Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

V. Gandhiraj

2026-05-07T11:49:00Z

Freeman14H: new new article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''V. Gandhiraj''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Arakkonam Assembly constituency which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Ranipet district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arakkonam constituency - Election 2026 |url=https://election.dailythanthi.com/constituency/arakkonam |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=election.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gandhiraj is from [[Arakkonam]], Ranipet district, Tamil Nadu. He is the son of Vadivel. He did his schooling at Adi Dravidar Government Boy`s Higher Secondary School in Arakkonam and passed Class 12 in 1992. Later, he joined B.A. degree course but discontinued in second year, and completed ITI at John Bosco ITI in [[Tiruvallur]] from 1994 to 1996. He is a civil contractor and declared assets worth Rs.3 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=V. Gandhiraj (Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- Arakkonam (SC)(Ranipet) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=987 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=My Neta dot Info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gandhiraj became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Arakkonam Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arakkonam Election Result 2026 LIVE: Arakkonam MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/arakkonam-assembly-elections-tn-38/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He polled 73,776 and defeated his nearest rival, Ezhil Caroline of the [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]], by a margin of 23,121 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Arakkonam Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's V. Gandhiraj wins Arakkonam with 73776 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/arakkonam-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905724-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Arakkonam election results 2026: TVK’s V Gandhiraj wins Arakkonam by 23,121 votes, defeats VCK and AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/arakkonam-election-results-2026/articleshow/130577959.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results 2026 Winners: TVK secures 108 seats; DMK wins 59 — check constituency-wise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-results-2026-winners-list-constituency-wise-seat-wise-10664508/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhiraj, V.}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

K. K. Hebbar

2026-05-07T10:24:22Z

Freeman14H: data

{{Short description|Indian painter and art educator (1911–1996)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = K. K. Hebbar
| image = kkhebbar.jpg
| image_size = 210px
| caption = K K Hebbar in Bombay on 11 December 1945.
| birth_name = Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar
| birth_date = 15 June 1911
| birth_place = Kattingeri, near [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|26 March 1996|15 June 1911|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| field =
| training =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1989) [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Akademi]] (1976) [[Padma Shri]] (1961)
| known_for = [[Painting]]
| alma_mater = [[Académie Julian|Académie Julian, Paris]] [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai]]
| children = 3
| spouse = {{marriage|Shusheela Hebbar|1935}}
}}

'''Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar''' (15 June 1911 – 26 March 1996) was an Indian painter and art educator. He is well known for his paintings that captured the social life of the common people in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=K K Hebbar |url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/k-k-hebbar |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Saffronart}}</ref> Inspired by traditional Indian art, he combined the Western art techniques with his paintings to create a unique style of his own. Painting for Hebbar was about being true to the original self and this is what he tried to achieve in his works.<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEH1jgEACAAJ |title=India Modern: Narratives from 20th Century Indian Art |date=2015 |publisher=Delhi Art Gallery |isbn=9789381217535 |location=New Delhi |pages=172–177}}</ref> In addition to his paintings, he is also known for his rhythmic line drawings and illustrations.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 14, 2014 |title=KK Hebbar and his singing lines |url=https://www.kokuyocamlin.com/blog/kk-hebbar-and-his-singing-lines.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[Kokuyo Camlin]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Hebbar was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] (1961) and [[Padma Bhushan]] (1989) by the [[Government of India]] for his contributions in the field of art.<ref name="Padma Awards" />

==Early life and education==

Hebbar was born on 15 June 1911 in Kattingeri near [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]] in a [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking family.<ref>{{cite web|title=KK Hebbar reminscing in Kattingeri.mpg|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTP0F5eAj88|author=RRCUDUPI| website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 May 2011 }}</ref><ref> {{cite book|title=The Absorption of Hydrocarbon Gases by Non-aqueous Liquids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq1mAAAAMAAJ|author=Alonzo Simpson McDaniel|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|year=1990|page=124|quote=Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar was born on 15 June 1912 at Kattingeri, a village in Udupi Taluk of Dakshina Kannada District of coastal Karnataka, in a middle-class Kannada- speaking, Madhwa, Shivalli Brahman family.}}</ref> He was educated up to the age of five at the local [[mission school]]. His father had retired when he was eleven years old. As the family was poor, they made toys, sold them and also made a living from farming. At the age of fourteen, Hebbar got a job at the same school that he had attended.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Thacker |first1=Manu |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26672/ |title=Present-day Painters of India |last2=Venkatachalam |first2=G. |publisher=Sudhangshu Publications |year=1950 |location=Mumbai |pages=27–30}}</ref> While teaching the play [[Shakuntala (play)|''Shakuntala'']] with the help of images, the officer who came to inspect the school noticed Hebbar's artistic talents and encouraged him to take up art education. The latter offered him help and said that if he did not do so, he would suspend him.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra : artists of the Bombay school and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |date=2021-03-02 |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |oclc=1242719488}}</ref>
[[File:An Indian Bazaar - Mural panel by K. K. Hebbar.jpg|alt=Painting by K. K. Hebbar|thumb|An Indian Bazaar - Painting executed by K. K. Hebbar for the Govt. Diploma examination in 1938.]]
After matriculation at the age of twenty one, he started his art education at [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts|Chamarajendra Technical Institute]] in [[Mysore]]. But after a brief period, Hebbar dropped out of school, tired of the monotonous and arid climate there, and started working for a photographer in Udupi. After seeing Hebbar's work, the photographer advised him to visit [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and study art.

Hebbar arrived in Mumbai in 1933 and began his studies at Nutan Kala Mandir, an art school established by G. S. Dandavatimath. He worked on retouching and enlargement work at the Koparde Studio located in front of the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]. Subsequently, Hebbar joined [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]] and graduated in 1938 with G. D. in Art.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=कदम |first=ज्योत्स्ना |title=हेब्बर, कृष्ण कट्टिनगेरी |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/haebabara-karsana-katatainagaerai |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=mr}}</ref> In the year that followed, he completed a specialization in mural painting under the mentorship and encouragement of C. R. Gerrard, then director of the School of Art.<ref name=":6" />

