https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Frugaltesting Bharatpedia - User contributions [en] 2026-07-27T21:38:51Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dum_Dum_Uttar_Assembly_constituency&diff=497811 Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency 2026-05-07T06:13:16Z <p>Frugaltesting: Done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Dum Dum Uttar<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Dum Dum Uttar.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dum Dum Uttar Assembly Constituency<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Sourav Sikdar]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]<br /> | constituency_no = 110<br /> | established = 2011<br /> | electors = 256,352<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 110 Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[North Dum Dum Municipality]] and [[New Barrackpur]] Municipality.&lt;ref name=delimitation&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency is part of No. 16 [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name=delimitation/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |[[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |[[Tanmoy Bhattacharya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |[[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |[[Sourav Sikdar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2026===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dum Dum Uttar}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Sourav Sikdar]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |votes = {{formatnum:103284}}<br /> |percentage = 46.24%<br /> |change = {{increase}} 14.82%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:76880}}<br /> |percentage = 34.42%<br /> |change = {{decrease}} 10.37%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Dipsita Dhar]]<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:38428}}<br /> |percentage = 17.21%<br /> |change = {{decrease}} 4.24%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dhananjay Maitra<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1607}}<br /> |percentage = 0.72%<br /> |change = ''new''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above (India)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1475}}<br /> |percentage = 0.66%<br /> |change = {{decrease}} 0.33%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:26404}}<br /> |percentage = 11.82%<br /> |change = {{decrease}} 1.67%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:223349}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = {{increase}} 14.82%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Dum Dum|Dum Dum Uttar]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]<br /> |votes = 95,078 <br /> |percentage = 44.79<br /> |change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |candidate = Dr. Archana Majumdar<br /> |votes = 66,739<br /> |percentage = 31.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = [[Tanmoy Bhattacharya]] <br /> |votes = 45,462<br /> |percentage = 21.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 2,111<br /> |percentage = 0.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate <br /> |party = BNARP<br /> |candidate = Sunil Singh<br /> |votes = 1,229<br /> |percentage = 0.58<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 28,499<br /> |percentage = 13.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 2,13,355<br /> |percentage = 78.15<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Dum Dum Uttar]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = [[Tanmoy Bhattacharya]]<br /> |votes = 91,959<br /> |percentage = 46.38<br /> |change = +3.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]<br /> |votes = 85,410<br /> |percentage = 43.08<br /> |change = -10.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Tapan Chandra Das<br /> |votes = 15,420<br /> |percentage = 7.77<br /> |change = +5.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Sova Howlader<br /> |votes = 1,947<br /> |percentage = 0.98<br /> |change = -0.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 3,518<br /> |percentage = 1.77<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 6,549<br /> |percentage = 3.30<br /> |change = -7.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,98,255<br /> |percentage = 82.57<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = +7.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> In the 2011 election, Chandrima Bhattacharjee of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival Rekha Goswami of CPI(M).&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2011&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=110| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327192207/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=110| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Dum Dum Uttar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Dum Dum Uttar]] }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]<br /> |votes = 94,678<br /> |percentage = 53.43<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Rekha Goswami<br /> |votes = 75,650<br /> |percentage = 42.69<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Chandan Roy<br /> |votes = 4,741<br /> |percentage = 2.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Naresh Chandra Barui<br /> |votes = 2,144<br /> |percentage = 1.20<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 19,026<br /> |percentage = 10.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,77,320<br /> |percentage = 86.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{North 24 Parganas topics}}<br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{West Bengal elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]<br /> [[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasanta_Kumar_Jagadev&diff=526443 Prasanta Kumar Jagadev 2026-04-20T08:40:39Z <p>Frugaltesting: new the bio initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Prasanta Kumar Jagadev<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]<br /> | term_start = 4 June 2024<br /> | predecessor = Jyotirindra Nath Mitra<br /> | constituency1 = <br /> | term1 = <br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | predecessor2 = <br /> | successor2 = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | other_party = <br /> | website = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Prasanta Kumar Jagadev''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prasanta Kumar Jagadev Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=770 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Khurda Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Prasanta Kumar Jagadev of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/khurda-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916727.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=2 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Result 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-assembly-election-result-2024-full-list-of-winners/3511557/ |website=Financial Express |publisher=India News Desk |access-date=2 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jagadev, Prasanta Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongonadi_Assembly_constituency&diff=530851 Rongonadi Assembly constituency 2026-04-19T19:41:12Z <p>Frugaltesting: new the entry w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Rongonadi<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 74<br /> | map_image = Rongonadi Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | district = [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]] <br /> | established = 2023<br /> | mla = <br /> | party = <br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = <br /> | electors = <br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rongonadi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Election Results==<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Rongonadi}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rishiraj Hazarika|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Joyonto Khaund |party=Indian National Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Lakhimpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sohan_Lal_Suri&diff=536496 Sohan Lal Suri 2026-04-17T19:12:47Z <p>Frugaltesting: starting a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Punjabi historiographer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = Lala<br /> | name = Sohan Lal Suri<br /> | image = Lala Sohan Lal Suri, official court-chronicler and historian of the Sikh Empire, detail from a lithograph, Umdat-ut-Tawarikh (vol. II), Albert Press, Lahore, 1886 (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Lala Sohan Lal Suri, official court-chronicler and historian of the Sikh Empire, detail from a lithograph, ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'' (vol. II), Albert Press, Lahore, 1886<br /> | death_date = 1852<br /> | employer = Lahore Durbar of the Sikh Empire<br /> | known_for = Court chronicler of the Sikh Empire<br /> | notable_works = ''[[Umdat-ut-Tawarikh]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sohan Lal Suri''' (died 1852) was a Punjabi historiographer, who specialized in the period of the Sikh Empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Suri |first=V. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2004 |isbn=817380530X |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |location=Patiala |pages=226–27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sohan was the son of Lala Ganpat Rai, the ''waqai navis'' or court chronicler of the Sukerchakia Misl and later Sikh Empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sohan Lal inherited the position from his father in 1811 and served at the court of Lahore till after the death of [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1839. The period covered by him as a court chronicler begins in 1812 and includes the [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh War]]. His magnum opus was the ''[[Umdat-ut-Tawarikh]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sheikh |first=Majid |date=30 August 2020 |title=Harking back: Classic 'daftars' of historian Lala Sohan Lal Suri |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1577070 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=Dawn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background and early life ==<br /> Very little is known of his early life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sohan Lal was born in a [[Hindu]] [[Khukhrain|Khatri]] family from the [[Pothwar]] region of [[Punjab]], now in Pakistan. The family was said to be descended from Raja Khokhar Anand, a 12th-century ruler of Lahore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sheikh |first=Majid |date=April 17, 2024 |title=The mysterious genius who was a double-agent |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1056656 |work=Dawn |location=Lahore, Pakistan |access-date=April 17, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; His family was allegedly of the [[Khukhrain]] ''[[gotra]]'' or ''[[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]]'' (clan), with Suri being a sub-clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He was the son of Ganpat Rai Suri and grandson of Lala Hukumat Rai Suri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Suri |first=Sohan Lal |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/30703/lot/262/umdat-al-tawarikh-four-lithograph-volumes-of-the-life-and-times-of-maharajah-ranjit-singh-and-a-survey-of-the-history-of-the-sikh-empire-in-persian-and-some-english-by-suhan-lal-suri-d-1852-the-court-chronicler-and-the-vakil-of-the-sikh-court-albert-press-lahore-18864/ |title=Umdat-ut-Tawarikh |publisher=Arya Press |others=Published by the permission of Lalas Mul Chand Suri and Harbhagwan Das Suri |year=1885 |location=Lahore |page=Title-page}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His father, Lala Ganpat Rai, had served as a Munshi for three generations of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He gained employment under Sardar [[Charat Singh]] in 1771 and on his death, served under [[Maha Singh]] and then in Ranjit Singh's court till 1811–12.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sohan inherited his father's position in 1811.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Suri was well-educated in mathematics, numerology, astronomy, and well-versed in languages like Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Besides his popular works, he also produced a genealogical table of his family up to 1836, a funeral oration on the death of his father, an account of the chiefs of the [[cis-Sutlej states]], a description of English institutions, an account of his meeting with General [[Claude Martin Wade]], and copies of letters and testimonials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The sources he used to compose his works includes notes he inherited from his father, his own first-hand knowledge, and other works available to him, such as the ''[[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh]]'' by [[Sujan Rai Bhandari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Fakir Azizuddin]] introduced Sohan Lal Suri to General Claude Martin Wade as Ranjit Singh's court chronicler and the Sikh court's historian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ranjit Singh permitted Wade's request to have Sohan travel to Ludhiana, where it is said that Sohan read-out excerpts from his ''Umdat-ut-Twarikh'' to Wade twice-a-week.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sohan also presented to Wade a copy of the ''Twarikh'' work, which is still preserved in the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society Library]] in London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Umdat al-tawarikh. (See f199a) [manuscript] |url=https://ras.koha-ptfs.co.uk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3192&amp;query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20wade |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Kapur Singh]], Sohan Lal Suri was working for the British as a spy in the Sikh court whom was paid an annual salary which was later commuted to a pension.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=Parasaraprasna: The Baisakhi of Guru Gobind Singh |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2001 |isbn=8177700146 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Piar |edition=3rd |location=Amritsar |pages=2 |quote=One Sohan Lal SurI was an official in the secretariat of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, employed as the royal historiographer. He has left a comprehensive history of the Sikhs, called the Umdat-ut-Tawarikh. It was subsequently published in five volumes by the British rulers of the Punjab in the nineties of the last century. Incidentally, as it now appears, this Sohan Lal Surl was, throughout, a secret paid agent of the Hon'ble East India Company, with their headquarters at Calcutta, receiving a high regular salarium of Rupees one hundred and twenty five per mensem, which at the annexation of the Punjab, was commuted into a pension, &quot;eternal, to continue generation after generation&quot;, but which eventually terminated when Punjab was partitioned in 1947.|editor-last2=Kaur |editor-first2=Madanjit}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Later life ==<br /> After the annexation of the Sikh Empire in 1849, Sohan Lal Suri was bestowed with ''[[jagir]]'' (estate) grant of 1,000 rupees per annum in Manga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The village of Manga in the [[Amritsar District]], which was the estate of Lala Sohan Lal Suri during Maharaja Ranjit Singh's reign,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Sohan Lal Suri |title=Umdat-ut-Twarikh Vol 3 (iv) |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2002 |isbn=81-77700715 |page=138}}&lt;/ref&gt; was confirmed, in 1850, for life by the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] following the annexation of Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Sohan Lal Suri |title=Umdat-ut-Twarikh Vol 3 (i) |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2002 |isbn=81-77700715 |page=xxv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sohan Lal Suri likely lived out his remaining years there.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sohan Lal Suri had a son named Lala Mul Chand Suri and a grandson named Lala Harbhagwan Das Suri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> <br /> === ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'' ===<br /> [[File:Title page of the 'Umdat-ut-Tawarikh' by Lala Sohan Lal Suri, lithograph, 1888.png|thumb|Title page of the ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'' by Lala Sohan Lal Suri, lithograph, 1888]]<br /> The ''[[Umdat-ut-Tawarikh|Umdat-ut-Twarikh]]'' originally consisted of around 7,000 pages in-total written in ''shikasta'' running Persian script.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sohan Lal penned events at the Lahore Durbar in Persian, contiguous with the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The work, in five ''daftars'' or volumes, was translated into English in the twentieth century by Vidya Sagar Suri, his descendant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suri 2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Suri |first=Sohan Lal |title=Umdat ut-tawarikh |publisher=Guru Nanak University|year=2002 |isbn= |location=Amritsar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|General Preface}}<br /> <br /> === ''Ibratnamah'' ===<br /> This is a small work in verse that is an account of the murders of [[Sher Singh|Maharaja Sher Singh]] and [[Dhian Singh|Raja Dhian Singh]] by the [[Sandhawalia]] ''[[Sardar|sardars]]'' in September 1843.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === ''Selections from Daftar II'' ===<br /> A manuscript that contains brief accounts on courtiers, rajas, diwans, learned men, saints, and ascetics living in the year 1831.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other works ===<br /> He allegedly authored mathematical, geometric, and astronomical treatises.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Sohan Lal}}<br /> [[Category:Chroniclers]]<br /> [[Category:Ranjit Singh]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]<br /> [[Category:1852 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Indian historians]]<br /> [[Category:Historians of India]]<br /> &lt;!--[[Category:Undivided Punjab]]<br /> [[Category:People from Pothwar]]<br /> [[Category:Khukhrain]]<br /> [[Category:Khatri]]--&gt;</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_East_Assembly_constituency&diff=505549 Jammu East Assembly constituency 2026-04-16T04:49:48Z <p>Frugaltesting: Put up initial post more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Jammu East<br /> | mla = [[Yudhvir Sethi]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | district = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]<br /> | established = 1977<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 76<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jammu East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Jammu East is also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/jammu-east.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Jammu East Assembly Constituency]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ram Nath Bhalgotra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Om Parkash || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Chaman Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Vaid Vishno Dutt <br /> |-<br /> | [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Yogesh Kumar Sawhney || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Ashok Kumar Khajuria || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Rajesh Gupta<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Yudhvir Sethi]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu East&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0876.htm|title=J&amp;K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Jammu East|last1=Election Commission of India|date=8 October 2024|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709124403/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0876.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Yudhvir Sethi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,589 |percentage=61.46% |change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Sawhney |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,475 |percentage=35.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aditya Gupta |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|votes=448 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Gupta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=339 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=565 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,114 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= 69,298 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir 2014 - Jammu &amp; Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Paul Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=69,626 |percentage=70.63% |change={{increase}}30.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh Shingari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,997 |percentage=19.27% |change={{increase}}3.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharamveer Singh |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,733 |percentage=4.80% |change={{decrease}}2.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarv Daman Bhasin |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,419 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=359 |percentage=0.36% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,629 |percentage=51.36% |change= {{increase}}36.06 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,574 |percentage=64.09% |change= {{increase}}3.24 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,794 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.88 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}30.38 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chaman Lal Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,288 |percentage=40.26% |change={{increase}}37.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh Shangari |party=Independent politician |votes=21,251 |percentage=24.95% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mangat Ram Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,848 |percentage=16.26% |change={{decrease}}24.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan Sharma |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,050 |percentage=7.10% |change={{decrease}}4.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal Chargotra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,791 |percentage=2.10% |change={{decrease}}2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=887 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Paul Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=837 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,037 |percentage=15.31% |change= {{increase}}2.80 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=85,174 |percentage=60.85% |change= {{increase}}22.17 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,965 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}14.49 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.21 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mangat Ram Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,627 |percentage=40.47% |change={{increase}}11.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virander Kumar Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=17,704 |percentage=27.96% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan Sharma |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,631 |percentage=12.05% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anan Sharma |party=Shiv Sena |votes=2,822 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,652 |percentage=4.19% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavinder Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,655 |percentage=2.61% |change={{decrease}}52.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj Dogra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,211 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,923 |percentage=12.51% |change= {{decrease}}13.20 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,327 |percentage=38.69% |change= {{increase}}5.13 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,689 |ref = |change= {{increase}}127.88 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly By-election 1998 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|1998 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Jammu West&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/403 |title=AC Bye Election: Jammu East 1998 |access-date=1 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashok Kumar Khajuria]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,164 |percentage=54.61% |change={{increase}}8.94 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,967 |percentage=28.90% |change={{increase}}8.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal Gupta Advocate |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,693 |percentage=11.17% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Raj Bargotra |party=Janata Dal |votes=464 |percentage=1.92% |change={{decrease}}2.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vipan Mahajan |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Kant |party=Independent politician |votes=152 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,197 |percentage=25.71% |change= {{increase}}0.47 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=24,106 |percentage=33.56% |change= {{decrease}}9.19 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,832 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}37.69 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.94 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1996 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,506 |percentage=45.67% |change={{increase}}15.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Sawhney |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,068 |percentage=20.43% |change={{decrease}}28.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,767 |percentage=13.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,276 |percentage=12.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ayoudhia Kumar |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,123 |percentage=4.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj Mahajan |party=Independent politician |votes=480 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udhay Chand |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=429 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}3.86 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,438 |percentage=25.24% |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=49,283 |percentage=43.31% |change= {{decrease}}17.72 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,286 |ref = |change= {{increase}}110.79 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.33 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1987 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mangat Ram Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,204 |percentage=48.99% |change={{decrease}}17.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,130 |percentage=30.63% |change={{increase}}13.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishwa Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=3,131 |percentage=9.47% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udhay Chand |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,566 |percentage=4.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Sunder |party=Janata Party |votes=585 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=382 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Malhotra |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,074 |percentage=18.37% |change= {{decrease}}30.77 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=33,073 |percentage=61.52% |change= {{increase}}9.91 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,692 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.10 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.38 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangil Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,672 |percentage=66.38% |change={{increase}}28.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,331 |percentage=17.24% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udhey Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,824 |percentage=7.26% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudershan Lal Mahajan |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,210 |percentage=4.82% |change={{increase}}1.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Sh. Beli Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=309 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Sh. Dhani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatinder Paul |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,341 |percentage=49.13% |change= {{increase}}32.35 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=25,117 |percentage=51.65% |change= {{decrease}}2.35 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,676 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.38 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal Bhagotra |party=Janata Party |votes=10,956 |percentage=54.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,599 |percentage=37.98% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal Gupta |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=684 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=333 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Master Modh Sharif |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,357 |percentage=16.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=20,006 |percentage=53.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,810 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Jammu]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|32.710|74.926|display=title}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Jammu district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br /> [[Category:1977 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vunukuru_Assembly_constituency&diff=545130 Vunukuru Assembly constituency 2026-04-15T23:52:17Z <p>Frugaltesting: starting new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh legislative assembly, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Vunukuru<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | type= SLA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vunukuru Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It was one of ten constituencies in [[Srikakulam district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI&quot;&gt;http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Lok Sabha Constituneces and Assembly constituencies of India - Delimitation Order, 2008 - Election Commission of India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> It was part of [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another six Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Palasa (Assembly constituency)|Palasa]], [[Tekkali (Assembly constituency)|Tekkali]], [[Ichchapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ichchapuram]], [[Pathapatnam (Assembly constituency)|Pathapatnam]], [[Srikakulam (Assembly Constituency)|Srikakulam]] and [[Narasannapeta (Assembly constituency)|Narasannapeta]].<br /> <br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly (Vunukuru) ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br /> | Chelikani Sreeranga Naikulu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | Palavalasa Sangamnaidu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | M. B. Parankusam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> | Palavalasa Rukminamma<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | Mudili Babu Parankusam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> | [[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party |rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> | [[Palavalasa Rajasekharam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> | Kimidi Ganapathi Rao<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party |rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly (Honjaram) ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | Peesuputi Pundareekakshacharyulu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly (Boddam) ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | Allu Dasavatharam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results (Vunukuru)==<br /> === 1955 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Krishikar Lok Party<br /> |candidate = Chelikani Sreeranga Naikulu <br /> |votes = 14,838<br /> |percentage = 39.70<br /> |change = {{increase}} 3.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party= Independent <br /> |candidate=Palavalasa Sangamnaidu<br /> |votes=12,019<br /> |percentage=32.16<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate=Mudili Babu Parankusam <br /> |votes=10,515<br /> |percentage=28.14<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes= 2,819<br /> |percentage=7.54<br /> |change={{increase}}5.6<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes= 37,372<br /> |percentage=58.12<br /> |change={{increase}}2.51<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Krishikar Lok Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Palavalasa Sangamnaidu|votes=16,910|percentage=64.79|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Mudili Babu Parankusam|votes=9,187|percentage=35.20|change={{increase}}7.06}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=7,723|percentage=29.59|change={{increase}}22.05}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=26,097|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Krishikar Lok Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate= Mudili Parankusam |votes=22,047|percentage=45.32|change={{increase}}10.12}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party= Indian National Congress|candidate=P. Sangamnaidu|votes=11,545|percentage=23.73|change={{decrease}}41.06}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=V. Raj Rao|votes=9,556|percentage=19.64|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=B. Appalanaidu|votes=3,992|percentage=8.21|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K. Satyannarayana|votes=1,055|percentage=3.09|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=10,502|percentage=21.59|change={{decrease}}8}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=48,645|percentage=70.75|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Independent<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party= Indian National Congress|candidate= Palavalasa Rukminamma|votes=28,572|percentage=48.32|change={{increase}}24.59}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Mudili Parankusah|votes=15,020|percentage=25.40|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Mamidirajagopala Naidu|votes=13,843|percentage=23.41|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Palavalasa Balaramaswamy|votes=1,280|percentage=2.16|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Setti Subbi Naidu|votes=418|percentage=0.71|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=13,552|percentage=22.92|change={{increase}}1.33}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=59,133|percentage=70.91|change={{increase}}0.16}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Independent <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party= Janata Party|candidate= Mudili Parankusam |votes=26,617|percentage=36.28|change={{increase}}10.88}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party= Indian National Congress|candidate=Rimkinamma Palavalasa|votes=20,030|percentage=27.30|change={{decrease}}21.02}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party= Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=K. Rao|votes=14,544|percentage=19.82|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Shivaramunaidu Gullipalli|votes=10,622|percentage=14.48|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Setti Subbi Naidu|votes=1,553|percentage=2.12|change={{increase}}1.41}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=6,587|percentage=8.98|change={{decrease}}13.94}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=73,366|percentage=78.97|change={{increase}}8.06}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao<br /> |votes = 47,735<br /> |percentage = 64.1<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party= Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate=Palavalasa Rajasekharam <br /> |votes=24,354<br /> |percentage=32.7<br /> |change={{increase}} 5.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Lokdal<br /> |candidate=Tirupathirao Vakamulla<br /> |votes=2,392<br /> |percentage=3.2<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes= 23,381<br /> |percentage=30.7<br /> |change={{increase}}22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes= 76,261<br /> |percentage=75.9<br /> |change={{decrease}}3.1<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |loser = Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]|votes=49,843|percentage=66.3|change={{increase}}2.2}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kemburu Rao|votes=22,498|percentage=29.9|change={{decrease}}2.8}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gedela Naidu|votes=1,552|percentage=2.1|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=P.M.J.Mugada Ellan Naidu|votes=678|percentage=0.9|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Majji Suryanarayana|votes=340|percentage=0.5|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Ragolu Nageswara Rao|votes=310|percentage=0.4|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=27,345|percentage=35.7|change={{increase}}5}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=76,673|percentage=71.3|change={{decrease}}4.9}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao|votes=49,612|percentage=51.2|change={{decrease}}15.1}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kambala Rajvardhan|votes=2,214|percentage=1.4|change={{decrease}}1.9}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=2,237|percentage=2.2|change={{decrease}}33.5}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=101,152|percentage=77.7|change={{increase}}6.4}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==== 1994 ====<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Palavalasa Rajasekharam]]|votes=53,559|percentage=50.4|change={{increase}}1.5}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kala Kimidi|votes=49,301|percentage=46.4|change={{decrease}}4.8}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janta Party|candidate=Damodara Rao Buri|votes=2,755|percentage=2.6|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Arasada Suguna|votes=621|percentage=0.6|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pogiri Ravana Naidu|votes=106|percentage=0.1|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=4,258|percentage=3.9|change={{increase}}1.7}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=109,245|percentage=78.3|change={{increase}}0.6}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vunukuru}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao<br /> |votes = 57,659<br /> |percentage = 53.1<br /> |change = {{decrease}} 1.6<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party= Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate=Palavalasa Rajasekharam <br /> |votes=46,171<br /> |percentage=42.5<br /> |change={{decrease}} 0.8<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate=Bhaviri Murthy<br /> |votes=4,564<br /> |percentage=4.2<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party= Independent <br /> |candidate= Botcha Tammi Naidu <br /> |votes= 293<br /> |percentage= 0.3<br /> |change={{decrease}} 1.8<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes= 11,488<br /> |percentage=10.2<br /> |change={{decrease}}1.2<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes= 12,550<br /> |percentage=72.9<br /> |change={{decrease}}3.1<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Election results (Honjaram)==<br /> ===1952=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Honjaram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peesuputi Pundareekakshacharyulu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=16,731 |percentage=36.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chelikami Sreeranganayakulu |party=Independent politician |votes=15,846 |percentage=34.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pydi Narasimha Appa Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,051 |percentage=28.60% |change=28.60% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=885 |percentage=1.94% |change= }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=45,628 |percentage=55.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,048 |change = }} <br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Krishikar Lok Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|18.53|83.67|display=title}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Srikakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Srikakulam-geo-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_South_Assembly_constituency&diff=485637 Allahabad South Assembly constituency 2026-04-14T03:48:11Z <p>Frugaltesting: new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Allahabad South<br /> | map_image = 263-Allahabad South.svg<br /> | mla = [[Nand Gopal Gupta]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2022<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 399,776(2019)<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 263<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]<br /> }} <br /> <br /> '''Allahabad South''' is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 263 amongst 403 constituencies.<br /> <br /> Currently this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Nand Gopal Gupta Nandi]] who won in last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Raish Chandra Shukla by a margin of 26,182 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election result: Prayagraj South |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24263.htm?ac=263 |accessdate=26 September 2023 |work=ECI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allahabad South Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/allahabad-south.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Kalyan Chandra Mohiley<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |Ram Gopal Sand<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Satya Prakash Malaviya]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Satish Chandra Jaiswal<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |[[Nand Gopal Gupta]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |[[Haji Parvej Ahmad]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nand Gopal Gupta]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prayagraj South&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election result: Prayagraj South |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24263.htm?ac=263 |accessdate=26 September 2023 |work=ECI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Nand Gopal Gupta]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:97864}}<br /> |percentage = 54.14<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Raish Chandra Shukla<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:71682}}<br /> |percentage = 39.66<br /> |change = {{increase}}3.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Devendra Mishra Alias Nagraha<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4208}}<br /> |percentage = 2.33<br /> |change = {{decrease}}4.54<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Alpana Nishad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2098}}<br /> |percentage = 1.