (Syria)|Supreme Military Council]]'s head [[Salim Idris]] brokered a merger between the Conquest Brigade and the al-Tawhid Brigade, with the two units holding a ceremony to facilitate their unification. They claimed to have a united strength of 13,000 fighters across all of Syria.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="disdain"/>

In November 2013, the Elite Islamic Battalion left the Tawhid Brigade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/2252.html|title=Tawhid Brigade dismisses 6 battalions over shariah breaches SYRIA NEWS - ZAMAN ALWSL}}</ref>

On 2 March 2014, the [[Northern Storm Brigade]] announced that they would join the Islamic Front under the leadership of the al-Tawhid Brigade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Mar-05/249284-northern-storm-joins-tawhid-brigade.ashx|title=Northern Storm joins Tawhid Brigade|publisher=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|date=5 March 2014|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121210750/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Mar-05/249284-northern-storm-joins-tawhid-brigade.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also in 2014, the [[Euphrates Jarabulus Battalions]] left to join the [[Dawn of Freedom Brigades]].

=== Foreign support ===
The al-Tawhid Brigade reportedly enjoyed "strong Qatari backing."{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=86}}

== History ==

===Formation===
The al-Tawhid Brigade was formed in 2012 in order to coordinate the [[Battle of Aleppo (2012–2013)|Battle of Aleppo]],<ref name=bbc2012>{{cite news|title=Syria: Fear and hunger amid battle for Aleppo|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19042700|last=Panell|first=Ian|publisher=BBC|date=30 July 2012|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> with the stated mission to found a "civil state in Syria with Islam being the main source of legislation."<ref name=TRAC>{{cite web |title=Liwaa al-Tawhid Brigade |publisher=Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium |url=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/liwaa-al-tawhid-brigade |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> Researcher Charles R. Lister described the initial al-Tawhid Brigade as "a coalition of local Aleppo-based Islamist units",{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=80}} following an ideology similar to that one of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=86}} The rebel group's foundation was possibly inspired or even ordered by one of the rebels' main allies, Turkey, to facilitate a greater cooperation among insurgent forces.<ref name="AlMonitorTawheed"/>

From its inception, the brigade cooperated with hardline jihadist forces including the [[al-Nusra Front]];{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=80}}<ref name="AlMonitorTawheed"/> for instance, the group ruled [[Jarablus]] alongside the al-Nusra Front.{{sfn|Lister|2015|pp=77–78}}

===Activities===
[[File:Al-Tawhid Brigade deface image of Bashar al-Assad on the Hama-Raqqa road.png|left|thumb|Fighters of the al-Tawhid Brigade deface an image of President [[Bashar al-Assad]] on the road between [[Hama]] and Raqqa on 27 March 2013.]]
In November 2012, the Tawhid Brigade announced their support for the [[Syrian National Coalition]] but called for greater representation in the coalition. The brigade's leadership called for "a civil state where the basis of legislation is the Islamic faith, with consideration for all the [minority] groups of Syria". They thereby implicitly rejected an earlier statement they had made, with other local factions, which had called for an Islamic state in Syria and denouncing the Syrian National Coalition.<ref name=Atassi>{{cite news|title=Aleppo rebels retract rejection of coalition|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/2012112016567298627.html|last=Atassi|first=Basma|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=20 November 2012|access-date=22 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aleppo and the Battle for the Syrian Revolution's Soul|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/12/04/u.s.-fiscal-cliff-risks-dragging-global-economy-into-darkness/eq10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115081156/http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/12/04/u.s.-fiscal-cliff-risks-dragging-global-economy-into-darkness/eq10|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2013|last=Lund|first=Aron|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|date=4 December 2012|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> In December 2012, the al-Tawhid Brigade spearheaded the capture of Aleppo's Army College.{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=101}}

In January 2013, the Tawhid Brigade announced on its website that it had become a member of the [[Syrian Islamic Liberation Front]].<ref name="tawhid">{{cite web|url=http://lewaaltawheed.com/?p=2869|title=انضمام لواء التوحيد لجبهة تحرير سوريا الاسلامية|access-date=24 January 2013|archive-date=14 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114054014/http://lewaaltawheed.com/?p=2869|url-status=dead}} Official Website (in Arabic)</ref> In the next month, the al-Tawhid Brigade, Ahrar al-Sham, and the al-Nusra Front launched an offensive which ended in the conquest of the Aleppo suburb of Sheikh Saeed.{{sfn|Lister|2015|pp=109–110}}

In May 2013, the [[hell cannon]], a mortar-like improvised firearm designed and built by the insurgent group Free North Brigade, was first noted in the press.<ref name=moses>{{cite web |url=http://brown-moses.blogspot.com/2013/05/diy-weapons-in-syria-hell-cannon.html |title=DIY Weapons In Syria - The Hell Cannon |work=Brown Moses Blog |author=Brown Moses |author-link=Brown Moses |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

In June 2013, the al-Tawhid Brigade sent over 300 fighters under the command of Saleh and the Aleppo Military Council's Obaidi to the [[Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)|Battle of al-Qusayr]].{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=136}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/184261--tawhid-brigade-in-aleppo-sends-support-units-to-al-qusayr|title=Tawhid Brigade in Aleppo sends support units to al-Qusayr Anadolu Agency|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref>{{bsn|date=July 2025}}

In August 2013, the al-Tawhid Brigade alongside various Islamist rebel groups captured the town of [[Khanasir]], severing the supply routes of the remaining Syrian government loyalists north of Aleppo.{{sfn|Lister|2015|p=165}} In the same month, the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL), the [[al-Nusra Front]], [[Ahrar al-Sham]], the [[Suqour al-Sham Brigade]], and the al-Tawhid Brigade announced that they would besiege the [[People's Defense Units|YPG]]-held city of [[Kobanî]]. However, [[inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War|infighting]] between the groups erupted in January 2014 and some of them began to align with the YPG under the name of the [[Euphrates Islamic Liberation Front]]. In March 2014, ISIL captured [[Sarrin]] and several other towns and villages from the YPG and the EILF. Clashes continued through May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iswresearch.blogspot.com/2014/09/ypg-and-rebel-forces-challenge-isis-in.html |title=YPG and Rebel Forces Challenge ISIS in Northern Syria |work=Institute for the Study of War |author=Joseph Sax |date=19 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219180336/http://iswresearch.blogspot.com/2014/09/ypg-and-rebel-forces-challenge-isis-in.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 }}</ref>

On 22 September 2013, the Tawhid Brigade joined the [[Islamic Front (Syria)|Islamic Front]] coalition. The group was formed largely from the [[Syrian Islamic Front]] and the [[Syrian Islamic Liberation Front]], both of which were officially dissolved in the process.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/11/23/islamists-forge-syrias-rebel-alliance|title = Islamists forge Syria's rebel alliance| date=23 November 2013 |publisher = SBS World News}}</ref>

On 24 September 2013, the Tawhid Brigade co-signed a statement with 11 other rebel groups which called for [[Sharia]] law and, allying with [[al-Qaeda]], rejected the authority of the [[Syrian National Coalition]].<ref name=Roggio />

===Disintegration===
[[File:Tawhid Brigade and Conquest Brigade T-62.png|250px|left|thumb|A [[T-62]] [[main battle tank]] operated by the Tawhid Brigade in [[Tell Rifaat]], September 2013.]]
On 14 November 2013, a Syrian Air Force airstrike bombarded an army base held by the al-Tawhid brigade in Aleppo killing a commander by the name of Youssef al-Abbas also injuring two others including al-Tawhid's head commander [[Abdul Qader Saleh]].<ref name=reuters14nov/> Saleh subsequently died of his wounds in a Turkish hospital.<ref name=reuters17nov/>

Following the death of Saleh, the Tawhid Brigade reportedly suffered serious internal divisions and lost considerable members in defections to other rebel factions. They also experienced a sharp reduction in military assistance from Gulf states, due to US pressure to support more moderate rebel groups.<ref name="cnn15Aug">{{Cite news|title=As ISIS closes in, is it game over for Syria's opposition in Aleppo?|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/15/opinion/syria-aleppo-isis-threat/|date=15 August 2014|access-date=25 August 2014|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="fp30july">{{Cite news|title=Too Big to Fall|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/07/30/too_big_to_fall_syria_aleppo_assad|date=30 July 2014|access-date=25 August 2014|publisher=Foreign Policy}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

On 10 September 2014, the Tawhid Brigade's eastern branch became a founding member group of the [[Euphrates Volcano]] operations room based in [[Kobanî]].<ref name=volcano/><ref name="al-Omar" /><ref name="Lister-285" /> By October 2014, al-Tawhid had seen many of its eastern Aleppo province affiliates becoming defunct but re-emerging as break-off groups, and its northern branch ''Free North Brigade'' being "superseded" by the [[Northern Sun Battalion]] ''(Shams al-Shamal)''.<ref name=Landis14Oct>{{cite web |author=Joshua Landis |author-link=Joshua Landis |title=The Dawn of Freedom Brigades: Analysis and Interview |url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/profile-tajammu-alwiya-fajr-al-hurriya/ |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> Other rebel forces continued to use the name ''Free North Brigade'' and eventually joined the [[Sham Legion]].<ref name="qas" /> Some remnants of the Tawhid Brigade near [[Azaz]] allied itself with the YPG and received equipment and training from the [[CIA]] in late 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/turkey-kurdistan-iraq-syria-us-isis-pkk-global-legitimacy.html|title=Fight against IS helps PKK gain global legitimacy|work=Al-Monitor|author=Amberin Zaman|author-link=Amberin Zaman|date=16 September 2014|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627200305/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/turkey-kurdistan-iraq-syria-us-isis-pkk-global-legitimacy.html|archive-date=27 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Most ex-fighters of the al-Tawhid Brigade became a core part of the [[Levant Front]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aI3yAmNGW1vLpJCOrhiVLqpUUIX9PG1RNsCqJGGfhxI/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=Syrian Civil War factions|website=Google Docs}}</ref> However, in October 2016, 4 "battalions" of rebels in Aleppo using the flag of the al-Tawhid Brigade left the [[Levant Front]] and joined the [[Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement]].<ref>{{cite tweet |user= Syria_Rebel_Obs|number= 787311170369847296|date= 15 October 2016|title= Liwa al-Tawhid (ONLY 4 battalions who defected from Jabhat ash-Shamiyah, retaking old brigade name) joining Nur ad-Din Zenki in #Aleppo.}}</ref> In December 2022, some al-Tawhid Brigade remnants left the Levant Front (then part of the [[Syrian National Army]]) and created a new group called Ahrar al-Tawhid, which joined the [[Al-Shahba Gathering]] in February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title= Shahba Gathering: Is HTS organizing its own militia in north Aleppo? Part I |url=https://npasyria.com/en/97257/ |work=North Press Agency |date=1 May 2023 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{cite book|last=Lister|year=2015|first=Charles R.|title=The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-019046247-5|url={{Google books|S6eKCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Tomass|first=Mark|chapter=The ideological origins of ISIS: fighting terror with common sense |editor-last1=Webel|editor-first1=Charles|editor-last2=Tomass|editor-first2=Mark|year=2017|title=Assessing the War on Terror: Western and Middle Eastern Perspectives |pages=108–136|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-20456-0|url={{Google books|lYUlDgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}}}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGIky5lrRMo The formation of the Tawhid Brigade on 18 July 2012]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/lewaaltawheed Youtube channel]

{{Sister project links|commons=Category:Syrian Civil War (2011-present)|n=Category:2011 Syria anti-government protests|wikt=no|b=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|species=no|display=the Syrian civil war}}
{{2011 Syrian uprising}}

[[Category:Organizations affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Anti-Assad factions of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Syria]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]

Rashtrapati Niwas, Mashobra

2026-03-23T14:43:41Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Starting basic entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Distinguish|Rashtrapati Niwas}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Rashtrapati Niwas, Mashobra, Shimla
| image = File:Retreat Building.jpg
| caption = Rashtrapati Niwas
| current_tenants = *[[Draupadi Murmu]] ([[President of India]])
| building_type = Summer Retreat
| architectural_style = European
| structural_system =
| location = [[Chharabra]], [[Shimla district|Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh, India
| completion_date = 1850; 174 years old
| opened_date =
| main_contractors =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
}}
'''Rashtrapati Niwas''', previously known as '''The Retreat Building''' is the official summer retreat of the [[President of India]] near [[Chharabra]], [[Shimla]], in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=president>[https://presidentofindia.nic.in/presidential-retreats.htm Official website of the President of India], Presidential retreats. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</ref><ref name=tribune>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/the-retreat-a-treat-for-indias-presidents-96750 "The Retreat, a treat for India's Presidents"], ''The Tribune'', 21 June 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</ref> The President stays at the building for at least two weeks during summer and conducts official business.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/meghalaya-proposes-president-s-third-retreat-740980.html|title=Meghalaya proposes President's "third retreat"|work=Deccan Herald|date=2019-06-17 |accessdate=2019-08-30}}</ref> It is located 13 km away from the city of Shimla and is a thousand feet higher than the Shimla Ridge Top, which is part of the [[Himalayas]].

The other presidential homes are [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]], [[Rashtrapati Niketan]] in [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand, and [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]] in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana.

==History==
The building was originally constructed by the then Medical Superintendent of Simla, whose name is not known (referred to merely as Mr. C____ in ''Simla Past and Present'' by Sir Edward J. Buck). The Retreat was taken on lease from the Raja of Koti by [[William Hay, 10th Marquess of Tweeddale|Lord William Hay]]. During this period, the local population called it "Larty Sahib Ki Kothi", i.e. house of Mr. Larty, as Lord William Hay was named by locals. The lease deed contained stipulations that: the two roads from Simla and Mashobra village should, in the interest of native population of Koti State, be open to the public; no trees should be felled; and no cattle be slaughtered on the grounds. The lease of the Retreat was then taken by [[William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|Sir William Mansfield]], [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]], and then By [[Edward Charles Buck|Sir Edward Buck]] in 1881.<ref>W. T. Pike (ed.), ''East Anglia in the Twentieth Century: Contemporary Biographies'' (1912), p. 131.</ref> In 1896, the Raja of Koti used his right of preemption and took the possession of the estate. Thereafter the Retreat was consigned to the government on permanent lease by the Raja of Koti. The [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|Earl of Elgin]] was the first [[Viceroy of India]] to have used the Retreat as a viceregal residence. Lord Elgin secured use of the Retreat for future viceroys and constantly spent his weekends there.<ref name=president/><ref name=tribune/><ref>Edward J. Buck, ''Simla Past and Present'', Thacker, Spink and Co. (1904), pp. 177-180.</ref>

[[Lord Mountbatten]] was the last viceroy to have stayed here in 1947. Subsequently, the estate was transferred to the Government of India. In 1951, Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India to visit the estate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtrapati Niwas in Mashobra |url=https://thrilltourism.com/listings/rashtrapati-niwas-in-mashobra-in-chharabra-in-himachal-pradesh-171012-1172 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=thrilltourism.com |language=en}}</ref> In a historic shift in 1965, President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] designated The Retreat as the President's summer retreat, shifting the summer residence from the [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtrapati Niwas, Mashobra Visitor Booking |url=https://visit.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/visit/rashtrapati-niwas-mashobra-shimla/vm |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=visit.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref> Unlike the Viceregal Lodge, it offered a more private setting amidst oak, cedar, pine, and copper birch forests.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

Since then, most Presidents spend at least a week here every summer, along with their office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirpal |first=Neha |date=2023-10-23 |title=Rashtrapati Niwas: A Slice Of History In Mashobra |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/rashtrapati-niwas-a-slice-of-history-in-mashobra |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The architecture and grounds of the site make it a tourist attraction in Shimla. One outstanding feature of this building is that it is purely a wooden structure with [[dhajji]] wall construction, which features timber-framed walls filled with stone and brick, blending naturally with its surroundings. This building has an area of {{convert|10628|sqft|m2}}.<ref name="president" />

== Public access==
On April 23, 2024, Hon'ble President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu, officially inaugurated the public opening of the building. {{fact|date=March 2025}}

=== Rashtrapati Niwas Building ===
[[File:Rashtrapati_Niwas_Main_Building.jpg|thumb|294x294px|Rashtrapati Niwas Main Building]]
The main building of Rashtrapati Niwas, featuring earthquake-resistant dhajji wall construction, is open for public viewing. It also allows visitors to explore areas like the presidential wing and the official dining hall.

The residence features a top floor reserved for the President and her family, comprising six private rooms each with a balcony. The lower level accommodates the extensive entourage accompanying the President, including the ADC room, a drawing room, and a study with a view of the hills. This floor is adorned with British-era furnishings and includes a large dining room capable of hosting 22 guests, maintaining its original wooden fireplaces and antique switches.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

A special gallery displays a large photo of the current President, Shrimati Draupadi Murmu, alongside portraits of the 14 former presidents who have visited the residence. Additionally, the gallery features a black-and-white sketch of the Niwas by a local artist and paintings depicting traditional Himachali attire. Recent photos of President Murmu and significant past visits, including [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s first visit to Shimla on May 12, 1921, are also exhibited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirpal |first=Neha |date=2023-10-23 |title=Rashtrapati Niwas: A Slice Of History In Mashobra |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/rashtrapati-niwas-a-slice-of-history-in-mashobra |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rashtrapati Niwas Lawn ===
The expansive lawns include arranged flower beds of tulips & roses along with views of the surrounding mountains.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Helipad_Nature_Trail_at_Rashtrapati_Niwas.jpg|thumb|242x242px|2.2 km trail through dense oak, deodar, pine trees]]

=== Kalyani Helipad & Nature Trail ===
Positioned at the highest elevation in the region, the Kalyani Helipad provides visitors with 360-degree views that span Shimla, Kufri, Chail, and Jakhu Hill.{{fact|date=March 2025}} Visible peaks from this vantage point include Deo Tibba, Shrikhand Mahadev Peak, Badrinath, and Parvati Parvat.

Spanning approximately 2.2 kilometers from the Helipad to Gate 2, this nature trail passes through Shimla's natural flora.{{fact|date=March 2025}} Trekkers can navigate through dense forests populated with oak, deodar, pine, and rhododendron trees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtrapati Niwas {{!}} Welcome to RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN - The Office and Residence of the President of India |url=https://rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/rashtrapati-niwas-0 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref>
[[File:Orchards_at_Rashtrapati_Niwas.jpg|thumb|Orchard Trail]]

=== Slope Garden & Orchards Nature Trail ===
The slope garden displays an assortment of over 40 types of flora, including horse-chestnut, walnut, and green maple trees. It is home to 375 apple trees.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

These trails are designed for those seeking outdoor adventures and include several points of interest such as viewpoints for sunrise and sunset.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtrapati Niwas {{!}} Welcome to RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN - The Office and Residence of the President of India |url=https://rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/rashtrapati-niwas-0 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref>

== Visiting information ==
Rashtrapati Niwas is open to visitors with guided tours. Tickets may be booked on the official website of Rashtrapati Bhavan for slots between 10 AM to 5 PM from Tuesday to Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtrapati Niwas, Mashobra Visitor Booking |url=https://visit.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/visit/rashtrapati-niwas-mashobra-shimla/vm |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=visit.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[President of India]]
* [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
* [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]]
* [[Rashtrapati Niwas]]
* [[Rashtrapati Ashiana]]
* [[List of official residences of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|31|06|50|N|77|14|52|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Retreat Building, The}}
[[Category:Official residences in India]]
[[Category:Presidential residences in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimla]]
[[Category:British-era buildings in Himachal Pradesh]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Veerasekaran

2026-03-17T00:37:13Z

GAURI PARIHAR: updated page

{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Veerasekaran.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sathish Kumar
| producer = Chandrasekaran G
| starring = [[Veerasamar]] [[Amala Paul]]
| music = Sajan Madhav
| studio = F C S Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|3|5}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Veerasekaran''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Sathish Kumar. The film features [[Veerasamar]] and [[Amala Paul]] in the lead roles. [[Prathap K. Pothan]] plays a negative role in the film. This was the debut film for Veerasamar and Amala Paul's [[Tamil cinema]] debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2010 |title=My First Break |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3020693.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045511/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3020693.ece |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2010 |title=வீரசேகரன் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2010/feb/10/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-141631.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207053252/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2010/feb/10/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-141631.html |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is about an unemployed youngster, Veerasekaran, who travels to Chennai from his village.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2010 |title=New dimension |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/new-dimension/article3020344.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105063744/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/new-dimension/article3020344.ece |archive-date=5 January 2026 |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Veerasamar]] as Veerasekaran
* [[Amala Paul]] as Sugandhi
* [[Prathap K. Pothan]]
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]]
* [[Aarthi (Tamil actress)|Aarthi]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kuru Kuru Paarvai
| title2 = Kottiveche Theeya
| title3 = Yai Thozha
| title4 = En Kannai Katti
| title5 = Vizhiye Nijam Thana
| extra1 = Sargen Madhavan
| extra2 = Naveen, Sujithra
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| extra4 = Balram
| extra5 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 5 March 2010 along with ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' and ''[[Thambikku Indha Ooru]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2010 |title=Friday Fury- March 5 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14934036 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313131006/https://ibb.co/yFDzcPL4 |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' criticised the story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2010 |title=வீரசேகரன் - விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/299// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101125820/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/299/ |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2010 drama films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thinlas Chorol

2026-03-15T05:21:04Z

GAURI PARIHAR: minor update

{{Short description|Ladakhi Tourism maestro}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thinlas Chorol
| image = 2017 to Ms. Thinlas Chorol, Leh-Ladakh, J&K, at a function, on the occasion of the International Women’s Day, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| alt = Thinlas Chorol
| caption = Thinlas Chorol in 2017 receiving an award
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|05|06}}
| birth_place = [[Takmachik]], [[Leh district]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Social entrepreneur]] [[Trekking guide]] [[Writer]]
| spouse = Lars Lidström
}}

'''Thinlas Chorol''' (born 6 May 1981) is a [[social entrepreneur]] and writer from [[Ladakh]], India.
She founded the Ladakhi Women's Travel Company and has written articles on tourism in Ladakh and other issues.