==Career==

Hebbar worked as an art teacher at the Sir J. J. School of Art from 1940 to 1945 and continued to develop his art.<ref name=":0" /> Within a short span of six years, he reached the level of well known Bombay artists. Gerrard had later said,"A combination of being a good teacher as well as a good practicing artist is uncommon and Hebbar has combined these rare qualities."<ref name=":6" /> After that, Hebbar remained in constant touch with art institutes at different levels and emphasized on the importance of discipline in education.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=कदम |first=ज्योत्स्ना |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=647 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |editor-last=बहुळकर |editor-first=सुहास |edition=1st |location=मुंबई |pages=582–585 |language=mr |trans-title=Artist's Encyclopedia Vol. 6 - Visual Arts |format=PDF |editor-last2=घारे |editor-first2=दीपक}}</ref> He also presided at several important positions which included the role of chairman at the Artists' Centre, Mumbai (1953-73)<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.K. Hebbar {{!}} JNAF |url=https://jnaf.org/artist/k-k-hebbar/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=jnaf.org}}</ref> and at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], Delhi (1980-84).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=K. K. Hebbar – Hebbar Gallery |url=https://hebbargalleryandartscentre.com/kk-hebbar/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Hebbar Gallery and Arts Centre |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Influences ===
During the initial days of his career, Hebbar was influenced by the two-dimensional color scheme and line quality of the Indian miniature style. He drew inspiration from various sources including the writings of art historian [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]], art of [[Jain art#Paintings|Jain manuscripts]], [[Rajput painting|Rajput]] and [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] miniatures, and the murals at the [[Ajanta Caves]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K. K. HEBBAR {{!}} DAG |url=https://dagworld.com/artists/k-k-hebbar/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Delhi Art Gallery |language=en-US |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627212145/https://dagworld.com/artists/k-k-hebbar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> When he met [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] in 1939, he was fascinated to see the confluence of Western art techniques with traditional Indian art in her paintings. In 1946, he saw dark brown figures in white clothes on the green fields of Kerala during a study tour in South India. He was reminded of the paintings of [[Paul Gauguin]] during his stay in [[Brittany]]. After returning to Bombay, he painted a series based on the memories of this tour. Hebbar then traveled to Europe in 1949-50 where he got the opportunity to study Western art. He took a painting course at the [[Académie Julian]] in [[Paris]] for twenty weeks.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Hebbar |first1=K. K. |last2=Clerk |first2=S. I. |date=1978 |title=A Memoir on the Work of a Painter in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1573496 |journal=Leonardo |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |doi=10.2307/1573496 |jstor=1573496 |s2cid=191389084 |issn=0024-094X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Untitled - K. K. Hebbar.jpg|alt=Painting by K. K. Hebbar|thumb|One of the early paintings (1945) by K. K. Hebbar inspired by the style of Indian miniature paintings]]
However, after returning from the trip abroad he said,"I was in a somewhat restless and confused state of mind. I've now decided that I'll restart painting from where I'd left off, combining the western elements as and when required."<ref name=":1" /> After returning to India, he stayed in [[Mahabaleshwar]] for a year due to difficult personal situation. Here he began to develop his style differently and more openly as an artist, wherein he combined different elements with his paintings.<ref name=":3" />

Moreover, Hebbar was also well versed in music and dance. He himself had learned [[Kathak]] from [[Sunder Prasad|Pandit Sunder Prasad]] for two years.<ref name=":2" /> He even performed once at the [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Royal Opera House]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K K HEBBAR (1911 - 1996) |url=https://auctions.bidandhammer.com/k-k-hebbar-4 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Bid and Hammer}}</ref> This knowledge about dance influenced a lot of his work, including the well known line art based drawings that he had created. In his 1961 book ''The Singing Line'', various fluid creations of his line art can be seen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saffronart |title=THE SINGING LINE: DRAWINGS BY KK HEBBAR. WORDS BY MULK RAJ ANAND - |url=https://www.storyltd.com/auction/item.aspx?eid=4036 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=www.storyltd.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Style ===
Gradually, his style of painting became free and a personality began to emerge. His paintings appeared to have evolved in stages. In the early days, his paintings were somewhat realistic. By the year 1959, Hebbar discovered a linear rhythm and he began to search for his own personality in the lives of ordinary people. Variety is found in these lines and in the pictures drawn by applying the colors directly from the tube. These lines do not give realistic details. They rearrange to express specific emotions through the natural formation of human or other shapes. Such a rhythm is seen in all his paintings. In order to achieve a certain visual effect in the pictures, he used color in a special way. In his paintings, it seems that a different expression of color is achieved by adding one layer of color over another, enhancing the imagery of his work.<ref name=":1" /> On the creations of Hebbar, art critic Rudolf Von Leyden had said:<blockquote>Mr. Hebbar and his contemporaries in India have no easy life. Their artistic pilgrimage through arid valleys without clear vistas of their target that makes sincere efforts like those of Mr. Hebbar doubly welcome and refreshing.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>The events and objects that he studied from real life were organized in unusual compositions.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sadwelkar |first=Baburao |editor-last=Doshi |editor-first=Dr. Saryu |title=Contemporary Art |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06879/ |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=65–80}}</ref> His approach was inclined towards a decorative depiction of the subject rather an evocative one. He focused on reducing the form and color to the simplest level possible.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=A. S. |title=Art in India Today |date=1952 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757988 |journal=East and West |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21–28 |jstor=29757988 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> With a textural aspect to his colors, he combined the classical and representational forms of image making in his paintings. Overall, the fluidity, grace and rhythm of the miniature paintings was seen in his line art as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=1 August 1984 |title=Contemporary Indian Artists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indian-and-foreign-review_1974-08-01_11_20/ |journal=[[Indian and Foreign Review]] |volume=11 |issue=20 |pages=16}}</ref>

=== Themes ===
Hebber was brought up in a village where people celebrated traditional festivals and performed rich folk dances. Thereby, his early paintings depicted the association with rural life and the environment in South Kanara.<ref name=":6" /> People toiling in the farms, rural men and women engaged in dancing, villagers performing prayers on the occasion of the festival - such subjects were a common feature in his artworks.<ref name=":2" /> His early artworks were called his ''Kerala'' phase because of his depiction of the landscapes of the regions of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] and [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Citi India Corporate Collection {{!}} K K Hebbar |url=https://www.online.citibank.co.in/kk-hebbar.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=[[Citibank India]]}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = "Art can be addressed to the artistic sensibility of the viewer. An artist, being a part of human society, wants his works to be communicative, though not in a sense of telling a story, teaching a moral or describing nature's grandeur. If a work of art displays technical perfection and also expresses a certain mood, thought or idea, communication becomes more meaningful."
| author = —K. K. Hebbar
| source = India Modern: Narratives From 20th Century Indian Art<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEH1jgEACAAJ |title=India Modern: Narratives from 20th Century Indian Art |date=2015 |publisher=Delhi Art Gallery |isbn=9789381217535 |location=New Delhi |pages=172–177}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 38%
| border = 2px
}}

Later, he started experimenting with other themes. His paintings from the post-1970 period seem to reveal the reality of life. He was constantly aware of what was happening in the world around him, and his reaction is reflected in his pictures. He was more interested in man and his society as well as nature. As a result, his pictures emerged from various events in daily life. The horrors of the floods in Bangladesh, accidents, the horrors of the Gulf Wars etc. were some of the burning issues that he painted with uneasiness. He was also intrigued by the ever-expanding scientific discoveries that led to the creation of paintings such as ''Rocket'' and ''Birth of a Moon''. During the last years, he painted on the subject of ''energy'', where he tried to portray the five [[Classical element|classical elements]] that influenced the formation of the Earth.<ref name=":3" />