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:831}}<br /> |percentage = 0.46<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.08<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:26182}}<br /> |percentage = 14.48<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:180745}}<br /> |percentage = 44.27<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.89<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Prayagraj South&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Nand Gopal Gupta]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:93011}}<br /> |percentage = 52.53<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Haji Parvej Ahmad]]<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:64424}}<br /> |percentage = 36.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Masooq Khan<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:12162}}<br /> |percentage = 6.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:665}}<br /> |percentage = 0.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:28587}}<br /> |percentage = 16.15<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:177063}}<br /> |percentage = 45.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election]]: Prayagraj South&lt;ref name=&quot;2012 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Haji Parvej Ahmad]]<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes = 43,040<br /> |percentage = 29.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Nand Gopal Gupta]]<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 42,626<br /> |percentage = 29.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Keshari Nath Tripathi<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 33,399<br /> |percentage = 22.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ch. Jitendra Nath Singh<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 19,121<br /> |percentage = 13.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Mohd. Julfikar Khan<br /> |party = Peace Party of India<br /> |votes = 4,092<br /> |percentage = 2.80<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 414<br /> |percentage = 0.28<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,46,174<br /> |percentage = 45.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{coord|25.35|81.85|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Prayagraj]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]<br /> [[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuchaikote_Assembly_constituency&diff=510936 Kuchaikote Assembly constituency 2026-04-14T03:28:20Z <p>Frugaltesting: Put up the details from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kuchaikote<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 102-Kuchaikote constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Amrendra Kumar Pandey]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] &lt;!--Year of the last election. Leave blank for former constituencies--&gt;<br /> | region = <br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | district = [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]<br /> | division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|17. Gopalganj (SC)]]<br /> | constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|102]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = 300,132<br /> | abolished = &lt;!-- year abolished --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Kuchaikote Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 102 Kuchaikote Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Kuchaikote (Community development block)|Kuchaikote]] and Pachdeuri [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].&lt;ref name=commission&gt;{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuchaykot assembly and its surrounding areas are dominated by Brahmin voters. This is why most of the time MLAs from Brahmin caste have been elected from here, here all the parties mostly give tickets to Brahmin candidates for Brahmin votes.<br /> <br /> Kuchaikote Assembly constituency is part of No. 17 [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).&lt;ref name=commission/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kuchaikote Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kuchaikote.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> |Shiva Kumar Pathak<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Vachaspati Sharma<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Shiva Kumar Pathak<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Nagina Rai]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |Janata Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''1976-2008: Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Amrendra Kumar Pandey]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuchaikote&lt;ref name=&quot;election2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = Amrendra Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:101425}}<br /> |percentage = 50.21<br /> |change = +9.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Harinarayan Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:76934}}<br /> |percentage = 38.08<br /> |change = +8.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Suraaj Party<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar Choubey<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6077}}<br /> |percentage = 3.01<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Baliram Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5542}}<br /> |percentage = 2.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jagrook Janta Party<br /> |candidate = Vishwakarma Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2646}}<br /> |percentage = 1.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janshakti Janta Dal<br /> |candidate = Braj Bihari Bhatt<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2025}}<br /> |percentage = 1.0<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5783}}<br /> |percentage = 2.86<br /> |change = -1.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:24491}}<br /> |percentage = 12.13<br /> |change = +0.7<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:202020}}<br /> |percentage = 67.31<br /> |change = +11.46<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;election2020-1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kuchaikote (Bihar) Elections Results 2020 LIVE: Constituency Details, List of Candidates, Last Winner and more|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2020/kuchaikote|access-date=2021-05-30|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuchaikote&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = [[Amrendra Kumar Pandey]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:74359}}<br /> |percentage = 41.19<br /> |change = -2.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kali Prasad Pandey]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:53729}}<br /> |percentage = 29.76<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br /> |candidate = Sunita Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:33533}}<br /> |percentage = 18.57<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Hari Narayan Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2687}}<br /> |percentage = 1.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = Ravi Pandey<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2226}}<br /> |percentage = 1.23<br /> |change = -39.91<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Sudhanshu Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1681}}<br /> |percentage = 0.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7656}}<br /> |percentage = 4.24<br /> |change = -0.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:20630}}<br /> |percentage = 11.43<br /> |change = +9.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:180530}}<br /> |percentage = 55.85<br /> |change = -0.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuchaikote&lt;ref name=&quot;election2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = [[Amrendra Kumar Pandey]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:72224}}<br /> |percentage = 43.28<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = Kali Prasad Pandey<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:68662}}<br /> |percentage = 41.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Parshuram Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4936}}<br /> |percentage = 2.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Muna Prasad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4615}}<br /> |percentage = 2.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Om Prakash Prasad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2355}}<br /> |percentage = 1.41<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Sadman Ali<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1801}}<br /> |percentage = 1.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)<br /> |candidate = Arjun Prasad Kushwaha<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1550}}<br /> |percentage = 0.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7512}}<br /> |percentage = 4.5<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3562}}<br /> |percentage = 2.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:166892}}<br /> |percentage = 55.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{Gopalganj district, India}}<br /> {{Saran Division topics}}<br /> {{coord|26|32|39|N|84|20|27|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Gopalganj district, India]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyadarshi_Ranjan&diff=526882 Priyadarshi Ranjan 2026-04-09T23:41:05Z <p>Frugaltesting: new the info from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian urologist and surgeon}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Priyadarshi Ranjan<br /> | image = DR RANJAN1.jpg<br /> | caption = Ranjan at his office in 2016<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1978|11|14}}<br /> | birth_place = Lucknow, India<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = [[King George’s Medical College]] &lt;br&gt; [[PGIMER]] <br /> | occupation = Urologist, Kidney Transplant Surgeon, Philanthropist<br /> | spouse = Ranjana Singh<br /> | awards = <br /> | website = [http://www.kidneytransplantindia.com/ KidneyTransplantIndia]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Priyadarshi Ranjan''' (born 14 November 1978) is an Indian [[urologist]], [[robotic surgeon]], [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplant surgeon]], and researcher. He is commonly perceived as the &quot;Kidney Man of India&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=August 2018|title=The Kidney Man of India|url=http://www.urbanmelange.com|journal=Urban Melange|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is among the top 10 transplant surgeons across the globe who is certified of performing a Robotic Kidney Transplant. Currently, regarded as one of the pioneering leaders for kidney transplantation across the globe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lifeinchandigarh.com/personalities_dr-priyadarshi-ranjan-in-elite-club-of-10-transplant-surgeons-worldwide|title=Dr Priyadarshi Ranjan In Elite Club Of 10 Transplant Surgeons Worldwide|website=lifeinchandigarh.com|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Careeer ==<br /> He founded and pioneered the Comprehensive Kidney Transplant Programme at [[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis Hospital]], [[Mohali district|Mohali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortishealthcare.com/mohali/urology-andrology-transplant-surgery/dr-priyadarshi-ranjan|title=Dr. Priyadarshi Ranjan - Best Urology, Andrology &amp; Transplant Surgery Doctor in Mohali|website=Fortis Healthcare Limited|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2011, currently, the chief of Urology and Kidney transplantation also serves as the academic chairman of the National Board for super speciality training in urology at the same hospital. He is also the Executive Director &amp; Chairman of the TransCare group &amp; services, which has announced a new beginning in the long-term outcome of transplant recipients by optimising the Immunosuppression &amp; follow-up protocols. Apart from Paediatric Kidney Transplants, Double or Triple Vessel Kidney Transplants, ABO Incompatible Kidney Transplants and Swap Kidney Transplants, he conceptualised a [[mobile app]]lication by the name of &quot;iKidney&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ikidney.in/|title=SWAP Kidney transplant in India, Mismatch kidney transplant Punjab, Paired kidney Exchange transplant in Haryana, HP- Himachal Pradesh, ABO/Blood Group Incompatible Kidney Transplant, Incompatible Kidney Donors (HLA/Blood group Mismatch), Sensitized kidney transplant, no blood group matched kidney transplant, positive crossmatch kidney transplant|website=ikidney.in|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; for the facilitation of [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/transplant/programs/kidney/incompatible/paired_kidney_exchange.html swap kidney transplant]. Ranjan is on faculty at numerous Urological and Kidney Transplantation forums across the globe and has 35 international publications in medical journals. A frequent speaker at many transplant meetings and a reviewer of various international Journals, aside from authoring three books in the field of uUrology and kidney transplantation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Ranjan has ascended a new era of kidney transplantation in Mohali, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to a global level ministering patient from worldwide shores for kidney transplant surgery. The list includes recently performed kidney transplant of former Kenyan Governor Philip Ruto Latilolo Rotino,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Chandigarh becomes the New emerging hub for international patients for kidney transplant|date=2018-05-29|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjawJcJX04U|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; apart from tutoring various international surgeons in the specialty he is identified in the field of transplantation for taking up and successfully managing most difficult transplant cases such as children, sensitised or blood group incompatible, obese patients and has launched the latest robotic kidney transplant in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He has performed the first [[cadaver]] kidney transplant in the state of Punjab,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortishealthcare.com/india/press/first-cadaver-kidney-transplants-conducted-in-punjab--473-0|title=First Cadaver Kidney Transplants Conducted In Punjab|website=Fortis Healthcare Limited|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=First cadaver Kidney Transplant of Punjab, by Dr. Priyadarshi Ranjan and Team|date=2017-03-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tG_YS4-7M38|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; embarking cadaver transplant in the state. Listed in the [[Limca Book of Records|Limca book of records]] for challenging and unmanageable kidney transplant on the heaviest patient in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/heaviest-patient-operated-for-kidney-transplant|title=Heaviest Patient Operated For Kidney Transplant|website=The Coca-Cola Company|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is among the few transplant specialist surgeons in India to start and develop ABO incompatible (when the blood of donor and recipient does not match) and swap kidney programmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He was invited by the Government of [[Mauritania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; to establish a transplant facility there.<br /> <br /> Ranjan has 35 worldwide editions across several reputed journals of the world and has authored three books on his subject of expertise. An invited faculty at numerous national, international transplant and urology forums has represented India globally at European and American transplant forums.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; His work continuously grabs a dedicated editorial in the influential newspapers of India in the form of electronic and published media.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kidney-patients-looking-for-donors-given-hope/1088388/|title=Kidney patients looking for donors given hope - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://morphnewztoday.com/doctors-at-fortis-hospital-mohali-performs-a-rare-medical-feat-a-global-first/|title=Doctors at Fortis Hospital, Mohali performs a rare medical feat, a global first|date=2018-11-21|website=morphnewztoday|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://doctor.ndtv.com/news/doctors-focus-on-need-for-faster-organ-retrieval-1750643|title=Doctors Focus On Need For Faster Organ Retrieval|website=Doctor.ndtv.com|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> In 1996, Ranjan got admitted in [[King George's Medical University|King George's Medical College]] of [[Lucknow]] for [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] graduate program and achieved it in 2002. From the same institute, he entered for specialisation and received an [[General surgery|MS]] (General Surgery). He topped his batch throughout his graduation (MBBS) &amp; post-graduation (MS) with 14 gold and 7 silver medals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He was then chosen for specialised [[Master of Surgery|MCh]] Urology programme in the coveted [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER]], [[Chandigarh]] and undergone training in kidney surgery and kidney transplant, making him the most qualified and trained kidney transplant surgeons in India securing him a faculty position at the [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences|Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Lucknow, India.<br /> <br /> To further enhance his skills and introduce the concept of [[ABO-incompatible transplantation|ABO-incompatible]] transplant in India, he committed himself to high-level training in mismatched ABO-incompatible kidney transplant at the Johns Hopkins Transplant centre under Professor Robert A. Montgomery, also trained on optimisation of [[Immunosuppressive drug|Immunosuppressive]] medicines from the Aula clinic, [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]. Fortis hospital, Mohali (Punjab, India) persuaded him to start a kidney transplant programme in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kidneytransplantindia.com/KnowUrDoctor.aspx|title=Best Kidney Transplant Surgeon in India, Chandigarh. Mohali, Panchkula, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh HP, north India, Best Kidney Transplant hospital, Best urologist, Top Kidney Transplant Surgeon in India, Renal Transplant Surgeon in India, Nephrologist in India, Kidney Transplant Specialist, Kidney Transplant Doctor, Kidney Transplantation Surgeon, Renal Transplantation Surgeon, Kidney Transplantation Specialist, Renal Transplantation Specialist Lucknow|website=www.kidneytransplantindia.com|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Robotic surgery ==<br /> While the world moved to [[robotic surgery]], he was still handling surgeries conventionally, a strong supporter and promoter of modern technological progress in the field of medical sciences, he felt restless till he qualified and mastered the technique of Advanced Robotic surgery starting the Robotic kidney surgery programme in Punjab.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newsindialines.com/robotic-kidney-transplant-heralds-a-new-era-in-kidney-transplantation-dr-priyadarshi-ranjan/|title=Robotic Kidney Transplant heralds a new era in Kidney Transplantation - Dr. Priyadarshi Ranjan|date=2018-08-01|website=News India Lines|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/fortis-hospital-mohali-organises-robotic-master-class/articleshow/63016236.cms|title=robotic surgery: Fortis Hospital Mohali organises Robotic Master Class|date=February 21, 2018|first=Shimona |last=Kanwar |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has mentored and trained several national and international superspecialty fellows in the discipline of urology and kidney transplantation and took DNB Urology programme at Fortis to new heights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Philanthropy ==<br /> While practising and helping numerous critically ill kidney disease patients in Fortis Mohali, he observed tremendous anguish, sadness and struggle for survival due to unbearable physical pain and financially crippling character of kidney disease in patients this made him very restless and moved him to such extent that he decided to help those less fortunate souls by founding a [[non-governmental organization]]. In 2015, with whatever resources were available to him he founded Chandigarh Kidney Foundation&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chandigarhkidneyfoundation.org/|title=Chandigarh Kidney Foundation|website=www.chandigarhkidneyfoundation.org|access-date=2019-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; a not for profit charitable Non-Governmental Organization in Chandigarh (UT) currently acting president.<br /> <br /> The principal working area of Chandigarh Kidney Foundation is to organise free check-up camps for early detection of kidney problem, raising funds to sponsor financially weak patients, conduct organ donation drives through seminars, workshops, awareness programmes and to educate &amp; raise awareness in general public about Kidney health and optimal kidney functioning through online media and publishing informative literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Family background ==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}<br /> His father was a doctor and mother a homemaker at Lucknow, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. He has been a keen [[Badminton]] player. He got united with Ranjana Singh from [[Lady Hardinge Medical College|Lady Harding Medical College]], who works as a faculty in Hospital Administration at [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER]], Chandigarh.<br /> <br /> == Honours and accolades ==<br /> * He has received honours in eleven subjects along with 14 Gold and 7 Silver medals for topping many subjects throughout MBBS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> * Eagle fellowship from the Urological Society of India, North Zone&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * GM Phadke fellowship from the Urological Society of India: 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Awarded Limca book of Records&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; twice: <br /> ** Kidney Cancer 2013<br /> ** Kidney Transplant on heaviest patient 2016<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> <br /> === Chapters ===<br /> <br /> * Singh SK, Ranjan P, Agarwal MM. The Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction- The basics and beyond. In ''Reviews in Neurology''. 2006 Prabhakar S, Taly AB (eds). Bangalore, Chandrika 2006; 242-272<br /> <br /> === Books ===<br /> *Urethral Catheterisation – A user's manual (A book elaborating upon Technique of urethral catheterisation, indications and commonly faced Problems with a urethral catheter.)<br /> *UTI in females – A clinical perspective. (A book elaborating upon the common causes of urinary tract infections in females and their current management protocols.)<br /> * Illustrations in a series of 5 patient benefit manuals for different endourologic procedures:<br /> ** Transurethral resection of the prostate<br /> ** Transurethral resection of bladder tumour<br /> ** Ureteroscopy<br /> ** Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy<br /> ** Directly Visualised Internal Urethrotomy<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * ikidney: http://www.ikidney.in<br /> *[https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/transplant/programs/kidney/incompatible/paired_kidney_exchange.html Swap Kidney Transplant: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/transplant/programs/kidney/incompatible/paired_kidney_exchange.html]<br /> * Ex. Kenyan Governor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjawJcJX04U<br /> * [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/transplant/ Johns Hopkins Transplant centre: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/transplant/]<br /> * Aula Clinic: http://www.aulaclinic.com/aula-clinic/<br /> * [http://www.chandigarhkidneyfoundation.org/ Chandigarh Kidney Foundation]<br /> * [http://www.transcarelabs.com/wellness-centre/ TransFit]<br /> * Kidney Transplant India: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqfmIip1xemzWpzs9G8NeIw<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan, Priyadarshi}}<br /> [[Category:Indian urologists]]<br /> [[Category:1978 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirangaa_(film)&diff=466043 Tirangaa (film) 2026-03-28T19:25:43Z <p>Frugaltesting: refined structure per sources and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1993 Indian action drama film by Mehul Kumar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Tirangaa<br /> | image = Tirangaa DVD cover.jpg<br /> | caption = DVD Cover<br /> | director = [[Mehul Kumar]]<br /> | producer = Mehul Kumar<br /> | writer = K. K. Singh<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = [[Raaj Kumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nana Patekar]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mamta Kulkarni]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Varsha Usgaonkar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Deepak Shirke]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Manohar Singh]]<br /> | music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br /> | cinematography = Russi Billimoria<br /> | editing = Yusuf Sheikh<br /> | studio = M. K. Pictures<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1993|01|29|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 168 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | gross = {{INR|120.25}} million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&amp;catName=MTk5Mw== |title=Boxofficeindia.com |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014044437/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&amp;catName=MTk5Mw== |access-date=2019-09-07|archive-date=14 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Tirangaa''''' ({{translation|[[Flag of India|Tricolour]]}}) is a 1993 Indian [[action drama film]] starring [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Varsha Usgaonkar]], [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] and [[Mamta Kulkarni]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bollywood Hungama&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Tirangaa|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508397|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127051228/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508397|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=31 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Krantiveer-director-arrested-for-misusing-funds/articleshow/25867588.cms|title='Krantiveer' director arrested for misusing funds|website=The Times of India|date=16 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of the [[1993 Bombay bombings]]; [[Plaza cinema, Mumbai|Plaza cinema]], [[Mumbai]] was also bombed where the film was being shown, leaving 10 dead and 37 injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/|title=Latest News, India News, Chandrayaan 2 News Updates, Breaking News, Live News Online, Today Headlines|website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film starts with the kidnapping of three nuclear scientists by Pralayanath Gundaswami as he plans to build [[Nuclear weapons delivery|nuclear missiles]] for an invasion of [[India]]. Meanwhile, Deputy Inspector General of Police Rudrapratap Chauhan, an honest police officer, is murdered by Pralayanath Gundaswami, as he is on his hitlist. Rudrapatap's son, Sanjay, is the only witness of his murder.While the scientists remain missing, police call [[Brigadier]] Suryadev Singh to take the matter into his own hands. Suryadev allies with honest but hot-headed Police Inspector Shivajirao Wagle, who has spent a lot of time on suspension due to his temper. When Central Minister Jeevanlal Tandel, who is an ally of Pralayanath Gundaswami, sets up a meeting with him to inform him about Suryadev Singh, Pralayanath Gundaswami questions why there is information about his glory and not a single photograph of his face. At that moment, Suryadev Singh enters the auditorium and reveals that he is the one whose face Pralayanath Gundaswami was so eager to see.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, on [[New Year's Eve]], Sanjay and his friends find Radha Tandel in a very bad condition at the beach, as someone had tried to murder her. They rush her to hospital, but later flee when the staff call the police to inquire about the case. The police find a girl's dead body at the beach, then trace Sanjay by his wallet which fell at the beach on New Year's Eve and charge him with murder and attempted rape.<br /> <br /> After knowing who Suryadev is, Pralayanath Gundaswami tries to kill him by planting a bomb in his car. However, Suryadev's car is a high tech vehicle, allowing him to escape with his driver and bodyguard Bahadur into a secret door within the car. As a result of the explosion, the news reports that he has been murdered.<br /> <br /> After Suryadev escapes, he explains his survival to the news, and subsequently to Pralayanath through a TV interview. Pralayanath tries to kidnap Professor Khurana, but Suryadev and Waghle foil his attempt. Pralayanath then tries to kill Sanjay and his friends, but one of his friends sacrifices his life to save him on the eve of [[Raksha Bandhan]]. Pralayanath then tries to kidnap Professor Khurana again, but fails to do so. Instead, he takes the fuse conductor un order to activate his missiles. Waghle and Suryadev track him down through their transmitter. Suryadev foils Pralayanath's missile attack by taking out the [[fuse conductors]], and guns him down. Waghle finishes off Pralayanath's son. The film ends with the [[Independence Day (India)|15 August]] programme concluding successfully.<br /> <br /> == Cast == <br /> *[[Raaj Kumar]] as [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] Suryadev Singh<br /> *[[Nana Patekar]] as [[Inspector]] Shivaji Rao Wagle<br /> *[[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Shanti Verma<br /> *[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]] as Sanjay Chauhan<br /> *[[Mamta Kulkarni]] as Sandhya Gupta<br /> *[[Deepak Shirke]] as Pralayanath Gundaswami<br /> *[[Manohar Singh]] as Chief Minister Jeevanlal Tandel<br /> *[[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] as Rasiknath Gundaswami<br /> *[[Alok Nath]] as Home Minister<br /> *[[Suresh Oberoi]] as DIG Rudrapratap Chauhan<br /> *[[Satyen Kappu]] as Dr. Gupta<br /> *Aparajita as Mrs. Gupta<br /> *[[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Mrs. Chauhan<br /> *[[Sujit Kumar]] as Police Commissioner<br /> *[[Shehzad Khan]] as Inspector who arrests Sanjay Chauhan for rape of Radha Tandel<br /> *[[K. K. Raj]] as DCP Patania<br /> *[[Joginder]] as Inspector Satyawadi Dubey<br /> *[[Mahavir Shah]] as Jailor<br /> *[[Krishan Dhawan]] as Professor Rangaswamy<br /> *[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Professor Nazrul Hassan<br /> *[[Mukesh Rawal]] as Professor Khurana<br /> *[[Vikas Anand]] as Judge<br /> *[[Kamaldeep]] as Judge Hariprasad<br /> *[[Bob Christo]] as Bob <br /> *[[Gavin Packard]] as Tom<br /> *[[Daboo Malik]] as Alok Verma <br /> *[[Girish Malik]] as Ali Khan<br /> *[[Dharmesh Tiwari]] as Defence Lawyer of Sanjay, Alok and Ali<br /> *[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Police Informer Khabarilal<br /> *[[Pankaj Berry]] as Dr. Sinha<br /> *[[Sonika Gill]] as Radha Tandel<br /> *[[Mehul Kumar]] as Municipal Commissioner Tiwari<br /> *[[Ghanashyam Nayak]] as Ram Lakhan <br /> *[[Bandini Mishra]] as Anita Chaudhary<br /> *[[Anil Yadav]] as Babban<br /> <br /> ==Songs==<br /> All lyrics are written by [[Santosh Anand]].<br /> #&quot;Pee Le Pee Le Oh More Raja, Pee Le Pee Le Oh More Jani&quot; - [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]<br /> #&quot;Ise Samjho Na Resham Ka Taar&quot; - [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> #&quot;Oye Rabba Meri Jaan Bacha Le Phans Gayi Dil Ke Rog Me&quot; - [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Mohammed Aziz<br /> #&quot;Yeh Aan Tirangaa Hai&quot; - Mohammed Aziz<br /> #&quot;Ise Samjho Na Resham Ka Taar&quot; (Tragic) - Sadhana Sargam<br /> #&quot;Yeh Aan Tirangaa Hai&quot; (Version 2) - Mohammed Aziz<br /> #&quot;Aaj Ki Shaam Pyar Karne Walon Ke Naam&quot; - Mohammed Aziz, Kavita Krishnamurthy, [[Udit Narayan]]<br /> #&quot;Jaane Mann Jaane Mann&quot; - Sadhana Sargam, Mohammed Aziz<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Asghar Muqaddam refers to the movie for the incidence of planting explosives during interrogation in the film ''[[Black Friday (2007 film)|Black Friday]]''.{{cn|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0105599}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1993 films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br /> [[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Mehul Kumar]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Revolutionary_Party&diff=474172 Communist Revolutionary Party 2026-03-21T20:56:47Z <p>Frugaltesting: refined page as per guidelines and added references per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Political party in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=February 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> '''Communist Revolutionary Party''' was a [[political party]] in Kerala, India. It was led by [[K.P.R. Gopalan]].&lt;ref&gt;Singh, Prakash, ''The Naxalite Movement in India''. New Delhi: [[Rupa &amp; Co.]], 1999, {{ISBN|81-7167-294-9}}, p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; The party contested the 1970 elections, without success.&lt;ref&gt;Mohanty, Manoranjan. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=da2NAAAAMAAJ Revolutionary Violence. A Study of the Maoist Movement in India]''. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1977. p. 179&lt;/ref&gt; It was, however, significant since this was the first group coming from the [[AICCCR]] tradition who tried to use elections for revolutionary purposes.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{CP-stub}}<br /> {{India-party-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations&diff=465021 India–Lithuania relations 2026-03-21T01:07:28Z <p>Frugaltesting: improve formatting per standard format and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox bilateral relations<br /> | title = India–Lithuania relations<br /> | party1 = India<br /> | party2 = Lithuania<br /> | map = India–Lithuania Locator.svg<br /> | filetype = <br /> | size = <br /> | mission1 = <br /> | mission2 = <br /> | envoytitle1 = <br /> | envoy1 = <br /> | envoytitle2 = <br /> | envoy2 = }}<br /> <br /> India recognized Lithuania (along with the other Baltic States of Latvia and Estonia) on September 7, 1991, after they declared independence from the Soviet Union.  Diplomatic relations between India and Lithuania were established on 25 February 1992. <br /> <br /> Lithuania opened its Embassy in New Delhi on July 1, 2008, and has three honorary consulates in India, i.e., in Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Kolkata. The Embassy of India in Warsaw was concurrently accredited to Lithuania till March 2023 with an honorary consulate in Vilnius since 2015. <br /> <br /> An Indian Embassy was established in Vilnius in March 2023. <br /> <br /> ==Early history==<br /> India's first contact with Lithuania was through Lithuanian [[Christian mission]]aries who traveled to India in the 16th century. Lithuanian interest in India grew in the 19th century after the similarity between [[Sanskrit]] and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] was discovered.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=India-Lithuania Relations|url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Lithuania_Relations.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=4 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the [[languages of Europe]], Lithuanian is grammatically closest to Sanskrit. Lithuanians regard their language to be the oldest living [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Incredible Indian-Lithuanian relations|url=http://vilnews.com/2011-04-incredible-indian-lithuanian-relations-2|website=vilnews.com|access-date=4 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=India must stand true to its promise of an embassy in Vilnius made in 2005: Lithuania foreign minister|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/India-must-stand-true-to-its-promise-of-an-embassy-in-Vilnius-made-in-2005-Lithuania-foreign-minister/articleshow/39358787.cms|website=The Times of India|date=31 July 2014 |access-date=4 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Vydūnas]], known as the [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]] of Lithuania, was interested in [[Indian philosophy]], and created his own philosophical system closely based on the [[Vedanta]]. Vydunas stated that Lithuanian spiritual culture, prior to the introduction of [[Christianity]], shared similarities with [[Hinduism]], including the concept of [[trimūrti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economic relations==<br /> In 2022-23, the bilateral trade between India and Lithuania stood at US$ 471.68 million. India's top export products to Lithuania include: pharmaceutical products, electrical machinery &amp; equipment, fish &amp; other seafood, plastic products and textiles. India's top import products from Lithuania include: Iron &amp; Steel, Misc. chemical products, rubber and articles thereof, animal &amp; vegetable fats and oils, wood products, electrical machinery and equipment, etc.<br /> <br /> ==Cultural relations==<br /> There is growing interest in Lithuania for [[Dance in India|Indian dance]] and [[Music of India|music]], [[Bollywood]], [[yoga]], [[ayurveda]], and the works of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MEA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;TOI&quot;/&gt; The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) is present in Lithuania.<br /> <br /> == Indian diaspora in Lithuania==<br /> {{unreferencedsect|date=October 2025}}<br /> The Indian community in Lithuania is a small but vibrant and diverse group of people made up of students, professionals, businessmen, and their families. This community has been growing steadily in recent years. There are around 7000 Indians in Lithuania, with a majority of them being students pursuing higher education in Lithuania's universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest Migration Yearbook - key statistics |url=https://migracija.lrv.lt/en/news/latest-migration-yearbook-key-statistics/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=migracija.lrv.lt |language=lt}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * https://www.eoivilnius.gov.in/india-lithuania-relation.php<br /> * [http://www.lithuania-india.com/ Lithuanian-Indian Forum]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Foreign relations of India}}<br /> {{Foreign relations of Lithuania}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:India-Lithuania relations}}<br /> [[Category:India–Lithuania relations| ]]<br /> [[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Lithuania]]<br /> [[Category:Bilateral relations of Lithuania]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kausheya&diff=509014 Kausheya 2026-03-20T20:41:06Z <p>Frugaltesting: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Wild-silk variety from India}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> '''''Kausheya''''' (''kauseya'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kautilya's Arthashastra|url=https://www.csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031454/https://www.csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf|archive-date=2020-11-12|access-date=2022-01-22|quote=&quot;The above will explain the fabrics known as ''kauseya'' silk-cloth, and ''chinapatta'', fabrics of China manufacture.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kiau-she-ye'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=A. V. Williams (Abraham Valentine Williams)|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofindia09jackuoft|title=History of India|last2=Dutt|first2=Romesh Chunder|last3=Smith|first3=Vincent Arthur|last4=Lane-Poole|first4=Stanley|last5=Elliot|first5=Henry Miers|last6=Lyall|first6=Alfred Comyn|last7=Hunter|first7=William Wilson|date=1906|publisher=London, Grolier society|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|pages=132}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kaushika''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;) was a wild variety of ancient [[silk]] from [[India]]. Domesticated and undomesticated silk (also known as wild silk) were produced in both India and [[China]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=9}} Silk weaving is mentioned in Indian texts from the [[3rd century BC]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=13}} In the [[4th century BC]], [[Kātyāyana]], an ancient grammarian, defined ''kausheva'' specifically as ''vikar'', a product of ''kos'' (''vikara koshdvam''), — in other words, silk fabric.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=14}} ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' refers to ''kusa'', a variety of silk obtained from a silkworm called ''kuswari'' or ''kuswara''. These silkworms are raised on [[jujube]] trees.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=13}}<br /> <br /> ''Kitsutram'', ''kriminag'', ''pattasutra'', or ''pattron'' were names possibly referring to varieties of wild silk produced by various undomesticated silkworms reared on different trees, hence producing different qualities and colours of silk.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=|pages=13, 9}}<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> ''Kaushika'' or ''kausheya'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word that literally translates as silk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Liotard|first=L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4IaAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=kausheya+silks&amp;pg=PA1|title=Memorandum on Silk in India|date=1883|publisher=Prtd. by the Superintendent of Government Prtg. India|pages=1, 2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is derived from &quot;''kosh''&quot;, which means &quot;cocoon of a silkworm&quot;. The derivation of the word is given by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian [[Pāṇini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4M40AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=kausheya+silks&amp;pg=PA117|title=A Monograph on Silk Fabrics Produced in the Northwestern Provinces and Oudh|date=1900|publisher=Printed at the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh Government Press|pages=117, 118|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Mention ==<br /> ''Kausheya'' is described in a number of [[Indian epic poetry|literary works]], including the Indian [[Sanskrit]] epics ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and ''[[Manusmriti]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H84rAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=kausheya+silks|title=Report of the ... Indian Industrial Conference ...|date=1912|pages=128|language=en|quote=&quot;A Sanskrit word ''Kausheya'' or ''Koushika'' meaning silk occurs in the ''Rigveda'', the ''Ramayana'', the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''Law of Manu''.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Hindu goddess [[Sita]] is referred to as &quot;''Kausheya vasini'',&quot; which translates as &quot;one who wears silk garments&quot;. [[Sabha Parva]] (51.26) refers to ''kausheya'' in the ''Mahabharata'', relating to an incident with [[Yudhishthira]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Agrawal|first=Yashodhara|url=http://archive.org/details/silkbrocades00agra|title=Silk brocades|date=2003|publisher=New Delhi: Roli Books|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-81-7436-258-2|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|page=14}} The Sanskrit anthology of Buddhist avadana tales, ''[[Divyavadana]]'' (the fourth-century collection of Buddhist tales), also proves the existence of ''kausheya''; it contains words such as ''kausheya'', ''dhautapatta'', ''kashikanshuka'', ''kashi'', ''pattanshuka'', and ''chinashuka''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=15}}<br /> <br /> ''Kosh'' and ''kausheva'' are mentioned in several Sanskrit texts, including the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', ''Shushruta Samhitas'', Kautilya's ''Arthash'', ''[[Vashistha Dharmasutra]]'' (11,66), ''Vishnu Dharmasutra'' (44,26), Pāṇini's ''Sutrapat'' and ''Gunapat'', ''Vaikhanas Dharmasutra'' (3,4,2 Pravar Khand).