She first gained notability when she in her early twenties started working as a [[trekking]] guide in the otherwise heavily male dominated trekking industry in Ladakh in northern India.<ref name="About.com">[http://goindia.about.com/od/adventure/a/Thinlas-Chorol About.com]</ref><ref name="epilogue_aug_2010">Epilogue Magazine – 2010, August</ref>

==Early life==

===Childhood===
Chorol was born in the small village of [[Takmachik]] in the mountain region Ladakh. Both her parents were farmers and along with school she spent much of her childhood helping with animals and farming. Her mother died at an early age, her father remarried, and Chorol grew up with her father, stepmother and seven siblings. She got accustomed to spending time in the mountains from going with her father to tend the family's animals in the high pastures. She went in the fear that something might happen to him if he went alone.<ref name="epilogue_aug_2010"/>

===SECMOL===
After completing her 10th class education, Chorol was accepted as a student at the [[Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh|SECMOL]] Alternative Institute near Ladakh's main city, [[Leh]].
While at SECMOL, she went on trekking expeditions with some of the foreign volunteers. On an early trek, the local villagers spoke to her in English since they assumed no Ladakhi women would ever work as a trekking guide.<ref name="epilogue_aug_2010"/> She also tried to find work as a guide with some of the local trekking agencies, but was often rejected for being a woman. In 2004 she joined SECMOL's own travel agency, "Around Ladakh with Students," ALS.<ref>[http://www.secmol.org/ecotourism/index.php SECMOL´s ALS page]</ref> There were other women working in ALS, but at the time, they only guided monastery and cultural tours.<ref name="epilogue_aug_2010"/>

===Education===
Chorol did her primary schooling in Takmachik, and secondary schooling from Domkhar, a neighboring village.<ref name="Reach Ladakh - In conversation with Thinlas Chorol">[https://www.reachladakh.com/news/opinion/in-conversation-with-reach-ladakh/in-conversation-with-thinlas-chorol Reach Ladakh - In conversation with Thinlas Chorol]</ref>
While at SECMOL, Chorol completed her 11th and 12th standard education. After this, she started a correspondence college course for a B.A. in Arts. Along with this, she also took courses in mountaineering at Nehru Institute of Mountaineering and wilderness training at [[National Outdoor Leadership School]].<ref>[http://www.ladakhiwomenstravel.com/thinlas About Thinlas Chorol on Ladakhi women´s travel company´s website]</ref>

==Career==

===Tourism===
When ALS stopped doing treks for individuals and small groups, Chorol continued to work [[freelance]].<ref name="About.com"/>
After completing various courses in mountaineering and other outdoor activities, she started to get more and more work as a freelance trekking guide, and tourist started to ask for female guides.{{fact|date=November 2018}}

In 2009 she founded the "Ladakhi Women's Travel Company" in order to bring more women into the field, and to promote [[ecotourism]] in Ladakh. And through [[Homestay]]s, expose women in the village to people and cultures they would normally not have as much contact with.<ref>[http://www.ladakhiwomenstravel.com/about The Ladakhi women´s travel company´s website]</ref> On the company's website, it promotes itself as being "The first female owned and operated travel company in Ladakh".
In order to train more guides to come into the Ladakhi trekking industry, the company bring younger, inexperienced women along as porters.<ref>[http://www.thebmc.co.uk/modules/article.aspx?id=5418 The British Mountaineering Council]</ref>

In January 2014, Chorol was awarded the [[Indian Merchants' Chamber|Indian Merchants Chamber]] Ladies' Wing's Jankidevi Bajaj Puraskar, an awards that is give in recognition of outstanding Indian female rural entrepreneurs. The award was presented to Chorol in [[Mumbai]] by founder and chairperson of the Arghyam Trust, Rohini Nilekani.<ref name="IT1">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/more-from-india/imc-ladies-wing-jankidevi-bajaj-puraskar-2013-brings-together-two-power-women-122080.html | newspaper=indiatimes.com | title=Two Super-Women You Should Know About | first=Sonal | last=Bhadoria | date=10 January 2014 | accessdate=15 November 2018 }}</ref> Chorol is the first person in the tourism category, the first Ladakhi, and the first women from the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to receive the award that was first conferred in 1993.<ref name="http://www.narishakti.org/Her_Legacy_E.asp">[http://www.narishakti.org/Her_Legacy_E.asp narishakti.org]</ref>

In January 2015, the Indian news website, The Weekend Leader in collaboration with [[Vellore Institute of Technology]] named Chorol their "Person of the year" 2014. She was selected for her contributions to the development of tourism in Ladakh and for creating job opportunities for Ladakhi women.<ref name="The weekend leader">[http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/3608/ladakhi-woman-social-entrepreneur-is-twl--vit-person-of-the-year.html The weekend leader]</ref> The award was presented to her at a ceremony at VIT university on 11 March 2015 by [[K. Vijay Kumar]], Special Security Adviser, Union Ministry of Home Affairs.<ref name="thehindu.com">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/recognition-for-developing-tourism/article6985048.ece thehindu.com]</ref>

===Women's empowerment===
In 2014, Chorol cofounded the society "Ladakhi Women's Welfare Network" and became its first President. The society was set up to work for the welfare of women, to support the victims of crimes directed towards women and help educate them on their [[legal rights]].<ref>[http://statetimes.in/epaper/uploads/2014/02/06/11.pdf Notice to inform the public in the newspaper State Times]</ref><ref name="Reach Ladakh - In conversation with Thinlas Chorol"/>

Her company, the "Ladakhi Women's Travel Company" uses mainly [[Homestay]]s, a way to help women in the villages generate income for themselves.<ref name="epilogue_aug_2010"/>

===Writing===
In 2007, Chorol was awarded the "Sanjoy Ghosse Ladakh Women Writers' Award" by the non-governmental organization Charkha Development Communication Network.<ref>[http://www.charkha.org Charkha.org]</ref><ref>[http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/46566 Newstracker – India]</ref> Her article "''Beyond conventional tourism''", about the impact of tourism in Ladakh has been published in the magazine ''Epilogue''.<ref>Epilogue Magazine – 2010, February</ref> And later, the magazine published her article, ''"A Trek Through Life"'' about her own experience from the village to becoming a trekking guide in an otherwise male dominated field.<ref name="epilogue_aug_2010"/>

In 2014, Chorol was also published in the Ladakhi magazine "Stawa", writing on the issue of [[rape]] in Ladakh and the effects of the Ladakhi [[caste system]].<ref>Stawa - 2014 October, Issue 5</ref><ref>Stawa - 2014 December, Issue 7</ref>

==Honors==
[[File:Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Nari Shakti Puruskar for the year 2017 to Ms. Thinlas Chorol, Leh-Ladakh, J&K, at a function, on the occasion of the International Women’s Day, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] presenting the Nari Shakti Puruskar for the year 2017 to Ms. Thinlas Chorol, on 8 march 2018 at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi]]
* 8 March 2018: [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] ''(Women Power Award)'', highest civilian award for women in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nari-shakti-puraskar/articleshow/63203332.cms|title=Infographic: Nari Shakti Puraskar - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nari Shakti Puraskar|work=TOI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nari-shakti-puraskar/articleshow/63203332.cms|accessdate=11 March 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ladakhiwomenstravel.com Ladakhi Women´s travel company]
* [http://www.secmol.org/index.php SECMOL´s website]

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chorol, Thinlas}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Leh district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Jaykrishna Mukherjee

2026-03-14T18:17:18Z

GAURI PARIHAR: creating a stub

{{Short description|Indian Bengali zamindar and social reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals = [[Babu (title)|Babu]]
| name = Jaykrishna Mukherjee
| native_name = জয়কৃষ্ণ মুখোপাধ্যায়
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| image = Jaykrishna Mukherjee of Uttarpara.png
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| birth_date = 24 August, 1808
| birth_place = [[Uttarpara]], [[British India]] (present day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
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| death_date = 19 July, 1888 (aged 79)
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'''Jaykrishna Mukherjee''' (24 August, 1808 – 19 July, 1888<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Manohar Mookerjee vs Raja Peary Mohan Mookerjee and Others |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1290878/ |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>) was an Indian Bengali [[zamindar]] and social reformer.<ref name="Sangshad">{{cite book |editor1=Subodh Sengupta |editor2=Anjali Basu |title=Sangshad Bangali Charitavidhan |volume=1 |publisher=Sahitya Sangshad |location=Kolkata |date=August 2016 |page=236 |isbn=978-81-7955-135-6 |language=bn}}</ref>
==Birth and early life==
Mukherjee was born on 24 August, 1808 in Uttarpara, Hooghly district (in present-day West Bengal, India), then part of British India, into the family of a clerk. He was the eldest of five children of Jaganmohan Mukherjee and his wife, Rajeshwari Devi. The others were Rajkrishna, Nabakrishna, Vijaykrishna and Naveenkrishna. After studying at [[Hindu School, Kolkata|Hindu School]] for some time in his childhood, Jaykrishna went to [[Meerut]], where his father worked, at the age of eight. There he was admitted to the Regimental School.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Nilmani |title=A Bengal Zamindar: Jaykrishna Mukherjee of Uttarpara and his Times, 1808–1888 |url=https://ia803205.us.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.461105/2015.461105.Jaykrishna-Mukherjee.pdf |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |location=Calcutta |year=1975 |page=1-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Nilmani |title=A Bengal Zamindar: Jaykrishna Mukherjee of Uttarpara and his Times, 1808–1888 |url=https://ia803205.us.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.461105/2015.461105.Jaykrishna-Mukherjee.pdf |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |location=Calcutta |year=1975 |page=12}}</ref> Towards the end of 1824, he joined the [[British Indian army|British army]] with his father during the invasion of the state of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Nilmani |title=A Bengal Zamindar: Jaykrishna Mukherjee of Uttarpara and his Times, 1808–1888 |url=https://ia803205.us.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.461105/2015.461105.Jaykrishna-Mukherjee.pdf |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |location=Calcutta |year=1975 |page=20-25}}</ref>
==Career==
In 1830, he was appointed as the record keeper of the land revenue department of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and became the son-in-law of the [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] family by marriage. At that time, the zamindari estates were being sold one after another due to the damage caused by floods to the crops. Mukherjee gradually purchased these properties one by one, and in time his holdings became comparable to those of Dwarkanath Tagore. In 1835, he resigned from his job and established the zamindari of [[Uttarpara]]. In 1838, he became a member of the [[Zamindari Association]] founded by [[Dwarkanath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Nilmani |title=A Bengal Zamindar: Jaykrishna Mukherjee of Uttarpara and his Times, 1808–1888 |url=https://ia803205.us.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.461105/2015.461105.Jaykrishna-Mukherjee.pdf |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |location=Calcutta |year=1975 |page=54-88}}</ref>
==Contributions==
Mukherjee, just as he established Uttarpara, Hooghly, in the world of education and culture, has also made significant contributions to many welfare works.

On 15 April 1852, Asia’s first free public library, now known as the [[Uttarpara Public Library|Uttarpara Jaykrishna Public Library]], was established through his initiative. In 1859, at a cost of ₹85,000, he constructed the library building on the banks of the [[Hooghly River]], donated his personal collection of 3,000 books, magazines and other literary items, and bore all the initial expenses. This district library of Hooghly is regarded as a matter of pride for Bengalis and a historic institution. At the time, the library attracted visits from many eminent personalities. The notable visitors included [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], [[Abanindranath Tagore]], [[Ramendra Sundar Tribedi]], Reverend [[James Long (priest)|James Long]], and [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]]. [[Uttarpara Govt. High School]] and Uttarpara College (later [[Raja Peary Mohan College]]) were established with the initiative and help of Mukherjee. At that time, he was financially supporting a total of thirty-one schools. He donated ₹10,000 towards the establishment of [[Bethune College]], the first women’s college in [[Calcutta]], and ₹5,000 for setting up a library at the University of Calcutta. In 1851, he played a leading role in the formation of the Vernacular Literature Society in [[Calcutta]]. Among his public contributions was the establishment of charitable dispensaries and hospitals. After the [[1846–1860 cholera pandemic|cholera epidemic]] of 1851, the [[Uttarpara|Uttarpara Municipality]] was formed in 1852 due to his enthusiasm and tireless work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Nilmani |title=A Bengal Zamindar, Jaykrishna Mukherjee of Uttarpara, and His Times, 1808-1888 |date=1975 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGmAAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Zamindar Mukherjee was known for his benevolence. Alongside initiating agricultural reforms in his estate, he was also deeply active in social affairs. In recognition of the living conditions of Bengali peasants, he awarded Professor [[Lal Behari Dey]] of Hooghly College for his book ''Govinda Samanta: Or the History of a Bengali Raiyat''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazra |first1=Suchismita |title=Revisiting the Socio-cultural Life of the Bengal Peasants in the Nineteenth Century: A Study of Lal Behari Day's Govinda Samanta in Perspective |journal=PostScriptum |date=30 July 2023 |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14913085 |url=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14913085 |issn=2456-7507}}</ref> He was a prominent supporter of [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]’s [[widow remarriage]] movement and was the first signatory to Vidyasagar’s petition. A liberal by nature, Mukherjee stood out as an exception in the otherwise conservative society of his time. The promotion of women’s education in Uttarpara began through his initiative. He was also one of the founders of the [[British Indian Association]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Akash |title=Urbanising Uttarpara: Philanthropy, Improvement, Education, c. 1846 to c. 1865 |journal=Shifting Landscapes |date=31 July 2025 |pages=25–47 |doi=10.1017/9781009596886.002|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-59688-6 }}</ref>

Mukherjee was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1878, he protested against the British authorities' policy of free trade in favor of the British people. In 1886, he became the president of the reception committee at the second session of the Indian National Congress held in Calcutta and nominated [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] as the president of the Congress. Allan Octavian Hume described Mukherjee as the ''Nestor of Bengali conservatives''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sibnarayan |title=Jaikrisna Mukharji: An Appreciation |year=1912 |publisher=Sibnarayan Mukherjee |location=The Art Press, Calcutta}}</ref>

==Death==
Mukherjee died on 19 July, 1888.<ref name="auto1"/> In 1975, Dr. Neelmani Mukherjee authored a book on him titled ''A Bengali Zamindar'', for which Nilmani Mukherjee received the [[Rabindra Puraskar]] in 1976.
== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Social reformers]]
[[Category:People from Uttarpara]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]

Battle of Manupur

2026-03-12T09:21:39Z

GAURI PARIHAR:

{{Short description|Durrani–Mughal battle in 1748}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Manupur
| place = Manupur, [[Mughal Empire]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|38|6|N|76|26|6|E|display=inline,title}}
| partof = [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| image = File:Muhammad Shah and the Mughal army at Sirhind (1748).jpg
| caption = [[Muhammad Shah]] and the [[Mughal army]] at Sirhind {{circa|1748}}
| date = 11 March 1748
| result = Mughal victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Amber|Kingdom of Jaipur]] [[Malerkotla State]]
| commander1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]] [[Muhammad Taqi Khan Shirazi|Taqi Khan Shirazi]] Shah Pasand Khan
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar ud-Din]]{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Moin-ul-Mulk|Moin ul-Mulk]]{{WIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Safdar Jang]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Adina Beg Khan|Adina Beg]]{{WIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Nasir Khan [[File:Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg|25px]] [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]]{{AWOL}} [[Ala Singh]] Jamal Khan
| units1 = 12,000 (highest estimate){{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}}
| units2 = 60,000–70,000 combatants 200,000 including [[camp follower]]s (non-combatants){{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}} Immeasurable artillery
| casualties1 = Heavy{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=140}}
| casualties2 = Heavy{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=140}}
| campaignbox = {{Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}{{Battles of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
}}
The '''Battle of Manupur''' took place on 11 March 1748 between the forces of the rising [[Durrani Empire]] led by [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Afghan Emperor]] [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and the armies of the [[Mughal Empire]] led by [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Mughal Vizier]] [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar ud-Din]]. It was part of Ahmad Shah's [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#First Invasion (1747–1748)|first invasion of India]]. The Afghans had successfully stormed through Mughal territories in Afghanistan and [[Punjab]], [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|defeating the Mughals at Lahore]]. The Mughals immediately began raising a stronger force, led by Qamar ud-Din and Mughal prince [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]], to oppose the Afghan invasion. The Afghans continued their offensive, seizing [[Sirhind]] before the two armies met at Manupur.

The Afghans were overwhelmingly outnumbered 5:1 as the battle began. Early on, Qamar ud-Din was killed, resulting in his son, [[Moin-ul-Mulk|Moin ul-Mulk]], taking the lead of the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]]. The battle began with Afghan charges to the Mughal center, inflicting heavy casualties on them while the Mughals held. The Mughal left flank was entirely dismantled by Afghan [[Zamburak]] [[swivel guns]], with the [[Rajputs]] stationed there under [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] completely fleeing. The Afghans enveloped Moin ul-Mulk, who led a counter charge that led to many Mughal officers being killed, and their own defeat seeming near. A critical counter-attack by [[Safdar Jang]], alongside a rocket disaster in the Afghan ranks, and the superiority of Mughal numbers eventually forced the Afghans to retreat.

Despite the defeat, Ahmad Shah saved his army from massacre, and returned the following year in his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Second invasion of India (1748)|second invasion of India]], intending to avenge his defeat.

==Background==
{{main|Battle of Lahore (1748)}}
[[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|thumb|left|Contemporary portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani|alt=A bearded man faces right]]
In 1747, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], considered by modern scholars to be the founder of modern Afghanistan,{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=51}} established the [[Durrani Empire]] and led his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#First Invasion (1747–1748)|first invasion of India]].{{sfn|Gupta|1976|p=162}} He began his invasion from [[Kabul]], dispatching his [[commander-in-chief]], [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]], toward [[Peshawar]] with the intention of advancing as far as [[Attock]]. Jahan Khan quickly overran [[Jalalabad]], and Nasir Khan, the Mughal governor, was unable mount a defense at the [[Khyber Pass]], fleeing instead. The Afghan armies approached Peshawar, prompting many [[Pashtun tribes]] to declare for them, such as the [[Yusufzai]], [[Afridi]], and [[Khattak]]. With Nasir Khan overwhelmed, he completely withdrew from Peshawar and fled to Delhi.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=119}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=127}}

[[Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)|Shāh Nawāz Khān]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of the [[Punjab]], entered into correspondence with the Afghans after they had seized Peshawar. Shah Nawaz, having toppled his brother from power to assume control over the Punjab, was opposed by the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]], who refused to recognize him as governor. As a result, the Afghans promised to recognize Shah Nawaz as governor of the Punjab if he accepted Durrani [[suzerainty]]. Shah Nawaz accepted this before the Mughal [[Grand vizier|vizier]] promised to confirm him as governor if he opposed the Afghan invasion instead, which Shah Nawaz accepted.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=119–120}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=83}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=42–43}}

The betrayal saw Ahmad Shah dispatch Sabir Shah to try and convince Shah Nawaz once again. However, after insulting Shah Nawaz, Sabir was imprisoned and executed, and Shah Nawaz began marching against the Afghan army.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=250}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=120}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=128}} Ahmad Shah forded the [[Indus]] with over 30,000 men,{{sfn|Black|2012|p=79}} reaching and crossing the [[Ravi River]] on 10 January, establishing himself at the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], outside of [[Lahore]]. The armies of Shah Nawaz and Ahmad Shah began battle on 11 January, and as the battle began, the Afghan regiments of Shah Nawaz's army defected. Despite commanding a much larger army then the Afghans, the Mughals were defeated, and Shah Nawaz fled to [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=120–121}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=129}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=84}}

With their victory, the Afghans entered [[Lahore]], plundering the city and massacring its inhabitants. Thousands were also conscripted, while the Mughals began mobilizing new army of over 200,000 including camp followers. Ahmad Shah left Lahore on 19 February, intending to march on Delhi. He captured [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] and continued advancing, a result that brought much of the Mughal army to near desertion. The Afghan army outmaneuvered the Mughal host they met at Manupur.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=130–142}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=85–86}}

==Battle==
===Death of Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din===
[[File:Itimad ad Daula, Qamar-ud-din.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din|alt=A bearded man facing right with a walking stick]]
Between 4 and 11 March, the Mughal forces under [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar ud-Din]] focused on trying to starve out Ahmad Shah's force rather than engage in a [[pitched battle]]. Local chiefs were employed such as [[Ala Singh]], the [[Maharaja of Patiala]], and Jamal Khan of [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]].{{sfn|Gupta|1976|p=164}} However, success remained minimal, as the city of [[Sirhind]] behind Afghan lines was well supplied with food and water. Skirmishing parties dispatched by Ahmad Shah proved much more successful, effectively surrounding the Mughal camp. Ahmad Shah continued to press his advantages, bringing in an [[artillery]] piece from [[Lahore]] and placing it on top of a hill overlooking the Mughal camp on 9 March. The cannon began to tear apart the Mughal army and its pack animals, forcing Qamar ud-Din to resort to pitched battle.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=137}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=60–61}}

On the morning of 11 March, the Mughal army readied to advance, with Qamar ud-Din intending to lead the charge. However, while Qamar ud-Din was [[Salah|in prayer]], a [[cannonball]] struck him in the waist. Having possibly been accomplished through infiltration by spies and the measuring of the distance for a cannon to strike the vizier's tent. Qamar ud-Din died of his wounds. His son, [[Moin-ul-Mulk|Moin ul-Mulk]], concealed the death and only informed his captains, intending to lead the battle himself.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=137–138}}

===Formations and number of troops===
The Mughal host boasted over 200,000 including its [[camp followers]], while it had around 60,000{{sfn|Adamec|2010|p=2}} to 70,000 combatants.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}} The [[advance guard]] of the Mughal formation was led by Moin ul-Mulk with a contingent of [[Turkish people|Turks]]. [[Safdar Jang]] led the right contingent of the Mughal army, while the center was led by [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]],{{efn|name="Center"|The center refers to the middle of the Mughal army in [[tactical formation]].}} also accompanied by [[Sayyid Salabat Khan Zulfiqar Jang|Sayyid Salabt Khan]] and Dilawar Khan. The center had overwhelming numbers of artillery. [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] led the left flank of the army with many other Indian [[Raja]]s, comprising mainly [[Rajput]] [[cavalry]], while the [[rearguard]] was commanded by Nasir Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=61}}

In comparison, the Afghan army only had at its best estimate, 12,000 men,{{efn|name="Afghan army size"|The Afghan army is best estimated as being around 12,000 men. The Siyar-ul-Mutakherin underestimates the army to not be more than 6,000 or 7,000 men, while Anandram exaggerates the Afghan army to be 30,000 strong.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}}}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=111}} being overwhelmingly outnumbered by the Mughals 5:1. The Mughal flanks were extremely drawn out, and heavy artillery protected their center. Recognizing he was inferior in number, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] concluded the best course of option was to press the Mughal vanguard and to shatter the flanks to threaten their camp in the rear, intending to utilize superior mobility. A contingent of troops were split off and were directed to attack the [[Train (military)|baggage train]] of the Mughals when the battle began. The right flank of the Afghan army was commanded by [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]], with the center led by Ahmad Shah himself. Lastly, the left flank was commanded by Shah Pasand Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=139–140}}
[[File:Camel gun - pg 18 -The last voyage - Annie Brassey.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of a [[Zamburak]] [[swivel gun]], typically mounted on camels|alt=A cannon placed on top of a saddle]]

===Afghan assault and flight of the Rajputs===
Possibly learning of the Vizier's death, [[Muhammad Taqi Khan Shirazi|Taqi Khan]], a chief commander of the Durrani army, attacked the Mughal vanguard with over 3,000 men. Taqi Khan led his men toward the Mughal lines to quickly deliver a [[volley fire]] before withdrawing as the Mughals attempted to respond, subsequently repeating the tactic. The Mughals, [[Entrenchment (fortification)|defensively entrenched]], used their overwhelming numbers and heavy artillery to check the Afghan advance. Ahmad Shah reinforced Taqi Khan, however, [[Moin-ul-Mulk|Moin ul-Mulk]] held his line with heavy losses.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=140}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=64}} The Mughal cannon fire caused heavy casualties to the Afghan cavalry.{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}}

On the Mughal right flank where the Rajputs were stationed, the Afghans made significant gains. As the Rajputs prepared for [[Close-quarters battle|close quarters combat]], the Afghans led over 200 [[Zamburak]] [[swivel guns]]{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}} and 3,000 cavalrymen, divided into two divisions. One division would charge toward the Rajput lines and deliver barrages on them before withdrawing, after which the second division advanced and repeated the tactic. Excellent in close quarters combat, but helpless to the Afghan artillery, the Rajput forces were overwhelmed and unable to respond to the Afghan assault. The Afghan attacks continued, killing thousands. [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]], learning of the Vizier's death, and seeing his army pulverized, fled from the battlefield.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=64–65}}