==Work==
Some of the notable paintings of Hebbar are ''Hill station'' (1931), ''Karla Caves'', ''Maidenhood'', ''Beggars'' (1955), ''Cock Fight'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamat's Potpourri: Art of K.K. Hebbar |url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/art/hebbar/cock_fight_40537.htm |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.kamat.com}}</ref> ''Hungry Soul'' (1952),<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.K. Hebbar {{!}} Hungry Soul (1952) |url=https://www.artsy.net/artwork/kk-hebbar-hungry-soul |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.artsy.net}}</ref> ''Folk Rhythm'' (1962), ''Storm'' (1969), ''Homage to Indian Music'' (1971), ''Full Moon'' (1972)<ref name=":9" /> among many others.
[[File:Hill station - K. K. Hebbar.jpg|alt=Painting by K. K. Hebbar|thumb|''Hill station'' (1931) by K. K. Hebbar]]
Hebbar was commissioned by the Government of India to create paintings based on the achievements of [[Indian Army]] during the Italian campaign.<ref name=":6" /> His portraits of [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as well as fifty one line drawings on [[Cilappatikaram]] were published in [[The Illustrated Weekly of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silappadikaram line drawings by K. K. Hebbar (1964) |url=https://auctions.bidandhammer.com/silappadikaram-kk-hebbar-drawings |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Bid and Hammer}}</ref> His artworks are in the short film ''Tulsidas'' produced by the [[Films Division of India]] where he has unfolded the entire biography of [[Tulsidas]] effectively, mainly through drawings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulsidas |url=https://filmsdivision.org/search/view.php?id=006444 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Films Division of India}}</ref>

=== Major exhibitions ===
Hebbar's paintings were exhibited in several exhibitions at home and abroad. His painting ''Women Bathing'' was showcased at the international exhibition organized by [[UNESCO]] at the [[Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris]] in 1946.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199923014.001.0001/acref-9780199923014-e-1123 |title=Benezit Dictionary of Asian Artists |date=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-992301-4 |editor-last=Kember |editor-first=Pamela |edition=1st |location=Oxford |chapter=Hebbar, Krishna |oclc=796933183}}</ref> After the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]], the Bombay Group followed which included artists like Hebbar, [[Laxman Pai]], [[D. G. Kulkarni]], [[Mohan Samant]], [[Baburao Sadwelkar]] and [[Shiavax Chavda]] to name a few. This group organized six major exhibitions from 1957 to 1962 which was well received by the art community.<ref name=":7" /> Hebbar gained international recognition at the ''Art Now in India'' exhibitions in 1965 which were held in [[London]] and [[Brussels]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K. K. Hebbar |url=https://artiana.com/Artist/K-K-Hebbar |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Artiana}}</ref> He also participated in various international art exhibitions like the [[Salon de Mai]] (1951),<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Khanna |first=Balraj |url=https://archive.org/details/artofmodernindia0000khan/ |title=Art of Modern India |date=1998 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |others=Aziz Kurtha |isbn=0-500-23755-7 |location=London |pages=133 |oclc=39299716}}</ref> [[Venice Biennale]] (1955), [[São Paulo Art Biennial]] (1959)<ref>{{Cite web |title=K K Hebbar {{!}} The Indian Portrait |url=https://www.theindianportrait.com/artwork/k-k-hebbar/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Tokyo Biennale '70: Between Man and Matter|Tokyo Biennale]] (1970).<ref name=":12" /> A retrospective of his works was held in 1971 at the Rabindra Bhavan in Delhi.<ref name=":1" />

=== Public collections ===
Hebber's portrait of [[Abul Kalam Azad]] is housed in the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]]. Other public collections in India include the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]], [[Venkatappa Art Gallery|Venkatappa Art Gallery, Bangalore]], [[Government Museum, Bangalore]], [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai]], Birla Academy of Fine Arts, and Delhi Art Gallery to name a few.<ref name=":10" /> Overseas, Hebbar's paintings are present in museums of [[Russia]], [[Poland]], [[Czechoslovakia]], Commonwealth Collection in [[Australia]] and the [[Staten Island Museum]] in the [[United States]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Awards and recognition ===
Hebbar won many awards throughout his lifetime including India's fourth and third highest civilian awards, the Padma Shri (1961) and the Padma Bhushan (1989) respectively.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> His other awards include Gold Medal of the Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata (1941),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 1941 |title=Long Overdue |pages=11, 14 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.13749/ |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> Gold Medal of the [[Bombay Art Society]] (1947),<ref name=":5" /> the Bombay State Art Exhibition Award (1956), the Lalit Kala Akademi Award (thrice, from 1956-58),<ref name=":5" /> an honorary [[D. Litt]] from [[University of Mysore]] (1976), [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellowship of Lalit Kala Akademi]] (1976),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-15 |title=Lalit Kala Akademi Fellows |url=http://lalitkala.gov.in/recognition/fellows.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615063915/http://lalitkala.gov.in/recognition/fellows.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-06-15 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[Lalit Kala Akademi]]}}</ref> Soviet Land Nehru Award (1983), Maharashtra ''Shasan'' ''Gaurav Puraskar'' (1990) and [[Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award]] by [[Government of Karnataka]] (1994).<ref name=":4" />

==Personal life==
Hebbar married Shusheela in 1935 and had one son, Ranna and two daughters, Rekha and Rajani.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176016/page/n5/mode/2up |title=India Who's Who 1980-81 |publisher=INFA Publications |edition=12th |location=New Delhi |pages=78–79}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Govindarajan |first=Nirmala |date=2015-11-12 |title=An advantage for artists |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/the-kk-hebbar-art-foundation-enables-artists-to-find-their-footing/article7869611.ece |access-date=2022-06-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Rekha Rao is a contemporary painter<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Me |url=https://www.rekhahebbarrao.com/about |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Rekha Hebbar Rao |language=en}}</ref> whereas Rajani Prasanna is an art historian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hebbar's life experiences etched into art and film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/jul/05/hebbars-life-experiences-etched-into-art-and-film-383645.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=5 July 2012 }}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Hebbar died on 26 March 1996 in Mumbai after a two-year prolonged illness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film on Hebbar languishes in the cans - The Times of India |url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/D31BC61A004C3AF6652569420028A191?OpenDocument |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.cscsarchive.org}}</ref> The K. K. Hebbar Foundation has been established in his name which provides scholarships to six students each year, honors veteran painters, and organizes art workshops.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11" /> Three-day birth centenary celebrations of Hebbar were held at his birthplace Kattingeri in September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K K Hebbar birth Centenary from Sep 16 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/889912794 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[ProQuest]] |id={{ProQuest|889912794}} |language=en}}</ref> A retrospective of his works was exhibited at the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi in the end of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist's Quest: K K Hebbar A Retrospective |url=https://ngmaindia.gov.in/artist-k-k-hebbar-a-retrospective.asp |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[National Gallery of Modern Art]]}}</ref> The show was curated by his daughters Rekha & Rajani which also included documentary screenings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retrospective of modern pioneer K.K. Hebbar opens |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/905228668 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[ProQuest]] |id={{ProQuest|905228668}} |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:The Secretary, Ministry of Culture, Shri Jawhar Sircar lighting the lamp to inaugurate an exhibition “An Artist’s Quest K.K. Hebbar – A Retrospective”, in New Delhi on November 22, 2011.jpg|alt=Inauguration of K. K. Hebbar's retrospective|thumb|Inauguration of K. K. Hebbar's retrospective at NGMA, New Delhi in 2011 with (left to right) Rekha Rao, [[Krishen Khanna]] and Jawhar Sircar, then Secretary of [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].]]
A three-day festival as a tribute to Hebbar was organized in 2012, with talks and documentary screenings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A tribute paid to artist KK Hebbar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/jun/27/a-tribute-paid-to-artist-kk-hebbar-381078.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=27 June 2012 }}</ref> The Hebbar Gallery and Art Centre (HGAC) was established in 2016<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-24 |title=Hebbar Gallery inaugurated |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Hebbar-Gallery-inaugurated/article14400256.ece |access-date=2022-06-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to promote the teaching pedagogy of Hebbar and enable cross-disciplinary engagement with artists and other cultural practitioners in and around the region of South Canara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gallery – Hebbar Gallery |url=https://hebbargalleryandartscentre.com/the-gallery/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Hebbar Gallery and Arts Centre |language=en-US}}</ref> Celebration of his 110th birth anniversary took place in 2021 with programmes on his life and works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating KK Hebbar |url=https://bangaloreinternationalcentre.org/event/celebrating-kk-hebbar/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Bangalore International Centre |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsiWGO7iKa0 Tulsidas] by Films Division of India with illustrations by Hebbar on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scG51Ty5LTE Documentary] by K. K. Hebbar Art Foundation on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3q7Aepb8E9E Documentary] by Government of Karnataka on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MJkclqFNgs 110th birth anniversary] celebration programme on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIPT_47K9aM Documentary] by Films Division of India about Art in India featuring Hebbar on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVGZwGiWJwE Interview] with [[All India Radio]] Bengaluru on YouTube (in [[Kannada]])
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTP0F5eAj88 Hebbar reminscing and speaking] in his mother tongue [[Tulu language|Tulu]] on YouTube