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=14}}<br /> <br /> [[Amarakosha]] also infers about a variety of ''kausheya'' that was {{Lang|Sa|patrorna}}. It is defined as &quot;a bleached or white ''Kausheya''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Joges Chandra|journal=[[Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society]]|volume=3|number=2|title=Textile Articles in Ancient India|date=June 1917|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55117|page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Xuanzang]] who was also known as Hiuen-Tsang, a Chinese traveler from the 7th century, referred to Indian silk as &quot;wild silk,&quot; implying that it was inferior to Chinese silk.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=9}} He described ''kausheya'' while discussing contemporary people's clothing styles and materials. Hiuen-Tsang explained an unstitched garb for both men and women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Watters|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9YMAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=kausheya+silks&amp;pg=PA148|title=On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D.|date=1904|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|pages=148, 149|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrxAAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=kausheya+silks&amp;pg=PA232|title=The China Review, Or, Notes and Queries on the Far East|date=1891|publisher=國家圖書館出版社|pages=232|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Significance and use ==<br /> ''Kshauma'' and ''kausheya'' were considered [[Ahimsa silk|pure]] in Hinduism and were also permitted on [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] clothing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and surgery, the ''Sushruta Samhita'', categorises ''kausheya'' under the &quot;articles of bandaging.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Susruta|url=http://archive.org/details/englishtranslati01susruoft|title=An English translation of the ''Sushruta samhita'', based on original Sanskrit text. Edited and published by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna. With a full and comprehensive introd., translation of different readings, notes, comparative views, index, glossary and plates|last2=Bhishagratna|first2=Kunja Lal|date=1907–1916|publisher=Calcutta|others=Gerstein - University of Toronto|pages=166}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Chinas]], people mentioned in ancient [[Indian literature]] from the [[1st millennium BC|first millennium BC]], such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Manu Smriti|Laws of Manu]]'', as well the [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature.<br /> * ''[[Samia cynthia]]'', breed of a moth which is not domesticated.<br /> * [[Dukula]], an ancient Indian cloth made from the bark of trees.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Silk fibre}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Silk]]<br /> [[Category:Silk in India]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigerians&diff=451161 Nigerians 2026-03-16T15:22:48Z <p>Frugaltesting: Updated formatting and improved readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|People of Nigeria}}<br /> {{Hatnote group|<br /> {{About-distinguish-text|the people of Nigeria|[[Demographics of Niger|Nigerien]], those from Niger}}<br /> {{For|a specific analysis of the population of Nigeria|Demographics of Nigeria}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> | group = Nigerians<br /> | image = [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]<br /> | image_caption = [[Flag of Nigeria]]<br /> | region1 = {{flag|Nigeria}}<br /> | pop1 = 233,668,528<br /> | ref1 = {{citation needed|date=June 2025}}<br /> | region2 = {{flag|Benin}}<br /> | pop2 = 6,000,000<br /> | ref2 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/features/exclusive-as-benin-republic-clocks-63-over-6m-nigerians-live-in-former-dahomey-200-in-jails-but-amb-obisakin-says-nigeria-is-a-power-here-theres-no-doubt-about-it/|title=EXCLUSIVE: As Benin Republic clocks 53: Over 6m Nigerians live in former Dahomey, 200 in jails but Amb Obisakin says 'Nigeria is a power here, there's no doubt about it'|work=sunnewsonline.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012012441/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/features/exclusive-as-benin-republic-clocks-63-over-6m-nigerians-live-in-former-dahomey-200-in-jails-but-amb-obisakin-says-nigeria-is-a-power-here-theres-no-doubt-about-it/|archive-date=2013-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region3 = {{flag|Cameroon}}<br /> | pop3 = 4,000,000<br /> | ref3 = &lt;ref&gt;Mark D. DeLancey, Rebecca Neh Mbuh. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Scarecrow Press, 2010. p. 283.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region4 = {{flag|Ghana}}<br /> | pop4 = 1,000,000<br /> | ref4 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ghana/090601/nigerian-ghana-fight-reputation | title=Nigerians fight bad reps in Ghana | date=30 May 2010 | access-date=6 January 2016 | author=Maguire, Ken}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region5 = {{flag|United States}}<br /> | pop5 = 790,079<br /> | ref5 = &lt;ref&gt;ACS, 2019&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region6 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | pop6 = 312,000 (2021)<br /> | ref6 = &lt;ref name=&quot;ons.gov.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Population of the United Kingdom by country of birth and nationality, July 2020 to June 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/july2020tojune2021/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjul20tojun21.xls|website=ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103215501/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/july2020tojune2021/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjul20tojun21.xls|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; – 500,000 (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/141000-nigerians-migrated-to-uk-from-june-2022-to-june-2023/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=141,000 Nigerians migrated to UK from June 2022 to June 2023 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|date=23 November 2023 |access-date=22 February 2026 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201045553/https://guardian.ng/news/141000-nigerians-migrated-to-uk-from-june-2022-to-june-2023/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/nigerian/which-country-do-nigerians-immigrate-to-the-most/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Which Country Do Nigerians Immigrate to the Most? |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|date=20 December 2025 |access-date=22 February 2026 |archive-date=20 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220061156/https://guardian.ng/nigerian/which-country-do-nigerians-immigrate-to-the-most/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Niger}}<br /> | pop7 = 155,000<br /> | ref7 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region8 = {{flag|Canada}}<br /> | pop8 = 111,465<br /> | ref8 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Immigrant status and period of immigration by place of birth and citizenship: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810030201|website=Statistics Canada|date = 7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region9 = {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | pop9 = 106,069<br /> | ref9 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2018/06/bilanciodemografico2018.pdf|title=BILANCIO DEMOGRAFICO NAZIONALE|publisher=Directorate for social statistics and population census Istat – National Institute of Statistics|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region10 = {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | pop10 = 100,000<br /> | ref10 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/kategorien/kategorie/8/themen/63/branche/demographie/|title=Demographie|first=Bild: istockphoto com /|last=mevans|website=Statista}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region11 = {{flag|Chad}}<br /> | pop11 = 88,000<br /> | region12 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | pop12 = 79,547 (2022 census)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia 2022 Census |url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428202653/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region13 = {{flag|Central African Republic}}<br /> | pop13 = 60,000{{cn|date=August 2024}}<br /> | region14 = {{flag|Chile}}<br /> | pop14 = 60,000&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region15 = {{flag|Spain}}<br /> | pop15 = 60,000<br /> | ref15 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=February 10, 2014|website=migrationpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region16 = {{flag|Mexico}}<br /> | pop16 = 50,000&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region17 = {{flag|India}}<br /> | pop17 = 50,000<br /> | region18 = {{flagcountry|Ivory Coast}}<br /> | pop18 = 44,791<br /> | ref18 = &lt;ref&gt;[https://countryeconomy.com/demography/migration/emigration/nigeria Nigeria - International emigrant stock]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region19 = {{flag|South Africa}}<br /> | pop19 = 36,500+<br /> | ref19 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.migration.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Nigerians-in-South-Africa-Facts-and-Figures.-Issue-Brief-8a.pdf |title=Nigerians in South Africa |publisher=www.migration.org.za |date=2017 |access-date=2020-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Togo}}<br /> | pop20 = 500,000&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region21 = {{flag|France}}<br /> | pop21 = 30,000<br /> | ref21 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=There are currently 30,000 Nigerians in France – Envoy |date=4 January 2018 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/currently-30000-nigerians-france-envoy/amp/}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Gabon}}<br /> | pop22 = 24,000&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | ref22 = &lt;ref name=&quot;ICI2008&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|McFadyen|2008|p=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region23 = {{flag|Ireland}}<br /> | pop23 = 20,559<br /> | ref23 = &lt;ref name=&quot;ICI2008&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|McFadyen|2008|p=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region24 = {{flag|Netherlands}}<br /> | pop24 = 20,000<br /> | ref24 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region25 = {{flag|Austria}}<br /> | pop25 = 19,286<br /> | ref25 = &lt;ref name=&quot;migrationinformation.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/|title=Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland|publisher=Statistik Austria|access-date=18 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region26 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | pop26 = 16,000<br /> | ref26 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br /> | pop27 = 11,326<br /> | ref27 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning-och-levnadsforhallanden/befolkningens-sammansattning-och-utveckling/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/utrikes-fodda--medborgarskap-och-utlandsksvensk-bakgrund/befolkning-efter-fodelseland-och-ursprungsland-31-december-2024-totalt/|title=Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland, 31 december 2024, totalt|journal=Utrikes födda, medborgarskap och utländsk/Svensk bakgrund|language=sv|trans-title=Foreign-born, citizenship and foreign/Swedish background|date=December 2024|publisher=Statistiska centralbyrån}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region28 = {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | pop28 = 8,101<br /> | ref28 = &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region29 = {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}<br /> | pop29 = 5,000&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region30 = {{flag|Kuwait}}<br /> | pop30 = 5,000<br /> | ref30 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region31 = {{flagcountry|Mozambique}}<br /> | pop31 = 5,000<br /> | ref31 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=February 10, 2014|website=migrationpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region32 = {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | pop32 = 4,519<br /> | ref32 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/_pdf/nigeria.pdf|title=Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection|work=immi.gov.au|access-date=2013-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012061628/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/_pdf/nigeria.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region33 = {{flagcountry|Liberia}}<br /> | pop33 = 4,000&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region34 = {{flagcountry|Mali}}<br /> | pop34 = 4,000<br /> | ref34 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region35 = {{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | pop35 = 4,000<br /> | ref35 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region36 = {{flag|Portugal}}<br /> | pop36 = 3,000<br /> | ref36 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesparklightng.com/buhari-ask-nigerians-in-portugal-to-join-in-promoting-nigerias-unity/|title=Buhari ask Nigerians in Portugal to join in promoting Nigeria's unity …reiterates commitment to Peaceful election in 2023<br /> |date=30 June 2022<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region37 = {{flagcountry|Finland}}<br /> | pop37 = 4,853<br /> | ref37 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region38 = {{flag|Greece}}<br /> | pop38 = 3,000<br /> | ref38 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&amp;f=12905&amp;m=A13&amp;aa=1&amp;eidos=A |title=AthensNews onLine SEARCH |access-date=2013-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212164639/http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&amp;f=12905&amp;m=A13&amp;aa=1&amp;eidos=A |archive-date=2009-02-12 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region39 = {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | pop39 = 3,000<br /> | ref39 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region40 = {{flagcountry|Bahrain}}<br /> | pop40 = 2,000<br /> | ref40 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region41 = {{flagcountry|Senegal}}<br /> | pop41 = 2,000<br /> | ref41 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region42 = {{flagcountry|South Korea}}<br /> | pop42 = 2,000<br /> | ref42 = &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | region43 = {{flag|Norway}}<br /> | pop43 = 1,780<br /> | ref43 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2013-04-25?fane=tabell&amp;sort=nummer&amp;tabell=109859|title=Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre - Tabeller - SSB|access-date=18 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | region44 = {{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | pop44 = 1,636<br /> | ref44 = &lt;ref name=&quot;migrationinformation.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> | langs = [[Nigerian English]], [[Languages of Nigeria|regional languages]]<br /> | rels = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Traditional African religions]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nigerians''' or the '''Nigerian people''' are citizens of [[Nigeria]] or people with ancestry from [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gordon (2003), 233&quot;&gt;{{cite book|series=Ethnic diversity within nations|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, California, USA|isbn=1576076822|page=233|first=April A.|last=Gordon|title=Nigeria's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name [[Nigeria]] was derived from the [[Niger River]] running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist [[Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard|Flora Shaw]], who later married Baron [[Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard|Frederick Lugard]], a British colonial administrator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigeria |url=https://foreignaffairs.gov.ng/nigeria/nigeria-history/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria is composed of various [[ethnic groups]] and [[Culture|cultures]] and the term Nigerian refers to a [[citizenship]]-based civic [[nationality]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gordon (2003), 233&quot;/&gt; Nigerians are derived from over 250 ethno-linguistic groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 4&quot;&gt;Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Though there are multiple ethnic groups in [[Nigeria]], economic factors result in significant mobility of Nigerians of multiple ethnic and religious backgrounds to reside in territories in Nigeria that are outside their ethnic or religious background, resulting in the mixing of the various ethnic and religious groups, especially in Nigeria's cities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Fall 2001. pp. 8&quot;&gt;Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[English language in England|English language]] is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of Nigerians.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233&quot;&gt;April A. Gordon. ''Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook''. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. p. 233.&lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria is divided roughly in half between [[Muslims]], who live mostly in the north, and [[Christians]], who live mostly in the south; [[Traditional African religions|indigenous religions]], such as those native to the [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]], [[Efik]], [[Odinani|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] ethnicities, are in the minority.&lt;ref name=&quot;USEN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nigeria Fact Sheet |url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101915/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=23 September 2018 |publisher=United States Embassy in Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ethnicity ==<br /> {{See also|List of ethnic groups in Nigeria}}<br /> Nigerians come from multiple ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds as the founding of [[Nigeria]] was the outcome of a colonial creation by the [[British Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{Further|History of Nigeria}}<br /> There have been several major historical kingdoms and states in Nigeria that have influenced Nigerian society through their kings and their legal and taxation systems, and the use of religion to legitimize the power of the king and to unite the people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 15-16&quot;&gt;Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. pp. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Northern Nigeria]] has been culturally influenced by Islam, including several major historic Islamic states in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 15-16&quot;/&gt; The [[Songhai Empire]], [[Kanem-Bornu Empire]] and the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] were major historical Islamic states in northern Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 15-16&quot;/&gt; Southern [[Nigeria]] historically held several powerful states, including the [[Benin Empire]], [[Ibibio Kingdom]], [[Efik Kingdom]], [[Oyo Empire]], and [[Aro Confederacy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 15-16&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> [[Nigerian culture]] was profoundly affected by the [[Colonial Nigeria|British colonial rule]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18&quot;&gt;Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Such as British colonial authority's denouncement and attacks upon [[polygamy]], trial by ordeal, and certain types of sacrifices.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18&quot;/&gt; At the same time, British colonial authorities maintained and promoted traditional Nigerian culture that strengthened colonial administration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18&quot;/&gt; The [[British Empire|British]] spread [[Christianity]] throughout southern Nigeria and Christian missionaries assisted British authorities in establishing a [[Western world|Western]]-style education system in [[Nigeria]] that resulted in the teaching of [[English language]] in Nigeria and its subsequent adoption as Nigeria's main language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18&quot;/&gt; The British replaced unpaid household labor with [[wage labour]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18&quot;/&gt; Prior to colonisation in the twentieth century, Nigeria's tribes usually [[Land tenure|possessed the land]] as a community, such that land could not be bought or sold.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 4&quot; /&gt; [[Colonization|Colonisation]] brought the notion of individuals owning land and the commercialisation of land began.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery heights=&quot;132&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Hausawomen.jpg|[[Hausa language|Hausa]] [[Fula people|Fulani]] Nigerian women, wearing traditional clothing<br /> File:Inside the Palms1.jpg|Nigerians shopping in a mall in [[Lagos]]<br /> File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|[[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] Nigerian men of [[Kwara State|Kwara]] origin, wearing traditional clothing and playing drums<br /> File:Durbar.jpg|Horseman at the [[Durbar festival|Kano Durbar festival]]<br /> File:Igbo hat and Isiagu.jpg|[[Igbo people|Igbo]] Nigerian men, wearing the modern [[Isiagu]] with traditional Igbo men's hat<br /> File:IGBO CULTURAL ATTIRE.jpg|An [[Igbo people|Igbo]] man in his cultural attire<br /> File:Eyo Iga Jump.jpg|An Eyo Iga Olowe Salaye masquerade jumping<br /> File:LocationNigeria.png|Map of west [[Africa]], showing Nigeria in dark green<br /> File:View of Lokoja city from mountain Patti, Lokoja.jpg|A view of [[lokoja]] on top of hill [[Mount Patti]]. Kogi state<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> In Nigeria, more than fifty percent of Nigerians live in [[Village|villages]] of two different types: the first type used by the [[Igbo people|Igbo]], [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]] and [[Tiv people|Tiv]] involves a collection of dispersed compounds while the second type used amongst the [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa-Fulani]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], and Kanuri involves nuclei of compounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 6&quot;&gt;Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; These villages compose members of the ethnicity-related through ancestry as well as strangers who have been assimilated into the ethnicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 6&quot; /&gt; Since the time prior to colonisation to the present it has been a common practice of Nigeria's tribes to adopt strangers into the tribes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 4&quot; /&gt; A male elder in the community commonly serves as a village chief or head.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the large cities of Nigeria, there is a substantial [[intermingling]] of Nigerians with foreigners, especially Europeans, [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]], and [[Indian people|Indians]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Fall 2001. pp. 8&quot; /&gt; The economic importance of Nigeria's cities has resulted in migrations of people from their traditional ethnic or cultural homeland to cities outside those territories.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Fall 2001. pp. 8&quot; /&gt; Igbo, Hausa-Fulani and Ibibio people have commonly migrated to [[Lagos]] and many southerners migrate to the north to trade or work while a number of northern seasonal workers and small-scale entrepreneurs go to the south.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toyin Fall 2001. pp. 8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religions ==<br /> {{Further|Religion in Nigeria}}There are two main religions in Nigeria, which are Islam and Christianity, they have both made significant impact on the making of African societies, and played significant roles in such a multi-religious country like Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Korieh |first=Chima J. |date=2018-01-14 |title=Olufemi Vaughan. Religion and the Making of Nigeria. Duke University Press, 2016. xi + 336 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $94.95. Cloth. ISBN: 978-0-8223-6206-7. $25.95. Paperback. ISBN: 978-0-8223-6227-2. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.140 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=274–275 |doi=10.1017/asr.2017.140 |issn=0002-0206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also other religions practised in Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Islam|Muslim]] 53.5%&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Central Intelligence Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Christianity|Christian]] 45.9%&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Other 0.6%&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sectarianism ==<br /> Ethnic, religious, and regional disputes and tensions have commonly divided Nigerians on political issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 111&quot;&gt;April A. Gordon. ''Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook''. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. p. 111.&lt;/ref&gt; In particular, cultural and political divisions between the [[Islam|Muslim]] north and the [[Christianity|Christian]] south has politicised religion and caused significant political disputes in Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 111&quot; /&gt; Ethnic-motivated and religious-motivated violence by extremists has increased these tensions as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> However, despite instances of extremism, most Nigerians continue to peacefully coexist, and a common Nigerian identity has been fostered amongst the more educated and affluent Nigerians as well as with the many Nigerians who leave small homogeneous ethnic communities to seek economic opportunities in the cities where the population is ethnically mixed.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233&quot; /&gt; Although there are cultural divisions amongst Nigerians, the English language is commonly used as their primary language.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233&quot; /&gt; Also, most Nigerians share a strong commitment to individual liberties and democracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233&quot; /&gt; Even during periods of military rule, such military governments were pressured to maintain democratic stances by the Nigerian people.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233&quot; /&gt; Nigeria's political figures are commonly known as multiple indigenous languages outside their own indigenous language.&lt;ref name=&quot;April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Nigeria}}<br /> * [[British Nigerian]]<br /> * [[Demographics of Nigeria]]<br /> * [[Nigerian Americans]]<br /> * [[List of Nigerians]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|People of Nigeria}}<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.nigeria.gov.ng/about-nigeria/people-of-nigeria/}} Government of Nigeria - People<br /> <br /> {{Nigeria topics}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Nigerian people| ]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981_Indravelli_massacre&diff=481930 1981 Indravelli massacre 2026-03-16T07:53:13Z <p>Frugaltesting: new details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1981 massacre of indigenous people in India}}<br /> <br /> The '''Indravelli massacre''' was an incident on April 20, 1981, where a gathering of [[Gondi people|Gond]] [[Adivasi]]s, some organised by the Girijana Rythu Coolie Sangham (GRCS) [[front group]] of the [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]] faction of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI (ML)]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Anjaiah |first1=T. |title=35 years on, misery still haunts Indravelli victims2 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-04-20/35-years-on-misery-still-haunts-Indravelli-victims/222812 |agency=The Hans India |date=20 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and some attending the local market, were fired on by police officers at the village of [[Indervelly, Adilabad district|Indravelli]] in what was then [[Andhra Pradesh]], but today in the state of [[Telangana]]. The rally was organised to demand land certificates for Adivasis, and to protest encroachments by non-Adiviasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Harpal Singh |first=S. |date=April 20, 2018 |title=Why did police fire on Adivasis in Indervelli on April 20, 1981? |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/why-are-adivasis-and-lambadas-fighting-over-indervelli-martyrs-column/article61864595.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529055638/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/why-are-adivasis-and-lambadas-fighting-over-indervelli-martyrs-column/article61864595.ece |archive-date=2022-05-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; While initially granted permission to assemble, this was later revoked in fear of agitation by [[Naxalites]].<br /> <br /> == The Incident ==<br /> <br /> The official report claimed that a group of 30 police and five officials opened fire after they were attacked and one of their number speared to death. An investigation by M. Raghuram for the [[Economic and Political Weekly]] as well as a separate report by the Andhra Civil Liberties Committee found that the number of police officers present was substantially higher, with a large portion of the district force having been summoned to the village the previous day. On April 19 the police went round Indravelli in the evening announcing that [[section 144]] [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Criminal Procedure Code]] was imposed in the area, effectively banning the meeting on April 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=von Fürer-Haimendorf |first1=Christoph |title=Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival |date=1982 |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8r29p2r8&amp;chunk.id=d0e7858&amp;toc.id=&amp;brand=ucpress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523054032/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8r29p2r8&amp;chunk.id=d0e7858&amp;toc.id=&amp;brand=ucpress |archive-date=2022-05-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Four [[platoon]]s of policemen occupied the local high school and camped there. On the day of the massacre, local shops were closed, the village cordoned, and passengers were prevented from disembarking buses in Indravelli. While police prevented the Gonds from entering the village and even fired on them, they escorted non-adivasi leaders of the [[Congress(I)]] towards the district centre, [[Adilabad]] where they instigated non-Adivasi traders and lower caste Hindus to come and fight the Gonds who were &quot;burning and looting their houses in Indravelli&quot;. After the police opened fire en-masse, fleeing Gonds were run over by a police jeep whose armed occupants fired point blank. Police snipers were also allegedly positioned in trees and haystacks around the village.<br /> [[File:Indravelli massacre Monument.jpg|thumb|Indravelli massacre Monument]]<br /> == The Aftermath ==<br /> <br /> The Home Ministry report on the incident claimed 13 dead and nine injured. However, according to Raghuram's report, witnesses believed that more than 60 bodies were left on the spot that day, later [[Enforced disappearance|secretly cremated]] at Abilabad. Many of the seriously injured were piled on top of each other in two vans and taken to the [[Adilabad district|Adilabad District]] Hospital. Hospital staff claimed that at least ten of the injured died en route with more than 20 dying at the hospital. Witnesses in nearby towns, including [[Congress(I)]] members reported dead bodies on the roadside left by the fleeing Gonds, or shot by pursuing police, with totals as follows. [[Utnoor]] town (30-40), Ichoda town (25) and Muthnoor village (30). Still others were said to have died hiding in the jungle, with bodies being recovered as late as April 26. The final death toll was estimated by the Andhra Civil Liberties Committee at over 100, and by EPW at nearly 250.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raghuram |first1=M. |title=Carnage at Indravelli: A Report |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=June 13, 1981 |volume=16 |issue=24 |page=1048 |jstor=4369932 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4369932}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many contemporary reports cite the death toll at 60.<br /> <br /> According to former [[People's War Group]] (PWG) Abilabad district committee member Nayannagari Ravi, the massacre resulted in many Adivasis joining the armed wings of Naxalite groups. For example, the PWG which had been formed only a year prior, saw their formerly largely non-Adiviasi local &quot;[[Guerrilla warfare|dalam]]&quot; membership increase from a few dozen to over 250. In 1983 a memorial to the victims was constructed by GRCS president Ganji Rama Rao, who was allegedly inspired by similar columns he had seen in Beijing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thakor |first=Harsh |date=April 30, 2021 |title=40th anniversary of police firing on tribals in Indravelli |url=https://countercurrents.org/2021/04/40th-anniversary-of-police-firing-on-tribals-in-indravelli/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516182938/https://countercurrents.org/2021/04/40th-anniversary-of-police-firing-on-tribals-in-indravelli/ |archive-date=2021-05-16 |website=Countercurrents.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In 1986, it was destroyed, allegedly by police in retaliation to a Naxalite raid on a police camp at Kadem, but was reconstructed the following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The massacre is commemorated on a yearly basis by the Indravelli Amaraveerula Sadhana Samiti, although only from 2002 onwards on the date of the massacre. Prior to this, police had prevented the commemoration on the day itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 April 2017 |title=Indravelli police firing: Tribals criticise state government |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2017/apr/20/indravelli-police-firing-tribals-criticise-state-government-1595616.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Indravelli massacre, 1981}}<br /> [[Category:1981 murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in 1981]]<br /> [[Category:1980s in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:April 1981 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Disasters in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in India]]<br /> [[Category:Communism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Killings by law enforcement officers in India]]<br /> [[Category:Police brutality in India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:1981 mass shootings]]<br /> [[Category:Mass shootings in India]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sursand&diff=460651 Sursand 2026-03-16T03:31:22Z <p>Frugaltesting: brief expand section per standard format additionally and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Bihar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sursand<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = Sursand temple 3.jpg<br /> | image_size = 320px<br /> | image_caption = An ancient temple locally known as [[Choraut Mandir, Sursand|Choraut Mandir]] in Sursand<br /> | pushpin_map = India Bihar<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26|39|0|N|85|43|0|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Nagar Panchayat]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_m = 55<br /> | elevation_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sursand, India |url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Sursand.html |access-date=16 August 2021 | website=Falling Rain}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_total = 29688<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 843331<br /> | registration_plate = BR-30<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> | demographics_type2 = <br /> }}{{Related|[[Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]]|[[Swarna Rani Mandir, Sursand]]|[[Mithilapuri Jain Teerth]]}}<br /> '''Sursand''' is an Indian town in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of [[Bihar]] near the Indo-Nepal border. It was previously the capital of the [[Sursand Raj]] in the region. It is about 25 Km to the east of [[Sitamarhi]], the district headquarters, and approximately 5 Km to the west of [[Bhitthamore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sursand News, Sursand की ताज़ा ख़बर, Sursand हिंदी न्यूज़ page1|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/tags/sursand|access-date=2021-02-04|website=Hindustan|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The village has the ruins of a fortress known as Sursandgarh, which was constructed during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period by King Sursen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEdpwKpTYqsC&amp;q=sursandgarh | page=147 | title=Systems of rural settlements in developing countries | first=R. B. | last=Mandal | year=1989 | publisher=Concept Publishing | isbn=9788170222033 | accessdate=26 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to an account published in the ''Bengal District Gazetteers'',<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> The name of the place is said to be derived from Sur Sen, a chieftain who once lived there. After his death, it lapsed once more into jungle, until it was reclaimed by two brothers—Mahesh Jha and Amar Jha, the founders of the present Sursand family. These brothers, the story runs, left their home at Ghograha, in the district of Darbhanga, and came to settle at Jadupati, a village belonging to them, 8 miles from Sursand. One day Mahesh Jha went with his astrologer to hunt in the woods at Sursand, and came across the ruins of Sur Sen's fort. The astrologer having told him that the man who made a home there would be a Raja, Mahesh Jha acted on his advice and cleared the jungle. The several branches of the Sursand family sprang from his son, Chaudhri Kelwal Krishna. Amar Jha's branch did not prosper, and his descendants are impoverished. Chaudhri Hirdai Narayan, a descendant of the elder branch, added largely to the family estates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Bengal District Gazetteers|volume=34|issue=1|page=159|year=1907|publisher=The Bengal Secretariat Book Depôt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRMmAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=sursand+nepal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> [[File:Sursand sitamarhi.jpg|thumb|Famous pond in Sursand]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Sursand Palace in Ruins.png|thumb|Sursand Palace in ruins]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Sursand temple 2.jpg|thumb|A Hindu temple in Sursand]]<br /> <br /> ==Archaeological geography==<br /> In the outskirts of the modern town, the area locally known as Garh Devi Sthan has a three-metre high circular mound covering about two acres of ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga|page=200|year=2001|publisher= Orient Blackswan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&amp;q=SURSAND&amp;pg=PA200|isbn=9788178240169}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people ==<br /> Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra served as the Union Deputy Minister for Planning from 1954 to 1962.<br /> <br /> == Schools and College ==<br /> [[Jawahar Lal Neharu Memorial College Nawahi, Sitamarhi|Jawahar Lal Neharu Memorial College, Nawahi, Sitamarhi]]<br /> *<br /> *<br /> *<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Sursand-67102.htm About Sursand]<br /> *[http://www.maplandia.com/india/bihar/sitamarhi/sursand/ Satellite map of Sursand]<br /> *[https://books.google.com/books?id=LRMmAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=sursand+nepal Bengal district gazetteers 1901]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Sitamarhi district]]<br /> [[Category:Transit and customs posts along the India–Nepal border]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganesh_Sundaram&diff=499785 Ganesh Sundaram 2026-03-12T04:36:32Z <p>Frugaltesting: Stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian playback singer}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{disputed|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ganesh Sundaram<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1969|5|30}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], Kerala, India<br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Singer<br /> | yearsactive = 1999–present<br /> | spouse = Smitha<br /> | children = Sankar&lt;br /&gt; Sreedhar<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ganesh Sundaram''' (born 30 May 1969) is an Indian playback singer active mainly in [[Malayalam]] films.<br /> <br /> ==About==<br /> Ganesh Sundaram was born to Mr N. Sundaram Chettiyar and Mrs Meenakshi in 1969 at [[Changanacherry]] in [[Kottayam district]]. Later he was taken to [[Tripunithura]], the cultural capital of [[Ernakulam district]] and had his primary schooling there at the Thekkumbhagam govt upper primary school. He then moved to [[Tripunithura]] govt boys high school and [[Chottanikkara]] Govt higher secondary school. During these school years Ganesh earned enough and more affection from teachers and students as a singer and admirer of arts and Men.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> He started taking lessons in [[carnatic music|carnatic]] music at an age of ten. Mrs Lailu was his first guru in carnatic music and later musicians like S.K.Subrahmaniam, Kanjangad Sreenivasan, Kaavalam Sreekumar, Mrs Indira and Tomy Thomas gave him with music lessons. His competence in vocal recital searched higher realms as he progressed from schooling to university education. Prizes and praises that went his way were proofs of his in-born capacity as a musician. As a result, 1988, when he was just 19, he became one of the beloved stars of the professional ganamela stages. In 1989, he was selected to be a Bgrade artist in All India Radio. Just two years later he was elevated to B-high grade artist.