Unopposed, an Afghan force split off and plundered the Mughal baggage train, while also [[Flanking maneuver|flanking]] Moin ul-Mulk's entrenched position, and the center. With panic gripping the Mughal army, Moin ul-Mulk led a counterattack toward the Afghan center, engaging in close quarters combat. Heavy casualties mounted on both sides, with Moin ul-Mulk being grazed by a bullet, [[Adina Beg Khan|Adina Beg]] being wounded twice, and the death of numerous Mughal officers.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=141–142}} Widespread desertion plagued the Mughal ranks, and defeat appeared inevitable.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=65}}

===Safdar Jang's counterattack and Afghan rocket disaster===
[[File:Safdarjung, second Nawab of Awadh, Mughal dynasty. India. early 18th century.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of Safdar Jang, who led a critical counterattack for the Mughals at the height of the battle|alt=A bearded man facing standing while flanked by flowers]]
On the Mughal right flank, [[Safdar Jang]] faced a [[Zamburak]] attack ordered by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]], who sent over 700 camel-mounted swivel guns to a hill above Safdar Jang's position. Threatened with annihilation, Safdar Jang dispatched 1,700 [[musketeers]],{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}} who charged uphill. A concentrated volley of fire from the Mughals killed many of the Afghan gunners, allowing the Mughals to seize the position and the Afghan swivel guns. An attempted counterattack by the Afghans failed, and the Mughals remained victorious on the right flank.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=141–142}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=66}}

With his success, Safdar Jang reinforced Moin ul-Mulk's position, and led all his men in an advance to draw attention away from the pressed Mughal center.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=142}} His reinforcements saw over 700 swivel and heavy guns delivered to relieve the center, while the men of [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]] and Nasir Khan fought alongside them. The overwhelming number of Mughals made resistance seem impossible.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=66–67}}

Amidst the battle, [[Rocket (weapon)|rockets]] captured by the Afghans during their [[Battle of Lahore (1748)#Aftermath|plunder of Lahore]] ignited,{{sfn|Adle|Habib|Baipakov|2003|p=287}} possibly due to recklessness. Thousands of rockets flew into the air, which also ignited the [[gunpowder]] of the Afghan artillery. A thousand Afghan and Persian men were burned to death, with complete disorder overrunning the Afghan ranks.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=142}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=67}}

===Afghan withdrawal===
With the disaster for the Afghans, alongside the overwhelming advance by Safdar Jang and Moin ul-Mulk, Ahmad Shah ordered a retreat. Although defeated, Ahmad Shah saved his army from a [[rout]] and annihilation. Realizing he could not lead a counter-attack, Ahmad Shah [[Withdrawal (military)|withdrew]] in calm order, arraying his men for battle and exchanging [[Volley fire|volley musket fire]] with the Mughals before retreating and continuing the same tactic. He occupied a position at a mud fortress between Manupur and [[Sirhind]], firing on the Mughals from it, halting their advances. As the Mughal cannons arrived, night fell, and they instead returned to camp, while Ahmad Shah left in the cover of night.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=142–143}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=68}}

Unaware of the state of the Afghan army, nor their positions, the Mughals chose not to pursue. Scouts sent from the Mughal camp only found rumors that Ahmad Shah had possibly been killed or at the least, grievously wounded. Ahmad Shah sent [[Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi|Taqi Khan]] in deception to stall for time, asking for peace by demanding all that [[Nader Shah]] had taken [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|in his invasion]] to be ceded to him. He utilized the time to garner his army's strength, and sent away his baggage train to [[Lahore]], which he began withdrawing to.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=143–144}}

During this time, [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]] fell ill and died, forcing the Mughals to halt their pursuit. Safdar Jung also fell ill, with all operations by the Mughals concluding on 9 April,{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=68–70}} while Ahmad Shah conducted a successful retreat.{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}}

===Reasons for outcome===
Despite initial Afghan victory against the Mughal left flank,{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=140–141}} and Mughal defeat seeming apparent,{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=65}} [[firepower]] proved exceptionally significant in the battle, with Mughal artillery causing heavy losses to the initial Afghan cavalry attack.{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}} Combined with a rocket disaster that burned a thousand Afghan men and disorganization in the army as a result, as well as Safdar Jang's counterattack which saw the Mughals swarm the Afghans on all sides with superior numbers,{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=67}} the Afghan army was eventually forced to retreat from the battlefield.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=142}}

==Aftermath==
Withdrawing to Lahore, Ahmad Shah became aware that his nephew, Luqman Khan, who had been left as regent in [[Kandahar]], had revolted. Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan, although not without opposition, with the Sikhs attacking the Afghan rearguard until they reached the [[Chenab River|Chenab]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=88}}{{sfn|Grewal|2012|p=369}} Ahmad Shah marched on Kandahar, quickly quelling the revolt.{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=122}} He spent the summer of 1748 preparing for his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Second invasion of India (1748)|second invasion of India]].{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=68–72}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=143}}

The timing was significant for Ahmad Shah, with the death of Mughal Vizier [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar-ud-Din]] at Manupur, and the death of the Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], which saw him succeeded by [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]], who largely focused on personal pleasures. The Mughal victory did not discourage Ahmad Shah,{{sfn|Gupta|1976|p=165}} who wished to avenge his defeat.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=74}}

Throughout Ahmad Shah's reign, he'd lead a total of nine invasions of India,{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=118}} and in November 1748, he launched his second invasion,{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}} quickly forcing [[Moin-ul-Mulk]] to cede him control of all territories north of the [[Indus]], as well as the revenues for the cities of [[Sialkot]], [[Pasrur]], Aurangabad, and Gukraj, which amounted to nearly one and a half million rupees yearly.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=122–123}} A [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Third Invasion (1751–1752)|third invasion]] saw Ahmad Shah [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|conquer Lahore]], annexing the Mughal province as well as [[Multan]] and [[Kashmir]], with Moin ul-Mulk serving as his governor.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}}
[[File:Afghan-Sikh Wars depiction.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of a battle between Afghans and Sikhs]]
Shortly after the battle of Manupur, the [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikhs]] established the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]] after Ahmad Shah withdrew from the region, placing [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|Jassa Singh]] as its chief commander.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=88–91}} During Ahmad Shah Durrani's second invasion of India, the Sikhs had plundered the city of Lahore, evoking the wrath of Moin ul-Mulk, who executed thousands of Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=102–104}}

Moin ul-Mulk would continue his campaigns against the Sikhs until his death in 1753, while the Sikhs would in turn, hamper government control in the countryside. By 1756, the Sikhs rapidly accumulated in strength. During this period, Ahmad Shah Durrani led yet [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Fourth Invasion (1756–1757)|another invasion of India]], [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|sacking Delhi in 1757]], and erasing [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authority. Ahmad Shah also brought himself to blows against the Sikhs. While on the march to Delhi, the stragglers of Ahmad Shah's army were attacked by the Sikhs, and the baggage train robbed, even seizing treasures as Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan from his campaign.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=104–131}}

The new [[Afghan–Sikh Wars|emerging conflict between the Afghans and Sikhs]] would erase Sikh progress for over a decade, and Sikh holy sites such as [[Amritsar]] would be destroyed, with the Sikhs persecuted. Between his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|sixth]] and [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Ninth invasion of India (1768–1769)|ninth]] invasions of India, Ahmad Shah would see regular conflict with the Sikhs, but by the end of it, the Sikhs would establish themselves firmly in much of the Punjab.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=133–134}}

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kzjj_LSlxO8C |title=The A to Z of Afghan Wars, Revolutions and Insurgencies |date=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-46173-189-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Adle |first1=Chahryar |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Baipakov |first3=Karl M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&q=3+March+1748 |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-9-23103-876-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5lGEAAAQBAJ |title=War in the Eighteenth-Century World |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-23037-000-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-78647-470-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGLQkQEACAAJ |title=Historical Writings on the Sikhs, 1784-2011: Western Enterprise and Indian Response |date=2012 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-953-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxJDAAAAYAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708–1769 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en |isbn=978-8-12150-248-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGduAAAAMAAJ |title=Later Mughal History of the Panjab (1707–1793) |date=1976 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |language=en |isbn=978-969-3507-56-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmU9AAAAMAAJ |title=Marathas and Panipat |date=1961 |publisher=Panjab University |language=en |oclc=3283470}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |date=2022 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-019-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-93270-554-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Noelle-Karimi |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ |title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries) |date=2014 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |isbn=978-3-70017-202-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRIhAAAAMAAJ |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |date=1964 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar |oclc=10317129 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganḍā |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |year=1959 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426 |access-date=25 August 2010 |oclc=4341271}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Afghan–Mughal Wars]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1748]]
[[Category:18th century in India]]
[[Category:18th century in the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:18th century in the Mughal Empire]]

Dibyesh Anand

2026-03-04T22:41:48Z

GAURI PARIHAR: article!

{{Short description|Indian political scientist and author}}
{{notability|date=October 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dibyesh Anand
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = [[Political scientist]], author, [[professor]]
| employer = [[University of Westminster]], [[London]]
| known_for = Research on [[Tibet]], China, Hindu nationalism, and identity politics
| website = https://www.westminster.ac.uk/about-us/our-people/directory/anand-dibyesh
}}

'''Dibyesh Anand''' is an Indian political scientist and author. He is currently the Head of the School of Social Sciences at the [[University of Westminster]] in [[London]]. Anand is known for his research on Tibet, China, postcolonial politics, and the rise of Hindu [[nationalism]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tibet, nationalism and the paradox of resistance |url=https://theconversation.com/tibet-nationalism-and-the-paradox-of-resistance-70695 |work=The Conversation |date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anand was born in India and pursued his higher education in [[political science]]. He received his [[doctoral degree]] ([[PhD]]) from the [[University of Westminster]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Dibyesh Anand |url=https://www.westminster.ac.uk/about-us/our-people/directory/anand-dibyesh |website=University of Westminster |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

== Academic career ==
Anand is a professor of International Relations and has served as Head of the Department of Politics and International Relations. He is recognised for his interdisciplinary research approach and critical perspectives on power, identity, and nationhood.

He has delivered lectures globally and written for academic journals and mainstream media. His work spans across South Asia, Tibet, and China, focusing on state violence, marginal identities, and nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dibyesh Anand – ORF Expert |url=https://www.orfonline.org/people-expert/dibyesh-anand/ |website=Observer Research Foundation |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* {{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Dibyesh |title=Geopolitical Exotica: Tibet in Western Imagination |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780816647668}}
* {{Cite book|last=Anand|first=Dibyesh |title=Tibet: A Victim of Geopolitics |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=9780415484497}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Dibyesh |title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=9781349371907}}

== Personal life ==
Anand is openly [[gay]] and has been a vocal advocate for [[LGBTQ+]] rights particularly in South Asian contexts. He integrates his personal identity and academic scholarship to promote diversity and inclusion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Out and Proud: South Asians Challenging Homophobia |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/out-and-proud-south-asians-challenging-homophobia/ |work=openDemocracy |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hindu nationalism]]
* [[China–India relations]]
* [[Postcolonialism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:anand, dibyesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Westminster]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Westminster]]
[[Category:Indian gay writers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in England]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]
[[Category:Gay academics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Narasingha Malla Deb

2026-03-04T11:53:55Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Started first bio from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1907–1976)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Narasingha Malla Deb
| image = Nmdeb.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|01|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jhargram]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|11|11|1907|01|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| education =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* Binode Manjari Devi
* Rupa Manjari Devi
}}
| children = 4
| parents =
| signature =
}}
'''Narasingha Malla Deb''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (22 January 1907 – 11 November 1976) was an Indian politician who was a member of the [[Parliament of India]] and the 18th [[Raja]] of [[Jhargram Raj|Jhargram]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==Early years and accession==
Narasingha was the only son of Chandi Charan Malla Deb, the titular [[Raja]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}
==Work as Raja==
[[File:Wbjhargrampalace.JPG|230x230px|thumb|The [[Jhargram Palace]]]]

After losing his zamindari, Malla Deb served for two terms as a member of the Legislative Council of [[Bengal]]. He also served in the [[Lok Sabha]],<ref>{{cite web|title=1957 Midnapur loksabha vote|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detail/783/9/2|website=indiavotes.com}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2025}} the [[lower house]] of the Indian Parliament.

==Honours==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Sanad_to_Jhargram_Raj_1944.jpg|thumb|A [[Sanad (deed)]] issued by the [[Viceroy of India]] to [[Jhargram Raj]]]]
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]
*[[Order of the British Empire|Officer of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]], bestowed on him by King [[George VI]] on 12 June 1941.
*[[Raja]] title, conferred upon him by [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]] the Viceroy of India on 8 June 1944

==See also==
*[[Jhargram Raj]]
*[[Jhargram Palace]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deb, Narasingha Malla}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jhargram]]

Natarang

2026-03-04T09:49:09Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Started the details w/ sources - done

{{Short description|2010 marathi film directed by ravi jadhav}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Natarang
| image = Natarang (film).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical poster for Natarang
| director = [[Ravi Jadhav]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Zee Talkies]]|Nikhil Sane|Amit Phalke|Meghana Jadhav}}
| screenplay = Ravi Jadhav
| story = Anand Yadav
| based_on = {{based on|''Natarang'' |[[Anand Yadav]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Atul Kulkarni]]|[[Sonalee Kulkarni]]|[[Kishor Kadam]]|[[Vibhavari Deshpande]]|[[Priya Arun|Priya Berde]]}}
| music = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Limaye]]
| editing = [[Jayant Jathar]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Zee Talkies]]|Athaansh Communications}}
| distributor = Sadik Chitalikar ([[Zee Talkies]])
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|01|01|ref1=<ref name="thai">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/natarang-to-hit-screens-on-1st-jan-2010_100296122.html|title=Natarang to hit screens on 1st Jan 2010|author=Sampurn Wire|date=29 December 2009|publisher=Thaindian News}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert |12|C }} (lifetime)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/bollywood/a-mixed-first-half-for-marathi-cinema/article_4744|title=A mixed first half for Marathi cinema}}</ref>
}}
'''''Natarang''''', also spelled '''Natrang''' ({{langx|mr|नटरंग}}, an [[wikt:ornamental|ornamental]] word for "artist", especially a theatre artist), is a 2010 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by debutant [[Ravi Jadhav]] and starring [[Atul Kulkarni]] and [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]. Composer duo [[Ajay–Atul]] composed the original score and songs of the film.<ref name="thai">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/natarang-to-hit-screens-on-1st-jan-2010_100296122.html|title=Natarang to hit screens on 1st Jan 2010|author=Sampurn Wire|date=29 December 2009|publisher=Thaindian News}}</ref>

Based on ''Natarang'', 1978 Marathi novel by [[Anand Yadav]], the film depicts the journey of a young artist in overcoming hurdles in the form of family, friends and society to finally realise the unthinkable dream. Set in the 1970s, in a village in [[Maharashtra]], ''Natarang'' highlights the emotions related to [[gender bias]] and the sacrifices of an artiste for the love of his art.<ref name="dna">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_natrang-brings-tamasha-genre-back-to-marathi-cinema_1306356|title=Natrang brings Tamasha genre back to Marathi cinema|author=PTI|date=2 November 2009|publisher=DNA India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gunvantrao Kagalkar aka Guna, a poor village labourer, nurtures an obsession for [[Tamasha]] - a popular theatrical folk art form of Maharashtra. Unforeseen circumstances result in loss of his job as a labourer and lead to him setting up a theatre company along with his friend and mentor Pandoba. Guna is convinced that his troupe cannot take off unless it has a female dancer. After painstaking search, Pandoba finds Naina, the daughter of his former lover Yamunabai, who is willing to dance for the company on the condition that it has a "Nachya", a "pansy" character, a man who acts in an effeminate manner. As no one is willing to take up the role, due to the [[eunuch]] taboo, Guna takes it upon himself to play the character. The strongly built Guna takes up the challenge of doing the role due to his passion for the art.

Despite lack of support from his family, Guna works hard to get the role right, and his play becomes successful in a very short while. However, due to their success, the play gets entangled in the power struggle between two local politicians who wish to use its success for political mileage. Meanwhile, Guna's father dies in his village, and his wife and son are subject to harassment from other villagers. Rival political gangs attack Guna's play and torch his theater. Guna is accused of being a eunuch and [[gang-rape]]d. However, despite being rejected by his family and discouraged by his friends, Guna continues with his stage career, where he is joined only by Naina. It is implied that Guna and Naina marry, and that their play gathers national and international fame. The film ends with an aged Guna, now addressed as Gunvantrao Kagalkar, winning the [[lifetime achievement award]] at a major awards ceremony.

==Cast==
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Gunvantrao "Guna" Kagalkar.
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] as Naina Kolhapurkarin, the lead dancer in Guna's troupe.
* [[Vibhavari Deshpande]] as Daarki Kagalkar, Guna's traditional wife who is displeased about his involvement in the Tamasha.
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Pandoba, Guna's friend and mentor.
* [[Priya Arun|Priya Berde]] as Yamunabai, Nayna's mother and Pandoba's former love interest.
* [[Guru Thakur]] as Shirpat Rao
* Nandkishor Chaughule as Vishnu
* Siddheshwar Zadbuke as Dhamodhay
* [[Milind Shinde]] as Mr. Mane
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] in a special appearance in the Lāvaṇī song ''Wajle ki Bara''.
==Adaptation==
The film is a cinematic adaptation of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] novel named ''Natarang'' by [[Anand Yadav]]. Yadav initially expressed qualms about entrusting a debutant director with the film adaptation of his novel, however he was convinced by [[Ravi Jadhav]]'s study and understanding of the novel. Yadav later expressed satisfaction over the film.<ref name="yadav">{{cite web|url=http://www.esakal.com/eSakal/20091227/5597954273514382836.htm|title='नटरंग' यथार्थ साकार - डॉ. यादव|language=mr|author=Sakaal news service|date=27 December 2009|publisher=eSakal.com}}</ref>

Yadav's 1978 novel was earlier adapted to a theater production, whose performance however "caused pains to the author."<ref name="yadav"/> There were plans for a film adaptation starring [[Ganpat Patil]] as Guna and [[Nilu Phule]] as Pandoba, but these did not work out.

==Release==
Natarang was released in a grand premiere at the [[Cinemax]] [[Multiplex (movie theater)|Multiplex]] in [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]] on New Year's Day 2010. The premiere was attended by luminaries from both the Marathi and the [[Bollywood]] film industries.<ref name="prem">{{cite web|url=http://www.esakal.com/eSakal/20091231/5244147789469160284.htm|title='नटरंग'चा उद्या दणकेबाज प्रीमियर|language=mr|author=Sakaal news service|date=31 December 2009|publisher=eSakal.com}}</ref> It was the first time a Marathi film was released in a grand premiere.

It was re-released on popular demand with English subtitles on 22 January.<ref name="screen">{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/natarang-earns-rs-7-crore-in-3-weeks/586762/|title=Natarang earns Rs 7 crore in 3 weeks|date=5 March 2010|publisher=Screen India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308083217/http://www.screenindia.com/news/natarang-earns-rs-7-crore-in-3-weeks/586762/|archive-date=8 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It has been the highest grossing film as of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/after-sairat-these-4-marathi-films-need-bollywood-makeovers/17073439|title=After 'Sairat', These 4 Marathi Films Need Bollywood Makeovers!|date=18 December 2017 |language=en|access-date=18 December 2017|publisher=idiva.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The original and the background scores were composed by [[Ajay Atul]], based on the song lyrics by [[Guru Thakur]]. The script and story of the film demands period compositions and traditional dance numbers as in [[Lavani]] and Gavalan. Vijay Chavan received special accolades for his performance on the ''[[dholki]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esakal.com/eSakal/20100324/4803005732694270671.htm|title=नटरंग' माझ्यासाठी कळसाध्याय!|language=mr|author=Sakaal news service|date=24 March 2010|publisher=eSakal.com}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Natarang
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ajay Atul]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 January 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = Nikhil Sane Amit Phalke Meghana Jadhav
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

===Tracklist===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Natarang Ubha" || [[Ajay–Atul]] and chorus
|-
| 2 || "Kagal Gavcha Guna" || [[Ajay–Atul|Ajay Gogavale]]
|-
| 3 || "Wajle Ki Bara" || [[Bela Shende]] and chorus
|-
| 4 || "Achuk Padli Thingi" ||Ajay Gogavale
|-
| 5 || "Khel Mandala" || Ajay Gogavale
|-
| 6 || "Petla Gadi" || Ajay Gogavale
|-
| 7 || "Kashi Mi Jau Mathurechya Bajari" || Bela Shende, Ajay Gogavale and chorus
|-
| 8 || "[[Apsara Aali]]" || Bela Shende, Ajay–Atul
|}

==Reception==
Natarang was screened in the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]] film festival, and the [[Pune International Film Festival]]. It was the only Indian film to be selected in the "Above the cut" category in MAMI.<ref name="dna"/> It was selected as the opening film in the [[Asian Film Festival]] in Kolhapur.<ref name="thai"/>

The film won seven awards at the annual [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]]s ceremony, including best director for [[Ravi Jadhav|Ravindra Jadhav]], best music composition for [[Ajay–Atul]] and best supporting actor for [[Kishor Kadam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49583:2010-02-20-18-46-26&catid=26:2009-07-09-02-01-20&Itemid=3|title=झी गौरव पुरस्कार : 'नटरंग' आणि 'मी शिवाजीराजे'ने मारली बाजी|language=mr|date=20 February 2010|publisher=Daily Loksatta}}</ref>

Although the Lāvaṇī dance sequences were well received by the audiences, they were criticized by traditional Lāvaṇī performers and academics as having an [[item song]] slant. Critics have especially targeted the "provocative dress style" of [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] and [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], saying that it runs contrary to traditional, conservative Lāvaṇī costume.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55630:2010-03-18-11-24-47&catid=194:2009-08-14-02-31-30&Itemid=194|title=लावणीचे वाजले की बारा!|author=Prashant Pawar|language=mr|date=20 March 2010|publisher=Daily Loksatta}}</ref> In a 2014 interview, Atul Kulkarni said, "I’ve always loved doing roles which frighten me as to how am I going to do it!! Natarang was a perfect example. I am must confess that this role and the script has challenged me the most so far.".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/atul-kulkarni-in-marathi-film-saat/|title=Atul Kulkarni in Marathi film Saat|date=17 October 2014 |language=en|access-date=17 October 2014|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Box office===
Natarang opened to a successful run statewide and earned ₹60 million in the first two weeks and ₹70 million by third week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-10 |title=Multiplexes made the difference to Marathi cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/multiplexes-made-the-difference-to-marathi-cinema/story-MzkCgruSpryyUV9yhFM0aM.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="screen"/> Overall, Marathi films earned ₹200 million in the first quarter of 2010, outperforming Bollywood in both box office collection and critical acclaim.<ref name="IEr">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/marathi-movies-score-over-hindi-counterparts/598184/|title=Marathi movies score over Hindi counterparts at BO|author=Staff Writer|date=31 March 2010|location=Mumbai|newspaper=Indian Express}} (accessdate=2010-09-15)</ref> The films ''Natarang'', [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]'s [[Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho]] and [[Paresh Mokashi]]'s [[Harishchandrachi Factory]] themselves collected more than ₹160 million at the box office.<ref name="IEr"/>

==Participation in film festivals==
* [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]] – Mumbai Film Festival.
* Goa Film Festival
* Third Eye – ASEAN Film Festival.
* Participated in PIFF (Pune Film Fest).
* 33rd Göteborg Fest 2010
* Munich Film Festival 2010