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hebbar, Kattingeri Krishna}}
[[Category:Tulu artists]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Académie Julian alumni]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Sir J. J. School of Art]]
[[Category:Tulu people]]

Shiavax Chavda

2026-05-07T10:23:40Z

Freeman14H: new details

{{Short description|Indian artist (1914–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox artist
| image = Shiavax Chavda.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|12|11|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|08|18|1914|12|11|df=y}}
| children = 2
| birth_place = [[Navsari]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| alma_mater = [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] (1930-35) [[Slade School of Fine Art]] (1936-38)
| known_for = {{hlist|Painting|illustration|mural}}
| awards = [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellow of Lalit Kala Akademi]] (1986)
| website = {{url|https://www.shiavaxchavda.com/}}
| spouse = Khurshid Vajifdar
}}

'''Shiavax Dhanjibhoy Chavda''' (18 June 1914{{Dash}}18 August 1990) was an Indian painter, illustrator and muralist. Known for his dynamic line drawings and paintings, Chavda's work mainly showcased the dancers and musicians from India and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=1 August 1974 |title=Contemporary Indian Artists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indian-and-foreign-review_1974-08-01_11_20/page/16/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |journal=[[Indian and Foreign Review]] |volume=11 |issue=20 |pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiavax Chavda (Indian, 1914–1990) |url=https://www.artnet.com/artists/shiavax-chavda/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[Artnet]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chavda was born in a middle class [[Parsis|Parsi]] family on 18 June 1914 in [[Navsari]], [[Gujarat]]. His father Dhanjibhoy was a trader and his mother's name was Hillamai. He completed his school education in Navsari and joined the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] in Mumbai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176016/page/n120/mode/1up?q=shiavax+chavda |title=India Who's Who 1980-81 |publisher=INFA Publications |location=New Delhi |pages=78}}</ref>

After passing the art diploma examination in 1935,<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107872/page/n251/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |title=Annual Report of the Sir J. J. School of Art, Bombay, for the year 1934-35 |location=Bombay |pages=57 |chapter=List of candidates who passed the drawing and art examinations, 1935|year=1934 }}</ref> he was awarded the Sir Ratan Tata Scholarship in 1936 for further studies and secured admission in [[Slade School of Fine Art]] in London.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=16 January 1947 |title=Paintings by S. D. Chavda - Exhibition at the Taj |pages=3 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.2009/page/2/mode/1up?q=shiavax+chavda |access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> Under the guidance of eminent teachers such as [[Randolph Schwabe]] combined with self-study, he completed the three-year course in two years itself, graduating with a fine arts diploma in 1938.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Takenaka |first=Masao |url=https://archive.org/details/christianartinas0000unse/page/162/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |title=Christian Art in Asia |publisher=Kyo Bun Kwan |year=1975 |location=Tokyo |pages=163}}</ref> A few months later, he also trained at the [[Académie de la Grande Chaumière]] in Paris.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=212 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |editor-last=बहुळकर |editor-first=सुहास |location=मुंबई |pages=147–149 |language=mr |trans-title=Artists' Encyclopedia Vol. 6 - Visual Arts |access-date=12 December 2022 |editor-last2=घारे |editor-first2=दीपक}}</ref>

During his stay in Europe, Chavda mastered the techniques of murals, lithography, painting restoration, as well as theater stage design with the Russian artist [[Vladimir Polunin]].<ref name=":4" /> After his return to India in 1939, he studied [[Indian classical music]] and took elementary lessons in [[Indian classical dance]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra : artists of the Bombay school and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |date=2021-03-02 |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |edition=First |location=Mumbai |oclc=1242719488}}</ref> He was also briefly associated with the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lee |first=Rachel |title=Hospitable Environments: The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and Green's Hotel as Sites of Cultural Production in Bombay |chapter=Hospitable Environments |date=2020 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv16qk3nf.16 |work=Arrival Cities |pages=249–268 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Rachel |series=Migrating Artists and New Metropolitan Topographies in the 20th Century |publisher=Leuven University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv16qk3nf.16 |jstor=j.ctv16qk3nf.16 |isbn=978-94-6270-226-4 |s2cid=242254328 |access-date=2023-01-22 |editor2-last=Dogramaci |editor2-first=Burcu |editor3-last=Hetschold |editor3-first=Mareike |editor4-last=Lugo |editor4-first=Laura Karp}}</ref> and worked as an art director with a well-known film unit.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Thacker |first1=Manu |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26672/page/n35/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |title=Present day painters of India |last2=Venkatachalam |first2=G. |publisher=Sudhangshu Publications |year=1950 |location=Bombay |pages=17–20}}</ref>

== Career ==
Initially, Chavda painted in [[Victorian painting|Victorian realistic style]]. During his travels across India, he studied the rural and tribal life, animals, as well as the architecture of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] & [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], [[Sanchi]] etc., and drew numerous sketches and pen-ink drawings. He used to visit the zoo and sketch various animals, their movements and postures. He also made many sketches and colorful pictures of [[Chicken|cock]] as a subject. Additionally, he studied the folk art, folk dance and architecture of Indonesian islands like [[Java]], [[Sumatra]] and [[Bali]] through sketches and subsequently developed his own style.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=नेने |first=डॉ. गोपाळ |title=चावडा, श्यावक्ष धनजीभॉय |trans-title=Chavda, Shiavax Dhanjibhoy |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/index.php/caavadaa-sayaavakasa-dhanajaibhaoya |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=mr}}</ref>
[[File:Bharatanatyam dancer - Shiavax Chavda.jpg|alt=Sketch of a Bharatanatyam dancer by Shiavax Chavda|left|thumb|256x256px|Sketch of a Bharatanatyam dancer by Shiavax Chavda]]