<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> <br /> The work that marked his presence in the devotional sector was &quot;Guruthipooja&quot;, a devotional offering to the Chottanikkara Devi, It was really a big hit that it later had almost 20 imitations. &quot;Guruthipooja&quot; was preceded by equally great works like &quot;Padmahara priya&quot;, &quot;AAlilakkanna&quot;, &quot;Sivaranjini&quot;, &quot;Sivapooja&quot;, &quot;Kaayamboo varnan&quot;, &quot;Sree Theertha pradayini&quot;, &quot;Devyai Nama&quot;, &quot;Amme Nama&quot; etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gaana.com/artist/ganesh-sundaram |title=Ganesh Sundaram Songs Download: Ganesh Sundaram Hit MP3 New Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Playback episode==<br /> <br /> A number of prominent film directors and composers have made of his vocals in their works. This list includes [[Lal Jose]], [[Siby Malayil]], Jayaraj, Kamal Jibu Jacob, Ranjith Sankar, [[Rafeeq Ahammed]], [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]], Kaithapram Viswanathan, Vayalar Sarathchandran, [[Gireesh Puthencheri]], Anil panachooran, Santhosh varma, Biji Bal, Afsal Yusuf and S.Balakrishnan. Songs like &quot;Himakanamaniyumee&quot;, &quot;Kaayal karayilake pon naaru&quot;, &quot;Thaara jaalam&quot;, &quot;Changazhi muthumai&quot;, &quot;Orukodi tharangale&quot;, &quot;Venalozhiyunnu&quot;, and &quot;Punchirikkannulla&quot; remain popular. Ganesh has sung for more than 20 Movies in Malayalam like ''Veneesile Vyapari'', ''Violin'', ''Kudumbasree Travels'', ''Loud Speaker'', ''Minnaminnikoottam'', ''Kayamkulam Kanaran'', ''Sree Rama Rajyam'', ''Mayakkazhcha Parankimala'', ''Daivathinte Swantham Cletus'', ''Vikramadithyan'', and ''Vellimoonga'', one multilingual movie (''Swamy'') and one Tamil movie (''Chempattai'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?ArtistID=483 |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208012135/http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?ArtistID=483 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sundaram, Ganesh}}<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunil_Tatkare&diff=475322 Sunil Tatkare 2026-03-10T14:57:02Z <p>Frugaltesting: slightly added article per sources and corrected details to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sunil Tatkare<br /> | image = SDT 1.jpg<br /> | image_size = 150px<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 23 May 2019<br /> | term_end = <br /> | predecessor = [[Anant Geete]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | constituency = [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]<br /> | office1 = President of [[Nationalist Congress Party]]{{dash}}[[Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start1 = 3 July 2023<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | president1 = [[Ajit Pawar]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Jayant Patil]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | term_start2 = 25 June 2014<br /> | term_end2 = 29 April 2018<br /> | president2 = [[Sharad Pawar]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Bhaskar Jadhav]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Jayant Patil]]<br /> | office3 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br /> | term_start3 = 14 August 2014<br /> | term_end3 = 27 July 2018<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Vinayak Raut]]<br /> | constituency3 = ''elected by Members of Legislative Assembly''<br /> | office4 = [[Ministry of Water Resources (Maharashtra)|Minister of Water Resources&lt;br/&gt;Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start4 = 11 November 2010<br /> | term_end4 = 28 September 2014<br /> | 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata4 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Ajit Pawar]]<br /> | successor4 = [[Girish Mahajan]]<br /> | office5 = [[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Minister of Finance]] &amp; [[Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra)|Planning&lt;br/&gt;Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start5 = 7 November 2009<br /> | term_end5 = 11 November 2010<br /> | 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata5 = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br /> | predecessor5 = [[Dilip Walse Patil]]<br /> | successor5 = [[Ajit Pawar]]<br /> | office6 = [[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Minister of Energy&lt;br/&gt;Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start6 = 8 December 2008<br /> | term_end6 = 7 November 2009<br /> | 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata6 = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br /> | predecessor6 = [[Dilip Walse Patil]]<br /> | successor6 = [[Ajit Pawar]]<br /> | office7 = [[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Minister of Food, Civil Supplies &amp; Consumer Protection&lt;br/&gt;Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start7 = 1 November 2004<br /> | term_end7 = 8 December 2008<br /> | 1blankname7 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata7 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | predecessor7 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br /> | successor7 = Ramesh Bang<br /> | office8 = Minister of State&lt;br/&gt;[[Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start8 = 18 October 1999<br /> | term_end8 = 18 January 2003<br /> | 1blankname8 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata8 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | 2blankname8 = Department<br /> | 2namedata8 = Urban Development&lt;br/&gt;Ports<br /> | office9 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start9 = 2009<br /> | term_end9 = 2014<br /> | predecessor9 = Tukaram Surve<br /> | successor9 = [[Avdhoot Tatkare]]<br /> | constituency9 = [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]<br /> | term_start10 = 1995<br /> | term_end10 = 2009<br /> | predecessor10 = Ashok Sabale<br /> | successor10 = ''Constituency defunct''<br /> | constituency10 = [[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|10 July 1955}}<br /> | birth_place = Sutarwadi, [[Roha]], [[Raigad district]]<br /> | party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (2024–present)<br /> | otherparty = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar faction)]] (2023–2024)&lt;br&gt;[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (1999–2023)&lt;br&gt;[[Indian National Congress]] (till 1999)<br /> | spouse = Varda Tatkare (m. 1981)<br /> | children = 2 ([[Aniket Tatkare|Aniket]], [[Aditi Tatkare|Aditi]])<br /> | father = Dattatray Tatkare<br /> | mother = Geeta Tatkare<br /> | website = <br /> | relatives = ''[[Political families of Maharashtra#The_Tatkare_Family,_Raigad|Tatkare family]]''<br /> | source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5199?from=members<br /> | birth_name = Sunil Dattatray Tatkare<br /> | residence = Sutarwadi, [[Roha]], [[Raigad district]]<br /> | caption = Tatkare in 2024<br /> | succeeding2 = <br /> | succeeded2 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sunil Dattatray Tatkare''' (born 10 July 1955) is an Indian politician currently serving as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] for [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]], [[Maharashtra]]. He is a senior leader of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], and has held several key ministerial portfolios in the [[Government of Maharashtra]], including [[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Finance]], [[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Energy]], [[Ministry of Water Resources (Maharashtra)|Water Resources]], and [[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Food and Civil Supplies]]. On 3 July 2023, he was appointed State President of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in [[Maharashtra]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Tatkare was born on 10 July 1955 in [[Mumbai]] to Dattatray Tatkare and Geeta Tatkare. He was raised in [[Kolad]], a town in the [[Raigad district]] of Maharashtra. His father, Dattatray Tatkare, was a respected local leader who served as the Chairperson of the Panchayat Samiti in the [[Raigad District Council]] for 17 years, laying the foundation for the family's longstanding political influence in the region.<br /> <br /> Tatkare completed his higher secondary education at Kolad High School, and went on to pursue Inter Science at [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]], although he did not complete the degree. Before entering politics, he worked as a government road contractor.<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Tatkare began his political journey in 1984 by joining the [[Indian National Congress]]. In [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]], he contested his first election from the [[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon constituency]] for the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] but lost. In the [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990 elections]], he was denied a party ticket, temporarily halting his electoral run. However, he gained ground politically when he served as the President of the [[Raigad District Council|Raigad Zilla Parishad]] from 1992 to 1995.<br /> <br /> In 1995, he was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon constituency]] and went on to represent it for three consecutive terms until 2009. During this period, he became a senior figure in the newly formed [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and held several key ministerial positions in the Maharashtra state government. He served as the [[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)|Minister of Food and Civil Supplies]] from 2004 to 2008, was appointed [[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Energy Minister]] in 2008, and became the [[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Finance Minister]] in 2009. In 2010, he was given charge of the crucial [[Ministry of Water Resources (Maharashtra)|Water Resources portfolio]], a position he held until 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TATKARE SUNIL DATTATREY(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- MANGAON(Raigad) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/mah2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=14 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, following the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of constituencies, Tatkare contested and won from the newly formed [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan constituency]], serving as its MLA until 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thakare Sunil Dattatrey (Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- Shrivardhan(RAIGAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=2527 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, he contested the [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad Lok Sabha]] seat in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]], but was defeated by [[Shiv Sena]] leader and sitting MP [[Anant Geete]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tatkare Sunil Dattatrey(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- RAIGAD(MAHARASHTRA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=6001 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Following this setback, he was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] and served as a [[Legislative council|Member of the Legislative Council]] from 2014 to 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tatkare, Sh. Sunil Dattatray (Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- TATKARE SH. SUNIL DATTATRAY (2014-2018)(ELECTED BY MLAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtramlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=152 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]], he was elected as the Member of Parliament for [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]] in the Lok Sabha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raigad Election Results, Raigad Lok Sabha Election Results 2019, Live Polls Coverage, Voting Count of Raigad |url=https://www.india.com/lok-sabha-election-2019/maharashtra/raigad/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=India.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and retained the seat in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 elections]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raigad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result: Candidates Profiles, Map, Total Votes, Past Results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/raigad |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 3 July 2023, following the [[2023 Nationalist Congress Party split|split]] in the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], he was appointed State President of the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar Faction)|Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar faction)]] in Maharashtra. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Newsmaker {{!}} Ajit Pawar’s confidant, new NCP ‘state president’ Sunil Tatkare a heavyweight OBC leader |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ncp-state-president-sunil-tatkare-ajit-pawar-8699812/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Electoral history==<br /> <br /> ===Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> ! Constituency <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !Votes <br /> !%<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Opponent<br /> !Result<br /> !Margin<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |28,013<br /> |41.26%<br /> |{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |Nilkanth Sawant<br /> |{{Lost}}<br /> |{{no2|5,432}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |44,569<br /> |42.11%<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Vinod Ghosalkar]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|13,394}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |41,573<br /> |47.85%<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|7,453}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |69,865<br /> |55.80%<br /> |Anant Lokhande<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|32,274}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]<br /> |66,141<br /> |47.71%<br /> |Tukaram Surve<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|10,871}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> ! Constituency <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !Votes <br /> !%<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Opponent<br /> !Result<br /> !Margin<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |394,068<br /> |25.71%<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Anant Geete]]<br /> |{{Lost}}<br /> |{{no2|2,110}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |486,968<br /> |47.39%<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|31,438}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |508,352<br /> |50.17%<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|82,784}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Sunil Tatkare is married to Varda Tatkare. The couple has two children, Aditi and Aniket, both of whom are active in Maharashtra politics. He is the most prominent figure of the [[Political families of Maharashtra#The_Tatkare_Family,_Raigad|Tatkare family]], which holds significant political influence in the [[Raigad district]] and [[Konkan]] region.<br /> <br /> His daughter, [[Aditi Tatkare]], is a [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]] and currently serves as the [[Ministry of Woman and Child Development (Maharashtra)|Minister for Women and Child Development]] in the Maharashtra government. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aditi Sunil Tatkare |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/aditi-sunil-tatkare-1 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His son, [[Aniket Tatkare]], served as a [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]] representing the [[Raigad–Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Local Authorities constituency|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Local Authorities]] Constituency from 2018 to 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shri Aniket Sunil Tatkare(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- (1-JUN-2018, 31-MAY-2024) RAIGAD-CUM-RATNAGIRI-CUM-SINDHUDURG- SHRI ANIKET SUNIL TATKARE(LOCAL AUTHORITIES) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtramlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=316 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tatkare’s elder brother, [[Anil Tatkare]], has also served as an [[Legislative council|MLC]] for the [[Raigad–Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Local Authorities constituency|Raigad-Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg local authorities]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-22 |title=Elder brother of Sunil Tatkare enters Sharad Pawar’s party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/elder-brother-of-sunil-tatkare-joins-sharad-pawars-party/articleshow/107897517.cms |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; His nephew, [[Avdhoot Tatkare|Avadhut Tatkare]], was elected as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]] and served a term from 2014 to 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Avadhut Anil Tatkare(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- SHRIVARDHAN(RAIGAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/maharashtra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1121 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> Tatkare has faced several allegations over the years. The [[Anti-Corruption Bureau (Maharashtra)|Maharashtra Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB)]] sought permission from the state government to conduct an open inquiry against him in cases relating to land grabs and disproportionate assets. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Krishna |date=2017-09-12 |title=NCP's Sunil Tatkare named in Anti-Corruption Bureau chargesheet |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncps-sunil-tatkare-named-in-anti-corruption-bureau-chargesheet/articleshow/60470418.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Enforcement Directorate|Enforcement Directorate (ED)]] has also initiated a probe into his alleged accumulation of wealth beyond known sources of income. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enforcement Directorate begins probe against NCP leader Sunil Tatkare in assets case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/enforcement-directorate-begins-probe-against-ncp-leader-sunil-tatkare-in-assets-case-503357 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tatkare, Sunil}}<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Raigad district]]<br /> [[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koyil_Puraa&diff=469676 Koyil Puraa 2026-03-03T05:18:31Z <p>Frugaltesting: small added content to improve readability additionally and updated info for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Koyil Puraa.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[K. Vijayan]]<br /> | writer = [[Vinu Chakravarthy]]<br /> | producer = Chandran&lt;br /&gt;Kovai M. A. Majeed&lt;br /&gt;Kallakudi Manickyam<br /> | starring = [[Saritha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[K. Murugaiyan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]<br /> | cinematography = P. L. Nagappa<br /> | editing = B. Kandaswamy<br /> | music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | studio = R. M. C. Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981|7|30|ref1=}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Koyil Puraa''''' ({{translation|Temple pigeon}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[K. Vijayan]] and written by [[Vinu Chakravarthy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |date=3 May 2017 |title=From 'Silk' to sensitive tales, Vinu left his imprints behind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-silk-to-sensitive-tales-vinu-left-his-imprints-behind/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111064839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-silk-to-sensitive-tales-vinu-left-his-imprints-behind/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Saritha]], [[K. Murugaiyan]] and [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]. It was released on 30 July 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 July 1981 |title=கோயில் புறா |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_152/3.jp2/full/1000,1381/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215175404/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_152/3.jp2/full/1000,1381/0/default.jpg |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=January 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Saritha]]<br /> *[[K. Murugaiyan]]<br /> *[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]<br /> *P. U. C. Raja Bahadur<br /> *[[Silk Smitha]]<br /> *[[Samikannu]]<br /> *[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]<br /> *[[A. Veerappan]]<br /> *[[Ennathe Kannaiah]]<br /> *[[Usilai Mani]]<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] while the lyrics were written by [[Pulamaipithan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 1981 |title=Koil Pura (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)&amp;nbsp;– Single |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/koil-pura-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1366585264 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111065210/https://music.apple.com/us/album/koil-pura-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1366585264 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koil Pura Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/koil-pura-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111064505/https://mossymart.com/product/koil-pura-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Mossymart}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Vedham Nee&quot; is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Gaula (raga)|Gaula]].{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=167}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 August 2013 |title=Distinctly classical |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/distinctly-classical/article4981630.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513233350/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/distinctly-classical/article4981630.ece |archive-date=13 May 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Charulatha Mani]] identifies &quot;Amuthe Tamizhe&quot; as being set in Poorvikalyani,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=29 March 2013 |title=For a calm mind |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/for-a-calm-mind/article4561428.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230103053/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/for-a-calm-mind/article4561428.ece |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; although Carnatic musicologist Sundararaman claims it is set in Rasika Ranjani,{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=123}} a raga he identifies &quot;Sangeethame&quot; as being set in,{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=157}} although Charulatha Mani says it is in [[Rasikapriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=3 January 2014 |title=The Priya principle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-priya-principle/article5534829.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123222906/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-priya-principle/article5534829.ece |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=2 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the final film where the ''[[nadaswaram]]''-playing brothers M. P. N. Sethuraman and Ponnuswamy performed.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P V |date=8 May 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples:Nadaswaram in old Tamil films |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/05/08/filmy-ripplesnadaswaram-in-old-tamil-films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402051015/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/05/08/filmy-ripplesnadaswaram-in-old-tamil-films/ |archive-date=2 April 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kavitha |first=S. S. |date=26 May 2011 |title=On a musical journey |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-a-musical-journey/article2051507.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009065941/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-a-musical-journey/article2051507.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=2 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Vedham Nee<br /> | extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> | length1 = 4:25<br /> | title2 = Sangeethame<br /> | extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]<br /> | length2 = 6:06<br /> | title3 = Amuthe Tamizhe<br /> | extra3 = [[P. Susheela]], [[Uma Ramanan]]<br /> | length3 = 4:48<br /> | total_length = 15:19&lt;!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> {{K. Vijayan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1981 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1981 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by K. Vijayan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arimapatti_Sakthivel&diff=487420 Arimapatti Sakthivel 2026-03-03T02:27:49Z <p>Frugaltesting: new redirect</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Arimapatti Sakthivel Poster 2024.jpg<br /> | caption = Official release poster <br /> | director = Ramesh Kandhasamy<br /> | writer = Pavan K<br /> | producer = {{plainlist|<br /> * Ajish P<br /> *Pavan K}}<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Charle]]<br /> *Pavan K<br /> *Meghnaa Ellan<br /> *[[Imman Annachi]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = J. P. Man<br /> | editing = R. S. Sathish Kumar<br /> | music = Mani Amuthavan<br /> | studio = Life Cycle Creations<br /> | released = {{film date|2024|03|8|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 131 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}'''''Arimapatti Sakthivel''''' is a 2024 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Ramesh Kandhasamy and written by Pavan K. The film stars himself, [[Charle]], Meghnaa Ellan and [[Imman Annachi]] in the lead roles. The film was produced by Pavan K and Ajish P, and the production is handled by Life Cycle Creations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Devan |first=Aswin |date=2024-01-22 |title='Arimapatti Sakthivel': A one-man rebellion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/22/arimapatti-sakthivel-a-one-man-rebellion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324095047/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/22/arimapatti-sakthivel-a-one-man-rebellion |archive-date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-23 |title=Charle-led rural social drama to explore caste struggles in society |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arimapatti-sakthivel-a-charleled-rural-social-drama/articleshow/107072892.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324094613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arimapatti-sakthivel-a-charleled-rural-social-drama/articleshow/107072892.cms |archive-date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 8 March 2024 to negative reviews from critics.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Charle]] as Kuzhandhaivel <br /> * K. Pavan as Sakthivel <br /> * Meghnaa Ellan as Kavitha<br /> * [[Imman Annachi]]<br /> * [[Senthi Kumari]]<br /> * [[Supergood Subramani]]<br /> * Karate Venkatesan<br /> * Hello Kandasamy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Arimapatti Sakthivel'' was theatrically released on 8 March 2024.<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Roopa Radhakrishnan from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|1|1|2}} stars out of 5 stars and said &quot;The performances of the Arimapatti Sakthivel cast are all right, with the exception of Pavan K. He is downright bad in his role.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Arimapatti Sakthivel Movie Review: The film butchers a poignant story and minimises its gravity |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/arimapatti-sakthivel/movie-review/108323071.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324094612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/arimapatti-sakthivel/movie-review/108323071.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-03-24 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manigandan KR from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film two stars out of five stars and said &quot;On the whole, Arimapatti Sakthivel is a film that could have been a lot better if enough attention had been paid to narrating the story well.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Arimapatti Sakthivel Review: A Film On Casteism That Fails To Impress |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/arimapatti-sakthivel-review-a-film-on-casteism-that-fails-to-impress-review-108243116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324094612/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/arimapatti-sakthivel-review-a-film-on-casteism-that-fails-to-impress-review-108243116 |archive-date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sreejith Mullappilly from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|1|1|2}} stars out of 5 stars and said &quot;At some point in Arimapatti Sakthivel, Charle’s character tells his son to pursue his filmmaking and storytelling ambitions and give his love life a skip. As the film started to transition from a social drama into an actioner, I wished that Sakthivel had heeded his father's piece of advice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2024-03-08 |title=Arimapatti Sakthivel Movie Review: A soapy social drama lacking deftness in storytelling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/08/arimapatti-sakthivel-movie-review-a-soapy-social-drama-lacking-deftness-in-storytelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324094612/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/08/arimapatti-sakthivel-movie-review-a-soapy-social-drama-lacking-deftness-in-storytelling |archive-date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMBd title|id=tt31513485}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pudhumaipithan&diff=527066 Pudhumaipithan 2026-02-26T06:19:46Z <p>Frugaltesting: new new post needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tamil writer (1906–1948)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}<br /> {{infobox writer<br /> | name = Pudhumaipithan<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = C. Viruthachalam<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1906|4|25}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Thirupathiripuliyur]],&lt;br/&gt;[[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot District]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Madras Presidency]],&lt;br/&gt;[[British India]]&lt;br/&gt;(now in [[Cuddalore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1948|6|30|1906|4|25}}<br /> | death_place = [[Trivandrum]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Kingdom of Travancore]], [[Dominion of India]]&lt;br/&gt;(now [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]])<br /> | occupation = Author, scriptwriter<br /> | language = [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]<br /> | ethnicity = <br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | education = B.A<br /> | alma_mater = Hindu College, [[Tirunelveli]]<br /> | period = 1934–46<br /> | genre = Short story, horror, social satire<br /> | subject = Social Satire, Politics<br /> | movement = ''[[Manikodi]]''<br /> | notableworks = ''Kadavulum Kandasami Pillayum'', ''Ponnagaram'', ''Thunbakeni''<br /> | spouse = Kamala<br /> | partner = <br /> | children = Dinakari<br /> | relatives = <br /> | awards = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = <br /> | portaldisp = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''C. Viruthachalam''' (25 April 1906 – 30 June 1948),&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt; better known by the pseudonym '''Pudhumaipithan''' (also spelt as '''Pudumaipithan''' or '''Puthumaippiththan'''), was one of the most influential and revolutionary writers of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] fiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=In Those Days There was No Coffee: Writings in Cultural History| last=Vēṅkaṭācalapati|first=Ā. Irā | year=2006| publisher=Yoda Press|pages=17| isbn=81-902272-7-0|id={{ISBN|978-81-902272-7-8}} | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tk-KZmcUEvAC | author-link=A R Venkatachalapathy}}&lt;/ref&gt; His works were characterized by social satire, progressive thinking and outspoken criticism of accepted conventions. Contemporary writers and critics found it difficult to accept his views and his works were received with extreme hostility. He as an individual and his works have been extensively reviewed and debated for over sixty years since his death. His influence has been accepted and appreciated by the present day writers and critics of Tamil fiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Z&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070509042410/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/07/stories/2007050705110600.htm Pudumaipithan's literary legacy remembered, The Hindu 7 May 2007]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Y&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104223720/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121913050300.htm Tamil is not language of just a region, says President Kalam, The Hindu 19 Dec 2006]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;X&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Jayakanthan's reflections| last=Jayakanthan | year=2007| publisher=East West Books|pages=134 | isbn=978-81-88661-59-6 |id={{ISBN|978-81-88661-59-6}}| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PMhoAAAAMAAJ | author-link=Jayakanthan }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] nationalised the works of Pudumaippithan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040331011315/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/09/25/stories/2003092500800300.htm A heart for Art, The Hindu 25 September 2003]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life and career==<br /> Pudhumaipithan was born in Thiruppadirippuliyur ([[Cuddalore district]]). His early education was obtained in places like [[Gingee]], [[Kallakurichi]] and [[Tindivanam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt; He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree from Tirunelveli Hindu college in 1931.&lt;ref name=&quot;U&quot;/&gt; In the same year he married Kamala and moved to [[Madras]].<br /> <br /> His career as a writer began in 1933 with an essay &quot;''Gulabjaan Kaadhal''&quot; (Love for [[Gulab jamun]]) published in the magazine ''Gandhi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot;/&gt; His first short story &quot;''Aatrangarai Pillaiyaar''&quot; (Pillaiyaar on the river bank) was published in 1934 in &quot;''Manikodi''&quot; and from then on his short stories appeared regularly in it. His short stories appeared in a number of magazines like ''Kalaimakal'', ''Jothi'', ''Sudantira Chanku'', ''Oozhiyan'' and ''Thamizh Mani'' and the annual issue of ''[[Dina Mani]]''. He worked briefly as a sub editor at ''Oozhiyan'' and later at ''Dina Mani''. In 1943, he left ''Dina Mani'' to join ''Dinasari''.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2307/stories/20060421002308100.htm |title=Remembering Pudumaippithan – Frontline Magazine 08-21 April 2006 |access-date=9 November 2009 |archive-date=20 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020120650/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2307/stories/20060421002308100.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1940, his book &quot;''Pudhumaipithan Kadhaigal''&quot;(The stories of Pudhumaipithan), an anthology of his short stories was published. He slowly ventured into the world of [[Tamil cinema]] and worked as a scriptwriter in the films ''Avvaiyaar'' and ''KaamaValli''.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt; In 1945, he started &quot;Parvatha Kumari Productions&quot; and made an abortive attempt at producing a film called &quot;''Vasanthavalli''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://bsubra.wordpress.com/2007/10/23/ |title=Dinathanthi Film History Series by Ko.Vi. Manisekaran – Essay No.777 (in Tamil) |access-date=11 November 2009 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718091147/http://bsubra.wordpress.com/2007/10/23/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; While working for the movie &quot;''Raja Mukthi''&quot;, in [[Pune]] he contracted [[tuberculosis]]. He died on 5 May 1948 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works and themes==<br /> [[File:Manikodi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Manikodi magazine]]<br /> Pudumaippithan's active writing period was less than 15 years (1934–46) in which he wrote nearly 100 short stories, an equal number of essays on a variety of subjects, 15 poems, a few plays and scores of book reviews.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt; His writings gave him a reputation as a maverick. His works were influenced by the French short story writer [[Guy de Maupassant]] among others. The subjects he wrote on and the characters he chose to portray were completely new to Tamil fiction. He felt that Tamil literature had been crippled by unspoken conventions and openly criticized those who adhered to them. In one of his essays he expressed his displeasure as:<br /> <br /> {{ Cquote | We have been having a notion that there are certain things that can be said and certain things that cannot be said in (Tamil) literature; and we have lived with that philosophy. But that is not the truth. For nearly two hundred years we have lived a life of [[parasitism|parasites]]. We don't even dare to see issues straight on the face and that is why we have been providing excuses for ourselves. If literature can give birth to the malicious [[Ravana]], blood sheds and sinful [[allegory|allegories]], why can't it give a place to the poor prostitute? The society doesn't rust because of that. Moreover, there is no way to preserve an antique that has already rusted.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;....இலக்கியத்தில் இன்னதுதான் சொல்ல வேண்டும், இன்னது சொல்லக்கூடாது என ஒரு தத்துவம் இருப்பதாகவும், அதை ஆதரித்துப் பேசுவதாகவும் மனப்பால் குடித்துக்கொண்டிருக்கலாம். உண்மை அதுவல்ல; சுமார் இருநூறு வருஷங்களாக ஒருவிதமான சீலைப்பேன் வாழ்வு நடத்திவிட்டோம். சில விஷயங்களை நேர் நோக்கிக் பாக்கவும் கூசுகிறோம். அதனால் தான் இப்படிச் சக்கரவட்டமாகச் சுற்றி வளைத்துச் சப்பைக்கட்டு கட்டுகிறோம்.குரூரமே அவதாரமான ராவணனையும், ரத்தக்களறியையும், மனக் குரூபங்களையும், விகற்பங்களையும் உண்டாக்க இடம் இருக்குமேயானால், ஏழை விபசாரியின் ஜீவனோபாயத்தை வர்ணிப்பதாலா சமூகத்தின் தெம்பு இற்றுப்போய் விடப்போகிறது? இற்றுப்போனது எப்படிப் பாதுகாத்தாலும் நிற்கப்போகிறதா? மேலும் இலக்கியம் என்பது மன அவசத்தின் எழுச்சிதானே? நாலு திசையிலும் ஸ்டோர் குமாஸ்தா ராமன், ஸினிமா நடிகை சீத்தம்மாள், பேரம் பேசும் பிரமநாயகம் – இத்யாதி நபர்களை நாள் தவறாமல் பார்த்துக்கொண்டிருந்து விட்டு, இவர்களது வாழ்வுக்கு இடமளிக்காமல், காதல் கத்தரிக்காய் பண்ணிக்கொண்டிருப்பது போன்ற அனுபவத்துக்கு நேர் முரணான விவகாரம் வேறு ஒன்றும் இல்லை. நடைமுறை விவகாரங்களைப் பற்றி எழுதுவதில் கௌரவக் குறைச்சல் எதுவும் இல்லை&quot;..''Essays of Pudumaipithan'', Meenakshi Publishers (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> He was unfazed by the hostile reception that his works received from contemporary writers and critics alike. Dismissing his critics, he wrote :<br /> <br /> {{Cquote | Just like God is not bound by theologians, my creations are not bound by your conventional standards. I am not responsible for that and neither are my creations. I would like to point out it is YOUR standards you are using to judge my creations.&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;&gt;வேதாந்திகள் கைக்குள் சிக்காத கடவுள் மாதிரிதான் நான் பிறப்பித்துவிட்டவைகளும். அவை உங்கள் அளவுகோல்களுக் குள் அடைபடாதிருந்தால் நானும் பொறுப்பாளியல்ல, நான் பிறப்பித்து விளையாடவிட்ட ஜீவராசிகளும் பொறுப்பாளிகளல்ல; உங்கள் அளவுகோல்களைத்தான் என் கதைகளின் அருகில் வைத்து அளந்து பார்த்துக்கொள்கிறீர்கள் என்று உங்களுக்குச் சொல்லிவிட விரும்புகிறேன்.[http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=60207226&amp;edition_id=20020722&amp;format=html A Foreword to Pudhumaipithan katturaigal by M.A. Nuhman – Part 1 (in Tamil)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051253/http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=60207226&amp;edition_id=20020722&amp;format=html |date=17 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> To voice his views he used a wide range of characters, both common – husbands wives, students, children, [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaw]] pullers, villagers, beggars, whores, oppressed people, [[saint]]s, revolutionaries; and uncommon – God, ghosts, monsters, hospital beds. Some of his favourite themes were – conflicts between emotion and reason, [[Hindu]] religion – its rules, rituals and laws, [[caste]] system, struggles for survival and oppression of women in the Indian society.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;[http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/modernwriters/puthumaipithan/index.htm Puthumaipithan – His Contribution to Modern Tamil Literature]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Short stories===<br /> [[File:Ta-palvannam pillai.ogg|right|thumb|Palvannam Pillai – Shortstory]]<br /> Pudumaipithan is primarily known for his short stories. Of the 108 stories that have been identified as works of Pudumaipithan, only 48 had been published in book form during his lifetime. Most of his works were published in magazines like ''Manikodi'', ''Kalaimagal'', ''Jothi'', ''Sudantira Chanku'', ''Oozhiyan'', ''Thamizh Mani'', ''Dina mani'', ''Dina Sari'' and ''Nandan''. The rest have been published posthumously in various anthologies, the latest one being in 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot;/&gt; He belonged to the ''Manikodi'' movement (named for the magazine) which flourished in 1930s. [[K. P. Rajagopalan|Ku. Paa Rajakoopaalan]], [[B. S. Ramaiya]] and Va. Ramasamy were his contemporaries in the ''Manikodi'' movement.&lt;ref name =&quot;D&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name =&quot;E&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Translations===<br /> He was also a prolific translator of literary works from other languages into Tamil. He translated around 50 short stories, including the works of [[Molière]], [[Kay Boyle]], [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Sinclair Lewis]], [[Ernst Toller]], [[William Shakespeare]], [[E. M. Delafield]], [[William Saroyan]], [[E. V. Lucas]], Moshe Smilansky, [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[Bret Harte]], [[John Galsworthy]], [[Aleksandr Kuprin]], [[Anton Chekhov]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], [[Guy de Maupassant]], [[Valery Bryusov]], [[Anatole France]], [[Leonid Andreyev]], [[Henrik Ibsen]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Robert Murray Gilchrist]], [[Frances Bellerby]], [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]], [[Leonard Strong (writer)|Leonard Strong]], [[Jack London]], [[Peter Egge]], [[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov]], [[Thomas Wolfe]] and [[James Hanley (novelist)|James Hanley]].&lt;ref name=&quot;W&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;/&gt; He had strong views on doing translations and adaptations. He equated adaptations to literary theft and held the view that translation was the proper way to bring literary works of other languages to Tamil. In 1937, he was involved in a literary feud with [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] on the issue of translations vs adaptations&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name =&quot;T&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Poems===<br /> Pudumaipithan wrote about fifteen poems in total. His first published poem was ''Thiru Angila arasanga thondaradipodi azhwar vaibhavam'', which appeared in 1934.&lt;ref name =&quot;D&quot;/&gt; Most of his poems were written as letters to his friend [[T. M. Chidambara Ragunathan]] in the form of ''[[Venpa]]s''. The fifteen poems were published posthumously in 1954. Like his short stories, his poems are full of wit and satire. The most famous of his poems is the abusive limerick ''Moonavarunasalamae'' written in review of a book on Tamil prose, which failed to mention the ''Manikodi'' movement.