==Awards==
* Participated in [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]] (Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image festival) & received awards in "Above The Cut" category
* Sant Tukaraam Award for the Best Film in PIFF (Pune International Film Fest)
* Got 7 awards out of 16 nominations for [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010
* Best Director – [[Ravi Jadhav]] – [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010
* Best Music Director – [[Ajay Atul]] – [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010
* Best Lyrics – [[Guru Thakur]] – [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010 – "Khel Mandla"
* Best Playback Singer Male – [[Ajay Gogavale]] – [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010 – "Khel Mandla"
* Best Playback Singer Female – [[Bela Shende]] – [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010 – "Wajle Ki Bara"
* Best Supporting Actor – [[Kishor Kadam]] – [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010
* Best Choreography – [[Phulwa Khamkar]] – [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]] 2010 – "[[Apsara Aali]]"
* Best Music Director – [[Ajay Atul]] – [[V Shantaram]] awards 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84968:2010-07-10-17-49-34&catid=26:2009-07-09-02-01-20&Itemid=3|title=व्ही. शांताराम पुरस्कारांवर 'झिंग चिक झिंग'चे वर्चस्व |author=Staff Writer|date=10 July 2010|location=Mumbai|publisher=Loksatta}}</ref>
* Best Background Score – [[Ajay Atul]] – [[V Shantaram]] awards 2010
* Best Lyrics – [[Guru Thakur]] – [[V Shantaram]] awards 2010 – "Khel Mandla"
* Best Playback Singer Male – [[Ajay Gogavale]] – [[V Shantaram]] awards 2010 – "Khel Mandla"
* Best Playback Singer Female – [[Bela Shende]] – [[V Shantaram]] awards 2010 – Kashi Mi Jau Mathurechya Bajari
* Best Choreography – [[Phulwa Khamkar]] – [[V Shantaram]] awards 2010 – "Apsara Aali"<ref name="lok">{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96574:2010-08-27-16-52-54&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166|title=बिग म्युझिक पुरस्कारांवर 'नटरंग'चे वर्चस्व|date=28 August 2010 |publisher=Loksatta|access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref>
* Best Playback Singer Male – [[Ajay Gogavale]] – [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] awards 2010 – "Khel Mandla"<ref name="lok"/>
* Best Playback Singer Female – [[Bela Shende]] – [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] awards 2010 – "Apsara Aali"<ref name="lok"/>
* Best Lyrics – [[Guru Thakur]] – [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] awards 2010 – "Khel Mandla"<ref name="lok"/>
* Best Song Of The Year – Music: [[Ajay Atul]] – [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] awards 2010 – "Apsara Aali"<ref name="lok"/>
* Best Music Director – [[Ajay Atul]] – [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] awards 2010<ref name="lok"/>
* Best Marathi Film Rajat Kamal Award – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|National Film Awards]]<ref name="glamsham">{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/10/sep/15-57th-national-film-awards-for-the-year-2009-announced-091014.asp|title=57th National Film Awards |author=Bollywood Trade News Network|date=21 June 2022 |publisher=Glamsham.com}}</ref>
* [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]] nominated for Best Performance By An Actor [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] 2010<ref name="asiapac">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/the_awards/nominees_2010/best_performance_by_an_actor|title=Asia Pacific Screen Awards 2010 Nominations|publisher=asiapacificscreenawards.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022003324/http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/the_awards/nominees_2010/best_performance_by_an_actor|archive-date=22 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pheta (turban)|Pheta]], traditional turban worn in Maharashtra, India

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.zeemarathi.com/Natarang_Sitecapture/default.html}}
* {{IMDb title|1590129}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Marathi}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films about musical theatre]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi novels]]
[[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Jadhav]]
[[Category:2010 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language musical films]]
[[Category:Tamasha films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]

Phandebaaz

2026-03-03T23:26:23Z

GAURI PARIHAR: minor cleanup

{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phandebaaz
| image = Phandebaaz.jpg
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[Samir Ganguly]]
| producer = Surjit Aujla
| writer = Kaushal Bharati
| narrator = Kaushal Bharati
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] [[Prem Chopra]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = N.V Srinivass
| editing = V.K Naik
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|07|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 2 hours 30 min
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Phandebaaz'''''{{efn| ''Phanda'' in Hindi is equivalent to a lasso; ''Baaz'' is Hindi slang for an expert; thus ''phandebaaz'' refers to "an expert in throwing a lasso (entrapping someone)". By implication, a ''phandebaaz'' is a trickster, someone similar to a ''chaalbaaz'', who is an expert in "tricking" people. There are at least [[Chaalbaaz (disambiguation)|three movies with the latter name]] also}} is a 1978 [[Bollywood]] [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] [[romantic film]] directed by [[Samir Ganguly]], and starring [[Dharmendra]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] and [[Prem Chopra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pahandebaaz (1978) - Reviews, Cast, Crews & Release Date|url=https://www.bookmyshow.com/amp/movies/pahandebaa-MV006906|website=Bookmyshow}}</ref> Originally, [[Leena Chandavarkar]] was to play the female lead but she was unable to attend the shooting and was replaced by [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]. [[Hema Malini]] had a guest appearance in one song.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pahandebaaz (1978) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pahandebaaz-1628500075115|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Cinestaan}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In the film, a poor man impersonates his wealthy lookalike and marries a rich girl, against her father's wishes. He later faces his father-in-law's revenge scheme.

==Plot==
Rajkumar Kakkar, a poor young man, visits a city and meets a lookalike rich man, Rana Shantidas, and impersonates him. He falls in love with a rich girl, Shanti, and discloses his true identity to her. Her father, Diwan Bunny, refuses to accept him, but Rajkumar and Shanti marry anyway.

Rana is blackmailed by Diwan, and he and Rajkumar gate swap and exchange places, but Rajkumar finds himself the target of a bloody plot, and will have to struggle to defeat Diwan.

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Rajkumar Kakkar/Rana Shantidas (double role)
*[[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Shanti: Rajkumar's wife
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Diwan Bunny
*[[Ranjeet]] as Jaggi Dada
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Tony
*[[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Hukumat Rai: Shanti's father
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Police Inspector
*[[Kumari Naaz]] as Princess Ratna
*[[Krishnakant (actor)|Krishnakant]] as Bawji: Restaurant owner
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Club Dancer
*[[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] as Film Director
*[[Tun Tun]] as Rosie
*[[Brahmachari (actor)|Brahmachari]] as Mohan
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Mac
*[[Hema Malini]] as Herself (guest appearance in song)

==Songs==
Music's were given by [[R. D. Burman]] and recorded by '''Rajkamal Kamalmandir'''. The lyricist was [[Anand Bakshi]]. Audiography was done by '''Mohinder Singh'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pahandebaaz (1978) - Pahandebaaz Songs Download|url=https://www.gaana.com/album/amp/phandebaaz|website=Gaana}}</ref> Some of the music had scored well.
{|class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
|1
|"Abhi Gyarah Nahi Baje
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
|2
|"Tera Dimag Aur Mera Shabab"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|3
|"Duniya Me Paise Bina Kaise Ham Jiyenge"
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|4
|"Bade Bade Logo Ke Yaar Bade Bade Hai Raaz"
|[[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|5
|"Mohabbat Me Aji Kya Aap Apna Imtihaan Lenge"
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|1}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0376071|title=Phandebaaz}}

[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films directed by Samir Ganguly]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

{{1970s-action-film-stub}}
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}

Ennu Ninte Moideen

2026-03-03T20:38:37Z

GAURI PARIHAR: fix section after review

{{Short description|2015 film by R. S. Vimal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ennu Ninte Moideen
| image = Ennu-ninte-moideen.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[R. S. Vimal]]
| producer = Suresh Raj Binoy Shankarath Sureshkumar Muttath [[Ragy Thomas]]
| writer = [[R. S. Vimal]]
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]{{br}}[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]{{br}}[[Tovino Thomas]]
| narrator = [[Sudheer Karamana]]
| music = '''Songs:'''{{br}}[[M. Jayachandran]]{{br}}[[Gopi Sundar]]{{br}}[[Ramesh Narayan]]{{br}}'''Background Score:'''{{br}}Gopi Sundar
| cinematography = [[Jomon T. John]]
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| studio = Newton Movies
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|09|19}}
| runtime = 166 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Ennu Ninte Moideen |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ennu-ninte-moideen-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotixnte |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}12 crore<ref name="gross full run">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/content-triumphed-over-star-power-in-southern-filmdom-2015-in-retrospect-115121900185_1.html|title=Content triumphed over star power in southern filmdom (2015 in Retrospect)|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=Business Standard|date=19 December 2015|access-date=19 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219095125/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/content-triumphed-over-star-power-in-southern-filmdom-2015-in-retrospect-115121900185_1.html|archive-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}56 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-ennu-ninte-moideen-other-top-malayalam-movies-that-did-well-box-office-2015-661395|title=Premam, Ennu Ninte Moideen and other top Malayalam movies that did well at the box office in 2015|first=Anu|last=James|date=31 December 2015|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214065401/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-ennu-ninte-moideen-other-top-malayalam-movies-that-did-well-box-office-2015-661395|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=Mumbai Police' to 'Koode': 5 Prithviraj movies to watch before 'Cold Case'|newspaper=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mumbai-police-to-koode-5-prithviraj-movies-to-watch-before-cold-case-1002353.html|access-date=1 July 2021|agency=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 June 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630080112/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mumbai-police-to-koode-5-prithviraj-movies-to-watch-before-cold-case-1002353.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bb">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Top highest grossing Mollywood films worldwide; 2018 tops with 143 crores in 20 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-mollywood-films-worldwide-2018-tops-with-143-crores-in-20-days-1222765 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ennu Ninte Moideen''''' ({{translation|Yours Truly, Moideen}}) is a 2015 [[India]]n [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[romantic drama film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actress-south-1198672.html|title=IBNLive Movie Awards 2016: Nominees for Best Actress (South)|work=IBNLive|access-date=18 February 2016|quote=Parvathy was lauded for her efforts in Malayalam romantic thriller 'Ennu Ninte Moideen'.|archive-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207044940/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actress-south-1198672.html|url-status=live}}</ref> written and directed by [[R. S. Vimal]], based on the real-life story of Kanchanamala and [[B. P. Moideen]], which took place in the 1960s in [[Mukkam]], [[Kozhikode]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-unfold-in-the-first-person-account-of-Kanchanamala/articleshow/38487271.cms "Ennu Ninte Moideen unfolds in the first person account of Kanchanamala"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014073324/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-unfold-in-the-first-person-account-of-Kanchanamala/articleshow/38487271.cms |date=14 October 2015 }}. ''The Times of India'' (17 July 2014). Retrieved on 27 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/|title=Kanchanamala: A talisman for true love in Kerala|date=2015-10-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111000724/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] play the title characters of Moideen and Kanchanamala while [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Sashi Kumar]] and [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-coming-3-big-malayalam-films-603143 "Prithviraj Coming Up with 3 Big Malayalam Films"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025051442/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-coming-3-big-malayalam-films-603143 |date=25 October 2014 }}. ''International Business Times'' (26 June 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-dont-mind-playing-supporting-roles-Parvathy-Menon/articleshow/38123213.cms "I don't mind playing supporting roles: Parvathy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821095820/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-dont-mind-playing-supporting-roles-Parvathy-Menon/articleshow/38123213.cms |date=21 August 2014 }}. ''The Times of India'' (10 July 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref>

Music was composed by [[M. Jayachandran]] and [[Ramesh Narayan]],<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/M-Jayachandhran-feels-honoured-to-work-with-Shreya-Ghoshal/articleshow/37177465.cms "M Jayachandran feels honoured to work with Shreya Ghoshal"]. ''The Times of India'' (25 June 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> while background score was composed by [[Gopi Sunder]]. The cinematography was by [[Jomon T. John]].<ref>Navamy Sudhish (15 July 2014) [http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/In-Love-with-his-Lens/2014/07/15/article2330468.ece "In Love with his Lens"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812165653/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/In-Love-with-his-Lens/2014/07/15/article2330468.ece |date=12 August 2014 }}. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> Upon release, it received a positive critical response and was a commercial success, becoming one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] of all time, grossing over {{INR}}56 crore at the box office.<ref name="bb"/><ref>Mythily Ramachandran (21 October 2015). [http://www.gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/south-india/ennu-ninte-moideen-is-an-immortal-love-story-1.1604071 "‘Ennu Ninte Moideen’ is an immortal love story"]. ''[[Gulf News]]''. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref><ref name=FilmibeatReception>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-first-two-days-box-office-collection-reports-198915.html|title=Ennu Ninte Moideen: First 2 Days Box Office Collections|work=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055041/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-first-two-days-box-office-collection-reports-198915.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is widely regarded as one of the best movies of the [[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110115120/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in the 1960s and 70's in [[Mukkam]], [[Kerala]], the film tells the tragic love story of Moideen who belongs to a renowned [[Malabar Muslims|Muslim]] family and Kanchanamala who is from an affluent thiyya [[Hinduism|Hindu]] family.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/ | title=Kanchanamala: A talisman for true love in Kerala | date=25 October 2015 | access-date=27 April 2020 | archive-date=11 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111000724/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/kanchanamala-a-talisman-for-true-love-in-kerala/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Since [[Interfaith marriage|inter-religious marriages]] were considered a taboo then, the couple had to part ways as their families objected to their love affair.

Moideen shifted ground to being a socio-political activist and Kanchanamala lived in her house under strict restrictions for 22 years. Both communicated through letters and a language they had developed. Eventually Kanchanmala was caught and beaten mercilessly by her conservative relatives. Balyambra Pottattu Unni Moideen Sahib, Moideen's father, stabs him since Moideen does not agree to part ways with Kanchanamala but he miraculously escapes. Moideen reveals to the judge and police that it was an accident and his father was not responsible. This confession transforms Balyambra Pottattu Unni Moideen Sahib's attitude towards his son; however, he dies immediately afterwards due to a heart attack. Eventually, Moideen and Kanchana decide to elope but when Moideen was returning after collecting their passports, the boat he was traveling on gets caught in a whirlpool. Although he managed to save his fellow boat-mates, he gets caught in the whirlpool and dies. His body is found 3 days later. Upon hearing about his death, Kanchana decides to commit suicide but is stopped by Moideen's mother. In the end, Kanchana leaves home to live in Moideen's house, as Moideen's unmarried widow.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as [[B. P. Moideen|Balyambra Pottattu Moideen]]
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] as Kottatil Kanchanamala
**Emine Salman as young Kanchanamala
*[[Tovino Thomas]] as Panakkaparambil Appu
* [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Kottatil Sethu Madhavan, Kanchana's brother
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Balyambra Pottattu Unni Moideen Sahib
* [[Sashi Kumar]] as Kottatil Madhavan
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Pathumma
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Mukkam Bhasi
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Kunjammavan
* [[Sudheesh]] as Kottattil Ramachandran
* [[Kalaranjini]] as Janaki
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Maaniyamma, servant in Kanchana's house
* [[Indrans]] as Nottan Vaidyar
* Disney James as Krishnankuttym Prabhavathi's Husband
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Sathyanath, Appu's father
* Majeed as Ullatil Sahib
* George Tharakan K. J. as Sub-inspector Gafoor
* Balaji Sharma as Mukkam Narayanan
* Vijayan Karanthoor as Soofi haji
* Krishna Namboothiri
* Jayashankar Karimuttam
* [[Aneesh G. Menon]]
* Nandan Unni
* Master Roshan as Kochappi
* [[Sija Rose]] as Ameena
* [[Devi Ajith]] as Moideen's aunt
* [[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]] as Appu's mother
* Sneha Raj as Ramadevi
* Charutha Baiju as Leela
* Jaya Noushad as Singer in drama
* Swathi Noushad as Indrani, Kanchana's sister
* Shilpa Raj as Marina
* Vaigha Rose
* Deepika Mohan
* Kozhikode Saradha
* Kozhikode Ramadevi
* Preetha Pradeep
* Tinu Thomas Kannur
* Jija Surendran
* Nila Noushad

* Badri Krishna as Velayudhan{{colend}}

==Production==
The film is based on the real life love story of Moideen and Kanchanamala, which happened in the 1960s in the backdrops of river [[Iruvanjippuzha]] and [[Mukkam]] village. Vimal first made the story into a [[documentary film]] and then developed it into a full-length feature film. In October 2014, Kanchanamala had accused Vimal of "tweaking their story", stating that several incidents had not been shown correctly in the film.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/prithviraj-starrer-ennu-ninte-moideen-faces-trouble-south/20141013.htm "Prithviraj starrer Ennu Ninte Moideen faces trouble"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173419/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/prithviraj-starrer-ennu-ninte-moideen-faces-trouble-south/20141013.htm |date=19 October 2014 }}. [[Rediff.com]] (13 October 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref>

Prithviraj was chosen to play Moideen upon the insistence of real-life Kanchanamala, as she felt that he had a resemblance to Moideen.<ref>Parvathy Nambidi (3 July 2014) [http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-Labour-of-Undying-Love/2014/07/03/article2311255.ece "A Labour of Undying Love"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812173052/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-Labour-of-Undying-Love/2014/07/03/article2311255.ece |date=12 August 2014 }}. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> [[Tovino Thomas]] was signed to play Appuettan (Kanjanamala's cousin), who said that [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] suggested him for the role.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/It-was-Prithviraj-who-invited-me-to-act-in-Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-Tovino/articleshow/38262819.cms "It was Prithviraj who invited me to act in Ennu Ninte Moideen: Tovino"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821102831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/It-was-Prithviraj-who-invited-me-to-act-in-Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-Tovino/articleshow/38262819.cms |date=21 August 2014 }}. ''The Times of India'' (13 July 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref>

The film was launched at Mascot Hotel in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 9 July 2014.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-starrer-ennu-ninte-moideen-launched-604174 "Prithviraj Starrer 'Ennu Ninte Moideen' Launched"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030201428/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-starrer-ennu-ninte-moideen-launched-604174 |date=30 October 2014 }}. ''International Business Times'' (11 July 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> The shoot was supposed to begin in the first week of August 2014 but was postponed due to rain.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-shoot-postponed-to-14th/articleshow/39680781.cms "Ennu Ninte Moideen shoot postponed to 14th"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808234847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-shoot-postponed-to-14th/articleshow/39680781.cms |date=8 August 2014 }}. ''The Times of India'' (5 August 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> Though set entirely in [[Mukkam]], the film was not shot there; it was shot mostly in [[Shoranur]] and nearby areas.

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Ennu Ninte Moideen (soundtrack)}}
The background music for the film was composed by [[Gopi Sunder]], who also composed a song. Other songs were composed by [[M. Jayachandran]] and [[Ramesh Narayan]]. [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] penned the lyrics. A poem by renowned poet [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]] was used in the film.

The song "Mukkathe Penne" was composed within five minutes. Gopi Sunder says, "We were doing the background music when director requested us to create a background song for the movie. [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]], a singer who helps me with the Sufi notes, was there during that time. I hummed this tune to him for which he wrote lyrics. He crooned it and thus the song was born." For the song "Kathirunnu", [[M. Jayachandran]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] for the first time in his career.<ref>Elizabeth Thomas (3 October 2015). [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151003/entertainment-tvmusic/article/five-minute-composition-gets-10-lakh-hits "Five-minute composition gets 10 lakh hits"] .''Deccan Chronicle''. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref>

==Release==
The film was released on September 19, 2015, in Kerala and outside Kerala on October 2, 2015. The television satellite rights of ''Ennu Ninte Moideen'' was purchased for an amount of {{INR}} 7 crore by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], which was the highest satellite purchasing amount for any Malayalam film.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akhila Menon|title=WOW! Prithviraj's Ennu Ninte Moideen Overshadows Mammootty's Pathemari!|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/prithviraj-ennu-ninte-moideen-overshadows-mammootty-pathemari-204552.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|access-date=24 November 2015|date=9 November 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117200830/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/prithviraj-ennu-ninte-moideen-overshadows-mammootty-pathemari-204552.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film festival screening===
The film was among the seven films selected to be screened in the Malayalam Cinema Today section of the 20th edition of the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK).<ref>[[Press Trust of India]] (13 October 2015). [http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nine-malayalam-movies-to-be-screened-in-iffk-115101200611_1.html "Nine Malayalam movies to be screened in IFFK"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122025519/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nine-malayalam-movies-to-be-screened-in-iffk-115101200611_1.html |date=22 November 2015 }}. ''Business Standard''. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</ref> However, director R. S. Vimal decided to withdraw the film from the festival as it was not included in the Competition Section.<ref>Asha Prakash (13 October 2015). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ennu-Ninte-Moideen-backs-out-of-IFFK/articleshow/49337593.cms "Ennu Ninte Moideen backs out of IFFK"] . ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</ref>

===Critical response===

''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "the film presents a classic case of how a compelling real life incident can be adapted for the screen without compromising on the aesthetics of the medium."<ref>M. P. Praveen, S. R. Praveen (26 September 2015). [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-real-life-meets-reel-life/article7691369.ece " When real life meets reel life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809090757/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-real-life-meets-reel-life/article7691369.ece |date=9 August 2020 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 27 September 2015.</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote, " Even with flatly written characters and plodding narration, the film strikes a chord."<ref>Baradwaj Rangan (31 October 2015). [http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/baradwaj-rangan-on-ennu-ninte-moideen/article7823114.ece "In love with love stories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218063633/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/baradwaj-rangan-on-ennu-ninte-moideen/article7823114.ece |date=18 February 2018 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</ref>

Veeyen of ''Nowrunning.com'' rated 3/5 and opined that "a slow-burner that invites its viewers to soak themselves in a compelling romantic tale that is prudently drawn from real life. A pithy, well-acted and remarkably crafted film, this devastating narrative of love, comes across as a true celebration of the tender, expectant spirit that lies deep within it."<ref>Veeyen (20 September 2015). [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15570/malayalam/ennu-ninte-moideen/5217/review/ "Ennu Ninte Moideen Movie Review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922235434/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15570/malayalam/ennu-ninte-moideen/5217/review |date=22 September 2015 }}. Nowrunning.com Retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> Hailing the film as "probably the best love story to have graced the screens in the last decade in Malayalam Cinema," Rejath RG of ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'' described it as " a masterful piece of cinema that is sure to leave a long lasting impression in the hearts of moviegoers. R S Vimal has made a gem of a movie, an unforgettable love story of epic proportions."<ref>Rejath RG (21 September 2015). [http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=69214 "Ennu Ninte Moideen is truly epic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193630/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=69214 |date=25 September 2015 }}. ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]''. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</ref>

G. Ragesh of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and described "Apart from being an inquiry into the unknown realms of human emotions such as love, revenge and envy the film has a smooth narrative which offers a glimpse into the socio-political milieu of the time."<ref>G. Rajesh (19 September 2015) [http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ennu-ninte-moideen-movie-review.html "Moideen: A love saga at its ethereal best"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920092159/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ennu-ninte-moideen-movie-review.html |date=20 September 2015 }}. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref>