=== Style ===
Chavda was fascinated by the dynamic movements of individuals and groups of people engaged in their chores, dancers in various forms, and musicians showcasing their style and rhythm. He usually painted on canvas in [[impasto]] style, applying the paint with a [[painting knife]]. The characteristic of Chavda's artworks were the rhythmic lines, which he used to capture the motion and movements in the picture by sketching them quickly. In his paintings, he brought life to the image by using vivid colors while maintaining the predominance of sketched lines.<ref name=":1" /> Describing his approach to art, Chavda said:<blockquote>Correctness of colour does not matter. I even distort the figures to give them character and create designs with them. I find no pleasure in actually reproducing life as I see and paint realistically; where is creative imagination otherwise?<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>Gradually, Chavda started to portray his subjects in an abstract style using the same colours and textures that were applied in his early artworks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nadkarni |first=Dnyaneshwar |date=March 1988 |editor-last=Kaul |editor-first=Manohar |title=Chavda: The Golden Years |url=https://archive.org/details/KalaDarshanManoharKaul/page/n15/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |journal=Kala Darshan |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15}}</ref>[[File:Folk dancers - Shiavax Chavda.jpg|alt=Painting depicting folk dancers by Shiavax Chavda|thumb|Folk dancers (1967) by Shiavax Chavda]]

=== Themes ===
The subject matter was expressed by Chavda by systematically laying out the basic elements of a drawing like lines, shapes, rhythm etc. He created colorful drawings and sketches based on Indian dance forms such as [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Odissi]] as well as ballet dance forms of Europe. He also used ''yantra'' from [[Tantra|Tantric art]] as images or symbols in his artworks.<ref name=":3" /> In 1949, [[Henry Heras]] had requested Chavda to create paintings on Christ-theme.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lederle |first=Matthew |url=https://archive.org/details/cxyj_christian-painting-in-india-by-mathew-lederle-gujrat-sahitya-prakash/page/28/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |title=Christian Painting in India Through the Centuries |publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Prakash |year=1987 |location=Anand, Gujarat |pages=29, 39, 64–65}}</ref> The latter painted Biblical pictures such as ''Cross Maidan'' and ''Death of Pope Pius XII'' in [[Expressionism|Expressionist]] style which were exhibited in Rome during the ''[[Jubilaeum maximum]]''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=1952 |title=Art in India Today |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757988 |journal=East and West |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21–28 |jstor=29757988 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
In an article for [[Modern Review (Calcutta)|''The Modern Review'']], Prof. O. C. Gangoly wrote that Chavda successfully extracted the lessons from modern European art. He did not confine himself to Western modernistic techniques but also drew valuable lessons from the traditions of old Indian sculptures, which was demonstrated in his studies of the sculptures of [[Ambarnath]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=O. C. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.09886/page/n53/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |title=The Modern Review |date=July 1952 |volume=92 |location=Kolkata |pages=45 |chapter=Recent trends in Modern Indian Art}}</ref> Another article for ''[[The Contemporary Review]]'' by [[Avadhanam Sita Raman|A. S. Raman]] described Chavda as the master of mood and movement. Raman writes that he could capture a given moment with uncanny accuracy and spontaneity. Further, the writer mentions that the studied casualness of his line was deceptive, for there was a good deal of concentration and preparation behind it. "He painted the Indian scene with the sardonic precision and detachment of an observer, rather than with the passion and abandon of one involved in it", quotes Raman. He also suspected that Chavda secretly prayed at the shrine of [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=A. S. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.05709/page/192/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |title=Contemporary Review |date=April 1971 |volume=218 |pages=192 |chapter=How Modern is Indian Art? }}</ref>

== Work ==
Notable paintings of Chavda include ''Calico Printers'', ''Mother's love'', ''Worship in Kulu'', ''Rangoli'', ''Toddy Sellers'', ''Daily Work'', ''Booking Office'' and ''In the Balcony'' among others.<ref name=":5" /> He had created murals for the Mumbai offices of [[Air India]], [[Burmah Oil]], [[Reliance Group]] and the buildings of People's Insurance Company, [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA)]]. He also painted commissioned portraits for various government and private organizations. Chavda was invited by the Assam government to portray the diversity of tribal life in Assam.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, he had provided line drawings for [[Balwant Gargi]]'s book titled ''Folk Theater of India''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gargi |first=Balwant |url=https://archive.org/details/folktheaterofind00gara/page/n13/mode/2up?q=shiavax+chavda |title=Folk Theater of India |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1966 |location=Seattle}}</ref> Furthermore, he was associated with [[K. K. Hebbar]] for some time at the [[Bombay Art Society]], and sought to change the old way of thinking in the society and to bring a modern approach to it.<ref name=":2" />

=== Major exhibitions ===
Chavda's first solo exhibition was held in 1945 at the Princes' Room of the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] in Mumbai.<ref name=":3" /> This was followed by a one-man exhibition in 1946 at the Silverfish Club and another in 1947 at the Princes' Room of the Taj Hotel which was inaugurated on 15 January 1947. The latter show included a series of paintings made during his visit to [[Kullu Valley]] in 1943 and other set of artworks created during his stay in the remote villages of [[Gujarat]] in 1946.<ref name=":4" /> In May 1951, India had participated in [[Salon de Mai]] for the first time. Chavda was among the thirteen artists from India who had exhibited in the Indian section of this event.<ref name=":6" /> Chavda was also a part the Bombay Group which included artists like Hebbar, [[Laxman Pai]], [[D. G. Kulkarni]], [[Mohan Samant]], and [[Baburao Sadwelkar]] to name a few. This group organized six major exhibitions from 1957 to 1962 which was well received by the art community.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sadwelkar |first=Baburao |editor-last=Doshi |editor-first=Dr. Saryu |title=Contemporary Art |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06879/ |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=65–80}}</ref>

=== Public collections ===
The artworks of Chavda are housed in the collections of several local and foreign collectors, museums and art galleries such as [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]], [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiavax Chavda {{!}} JNAF |url=https://jnaf.org/artist/shiavax-chavda/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=jnaf.org}}</ref> [[Tate]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=Shiavax Chavda 1914 – 1990 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/shiavax-chavda-30670 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref> and [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] to name a few.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Chavda, Shiavax D. {{!}} V&A Explore the Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=Chavda%2c%20Shiavax%20D. |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Awards and nominations ===
Chavda was elected as the [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellow of Lalit Kala Akademi]] in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lalit Kala Akademi Fellows |url=http://lalitkala.gov.in/recognition/fellows.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615063915/http://lalitkala.gov.in/recognition/fellows.asp |archive-date=15 June 2009 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Lalit Kala Akademi}}</ref> He was also adjudged as the 'Artist of the Year' by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title='His life was a dedication to the arts': Shiavax Chavda's children talk about his retrospective exhibition |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-his-life-was-a-dedication-to-the-arts-shiavax-chavda-s-children-talk-about-his-retrospective-exhibition-2701500 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1947, Shiavax married Khurshid Vajifdar, an expert in Indian classical dance and sister of [[Shirin Vajifdar]].<ref name=":0" /> They had two children{{Dash}}a daughter named Jeroo who is an [[Odissi]] dancer and a son named Pervez who is an architect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doctor |first=Geeta |date=21 September 2016 |title=Artist of the dancing line |url=https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/articles.aspx?id=9cJB5a8Sxb0%3d&issue=305 |journal=[[Parsiana]] |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=26–29}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Chavda died on 18 August 1990 in Mumbai at the age of 75.<ref name=":2" /> A retrospective of his works was held at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] in 1993 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-25 |title=Shiavax Chavda: Grace on canvas |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/shiavax-chavda-grace-on-canvas/article19919222.ece |access-date=2023-01-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Another retrospective was organized at the [[Nehru Centre]] Art Gallery in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2018 |title=Indian Master's Retrospective - Shiavax Chavda (1914 - 1990) |url=https://www.nehru-centre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/December-2018.pdf |website=Nehru Centre}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.shiavaxchavda.com/ Tribute website]

{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chavda, Shiavax}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]

Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)

2026-05-06T09:33:54Z

Freeman14H: Creating Some Data Nd Citations...