&lt;ref name =&quot;T&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Political books===<br /> Pudumaipithan's political orientation was socialist. Among his political essays and books, four are considered important – ''Fascist Jatamuni'' (a biography of [[Benito Mussolini]]), ''Gapchip Durbar'' (a biography of [[Adolf Hitler]]), ''Stalinukku Theriyum'' and ''Adhikaram yarukku'' (both endorsing communism and policies of [[Joseph Stalin]]). All the four books contain scathing indictments of fascism and a general agreement with Stalinist policies.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Writing style==<br /> [[File:Ta-ponnagaram.ogg|right|thumb|Ponnagaram – Shortstory]]<br /> Pudhumaipithan was the first Tamil writer to successfully use a dialect of Tamil other than that of [[Chennai]] or [[Tanjore]]. Most of his characters spoke the Tirunelveli [[dialect]]. His stories were set either in [[Madras]] or in [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], the two places where he spent considerable portions of his life. His writing style had a mixture of colloquial and classical words. Gentle satire even while handling complicated and serious situations was his hallmark.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt; He used harsh language while arguing with his literary opponents like [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki Krishnamoorthy]]&lt;ref name =&quot;T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=60207283&amp;format=print&amp;edition_id=20020728 |title=A Foreword to ''Pudhumaipithan katturaigal'' by M.A. Nuhman – Part 2 (in Tamil) |access-date=11 November 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050936/http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=60207283&amp;format=print&amp;edition_id=20020728 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100207202454/http://andhimazhai.com/news/printnews.php?id=2320 Ilakkiyathil Sandai, An essay on literary feuds by Sa. Kandasamy (in Tamil)]&lt;/ref&gt; and wrote insulting limericks in his book reviews.&lt;ref name=&quot;U&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=andha kalathil kaapi illai| last=Vēṅkaṭācalapati|first=Ā. Irā | year=2000| publisher=Kalachuvadu|pages=132–142|isbn=81-87477-05-9| language= ta | author-link=A R Venkatachalapathy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plagiarism and other criticisms==<br /> Pudumaippithan has been accused by some of his contemporaries and later critics of having [[plagiarism|plagiarized]] from the works of [[Guy de Maupassant|Maupassant]].&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name =&quot;F&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=60110012&amp;format=html |title=A.R. Venkatachalapathy, Foreword to ''Annai itta thee'' (in Tamil) |access-date=11 November 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050910/http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=60110012&amp;format=html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chief among the accusers were his contemporaries Pe. Ko. Sundararajan (Chitty) and So. Sivapathasundaram&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-80/anjali01.htm P.K. Sundararajan obituary, Kalachuvadu Magazine (in Tamil)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308071659/http://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-80/anjali01.htm |date=8 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and literary critic Kaarai Krishnamoorthy. Pudumaipitthan himself published the short story &quot;''Tamil Paditha Pondaati''&quot; (The wife who knew Tamil) with the foreword that it was based on Maupassant's work.&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;/&gt; Pudumaipithan's biographer T.M. Chidambara Ragunathan has identified the stories ''samadhi'', ''Nondi'', ''Bayam'', ''Kolaikaran kai'', ''Nalla velaikaran'' and ''Andha muttal venu'' as adaptations of Maupassant's works and the story ''Pithukuli'' as the adaptation of a [[Robert Browning]] poem. A few more stories like ''Doctor Sampath'', ''Naane Kondren'', ''Yaar Kurravali'' and ''Thekkangandrugal'' have also been tentatively identified as possible adaptations. His defenders (including Ragunathan and historian [[A R Venkatachalapathy]]) have argued that those were adaptations and not plagiarizations. Pudumaipithan did not publish the short stories which have been identified (except ''Tamil Paditha Pondaati'') as adaptations when he was alive. They were published posthumously only after 1953. Thus, the defenders infer he would have acknowledged them as adaptations if he had published them himself (as he did in the case of ''Tamil Paditha Pondaati''). Further they contend Pudhumaipithan did not know French and during his lifetime the other Maupassant stories he has been accused of plagiarizing had not been translated into English. In their view, Pudumaipithan has had to suffer the accusation of plagiarism due to the callousness of his posthumous publishers. All of Pudhumaipithan's adaptations were written before 1937, when he became involved in a [[literary feud]] with Kalki Krishnamurthy about adapting works from other languages. During the feud he wrote biting essays equating adaptations with literary theft.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;&gt;[http://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-92/page56.asp Review of ''Pudhumaipithan Mozhipeyarppukal'', Kalachuvadu Magazine (in Tamil)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312202647/http://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-92/page56.asp |date=12 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name =&quot;T&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He has been criticized for just raising uncomfortable issues and not proposing any solutions for them. He had responded by pointing out that his job was only raising the issue and leaving the reader to figure out the solution.&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt; There have also been minor criticisms regarding his writing style like his digressing from the plot due to elaborate descriptions of environment and characters.&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt; Recently, Tamil critic A. Marx has criticised Pudumaipithan's portrayal of [[Dalit]]s, [[Christians]], [[Maravar]]s and meat eaters as derogatory.&lt;ref name =&quot;S&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Pudumaippithanin pirathigalil Dalithugal, Maravargal, Kristhavargal Marrum Idhara Maamisa Pathcanigal (Pudumaippithanin Ilakkiya Thadam)| last=Marx|first=A | year=1995| publisher=Kaaviya| language =ta | location=Bangalore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pseudonyms==<br /> Pudhumaipithan wrote under different pseudonyms, but the name &quot;Pudhumaipithan&quot; was the one that became famous. He himself preferred the name as he felt that this name was partially responsible for the appeal of his stories. Some of his other pseudonyms were ''So.Vi'', ''Rasamattam'', ''Mathru'', ''Koothan'', ''Nandhan'', ''Oozhiyan'', ''Kabhali'', ''Sukraachari'' and ''Iraval visirimadippu''. For publishing poems he used the pseudonym ''Velur Ve. Kandasamy Pillai''. Due to the accusation of plagiarism his pseudonyms have been extensively researched. T.M. Chidambara Ragunathan in his pudhumaipithan biography ''Pudumaippithan kathaigal: sila vimarsanangalum vishamangalum'', has advanced the theory that all the works published under the name of &quot;''Nandhan''&quot; are adaptive works rather than original ones.&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=60107291&amp;format=html |title=A.R. Venkatachalapathy – Pudumaippithan Stories in the eyes of the publisher (in Tamil) |access-date=11 November 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050902/http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=60107291&amp;format=html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name =&quot;E&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1903/19031010.htm |title=A trailblazer – Frontline Magazine 02-15 February 2002 |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107040555/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1903/19031010.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> <br /> ===Poems===<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * Thiru Angila arasanga thondaradipodi azhwar vaibhavam<br /> * Moona arunasalamae mooda<br /> * Inaiyarra India<br /> * Sellum vazhi iruttu<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Political books===<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * Fascist Jatamuni<br /> * Kapchip Darbar<br /> * Stalinukku Theriyum<br /> * Athikaram Yaarukku&lt;ref name =&quot;B&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Short stories===<br /> {{refbegin|20em}}<br /> * Ahalyai<br /> * Sellammal<br /> * Gopalayyangarin Manaivi<br /> * Idhu machine yugam<br /> * Kadavulin Pradhinidhi<br /> * Kadavulum kandasami pillayaum<br /> * Padapadappu<br /> * Oru naal kalindadhu<br /> * Theruvilakku<br /> * Kalanum Kizhaviyum<br /> * Ponnagaram<br /> * Irandu ulagangal<br /> * Aanmai<br /> * Athangarai Pillayar<br /> * Abinav snap<br /> * Andru iravu<br /> * Andha muttal venu<br /> * Avadharam<br /> * Brammarakshas<br /> * Bayam<br /> * Doctor Sampath<br /> * Eppodum mudivilae inbam<br /> * Gnanagugai<br /> * Gopalapuram<br /> * Ilakkiya mamma nayanar puranam<br /> * Indha paavi<br /> * Kaali kovil<br /> * Kapatakuram<br /> * Kalyani<br /> * Kanavu penn<br /> * Kaanchanai<br /> * Kannan kuzhal<br /> * Karuchidaivu<br /> * Kattilai vittu iranga kadhai<br /> * Kattil pesugiradhu<br /> * Kavandanum Kamamum<br /> * Kayirravu<br /> * Kodukkapuli maram<br /> * Kolaikaran kai<br /> * Konra sirippu<br /> * Kuppanin kanavu<br /> * Kurravaki yaar<br /> * Maayavalai<br /> * Magamasaanam<br /> * Manakugai oviyangal<br /> * Mana nizhal<br /> * Motcham<br /> * Naane kondren<br /> * Nalla velaikaran<br /> * Nambikkai<br /> * Nanmai bayakkumenin<br /> * Naasakara kumgal<br /> * Nigumbalai<br /> * Ninaivu padhai<br /> * Nirvigarpa samadhi<br /> * Nisamum ninaippum<br /> * Nyayam<br /> * Nyayamthan<br /> * Nondi<br /> * Oppandam<br /> * Oru kolai anubavam<br /> * Paal vannam pillai<br /> * Parimudhal<br /> * Paattiyin deepavali<br /> * Pithukuli<br /> * Poikaal kudhirai<br /> * Poosanikkai ambi<br /> * Puratchi manappanmai<br /> * Pudhiya koondu<br /> * Pudhiya kandapuranam<br /> * Pudhiya nandhan<br /> * Pudhiya oli<br /> * Ramanathanin kaditham<br /> * Saba vimosanam<br /> * Salaram<br /> * Samaavin thavaru<br /> * Sayangala mayakkam<br /> * Samaadhi<br /> * Samiyarum kuzhandhaiyum seedaiyum<br /> * Sanappan kozhi<br /> * Sangu tharmam<br /> * Selvam<br /> * Sevvai dhosham<br /> * Sirpiyin naragam<br /> * Sithan pokku<br /> * Sithi<br /> * Sivasidambara sevugam<br /> * Sonna sol<br /> * Subbaya pillayin kadhalgal<br /> * Thani oruvanukku<br /> * Thega kandrugal<br /> * Thirandha jannal<br /> * Thirukkural kumaresa pillai<br /> * Thirukkural seidha thirukoothu<br /> * Thyaga moorthi<br /> * Thunba keni<br /> * Unarchiyin adimaigal<br /> * Ubadesam<br /> * Vaada malli<br /> * Vaazhkai<br /> * Vazhi<br /> * Velipoochu<br /> * Vedhalam sonna kadhai<br /> * Vibareedha aasai<br /> * Vinayaga Chathurthi&lt;ref name =&quot;W&quot;&gt;[http://www.chennailibrary.com/ppn/ppn.html 108 short stories and 57 translated stories of Pudhumaipithan (in Tamil)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Translations===<br /> {{refbegin|20em}}<br /> *Ashatapoorthi<br /> *Aattukuttithani<br /> *Amma<br /> *Andha paiyan<br /> *Ashtamasithi<br /> *Asisriyar Araichi<br /> *Adhikaalai<br /> *Bali<br /> *Sithravadhai<br /> *Daimon kanda unmai<br /> *Ini<br /> *Indha pal vivakaram<br /> *Ishtasithi<br /> *Kadhal kadhai<br /> *Kanavu<br /> *Kalappumanam<br /> *Karaiyil kanda mugam<br /> *Kizhavi<br /> *Latheefa<br /> *Magalukku manam seidhu vaithargal<br /> *Manimandhira theevu<br /> *Maniosai<br /> *Markheem<br /> *Milees<br /> *Mudhalum mudivum<br /> *Nadakakaari<br /> *Natchathira ilavarasi<br /> *Om santhi santhi<br /> *Kattukathai<br /> *Oruvanum oruthiyum<br /> *Paithiyakaari<br /> *Palingusilai<br /> *Balthazar<br /> *Poi<br /> *Poochandiyin magal<br /> *Rajya ubadhai<br /> *Roger melvinin eemachadangu<br /> *Saaraya peepai<br /> *Sagothararkal<br /> *Samathuvam<br /> *Scheherazade kadhai solli<br /> *Siritha mugakaaran<br /> *Sooniyakaari<br /> *Suvaril vazhi<br /> *Thayilla kuzhandaikal<br /> *Thayal machine<br /> *Thanthai mugarkarrum udavi<br /> *Deivam kudutha varam<br /> *Desiya geetham<br /> *Deivathukku marru<br /> *Thuravi<br /> *Uyir Aasai<br /> *Veedu thirumbal<br /> *Aei padagukaara<br /> *Yaathirai<br /> *Emanai emaarra<br /> *Yutha devadhaiyin thirumuga mandalam&lt;ref name =&quot;W&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Indian writers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist |2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{wikisourcelang|ta|ஆசிரியர்:புதுமைப்பித்தன்|Pudhumaipithan}}<br /> * {{OL author|105439A|Putumaippittan̲}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tamil-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:1906 births]]<br /> [[Category:1948 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashfaq_Majeed_Wani&diff=470508 Ashfaq Majeed Wani 2026-02-11T09:18:00Z <p>Frugaltesting: basic improve formatting for consistency and updated info based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Separatist militant leader of JKLF from Srinagar, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Ashfaq Majeed Wani<br /> | native_name_lang = nastaleeq<br /> | successor = [[Yasin Malik]]<br /> | birth_name = Ashfaq Majeed Wani<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1966|09|05|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|J&amp;K]], India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1990|03|30|1966|09|05|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|J&amp;K]], India<br /> | education = [[Tyndale Biscoe School]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Sri Pratap College]] &lt;br /&gt; [[University of Kashmir]]<br /> | party = [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]]<br /> | office = Commander of [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ashfaq Majeed Wani''' (5 September 1966 – 30 March 1990)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674018174 |year=2005 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01817-4 |pages=103}}&lt;/ref&gt; was the first Commander in Chief of the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]], a militant [[Kashmiri nationalism|Kashmiri-separatist]] group in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/protests-over-burhan-wani-s-death-a-redux-of-1990/story-1Knh49y4nGxK8JFVVjFrmL.html |title=From Ashfaq Majid Wani to Burhan Wani: Are protests in Kashmir a redux of 1990? |date=11 July 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |access-date=18 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was killed by [[Indian Paramilitary forces|Indian Paramilitary Forces]] in 1990 at the age of 24.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/ashfaq-majeed-wani-remembered/143015.html |title=Ashfaq Majeed Wani remembered |date=14 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was involved in the [[1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed|kidnapping of Rubiya Sayed]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/14-yrs-down-JKLF-admits-Rubaiya-kidnap/articleshow/484093.cms? |title=14 yrs down, JKLF admits Rubaiya kidnap – Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; daughter of [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed|Mufti Mohammed Sayeed]], the then [[Home Minister of India]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Ashfaq Majeed Wani was born on 5 September 1966 in the Sarai Balla area of [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India into a [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family of the [[Wani (surname)|Wani]] clan. He studied at [[Tyndale Biscoe School]] and later went to [[Sri Pratap College]] and the [[University of Kashmir]]. When he was a teenager, sports were an important part of his life. He was a dedicated soccer player, a marathon runner, and a table tennis player, winning first prize in the interstate marathon tournament in 1985 and being selected to represent the state. &quot;The Iranian revolution had left an indelible mark on him, after studying the literature about it. It had become a motif of resistance to him. Besides, he had become very disillusioned with the political scenario prevailing at the time, which favoured the Indian suzerainty. He viewed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession to India]] as a &quot;yoke of slavery&quot;, said his father. His mother recalled &quot;The Principal of the Biscoe School summoned us one day and informed that even though Ashfaq was a brilliant student and an athlete of repute, he possessed leanings quite uncommon in teenagers&quot;.&lt;ref name=clay&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ashfaq Majid: the raw clay of resistance |first=Mohsin |last=Hyder Ali |work=Kashmir Dispatch |location=Srinagar |date=30 March 2011 |url=http://kashmirdispatch.com/2011/03/30/ishfaq-majid-the-raw-clay-of-resistance/102536/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401210634/http://kashmirdispatch.com/2011/03/30/ishfaq-majid-the-raw-clay-of-resistance/102536/ |archive-date=1 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the age of 14, Wani refused to accompany his family members in the funeral procession of [[Sheikh Abdullah]], an early sign of what was to form a part of his ideology. Two years later he began organizing anti-India rallies.&lt;ref name=clay /&gt; By 1987, he was already on the radar of Indian intelligence agencies. He was arrested on 23 March 1987 for his involvement with the Muslim United Front, which took part in [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|elections]], was imprisoned at the Central Jail, Srinagar. Hundreds of other opposition activists have also arrested in police crackdowns across Indian state of Jammu &amp; Kashmir. He was released on parole after nine months, to attend his uncle's wedding. His period in prison had made him bitter and he was found to have cigarette burns all over his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Ghosts of empire: Britain's legacies in the modern world. |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-61039-232-7 |location=New York |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32PEIn8bK3IC&amp;pg=PA138}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his release, Wani worked on the plans towards the procurement of arms from Pakistan-administered Kashmir. A day before he left for Pakistan-administered Kashmir while serving meals at the wedding reception, he overheard Mohiuddin Shah, a veteran National Conference politician talking about the futility of agitations against the government. Wani is known to have reprimanded him in these words &quot;the government made two grave mistakes as far as Kashmir is concerned. First, they acceded to India and secondly, they let me on parole.&quot;&lt;ref name=clay /&gt;<br /> <br /> Wani subsequently crossed into [[Azad Kashmir]] to obtain arms training under the supervision of the [[Pakistan Army]]. Many Kashmiris in the valley joined [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]] and obtained training and financial support in Pakistan and in Azad Kashmir. Most returned to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Indian Kashmir]] and the majority of them were killed by the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Paramilitary forces]].<br /> <br /> Growing up in the Sarai Balla lanes of Srinagar city, Wani, was a science student studying at Shri Pratap Higher Secondary School, when he founded Islamic Students League with the help of other like-minded friends. Soon, he rose up in his circle and became area commander of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front in 1988. Often refused to take refuge inside houses he would sleep inside pipes at Idgah on many occasions.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Wani was killed at the age of 23, in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]] with Indian paramilitary troops and an army unit in the Hawwal area of the old city Srinagar on 30 March 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Film on Ashfaq Majeed Wani |date=30 March 2011 |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2011/03/a-film-on-ashfaq-majeed-wani/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602052329/http://www.thekashmirwalla.com/2011/03/a-film-on-ashfaq-majeed-wani/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |ref={{sfnref|Jamal, Shadow War|2009}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |title=The Lost Rebellion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pS5uAAAAMAAJ |date=1999 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-027846-0 |ref={{sfnref |Joshi, The Lost Rebellion |1999}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |authorlink=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947–2004 |series=Asian Security Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA175 |isbn=978-0-415-40459-4 |ref={{sfnref|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007}}}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wani, Ashfaq Majeed}}<br /> [[Category:1966 births]]<br /> [[Category:1990 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri militants]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]<br /> [[Category:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Srinagar]]<br /> [[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tyndale Biscoe School alumni]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koshithal&diff=510555 Koshithal 2026-02-09T13:44:19Z <p>Frugaltesting: Put up initial pg w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Koshithal<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = mewadi, मेवाडी <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.3107983|N|74.1804083|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]<br /> |subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils of Rajasthan|Tehsil]]<br /> |subdivision_name3 = Sahara<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Rajasthan Government<br /> | governing_body = Gram Panchayat<br /> | leader_title = Sarpanch<br /> | leader_name = Noratan Salavi [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 32<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 565<br /> | population_total = 7153<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Mewari]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 311805<br /> | area_code = 01481<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = RJ-06<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/1050 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy Rate<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = 51.34<br /> |blank3_name_sec1 = Nearest City<br /> |blank3_info_sec1 = [[Gangapur, Bhilwara|Gangapur]], [[Udaipur]], [[Bhilwara]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Map&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Koshithal Map |url=http://www.maplandia.com/india/rajasthan/bhilwara/kosithal/ |website=www.maplandia.com |accessdate=21 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> '''Koshithal''' is a [[Gram Panchayat]] and [[Village]] Located in Sahara [[List of tehsils of Rajasthan|tehsil]], nearby [[Gangapur, Bhilwara|Gangapur]] [[town]] in [[Bhilwara]] [[District]] of [[Ajmer division]] in the Indian State of [[Rajasthan]].<br /> It is located in Raipur [[Vidhan Sabha]] which governed by MLA Gayatri Kailash Trivedi Of [[Indian National Congress]].<br /> Koshithal is largest and one of the most important Gram Panchayat in [[Bhilwara|Bhilwara District]].<br /> As of 2011, the population of Koshithal is 7153 having almost 1447 households. <br /> It is located 300 kms (186 miles) southwest of the state capital [[Jaipur]] and 60 kms (37 miles) away from District Headquarter [[Bhilwara]].<br /> The village have historically rich history contemporary with [[Maharana Pratap]].<br /> It is known for Koshithal [[Fort]] and for public [[cemetery]] where many [[War]] [[Martyr]] cremated.<br /> It is belief that Koshithal has large number of [[War]] [[Martyr]] [[Cremated]] in Local [[Cemetery]] after [[Chittaurgarh]] in [[Rajasthan]].<br /> <br /> Nearest airports are [[Udaipur]] 120 kms (74 miles) and [[Jaipur]] 300 kms (186 miles) and nearest [[Railway Station]] is [[Bhilwara]] (BHL) and Charbhuja Road (CBG) which controlled by [[Ajmer]] division of [[North Western Railway zone]].<br /> It connected by [[RSRTC|Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation]] and Other private travels agencies like Pasharvanath, ShreeNath, RK travels, Mundra travels etc operated buses to many parts of [[Rajasthan]] and Indian cities like [[Ahmedabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Indore]], [[Surat]], [[Baroda]] etc.<br /> <br /> ==Geography of Koshithal==<br /> <br /> Koshithal is located at {{coord|25.3131|N|74.1842|E|display=inline}}.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Kosithal.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kosithal]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It has an average elevation of {{convert|508|m}}.<br /> The village is situated in NorthEast of the plains of [[Mewar]] Region.<br /> Nearest cities are [[Gangapur, Bhilwara|Gangapur]], [[Amet]], [[Bhilwara]] &amp; [[Deogarh, Rajasthan|Devgarh]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Koshithal village was established as Chunda State in Hindu Year 1705 by Narharidas grandson of Veer Shiromani Fatta Ji who was fifth generation of Mahrana Lakha's elder son Chunda.<br /> Rawat Narharidas lived in Kelwa Jaagir of 210 villages in the era of Maharana Jagat Singh.<br /> Narharidas united Koshithal and awarded with designation of &quot;Umrao&quot; in year 1735 by Maharana Raj Singh I due to his bravery and leadership.<br /> Narharidas has four younger brothers: Singh Ji, Kesho Das, Raj Singh &amp; Man Das.<br /> In Hindu Year of 1976, Son of Jashwant Singh took control of Koshithal Thikana.<br /> After Chatar Singh elder son Ummed Singh II took control of Koshithal Reign at that time Mewar State was ruling by Maharana Bhagwant Singh.<br /> Ummed Singh has three sons Manohar Singh, Balwant Singh &amp; Samudra Singh who got Ummedpura village.<br /> Ummed Singh's younger brother was Kesar Singh who lived in Koshithal till last breath has one son Narendra Singh.<br /> Some parts of Koshithal's history has been described in &quot;Mewar ri Bigat&quot; Book &amp; Patta Bahi generated by Mewar Maharana Raj Singh.<br /> According to these, In the Rule of Maharana Raj Singh II, Koshithal was ordered to participate in War against Marathas &amp; to take admission in Army of Mewar State during attacks of Marathas on Mewar.<br /> At that time Designated Thakur of Koshithal Reign Martyred in his young age.<br /> Mewar Maharana fascinated with proud due to bravery of Koshithal Thakurani in War with Marathas and awarded her with &quot;Hunkar Ki Kalangi&quot; and this is only awarded to the Koshithal Reign in his all Reigns.<br /> In the time of Thakur Ummed Singh, Justice was taken in the Court of Fort and in the same time Bada Mandir, Charbhuja Mandir, Nrasinghdwara, restoration of Devara's, many water bodies were constructed.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/RAJ-OTH-latest-gangapur-news-052006-3203380-NOR.html bhaskar.com]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Koshithal had a population of 7153.<br /> Males constituted 48.78% of the population and females 51.22%.<br /> Average Sex Ratio of Koshithal village is 1050 which is higher than state average of 928<br /> Child Sex Ratio for the Koshithal as per census is 961, higher than state average of 888.<br /> Koshithal had an average literacy rate of 51.34%, lower than the state average of 66.11%. 63.54% of the males and 39.71% of females were literate.<br /> 15.66% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> The substantial population of Koshithal was Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 27.54% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 4.18% and rest 68.28% are from other Categories like General, OBC, MBC, SBC etc.<br /> {{bar box<br /> <br /> |title=Castes in Koshithal<br /> <br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> <br /> |float=right<br /> <br /> |bars=<br /> <br /> {{bar percent|<br /> <br /> [[Schedule Caste]]|Blue|27.54}}<br /> <br /> {{bar percent|<br /> <br /> [[Schedule Tribe]]|Violet|4.18}}<br /> <br /> {{bar percent|others|Red|68.28}}<br /> <br /> |caption=Distribution of Castes<br /> <br /> }}<br /> Growth in population of Koshithal Village has been represented by population data of year 1991, 2001 and 2011.<br /> {{Bar chart<br /> <br /> | title = Population growth through the years<br /> <br /> | label_type = Year<br /> <br /> | data_type = Population<br /> <br /> | bar_width = 35<br /> <br /> | width_units = em<br /> <br /> | data_max = 100000<br /> <br /> | label8 = 1991 | data8 = 5156<br /> <br /> | label9 = 2001 | data9 = 6138<br /> <br /> | label10 =2011 | data10 = 7153<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt; Source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder | access-date=2025-11-24 | website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bhilwara district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Bhilwara district]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunnam_Gangaraju&diff=501438 Gunnam Gangaraju 2026-02-08T02:59:46Z <p>Frugaltesting: Stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Gunnam Gangaraju.png<br /> | caption = Gangaraju in 2022<br /> | name = Gunnam Gangaraju<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Kakinada]], Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = Producer, screenwriter, director<br /> | networth = <br /> | spouse = Urmila<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | children = <br /> }}<br /> '''Gunnam''' '''Gangaraju''' is an Indian producer, screenwriter, and director known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]] and Telugu television. He is best known as the creator and co-producer of the TV sitcom [[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']] (2001–2007), widely considered to be the greatest Telugu comedy TV series of all time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=18 November 2017 |title=A trip down memory lane on the anniversary of the hit TV series 'Amrutham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/a-trip-down-memory-lane-on-the-anniversary-of-the-hit-tv-series-amrutham/articleshow/61700737.cms |access-date=2020-07-21 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Varma |first1=Sankeerthana |date=13 July 2019 |title=Remembering The Delightful 'Amrutham', The Telugu Comedy Show That Feels Like Home |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-features/remembering-the-delightful-amrutham-the-telugu-comedy-show-that-feels-like-home/ |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Film Companion |via=Ghost Archive |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220905180938/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-features/remembering-the-delightful-amrutham-the-telugu-comedy-show-that-feels-like-home/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He received a [[National Film Award]] for the film ''[[Aithe]]'' (2003) he produced. He also won five state [[Nandi Awards]]. His other notable works include ''[[Little Soldiers]]'' (1996), ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]'' (2005), and ''[[Amma Cheppindi]]'' (2006). Along with his friend Venkat Dega, he founded the company Just Yellow, which started off as an IT services firm and later ventured into TV and film production.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Jeevi |last2=Aditya |date= |title=Interview with Gunnam Gangaraju - Anukokunda Oka Roju |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/gangarajugunnam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404031526/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/gangarajugunnam.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Gunnam Gangaraju is born and brought up in [[Kakinada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He is the only son to his parents and has three sisters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=5 August 2005 |title=Gunnam Gangaraju - Interview |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/ggrajuinterview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119133754/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/ggrajuinterview.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |access-date=22 June 2007 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was put up in a [[boarding school]] at the age of five.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ప్రభుత్వ జోక్యంతోనే టికెట్‌ ధరల సమస్య.. అక్కడ థియేటర్‌కు రూ.కోటి లంచం ఇవ్వాలి |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/gunnam-gangaraju-special-interview/0206/122160097 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied up to sixth standard in St. Josephs Convent in Kakinada. He moved to [[Hyderabad]] along with his family at the age of ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; He received a Government of India scholarship and got into Hyderabad Public School.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He finished his schooling and wanted to do medicine, but never got through. He waited for one year and joined Bachelor of Arts (BA) Literature at [[Andhra Loyola College]] in [[Vijayawada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; But he was removed from college in the second year as the entire English medium students went for a strike. Then he completed his BA privately. He joined [[Master of Arts]] (MA) in English from Andhra University PG Centre, Kakinada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> === Initial Career ===<br /> He worked as a door to door sales representative for Navbharath Cigarettes and later passed the Probationary officers exam in [[State Bank of India]]. After spending six months at [[Dibrugarh]] and five months at [[Shillong]], he got bored of the job, quit and came back to Hyderabad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He started to work as a [[Copywriting|copy-writer]] at his friend's [[advertising agency]]. They ran it for about five years and it ended up as a loss-making venture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Then, he decided to set up his own designer studio, a studio that makes the basic designs for ad agencies, called Fountain Head Design studio, named after his favourite book. But it didn't workout.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He was interested in [[filmmaking]] but could not find the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; So, he wanted to start a business that would not require much thinking and opened a [[Vadilal]] ice-cream parlour which also ended up as a failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Then, he borrowed {{Indian Rupee}}1,500 from a friend and started the business of [[Greeting card|greeting cards]] named 'Font Cards'. He priced his greeting cards at {{Indian Rupee}} 25 per card, higher than the then market leader [[Hallmark Cards]] whose cards were priced at {{Indian Rupee}}9 per card. This business was successful.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Debut in film ===<br /> Even before starting his greeting card business, Gangaraju dabbled in films. He was approached by C. L. Narasareddy, the producer of ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (1989), and Yarlagadda Surendra, the co-producer of ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989), for the Telugu remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Malootty]]'' (1990), which starred [[Shamlee|Shamili]] in one of her first roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Gangaraju wanted to improve upon the original and added a brother character and cast [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]] for the role. This film started before [[Anjali (1990 film)|''Anjali'']] (1990) which also starred Shamili and Tarun. After shooting for about seven days, the film was shelved due to financial constraints.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> When 'Font Cards' business was at high, he started the film ''[[Little Soldiers]]'' (1996) with a story he had written back in 1982 or 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Initially, it was supposed to be produced by someone else with Gangaraju directing it. When the producer backed out, Gangaraju himself produced the film. He said the hardest part about the film was making the three-year-old girl Kavya, the daughter of [[A. V. Guruva Reddy|Dr. A. V. Guruva Reddy]], who played one of the prominent characters in the film, to act. She dubbed in her own voice for all the scenes by learning [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in 3 months. As per Gangaraju, he wrote the climax [[Booby trap|booby traps]] sequence years before the release of ''[[Home Alone]]'' (1993). Gangaraju mentioned that he invested ₹1.06 [[crore]] on the film and recovered ₹50{{En dash}}60 [[lakh]] from it as advances and incurred a loss of around ₹50 lakh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2014 |title=Interview with Gangaraju Gunnam about Amrutham Chandamamalo |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/gangarajugunnam-amruthamchandamamalo.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He feels the film would have performed better with a different publicity strategy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He also mentioned the long shooting time as a reason for the film's losses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === ''Amrutham'' and beyond ===<br /> Their first project under the 'Just Yellow' banner was ''Amrutham''. ''Amrutham'' was a [[sitcom]] television series created and co-produced by Gunnam Gangaraju.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=16 January 2020 |title=Amrutham back to tickle your bones |url=https://telanganatoday.com/amrutham-back-to-tickle-your-bones |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721164015/https://telanganatoday.com/amrutham-back-to-tickle-your-bones |archive-date=2020-07-21 |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is widely considered to be the greatest Telugu comedy TV series of all time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fc&quot; /&gt; The show originally aired on [[Gemini TV]] every Sunday on [[prime time]] 8 PM slot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; It ran for exactly six years from 18 November 2001 to 18 November 2007 for 313 episodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=Popular Telugu sitcom 'Amrutham' gears up for a rerun |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/popular-telugu-sitcom-amrutham-gears-up-for-a-rerun/articleshow/75711394.cms |access-date=2020-07-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=18 November 2017 |title=A trip down memory lane on the anniversary of the hit TV series 'Amrutham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/a-trip-down-memory-lane-on-the-anniversary-of-the-hit-tv-series-amrutham/articleshow/61700737.cms |access-date=2020-07-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other work ==<br /> Along with his friend Venkat Dega, a doctor in [[Canterbury]], UK, he founded the company 'Just Yellow' which started off as an [[IT service management|IT services]] firm and later ventured into TV and film production.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; It has produced ''Amrutham'', ''Aithe'', ''Nanna'', ''Anukokunda Oka Roju'' etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ప్రభుత్వ జోక్యంతోనే టికెట్‌ ధరల సమస్య.. అక్కడ థియేటర్‌కు రూ.కోటి లంచం ఇవ్వాలి |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/gunnam-gangaraju-special-interview/0206/122160097 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Reed launched the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] translation of [[Leonard Read|Leonard E. Read's]] 1958 essay [[I, Pencil]], the first translation of Leonard's work in the Asian subcontinent. ''I, Pencil'' was translated by [[Raghavendar Askani]] of the Swatantrata Center, [[Youth Parliament Program|Youth Parliament]] Program, for the promotion of liberal thought in India. [[Lawrence Reed]] praised the Vihangam Book by [[Gunnam Gangaraju|Gangaraju Gunnam]], a noted Indian film producer and screenwriter. calling it like an Indian [[Ayn Rand|Ayn Rand's]] ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'', Reed has commented on the advancement of liberal thought in [[India]], highlighting the novel Reed described Vihangam as akin to an Indian version of [[Ayn Rand|Ayn Rand's]] ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'', emphasizing its alignment with free-market and individualist principles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Telugu Edition of 'I, Pencil' Telugu Edition – Swatantrata Center |url=https://swatantrata.org/i-pencil/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=swatantrata.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Telugu Translation of &quot;I, Pencil&quot; launched in Atlanta |url=https://epaper.thehansindia.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=136586624ce&amp;imageview=0 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=epaper.thehansindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] who directed ''Aithe'' and ''Anukokunda Oka Roju'' in his production house is his maternal cousin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2003 |title=Interview with Chandra Sekhar Yeleti by Jeevi - Aithe |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_chandu.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; [[Costume designer]] [[Rama Rajamouli]] is also his cousin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ethamukkala |first=Hemachandra |date=29 April 2022 |title=Ten Little Known Relationships in Tollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/ten-little-known-relationships-in-tollywood/photostory/91180382.cms |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=[[Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rama did various small roles in ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' sitcom in its initial episodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2022 |title=Throwback Thursday: Did you know SS Rajamouli's wife Rama Rajamouli played small role in a TV show? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/throwback-thursday-did-you-know-ss-rajamoulis-wife-rama-rajamouli-played-small-role-in-a-tv-show/articleshow/92410282.cms |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gangaraju is also a relative of director [[S. S. Rajamouli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atluri |first=Sri |date=22 September 2004 |title=S. S. Rajamouli Exclusive interview with TC.Com |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/stars/ssrajamoulinterview.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206213017/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/stars/ssrajamoulinterview.shtml |archive-date=6 December 2004 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rajamouli mentioned that he learnt about the practical aspect of filmmaking from Gangaraju.&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2005 |title=Interview with SS Rajamouli by Jeevi – Chatrapathi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ssrajamouli.html |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |quote=At that time, Gangaraju was planning to direct his second film (which eventually never took off) after Little Soldiers. It was with Gangaraju I learnt about the practical aspect of filmmaking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gangaraju is an atheist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=2017-04-27 |title=SS Rajamouli on Baahubali 2: The Conclusion, being an atheist and his love for cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamouli-on-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-being-an-atheist-and-his-love-for-cinema-3408524.html |access-date=2019-10-18 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The Fountainhead]] (1943) is his favourite book.