Akhila Menon of ''Filmibeat.com'' gave a rating of 4/5 and wrote, "It is wonderful to watch the classic form of romance back on the screen, in its complete glory. A well-written script plays the backbone for the film" and "the only minus factor [of the film] is, Kanchanamala gets over-shadowed by Moideen certain points."<ref>Akhila Menon (20 September 2015). [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-movie-review-198654.html "Ennu Ninte Moideen Movie Review: An Eternal Love Saga!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925054812/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-movie-review-198654.html |date=25 September 2015 }}. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> Sethumadhavan of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film 4/5 and said, "Despite the story being so old, the screenplay is powerful enough to hook the audience and make one ignore a few loose ends. Whenever and wherever cinematic liberty has been taken, it does not come across as jarring."<ref>Sethumadhavan N [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Film-ReviewEnnu-Ninte-Moideen/articleshow/49200174.cms "FILM REVIEW:ENNU NINTE MOIDEEN"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307012817/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Film-ReviewEnnu-Ninte-Moideen/articleshow/49200174.cms |date=7 March 2023 }}. ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]''. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref> Shyamlee Ahmed of ''The American Bazaar'' noted that the "powerful story is a far cry from the modern day puppy love stories coming out of Bollywood" and that the film "will be here to stay in our hearts "ennum" (forever), for its effervescent one of a kind eternal love."<ref>Shyamlee Ahmed (14 October 2015). [http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2015/10/14/ennu-ninte-moideen-review-mind-boggling-saga-of-true-love/ "‘Ennu Ninte Moideen’ review: mind boggling saga of true love"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016125208/http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2015/10/14/ennu-ninte-moideen-review-mind-boggling-saga-of-true-love/ |date=16 October 2015 }}. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</ref>

===Box office===
The film collected approximately {{INR}}81 lakh on the first day of release and {{INR}}1.25 crore in the second day, with [[Malabar region]] contributing a major share.<ref name=Reception>Akhila Menon (21 September 2015). [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-first-two-days-box-office-collection-reports-198915.html "Ennu Ninte Moideen: First 2 Days Box Office Collections"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922235611/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-first-two-days-box-office-collection-reports-198915.html |date=22 September 2015 }}. ''Filmibeat.com''. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</ref> It collected {{INR}}6.32 crore in 6 days<ref>Akhila Menon (25 September 2015). [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-6-days-box-office-collections-199516.html "BOX OFFICE: Ennu Ninte Moideen 6 Days Collections"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929052823/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/ennu-ninte-moideen-6-days-box-office-collections-199516.html |date=29 September 2015 }}. ''Filmibeat.com''. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</ref> and {{INR}}10.5 crore when it completed 9 days from Kerala alone.<ref>Nicy V.P. (29 September 2015). [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-prithviraj-parvathi-kanchana-box-office-malayalam-blockbuster-movie-release-648472 "Ennu Ninte Moideen to be Prithviraj's first solo blockbuster movie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930121846/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-prithviraj-parvathi-kanchana-box-office-malayalam-blockbuster-movie-release-648472 |date=30 September 2015 }}. ''International Business Times''. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref><ref>Akhila Menon (29 September 2015). [http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/box-office-ennu-ninte-moideen-collects-10-5-crores-in-9-days-199941.html "BOX OFFICE: Ennu Ninte Moideen Collects 10.5 Crores In 9 Days!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930195042/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/box-office-ennu-ninte-moideen-collects-10-5-crores-in-9-days-199941.html |date=30 September 2015 }}. ''Filmibeat.com''. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</ref> The film collected {{INR}}19 crores from 18 days from Kerala alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-collection-ennu-ninte-moideen-kunjiramayanam-life-josutty-do-good-649736|title=Kerala box office collection: 'Ennu Ninte Moideen', 'Kunjiramayanam', 'Life of Josutty' do good business|date=8 October 2015|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034231/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-collection-ennu-ninte-moideen-kunjiramayanam-life-josutty-do-good-649736|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.deshabhimani.com/news-cinema-all-latest_news-507663.html "19 നാളില്‍ മൊയ്തീന് 20 കോടി"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012002214/http://deshabhimani.com/news-cinema-all-latest_news-507663.html |date=12 October 2015 }}. ''[[Deshabhimani]]''. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</ref> On 14 October 2015, ''Filmibeat.com'' reported that the film's gross collection crossed {{INR}}21.8 crore, making it the biggest hit in Prithviraj's career.<ref name=" October14">{{cite web|author=Akhila Menon|title=Kerala Box Office: Ennu Ninte Moideen & Pathemari Top The List|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/kerala-box-office-ennu-ninte-moideen-and-pathemari-tops-the-list-201607.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|access-date=16 October 2015|date=14 October 2015|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017034535/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/kerala-box-office-ennu-ninte-moideen-and-pathemari-tops-the-list-201607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Within a month of release, the film's collection from Kerala theatres alone was {{INR}}27.2 crore.<ref name=" October19">[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-amar-akbar-anthony-ll7k-makes-good-collection-pathemari-still-enjoying-651113 "Kerala box office: 'Amar Akbar Antony', 'LL7K' make good collection; 'Pathemari' still enjoys housefull shows"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020151234/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-amar-akbar-anthony-ll7k-makes-good-collection-pathemari-still-enjoying-651113 |date=20 October 2015 }}. ''[[International Business Times]]''. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</ref> It grossed about {{INR}} 32.67 crore and a net {{INR}} 25.56 crore from [[Kerala]] in 42 days; the film's all [[India]] gross crossed {{INR}} 37.50 crore for the same.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pathemari-amar-akbar-anthony-kanal-rani-padmini-ll7k-review-october-malayalam-652741 "'Pathemari', 'Amar Akbar Anthony', 'Kanal', 'Rani Padmini', 'LL7K': Review of October Malayalam releases"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102035804/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pathemari-amar-akbar-anthony-kanal-rani-padmini-ll7k-review-october-malayalam-652741 |date=2 November 2015 }}. ''[[International Business Times]]''. 31 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.</ref>

The film grossed $107,666 (₹ 71.79 lakh) within eight weeks of its theatrical run in the US and after the 12th weekend at the UK box office, ''Ennu Ninte Moideen'' is said to have collected a gross amount of Â£23,698 (₹ 23.40 lakh).<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Ennu Ninte Moideen completes 150 days: Prithviraj, Parvathy, RS Vimal, others attend success party|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-completes-150-days-prithviraj-parvathy-rs-vimal-others-attend-success-party-666104|access-date=1 July 2021|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 February 2016|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182513/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-completes-150-days-prithviraj-parvathy-rs-vimal-others-attend-success-party-666104|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film collected an estimated {{INR}} 50 crore from Worldwide box office to become one of the highest grossing Malayalam films of all time,<ref name="auto"/> and the film ran over 150 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ennu Ninte Moideen completes 150 days: Prithviraj, Parvathy, RS Vimal, others attend success party|website=[[International Business Times]]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-completes-150-days-prithviraj-parvathy-rs-vimal-others-attend-success-party-666104|access-date=1 July 2021|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 February 2016|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182513/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-completes-150-days-prithviraj-parvathy-rs-vimal-others-attend-success-party-666104|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
As of 28 March 2016, Ennu Ninte Moideen received '''55 wins''' and '''63 nominations'''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
|-
! scope="row"|[[63rd National Film Awards]]<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/national-awards-baahubali-bhansali-amitabh-bachchan-kangana.html 63rd National Film Awards: Malayalam takes away a handful of them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331050438/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/national-awards-baahubali-bhansali-amitabh-bachchan-kangana.html |date=31 March 2016 }}. English.manoramaonline.com (28 March 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref>
| Best Music Director
| ''[[M. Jayachandran]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]]
| Ennu Ninte Moideen
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Vimal|[[R. S. Vimal]]}}
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor]]
| {{Sort|Sukumaran|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]]
| {{Sort|Parvathy|[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Tovino Thomas]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Sort|Abhilash|[[Lena (actress)|Lena]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]
| ''[[M. Jayachandran]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Film
| ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Director
| [[R. S. Vimal]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress (Critics)
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Tovino Thomas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[M. Jayachandran]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Rafeeq Ahammed]] (for song ''"Kaathirunnu"'')
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] (for song ''"Kaathirunnu"'')
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Asianet Film Awards]]<ref>[http://m.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090 18th Asianet Film Awards: Vikram, Trisha, Prithviraj, Mohanlal, Nivin Pauly bag awards [Full winners' list+photos]]. M.ibtimes.co.in. Retrieved on 3 May 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302100739/http://m.ibtimes.co.in/18th-asianet-film-awards-vikram-trisha-prithviraj-mohanlal-nivin-pauly-bag-awards-full-666090 |date=2 March 2016 }}</ref>
| Best Film
| ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Director
| {{Sort|Vimal|[[R. S. Vimal]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor
| {{Sort|Sukumaran|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]}}
| rowspan="18" {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| {{Sort|Parvathy|[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| {{Sort|Sai Kumar|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]}}
|-
| Best Character Actress
| {{Sort|Abhilash|[[Lena (actress)|Lena]]}}
|-
| Best Script Writer
| {{Sort|Vimal|[[R. S. Vimal]]}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{Sort|John|[[Jomon T. John]]}}
|-
| Best Editor
| Mahesh Narayan
|-
| Best Lyricist
| {{Sort|Ahmed|[[Rafeeq Ahmed]]}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Kerala State Film Award]]<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2015-live-updates-thiruvanchoor-radhakrishnan-announce-winners-668840 Kerala State Film Awards 2015: Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy win best actor awards [Full winners' list]]. Ibtimes.co.in (1 March 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310011822/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2015-live-updates-thiruvanchoor-radhakrishnan-announce-winners-668840 |date=10 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Most Popular Film]]
| ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| [[Jomon T. John]]
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Singer (Male)]]
| [[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
| | [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyricist]]
| {{Sort|Ahmed|[[Rafeeq Ahmed]]}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Best Sound Design]]
| [[Renganaath Ravee]]
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[1st IIFA Utsavam]]<ref>[http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/baahubali-ennu-ninte-moideen-win-laurels-at-iifa-utsavam-english-news-1.822851 Baahubali, Ennu Ninte Moideen win laurels at IIFA Utsavam – Movie News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228034001/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/baahubali-ennu-ninte-moideen-win-laurels-at-iifa-utsavam-english-news-1.822851 |date=28 February 2016 }}. English.mathrubhumi.com (25 January 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref>
|-
| Best Film
| ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''
|-
| Best Director
| [[R. S. Vimal]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Leading Role – Male
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Leading Role – Female
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Supporting Role – Male
| [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Supporting Role – Male
| [[Tovino Thomas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Supporting Role – Female
| [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Negative Role – Male
| [[Bala (actor)|Bala]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Direction
| [[Ramesh Narayan]] [[M. Jayachandran]] [[Gopi Sunder]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| Muhammed Maqbool Mansoor
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| Muhammed Maqbool Mansoor
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Asiavision Awards]]<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399 Asiavision movie awards 2015: 'Ennu Ninte Moideen', 'Pathemari, 'Premam' win maximum awards [Complete list of winners]]. Ibtimes.co.in (18 November 2015). Retrieved on 2016-05-03. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224131340/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2015-ennu-ninte-moideen-pathemari-premam-win-maximum-awards-655399 |date=24 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Film
| ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Director
| {{Sort|Vimal|[[R. S. Vimal]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| {{Sort|Sukumaran|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| {{Sort|Parvathy|[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| {{Sort|Thomas|[[Tovino Thomas]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| [[R. S. Vimal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| [[Jomon T. John]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Female Singer
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| [[Gopi Sunder]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Popular Music Director
| [[Gopi Sunder]]
| {{won}}
|-
| New Sensation in Singing
| Muhammed Maqbool Mansoor
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Vanitha Film Awards]]<ref>[http://m.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2016-prithviraj-best-actor-parvathy-bags-best-actress-award-full-winners-667201 Vanitha Film Awards 2016: Prithviraj, best actor; Parvathy bags best actress award [Full winners list]]. M.ibtimes.co.in (16 February 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310133339/http://m.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2016-prithviraj-best-actor-parvathy-bags-best-actress-award-full-winners-667201 |date=10 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Movie
| ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Director
| {{Sort|Vimal|[[R. S. Vimal]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| {{Sort|Sukumaran|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| {{Sort|Parvathy|[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{Sort|Abhilash|[[Lena (actress)|Lena]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Jomon T. John]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | KFPA Awards<ref>[http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/prithviraj-and-jayasurya-shared-best-actor-award-declared-by-producers-association Prithviraj and Jayasurya shared best actor award declared by producers association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408205223/http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/prithviraj-and-jayasurya-shared-best-actor-award-declared-by-producers-association |date=8 April 2016 }}. Onlookersmedia.in (12 March 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref>
|-
| Best Film
| ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| ''[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| ''[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Producer(s)
| ''Suresh Raj'' ''Binoy Shankarath'' ''[[Ragy Thomas]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Character Actress
| ''[[Lena (actress)|Lena]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Debutant Director
| ''[[R. S. Vimal]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Makeup Artist
| ''Ratheesh Ambady''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Director
| ''Gokul Das''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Ramu Kariat Awards<ref>[http://www.cinemapranthan.com/cpevent/11th-ramu-kariat-award-function 11the ramu kariat award function and naattika beach fest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109045559/http://www.cinemapranthan.com/cpevent/11th-ramu-kariat-award-function |date=9 January 2017 }}. Cinemapranthan.com (30 December 2015). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref>
|-
| Best Promising Star
| ''[[Tovino Thomas]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[IBNLive|IBNLive Awards]]<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/newstopics/ibnlive-movie-awards.html Ibnlive-movie-awards News: Latest News and Updates on Ibnlive-movie-awards at News18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310050400/http://www.ibnlive.com/newstopics/ibnlive-movie-awards.html |date=10 March 2016 }}. Ibnlive.com. Retrieved on 3 May 2016.</ref>
|-
| Best Actor (South)
| ''[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress (South)
| ''[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4888834}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Hameed Chennamangaloor |author-link=Hameed Chennamangaloor |date=November 2015 |title=Ivan Njangalute Priya Moideen |location=[[Kottayam|Kottayam, India]] |publisher=[[DC Books]] |page=88 |isbn=978-8-126-46519-4}}
* {{cite book |author=P. T. Mohammed Sadiq |date=2014 |title=Moideen Kanchanamala – Orapoorva Pranayajeevithom |location=[[Kozhikode|Calicut, India]] |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Books]] |isbn=978-8-182-65752-6}}
* {{cite book |author=R. S. Vimal |date=7 November 2015 |title=Ennu Ninte Moideen |location=[[Kottayam|Kottayam, India]] |publisher=[[DC Books]] |page=152 |isbn=978-8-126-46508-8}}

{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2015 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Romantic drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language romantic drama films]]

Ram Subhag Singh

2026-02-24T07:48:16Z

GAURI PARIHAR: fixed information per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ram Subhag Singh
|image = Ram_Subhag_Singh.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =Ram Subhag Singh in 1967
|birth_name = Ram Subhag Singh
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|7|7}}
|birth_place = Khajuria, Dhamar Post, [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Bihar]], [[India]])
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1980|12|16|1917|7|7}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
|death_cause = Heart Attack
|resting_place = Nigam Bodh Ghat, New Delhi, Delhi, India
|nationality = Indian
|citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
|education = Town School, [[Arrah]], [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]] and [[Varanasi]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Missouri]]
|occupation = Freedom Fighter, Politician
|office = [[Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)|Minister of State for Food and Agriculture]]
|term= 08 May 1962 - 8 June 1964
|primeminister = [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]]
|constituency = [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]]
|office2 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State for Railways]]
|term2= 14 June 1964 - 12 March 1967
|primeminister2 = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|constituency2 = [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]]
|office3 = [[Minister of Social Security and Cottage Industries (India)|Minister of Social Security and Cottage Industries]]
|term3= 09 June 1964 - 13 June 1964
|predecessor3 = [[Nityanand Kanungo]]
|successor3 = [[H.C. Dasappa]]
|primeminister3 = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|constituency3 = [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]]
|office4 = [[Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
|term4= 13 March 1967 - 14 February 1969
|predecessor4 = [[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
|successor4 = [[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]
|primeminister4 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
|constituency4 = [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
|office5 = [[Minister of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
|term5= 13 March 1967 - 14 February 1969
|predecessor5 = [[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
|successor5 = [[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
|primeminister5 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
|constituency5 = [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
|office6 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
|term6= 14 February 1969 - 4 November 1969
|predecessor6 = [[C. M. Poonacha]]
|successor6 = [[Panampilli Govinda Menon]]
|primeminister6 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
|constituency6 = [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
|office7 = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Lok Sabha]]
|term7= 17 December 1969 - 27 December 1970
|predecessor7 = Position established
|successor7 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|constituency7 = [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
|party=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] (from 1969)
|otherparty=[[Indian National Congress]]
|spouse =
|children =
|parents =
|website =
|footnotes =
|signature = Ram-Subhag-Singh-Signature.jpg
}}

'''Ram Subhag Singh''' (7 July 1917 – 16 December 1980)<ref name="Data">''Data India'', Press Institute of India, 1981</ref> was an Indian politician who was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as a member of the 3rd and 4th [[Lok Sabha]] for [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]] and [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]] in the [[Bihar]] state of [[India]] in 1962 and 1967, respectively. After the split in the Congress party in 1969, he stayed with the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]. He was first leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha in 1969. He participated in the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was a cabinet minister in the Union Government led by the Congress party.

== Early life ==
Singh was born in July 1917 in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of the [[Bihar]] State in India. He undertook his primary education at the Government Town School, Ara Bihar, and his secondary education at Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Singh went to the [[University of Missouri]] for completing his Ph.D. degree in journalism from the [[Missouri School of Journalism]].

== Activism and politics ==
He participated in 1942 [[Quit India Movement]] along with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He was close aide of Jawahar Lal Nehru and he fought Parliamentary Election in 1952 from Sasaram Constituency of Bihar State and elected as Member of Parliament in First Loksabha. In 1957 he again got elected to Parliament from same constituency. In 1962 he won parliamentary seat of Bikramganj constituency in Bihar. In 1967 he fought the general election for the Buxar constituency and was elected to parliament for a 4th time.

== Positions held ==
[[File:Ram Subhag Singh.jpg.jpg|thumb|Opposition leaders (From right to left) Madhu Limaye, Raj Narayan, George Fernandes, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Ram Subhag Singh.|alt=]]
* Member of the Central Legislature for over 22 years consecutively.
*Member of Parliament, 1948–1952.
* Provisional Parliament, 1950–1952.
* Member of Parliament, 1952–1957.
* Agriculturist and Journalist; President, Shahabad District Canal (Nahar) Kisan Congress, 1952–1955.
* Member of Parliament, 1957–1962.
* Secretary, Congress party in Parliament, 1955–1962.
* Union Minister of State for Food and Agriculture, 1962–1964.
* Union Minister of Social Security & Cottage Industries, 9 June 1964 – 13 June 1964.
* Union Minister of State for Railways, 1964–1967.
* Union Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, 1967–1969.
* Union Minister of Communications and Information Technology, 1967–1969.
* Union Minister of Railways, 14 February 1969 – 4 November 1969.
* He was India's first Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha from 1969–1970.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1027.htm Lok Sabha]

{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ram Subhag}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (India)]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Buxar district]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]

Vedham Pudhithu Kannan

2026-02-12T03:24:33Z

GAURI PARIHAR: data

{{Short description|Indian writer and stage director (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vedham Pudhithu Kannan
| image = Vedham Puthithu Kannan.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|04|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Film/Stage/TV writer, director, producer
| years_active = 1978–present
| awards = [[Kalaimamani]]<ref name="kalaimamani">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/70-chosen-for-kalaimamani-award/article363237.ece|title=70 Chosen for Kalaimamani award|date=2009-02-26|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]<ref name="tnawards">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|title=Tamilnadu govt awards Rajini and Kamal|publisher=cinesouth.com|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911141539/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|archivedate=2007-09-11}}</ref>
}}
'''K. Kannan''' popularly known as '''Vedham Pudhithu Kannan''', is an Indian film/stage director, writer and producer who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema]]. At various stages of his career, Kannan had the privilege to be mentored by veteran directors [[Bharathiraja]], [[S.P.Muthuraman]] and [[Kailasam Balachander|K. Balachander]]. Kannan is known for his penchant for embedding social reform messages in his stories,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/walking-the-tightrope/article3217150.ece|title=Walking the tight rope}}</ref> and as of 2016 he had won [[Kalaimamani]],<ref name="kalaimamani" /> [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]],<ref name="tnawards">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|title=Tamilnadu govt awards Rajini and Kamal|publisher=cinesouth.com|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911141539/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|archivedate=2007-09-11}}</ref> Mylapore academy award for lifetime achievement among others.

== Film career ==
Kannan began writing early, from his school years, having won in district level writing competitions. ''Subamuhurtham'', directed by Raghu and produced under the banner of Indralayam paved the way to Kannan's entry into the Tamil film industry. His subsequent theatre drama, ''Jaathigal Illayadi Pappa'' was adopted into the film ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'', directed by Bharathiraaja, for which Kannan penned the story and dialogue.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=Vedham+pudithu&pg=PA1994-IA1047|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> After the success of this film, Kannan became popularly known as Vedham Pudhithu Kannan. Later projects like ''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]'', ''Pagalil Pournami'' (1990), and ''Kaaval Geetham'' (1992) established Kannan as a prominent writer in the Tamil film Industry. From then on, he had collaborated in vast story and film-making discussions for various films.

He returned to stage plays with his longtime friend, T.V Varadarajan's troupe, United Visuals and staged 10 plays in the next 7 years. With the growing popularity of TV soap operas in Tamil satellite channels, he switched his concentration to TV. He has penned TV serials like Nimmadhi ungal Choice II & III, Jannal (Marabu Kavithaigal) and Sahaana. He wrote the script for ''Anni'' (directed by [[Samuthirakani]]), ''Akka'' (Telugu) among others.

In 2006, Kannan became a producer under the banner Ezhuthupattarai,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tamil-movies-amirtham-gallery-7334.html|title=Amirtham IndiaGlitz}}</ref> with his directorial debut ''Amirtham''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/pathbreaking/article3187095.ece|title=Path-breaking|date=2006-02-11|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Works ==

=== Stage dramas ===
Kannan wrote and directed these stage dramas:
{{colbegin}}
* ''Ilavasa Inaippu aka Re(a)el Estate''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100920/jsp/calcutta/story_12957781.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924234257/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100920/jsp/calcutta/story_12957781.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2010|title=Telegraph Calcutta}}</ref>
* ''Mega Serial'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mudhra.org/other-festival/dreamfestival/dreamfestival-2009.html|title=Mega Serial ref.}}</ref>
* ''Take it Easy''
* ''Iraval thanthavan ketkiran''
* ''Subamuhurtha Pathrikkai''
* ''Solladi Sivashakthi''
* ''Avanudaiya Chellamma''
* ''Magalir Mattum''
* ''LKG Aasai''
* ''Crorepathi''
* ''Matrum Palar''
* ''Veetukku Veedu Kaargil''
* ''Aasikkum Aasthikkum''
* ''Velicham''
* ''Porkaalam''
* ''Suya Tharisanam''
{{colend}}

=== Television ===
{{colbegin}}
* ''Nimmadi Ungal Choice II (Kannamavin Kadhai) (directed by [[S.P.Muthuraman]])'' – Story, Screenplay & Dialogue writer
* ''Nimmadi Ungal Choice III (Triveni Sangamam) (directed by [[S.P.Muthuraman]])'' – Screenplay & Dialogue writer
* ''Akka (telugu)'' – Story & Dialogue Writer
* ''Jannal (Marabu Kavithaigal)'' – Story, Screenplay, Dialogue and Direction (title/credits shared with [[Kailasam Balachander|K. Balachander]])
* ''Plastic Vizhuthugal'' – Story, Screenplay, Dialogue writer and Direction
* ''Vidiyal Puthithu'' – Story, Screenplay, Dialogue writer and Direction
* ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)#Sequel|Sahaana]]'' – Dialogue Writer
* ''[[Anni (TV series)|Anni]]'' – Main story & Dialogue Writer
* ''Vasantham'' – Story, Screenplay & Dialogue writer
{{colend}}

=== Films ===
{{colbegin}}
* ''Subha Muhurtham'' (1983) – Story and Dialogue writer
* ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'' (1987) – Story and Dialogue writer
* ''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]'' (1989) – Dialogue writer
* ''[[Kaaval Geetham]]'' – Story and Dialogue writer
* ''Pagalil Pournami'' – Dialogue writer
* ''[[Devaraagam]]'' – Tamil dubbed dialogues writer
* ''Kasthuri Manjal'' – Dialogue writer
* ''[[Amirtham]]'' (2006) – Story, Screenplay, Dialogue and Direction
* ''Puthu Mugam (telefilm)'' – Story, Screenplay, Dialogue and Direction
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, Vedham Pudhithu}}
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

2020 Indian Premier League final

2026-01-31T06:19:58Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Done!