{{short description|2021 film by Selvaraghavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nenjam Marappathillai 2021 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Selvaraghavan]]
| writer = Selvaraghavan
| producer = P. Madan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[S. J. Suryah]]
* [[Nandita Swetha]]
* [[Regina Cassandra]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]]
| editing = [[Prasanna GK]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]
* GLO Studios
}}
| distributor = Rockfort Entertainment
| released = {{film date|2021|3|5|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1365949397142409216 |user=IamSellvah |title=#NenjamMarappathillai Censored and it's U/A. Runtime 142 Mins. In Theatres from March 5. |author=Ponmanaselvan S |date=28 February 2021 |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228085907/https://twitter.com/IamSellvah/status/1365949397142409216 |archive-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Nenjam Marappathillai''''' ({{translation|The heart never forgets}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film]]{{efn|Sources differ as to the exact genre of the film, though many call it horror. [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] reported it would be a [[horror drama]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=28 December 2015 |title=Selvaraghavan to join hands with Gautham Menon for a horror film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/selvaraghavan-to-join-hands-with-gautham-menon-for-a-horror-film-279310-2015-12-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152258/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/selvaraghavan-to-join-hands-with-gautham-menon-for-a-horror-film-279310-2015-12-28 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=28 December 2015 |title=Selvaraghavan, Gautham Menon team up for a horror film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/selvaraghavan-gautham-menon-team-up-for-a-horror-film/article8036835.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152225/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/selvaraghavan-gautham-menon-team-up-for-a-horror-film/article8036835.ece |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it a [[horror thriller]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=8 February 2021 |title=Selvaraghavan's horror-thriller Nenjam Marappathillai to release on March 5 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/selvaraghavans-horror-thriller-nenjam-marappathillai-to-release-on-march-5-101612778974323.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224074312/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/selvaraghavans-horror-thriller-nenjam-marappathillai-to-release-on-march-5-101612778974323.html |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=27 February 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> while others speculated it would be a [[Gothic fiction|gothic horror]] film,<ref name="gothic">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2019 |title=Selvaraghavan's long-delayed Nenjam Marappathillai to finally see the light of the day |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/14/selvaraghavans-long-delayed-nenjam-marappathillai-to-finally-see-the-light-of-the-day-16040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152444/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/14/selvaraghavans-long-delayed-nenjam-marappathillai-to-finally-see-the-light-of-the-day-16040.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> a "[[Comedy horror|horror-comedy]]", a "straight horror film" or a "[[Psychological fiction|psycho]]-comedy". Selvaraghavan initially refused to confirm what the genre was,<ref name="ritzmagazine">{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=K R |date=15 November 2016 |title='We Should Thank Our Fans For Getting Us Back Together' : Selvaraghavan and Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/we-should-thank-our-fans-for-getting-us-back-together-selvaraghavan-and-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152221/https://www.ritzmagazine.in/we-should-thank-our-fans-for-getting-us-back-together-selvaraghavan-and-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 September 2019 |website=Ritz}}</ref> but later said it was indeed a horror film.<ref name="TOI interview">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=18 February 2021 |title=We are going on floors with Naane Varuven in two months: Selvaraghavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/we-are-going-on-floors-with-naane-varuven-in-two-months-selvaraghavan/articleshow/81092881.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221120315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/we-are-going-on-floors-with-naane-varuven-in-two-months-selvaraghavan/articleshow/81092881.cms |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}} written and directed by [[Selvaraghavan]]. Jointly produced by [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]] and GLO Studios, the film stars [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Nandita Swetha]], and [[Regina Cassandra]]. It follows a woman who obtains work as a nanny in an affluent family, but the patriarch of the family lusts for her.

''Nenjam Marappathillai'' began production in January 2016 and was completed that June. [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composed the film score and soundtrack, with cinematography and editing handled respectively by [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] and [[Prasanna GK]]. The film, originally intended for release in 2017, remained unreleased for several years because of various issues, including the introduction of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]]. After four years of delay, it was released on 5 March 2021.

== Plot ==
Mariam is a selfless orphan raised in a Christian orphanage by nuns. She gets an offer to look after a child in an affluent household in a small village and accepts the offer, so that she can contribute her share of money to the orphanage's betterment. She reaches the household and finds a little boy, Rishi, and his wealthy parents, Ramsay and Swetha. Ramsay, formerly Ramasamy, was an orphan who started working in the cotton mill of his current father-in-law. He had risen step by step, often through nefarious means, and finally made Swetha, the only heir of the millionaire, fall in love with him using drugs. He married Swetha and currently manages the new cotton mill, albeit his father-in-law still having strict control of the business.

Rishi takes an instant liking to Mariam, and her tenderness with the boy contrasts with the coldness she receives from Ramsay and his wife. Along with them live four male servants, including a security guard and the personal assistant/cook. Though uncomfortable in the beginning, Mariam learns to live there due to her financial commitments to the orphanage. Ramsay is smitten by Mariam's beauty and lusts after her. He tries to misbehave with her on multiple occasions, and Mariam's attempts to complain to Swetha but it goes in vain.

One night, Ramsay cleverly plots a scheme, and sends Swetha out of town for a board meeting, and sexually assaults Mariam along with the male servants. He asks them to kill Mariam and dispose of her body. Soon, Mariam realises that she has come back to the household as a ghost and starts haunting them. Rishi is able to see her, and numerous paranormal activities start happening in the household simultaneously. Out of fear, one of the male servants accidentally blurts out the truth about the murder to Swetha, who is filled with rage. She asks everyone to dispose of the evidences, burn Mariam's buried body, and keep the incident a secret. As they proceed to do so, each of the servants is killed, one after the other, by Mariam.

Left with no option, Swetha herself exhumes and successfully burns Mariam's body. Mariam's spirit is destroyed and reaches God. The [[Holy Spirit|Holy Sprit]] possesses Swetha instead and kills the cook, who was the last of the servants left, and proceeds towards Ramsay, who puts up a fight. "Swetha" submerges Ramsay and leaves. Seemingly unaffected, Ramsay returns to the house to see "Swetha" and Rishi happily reunited. He runs into "Swetha," only to realise that he is dead and has become a ghost.