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> ;[[National Film Awards]] <br /> *[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - Aithe (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;51stawardPDF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=15 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;53rdawardPDF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=19 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;[[Nandi Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information &amp; Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] - [[Little Soldiers]] (1996)<br /> *[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - [[Little Soldiers]] (1996)<br /> *[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - Little Soldiers (1996)<br /> *[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] - [[Anukokunda Oka Roju]] (2005)<br /> *[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] - Amma Cheppindi (2006)<br /> *Nandi TV Award for Second Best Mega Serial - ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nandi TV Awards G.O and Results 2007|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-tv-awards-2007.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-23|website=APSFTVTDC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> === As writer ===<br /> * ''[[Aithe]]'' - Dialogues (2003)<br /> *''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]'' - Dialogues (2005)<br /> *''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' - Story &amp; Dialogues (2007)<br /> *''[[Katha (2009 film)|Katha]]'' - Dialogues (2009)<br /> *''Laya'' TV Serial - Story (2008–2010)<br /> *''Edureetha'' TV Serial - Story (2011)<br /> *''[[The Ghazi Attack (film)|Ghazi]]'' - Screenplay, Dialogues (2017)<br /> *''[[Amrutham Dhvitheeyam]]'' (2020)<br /> <br /> === As director ===<br /> *''[[Little Soldiers]]'' (1996)<br /> *''[[Amma Cheppindi]]'' (2006)<br /> *''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' (2014)<br /> <br /> === As producer ===<br /> *''[[Little Soldiers]]'' (1996)<br /> *''[[Aithe]]'' (2003)<br /> *''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]'' (2005)<br /> *''[[Amma Cheppindi]]'' (2006)<br /> *''In a Day'' (2006)<br /> *''[[Katha (2009 film)|Katha]]'' (2009)<br /> <br /> === As art director ===<br /> *''[[Little Soldiers]]'' (1996)<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> *''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' (2001–2007; 313 episodes)<br /> *''[[Nanna (serial)|Nanna]]'' (2003–2004; 89 episodes)<br /> *''[[Radha Madhu]]'' (2006–2008; 450 episodes)<br /> *''[[Ammamma.com]]'' (2007–2008; 200 episodes)<br /> *''Laya'' (2008–2010; 321 episodes)<br /> *''Adagaka Ichina Manasu'' (2011; Stopped after 60 episodes)<br /> *''Edureetha'' (2011)<br /> *''Prathibinbam'' (2014–2015)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=0348246|name=Ganga Raju Gunnam}}<br /> <br /> {{Nandi Special Jury Award}}<br /> {{Nandi Award for Best Director}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gunnam, Gangaraju}}<br /> [[Category:Indian atheists]]<br /> [[Category:1966 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Nandi Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:S. S. Rajamouli]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kakinada]]<br /> [[Category:Film people from East Godavari district]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Punnoose&diff=473334 Jacob Punnoose 2026-01-31T23:23:23Z <p>Frugaltesting: adjust information further and fixed typos per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Indian name|Jacob|Punnoose}}<br /> [[File:Jacob_Punnoose_IPS.jpg | thumb | right | alt=Jacob Punnoose | Jacob Punnoose]]<br /> '''Jacob Punnoose''' was the [[Director General of Police]] (DGP) of [[Kerala]] and the State Police Chief.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaevents.com/KeralaEventsDetail-27/KERALA+POLICE+WOMENS+CELL+DGP+JACOB+PUNNOOSE+SWITCHES+ON+THE+CAMERA+FOR+A+DOCUMENTARY+FILM+ON+ATROCITIES+AGAINST+WOMEN+AND+CHILDREN+VANCHIYOOR+POLICE+STATION+930+AM.html?event_type=L&amp;id=3652&amp;linkid=27|title=Kerala Police Women's Cell: DGP Jacob Punnoose switches on the camera for a documentary film on atrocities against women and children, Vanchiyoor police station|date=18 June 2008|work=keralaevents.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713144407/http://www.keralaevents.com/KeralaEventsDetail-27/KERALA+POLICE+WOMENS+CELL+DGP+JACOB+PUNNOOSE+SWITCHES+ON+THE+CAMERA+FOR+A+DOCUMENTARY+FILM+ON+ATROCITIES+AGAINST+WOMEN+AND+CHILDREN+VANCHIYOOR+POLICE+STATION+930+AM.html?event_type=L&amp;id=3652&amp;linkid=27|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; He retired on 31 August 2012 after serving more than 35 years in the Indian Police Service and in Kerala Police. He was succeeded by Sri K.S.Balasubramanian IPS as the State Police Chief on 1 September 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/dg_msg.html|title=State Police Chief's Message|first=Jacob|last=Punnoose|website=Kerala Police|date=29 August 2012&lt;!--from page source--&gt;|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829180105/http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/dg_msg.html|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 31 January 2018 he became Executive Director of [[Pushpagiri Medical College]].&lt;ref name=&quot;catholicate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicate.net/news/shri-jacob-punnoose-rtd-dgp-the-new-executive-director-of-pushpagiri-medical-college/553|title=Shri. Jacob Punnoose (Rtd. DGP), the new Executive Director of Pushpagiri Medical College|website=www.catholicate.net|access-date=2019-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is Secretary of the Pastoral Council in the Major Archieparchy of Trivandrum(Thiruvananthapuram).&lt;ref name=&quot;catholicate&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> He had his education in Government U.P.S. [[Thekkekara, Kerala|Thekkekkara]] ([[Mavelikara]]), P C High School ([[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]), S C High School (Ranni), [[St. Xavier's College, Thumba]] ([[Thiruvananthapuram]]), University College (Thiruvananthapuram) and [[Cochin University]].<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He became the City Police Commissioner of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kozhikode]], Joint Excise Commissioner, Zonal IG of Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode, Intelligence [[Inspector General of Police|IG]], Additional DGP (Training) and Intelligence DGP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jacob Punnoose |author= |website=Indian Police Foundation |date=27 November 2008 |url= https://www.policefoundationindia.org/our-people/ipf-members/jacob-punnoose |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the Vigilance Director.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=http://www.keralavigilance.org/pdfs/ministerialchart8_7_08.pdf|title=Ministerial Chart 8_7_08|publisher=keravigilance.org|access-date=21 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726215722/http://www.keralavigilance.org/pdfs/ministerialchart8_7_08.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the chairman Kerala Police Act Review Committee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/pdfs/police_act2008.pdf|title=The Kerala Police Act 2008 (draft)|author=The Police Act Review Committee<br /> |publisher=keralapolice.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209083815/http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/pdfs/police_act2008.pdf|date=6 June 2008&lt;!--from PDF source--&gt;|archive-date=9 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was appointed DGP of [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]] in [[Kerala]] on 26 November 2008. He was a member of 1975 IPS Batch. <br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> He belongs to the Kurudamannil family. Rebecca is his wife. The couple have two children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kurudamannil.co.uk/kurumpelil.htm|title=Kurudamannil Kurumpelil|website=www.kurudamannil.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Punnoose, Jacob}}<br /> [[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholics]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian police officers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian civil servants]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala Police officers]]<br /> [[Category:Civil servants from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Indian police chiefs]]<br /> [[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]<br /> [[Category:Cochin University of Science and Technology alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:State Police Chiefs of Kerala]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiruvidaivasal_Punniyakodiyappar_Temple&diff=541565 Tiruvidaivasal Punniyakodiyappar Temple 2026-01-23T12:47:34Z <p>Frugaltesting: starting new place</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Tiruvidaivasal Punniyakodiyappar Temple<br /> | image = Tivuvidaivayil vidaivainathar temple.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = <br /> | country = {{Flag|India}}<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Tiruvarur]]<br /> | location = Kovilur in [[Tiruvarur district]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = Lord [[Shiva]]<br /> | architecture = <br /> }}<br /> ''' Tiruvidaivasal Punniyakodiyappar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Tiruvidaivasal in [[Tiruvarur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1093 Punniyakottiyappar Temple, Dinamalar Temples]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.shivatempleintamilnadu.thirukalukundram.in/shiva%20temples/Thiruvarur.html Lord Shiva Temple in Thiruvaarur District, Sl.No.31, அருள்மிகு ஸ்ரீ புண்ணியகோடியப்பர் கோயில், திருவிடைவாசல், திருவாரூர்]&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]], as the [[moolavar]] presiding deity, in his manifestation as Punniyakokdiyappar. His consort, [[Parvati]], is known as Abiramani.<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The sign for Tiruvidaivasal is located near Vennar bridge in Koradacheri-Koothanallur road. In that route one can reach the temple, at a distance of 2 km. This place is also known as Tiruvaidaivai or Tiruidaivai.&lt;ref&gt;வீ.ஜெயபால், சைவ நால்வரால் பாடப்பெற்ற திருத்தலங்கள், சைவ சித்தாந்த ஆய்வு மையம், தஞ்சாவூர் 613 009, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Significance ==<br /> The [[Tevaram]] pertaining to this temple was found in 1917 C.E. This temple was sung by [[Sambandar|Gnanasambandar]] and is a ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. Though the number of Teveram temples was referred to as 274 earlier, after the finding of this temple, the total number became 275.&lt;ref&gt;[https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=1093 Punniyakottiyappar Temple, Dinamalar Temples]&lt;/ref&gt; The temple tree is Kasturi Arali.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tamilkovil.in/Punniyakottiyappar TamilKovil.in. அருள்மிகு புண்ணியகோடியப்பர் திருக்கோயில்]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruvarur district]]<br /> [[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=PM_Narendra_Modi&diff=475172 PM Narendra Modi 2026-01-21T18:12:20Z <p>Frugaltesting: improved layout additionally and corrected details for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Narendra Modi]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from name with title}}<br /> {{R unprintworthy}}<br /> }}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commander-in-Chief,_Strategic_Forces_Command&diff=494796 Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command 2026-01-18T10:13:34Z <p>Frugaltesting: Done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian military appointment}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox official post<br /> | post = Commander-in-Chief, &lt;br/&gt; Strategic Forces Command<br /> | body = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | insignia = <br /> | insigniasize = <br /> | insigniacaption = <br /> | flag = <br /> | flagsize = <br /> | flagborder = yes<br /> | flagcaption = <br /> | image = File:Lt_Gen_Dinesh_Singh_Rana.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 170<br /> | alt = <br /> | incumbent = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dinesh Singh Rana]]&lt;br/&gt;{{postnominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|SM}}<br /> | acting = <br /> | incumbentsince = 1 October 2025<br /> | department = <br /> | style = <br /> | type = <br /> | status = <br /> | abbreviation = <br /> | member_of = <br /> | reports_to = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (India)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]<br /> | residence = <br /> | seat = [[New Delhi]]<br /> | nominator = <br /> | appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | appointer_qualified = <br /> | termlength = <br /> | termlength_qualified = <br /> | constituting_instrument = <br /> | precursor = <br /> | formation = 2003<br /> | first = [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Tej Mohan Asthana &lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[PVSM]] [[AVSM]] [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]]}}<br /> | last = <br /> | abolished = <br /> | succession = <br /> | unofficial_names = <br /> | deputy = <br /> | salary = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command''' is the head of the [[Strategic Forces Command]], the [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands|integrated tri-service command]] responsible for the management and administration of India's tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile.<br /> <br /> The current Commander-in-Chief is [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dinesh Singh Rana]] who took command on 1 October 2025 as the 14th CinC, SFC.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Strategic Forces Command (SFC) was created on 4 January 2003 by the Government of India under [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. Part of the [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Nuclear Command Authority]], the SFC manages and administers all strategic forces by exercising complete command and control over nuclear assets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nuke command set up, button in PM's hand&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Nuke command set up, button in PM's hand|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nuke-command-set-up-button-in-PMs-hand/articleshow/33382162.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511013323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-04/india/27281139_1_nuclear-command-and-control-nuclear-arsenal-nuclear-retaliation|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2013|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] approved the appointment of a Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command, to manage and administer all Strategic Forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY REVIEWS PROGRESS IN OPERATIONALIZING INDIA'S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/rjan2003/04012003/r040120033.html |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=6 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Teja Mohan Asthana was appointed the first commander-in-chief on 10 January 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Air Marshal Asthana to head Strategic Forces Command&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Air Marshal Asthana to head Strategic Forces Command|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Air-Marshal-Asthana-to-head-Strategic-Forces-Command/articleshow/33995158.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030611/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-10/india/27285210_1_nuclear-command-and-control-strategic-forces-command-sfc|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2013|access-date=27 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=zn28j13&gt;{{cite news|title=Indian Army wants sole right over post of Strategic Forces Commander|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-army-wants-sole-right-over-post-of-strategic-forces-commander_865310.html|access-date=30 July 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=29 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Organisation==<br /> The CinC SFC is a [[Three-star rank]] officer from the three Services in rotation. The CinC reports directly to the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)]] (CDS). He is assisted by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the command, also a [[three-star rank#Indian three-star ranks|three-star officer]].<br /> <br /> ==List of commanders==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+List of Commanders-in-Chief of Strategic Forces Command<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 20px;&quot; | S.No<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 650px;&quot; | Name<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px;&quot; | Branch<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot; | Assumed office<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot; | Left office<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 600px;&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Tej Mohan Asthana {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| {{air force|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2003|01|10}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2004|06|30}}<br /> |First C-in-C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Air-Marshal-Asthana-to-head-Strategic-Forces-Command/articleshow/33995158.cms | title=Air Marshal Asthana to head Strategic Forces Command | date=10 January 2003 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=8 November 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Ajit Bhavnani {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|12}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|18}}<br /> | Later served as [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|title=Archive News|website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/18bhavnani.htm|title=Bhavnani is new Vice Chief of Air Staff|website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Avinash Deodata Joshi {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VM}}}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|22}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|31}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/air-marshal-avinash-deodatta-joshi-takes-over-as-c-in-c-sfc/317810|title=Air Marshal Avinash Deodatta Joshi takes over as C-in-C SFC|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | [[Vice Admiral]] [[Vijay Shankar (admiral)|Vijay Shankar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}<br /> | {{navy|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2006|12}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2008|09|30}}<br /> | Later served as [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/25/vice-admiral-vijay-shankar-c-in-c-andaman-nicobar-1219673160.html|title=Vice Admiral Vijay Shankar to take over as C-in-C of Andaman and Nicobar|work=OneIndia|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123226/https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/25/vice-admiral-vijay-shankar-c-in-c-andaman-nicobar-1219673160.html|archive-date=2017-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | [[Lieutenant General]] Balraj Singh Nagal {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM}}}}<br /> | {{army|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2008|09|30}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2010|12}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claws.in/faculty-detail.php?fID=339|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170816222716/http://www.claws.in/faculty-detail.php?fID=339|archive-date = 16 August 2017|title = LT GEN BALRAJ SINGH NAGAL, PVSM,AVSM,SM - Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Nagal is new Strategic Forces commander|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lt-gen-nagal-is-new-strategic-forces-commander/articleshow/3546079.cms|date=2008-09-30|access-date=2018-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] K. J. Mathews {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM}}}}<br /> | {{air force|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|01}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2012|10|31}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/iaf-commander-to-head-strategic-forces-command/20101226.htm|title=IAF commander to head Strategic Forces Command|website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | [[Vice Admiral]] [[Surinder Pal Singh Cheema|S. P. S. Cheema]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}<br /> | {{navy|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|01}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2014|06}}<br /> | Later served as [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and as [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vice-admiral-s-p-s-cheema-the-present-chief-of-integrated-defence-staff-will-take-over-the-unified-strategic-forces-command-on-november-1-/articleshow/16866018.cms|title=Vice Admiral S P S Cheema, the present chief of integrated defence staff, will take over the unified Strategic Forces Command on November 1. - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | [[Lieutenant General]] Amit Sharma {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}<br /> | {{army|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2014|06|13}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2016|07|31}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105626|title=Lt Gen Amit Sharma, VSM Appointed Commander – in – Chief Strategic Force Command |date=2014-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/govt-sits-on-army-posts/cid/1516997|title=Govt sits on army posts|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> |[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Jasbir Walia]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VM|VSM}}}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|{{air force|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2016|08|01}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2019|03|30}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> |[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Navkaranjit Singh Dhillon]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2019|03|30}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2021|01|31}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> |[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Rajesh Kumar (air marshal)|Rajesh Kumar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2021|01|31}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2021|08|31}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-marshal-rajesh-kumar-to-take-over-as-new-chief-of-strategic-forces-command-1764373-2021-01-31|title=Air Marshal Rajesh Kumar to take over as new chief of Strategic Forces Command|date=31 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bharatshakti.in/air-force-change-of-guard-at-critical-posts/|title=Rapid Turnover in IAF Brass|publisher=Bharat Shakti|date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | [[Vice Admiral]] [[R. B. Pandit]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{navy|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2021|08|31}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2023|09|30}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/prasadpanseMT/status/1433351019845410818|title=RB Pandit takes over SFC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |[[Vice Admiral]] [[Suraj Berry]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM|VSM}}}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2023|10|06}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2025|09|30}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://x.com/CaptDKS/status/1710241838534434946|title=Suraj Berry takes over SFC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Dinesh Singh Rana]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|SM}}}}<br /> | {{army|India}}<br /> | {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|01}}<br /> | ''Incumbent''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=2|'''List of CinC by branches of service'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Branch <br /> ! Count<br /> |-<br /> | {{Army|India}}<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{Navy|India}} <br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{Air Force|India}} <br /> |7<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]]<br /> * [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Military of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Army]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Navy]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Air Force]]<br /> [[Category:Indian military appointments]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suri&diff=468470 Suri 2026-01-12T18:15:12Z <p>Frugaltesting: added lead additionally and improved wording per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{wiktionary|suri}}<br /> '''Suri''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> {{TOC right}}<br /> <br /> ==Places==<br /> * [[Suri, Birbhum]], a town in West Bengal, India<br /> ** [[Suri I]], community development block in West Bengal, India<br /> ** [[Suri II]], community development block in West Bengal, India<br /> ** [[Suri Sadar subdivision]], administrative subdivision in West Bengal, India<br /> ** [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]], an assembly constituency in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal<br /> * [[Suri dynasty]], a former South Asian empire<br /> * [[Şuri]], a commune in Drochia District, Moldova<br /> * [[Suri, Hamadan]], a village in Hamadan province, Iran<br /> * [[Suri, Khuzestan]], a village in Khuzestan province, Iran<br /> * [[Suri District]], an administrative division of Rumeshkan County, Lorestan province, Iran<br /> * [[Suri Rural District]], an administrative division of Rumeshkan County, Lorestan province, Iran<br /> * [[Suri, Lorestan]], a village in Lorestan province, Iran<br /> * [[Suri, West Azerbaijan]], a village in West Azerbaijan province, Iran<br /> * [[Suri, Dolakha]], [[Gaurishankar Rural Municipality]], Dolakha District, Nepal<br /> * [[Sori, Kenya]] or Suri<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> * [[Suri (name)]]<br /> * [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)]] or Suri, a Pashtun tribe<br /> * [[Suri (Ethiopia)]] or Surma people<br /> ** [[Suri language]], a Nilo-Saharan Eastern Sudanic language spoken by Suri people<br /> * [[Suri (surname)|Suri (Khukhrain)]], one of the ten clans of the Khukhrain<br /> <br /> ==Other meanings==<br /> * [[Śuri]], Etruscan god<br /> * [[Suri (Peru)]], a mountain in Peru<br /> * [[Suri alpaca]], a breed of alpaca<br /> * [[Darwin's rhea]], a large flightless bird in South America<br /> * [[Mojojoy]] or Suri, edible larva of the palm weevil, ''Rhynchophorus palmarum''<br /> * Suri, a lemur in the 2000 Disney animated film ''[[Dinosaur (2000 film)|Dinosaur]]''<br /> * [[Suri TV]], a defunct Argentine television channel<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Siri (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Suri Sadar Hospital]], West Bengal, India<br /> * [[Surry (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Unsuri]] (died 1039), Persian poet<br /> <br /> {{disambiguation|geo}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Null_Community&diff=522584 Null Community 2025-12-25T17:33:46Z <p>Frugaltesting: new a details w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian nonprofit organization}}<br /> '''Null,''' or '''n|u,''' is a registered not-for-profit society and the largest active security community in India with over 8 chapters in major cities - Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune, Hyderabad, Mysore, [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] and Delhi.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> An open hacker/security community that was founded in 2010 with the idea of providing an integrated platform for exchanging information on the latest attack vectors, zero day vulnerabilities and unknown threats. The community is formed by members from security background with experience in corporate world.<br /> <br /> == Annual events ==<br /> As an open-source community, Null also has a [[Computer security conference|hacker-conference]], under the name Nullcon, which is managed and marketed by Payatu Technologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nullcon.net/website/about-nullcon.php|title=nullcon - Nullcon Security Conference - The next security thing!|website=nullcon.net|access-date=2016-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bahirwani |first1=Krishna |title=The story of Nullcon: India's biggest and most popular security conference |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-the-story-of-nullcon-india-s-biggest-and-most-popular-security-conference-2049637 |website=dnaindia.com |publisher=DNA |access-date=4 October 2025 |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023194953/https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-the-story-of-nullcon-india-s-biggest-and-most-popular-security-conference-2049637 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Recent conferences/events ==<br /> * n|u'con Goa ''(March 2016)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nullcon.net/website/|title=nullcon - International Security Conference 2016|website=nullcon.net|access-date=2016-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/nullcon-conference-on-cyber-security-from-today/|title=Nullcon conference on cyber security from today {{!}} The Navhind Times|website=www.navhindtimes.in|access-date=2016-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:Prevention associations]]<br /> [[Category:Security organizations]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nidadavolu_mandal&diff=521873 Nidadavolu mandal 2025-12-13T14:02:16Z <p>Frugaltesting: new first info w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{One source|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = te<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]<br /> | seat_type = <br /> | seat = [[Nidadavolu]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | parts = <br /> | leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]<br /> | leader_name = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=population&gt;{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=4956|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=12 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Nidadavolu mandal''' is one of the 19 [[mandal]]s&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[East Godavari district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;census 22&quot;&gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf India 2011 Census], p22.&lt;/ref&gt; It is administered under the Kovvur revenue division.&lt;ref name=&quot;census 22&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|16.911|81.662|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{East Godavari district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mandals in East Godavari district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaipur,_Buldhana&diff=505297 Jaipur, Buldhana 2025-11-28T01:03:41Z <p>Frugaltesting: Put up some data w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jaipur<br /> | native_name = Jaipur (Kothali)<br /> | native_name_lang = mr<br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Buldhana]]<br /> | image_skyline = Gajanan Maharaj Paduka.jpg<br /> | caption = Gajanan Maharaj Paduka Temple, Jaipur<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]<br /> | postal_code = 443103<br /> | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Area code]]<br /> | area_code = +91-07262<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | official_name = Jaipur<br /> | area_total_ha = 1651<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jaipur''' is a village in [[Motala]] Taluka of [[Buldhana district]], [[Amravati Division]], [[Maharashtra State]], [[India]], in the [[Vidarbha region]]. It is 21&amp;nbsp;km north of the district headquarters in [[Buldhana]], 13&amp;nbsp;km from [[Motala]], and 471&amp;nbsp;km from the state capital, [[Mumbai]].<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> According to the 2011 census, the village population is 2516, including 1260 males and 1256 females.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Literate people make up 1922, including 1022 males and 900 females. Workers number 1284, of which men make up 746 and women 538. 592 Cultivators divide into 397 men and 195 women. 388 people work in agricultural land as laborers, 232 men and 156 women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Maharashtra/Buldhana/Motala/Jaipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103042212/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Maharashtra/Buldhana/Motala/Jaipur|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 November 2021|title=Jaipur Village in Motala (Buldhana) Maharashtra {{!}} www.indiagrowing.com|website=www.indiagrowing.com|access-date=2021-11-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> About 538 houses are found in Jaipur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Mirza Raje Jaisingh lived there for some time. The village was named Jaipur after Jaisingh.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Jaipur has educational facilities from preschool to high school level. Tertiary educational institutions include:<br /> <br /> *M.P.M. School, Jaipur<br /> *Primary Urdu School, Jaipur<br /> *Raje Chhatrapati High School, Jaipur<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Jaipur is surrounded by Buldhana Taluka to the south, and Nandura Taluka and Malkapur Taluka to the north. [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]], [[Nandura]], [[Shegaon]], and [[Bhusawal]] are nearby cities. [[Advihir]] (4&amp;nbsp;km), [[Fuli, Maharashtra|Fuli]] (5&amp;nbsp;km), [[Ibrahimpur, Buldhana|Ibrahimpur]] (5&amp;nbsp;km), [[Kothali, Maharashtra|Kothali]] (6&amp;nbsp;km), and [[Takarkhed]] (6&amp;nbsp;km) are nearby villages.<br /> <br /> == Notables ==<br /> * An ancient [[Stepwell]] was built by Mirza Raje Jaising.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ancient Stepwell in Jaipur, Motala (Buldana) Maharashtra {{!}} stepwells.org|url=http://stepwells.org/atlas.php?cmbm=3|access-date=2021-11-01|website=stepwells.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Jaipur Stepwell.jpg|thumb|alt=Build by Mirza Raje Jai Singh|Ancient Stepwell, Jaipur]]<br /> <br /> * Jaipur village is famous for Rewadi.<br /> [[File:Rewadi.jpg|thumb|Jaipur Famous Rewadi]]<br /> <br /> * Aa paduka of Shri Sant [[Gajanan Maharaj]].<br /> * The temple and the mosque are adjacent to each other in Jaipur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaipur Village Hindu-Muslim unity, Motala (Buldana) Maharashtra {{!}} Loksatta.com|url=https://www.loksatta.com/nagpur/jaipur-village-in-buldhana-district-is-a-model-of-religious-harmony-ganesh-utsav-next-to-masjid-scm-61-ssb-93-3935983/|access-date=2023-09-23|website=Loksatta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mandir Masjid Jaipur.jpg|thumb|Village Jaipur, a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity]]<br /> <br /> == Climate ==<br /> The average rainfall of this region is about {{cvt|692|mm}}.{{clarify|date=April 2021}} The maximum summer temperature is {{cvt|48|°C}}. The minimum winter temperature is {{cvt|13|°C}}.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> |Centre = Jaipur<br /> |North = Shemba<br /> |Northeast = <br /> |East = Bhandari<br /> |Southeast = <br /> |South = Kothali<br /> |Southwest = <br /> |West = Warud<br /> |Northwest = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Buldhana district}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|20.682829|76.283390|region:IN_type:city_source:enwiki-GNS|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Buldhana district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Buldhana-geo-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upendranath_Ashk&diff=542729 Upendranath Ashk 2025-10-26T03:16:43Z <p>Frugaltesting: starting article</p> <hr /> <div>{{More citations needed|date= July 2020}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Upendranath Ashk<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = Upendranath Ashk (1910–1996)<br /> | birth_date = 14 December 1910<br /> | birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1996|01|19|1910|12|14}}<br /> | death_place = [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | years_active = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | occupation = novelist, short story writer and playwright <br /> | website =<br /> | awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1965), Soviet Land Nehru Award (1972), Iqbal Award (1996)&lt;ref name=&quot;Upendra Nath Ashk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Upendra Nath Ashk|url=http://www.harpercollins.co.in/author.asp?Author_Code=1991|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|access-date=15 January 2013|archive-date=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222083614/http://harpercollins.co.in/Author.asp?Author_Code=1991|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Upendranath Sharma &quot;Ashk&quot;''', (14 December 1910 – 19 January 1996)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iccrindia.net/iccr-annualreport-2010-11/ICCR%20Annual%20Report%202010-2011.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101042850/http://www.iccrindia.net/iccr-annualreport-2010-11/ICCR%20Annual%20Report%202010-2011.pdf |date=1 January 2014 }} INDIAN COUNCIL FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS, Annual Report April 2010 – March 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ashk, Upendra Nath|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Ashk,+Upendra+Nath|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601083133/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Ashk%2C%20Upendra%20Nath|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Atal Behari Bajpai you said? |author=Kuldip Kalia |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000130/spectrum/books.htm#3 |newspaper=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India |date=30 January 2000 |access-date=14 January 2013 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014212441/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000130/spectrum/books.htm#3 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; was an [[Indian people|Indian]] novelist, short story writer and playwright.&lt;ref name=&quot;Datta1987&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;pg=PA244|access-date=15 January 2013|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|page=244}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Upendranath Ashk|url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashk.html|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327061711/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashk.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1933 he wrote his second short story collection in Urdu called ''Aurat Ki Fitrat'', the foreword of which was written by [[Munshi Premchand]]. Ashk began his literary career writing in [[Urdu]] but he switched to [[Hindi]] on the advice of Munshi Premchand. He joined [[All India Radio]] in 1941&lt;ref name=&quot;Datta1987&quot;/&gt; where [[Krishan Chander]], [[Patras Bokhari]] and [[Saadat Hasan Manto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Das1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&amp;pg=PA169|access-date=17 January 2013|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|pages=169–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='Main chalta phirta Bumbai hoon': Manto and Mumbai|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/rakhshandajalil/3279/64151/main-chalta-phirta-bumbai-hoon-manto-and-mumbai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221084455/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/rakhshandajalil/3279/64151/main-chalta-phirta-bumbai-hoon-manto-and-mumbai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-21|publisher=IBN Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; were among his colleagues. He settled in [[Allahabad]] in the late 1940s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Urdu and Persian Literature in Allahabad|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_allahabad.html|access-date=16 January 2013|author=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026133746/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_allahabad.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the first Hindi dramatist&lt;ref name=&quot;Upendra Nath Ashk&quot;/&gt; to receive the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for playwriting in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Theatre – Playwriting (Language-wise) – Hindi|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|access-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=17 February 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> === Early life ===<br /> Upendranath Ashk was born Upendranath Sharma to a [[Saraswat Brahmin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rockwell(Society)2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Daisy Rockwell|author2=Kathā (Society)|title=Upendranath Ashk: a critical biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5oLAQAAMAAJ|access-date=18 January 2013|date=30 March 2004|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-89020-00-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; family in Jalandhar, Panjab. Ashk began composing Panjabi couplets at the age of 11,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ashk|first=Upendranath|title=Ashk 75|year=1988|publisher=Neelabh Prakashan}}&lt;/ref&gt; and began writing in Urdu in 1926, under the tutelage of the Jalandhari poet Mohammad Ali &quot;Azar&quot;. His first Urdu poem was published in the Sunday supplement of the popular Lahore-based Urdu daily ''Milap''. In 1930, while still in college, he published his first collection of short stories, titled Nau Ratan. It was during this phase that he adopted the nom de plume 'Ashk' ('teardrop' in Urdu) in keeping with the Urdu tradition of taking a ''[[Urdu poetry#Pen names .28Takhallus.29|takhallus]]''. The takhallus was chosen in honour of a childhood friend, whose death left a lasting impression on him. After graduating from college in 1931, Ashk taught at his alma mater for a few months before leaving for [[Lahore]] with the poet-journalist Mela Ram &quot;Wafa&quot;. For the next three years he worked for [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]'s newspaper Vande Mataram as a reporter, and then worked his way up as a translator and then assistant editor for the Daily ''Veer Bharat'' and the weekly ''Bhoochal''. During this time he continued to publish poems and short stories in local journals. He also married his first wife, Sheela Devi, in 1932. In 1932, on the advice of the celebrated Hindi author [[Premchand]] with whom he maintained a correspondence, Ashk switched to writing in Hindi, painstakingly writing each story in Urdu first and then translating it into Hindi. His second collection of short stories, ''Aurat ki Fitrat'', was published in Hindi in 1933, with an introduction by Premchand. In 1934, financial and other problems in his family made Ashk decide that he must adopt a more secure career path. He resolved to study for a law degree and become a sub-judge (magistrate). But just as he completed his degree, his wife, Sheela Devi, died from [[tuberculosis]]. In a state of profound grief, Ashk abandoned his plan to enter the legal profession and resolved to become a full-time independent author. At this juncture he also resolved to write realistically about suffering and poverty. In 1936, he published the short story &quot;Ḍāchī&quot; which was considered a milestone in progressive realism in Hindi-Urdu fiction.