{{short description|Cricket match}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
|title = 2020 Indian Premier League final
| event = [[2020 Indian Premier League]]
| team1 = Delhi Capitals
| team2 = Mumbai Indians
| team1score = 156/7
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2score = 157/5
| team2overs = 18.4 overs
| details = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| date = 10 November 2020
| stadium = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]]
| city = [[Dubai]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Trent Boult]] (MI)
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| attendance = 0 ([[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]])
| television =
| previous = [[2019 Indian Premier League final|2019]]
| next = [[2021 Indian Premier League final|2021]]
}}

The '''2020 Indian Premier League final''' was played on 10 November 2020 between the [[Mumbai Indians]] and the [[Delhi Capitals]] at [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]. It was a [[Day/night cricket|Day/Night]] [[Twenty20]] match, which decided the winner of [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]] of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), an annual Twenty20 tournament in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29528231/ipl-2020-start-september-19,-final-november-8-10 |title=IPL 2020 to start on September 19, final on November 8 or 10 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref> The defending champions, the Mumbai Indians, retained the title by winning the match by five wickets.<ref name=a2020>{{Cite web|title=Trent Boult and Rohit Sharma help dominant Mumbai Indians coast to fifth IPL title|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1237181/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-final-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=10 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> This was the fifth IPL title for the Mumbai Indians. This was the first IPL final appearance for the Delhi Capitals.<ref name=a2020/>

== Background ==
In July 2020, after the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) postponed the 2020 edition of the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|Men's T20 World Cup]], the BCCI requested to host the tournament in the [[United Arab Emirates]] from 26 September to 8 November 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/indian-cricket-board-to-ask-government-permission-to-stage-2020-ipl-in-uae-from-september-1.1052342 |title=Indian cricket board to ask government permission to stage 2020 IPL in UAE from September |work=The National |access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref> On 24 July 2020, it was confirmed that the tournament would start on 19 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/113563/ipl-2020-to-begin-on-september-19-final-on-november-8 |title=IPL 2020 set to begin on September 19|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref> On 25 October 2020, the BCCI announced the venues for the playoffs. Two of the three venues for the IPL were selected for playoffs, with Dubai hosting the final.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dubai to host IPL 2020 final|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114659/dubai-to-host-ipl-2020-final|access-date=26 October 2020|website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> The other venue of the tournament, [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]], hosted the [[2020 Women's T20 Challenge]] instead.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharjah to host Women's T20 Challenge fixtures|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/womens-t20-challenge-sharjah-bcci-indian-cricket-bcci-womens-cricket-ipl-2021-womens-ipl/article32940732.ece|access-date=1 November 2020|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

==Road to the final==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Premier League 2020 – Fixtures and Results|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/scores/series/8048/season/2020/indian-premier-league|access-date=10 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

{| style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="3"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
!vs
!colspan="3"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|League Stage
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216493 20 September 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 1
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216492 19 September 2020]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216539 25 September 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 2
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216508 23 September 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216532 29 September 2020]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 3
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216547 28 September 2020]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216515 03 October 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 4
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216503 01 October 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216519 05 October 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 5
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216538 04 October 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216500 09 October 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 6
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216511 06 October 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216529 11 October 2020]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 7
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216529 11 October 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216543 14 October 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 8
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216526 16 October 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216509 17 October 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 9
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216517 18 October 2020]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216546 20 October 2020]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 10
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216521 23 October 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216497 24 October 2020]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 11
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216541 25 October 2020]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216524 27 October 2020]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 12
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216499 28 October 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216535 31 October 2020]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 13
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216535 31 October 2020]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216505 02 November 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 14
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1216495 03 November 2020]
|Lost

|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|Playoff stage
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="3"|Qualifier 1
!
!colspan="3"|Qualifier 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1237177 05 November 2020]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 15
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1237177 05 November 2020]
|Won
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="3"|Qualifier 2
!
!colspan="3"|
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1237180 08 November 2020]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 16

|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|2020 Indian Premier League final
|}

===Group stage===
The [[Mumbai Indians]] were ranked first in the league table, though their season started with a loss to the [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Mumbai Indians vs Chennai Super Kings 1st Match 2020 - Score Report|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216492/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-1st-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> After losing two of their first three games, Mumbai won five consecutive matches, before their run was ended by a loss against the [[Kings XI Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Mumbai Indians vs Kings XI Punjab 36th Match 2020 – Score Report|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216517/mumbai-indians-vs-kings-xi-punjab-36th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> After that match, Mumbai won three of their next five matches, thus ending their season with nine wins and five losses and qualifying for the playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad, Ravindra Jadeja hurt Kolkata Knight Riders' playoff chances|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216536/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-49th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

The [[Delhi Capitals]] started their campaign with a super over win against the [[Kings XI Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Capitals claim Super-Over win after Marcus Stoinis' late magic with bat and ball|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216493/delhi-capitals-vs-kings-xi-punjab-2nd-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Their first loss came in their third match, against the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashid Khan, Kane Williamson help Sunrisers Hyderabad topple Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216532/delhi-capitals-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-11th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> They had a successful first half, winning five matches out of seven. However, they won only three games in the second half of the season, a phase which included four consecutive losses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Delhi Capitals vs Kings XI Punjab 38th Match 2020 – Score Report|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216546/kings-xi-punjab-vs-delhi-capitals-38th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Kolkata Knight Riders vs Delhi Capitals 42nd Match 2020 – Score Report|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216497/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-delhi-capitals-42nd-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Sunrisers Hyderabad vs Delhi Capitals 47th Match 2020 – Score Report|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216524/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-delhi-capitals-47th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jasprit Bumrah and Trent Boult run through Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216535/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-51st-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> A win in the last match against the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] meant that they had qualified for the playoffs, also ensuring a top-two finish.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhawan, Rahane fifties seal second place for Capitals; RCB make playoffs too|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216505/delhi-capitals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-55th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Group stage series===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match27}} 11 October
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 162/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 166/5 (19.4 overs)
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216529 Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by 5 wickets
|}}

{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match51}} 31 October
| time = 15:30
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 110/9 (20 overs)
| score2 = 111/1 (14.2 overs)
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216535 Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by 9 wickets
}}
Mumbai won both the league stage matches between the finalists, winning the first match by [[Result (cricket)|5 wickets]] and the second match by [[Result (cricket)|9 wickets]]. The [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Player of the Match]] in these two games were [[Quinton de Kock]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=All-round Mumbai Indians ease their way past Delhi Capitals to the top of the table|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216529/mumbai-indians-vs-delhi-capitals-27th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and [[Ishan Kishan]]<ref name=":0" /> respectively.

===Playoffs===
The playoff stage of IPL was played according to the [[Page playoff]] system and provided Mumbai and Delhi, being the top and second-ranked teams, with two chances for qualifying for the Final. These teams first faced each other in Qualifier 1, with Mumbai, as the winners, qualifying directly for the final; Delhi, as the loser of Qualifier 1, played against the winner of the Eliminator in Qualifier 2, with the winner of that match qualifying for the final.

{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match57}} 5 November
| time = 19:30
| day-night = yes
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 200/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 143/8 (20 overs)
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1237177 Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by 57 runs
}}

In Qualifier 1, Delhi won the toss and chose to bowl. Mumbai scored 200/5 in their 20 overs, with [[Ishan Kishan]] top-scoring with 55[[Not out|*]]. [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] was the best bowler for Delhi, ending with the figures of 3/29. In reply, Delhi could only manage 143/8 and lost the game by 57 runs. [[Marcus Stoinis]] top-scored for Delhi with 65 while [[Jasprit Bumrah]] took 4/14 for Mumbai and was the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Player of the Match]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket scorecard – MI vs DC, Qualifier 1, Indian Premier League 2020|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/31613/mi-vs-dc-qualifier-1-indian-premier-league-2020|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> As a result, the Mumbai Indians qualified for the final for sixth time.

The [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] won against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the Eliminator to set up a match against Delhi to decide the second finalist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Williamson, Holder see through wobbly Sunrisers chase to knock out Royal Challengers|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1237178/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-eliminator-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match59}} 8 November
| time = 19:30
| daynight =yes
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 189/3 (20 overs)
| score2 = 172/8 (20 overs)
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| report=
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1237180 Scorecard]
| result = Delhi won by 17 runs
}}

In Qualifier 2, Delhi won the toss and chose to bat. They scored 189/3 in their 20 overs; [[Shikhar Dhawan]] top-scored with 72. [[Rashid Khan]] had Hyderabad's best bowling figures with 1/26 in his four overs. In reply, Hyderabad could only manage 172/8 and lost the game by 17 runs. [[Kane Williamson]] was Hyderabad's top-scorer with 67. [[Kagiso Rabada]] had Delhi's best bowling figures with 4/29 and received the [[List of Indian Premier League awards#Purple Cap|Purple Cap]] (for the tournament leading wicket taker) at the end of the match. [[Marcus Stoinis]] was the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Player of the Match]] for his all-round performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhawan, Hetmyer, Stoinis and Rabada take Delhi Capitals to their first IPL final|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1237180/delhi-capitals-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-qualifier-2-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Delhi thus qualified for their first IPL final.

==Match==

=== Summary ===
[[Shreyas Iyer]], the captain of the [[Delhi Capitals]], won the toss and elected to bat. The Delhi Capitals scored 156 runs for the loss of seven wickets. The [[Mumbai Indians]] chased down the target with eight balls and five wickets to spare, scoring 157 runs. The Mumbai Indians' fast bowler [[Trent Boult]] was named the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Player of the Match]] for his decisive spell of three wickets for 30 runs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Final (N), Indian Premier League at Dubai (DSC), Nov 10 2020, DC vs MI, Final, live score, 2020|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1237181/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-final-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=10 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==== Delhi Capitals innings ====
The Delhi Capitals team innings started off with a first-ball wicket from New Zealand left-arm fast bowler [[Trent Boult]], who dismissed [[Marcus Stoinis]], caught behind the wickets by [[Quinton de Kock]]. Boult followed it quickly with a similar dismissal of Indian right-hand batsman [[Ajinkya Rahane]] for a score of 2. The middle order was stabilised by a 96-run partnership between captain Shreyas Iyer and wicketkeeper batsman [[Rishabh Pant]], taking the team to 118 for the loss of four wickets at the end of the 15th over, at a run rate of 7.8 runs per over. Pant was dismissed for 56 off the bowling of Australian right-arm fast bowler [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]] and caught by [[Hardik Pandya]]. The team went on to score 38 runs in the remaining five overs at a run rate of 7.6 to score a total of 156 runs for the loss of seven wickets. Captain Iyer ended the innings not out on a score of 65. For the Mumbai Indians, Boult ended his bowling spell with a total of three wickets, conceding 30 runs in his allocated four overs, while Coulter-Nile picked up two wickets, conceding 29 runs in his four overs.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="a2020"/>

==== Mumbai Indians innings ====
Chasing a target of 157, the Mumbai Indians innings got off to a healthy start with a partnership of 45 runs in four overs between the captain [[Rohit Sharma]] and left-handed batsman [[Quinton de Kock]], before De Kock was out, caught behind by wicket keeper [[Rishabh Pant]] off the bowling of right-arm medium-pace bowler [[Marcus Stoinis]]. The rest of the team did not have any significant hold-ups in chasing down the target, led by Sharma, who scored 68 off 51 balls, before he was caught out by substitute fielder [[Lalit Yadav (Vidarbha cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] off the bowling of South African right-arm fast bowler [[Anrich Nortje]]. With the team requiring 20 runs from 22 balls, they were comfortably seen through by [[Ishan Kishan]] and [[Krunal Pandya]]. In the end, the team got to the target with eight balls and five wickets to spare.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="a2020"/>

===Scorecard===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Delhi Capitals vs Mumbai Indians Final 2020 – Score Report|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1237181/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-final-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=10 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.

{| class=wikitable style="width: 60%;"
|+ Delhi Capitals innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Marcus Stoinis]] || c de Kock{{dagger}} b Boult || 0 || 1 || 0.00
|-
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || b Jayant || 15 || 13 || 115.38
|-
| [[Ajinkya Rahane]] || c de Kock{{dagger}} b Boult || 2 || 4 || 50.00
|-
| [[Shreyas Iyer]]* || not out || 65 || 50 || 130.00
|-
| [[Rishabh Pant]]{{dagger}} || c Hardik b Coulter-Nile || 56 || 38 || 147.37
|-
| [[Shimron Hetmyer]] || c Coulter-Nile b Boult || 5 || 5 || 100.00
|-
| [[Axar Patel]] || c (sub) A Roy b Coulter-Nile|| 9 || 9 || 100.00
|-
| [[Kagiso Rabada]] || run out (Suryakumar Yadav/ Coulter-Nile) || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Praveen Dubey]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Anrich Nortje]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| Extras || (1[[Leg bye|lb]], 3[[Wide (cricket)|wd]]) || 4 || colspan="2" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs, 7.80 runs per over) || '''156/7'''|| colspan="2" |

|}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1–0 (Stoinis, 0.1 overs), 2–16 (Rahane, 2.4 overs), 3–22 (Dhawan, 3.3 overs), 4–118 (Pant, 14.6 overs), 5–137 (Hetmyer, 17.2 overs), 6–149 (Patel, 19.2 overs), 7–156 (Rabada, 19.6 overs)

{| class=wikitable style="width: 60%;"
|+ Mumbai Indians bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
| [[Trent Boult]] || 4 || 0 || 30 || 3 || 7.50
|-
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || 4 || 0 || 28 || 0 || 7.00
|-
| [[Jayant Yadav]] || 4 || 0 || 25 || 1 || 6.25
|-
| [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]] || 4 || 0 || 29 || 2 || 7.25
|-
| [[Krunal Pandya]] || 3 || 0 || 30 || 0 || 10.00
|-
| [[Kieron Pollard]] || 1 || 0 || 13 || 0 || 13.00
|}

{| class=wikitable style="width: 60%;"
|+ Mumbai Indians innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Rohit Sharma]]* || c (sub) Lalit Yadav b Nortje || 68 || 51 || 133.33
|-
| [[Quinton de Kock]]{{dagger}} || c Pant{{dagger}} b Stoinis|| 20 || 12 || 166.67
|-
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || run out (Dubey/ Pant) || 19 || 20 || 95.00
|-
| [[Ishan Kishan]] || not out || 33 || 19 || 173.70
|-
| [[Kieron Pollard]] || b Rabada || 9 || 4 || 225.00
|-
| [[Hardik Pandya]] || c Rahane b Nortje || 3 || 5 || 60.00
|-
| [[Krunal Pandya]] || not out || 1 || 1 || 100.00
|-
| [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Jayant Yadav]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Trent Boult]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| Extras|| (4[[Leg bye|lb]]) || 4 ||colspan="2" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (18.4 overs, 8.41 runs per over) || '''157/5''' || colspan="2" |
|}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1–45 (de Kock, 4.1 overs), 2–90 (Suryakumar, 10.5 overs), 3–137 (Rohit, 16.2 overs), 4–147 (Pollard, 17.1 overs), 5–156 (Hardik, 18.3 overs)

{| class=wikitable style="width: 60%;"
|+ Delhi Capitals bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || 4 || 0 || 28 || 0 || 7.00
|-
| [[Kagiso Rabada]] || 3 || 0 || 32 || 1 || 10.70
|-
| [[Anrich Nortje]] || 2.4 || 0 || 25 || 2 || 9.40
|-
| [[Marcus Stoinis]] || 2 || 0 || 23 || 1 || 11.50
|-
| [[Axar Patel]] || 4 || 0 || 16 || 0 || 4.00
|-
| [[Praveen Dubey]] || 3 || 0 || 29 || 0 || 9.70
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/8048/season/2019/indian-premier-league Series home at ESPNcricinfo]
*[https://www.iplt20.com/match/2020/60 Match Centre at iplt20.com]

{{2020 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Premier League final, 2020}}
[[Category:2020 in Emirati cricket]]
[[Category:2020 Indian Premier League|Final]]
[[Category:2020s in Dubai]]
[[Category:November 2020 sports events in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals|2020]]

Ashish Rajadhyaksha

2026-01-29T01:02:12Z

GAURI PARIHAR: fix formatting to improve readability and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Indian film scholar and cultural theorist}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashish Rajadhyaksha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ashish Vithal Rajadhyaksha
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|3|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Film scholar, cultural theorist
| years_active = 1982–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Pushpamala N. (divorced)
| children =
| website = {{URL|ashishrajadhyaksha.academia.edu}}
}}
'''Ashish Vithal Rajadhyaksha''' (born 12 March 1957) is an Indian film scholar, art curator and cultural theorist. He was a Senior Fellow at the [[Bangalore]]-based Centre for the Study of Culture and Society.<ref name="cscsarchive" />

== Early life ==
Ashish Vithal Rajadhyaksha<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2014 |title=评论档案艺术档案 |url=http://www.artda.cn/view.php?tid=9227 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210624053929/http://www.artda.cn/view.php?tid=9227 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=Artda.cn |language=Chinese}}</ref> was born on 12 March 1957 in Bombay (later renamed [[Mumbai]]), India.<ref name="cscsarchive" /> His father was a soldier in the Indian army. Rajadhyaksha's serious interest in cinema developed in the late 1970s.<ref name="thenews.com.pk" /> In 1978, he graduated from the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree.<ref name="cscsarchive">{{Cite web |title=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/Members/ashish |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624054626/http://www.cscsarchive.org/Members/ashish |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=Centre for the Study of Culture and Society}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajadhyaksha developed a keenness for [[Ritwik Ghatak]]'s films after attending a course organised by the [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film and Television Institute]] and the [[National Film Archive of India]] in the early 1980s. The first book that he authored was ''Ritwik Ghatak: A Return to the Epic'', published in 1982.<ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Aasim |date=17 June 2018 |title=Ghatak continues to fascinate me even today |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/565708-ghatak-continues-fascinate-even-today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630035817/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/565708-ghatak-continues-fascinate-even-today |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=[[The News International]]}}</ref> Starting in 1983, he wrote numerous articles for publications such as the [[New Delhi]]–based ''Journal of Arts & Ideas'' and Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]])–based ''Journal of the Moving Image''.<ref name="cscsarchive" /> He authored, with [[Paul Willemen]], ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2011 |title=What experts say about Bengaluru's possibility as a "creative city" |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/3426-live-coverage-bengalurus-possibility-as-a-creative-city-3426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630044812/https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/3426-live-coverage-bengalurus-possibility-as-a-creative-city-3426 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=Citizen Matters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Parshathy J. |date=6 June 2015 |title=Celluloid history |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/celluloid-history/article7289274.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630050939/https://www.thehindu.com/features/celluloid-history/article7289274.ece |archive-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> After a long hiatus, Rajadhyaksha's next book, a solo, was ''Indian Cinema in the Time of Celluloid: From Bollywood to the Emergency'' in 2009,<ref name="cscsarchive" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=14 October 2009 |title=Encyclopaedic study of Indian cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Encyclopaedic-study-of-Indian-cinema/article16886547.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630050939/https://www.thehindu.com/books/Encyclopaedic-study-of-Indian-cinema/article16886547.ece |archive-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> followed by ''The Last Cultural Mile: An Inquiry into Technology and Governance in India'' in 2011,<ref name="thenews.com.pk" /> and ''Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction'' in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luhrssen |first=David |date=23 November 2016 |title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction |work=[[Shepherd Express]] |url=https://shepherdexpress.com/film/i-hate-hollywood/indian-cinema-short-introduction/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630050939/https://shepherdexpress.com/film/i-hate-hollywood/indian-cinema-short-introduction/ |archive-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rajadhyaksha was married to Pushpamala N., a Bangalore-based artist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Shailaja |date=16 March 2018 |title=Pushpamala speaks art in many languages |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/speaking-art-in-many-languages/article23268422.ece |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630051800/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/speaking-art-in-many-languages/article23268422.ece |archive-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> The couple later divorced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Pushpamala |date=5 September 2019 |title=Elegy for a lost friend: Gauri Lankesh (1962–2017) |url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2019/09/05/gauri-lankesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630052957/https://indianculturalforum.in/2019/09/05/gauri-lankesh/ |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=Indian Cultural Forum}}</ref>

== Books written ==
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=Ritwik Ghatak: A Return to the Epic |publisher=Screen Unit |year=1982 |oclc=10516837}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-year=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=Indian Cinema in the Time of Celluloid: From Bollywood to the Emergency |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-253-22048-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=The Last Cultural Mile: An Inquiry into Technology and Governance in India |publisher=Centre for Internet and Society |year=2011 |oclc=925374086}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-872309-7}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Film theorists]]
[[Category:Indian film historians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Tapovan Express

2026-01-13T17:12:00Z

GAURI PARIHAR:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tapovan Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]]
| start = [[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Huzur Sahib Nanded]] (NED)
| stops = 18
| end = [[Mumbai CSMT]] (CSMT)
| distance = {{convert|610|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 55 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Class Seating]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Rake sharing with 17687/17688 [[Marathwada Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 17617 / 17618
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|51.55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Tapovan Express (Nanded - Mumbai) Route map.jpg|thumb|300px|Tapovan Express (Nanded–Mumbai) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 17617 / 17618 '''Tapovan Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}} & [[Mumbai]] in India.In the earlier days Tapovan Express was running between [[Mumbai]] & [[Manmad]] later it extended up to [[Nanded]].

It operates as train number 17618 from Huzur Sahib Nanded to Mumbai CSMT and as train number 17617 in the reverse direction, serving the state of [[Maharashtra]].

Tapovan (Sanskrit) comes from the two root words tapasya – meaning specifically austerity, and more generally spiritual practice, and vana, meaning forest, or wilderness.

==Coaches==

'''Tapovan Express''' has 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], 10 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Class]] seating, 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]] & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches.

In addition, it has a [[E-Catering service]] available at Nashik Road, Manmad Jn., Ch. Sambhaji Nagar (Aurangabad), Parbhani Jn. and H.S. Nanded

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
'''Tapovan Express''' covers the distance of {{convert|610|km|0|abbr=on}} in 11 hours 40 mins.

==Routeing==

The 17618/17617 Tapovan Express runs from Hazur Sahib Nanded via {{stnlnk|Purna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Parbhani Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Manwath Road}},
{{stnlnk|Selu}},
{{stnlnk|Partur}},
{{stnlnk|Jalna}}, {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar}},
{{stnlnk|Lasur}},
{{stnlnk|Rotegoan}},
{{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Lasalgaon}}, {{stnlnk|Niphad}}, {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}}, {{stnlnk|Devlali}}, {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Thane}}, {{stnlnk|Dadar}} to Mumbai CSMT.