== Cast ==
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as Ramasamy "Ramsay"
* [[Nandita Swetha]] as Swetha
* [[Regina Cassandra]] as Mariam
* [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] as Kalyan

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In December 2015, [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] reported that [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] would be collaborating with [[Selvaraghavan]] to produce a [[horror film]] under his production house Ondraga Entertainment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Composer [[Santhosh Narayanan]] was signed on, marking his maiden collaboration with Selvaraghavan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2016 |title=Selvaraghavan and Santhosh Narayanan team up for a horror film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/selvaraghavan-and-santhosh-narayanan-team-up-for-a-horror-film-305071-2016-01-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152301/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/selvaraghavan-and-santhosh-narayanan-team-up-for-a-horror-film-305071-2016-01-22 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Selvaraghavan's regular collaborator [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] joined as the cinematographer, while editor [[Prasanna GK]] and art director Vijay Adhinathan were also included.<ref name=":2" /> Santhosh was eventually replaced by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] in April 2016, thus collaborating after a long time with Selvaraghavan.<ref name="Santhosh replaced">{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai: Yuvan Shankar Raja replaces Santhosh Narayanan in Selvaraghavans horror film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nenjam-marappathillai-yuvan-shankar-raja-replaces-santhosh-narayanan-in-selvaraghavans-horror-film-319139-2016-04-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152304/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nenjam-marappathillai-yuvan-shankar-raja-replaces-santhosh-narayanan-in-selvaraghavans-horror-film-319139-2016-04-21 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

In a 2016 interview with the magazine ''Ritz'', in response to speculation that the film was either a "[[Comedy horror|horror-comedy]]", a "straight horror film" or a "[[Psychological fiction|psycho]]-comedy", Selvaraghavan refused to confirm or deny what the genre was, but said he sought to invent a new one.<ref name="ritzmagazine" /> However, in a 2021 interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', he said he had neither seen a horror film nor read a horror novel in his life, but his brother [[Dhanush]] was a fan of the genre; so Selvaraghavan decided to make a horror film without having seen any, laying the foundation for the film that would later be titled ''Nenjam Marappathillai''. Another motive for making the film was to experiment with a genre he had not tried before.<ref name="TOI interview" />

=== Casting ===
In December 2015, [[S. J. Suryah]] was announced as the lead actor.<ref name=":0" /> A month later, [[Regina Cassandra]] and [[Nandita Swetha]] were announced as the lead actresses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=30 January 2016 |title=Regina roped in for Selvaraghavan's horror film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300116/regina-roped-in-for-selvaraghavan-s-horror-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525004129/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300116/regina-roped-in-for-selvaraghavan-s-horror-film.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> According to Selvaraghavan, all three actors were his first choices for their respective roles.<ref name="TOI interview" /> He said he cast Suryah to compensate for a project he cast him in but swiftly dropped. During the auditions, Selvaraghavan spoke to Suryah for five minutes, Cassandra for five minutes and Nandita for two minutes.<ref name="ritzmagazine" />

=== Filming ===
The film was launched after a simple [[muhurta]] ceremony held at Menon's office in [[Thiruvanmiyur]], [[Chennai]] in January 2016, with the title of the film announced as ''Nenjam Marappathillai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2016 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai: Selvaraghavan's next brings together three renowned filmmakers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nenjam-marappathillai-selvaraghavans-next-brings-together-three-renowned-filmmakers-306174-2016-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152312/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nenjam-marappathillai-selvaraghavans-next-brings-together-three-renowned-filmmakers-306174-2016-01-29 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was also reported that the film was not a remake of the [[Nenjam Marappathillai (1963 film)|1963 film of the same name]], but an original script.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2016 |title=Selvaraghavan to direct 'Nenjam Marappathillai' for Gautham Menon |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-selvaraghavan-to-direct-nenjam-marappathillai-for-gautham-menon-2171177 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152336/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-selvaraghavan-to-direct-nenjam-marappathillai-for-gautham-menon-2171177 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> Selvaraghavan said he did not title the film after the 1963 film, but because he believed he would never forget Yuvan.<ref name="ritzmagazine" /> The film was initially planned to be shot within a single schedule, which was to be completed in March 2016; however principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 30 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2016 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai: It's a wrap for Selvaraghavan's horror film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nenjam-marappathillai-its-a-wrap-for-selvaraghavans-horror-film-326829-2016-07-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152312/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nenjam-marappathillai-its-a-wrap-for-selvaraghavans-horror-film-326829-2016-07-01 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=13 June 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
=== Soundtrack ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Nenjam Marappathillai
| image =
| caption =
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| released = 24 November 2016
| recorded = 2015–2016
| studio = [[U1 Records]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:50
| language = Tamil
| label = U1 Records
| producer = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| prev_title = [[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Chennai 600028 II]]
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|YfnjHqVaL2Q|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

Yuvan Shankar Raja decided to reunite with Selvaraghavan for a film titled ''Kaan'', but as the project was eventually shelved, Selvaraghavan decided to choose Yuvan to score the soundtrack for ''Nenjam Marappathillai''.<ref name="Santhosh replaced" /> The film marks Selvaraghavan's reunion with Yuvan after a hiatus of 8 years since they worked together on their last project ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008). The soundtrack album was released on 24 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=801244354673188864 |user=selvaraghavan |title=#NenjamMarappathillai music from tomorrow. I would simply call it as a very different #jammingsession with @thisisysr #FriendsForever |author=Selvaraghavan |author-link=Selvaraghavan |date=23 November 2016 |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107213109/https://x.com/selvaraghavan/status/801244354673188864 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The album features four songs with lyrics written by Selvaraghavan himself.<ref name=":1" /> The song "En Pondati Oorukku Poita" is titled after a line spoken by [[Janagaraj]]'s character in ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=9 November 2016 |title=Nenjam Marapathillai trailer: Selvaraghavan and Yuvan Shankar Raja are back |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nenjam-marapathillai-trailer-selvaraghavan-and-yuvan-shankar-raja-are-back-3096354.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831002904/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nenjam-marapathillai-trailer-selvaraghavan-and-yuvan-shankar-raja-are-back-3096354.html |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

K. Siddharth of ''[[Sify]]'' gave 3 out of 5 to the album stating it as a "Powerhouse Soundtrack from Yuvan-Selva!"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=K |first=Siddharth |date=24 November 2016 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai-Audio review |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nenjam-marappathillai-audio-review-news-tamil-qlylCNjbajcbh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152358/https://www.sify.com/movies/nenjam-marappathillai-audio-review-news-tamil-qlylCNjbajcbh.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] from ''[[Milliblog]]'' noted it was "a wonderfully quirky soundtrack".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=25 November 2016 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai (Music review), Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://milliblog.com/2016/11/25/nenjam-marappathillai-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127041157/http://milliblog.com/2016/11/25/nenjam-marappathillai-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:50
| title1 = Good Bad & Ugly
| extra1 = Aishvarya Khumar
| length1 = 4:01
| title2 = Kannungala Chellangala (Tribute To Kaviarasar Kannadasan)
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length2 = 4:08
| title3 = Maalai Varum Vennila
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Dhanush]]
| length3 = 4:00
| title4 = En Pondati Oorukku Poita
| extra4 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[S. J. Suryah]]
| length4 = 3:41
}}
=== Background score ===
In March 2025, an extended OST for the film was released, featuring background scores and additional songs from the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2025 |title=Yuvan's OST for Selvaraghavan's Nenjam Marappathillai to be released |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/19/yuvans-ost-for-selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai-to-be-released |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321000000/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/19/yuvans-ost-for-selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai-to-be-released |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = The Bonding
| length1 = 3:04
| title2 = Lust at First Sight
| length2 = 2:30
| title3 = Meeting With The One
| length3 = 2:03
| title4 = Prelude – Rockstar
| length4 = 1:14
| title5 = Pain of An Angel
| length5 = 3:33
| title6 = Destruction and Death
| length6 = 2:22
| title7 = Birth of a Soul
| length7 = 2:55
| title8 = The Wandering
| length8 = 3:55
| title9 = The Lullaby
| length9 = 4:02
| title10 = The Rebirth
| length10 = 3:06
| title11 = The Devil's Smile
| length11 = 2:01
| title12 = The Devil's Mind
| length12 = 1:27
| title13 = The God's Arrival
| length13 = 2:17
| title14 = Rockstar's Melody
| length14 = 56
| title15 = The Grand Finale
| length15 = 4:06
| total_length = 39:31
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| all_writing =
| title1 = Devil's Duet
| length1 = 3:05
| total_length = 5:33
| lyrics1 = Selvaraghavan
| extra1 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title2 = Bring it On!
| length2 = 2:28
| lyrics2 = Selvaraghavan
| extra2 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
}}