<br /> <br /> His son, [[Neelabh Ashk]], was also a poet and translator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tongue-twisters/490828/0|title=Tongue Twisters - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2016-07-23|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427102359/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tongue-twisters/490828/0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Work for All India Radio ===<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:RadioListing.JPG|thumb|Radio listing as appeared in &quot;The Indian Listener&quot; edition of 09-07-1950 about his play &quot;Takalluf&quot;.]] --&gt;<br /> In 1941, after living for two years at the commune Preetnagar near Amritsar, where he edited the Hindi-Urdu journal Preet Lari, Ashk was hired at All India Radio (AIR) as a playwright and Hindi adviser.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> Other writers associated with AIR at that time included [[Saadat Hasan Manto|Sa'adat Hasan Manto]], [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]], [[Meeraji]], [[Noon Meem Rashid]], [[Krishan Chander]] and [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} Also living in Delhi at the time were Hindi authors [[Agyeya]], Shivdan Singh Chauhan, [[Jainendra Kumar]], Banarsi Das Chaturvedi, [[Vishnu Prabhakar]] and Girija Kumar Mathur. During this period, Ashk began work on his semi-autobiographical novel ''Girtī Dīvārẽ'' ('Falling Walls'). In 1941, Ashk separated from his second wife with whom he had had a short-lived marriage, and married Kaushalya Devi.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> === Work for Filmistan ===<br /> In 1944, Ashk moved to [[Bollywood|Bombay]] to write dialogue and screenplays for the production company [[Filmistan]]. At Filmistan, Ashk worked closely with Shashdhar Mukherji and the director Nitin Bose. He wrote dialogues, stories and songs and even acted in two films: Mazdoor, directed by Nitin Bose, and Aath Din, directed by Ashok Kumar. While in Bombay, Ashk became involved with [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] and wrote one of his most noted plays, ''Tūfān se Pahale'', which was produced for the stage by Balraj Sahni. The play, which was critical of [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]], was later banned by the [[British government]]. In 1946, Ashk contracted [[Tuberculosis]] and in early 1947, he was moved the Bel Air Sanatorium in [[Panchgani]]. Ashk remained in the sanatorium for two years, during which time Girtī Dīvārẽ was first published, in 1947, and he also composed his well-known poem &quot;Barghad kī Beṭī&quot;.<br /> <br /> === Move to Allahabad ===<br /> In 1948, Ashk and Hindi poet [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'|Nirala]] each received Rs. 5000 from the government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to support them through illness.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} This enabled Ashk to move to Allahabad, where he lived until his death in 1996.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> == Selected works ==<br /> His books include:&lt;ref&gt;[https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/upendra-nath-ashk/ Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005127/https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/upendra-nath-ashk/ |date=7 February 2018 }} on [[HarperCollins]] India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Novels ===<br /> *''Sitārõ Ke Khel (ستاروں کے کھیل, सितारों के खेल)'', 1937<br /> *''Girtī Dīvārẽ (گرتی دیواریں, गिरती दीवारें)'', 1947<br /> *''Garam Rākh (گرم راکھ, गर्म राख)'', 1952<br /> *''Baṛī-Baṛī Ānkhẽ (بڑی بڑی آنکھیں, बड़ी बड़ी आँखें)'', 1954<br /> *''Śahar Mẽ Ghūmtā Āīnā (شہر میں گھومتا آئینہ, शहर में घूमता आईना)'', 1963<br /> <br /> === Short story collections ===<br /> *''Judāī Kī Shām Ke Gīt (جدائی کی شام کے گیت, जुदाई की शाम के गीत)'', 1933<br /> *''Kāle Sāhab (کالے صاحب, काले साहब)'', 1950<br /> *'' Sukhi Dali''<br /> <br /> === Plays ===<br /> *''Jay Parājay (جے پراجے, जय पराजय)'', 1937<br /> *''Swarg Kī Jhalak (سورگ کی جھلک, स्वर्ग की झलक)'', 1938<br /> *''Lakṣmī Kā Swāgat (لکشمی کا سواگت, लक्ष्मी का स्वागत)'',1941–43<br /> *''Qaid (قید, क़ैद)'', 1943–45<br /> *''Uṛān (اڑان, उड़ान)'', 1943–45<br /> *''Alag-Alag Rāste (الگ الگ راستے, अलग अलग रास्ते)'', 1944–53<br /> *''Chaṭhā Beṭā (چھٹا بیٹا, छठा बेटा)'', 1948<br /> *''Anjo Dīdī (انجو دیدی, अंजो दीदी)'', 1953–54<br /> <br /> === Collections of poems ===<br /> * ''Dīp Jalegā (دیپ جلے گا, दीप जलेगा)'', 1950<br /> * ''Chāndnī Rāt Aur Ajgar (چاندنی رات اور اجگر, चांदनी रात और अजगर)'', 1952<br /> <br /> === Memoirs ===<br /> * ''Manṭo Merā Dushman (منٹو میرا دشمں, मंटो मेरा दुश्मन)'', 1956<br /> * ''Chehre Anek (چہرے انیک, चेहेरे अनेक)'', 1985<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Romesh K. Shonek, ''Upendra Nath Ashk: A Brief Biography and the Theme of Society and Self in His Semi-autobiographical Trilogy'', 1975<br /> * Diana Dimitrova: ''Upendranāth Aśk's dramatic work : women and gender in modern Hindi drama as revealed in the plays of Upendranāth Aśk'', Heidelberg 2000 (Thesis)<br /> * Diana Dimitrova, ''Western Tradition and Naturalistic Hindi Theatre'', Peter Lang. {{ISBN|978-0-8204-6822-8}}.<br /> * [[Daisy Rockwell]], ''Upendranath Ashk: A Critical Biography'', Katha, 2004. {{ISBN|978-81-89020-02-6}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ashk, Upendranath}}<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<br /> [[Category:1910 births]]<br /> [[Category:1996 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:All India Radio people]]<br /> [[Category:Urdu-language short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Novelists from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Jalandhar]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._S._Hegde&diff=447703 K. S. Hegde 2025-10-18T17:12:35Z <p>Frugaltesting: edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judge (1909–1990)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> |name = Kowdoor Sadananda Hegde<br /> |image = File:K. S. Hegde.jpg<br /> |imagesize = 200px<br /> |office = 7th [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> |term_start = 21 July 1977<br /> |term_end = 21 January 1980<br /> |predecessor = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]<br /> |successor = [[Balram Jakhar]]<br /> |deputy = [[Godey Murahari]]<br /> |office1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]]<br /> |constituency1 = [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]<br /> |term_start1 = 1977<br /> |term_end1 = 1980<br /> |predecessor1 = ''Position established''<br /> |successor1 = [[T. R. Shamanna]]<br /> |office2 = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<br /> |term_start2 = 17 July 1967<br /> |term_end2 = 30 April 1973<br /> |nominator2 = [[K. N. Wanchoo]]<br /> |appointer2 = [[S. Radhakrishnan]]<br /> |office3 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|1st Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]] <br /> |term_start3 = 31 October 1966<br /> |term_end3 = 16 July 1967<br /> |predecessor3 = ''Position established''<br /> |successor3 = Inder Dev Dua<br /> |nominator3 = [[Koka Subba Rao|K. Subba Rao]]<br /> |appointer3 = [[S. Radhakrishnan]]<br /> |office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Mysore High Court]] <br /> |term_start4 = 26 August 1957<br /> |term_end4 = 30 October 1966<br /> |appointer4 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br /> |birth_date = {{birth date|1909|6|11|df=y}}<br /> |birth_place = Kawdoor Village, [[South Canara]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (Presently [[Karnataka]], India)<br /> |death_date = {{death date and age|1990|5|25|1909|2|6|df=yes}}<br /> |death_place = [[Mangalore]], [[India]]<br /> |party = [[Janata Party]]<br /> |otherparty = <br /> |spouse = Meenakshi Hegde<br /> |children = 6, including [[N. Santosh Hegde]]<br /> |alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai]], [[Madras Law College]]<br /> |profession = <br /> |signature = <br /> | source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2392.htm<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kowdoor Sadananda Hegde''' (11 June 1909 – 24 May 1990) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Former Chief Justice &amp; Judges |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/former-justices |website=main.sci.gov.in/ |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=17 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later as the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Former Speakers |url=https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/frmspeaker.asp |website=loksabha.nic.in/ |publisher=Software Unit, Computer (HW &amp; SW) Management. Branch, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Govt Of India |access-date=17 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Hegde founded the Nitte Education Trust. He is the father of [[Santhosh Hegde]], who also served as a judge in the Supreme Court of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Former Chief Justice &amp; Judges |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/former-justices |website=main.sci.gov.in/ |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=17 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Hegde served as a public prosecutor from 1947 to 1951. In 1952, he was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], a position which he held until 1957. In 1967, Hegde was appointed a judge in the [[Supreme Court of India]]. On 30 April 1973, he tendered his resignation, as a matter of principle, when one of his junior colleagues was appointed the Chief Justice of India.<br /> <br /> Thereafter, Hegde once again started taking an active part in socio-political movements. In 1977, he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]] constituency on a [[Janata Party]] ticket. Several months later, he became Speaker after the resignation of his predecessor, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]. He held the position from 1977 to 1980. [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] had suggested Hegde's name for Presidentship but Sanjiva Reddy got the nod, and Hegde replaced Reddy as Lok Sabha speaker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/karnataka-govt-will-take-full-care-of-hegdes-concerns-advani-78429-2010-07-10|title=Karnataka govt will take full care of Hegde's concerns: Advani}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hegde retired from electoral politics after Lok Sabha was dissolved in 1979. He joined BJP when it was founded in 1980 and briefly served as its vice-president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gk1Wz4k_xUC|title = Bharatiya Janata Party: Profile and Performance|isbn = 9788176482578|last1 = Swain|first1 = Pratap Chandra|year = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also established the Nitte Education Trust in 1979 to provide a high school to the village of Nitte. Hegde died on 24 May 1990 at his residence in [[Mangalore]], survived by his wife Meenakshi and six children, three sons and three daughters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Obituary|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19900526&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en|access-date=6 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=26 May 1990}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> As a judge of the Supreme Court of India, he was a part of the thirteen judge bench which decided the famous [[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]. However, he resigned soon after delivering the majority judgment, as Justice [[A. N. Ray]] was appointed the [[Chief Justice of India]], although Hegde was senior judge at the time. In an obituary of Hegde, Justice [[M. M. Ismail]] wrote, &quot;His tenure as a Judge of the Supreme Court was notable for his learned judgements which were characterised by basic legal principles and practical common-sense.The end of his judicial career was equally notable for his sense of self-respect and dignity which he attached to his office, as he resigned his office without the slightest hesitation the movement [sic] he heard the news over the all India Radio that he and two senior colleagues of his had been superseded in the appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tribute to K.S. Hegde|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QIplAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=nZ4NAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2396%2C2983366|access-date=6 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=27 May 1990|page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[K.S. Hegde Medical Academy]], a medical college in [[Deralakatte]] and a unit of the Nitte Education Trust, was named after Hegde. The Justice KS Hegde Charitable Foundation, a trust dedicated to the advancement of education and community development in [[Mangalore]], was established in memory of Hegde.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=47699&amp;n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Nitte+to+Celebrate+Birth+Centenary+of+Late+K+S+Hegde+from+Jun+16 |title= Birth Centenary Celebrations of Late K S Hegde at Nitte |access-date=2008-11-02 |date= 2008-06-14 |publisher= Daijiworld Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each year, the foundation awards the Justice K.S. Hegde Foundation Awards; previous winners include former Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Macroeconomics and Health |last= Sachs |first= Jeffrey D. |year= 2001 |publisher= World Health Organization|isbn= 9789241545501 |page= 148 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/former/hegde.asp Former Speaker K. S. Hegde] at speakerloksabha.nic.in<br /> *[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2392.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br /> <br /> {{Speakers of the Lok Sabha}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde K. S.}}<br /> [[Category:1909 births]]<br /> [[Category:1990 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Speakers of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Mangaloreans]]<br /> [[Category:Tulu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Deputy speakers of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Chief justices of the Delhi High Court]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Tulu judges]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinesh_Chaudhary&diff=497180 Dinesh Chaudhary 2025-10-18T15:05:35Z <p>Frugaltesting: Stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Paralympian track and field athlete (born 1996)}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{infobox sportsperson<br /> | name = Dinesh Chaudhary<br /> | birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | country = India<br /> | sport = [[Para-athletics]]<br /> | disability_class = [[F42 (classification)|F42]]<br /> | coach = Lakhwinder Singh<br /> | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Para Grand Prix]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2019 Para Grand Prix|2019 Morocco]]|[[2019 Para Grand prix – Men's Shotput throw#F42|Shotput - F42]]}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[National Para Athletics Championship]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[National Para Athletics Championship|2021 Bangalore]]|[[2021 National Para Athletics Championship – Men's Shotput throw#F42|Shotput - F42]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[National Para Athletics Championship|2022 Orrisa]]|[[2022 National Para Athletics Championship – Men's Shotput throw#F42|Shotput - F42]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[National Para Athletics Championship|2023 Pune]]|[[2023 National Para Athletics Championship – Men's Shotput throw#F42|Shotput - F42]]}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dinesh Chaudhary''' is an Indian [[para-athlete]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/asian-para-games/full-list-303-indian-para-athletes-44423|title=Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian para-athletes|first=Deepanshu|last=Jain|date=17 October 2023|website=thebridge.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/oct/doc20231017262001.pdf|title=Participation of Indian Contingent in Asian Para Games 2022 to be held at Hangzhou (China) from 22nd to 28th October 2022 - clearance regarding|date=October 2023|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won gold at the 2023 [[World Para Athletics Grand Prix]] in Morocco 2019. He was diagnosed with [[Post-polio syndrome|Post-polio residual paralysis]] when he was two years old. He primarily competes in the [[Paralympics]] [[shot put]] event in the [[F42 (classification)|F42]] category.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Dinesh Chaudhary started his [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] career in 2016 and secured gold for India in the men's shot put F42 event at Morocco Grand Prix in 2019.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} In 2018, he won silver at the National Para Athletics Meet in [[Panchkula]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yogems.com/yopedia/dinesh-chaudhary-wins-silver-in-national-para-athletics-meet/|title=Dinesh Chaudhary wins Silver in National Para Athletics Meet &amp;#124|website=YoGems|date=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[National Para Athletics]] he won a gold medal with a national record of 12.30m.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Athletics in India]]<br /> * [[India at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IPC athlete|id=dinesh-chaudhary}}<br /> * {{Instagram|Dineshshotput}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Dinesh}}<br /> [[Category:1996 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men shot putters]]<br /> [[Category:Athletes from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Track and field athletes with disabilities]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{india-sport-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9324_FC_Goa_season&diff=483119 2023–24 FC Goa season 2025-09-29T12:50:57Z <p>Frugaltesting: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|10th season in existence of FC Goa}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox football club season<br /> | club = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]<br /> | owner = [[FC Goa#Ownership|Goan Football Club Pvt. Ltd]].&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=About Us: FC Goa |url=https://fcgoa.in/about |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=fcgoa.in |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401225648/https://fcgoa.in/about |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | chrtitle = President<br /> | chairman = Akshay Tandon<br /> | mgrtitle = Head coach<br /> | manager = [[Manolo Márquez]]<br /> | stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]]<br /> | league = [[2023–24 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]<br /> | league result = ''1st''<br /> | cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]<br /> | cup1 result = ''TBD''<br /> | cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]<br /> | cup2 result = [[2023 Durand Cup#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]<br /> | pattern_b1 = _bluecollar<br /> | pattern_b2 = _redcollar<br /> | pattern_b3 = _goa2324t<br /> | pattern_la1 = _blueborder<br /> | pattern_la2 = _redborder<br /> | pattern_la3 = <br /> | pattern_ra1 = _blueborder<br /> | pattern_ra2 = _redborder<br /> | pattern_ra3 = <br /> | pattern_sh1 = <br /> | pattern_sh2 = <br /> | pattern_sh3 = <br /> | pattern_so1 = _bluetop<br /> | pattern_so2 = _redstripe<br /> | pattern_so3 = _greytop<br /> | body1 = FA6400<br /> | body2 = FFFFFF<br /> | body3 = 0E0E10<br /> | rightarm1 = FA6400<br /> | leftarm1 = FA6400<br /> | rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | rightarm3 = 000000<br /> | leftarm3 = 000000<br /> | shorts1 = 0000FF<br /> | shorts2 = FFFFFF<br /> | shorts3 = 000000<br /> | socks1 = FA6400<br /> | socks2 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks3 = 000000<br /> | prevseason = [[2022–23 FC Goa season|2022–23]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2024–25 FC Goa season|2024–25]]<br /> | updated = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2023–24 season''' is the [[List of FC Goa seasons|tenth season]] in [[FC Goa]]'s existence, as well as their tenth season in the [[Indian Super League]]. It began in April 2023 with the [[2023 Durand Cup]]. FC Goa drew an average home attendance of 8,642 in the 2023-24 ISL.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.espn.in/football/stats/_/league/IND.1/view/performance&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> {{Main|List of FC Goa players}}<br /> ===First-team squad===<br /> {{updated|1 September 2023}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Squad<br /> | url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/496-fc-goa-profile<br /> | publisher = [[Indian Super League]]<br /> | access-date = 28 October 2020<br /> | archive-date = 28 October 2020<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201028182250/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/496-fc-goa-profile<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{fs start}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sanson Pereira]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sandesh Jhingan]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=4|nat=IRL|pos=MF|name=[[Carl McHugh]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Leander D'Cunha]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=7|nat=MAR|pos=FW|name=[[Noah Sadaoui]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Raynier Fernandes]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=9|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Carlos Martínez]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Brandon Fernandes]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep Singh]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ayush Chhetri}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta Singh]]}}<br /> {{Fs mid}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=16|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=[[Odei Onaindia]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Boris Singh Thangjam|Boris Singh]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=on loan from [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Rowllin Borges]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=[[Captain (association football)#Vice-captain|vice-captain]]|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Seriton Fernandes]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=21|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Saviour Gama]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=28|nat=AUS|pos=MF|name=[[Paulo Retre]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=29|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Devendra Murgaonkar]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=32|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Víctor Rodríguez (Spanish footballer)|Víctor Rodríguez]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=41|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Jay Gupta]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=42|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Brison Fernandes}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=44|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Muhammed Nemil]]}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=45|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rayan Menezes}}<br /> {{fs player|other=|no=55|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Hrithik Tiwari}}<br /> {{fs end}}<br /> <br /> == Competitions ==<br /> <br /> === Overview ===<br /> {{legend2|#BBF3BB|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFBB|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFBBBB|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{Fb overview2<br /> |c=0<br /> |c1=[[Durand Cup]]<br /> |fm1={{Start date|2023|8|8|df=y}}<br /> |lm1={{End date|2023|8|31|df=y}}<br /> |sr1=[[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Group D|Group stage]]<br /> |w1=3<br /> |d1=1<br /> |l1=1<br /> |f1=16<br /> |a1=5<br /> |fp1=[[2023 Durand Cup #Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]<br /> |c2=[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]<br /> |fm2=''TBD''<br /> |lm2=''TBD''<br /> |sr2=''TBD''<br /> |w2=0<br /> |l2=0<br /> |d2=0<br /> |f2=0<br /> |a2=0<br /> |fp2=''TBD''<br /> |c3=[[Indian Super League|Super League]]<br /> |fm3={{Start date|2023|9|21|df=y}}<br /> |lm3=''TBD''<br /> |sr3=[[2023–24 Indian Super League#Results|Matchday 1]]<br /> |w3=6<br /> |d3=2<br /> |l3=0<br /> |f3=12<br /> |a3=3<br /> |fp3=''TBD''<br /> |u={{Start date|2023|12|11|df=y}}.<br /> |s= [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/india-fc-goa/31405/ Soccerway]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Durand Cup ===<br /> <br /> ==== Group stage ====<br /> {{:2023 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group D|showteam=GOA}}<br /> <br /> ===== Matches =====<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | id = D2<br /> | date = {{start date|2023|08|08|df=y}} <br /> | time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | score = 6–0<br /> | report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19699<br /> | team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]<br /> | goals1 =<br /> *[[Rowllin Borges|Borges]] {{goal|15}}<br /> *[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]] {{goal|20||27||86}}<br /> *[[Víctor Rodríguez (Spanish footballer)|Rodríguez]] {{goal|68}}<br /> *[[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Martínez]] {{goal|83}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Guwahati]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | motm = [[Noah Sadaoui]] (Goa)<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | id = D3<br /> | date = {{start date|2023|08|12|df=y}} <br /> | time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br /> | score = 2–2<br /> | report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19707<br /> | team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | goals1 =<br /> *[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|M. Singh]] {{goal|24}}<br /> *[[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{goal|52|o.g.}}<br /> | goals2 =<br /> *[[Rowllin Borges|Borges]] {{goal|45+4}}<br /> *[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]] {{goal|80|pen.}}<br /> | stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Guwahati]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | motm = [[Seriton Fernandes]] (Goa)<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | id = D5<br /> | date = {{start date|2023|08|16|df=y}} <br /> | time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | score = 3–0<br /> | report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19713<br /> | team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]<br /> | goals1 =<br /> *[[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]] {{goal|19}}<br /> *[[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Martínez]] {{goal|38}}<br /> *[[Devendra Murgaonkar|Murgaokar]] {{goal|90+6}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Guwahati]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | motm = [[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Carlos Martínez]] (Goa)<br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Knockout stage ====<br /> {{:2023 Durand Cup|transcludesection=bracket|showteam=GOA}}<br /> <br /> ===== Matches =====<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | id = QF<br /> | date = {{start date|2023|08|26|df=y}} <br /> | time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | score = 4–1<br /> | report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/20343 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br /> | goals1 =<br /> *[[Carl McHugh]] {{goal|29}}<br /> *[[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Carlos Martínez]] {{goal|37}}<br /> *[[Noah Sadaoui]] {{goal|90+2}}<br /> *[[Víctor Rodríguez (Spanish footballer)|Víctor Rodríguez]] {{goal|90+4}}<br /> | goals2 = [[Bikash Yumnam]] {{goal|5}}<br /> | stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Guwahati]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | motm = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | id = SF<br /> | date = {{start date|2023|08|31|df=y}} <br /> | time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | score = 1–2<br /> | report = [https://durandcup.in/news/132nd-indianoil-durand-cup-match-report-mohun-bagan-super-giant-sets-up-kolkata-derby-final-after-beating-fc-goa/ Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]<br /> | goals1 =*[[Noah Sadaoui]] {{goal|23}}<br /> | goals2 =<br /> *[[Jason Cummings]] {{goal|42|p}}<br /> *[[Armando Sadiku]] {{goal|61}}<br /> | stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> | location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | motm = <br /> | referee = <br /> | result = L<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Indian Super League ===<br /> <br /> ==== League table ====<br /> {{:2023–24 Indian Super League|showteam=GOA}}<br /> <br /> ==== Results summary ====<br /> <br /> {{Fb_rs|hw=4|hd=1|hl=0|hgf=6|hga=2|aw=2|ad=1|al=0|agf=5|aga=1}}<br /> {{Fb_rs footer | u=12 December 2023 | s=[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League] | date=December 2023}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|25em}}<br /> <br /> {{FC Goa}}<br /> {{2023–24 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 FC Goa season}}<br /> [[Category:FC Goa seasons]]<br /> [[Category:2023–24 Indian Super League season by team|Goa]]<br /> <br /> {{India-sport-stub}}<br /> {{Season-footyclub-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attorney_General_for_India_v._Satish&diff=488282 Attorney General for India v. Satish 2025-08-26T21:39:16Z <p>Frugaltesting: new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2021 criminal case considering POCSO Act}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox court case<br /> | name = Attorney General for India v. Satish<br /> | court = [[Supreme Court of India]]<br /> | date decided = November 18, 2021<br /> | image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg<br /> | full name = Attorney General for India v. Satish &amp; {{abbr|Anr}}<br /> | citations = 2021 INSC 762<br /> | judge = Uday Umesh Lalit, S. Ravindra Bhat, and Bela M. Trivedi<br /> | number of judges = 3<br /> | decision by = Bela M. Trivedi<br /> | concurring = S. Ravindra Bhat<br /> | Overturned previous case = Satish v. State of Maharashtra (2021) and Libnus v. State of Maharashtra (2021)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Attorney General for India v. Satish &amp; {{Abbr|Anr|Another}},''' 2021 INSC 762, is a landmark criminal case considered by the [[Supreme Court of India]] considering the [[POCSO Act]], a law for the protection of children in India. The judgement is considered significant for definitively establishing &quot;sexual intent&quot; as the primary ingredient for establishing sexual assault against the children under the act, thereby restoring the protective framework intended by the POCSO Act.<br /> <br /> The case arose from a [[Bombay High Court]] Nagpur bench judgement ruling that groping a minor’s breast without removing clothing did not constitute sexual assault under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012. The ruling, also known as the &quot;skin-to-skin contact&quot; judgement, caused widespread outrage and was appealed to the higher court. On November 18, 2021 a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India unanimously overturned the high court decision.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> The case emerged out of several rulings in January 2021 by Justice [[Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala]], an additional judge of the Bombay High Court, relating to the sexual assault of minors. In the first case, Ganediwala adjudicated an appeal against a trial court that had convicted a 39-year-old man of taking a 12-year-old female child to his home on the pretext of offering her food and sexually assaulting her. The trial court had sentenced the offender to three years in prison under the POSCO Act but Ganediwala commuted the sentence holding that while the man had committed the offense of 'outraging a woman's modesty' under section 354 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], it did not amount to a sexual offense against a child because he had groped her through her clothing. Ganediwala ruled that for an offense to qualify as sexual assault under the POCSO Act, there had to be &quot;...skin to skin contact with sexual intent.&quot; In two other cases, Ganediwala similarly held that lack of physical contact did not constitute a POCSO offence,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Saigal |first=Sonam |date=2021-01-28 |title=Bombay High Court judge quashes another POCSO conviction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/holding-girls-hands-opening-pants-zip-no-sexual-assault-under-pocso-says-bombay-high-court/article33684750.ece |access-date=2021-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; and that lack of violent struggle indicated that an assault could not have been non-consensual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Neha |title=Bombay High Court acquits rape convict after victim's testimony fails to inspire confidence |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/bombay-high-court-acquits-rape-convict-after-victims-testimony-fails-to-inspire-confidence |access-date=2021-01-30 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Vidya |title=Bombay HC acquits man of rape, says impossible for a single man to gag victim, remove her clothes without scuffle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bombay-hc-acquit-man-rape-impossible-man-gag-victim-clothes-scuffle-1763911-2021-01-29 |access-date=2021-01-30 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ganediwala's decisions attracted wide attention and criticism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-24 |title=Not sexual assault if minor is groped without skin to skin contact, intent: HC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/not-sexual-assault-if-minor-is-groped-without-skin-to-skin-contact-intent-hc-101611496504698.html |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hakim |first=Sharmeen |date=2021-01-24 |title=Pressing Breasts Without Disrobing Not 'Sexual Assault' As Per POCSO Act But Offence Under Sec 354 IPC : Bombay High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/pressing-breasts-without-disrobing-not-sexual-assault-pocso-bombay-high-court-168845 |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Neha |title=Groping 12-year-old child without removing her clothes not 'sexual assault' under POCSO Act, but only 'outraging modesty' under IPC: Bombay HC |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/nagpur-bench-bombay-high-court-pocso-conviction-reversed |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first judgement, referred to as the 'skin-to-skin contact' judgement,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Groping 'Without Skin-To-Skin Contact' Does Not Qualify As Sexual Assault: Bombay HC |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-groping-without-skin-to-skin-contact-sexual-intent-not-fall-under-sexual-assault-bombay-hc/371661 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Outlook India}}&lt;/ref&gt; was notably criticised.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Ruling will have cascading effects': NCW to challenge Bombay High Court's groping judgment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/25/ruling-will-have-cascading-effects-ncw-to-challenge-bombay-high-courts-groping-judgment-2254969.html |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=25 January 2021 |title=Obnoxious, unacceptable, outrageous: Activists on Bombay HC judgement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/obnoxious-unacceptable-outrageous-activists-on-bombay-hc-judgement/articleshow/80448373.cms |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the widespread outrage, [[Attorney General of India]] mentioned the ruling before the Supreme Court, noting that it warranted the Court's attention and describing it as a &quot;...very disturbing conclusion.&quot; The Supreme Court agreed to hear the matter ''[[suo motu]]'' and temporarily stayed the judgment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=Attorney General For India v. Satish and Another |url=https://www.supremecourtcases.com/attorney-general-for-india-v-satish-and-another/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Supreme Court Cases |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The judgement was formally appealed by the Attorney General, as well as [[National Commission for Women]], and the [[State of Maharashtra]] to the Supreme Court of India; with a counter-appeal by the appellant-accused Satish. Due to similar contextual legal issues, the court heard all four appeals together.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Attorney General For India vs Satish on 18 November, 2021 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/123392914/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=indiankanoon.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Judgement ==<br /> The judgement was rendered by a three-judge bench of Supreme Court consisting of Justices [[Uday Umesh Lalit]], [[S. Ravindra Bhat]], and [[Bela M. Trivedi]]. The unanimous judgement overturned the two judgements by the Justice Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala and ordered the accused to surrender before the special courts. The majority opinion was written by Justice [[Bela M. Trivedi]] with a concurring opinion by [[S. Ravindra Bhat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Prachi |date=2021-11-19 |title=POCSO{{!}} “Touch”, “physical contact” can't be restricted to “skin to skin contact”; &quot;sexual intent&quot; is the key. SC reverses Bombay HC's “dangerous precedent&quot; |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/11/19/pocso-touch-physical-contact-cant-be-restricted-to-skin-to-skin-contact-sexual-intent-is-the-key-sc-reveres-bombay-hcs-danger/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bela M. Trivedi and Uday Umesh Lalit ===<br /> The key issue considered by the court was the interpretation of Section 7 of the POSCO Act that defines and addresses sexual assault against children. In her judgement, Justice Bela M. Trivedi relied on several precedents and legal principles to reason that the interpretation of &quot;physical contact&quot; to mean &quot;skin to skin contact&quot; would be an &quot;absurd interpretation of the said provision [contained in Section 7] and lead to a very detrimental situation.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; She also rejected the arguments for [[rule of lenity]] and ''esjusdem genris'' by the accused, holding that there was no obscurity or uncertainty in the provisions of the POCSO Act and an interpretation otherwise would &quot;defeat the very legislative intent.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA VS SATISH RAGDE CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1410 OF 2021 (@ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL) NO. 925 OF 2021) |url=https://theamikusqriae.com/attorney-general-of-india-vs-satish-ragde-criminal-appeal-no-1410-of-2021-special-leave-petition-crl-no-925-of-2021/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The Amikus Qriae |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === S. Ravindra Bhat ===<br /> Justice S. Ravindra Bhat in his separate concurring opinion referenced the [[mischief rule]] noting that &quot;it is no part of any judge’s duty to strain the plain words of the statute, beyond recognition and to the point of destruction.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Child abuse in India]]<br /> * [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act]]<br /> * [[List of landmark court decisions in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{SCI-cases}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 in Indian law]]<br /> [[Category:Child abuse case law]]<br /> [[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2021]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015%E2%80%9316_BDFA_Super_Division&diff=482533 2015–16 BDFA Super Division 2025-08-04T01:48:53Z <p>Frugaltesting: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox football league season<br /> | competition = [[BDFA Super Division]] <br /> | season = 2015–16<br /> | winners = [[Ozone FC|Ozone]] (1st title)<br /> | promoted =<br /> | relegated = [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]]<br /> | matches =<br /> | total goals = <br /> | league topscorer =<br /> | biggest home win =<br /> | biggest away win = <br /> | highest scoring = <br /> | longest wins = <br /> | longest unbeaten = <br /> | longest winless = <br /> | longest losses = <br /> | highest attendance = <br /> | lowest attendance = <br /> | average attendance = <br /> | prevseason = [[2014–15 BDFA Super Division|2014–15]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2016–17 BDFA Super Division|2016–17]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2015–16 BDFA Super Division''' is the thirteenth season of the [[BDFA Super Division]] which is the third tier of the Indian football system and the top tier of the Karnataka football system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gcsstars.com/2015/12/fixture-bdfa-super-division-league-2015.html|title=Fixture - BDFA Super Division League 2015-16|date=22 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] and [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]] were promoted from BDFA 'A' Division,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gcsstars.com/2015/03/points-table-bdfa-division-2014-15.html|title=Points Table: BDFA A Division - 2014-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; whereas [[Ozone FC]], a new team launched by Ozone group, also competed in the season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Ozone-FC-launched-in-Bengaluru/articleshow/49648399.cms|title=Ozone FC launched in Bengaluru|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ozone emerged the champions and [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]] and [[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] were relegated to A division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/ozone-fc-triumphs/article8350264.ece|title=Ozone FC triumphs|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Teams==<br /> {{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * [[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC]]<br /> * [[Bengaluru FC]]<br /> * CIL<br /> * DYES<br /> * [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]]<br /> * [[Madras Engineer Group|MEG]]<br /> * [[Ozone FC]]<br /> * [[Railway Wheel Factory|RWF]]<br /> * [[Sports Authority of India|SAI]]<br /> * [[South United F.C.|South United]]<br /> * Students Union<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Table==<br /> {{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL<br /> |res_col_header=QR<br /> |team1=OZO|name_OZO=[[Ozone FC]]<br /> |team2=SUN|name_SUN=[[South United F.C.|South United]]<br /> |team3=MEG|name_MEG=[[Madras Engineer Group|MEG]]<br /> |team4=BEN|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC]]<br /> |team5=ASC|name_ASC=[[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC]]<br /> |team6=RWF|name_RWF=[[Rail Wheel Factory|RWF]]<br /> |team7=STU|name_STU=[[Students Union]]<br /> |team8=DYE|name_DYE=DYES<br /> |team9=CIL|name_CIL=CIL<br /> |team10=SAI|name_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]]<br /> |team11=INC|name_INC=[[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]]<br /> |win_OZO=8|draw_OZO=1|loss_OZO=0|gf_OZO=27|ga_OZO=7|status_OZO=C<br /> |win_SUN=7|draw_SUN=2|loss_SUN=1|gf_SUN=18|ga_SUN=4<br /> |win_MEG=5|draw_MEG=3|loss_MEG=1|gf_MEG=16|ga_MEG=10<br /> |win_BEN=4|draw_BEN=2|loss_BEN=4|gf_BEN=25|ga_BEN=11<br /> |win_ASC=4|draw_ASC=1|loss_ASC=4|gf_ASC=23|ga_ASC=12<br /> |win_RWF=4|draw_RWF=0|loss_RWF=5|gf_RWF=13|ga_RWF=24<br /> |win_STU=3|draw_STU=1|loss_STU=5|gf_STU=6|ga_STU=10<br /> |win_DYE=2|draw_DYE=4|loss_DYE=4|gf_DYE=9|ga_DYE=18<br /> |win_CIL=2|draw_CIL=2|loss_CIL=5|gf_CIL=9|ga_CIL=14<br /> |win_SAI=2|draw_SAI=2|loss_SAI=6|gf_SAI=11|ga_SAI=19|status_SAI=R<br /> |win_INC=1|draw_INC=2|loss_INC=7|gf_INC=8|ga_INC=36|status_INC=R<br /> |result1=R1|col_R1=#D0F0C0<br /> |text_R1=Champions<br /> |result10=REL|col_REL=#FFCCCC<br /> |text_REL=Relegated to A Division<br /> |result11=REL<br /> |class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.