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified [[Vijayawada]] [[WAP-4]] locomotive hauls the train from [[Mumbai CSMT]] to [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]], and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 17687/17688 [[Marathwada Express]].

==Operation==
Tapovan Express runs on a daily basis in both directions.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQytbptkV-w
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/69671278@N02/11869148806/

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=https://greatadventure.in/tapovan-trek/|title=[GAG] Welcome to Great Adventure Gangotri, the home Uttarakhand}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tapovan Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Nanded]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Airoli

2026-01-08T06:58:48Z

GAURI PARIHAR:

{{original research|date=February 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Airoli
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Node of Navi Mumbai
| image_skyline = PKPAirol_Mum_Patni_Entrance_View.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Airoli IT Park in 2009
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|08|58|N|72|59|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 200,000
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400708
| area_code = 022-277
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-43
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}
'''Airoli''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[əiɾoliː]]]) or '''Airoli Node''' is a residential and commercial area of [[Navi Mumbai]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. The name Airoli Naka is derived from Airoli-Diva Gaon<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Indrani |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Devotees celebrate Ashadi Ekadashi in a simple manner |work=NewsBand |url=https://www.newsband.in/?p=22525}}</ref> the largest village prominent in the node node.

It is a part of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] and is administered by [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]]. It is connected to [[Mulund]] via [[Airoli Bridge|Mulund Airoli bridge]], to [[Thane]] by Kalwa bridge. Also, Thane Belapur Highway Provides well connectivity to Thane and rest of the Navi Mumbai. Airoli is also a part of extended Palm-Beach Road starting from Ghansoli and ending at Airoli<ref>{{Cite news |title=Free Press Journal |work=Free Press Journal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/navi-mumbai-cidco-to-financially-assist-nmmc-for-extension-of-palm-beach-road-from-ghansoli-to-airoli |access-date=May 21, 2021}}</ref> near [[DMart|Dmart]]. Airoli also gaining a lot of tourist attraction due to Flamingo Boat Rides.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Nov 12, 2021 |title=Flamingo boat rides by Coastal and Marine Biodiversity in Airoli resumes to overwhelming response |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/flamingo-boat-rides-by-coastal-and-marine-biodiversity-in-airoli-resumes-to-overwhelming-response-101636714843376.html}}</ref>

'''<big>Airoli Knowledge Park</big>'''

Airoli Knowledge Park<ref>{{Cite news |date=Oct 24, 2021 |title=Wipro leases 3.5 lakh sq ft at Mindspace Business Park in Navi Mumbai's Airoli |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/wipro-leases-3-5-lakh-sq-ft-at-mindspace-business-park-in-navi-mumbais-airoli/articleshow/87243181.cms}}</ref> is a Special Economic Zone developed for the IT companies. This is specifically dedicated to the Information Technology Companies and this starts from Airoli, Sec-20 Neva Garden Park Near MSEB Sub-Station Airlo till Mukund Bridge Thane. This entire corridor is developed for IT companies and their dedicated corporate parks. This SEZ consists of companies like [[Capgemini]], [[Accenture]], [[Wipro]] & Commercial Office Space providers like [[Raheja Mindspace|Mindspace]]. Many financial institutes like [[Axis Bank]] also have their corporate & operations units here.

== Educational facilities ==
=== Schools ===
* DAV Public School Airoli<ref>{{Cite web |title=DAV Public School Airoli |url=https://davairoli.ac.in/}}</ref>
* New Horizon Public School and Penguin Kids, Airoli<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Horizon Public School Airoli |url=https://www.nhpsairoli.com/}}</ref>
* VIBGYOR High School, Airoli<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibgyor High School Airoli |url=https://www.vibgyorhigh.com/navi-mumbai-airoli.php}}</ref>
* Zenith International & Petit School<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zenith International School |url=http://zenithinternational.co.in/facilities.html}}</ref>
* Radhikabai Meghe Sec. Vidyalaya(Mar.) & Jr. College<ref>{{Cite journal |title=School Database Airoli |url=https://schools.org.in/thane/27211001402/radhikabai-meghe-sec-vidyalaya-mar-&-jr-college.html |journal=School.org}}</ref>
* New Horizon Scholars School and Neo Kids, Airoli
* Smt. Sushiladevi Deshmukh Pri. Vidyalaya (Eng)<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Admission School |url=https://www.admissionschool.com/listing/smt-sushiladevi-deshmukh-primary-vidyalaya-eng-ward-no12-thane-400708/ |journal=Admission School}}</ref>
* Sanjivandeep Vidyalaya Airoli<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeevandeep Vidyalaya |url=http://www.paraplegicfoundation.in/sanjeevan_deep}}</ref>
* V.P.M's National Integration School, Airoli (Kannad)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Site |url=https://www.vpminternationalschool.in/}}</ref>
* Radhikabai Meghe Sec. Vidyalaya (Mar)<ref>{{Cite journal |title=School.Org |url=https://schools.org.in/thane/27211001402/radhikabai-meghe-sec-vidyalaya-mar-&-jr-college.html |journal=School.org}}</ref>

*Datta Meghe World Academy
*Mazidun High School

=== Colleges ===
* [[Datta Meghe College of Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmce.edu/ |title=Datta Meghe College of Engineering |website=dmce |access-date=17 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822133231/http://dmce.edu/ |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Jnan Vikas Mandal's Mehta Degree College of Arts & Commerce<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jnanvikasmandal.com/College%20and%20Degree%20College%20Airoli/index.html |title=Home Page |website=jnanvikasmandal |access-date=17 August 2017}}</ref>
* New Horizon Institute of Management Studies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Site |url=http://www.nhimsa.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020153745/http://nhimsa.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref>
* MCT's College of Education & Research<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Site |url=http://www.mctbedcollege.org/}}</ref>
* Smt Sushiladevi Deshmukh Vidyalaya & Jr College<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Site |url=http://sdvdegreecollege.org/}}</ref>
* IISDET's School of Nursing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Site |url=https://iisdet.com/}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Airoli Bridge]]
* [[Airoli railway station]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Official|https://www.AiroliCity.in|AiroliCity.in website for Airolikars}}

{{Official|http://www.indiastudychannel.com/India/cities/145021-Airoli-Navi-Mumbai.aspx|Airoli, Navi Mumbai - India Study Channel}}

{{Navi Mumbai}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Nodes of Navi Mumbai]]

{{Mumbai-geo-stub}}

Sipuikawn

2025-11-23T21:26:56Z

GAURI PARIHAR: new

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement 
| name = Sipuikawn
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Hmar languages|Hmar]]
| other_name = Hmarkhawpui
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 275
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1= Hmarkhawpui(Sipuikawn).jpg
| image2=
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India#India Mizoram
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.2142689|N|93.0363800|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapcarta.com/N2455514195|title=Sipuikawn|website=Mapcarta}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl district|Pherzawl]]
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tipaimukh Sub-Division]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1977
| founder = Lûnsawi
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Authority
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 771<ref>{{cite book |title="Village and Town Directory", District Census Handbook, Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |page=86}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795121
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sipuikawn''' is a [[Hmars|Hmar]] village in [[Pherzawl District]], in the Indian state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hmarkhawpui (Sipuikawn) |url=https://pherzawldistrict.com/directory/hmarkhawpui-sipuikawn/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Pherzawl District Website |language=en-US}}</ref> Sipuikawn is also known by its alternate name "Hmarkhawpui".

==Geography==
It is located in south-western hilly region bordering [[Mizoram]].<ref>https://pherzawl.nic.in/sub-division-villages/</ref> It is close to [[Tipaimukh]], the southern tip of the Vangaitlang range, where the [[Tuivai River]] joins the [[Barak River]]. [[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]] (formerly [[National Highway 150 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 150]]) passes through the village connecting the region to [[Mizoram]] and central Manipur.

==History ==
The history of Sipuikawn is believed to be much older than 1977. Sipuikawn villagers moved down from their earlier habitation in Hmawngzungkai.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Manipur]]
[[Category:Pherzawl district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Sheo Singh Nathawat

2025-11-13T21:39:51Z

GAURI PARIHAR: done

{{Short description|Rawal of Samode from 1838 to 1854}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Sheo Singh''' was the [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] of [[Samode (estate)|Samode]] and [[Dewan|Diwan]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].

== Succession ==
Following the death of his father, [[Bairi Sal]], in 1838, he succeeded him as the [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] of [[Samode (estate)|Samode]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stern |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tn7EAAAQBAJ |title=The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj |date=2023-07-31 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-66925-3 |pages=73–79 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sugich |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/palacesofindiatr0000sugi/ |title=Palaces of India : a traveller's companion featuring the palace hotels |date=1992 |publisher=London : Pavilion |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85145-520-1 |pages=35–36}}</ref>

== Diwan of Jaipur ==
Maji Chandrawati had appointed him [[Dewan|Diwan]] ({{translation|[[Prime minister|Prime Minister]]}}) of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.536468/page/ |title=Batra H. C. |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand and Co. |pages=139–141}}</ref> Although his appointment to the office was made without prior approval from the [[Governor-General of India]], it was later ratified by the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]].<ref name=":0" /> When Major Ross was appointed as the permanent agent stationed in [[Jaipur]] in 1838, Maji summoned Sheo and his brother Lakshman Singh and asked them to sign a bond of loyalty, which they refused.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=R.K Gupta |url=https://archive.org/details/rajasthan-through-the-ages-set-of-4-vol/Rajasthan%20Through%20The%20Ages%20Vol%203%20%20Bakshi%20S.R./ |title=Studies In Indian History Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs Set Of 4 Vols. by R.K. Gupta |date=2008 |pages=125–126}}</ref> They brought the entire episode to the attention of the British resident and the agent, who subsequently stripped Maji of her powers.<ref name=":5" /> Later, a mutiny occurred involving the Nagas and other troops of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] stationed at [[Jamwa Ramgarh|Ramgarh]].<ref name=":5" /> It is believed that Maji incited the mutiny.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dadu-panth-religious-change-identity-formation-in-jaipur-state-james-hastings-m.-thesis/ |title=Dadu Panth Religious Change & Identity Formation In Jaipur State James Hastings M. ( Thesis) |pages=247–248}}</ref> In response, British troops were deployed from [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]], and the issue was resolved by offering the Nagas employment in exchange for their services, while the troops were pacified by providing them with their overdue payments.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Afterward, he dismissed the commander of the State forces and appointed his brother, Lakshman Singh, as Army Minister in his place.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> He restored [[Khandela]] to Abhai Singh and Pratap Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Shekhawats |date=2001 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref> Though [[Ram Singh II]] was invested with full ruling powers in 1851, administrative authority remained with Sheo Singh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-jaipur-1503-1938-jadunath-sarkar/ |title=A History of Jaipur - c.1503-1938 (Jadunath Sarkar) |date=1984 |pages=348–351}}</ref> [[Ram Singh II|Ram Singh]] refrained from intervening in state affairs until 1854, when, frustrated by his exclusion and by Sheo's extravagant spending and mismanagement, he sought the advice of [[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)|Henry Lawrence]].<ref name=":3" /> He dismissed Sheo from his position and appointed his brother, Lakshman Singh, to the vacant post in 1854.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
He was held in high regard by the [[British government of India|Government of India]], which permitted him to maintain a retinue of 2,000 soldiers and carry various emblems of a [[Raja]] during his trips or pilgrimages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kesharlal Ajmera |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66091/ |title=The Jaipur Album Or All About Jaipur |date=1935 |pages=47}}</ref> He was also greatly admired by the people of [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":2" />

== Later life ==
He was in [[Delhi]] when the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] broke out and had to remain there until the situation stabilized.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Munshi Jwala Sahai |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283475/ |title=The Loyal Rajputana |date=1909 |pages=264–265}}</ref> There, he was summoned by [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], who instructed him to persuade his liege lord, the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], to rise against the [[East India Company]] and remain loyal to the [[Mughal Empire]], as his ancestors had.<ref name=":1" /> He assured the [[Mughal Emperor]] that he would do so and obtained his permission and means to reach [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1854 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]

1995 Kodiyankulam violence

2025-10-30T08:24:03Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Caste violence in Tamil Nadu, India}}
The '''1995 Kodiyankulam violence''' occurred on August 31, 1995 when a force of 600 policemen attacked the all-[[Dalit]] village of Kodiyankulam in [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India and destroyed property and took away cash and jewellery worth several lakhs of rupees. The police raid was on the instruction of the dominant caste officials. The raid was reportedly held to destroy the material prosperity of the Dalits.

== Background ==
Kodiyankulam is a village located in the [[Thoothukudi district]], with a majority of 287 households belonging to the dalit [[Pallar]] caste. [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that the Dalits of the village have benefited from the influx of financial resources from family members working in [[Kuwait]], [[Dubai]] and the [[United States]], since 1980.{{Sfn|Human Rights Watch|1999|p=103}} The Parakirama Pandian Tank, built under British rule in the 1940s and subsequently renovated and restored by the [[Indian National Congress]] government in the 1960s, helped agriculture flourish and made Kodiyankulam prosper. The literacy rate in many Pallar villages in the region was better than the state and district average. Women were also educated in the village, with a large number of female graduates and postgraduates which made them assertive. The village gave leadership to the other Pallar villages in the area due to its comparatively higher wealth and higher level of education and awareness.{{Sfn|Manikumar|2017|p=69}}

Discrimination also prevailed against the Dalits in the region, they were prevented entry in many temples and wells in the village, [[Two tumbler system|Dalits were served separate glasses in tea shops]], they were not allowed to travel in [[Maravar]] dominated streets and were made to sit on the floor during village council meetings. When the Dalits became assertive they started to resist the discrimination.{{Sfn|Manikumar|1997|p=2242}}

== Causes ==
On July 26, 1995, a quarrel started between a Dalit bus driver and some school students who belonged to the Maravar caste, the bus driver was beaten up by Maravars. The incident led to Dalits attacking the village of Veerasigamani which was dominated by the Maravars and damaged a statue of [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar]], a [[Thevar]] caste leader.{{Sfn|Pandian|2000|p=503}} The Maravars put provocative posters abusing Pallars in government buses and all over the region.{{Sfn|Manikumar|1997|p=2242}} Posters urging Thevars to murder Pallars and kidnap their women were also put up. The policemen were not only spectators but on some occasions they also took part in the attacks against the Pallars.<ref name="TheFederal">{{Cite web|last=Salil|first=K.|date=2021-04-12|title=Caste in Tamil cinema: Karnan raises the bar|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/caste-in-tamil-cinema-karnan-raises-the-bar/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref> This led to violence against Dalits and their properties which lasted for a week. The violence left at least 18 people from both sides dead and crores of property damage apart from numerous government buses burnt or destroyed.{{Sfn|Manikumar|1997|p=2242}}{{Sfn|Pandian|2000|p=506}}

== Police attack ==
In the presence of the district magistrate and the superintendent of police, 600 policemen raided Kodiyankulam at the instruction of Thevar officials{{Sfn|Pandian|2000|p=507}} on August 31, 1995, destroying properties. Televisions, tape recorders, fans, sewing, motorcycles, machines, tractors, farm equipment and food grain storages. They burnt the passports of educated Dalit youth in bonfire along with clothes. The only well present in the village was reportedly poisoned by police.{{Sfn|Human Rights Watch|1999|p=103}} They harassed the women and assaulted the elders. The attack began at 10:45 am and continued until 3:15 pm.<ref name="TheFederal" /> Cash and jewellery worth several lakhs of rupees were also taken by the policemen. The police raid was reported to target the material prosperity of the Pallars.{{Sfn|Pandian|2000|p=507}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: N Sathiya Moorthy on the caste clashes in southern Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/oct/30tn.htm|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unwilling to act|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30185882.ece|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Frontline|date=3 December 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigations ==
The raid in Kodiyankulam was reportedly intended to apprehend suspects in a murder investigation and recover explosives and deadly weapons suspected to be in the hands of Dalits. Observers said that the police accused the residents of this prosperous all-Dalit village of providing material and moral help to criminals in the region. According to observers, the police raid's objective was to destroy the village's economic base.<ref name="frontlineacontentiousreport">{{Cite web|last=VISWANATHAN|first=S.|title=A contentious report|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30258715.ece|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412160653/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30258715.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== People's Union for Civil Liberties ===
The [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]]'s (PUCL) advocates made a visit to the Thoothukudi district. They said that the police assaulted the villagers with [[aruval]]s, iron rods, hammers and axes, causing property damage. The police used metal detectors to find gold jewellery, which they stole along with cash and valuables. The Thoothukudi district PUCL demanded that the President of India order a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) probe into the incident and take action against the District magistrate, who they said was responsible for the violence.{{Sfn|Manikumar|2017|p=71}}

=== Gomathinayagam Commission ===
The Tamil Nadu government ordered the payment of around ₹ 17 lakh<ref>{{Cite web|title='An inhuman act by the police'|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30258718.ece|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411144714/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30258718.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> in assistance to the affected people of the incident. The government named P. Gomathinayagam, a former district judge as a one-member commission of investigation.{{Sfn|Manikumar|2017|p=77}} Gomathinayagam paid a visit to the riot-affected areas. He investigated only one house in Kodiyankulam and then immediately left when the people told him that they were boycotting the Commission.{{Sfn|Manikumar|2017|p=78}}<ref name="frontlineacontentiousreport" />

On March 12, 1996, the Commission delivered its report to the government. Since the Devendra Kula Vellalar Federation petitioned the High Court for a CBI investigation, Dalits from Kodiyankulam and other villages decided to boycott the commission. The Commission heard from 26 government witnesses, mostly police officers, including the Superintendent of Police, as well as 133 people. Since Dalits boycotted the Commission, the Thevars provided the majority of the public witnesses.<ref name="frontlineacontentiousreport" />

On the Kodiyankulam incident, the Commission claimed that there was no police excess. The [[Puthiya Tamilagam]], [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] and the [[Communist Parties]] opposed to the inquiry of the commission.<ref name="frontlineacontentiousreport" />

== Aftermath ==
The incident created widespread outrage, and villagers publicly protested against the ruling [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). They were successful in electing [[K. Krishnasamy|K. Krishnaswamy]], president of the Federation of Devendrakula Vellalar Sangam, to the state legislative assembly.{{Sfn|Manikumar|2017|p=64}}

==In popular media ==
The storyline of the movie ''[[Karnan (2021 film)]]'' is loosely influenced by this incident.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Karnan movie review: Dhanush's film is a powerful, bold portrait of caste-based riots and police brutality|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/karnan-movie-review-dhanush-s-film-is-a-powerful-bold-portrait-of-caste-based-riots-and-police-brutality-101617962254231.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book|last=Human Rights Watch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables".|year=1999|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-228-9|language=en}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Pandian|first=M.|date=January 2000|title=Dalit Assertion in Tamil Nadu: An Exploratory Note.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264878282|journal=Journal of Indian School of Political Economy.|volume=12}}([http://ispepune.org.in/PDF%20ISSUE/2000/JISPE3400/010PANDIAN.PDF Available online])
*{{Cite journal|last=Manikumar|first=K.A.|date=2017-12-01|title=Caste Clashes (1995) and Judge Gomathinayagam Inquiry Commission: A Study|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0972266120170204|journal=Review of Development and Change|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=62–87|doi=10.1177/0972266120170204|s2cid=200037510|issn=0972-2661|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Manikumar|first=K A|date=6 Sep 1997|title=Caste Clashes in South Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1997/36/commentary/caste-clashes-south-tamil-nadu.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=32|issue=36|pages=7–8}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kodiyankulam violence, 1995}}
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:1995 crimes in India]]
[[Category:August 1995 in India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 1995]]
[[Category:1990s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1995]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

Faunal diversity in Pilibhit tiger reserve

2025-10-12T09:17:14Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve#Fauna]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Edulavalasa

2025-08-16T21:35:04Z

GAURI PARIHAR: creating!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Refimprove|date=September 2016}}
{{more categories|date=August 2025}}}}

'''Edulavalasa''' is a village in [[Polaki, Srikakulam|Polaki Mandal]] in [[Srikakulam District]] in the Indian State of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. (Srikakulam District is one of the 52 backward districts in [[India]]).

==Geography==

Edulavalasa is 50 meters (164.042 feet) above the sea level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!|url=http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=18.385805&lon=84.066353&z=12&m=b&tag=949&show=/35740234&search=edulavalasa|website=wikimapia.org|accessdate=30 September 2016}}</ref>

==Demography==
The local language of Edulavalasa is Telugu. Total population of Edulavalasa is 2650 in which 1275 are males and 1375 are females living in 551 houses. The total area of Edulavalasa is 550 hectares.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|18|23|13|N|84|02|57|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Srikakulam district]]

Khejurer Gur

2025-07-25T19:05:47Z

GAURI PARIHAR: creating a data!

{{Short description|Date jaggery originating from Bengal}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox food
| name = ''Khejurer Gur''
| name_lang =
| name_italics =
|
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alternate_name =
| type =
| course =
| place_of_origin = [[Bengal]]
| region = [[Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]
| associated_cuisine =
| creator =
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient =
| minor_ingredient =
| variations = ''Patali'' and ''Nolen''
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories = 355
| calories_ref =
| protein = 1.69
| fat =
| carbohydrate = 87
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
}}
[[File:Jaggery,_bd.jpg | thumb|right | alt=Khejurer Gur in a bowl | Khejurer Gur in a bowl]]
'''''Khejurer Gur''''' ({{langx|bn|খেজুরের গুড়|Khējurēr Guṛ}}) is a type of [[palm sugar]] made from the [[Date juice|sweet sap of the date palm]]. The sap is boiled and concentrated to syrup by evaporation. ''Khejurer Gur'' is prepared by cooling the concentrated syrup. ''Khejurer Gur'' is available in two forms — ''Patali'' (solid) and ''Nolen'' or ''Jhola'' (liquid).<ref name="Chakraborty">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Barnini Maitra |title=Palm to plate: How to get nolen gur from across West Bengal delivered to your doorstep this winter |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/food/get-your-nolen-gur-home-delivered-this-sankranti-poush-parbon-from-these-online-stores/cid/1993355 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=12 January 2024 |quote=Be it the cubes of ''patali'' or the liquid ''jhola'', the gooey, sticky date-palm jaggery has to feature in mealtimes and people wait for the fresh batches of gur every season.}}</ref><ref name="Banka">{{cite news |last1=Banka |first1=Neha |title=Nolen gur, West Bengal's beloved seasonal food stares at a bitter future |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/nolen-gur-bengals-beloved-seasonal-food-stares-at-a-bitter-future-8505171/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2023 |location=Nadia |quote=In his shop outside Majdiha’s railway station, Jhantu Das has been selling blocks of jaggery and jars full of liquid nolen gur, also called jhola gur, for over a decade....“Farmers say that because the roots of the date palm tree don’t go very deep into the soil, they aren’t getting enough water, resulting in low yields of sap. It is likely one reason behind the low production of jaggery,” he says.}}</ref> The word "''Khejur''" generally refers to the [[date palm]] while the word "''gur''" refers to jaggery.

The history of ''Khejurer Gur'' production in [[Bengal]] is very old. ''Nolen Gur'', a type of ''Khejurer Gur'' (or molasses), is mentioned in the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Kāvya]]'' ''Sadukti-Karnamrta'' by Sridhardas.<ref name="prothomalo"/> In 1837, the first ''Khejurer Gur'' factory was established at Dhoba near [[Bardhaman|Bardwan]] in West Bengal. [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha|Orissa]] in India and [[Jessore District|Jessore]] and [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] districts in [[Bangladesh]] are famous for producing ''Khejurer Gur''.

''Khejurer Gur'' plays an important role in culinary styles, especially in [[Bengali cuisine]]. This type of [[palm sugar]] holds significant importance in the preparation of ''[[Pitha]]'', which adds a delicious nuttiness and sweetness. [[Kolkata]] is famous for its use of ''Nolen gur'' in ''[[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sandesh]]'' and other [[Bengali sweets|''Mishti'']].

== History ==
The [[palm sugar]] and palm products industry in [[Bengal]] dates back to about 4000 years old, and is an essential traditional village industry.{{sfn|Registrar|2023|p=11}} Sridhardas, son of Sri Bhatudas, the most powerful of Lakshmana Sen's feudal lords (''Mahasamantachuramani''), is the author of the Sanskrit ''Kāvya'' ''Sadukti-Karnamrta''. Historian Niharranjan Roy, in his book History of Bengali Adiparva, mentions that ''Nolen Gur'' is described in this Sanskrit poetic text. Besides, he also mentioned that he found mention of dates in [[Dharmapala of Bengal#Epigraphs|Dharmapala's Khalimpur inscription]]. The [[Sora people]] of [[Odisha]] also have a history in the preparation of ''Khejurer Gur''

The southern districts of West Bengal and the southwestern districts of Bangladesh are more famous for their ''Khejurer Gur''. [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], Undivided [[Twenty-four Parganas]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] district have been famous for ''gur'' (jaggery) production for centuries. According to the book ''History of Jessohar Khulna'' written by historian Satish Chandra Mitra, 21 lakh 80 thousand 550 [[Maund (unit)|maunds]] of ''Khejurer Gur'' were produced in East Bengal in 1900–1901, of which 17 lakh 9 thousand 960 maunds of ''gur'' were produced in Jessore alone. The first date palm jaggery and sugar factory was established in 1837 at Dhoba near [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]] in West Bengal, which was the first industrialization of palm sugar production in India. In 1861, Mr. Newhouse built a factory for the production of date palm jaggery and sugar at Taherpur on the banks of the [[Kapotaksha River]] in Chougacha. Later, 117 factories were established in different villages of Jessore.<ref name="prothomalo">{{cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=Sheikh Saifur |title=গুড়কীর্তন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=Prothom Alo |date=30 January 2020 |language=bn |quote=সদুক্তিকর্ণামৃত নামের সংস্কৃত কাব্যগ্রন্থের রচয়িতা শ্রীধরদাস।...নলেন গুড়ের বন্দনা আছে বলে উল্লেখ করেছেন ঐতিহাসিক নিহাররঞ্জন রায়, তাঁর গ্রন্থ বাঙ্গালীর ইতিহাস আদিপর্ব-এ।...এ ছাড়া খেজুরের উল্লেখ ধর্মপালের খালিমপুর-লিপিতে পেয়েছেন বলেও উল্লেখ করেছেন তিনি।}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author=Registrar |date=31 August 2023 |title=Geographical Indications Journal No 178 |url=https://archive.org/details/gi-journal-178/page/3/mode/1up |journal=Geographical Indications Journal |publisher=Intellectual Property India}}

[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:West Bengal cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha]]

Vidya Murthy

2025-06-13T20:47:07Z

GAURI PARIHAR: general reworked structure per sources and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Indian Kannada film and television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vidya Murthy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|7|18|df=yes}}{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
| birth_place = [[Madikeri]], Karnataka, India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| image =
| alt = Kannada Actress Vidya Murthy
| caption =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actress|drama artist|television artist}}
| years_active=
| othername =
| relations =
| spouse = Heragu Narasimha Murthy
| children = 1
}}

'''Vidya Murthy''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian Kannada film]] and television actress well known for her roles in television serials such as ''[[Mayamruga]]'', ''Baduku'', ''Muktha Muktha'' and ''Krishna Tulasi'' and recently has appeared in ''Papa Pandu'' and ''Magalu Janaki'' serials being aired on [[Colors Super]] Channel. She has over 35 serials and more than a dozen films to her credit. She is a talented artist from the T. N. Seetharam team.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/A-long-exile-but-not-exit-from-acting-for-Vidya/articleshow/3097006.cms |title=A long exile but not exit from acting for Vidya |work=The Times of India |date=2002-03-07 |accessdate=2019-02-18}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vidya Murthy started acting in plays in school and college. She was in the first batch of NMKRV College, selected by its principal, C. N. Mangala, because of her acting skills. Her family did not approve of her choice of career and nor did her parents-in-law after her marriage. She made her film debut in ''Urvashi'', written by Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar.<ref name="deccanherald1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/584610/tough-way-success.html|title=Tough way to success|date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1"/>

== Personal life ==
Murthy was born in the [[Hill Station]] town of [[Madikeri]] in [[Kodagu]] district as her father was working there. Her father's native place is [[Mavinakere]] in [[Hassan District|Hassan]] district. She is married to Heragu Narasimha Murthy and has a son. G. K. Jagdish, her brother, is her inspiration and was a renowned bharathanatyam dancer and actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/my-pinboard-704201.html|title = On my Pinboard: Vidya Murthy|date = 21 November 2018}}</ref> A Kannada literature, economics and psychology student, she was a part of a writers' group, and used to write poems and short stories.<ref name="deccanherald1"/>

== Television career ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel
|-
|rowspan=5|1998–2000 || ''Shakthi'' || ||rowspan=6|[[DD Chandana]]
|-
| ''Sanje Mallige'' ||
|-
| ''Aasare'' ||
|-
|''Prathibimba'' ||
|-
|''[[Mayamruga]]''||
|-
|2001–2003 || ''Kathegara'' ||
|-
| || ''Antharagange'' || ||
|-
|2001–2003 || ''Manvantara'' || ||[[ETV Kannada]]
|-
| 2003|| ''Sthree'' || Kaveri ||[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|2003–2004 || ''Dashavataara'' || ||rowspan=2|[[ETV Kannada]]
|-
|2008–2010 || ''Mukta'' ||
|-
|2018–2019|| ''Paapa Pandu'' || Jayamma||rowspan=2| [[Colors Super]]
|-
|2018–2020||''Magalu Janaki'' ||Devaki
|-
|2021–Present||''[[Hitler Kalyana]]''||Sarojini ||[[Zee Kannada]]
|}

== Filmography ==
{{col-list|colwidth=22em|
# ''[[Sparsha]]'' (2000)
# ''[[Mathadana]]'' (2001)
# ''[[Ninagagi]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Chandu (2002 film)|Chandu]]'' (2002)
# ''Dumbee'' (2003)
# ''[[Beru (film)|Beru]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Paramesha Panwala]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Vamshi (film)|Vamshi]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Meravanige]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Kicha Huccha]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Mylari]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Anna Bond]]'' (2012)
# ''Toofan'' (2012)
# ''[[Charminar]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Ee Dil Helide Nee Bekantha]]'' (2014)
# ''Chiravada Nenapu'' (2016)
}}

==See also==
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[Cinema of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5698963}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Vidya}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Bhaskar Gupta

2025-06-06T18:43:00Z

GAURI PARIHAR: Structure improved and content revised

#REDIRECT [[List of Bengal cricketers#G]]

{{r to list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Bhaskar}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Cricketers from West Bengal]]

Rajaram Ozare

2025-04-30T20:49:39Z

GAURI PARIHAR:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajaram Ozare
| native_name =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start = October 2009
| term_end = October 2014
| constituency = [[Dahanu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dahanu]]
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alma_mater =
| nationality = Indian
| relations =
| religion =
| website =
| predecessor = [[Krushna Ghoda]]
| successor = [[Dhanare Paskal Janya]]
}}

'''Rajaram Ozare''' (15 September 1975) is an Indian politician and member of the 12th state [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represented the [[Dahanu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dahanu constituency]] as member of Communist Party of India (Marxist).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/maharashtra/maharashtra-results09.html|title=Maharashtra Assembly Elections Results 2009|work=indian-elections.com|access-date=2009-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025064124/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/maharashtra/maharashtra-results09.html|archive-date=2009-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
title=[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]: Dahanu}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rajaram Ozare
|votes = 62,530
|percentage = 47.28
|change = +37.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Ghoda]]
|votes = 46,350
|percentage = 35.05
|change = -14.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Ishwar Dhodi
|votes = 17,955
|percentage = 13.58
|change = -19.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinod Shinda
|votes = 5,412
|percentage = 4.09
|change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,180
|percentage = 12.23
|change = -4.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,32,247
|percentage = 57.71
|change = +2.84
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing = +26.28
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ozare, Rajaram}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Hariraj

2025-04-24T16:51:15Z

GAURI PARIHAR: creating a data!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hariraj
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1992-1994 2006-2013
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' (1993)
}}
'''Hariraj''' is a former Indian actor who worked in Tamil-language films.

== Career ==
Hariraj worked as a hero in films during the 1990s with the most notable one being ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' (1993).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rajini-shot-his-hand-at-the-director-s-desire-valli-is-not-scarred-131692442962202.html|title=Valli: 'இயக்குனர் ஆசையில் கையை சுட்டுக் கொண்ட ரஜினி' வடு மாறாத வள்ளி!|language=ta|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|first=Pandeeswari|last=Gurusamy|date=20 August 2023|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219100834/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rajini-shot-his-hand-at-the-director-s-desire-valli-is-not-scarred-131692442962202.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2013 |title=நண்பர்களுக்கு உதவ ரஜினி எடுத்த படம் வள்ளி: பிரியாராமன் அறிமுகம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/07231703/valli-movie-rajini-get-to-help.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028112843/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/07231703/valli-movie-rajini-get-to-help.html |archive-date=28 October 2014 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta|access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/flashback/29-years-of-valli|title=ரஜினியின் எழுத்து, ராஜாவின் ஜாலம்: 'வள்ளி' வெளியாகி 29 ஆண்டுகள்!|first=V.|last=Ramji|work=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadhenu]]|language=ta|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928233946/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/flashback/29-years-of-valli|url-status=live}}</ref> He left films as a personal choice and worked in agriculture and photography in Coimbatore.<ref name="N"/>

After a sabbatical, he returned with a negative role in [[Sundar C]]'s ''[[Rendu]]'' (2006) followed by the role of an uncle who turns rogue in ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' (2007).<ref name="N">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/28/back-to-cinema-36477.html|title=Back to cinema|date=15 May 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219101027/https://adgebra.co.in/afpf/TPHtmlTemplate?p1=181&p2=null&p3=1&p6=6765&p7=0&p8=0&refUrl=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/28/back-to-cinema-36477.html&p4=newindianexpress.com|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hariraj-back-as-a-baddie-malayalam-news-26696|title=Hariraj - Back as a baddie|date=8 November 2006|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219101553/https://www.indiaglitz.com/hariraj-back-as-a-baddie-malayalam-news-26696|url-status=live}}</ref> He played a psychopathic doctor and the father of [[Harish Kalyan]]'s character in ''[[Aridhu Aridhu]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/238/Aridhu%20Aridhu/|title=அரிது அரிது|date=25 December 2011|work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219101016/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/238/Aridhu%20Aridhu/|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding his role, a critic wrote that "Hariraj, as the mentally disturbed father who has his own demons to battle with, is impressive".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/jan/05/aridhu-aridhu-216632.html|title=Aridhu Aridhu|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126034209/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/jan/05/aridhu-aridhu-216632.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He worked with [[Atharvaa]] in the unreleased film ''Anandam Arambam''.<ref name="N"/> He also played a negative role in ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfEJGgn9w0A|title=Actor Hariraj Speaks at Ivan Vera Mathiri Movie Press Meet|date=28 November 2013|work=[[Sulekha]]|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219100924/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfEJGgn9w0A|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|1992 ||''Vasantha Malargal'' || || {{fact|date=April 2025}}
|-
| ''Chinna Chittu'' || || {{fact|date=April 2025}}
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' || Velu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1994 || ''[[Vandicholai Chinraasu]]'' || Sankar ||
|-
| ''[[Sainyam]]'' || Cadet || Malayalam film
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Rendu]]'' || Rakesh ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' || Ramachandran ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' || Kasirajan ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mariyadhai]]'' || Land buyer ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Aridhu Aridhu]]'' || Father ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' || Sadasivam ||
|-
|2016||''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]''||Rahul Dewan's father||
|-
|}

===Television===
*''Nambikkai'' (Sun TV)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6120873}}

[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Tamil male actors]]

Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies

2025-04-23T08:23:51Z

GAURI PARIHAR:

{{Short description|State university in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies
|former_name =
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|motto =
|established = 2013
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|principal =
|rector =
|chancellor = Acharya Prof. (Dr.) Yajneshwar S. Shastri
<ref>{{cite web |title=Chancellor - Sanchi University of Buddhist Indic Studies |url=https://www.sanchiuniv.edu.in/newwebsite/administration/key-persons/chancellor.html |website=www.sanchiuniv.edu.in |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>
|vice_chancellor = Prof. Baidyanath Labh<ref>{{cite web |title=Chancellor - Sanchi University of Buddhist Indic Studies |url=https://www.sanchiuniv.edu.in/newwebsite/administration/key-persons/vice-chancellor.html |website=www.sanchiuniv.edu.in |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city = [[Sanchi Town|Sanchi]]
|state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|country = India
|coor = {{coord|23.406|77.753|display=title,inline}}
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
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|colours =
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|academic_affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.sanchiuniv.edu.in}}
|image = Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies logo.png
}}

'''Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies''' ('''SUBIS''') is a [[State university (India)|state university]]<ref name=State>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%20as%20on%2029-06-2017.pdf|title=List of State Universities as on 29.06.2017|date=29 June 2017|accessdate=1 July 2017|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> located at [[Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh]], India. It was established in 2013 by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] under ''Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies Act, 2012''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanchiuniv.org.in/pdf/Sanchi_Act_172016.pdf|title=Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies Act, 2012|publisher=[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]|work=Madhya Pradesh Gazette|date=1 January 2013|accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref> The foundation stone for the university was laid on 21 September 2012 by the [[President of Sri Lanka]] [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] among protest by the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], who protested the visit of the Sri Lankan president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Despite heavy security, MDMK men sneak in Bhopal ahead of Mahinda Rajapaksa's visit|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/despite-heavy-security-mdmk-men-sneak-in-bhopal-ahead-of-mahinda-rajapaksas-visit/articleshow/16486619.cms|accessdate=16 July 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=21 September 2012}}</ref> Yajneshwar Shastri was appointed as [[vice-chancellor]] in July 2016,<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Yajneshwar Shastri appointed as Sanchi University Vice Chancellor|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dr-yajneshwar-shastri-appointed-as-sanchi-university-vice-chancellor/326427/|accessdate=16 July 2017|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=23 July 2016}}</ref> followed by Neerja Arun Gupta, appointed in February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Niyati |title=Guj academics in Centre's good books bag plum posts |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/guj-academics-in-centres-good-books-bag-plum-posts/81810780.html |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=15 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Central Institute of Buddhist Studies]], in Leh in Ladakh in India.
* [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]], in Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh in India.
* [[Gautam Buddha University]], in Noida in Uttar Pradesh in India.
* [[Lumbini Buddhist University]], in Lumbini in Nepal.
* [[Lumbini_Buddhist_University#Global|List of Buddhist universities across the world]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.sanchiuniv.edu.in}}

{{Universities in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Universities in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raisen district]]
[[Category:Buddhist universities and colleges in India]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-university-stub}}

Uttara Bhadrapada

2025-03-15T04:26:38Z

GAURI PARIHAR: new

{{Short description|26th lunar mansion in Hindu astronomy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Andromeda constellation map (1).png|right|200px|thumb|[[Andromeda (constellation)|Andromeda]] map showing one of the stars of Uttara Bhādrapadā]]
{{Nakshatras}}
'''Uttara Bhādrapadā''' or '''Uttṛṭṭāti''' ([[Devanagari]]: उत्तरभाद्रपदा) is the twenty-sixth [[nakshatra]] in [[Hindu astrology]], corresponding to [[Gamma Pegasi|γ]] [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasi]] and [[Alpha Andromedae|α]] [[Andromeda (constellation)|Andromedae]]. It is ruled by [[Shani]], the deity identified with the planet [[Saturn]].

Under the beliefs of [[electional astrology]], Uttara Bhādrapadā is a Fixed constellation, meaning that while it is prominent, it is a good time to build houses, found communities or engage in other activities related to permanence, stability and structure.<ref name=DM1>Dennis M. Harness. "The Nakshatras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology". Lotus Press: 1999. {{ISBN|0-914955-83-7}}. p. 113.</ref>

Uttara Bhādrapadā is represented by dualistic imagery, often two legs of a bed. Other common symbols include a two-headed man, or twins.<ref name=DM1/> The '''Ahirbudhnya''', a serpentine or draconian creature, is the deity which oversees Uttara Bhādrapadā.<ref>Linda Johnsen. "A Thousand Suns: Designing Your Future With Vedic Astrology." Yes International Publishers: 2004. {{ISBN|0-936663-35-9}}. p. 8.</ref>

'''Male Natives:'''
Physical features:
Most attractive and innocent looking person. There is an inherent magnetically force in his look. If he looks at a person with a mild smile, rest assure, that person will be his slave.

Character and general events:
He keeps equal relationship with high and low people i.e. irrespective of the status of the person. He has a spot-less heart. He does not like to give troubles to others. The only drawback noticed in this native in the behavioral field is that temper is always on the tip of his nose. However, such short-temper is not of a permanent nature. He will not hesitate to sacrifice even his life to those who love him. At the same time once he is hurt he will become a lion. He has wisdom, knowledge, and personality.
He is expert in delivering attractive speeches. He is capable of vanquishing his enemies and attains fairly high position.

Education and sources of earnings / profession:
He can attain mastery over several subjects at the same time. Even if he is not academically much educated, his expression and knowledge put forward to the world will equal to that of highly educated persons. He is much interested in fine arts and has ability to write prolonged articles or books.
In the work field, he can shine well due to his extraordinary capacity and capability. Laziness is a remote question for him. Once he opts to undertake a job he cannot turn back till that job is completed. Even in the case of utter failure he is not desperate. If he is employed he will reach to the top. In most of the cases it has been noticed that even if this Nakshatra born persons are employed initially in the lower or middle level positions, they later on reach to a good position and they always receive reward and praise from others.

Family life:
While he keeps praising his father on the one side due to the prominent personality and religious rigidity of his father, he cannot virtually derive any benefit from his father. He leads a neglected childhood. He is normally subjected to a life away from his home town.
His married life will be full of happiness. He will be blessed to have a most suitable wife. His children also will be an asset, most obedient, understanding and respecting children. He will be blessed with grandchildren also. He is an ornament in his family.

Health:
His health will be very good. He is non-care about his own health. Hence he will search for a doctor only when he is seriously ill. He is prone to paralytic attack, stomach problems, piles, and hernia.

'''Female Natives:'''
Women born in this Nakshatra will also enjoy more or less the same results as that is applicable for male natives mentioned above. In addition, the following results will also be enjoyed:
Physical features:
She is of medium height with stout body. Large and protruding eyes.

Character and general events:
She is a real "Lakshmi" (goddess of wealth) in the family. She is the embodiment of a real family woman. Her behavior is extremely cordial, respectful and praise worthy. Adaptability as the circumstances warrants. Suitability as the occasion warrants and lastly impartiality as the country needs are her main characteristics. When all these three essentials required for the present day are combined in one, what more I can describe or attribute to her character.
.
Education, sources of earning / profession:
Employed females can attain good positions due to their own effort. She is best suited to the profession of a lawyer or arbitrator. She is also a good nurse or a doctor.

Family life:
These women will be a gem in any family they are born or married. In other words, their foot-steps are sufficient to bring in Laxmi (goddess of wealth). .

Health:
She is prone to rheumatic pains, acute indigestion, constipation, hernia and in some cases tuberculosis of low intensity.

Choosing Baby names for birth star Uthrattathi:
Those having Lagna or Lagna Lord in Uthrattathi, name should start with the following Syllable Thu, Gya, Sha, Shre

Traditional [[Hindu given names]] are determined by which pada (quarter) of a nakshatra the Lagna or Lagna Lord was in at the time of birth. The given name would begin with the following syllables:
*Du (Devanagari: दु)
*Jha (Devanagari: ज)
*Tha (Devanagari: थ)
*Da/Tra (Devanagari: ञ)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mypanchang.com/nakshatras.html|title = Nakshatra Names in Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu astrology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttara Bhadrapada}}
[[Category:Nakshatra]]

List of Chennai Corporation zones

2025-01-05T07:28:05Z

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B. Ramana Rao

2024-12-29T06:13:59Z

GAURI PARIHAR: cleaned up intro for accuracy and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Indian physician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2014}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=September 2014}}
{{BLP one source|date=September 2014}}
}}
'''Bhogaraju Ramana Rao'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/issue176/news1-Dr_Ramana_Rao.html |title=City based physician Dr Ramana Rao receives Padma Shri from President of India, for his 'healing touch' |access-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225100434/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/issue176/news1-Dr_Ramana_Rao.html |archive-date=25 December 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> is an Indian physician and cardiologist from [[Bangalore]]. He was born in Hyderabad. His parents belonged to West Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh. Rao has been offering health care to rural people free of cost for the last 36 years. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2010 for his contribution to the field of medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> Rao was Kannada thespian [[Dr. Rajkumar|Dr.Rajkumar]]’s consulting physician. Rao married to Smt Hema a Delhi based on 25 Dec 1975. He also contributed toilet and drinking water in rural areas of 16 villages.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, B. Ramana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bengaluru]]

{{india-med-bio-stub}}

Shri Samarth High School, Amravati

2024-10-27T06:01:52Z

GAURI PARIHAR: refined lead and improved wording

{{Short description|High school in Amravati, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

{{onesource|date=October 2011}}

'''Shri Samarth High School''' is a school in [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title= Contact Shri Samartha High School|url=https://www.shrisamarthahighschool.edu.in/index.php/contact/contact-samartha-highschool.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Shri Samartha High School, Amravati |language=}}</ref> At the entrance, there is a big statue of [[Samarth Ramdas]], a prominent Marathi saint who guided [[Shivaji]]. The institute was created in their names.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==History==
Earlier{{when?|date=November 2017}} it was at a place near the heart of the city. Later a new building was constructed. For a few years both the premises were operative. Later all the classes were merged to the new building.

Shri Samarth Education Society was established in July 1934. The founder members were S.K. Karmarkar, D.R. Kaloti, B. J. Kane, Dr. V.K. Kolwadkar, Adv. Balasahib Hirurkar, Adv. V.B. Brahma, N.T. Rajderkar, H.A. Asnare, K.R. Pande Shri and R.H. Deodhar.

The founder headmaster was Shri B.J. Kane, followed by N.T. Rajderkar from 1947 to 1978, who was the main architect of overall development of the school. He retired as headmaster in 1978.

International/national renowned flautist [[Prashant Agnihotri]] was a student at Samantha High School 1980 to 1987.

==Other schools==
The school includes "Shri Samarth Secondary and Higher Secondary School" and "Shri Samarth Junior College". These institutions are run by Shri Samarth Education Society Amravati. High school has classes from 5th to 10th standard and junior college has 11th and 12th standard.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.shrisamarthahighschool.edu.in/ School website]
*[https://www.facebook.com/Shri-Samarth-High-School-Amravati-114918551904360/ Facebook page]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Education in Amravati]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Maharashtra]]

List of Kurubas and Dhangars

2024-10-02T22:53:10Z

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List of Edicts of Ashoka

2024-07-20T04:31:54Z

GAURI PARIHAR: updated page

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