<br /> |update=complete <br /> |source=[http://www.gcsstars.com/2016/01/points-table-bdfa-league-2015-16-super.html GCS Stars]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Results==<br /> <br /> {{#invoke:sports results|main<br /> |matches_style=FBR|solid_cell=grey<br /> |team1=ASC|team2=BFC|team3=CIL|team4=DYES|team5=IT<br /> |team6=MEG|team7=OFC|team8=RWF|team9=SAI|team10=SUFC<br /> |team11=SU<br /> <br /> |name_ASC=[[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC]]<br /> |match_ASC_BFC=0–1<br /> |match_ASC_CIL=1–1<br /> |match_ASC_DYES=5–0<br /> |match_ASC_IT=4–1<br /> |match_ASC_MEG=0–1<br /> |match_ASC_OFC=0–3<br /> |match_ASC_RWF=7–1<br /> |match_ASC_SAI=4–1<br /> |match_ASC_SUFC=2–3<br /> |match_ASC_SU=2–0<br /> <br /> |name_BFC=[[Bengaluru FC]]<br /> |match_BFC_ASC=null<br /> |match_BFC_CIL=0–1<br /> |match_BFC_DYES=1–1<br /> |match_BFC_IT=11–0<br /> |match_BFC_MEG=6–1<br /> |match_BFC_OFC=1–1<br /> |match_BFC_RWF=1–2<br /> |match_BFC_SAI=2–3<br /> |match_BFC_SUFC=0–2<br /> |match_BFC_SU=2–0<br /> <br /> |name_CIL=CIL<br /> |match_CIL_ASC=null<br /> |match_CIL_BFC=null<br /> |match_CIL_DYES=2–3<br /> |match_CIL_IT=0–0<br /> |match_CIL_MEG=1–3<br /> |match_CIL_OFC=2–4<br /> |match_CIL_RWF= <br /> |match_CIL_SAI=2–0<br /> |match_CIL_SUFC=0–2<br /> |match_CIL_SU=0–1<br /> <br /> |name_DYES=DYES<br /> |match_DYES_ASC=null<br /> |match_DYES_BFC=null<br /> |match_DYES_CIL=null<br /> |match_DYES_IT=1–2<br /> |match_DYES_MEG=0–0<br /> |match_DYES_OFC=3–0<br /> |match_DYES_RWF=0–2<br /> |match_DYES_SAI=1–1<br /> |match_DYES_SUFC=1–1<br /> |match_DYES_SU=2–1<br /> <br /> |name_IT=[[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]]<br /> |match_IT_ASC=null<br /> |match_IT_BFC=null<br /> |match_IT_CIL=null<br /> |match_IT_DYES=null<br /> |match_IT_MEG=1–4<br /> |match_IT_OFC=2–4<br /> |match_IT_RWF=1–0<br /> |match_IT_SAI=1–1<br /> |match_IT_SUFC=0–7<br /> |match_IT_SU=1–3<br /> <br /> |name_MEG=[[Madras Engineer Group|MEG]]<br /> |match_MEG_ASC=null<br /> |match_MEG_BFC=null<br /> |match_MEG_CIL=null<br /> |match_MEG_DYES=null<br /> |match_MEG_IT=null<br /> |match_MEG_OFC=2–3<br /> |match_MEG_RWF=4–1<br /> |match_MEG_SAI=3–1<br /> |match_MEG_SUFC=0–0<br /> |match_MEG_SU=0–0<br /> <br /> |name_OFC=[[Ozone FC]]<br /> |match_OFC_ASC=null<br /> |match_OFC_BFC=null<br /> |match_OFC_CIL=null<br /> |match_OFC_DYES=null<br /> |match_OFC_IT=null<br /> |match_OFC_MEG=null<br /> |match_OFC_RWF=7–2<br /> |match_OFC_SAI=1–0<br /> |match_OFC_SUFC=1–0<br /> |match_OFC_SU=3–0<br /> <br /> |name_RWF=[[Rail Wheel Factory|RWF]]<br /> |match_RWF_ASC=null<br /> |match_RWF_BFC=null<br /> |match_RWF_CIL=null<br /> |match_RWF_DYES=null<br /> |match_RWF_IT=null<br /> |match_RWF_MEG=null<br /> |match_RWF_OFC=null<br /> |match_RWF_SAI=3–4<br /> |match_RWF_SUFC=0–1<br /> |match_RWF_SU=1–0<br /> <br /> |name_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]]<br /> |match_SAI_ASC=null<br /> |match_SAI_BFC=null<br /> |match_SAI_CIL=null<br /> |match_SAI_DYES=null<br /> |match_SAI_IT=null<br /> |match_SAI_MEG=null<br /> |match_SAI_OFC=null<br /> |match_SAI_RWF=null<br /> |match_SAI_SUFC=0–1<br /> |match_SAI_SU=0–1<br /> <br /> |name_SUFC=[[South United F.C.|South United]]<br /> |match_SUFC_ASC=null<br /> |match_SUFC_BFC=null<br /> |match_SUFC_CIL=null<br /> |match_SUFC_DYES=null<br /> |match_SUFC_IT=null<br /> |match_SUFC_MEG=null<br /> |match_SUFC_OFC=null<br /> |match_SUFC_RWF=null<br /> |match_SUFC_SAI=null<br /> |match_SUFC_SU=1–0<br /> <br /> |name_SU=[[Students Union]]<br /> |match_SU_ASC=null<br /> |match_SU_BFC=null<br /> |match_SU_CIL=null<br /> |match_SU_DYES=null<br /> |match_SU_IT=null<br /> |match_SU_MEG=null<br /> |match_SU_OFC=null<br /> |match_SU_RWF=null<br /> |match_SU_SAI=null<br /> |match_SU_SUFC=null<br /> <br /> |source=[http://www.gcsstars.com/2015/12/fixture-bdfa-super-division-league-2015.html GCSStars]<br /> |update=14 March 2016<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{2015–16 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2015-16 BDFA Super Division}}<br /> [[Category:BDFA Super Division seasons]]<br /> [[Category:2015–16 in Indian football leagues|4]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._R._Rangaswami&diff=464404 M. R. Rangaswami 2025-07-26T07:02:13Z <p>Frugaltesting: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian software executive, investor and entrepreneur}}<br /> {{BLP primary sources|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL<br /> | alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]&lt;br&gt;[[Madras University]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kent State University]]}}<br /> '''M.R.''' ('''Madhavan''') '''Rangaswami''' (born 1955) is an [[Indian-American]] [[investor]], [[entrepreneur]], corporate eco-strategy expert, and [[philanthropist]]. Recognized as a software business expert, he participated in the rapid expansion of the [[Silicon Valley]] software industry during his tenure as an executive at both large and small software companies. In 1997, he co-founded ''Sand Hill Group'',&lt;ref name=&quot;urlSandHill.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sandhill.com/sandhillgroup/index.php |title=Sand Hill Group: About Us |format= |accessdate=2009-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; one of the earliest “angel” investment firms: in 2007, he founded Corporate Eco Forum.<br /> <br /> == Sand Hill Group ==<br /> In 1997, Rangaswami partnered with Constantin Delvanis to form Sand Hill Group,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sand Hill Group&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sandhill.com |title=Sand Hill Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; a software consulting and investment group. The firm was one of the early “angel investors” in Silicon Valley. Companies in which Sand Hill Group has invested include NeoForma, Niku,&lt;ref name=&quot;urlForbes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2000/0403/0306052a.html |title=The $20 Million Phone Call - Forbes.com |website=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=2009-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crossworlds, Luminate, Cord Blood Registry, and most recently, Adchemy, BDNA, Vysr, and Supercool School. Sand Hill Group has also become known for its community-building activities in the software industry. The firm produced the Enterprise&lt;ref name=&quot;urlSandHill.com | Conferences: Enterprise 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sandhill.com/conferences/enter2007/index.php |title=SandHill.com &amp;#124; Conferences: Enterprise 2007 |format= |accessdate=2009-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Software&lt;ref name=&quot;urlSoftware 2008- Welcome&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.software2008.com/ |title=Software 2008- Welcome |format= |accessdate=2009-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; (now owned by CMP Technology)&lt;ref name=&quot;urlDec 05, 2006 - CMP Technology Acquires Software 2007 Conference&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ubmtechnology.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&amp;item=1554|title=Dec 05, 2006 - CMP Technology Acquires Software 2007 Conference|accessdate=2009-01-01|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064719/http://ubmtechnology.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&amp;item=1554|archivedate=2011-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; conference series and publishes sandhill.com,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sand Hill Group&quot; /&gt; an online resource for software business strategy. Rangaswami was profiled on the front page of the Wall Street Journal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shunning Venture Capital, Small Firms Seek 'Angels'&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB872458051636258500 |title=Shunning Venture Capital, Small Firms Seek 'Angels'|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=25 August 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Corporate Eco Forum ==<br /> In 2007, M.R. embarked on a new venture as the founder of the Corporate Eco Forum,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.corporateecoforum.com/about/team/|title = Team}}&lt;/ref&gt; an invitation-only membership organization for Global 500 companies that demonstrate a serious commitment to the environment as a business strategy issue.&lt;ref name=&quot;corporateecoforum.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.corporateecoforum.com/about/|title=About}}&lt;/ref&gt; CEF’s mission is to help accelerate sustainable business innovation by creating the best neutral space for business leaders to strategize and exchange best-practice insights. Members represent 18 industries and have combined revenues exceeding $3 trillion.&lt;ref name=&quot;corporateecoforum.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to the annual meeting, the CEF authors a series of research reports on corporate sustainability&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.corporateecoforum.com/research-reports/|title = Research}}&lt;/ref&gt; and publishes The EcoInnovator Blog as well as a weekly newsletter that summarizes the latest eco-business news.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.corporateecoforum.com/ecoinnovator-blog/ |title=EcoInnovator Blog - Corporate Eco Forum |website=www.corporateecoforum.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075239/http://www.corporateecoforum.com/ecoinnovator-blog/ |archive-date=2013-07-08}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Indiaspora ==<br /> Under the auspices of the SHG Foundation, Rangaswami founded Indiaspora to unite [[Indian Americans]] and to transform their success into meaningful impact in India and on the global stage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiaspora.org/story |title=Indiaspora - the Story |accessdate=2014-01-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208034137/http://indiaspora.org/story |archivedate=2014-02-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dhume|first=Sadanand|date=2020-08-20|title=Opinion {{!}} What Kamala Harris Isn't Saying About Her Mother's Background|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-kamala-harris-isnt-saying-about-her-mothers-background-11597944590|access-date=2020-09-09|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2012, Indiaspora's inaugural Forum hosted 100 leaders from all constituencies of the Indian American community, including CEOs, activists, academics, journalists, financiers, and diplomats. The weekend event energized the community and was a catalyst to transform the success of Indian Americans into a meaningful impact in India and on the global stage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://indiaspora.org/forum | title=Forum 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2013, the Indiaspora hosted the first-ever Indian American Ball for the President of the United States. Indiaspora members and a sold-out crowd of 1,200 Indian Americans joined politicians, policymakers, and other guests and celebrated the accomplishments of the 3-million-strong community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiaspora.org/inauguration |title=Indiaspora - the Ball |accessdate=2013-09-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917231726/http://indiaspora.org/inauguration |archivedate=2013-09-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accomplishments ==<br /> * Advisor of Inxeption{{cn|date=September 2022}}<br /> * Board member of the Kaliash Satyarthi Children's Foundation{{cn|date=September 2022}}<br /> * Recipient of the US-China Educational Trust (US-CET) inaugural “Asians in America&quot; award in 2016{{cn|date=September 2022}}<br /> * Recipient of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) &quot;Influential Leaders&quot; award in 2015{{cn|date=September 2022}}<br /> * Honored With US-CET Lifetime Achievement Award&lt;ref name=&quot;USCET celebrates 2016 Asians in America Awards Dinner&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uscet.org/blog/uscet-celebrates-2016-asians-america-awards-dinner/ |title=USCET celebrates 2016 Asians in America Awards Dinner |format= |accessdate=2016-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Included in Top 25 Most Influential Technology Executives 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;urlChannel News, Technology News and Reviews for VARs and Technology Integrators--ChannelWeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/ |title=Channel News, Technology News and Reviews for VARs and Technology Integrators--ChannelWeb |format= |accessdate=2009-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Listed on the ''[[Forbes]]'' Midas 100 list of most successful investors in 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;urlDealmakers With The Midas Touch - Forbes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/02/01/midas.html |title=Dealmakers With The Midas Touch - Forbes.com |website=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=2009-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2003&lt;ref name=&quot;urlThe Midas List - Forbes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2003/01/29/midasland.html |title=The Midas List - Forbes.com |website=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=2009-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Profiled in 2 books: ''Those Immigrants'' by Scott Haas and ''The $8 Man'' by Brenda Christensen<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rangaswami, M. R.}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:American people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:American businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalkhola_railway_station&diff=461288 Dalkhola railway station 2025-06-12T16:27:44Z <p>Frugaltesting: brief cleaned up section per standard format and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Dalkhola, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Dalkhola<br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] &lt;hr/&gt;[[Indian Railways]] station<br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | image = Dalkhola Railway Station.JPG<br /> | image_caption = Dalkhola railway station platform<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | coord = {{coord|25.8744043|N|87.8389388|E|display=inline}} &lt;!-- Map center --&gt;<br /> | float = center<br /> | zoom = 12<br /> | width = 280 &lt;!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --&gt;<br /> | height = 250<br /> | caption = {{center|Location of Dalkhola railway station}}<br /> | mark-coord1 = {{coord|25.8744043|N|87.8389388|E}}<br /> | mark1 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size1 = 10<br /> | label1 = Dalkhola (DLK)<br /> | label-size1 = 12<br /> | label-color1 = black<br /> | label-pos1 = bottom<br /> | mark-title1 = <br /> | mark-image1 = <br /> | mark-description1 = Dalkhola railway station<br /> }}<br /> | address = [[Dalkhola]], [[Uttar Dinajpur district]], [[West Bengal]]<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.8744043|N|87.8389388|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title|format=dms}}<br /> | elevation = 43 meters <br /> | line = *[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]<br /> *[[Katihar-Siliguri line]]<br /> *[[Barauni–Guwahati line]]<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]<br /> | platform = 3<br /> | tracks = 6<br /> | parking = {{color|green|Available}} {{rint|parking}}<br /> | opened = {{date and age|1871}}<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = DLK<br /> | zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]<br /> | division = {{rwd|Katihar}}<br /> }}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]<br /> | status = {{color|green|Active}}<br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | map_type = India West Bengal#India<br /> | map_dot_label = Dalkhola railway station<br /> | map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India<br /> }}<br /> {{Katihar–Siliguri line|collapse=y}}<br /> {{Barsoi–Radhikapur branch line|collapse=y}}<br /> '''Dalkhola''' '''railway station''' is a railway station in [[Dalkhola]], [[Uttar Dinajpur district]], [[West Bengal]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/dalkolha-dlk-station|title=Dalkhola Railway station|website=[[NDTV|New Delhi Television Limited (NDTV)]] – National private television network|access-date=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/xyzabc/LiveStation?stnCode=DLK&amp;toStnCode=&amp;withinHrs=8&amp;trainType=ALL&amp;scrnSize=&amp;langFile=props.en-us|title=Live Arrival-Departure status – Dalkhola railway station|website=[[Centre for Railway Information Systems]] – National Train Enquiry System – Indian Railways|access-date=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a standard II-R interlocked roadside station situated on electrified double line section at 43 metres above sea level. It also serves as a prominent rakepoint and the entry to the rest of the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]] zone. Part of the [[Katihar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]], the station lies on [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]], [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] and [[Katihar-Siliguri line]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arrivals at Dalkhola|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/dalkhola-dlk/1407|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Major trains==<br /> *[[Padatik Express|Sealdah -New Alipurduar Padatik Superfast Express]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/padatik-express-12377-sdah-to-noq/7585/325/444|title=India Rail Info|accessdate=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Avadh Assam Express|Dibrugarh-Lalgarh Avadh Assam Express]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=15609⇒15909/Avadh Assam Express (PT)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-avadh-assam-express-15909/95/546/336|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Agartala Kanchanjunga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-agartala-sealdah-kanchanjunga-festival-special-03174/129105/3651/325|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchenjunga Express]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Silchar Kanchanjunga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchanjunga-express-13175/40941/325/1053|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Barmer–Guwahati Express]]&lt;ref name=IT1&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/barmer-guwahati-express-tragedy-averted-barmer-railway-station-passengers-railway-authorities-level-crossings-157001-2013-03-25 | title=Train without engine travels 20 km in Barmer | publisher=India Today | first=Sudhanshu | last=Mishra | date=25 March 2013 | accessdate=19 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes.co.in&quot;&gt;[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bihar-1-injured-2-coaches-guwahati-bikaner-express-derails-659231 Bihar: AC coach of Guwahati-Bikaner Express derails after hitting truck]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Brahmaputra Mail|Delhi-Kamakhya Brahmaputra Mail]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dibrugarh Delhi Brahmaputra Mail|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-brahmaputra-mail-15955/225/7288/349|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Mahananda Express|Delhi-Alipurduar Mahananda Express]]&lt;ref name=&quot;indiarailinfo3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sikkim-mahananda-express-15484/1569/349/449|title=15484/Sikkim Mahananda Express - Old Delhi to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kanchan Kanya Express|Sealdah-Alipurduar Kanchan Kanya Express]]&lt;ref name=&quot;indiarailinfo4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchan-kanya-express-13149/909/325/449|title=13149/Kanchan Kanya Express (PT) - Sealdah to Alipur Duar ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Capital Express (India)|Kamakhya-Patna Capital Express]]&lt;ref name=&quot;indiarailinfo5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rajendra-nagar-terminal-kamakhya-capital-express-13248/247/854/547|title=13248/Rajendra Nagar Terminal - Kamakhya Capital Express - Patna to Kamakhya ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Jogbani–Siliguri Town Intercity Express]]&lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web|title=Siliguri Jogbani Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/siliguri-town-jogbani-intercity-express-15724/7501/1602/3089|website=indiarailinfo.com}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Siliguri Junction - Radhikapur Express]]<br /> *[[Teesta Torsha Express|Sealdah - New Alipurduar Teesta Torsha Express]]<br /> *[[Balurghat–Siliguri Intercity Express|Siliguri Junction-Balurghat Express]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Siliguri Balurghat Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/balurghat-siliguri-intercity-express-15463/|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Katihar–Siliguri Intercity Express|Siliguri Junction-Katihar Express]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Siliguri Katihar Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-katihar-siliguri-intercity-express-15719/4179/553/445|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[New Jalpaiguri-Rajendra Nagar Capital Express]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Rajendra Nagar Capital Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rajendra-nagar-terminal-new-jalpaiguri-capital-express-13246/245/854/444|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bikaner–Guwahati Express]]&lt;ref name=IT1 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes.co.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Uttar Banga Express|Sealdah-Bamanhat Uttar Banga Express]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Bamanhat Uttar Banga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-uttar-banga-express-13147/1185/325/551|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[New Jalpaiguri -Malda Town Express]]<br /> * [[New Jalpaiguri–Sitamarhi Weekly Express]]<br /> *[[Kishanganj–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/train-list| url-status=dead| title=IRCTC Next Generation eTicketing System| access-date=27 May 2019| archive-date=18 June 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618044258/https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/train-list}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Dalkhola RS Nameplate.JPG|Dalkhola railway station board<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{Railway stations in West Bengal|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1871]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Uttar Dinajpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Katihar railway division]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangameshwar&diff=532574 Sangameshwar 2025-03-31T07:07:07Z <p>Frugaltesting: starting data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sangameshwar Taluka<br /> | native_name = संगमेश्वर<br /> | native_name_lang = mr<br /> | settlement_type = Taluka<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.187|N|73.553|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 415611<br /> | area_code = 02354<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = MH-08<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1= [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Sangameshwar Taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Ratnagiri district#Divisions|Ratnagiri subdivision]] of [[Ratnagiri district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The headquarters for the taluka is the town of [[Devrukh]].&lt;ref&gt;The headquarters was moved from the village of Sangameshwar to Devrukh in 1878.{{Cite web|title=Devrukh|publisher=Ratnagiri District|url=http://ratnagiri.nic.in/gazetter/gom/places_Devrukh.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Sangameshwar the two rivers Sonavi and Shastri flow together. The meaning of Sangama in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] (and most [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]) is &quot;confluence,&quot; and so the name &quot;Sangameshwar&quot;. It is historically important as the place where [[Sambhaji|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]], son of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] was captured by the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mikaberidze2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | author=Alexander Mikaberidze |author-link= Alexander Mikaberidze| title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&amp;pg=PA609 | access-date=6 March 2012 | date=31 July 2011 | publisher=ABC-CLIO | isbn=978-1-59884-337-8 | page=609}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> The city lies on the confluence of the [[Shastri River]] and [[Sonavi River]]. To the east of the city lie the [[Western Ghats]] and to the west lies [[Ganpatipule]]. The region has a tropical climate. The 'rainy season' — the [[monsoon]] lasts normally from June till October.Sangameshwar has hot water springs like other surrounding areas in the Konkan region.&lt;ref&gt;Razdan, P. N., R. K. Agarwal, and Rajan Singh. &quot;Geothermal energy resources and their potential in India.&quot; Earth Science India 1 (2008).[https://www.proquest.com/openview/4181bb509ae557aa179eaa619650357c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=616511]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> The nearest bus stand is Sangameshwar S.T. Stand ([[MSRTC]]) nearly 4&amp;nbsp;km from [[Sangameshwar Road railway station]] . The Sangameshwar railway station is located on National Highway 66 (Mumbai - Goa Highway).<br /> The nearest main bus depot is [[Devrukh]] of MSRTC nearly 13&amp;nbsp;km from Sangameshwar S.T. Stand from where you can reach to Sakharapa and then [[Kolhapur]] also from [[Devrukh]] you can reach to [[Ratnagiri]] and [[Lanja]] city.<br /> <br /> ===Railways===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''Sangameshwar Road (SGR)'''<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;width:30%;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Next 'small' station towards Mumbai:&lt;br /&gt;'''Kadavai'''<br /> |style=&quot;width:40%;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Konkan Railway]] : Railway (India)'''<br /> |style=&quot;width:30%;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Next 'small' station from Mumbai:&lt;br /&gt;'''Ukshi'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''Distance from [[Mumbai]] ([[Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus|CST]]) = 384&amp;nbsp;km'''<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;width:30%;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Next 'main' station towards Mumbai:&lt;br /&gt;'''[[Chiplun]]'''<br /> |style=&quot;width:40%;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Konkan Railway]]: Railway (India)'''<br /> |style=&quot;width:30%;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Next 'main' station from Mumbai:&lt;br /&gt;'''[[Ratnagiri]]'''<br /> |}<br /> == Attractions ==<br /> [[File:Marleshwar entrance.JPG|240px|thumb|right|The Marleshwar temple entrance.]]<br /> * [[Marleshwar]] Cave Shiva Temple, a cave temple located in the [[Sahyadris]] about 17&amp;nbsp;km from [[Devrukh]] and 44&amp;nbsp;km from [[Sangameshwar Road railway station]] ([[Konkan Railway]]).<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery perrow=&quot;8&quot;&gt;<br /> Image:Sangameshwar_scenery_01.JPG|Sangameshwar scenery<br /> Image:Karneshwar Temple.JPG|Karneshwar Temple<br /> Image:Karneshwar Temple1.JPG|Karneshwar Temple<br /> Image:Suryanarayan Temple.JPG|Suryanarayan Temple<br /> Image:Sapteshwar Temple.JPG|Sapteshwar Temple<br /> Image:Sapteshwar Temple2.JPG|Sapteshwar Temple<br /> Image:Sapteshwar Temple Information Board.JPG|Sapteshwar Temple Information Board<br /> Image:Sangameshwar-Marleshwar_Road_01.JPG|Devrukh - Marleshwar road<br /> Image:Marleshwar_waterfall.JPG|[[Marleshwar]] waterfall<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Ratnagiri district]]<br /> [[Category:Talukas in Ratnagiri district]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganga_(actor)&diff=499801 Ganga (actor) 2025-03-17T19:37:30Z <p>Frugaltesting: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor (1960–2023)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ganga<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 1960<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|11|10|1960||}}<br /> | death_place = [[Chidambaram]], India<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | othername = <br /> | yearsactive = 1982-2002<br /> | spouse = <br /> | parents = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ganga''' (1960 – 10 November 2023) was an Indian actor who appeared in Tamil language films as a leading and supporting actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/actor-ganga-dies-suddenly-due-to-heart-attack-1082441|title=நடிகர் கங்கா மாரடைப்பால் திடீர் மரணம்|date=November 11, 2023|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Ganga made his acting debut through ''Kadavulukku Oru Kaditham'' (1982), portraying a supporting role. His career breakthrough came through [[T. Rajender]]'s romantic drama ''[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]'' (1983), where he portrayed a lead role alongside Rajender and [[Saritha]]. The film won critical acclaim upon release, and performed well at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/sudalai/docs/____________________________________918e34312a279d|title=உயிருள்ளவரை உஷா சினிமா விமர்சனம் by Sudalai - Issuu|date=August 15, 2016|website=issuu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ibb.co/nRJNDNH|title=Uyirullavarai-Usha — ImgBB|date=September 15, 2022|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915095118/https://ibb.co/nRJNDNH |archive-date=2022-09-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/uyirullavarai-usha-movie-starring-t-rajendar-saritha-ganga-nalini-131677864458083.html|title=காதல் மனைவிக்கு எடுத்து காவியமாய் மாற்றிய டிஆர்: 40ம் ஆண்டில் உயிருள்ள வரை உஷா!|first=HT Tamil|last=Desk|website=Tamil Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the mid-1980s, Ganga continued to take on a mix of lead and supporting roles in the Tamil film industry. Other notable films that he proceeded to work on included ''Karaiyai Thodatha Alaigal'' (1985), ''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (film)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]'' (1986) and ''[[Meendum Savithri]]'' (1996).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-ganga-passes-away-suddenly-due-to-heart-attack/articleshow/105141855.cms?from=mdr|title=Actor Ganga passes away suddenly due to heart attack|newspaper=The Times of India |date=November 11, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/ganga/|title=Ganga|date=October 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Ganga died on 10 November 2023 aged 63 after suffering a cardiac arrest. Ganga did not marry and lived with his brother's family until his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;hind&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/veteran-tamil-actor-ganga-passed-away-tamil-news-345439|title=Veteran Tamil actor Ganga passes away at the age of 63 - Tamil News|date=November 11, 2023|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-actor-ganga-passed-away-due-to-heart-attack-today-at-his-age-63-1228604.html|title=பிரபல நடிகர் கங்கா மரணம்.. ரசிகர்கள் அதிர்ச்சி!|date=November 11, 2023|website=News18 தமிழ்}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *''Kadavulukku Oru Kaditham'' (1982)<br /> *''[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]'' (1983)<br /> *''Karaiyai Thodatha Alaigal'' (1985)<br /> *''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (film)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]'' (1986)<br /> *''Kalamellam Un Madiyil'' (1986)<br /> *''Kanmaniye Pesu'' (1986)<br /> *''Veedu Manaivi Makkal'' (1988)<br /> *''[[Thangamana Raasa]]'' (1989)<br /> *''Murugane Thunai'' (1990)<br /> *''[[Meendum Savithri]]'' (1996)<br /> *''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' (2002)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> *''Nambikkai'' (Sun TV)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{imdb name|8885692}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ganga}}<br /> [[Category:1960 births]]<br /> [[Category:2023 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrakant_Danve&diff=493426 Chandrakant Danve 2025-02-08T18:54:09Z <p>Frugaltesting: Details...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> '''Chandrakant Pundlikrao Danve''' is an Indian politician from [[Jalna district]] of Maharashtra. He belongs to the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]].<br /> Danve was elected three times as MLA from [[Bhokardan Assembly constituency]] as [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate (2003, 2004 and 2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/maharashtra/bhokardan-vidhan-sabha-2024-bjps-santosh-danve-contests-against-ncps-chandrakant-danve-1292335.html/amp|title=Bhokardan Vidhan sabha 2024 : भोकरदनमध्ये कोणाची बाजी ? भाजप गड राखणार का ?|date=28 October 2024|website=TV9 Marathi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the death of the then Bhokardan MLA [[Vitthalrao Anna Sapkal]], Chandrakant Danve was elected for the first time in the 2003 Bhokardan Assembly by-election.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pudhari.news/latest/former-jalna-mp-pundalik-hari-danve-passes-away|title=जालन्याचे माजी खासदार पुंडलिक हरी दानवे यांचे निधन|first=अनुराधा|last=कोरवी|date=1 November 2021|website=Pudhari News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the son of [[Pundlik Hari Danve]], former member of parliament (1977 and 1989) from [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Danve, Chandrakant}}<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Marathwada]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jalna, Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Kannauj_War&diff=536106 Sino-Kannauj War 2024-12-22T08:27:37Z <p>Frugaltesting: Created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT[[Wang Xuance]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asaladeebesvarar_Temple,_Mohanur&diff=487797 Asaladeebesvarar Temple, Mohanur 2024-11-15T14:11:23Z <p>Frugaltesting: new place</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Hindu temple in Namakkal district}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Asaladeepeswarar Temple <br /> | image =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | map_type = Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption = Asaladeepeswarar Temple, [[Mohanur]], [[Namakkal district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11.0519|N|78.1368|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]] <br /> | location = [[Mohanur]]<br /> | elevation_m = 137.25<br /> | deity = [[Shiva|Asaladeepeswarar]] <br /> | festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]<br /> | architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = One<br /> | monument_quantity =<br /> | inscriptions =<br /> | year_completed = <br /> | creator =<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Asaladeebesvarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located at [[Mohanur]] in [[Namakkal district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj&quot;&gt;பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=shaivam&gt;[https://shaivam.org/hindu-hub/temples/place/333/Kumarikkongu-asaladheepeswarar-temple மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal, குமரிக்கொங்கு (கொங்கு குமரித்துறை - மோகனூர்) Kumarikkongu (Kongu kumaritthurai - Moganur)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=shiva&gt;[http://www.shivatemples.com/vt/vt_kovil2/vt52.php தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், குமரி, கொங்கு (மோகனூர்), 6-70-9]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Vaippu Sthalam==<br /> It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s sung by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Appar]].&lt;ref name=shaivam/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Presiding deity==<br /> The presiding deity is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' known as Asaladeebesvarar. The Goddess is known as Maduraveni.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=shaivam/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Specialities==<br /> There is reference about this Shiva temple as Kumari Kongu, found on the banks of Kaveri, in Kshetrakovai of [[Appar]]. As the Shiva of Mohanur is also known as Kumarisar, this place might have got the name. Kumari Kongu and Kongu Kumaritthurai are one and the same and now known as Mohanur. There is a story stating that Muruga, in search of divine mango went to so many places. During search Shiva and [[Parvati]] found Muruga here and this place was earlier called as Mahanur, referring to Son (Mahan in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) and Town (Ur in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]). It is said that from Under the feet of the presiding deity a small fountain starts and reaches Kaveri.&lt;ref name=shaivam/&gt; During [[Aadi Perukku]], devotees worship the deity, after having a sacred bath in Kaveri.&lt;ref name=shiva/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> The temple is found with one [[prakaram]]. The presiding deity is facing west while the goddess is facing east. In the prakaram, shrines of [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]], [[Kartikeya|Subramania]], [[Nataraja]], [[Kali]] and 63 [[Nayanars]] are also found. In spite of heavy wind the lamp inside the shrine will shine continuously.&lt;ref name=shiva/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Mohanur is located at a distance of 17 km from [[Namakkal]]. The temple is situated at a distance of 2 km from Mohanur bus stand, at the north of [[Kaveri]].<br /> This temple is opened for worship from 7.30 a.m. to 12.00 a.m. and 5.00 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.&lt;ref name=shiva/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vaippu sthalam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Namakkal district]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Namakkal district]]</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahkepar_Road_railway_station&diff=469160 Mahkepar Road railway station 2024-11-11T06:47:01Z <p>Frugaltesting: update details per standard format and fixed typos per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{one source|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{third-party|date=January 2019}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Mahkepar Road<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | type = [[Indian Railways]] station<br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | address = Mahkepar Road, [[Balaghat district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | country = {{flagu|India}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|21.6132|79.6764|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|329|m|ft}}<br /> | line = Tumsar Road–Tirodi branch line &lt;br&gt;[[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = At ground<br /> | platform = 1<br /> | tracks = Broad gauge {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br /> | entrances = <br /> | parking = Available<br /> | bicycle = Available<br /> | baggage_check = <br /> | opened = <br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = <br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = MKZ<br /> | zone = [[South East Central Railway zone]]<br /> | division = Nagpur<br /> }}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = [[South East Central Railway zone]]<br /> | status = Functioning<br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | map_locator = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South East Central Railway zone|left=Dongri Buzurg|right=Sukli|type=Tumsar Road–Tirodi branch line on [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Mahkepar Road railway station''' ({{Langx|hi|''' महकेपार रोड रेल स्थानक'''}}) serves Mahkepar and surrounding villages in the [[Balaghat district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/mahkepar-road-mkz/8639| title=MKZ/Mahkepar Road| website=India Rail Info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Balaghat district]]<br /> [[Category:Nagpur SEC railway division]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankhiyon_Ke_Jharokhon_Se_(Song)&diff=486745 Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se (Song) 2024-06-06T20:02:25Z <p>Frugaltesting: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se#Soundtrack]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|{{R from song}}<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> {{R to section}}<br /> }}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonbarsa,_Raebareli&diff=536652 Sonbarsa, Raebareli 2024-05-08T22:23:39Z <p>Frugaltesting: starting details</p> <hr /> <div>{{other uses|Sonbarsa (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sonbarsa<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_map = Salon block map.png<br /> | map_caption = Map showing Sonbarsa (#471) in Salon CD block<br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.017783|N|81.395527|E|display=inline,title}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GeoNames&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=&quot;Geonames Search&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type = Country India<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 5.513<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 1041<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = UP-35<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sonbarsa''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=11 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located 36&amp;nbsp;km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1981&quot;/&gt; As of 2011, Sonbarsa has a population of 1,041 people, in 181 households.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt; It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Sonbarsa as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 406 people (208 male and 198 female), in 125 households and 121 physical houses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1961&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cx-cxi of section &quot;Salon Tahsil&quot; |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The area of the village was given as 305 [[acre]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1961&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Sonbarsa (as &quot;Sunbarsa&quot;) as having a population of 505 people, in 155 households, and having an area of 119.38 [[hectare]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1981&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village &amp; Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=224–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1981&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Raebareli district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Raebareli-geo-stub}}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badnagar_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)&diff=456059 Badnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) 2022-05-12T11:19:00Z <p>Frugaltesting: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Badnagar Assembly constituency]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div> Frugaltesting https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_Road,_Delhi&diff=478196 Ring Road, Delhi 2021-12-31T16:38:39Z <p>Frugaltesting: New</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi]]<br /> {{R from move}}</div> Frugaltesting