== Release ==
''Nenjam Marappathillai'' was initially scheduled to release on 23 June 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2017 |title=நெஞ்சம் மறப்பதில்லை’ ஜூன் 23ல் ரிலீஸ்! |trans-title=''Nenjam Marappathillai'' to release on June 23! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/-nenjam-marapathillai-going-to-release-in-june-23rd/articleshow/58897538.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107221742/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/-nenjam-marapathillai-going-to-release-in-june-23rd/articleshow/58897538.cms |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> then got postponed by a week to 30 June,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Release of Nenjam Marappathillai postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/Jun/17/release-of-nenjam-marappathillai-postponed-620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107215628/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/Jun/17/release-of-nenjam-marappathillai-postponed-620.html |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> but was delayed indefinitely due to the introduction of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] by the Central Government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2017 |title=Movies incur losses in crores as theatre strike enters 4th day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/movies-incur-losses-in-crores-as-theatre-strike-enters-4th-day/articleshow/59463507.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107220219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/movies-incur-losses-in-crores-as-theatre-strike-enters-4th-day/articleshow/59463507.cms |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=4 July 2017 |title=Kollywood faces the heat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kollywood-faces-the-heat/article19210575.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929153004/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kollywood-faces-the-heat/article19210575.ece |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> In August 2017, Selvaraghavan said there was no clarity on the film's release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2017 |title=No clarity yet on release of Selvaraghavan's 'Nenjam Marappathillai' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/no-clarity-yet-on-release-of-selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai/article19516768.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152409/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/no-clarity-yet-on-release-of-selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai/article19516768.ece |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> While co-producer Siddharth Rao blamed Gautham Menon for the delay in the film's release,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=29 March 2018 |title=How 'elitist' Gautham Menon destroyed his relationship with Kollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gautham-menon-controversy-karthick-naren-suriya-simbu-dhanush-harris-jayaraj-ram-pothineni-1200383-2018-03-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152351/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gautham-menon-controversy-karthick-naren-suriya-simbu-dhanush-harris-jayaraj-ram-pothineni-1200383-2018-03-29 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Menon released a press statement in March 2018 saying that he was in no way involved with the film "but for listening to the idea and pointing out the script and the film to escape artiste Madan". Menon denied being a producer or shareholder, and said Madan only wanted his name on the posters, although he felt he did not deserve that.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Surendhar |date=29 March 2018 |title=Gautham Menon responds to allegations on Naragasooran dues: 'The misunderstanding has been sorted with Karthick' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gautham-menon-responds-to-allegations-on-naragasooran-dues-the-misunderstanding-has-been-sorted-with-karthick-4410629.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152340/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gautham-menon-responds-to-allegations-on-naragasooran-dues-the-misunderstanding-has-been-sorted-with-karthick-4410629.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=13 June 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

More than a year later, in December 2019, Yuvan Shankar Raja said the film would be releasing soon and unveiled a new poster, although no release date was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2019 |title=Selvaraghavan's shelved movie to be released soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavans-shelved-movie-to-be-released-soon/articleshow/72599599.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavans-shelved-movie-to-be-released-soon/articleshow/72599599.cms |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="gothic" /> In December 2020, the makers held a private screening for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Selvaraghavan's 'Nenjam Marappathillai' gears up for a release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai-gears-up-for-a-release/articleshow/79638668.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai-gears-up-for-a-release/articleshow/79638668.cms |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=24 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 8 February 2021, it was announced by the makers that the film would release in theatres on 5 March 2021, with Rockfort Entertainment distributing the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2021 |title=Official! Selvaraghavan's 'Nenjam Marappathillai' release date announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai-release-date-announced/articleshow/80744878.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai-release-date-announced/articleshow/80744878.cms |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=8 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 2 March, the [[Madras High Court]] issued an injunction prohibiting the film's release until 15 March 2021, saying Escape Artists owed [[Radiance Media Group]] a sum of {{INRConvert|12.4|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2021 |title=Selvaraghavan's Nenjam Marapathillai won't release on March 5 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavans-nenjam-marapathillai-postponed-again/articleshow/81291763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210302122909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavans-nenjam-marapathillai-postponed-again/articleshow/81291763.cms |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Two days later, Suryah announced that the legal issue had been resolved,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Madras HC allows 'Nenjam Marappathillai' to release in theatres on March 5 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/madras-hc-allows-nenjam-marappathillai-release-theatres-march-5-144619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210304131112/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/theatrical-release-mammoottys-priest-postponed-144603 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and the film released as scheduled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Suryah's Nenjam Marappathillai opens in cinemas after Madras HC clears release |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/suryahs-nenjam-marappathillai-opens-in-cinemas-after-madras-hc-clears-release-9380751.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305094238/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/suryahs-nenjam-marappathillai-opens-in-cinemas-after-madras-hc-clears-release-9380751.html |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> It began streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 14 May 2021 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=8 Gripping new movies and shows on Zee5 releasing this May 2021 that you can't miss |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/8-gripping-new-movies-shows-zee5-releasing-may-2021-cant-miss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260107211135/https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/8-gripping-new-movies-shows-zee5-releasing-may-2021-cant-miss |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[GQ India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "''Nenjam Marappathillai'' is far from perfect, but scene for scene, it's a thrilling portal into the mind of Selvaraghavan." He concluded, "''Nenjam Marappathillai''—propelled by a grand Yuvan Shankar Raja score that matches the director's intensity and eccentricity—is the best thing Selvaraghavan has made in ages. Maybe breathing fresh life into stale genre premises is really his thing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=5 March 2021 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai Review: SJ Suryah Is Gloriously OTT In Selvaraghavan's Equally OTT (In A Good Way) 'Nenjam Marappathillai' |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/nenjam-marappathillai-review-tamil-movies-selvaraghavan-sj-suryah-regina-cassandra-sj-suryah-is-gloriously-ott-in-selvaraghavans-equally-ott-film-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305094508/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/nenjam-marappathillai-review-tamil-movies-selvaraghavan-sj-suryah-regina-cassandra-sj-suryah-is-gloriously-ott-in-selvaraghavans-equally-ott-film-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "What's refreshing about ''Nenjam Marappathillai'' is that it is devoid of all the usual stereotypes one could associate with horror movies. We don't get the usual creaking doors and close up of the ghost on a character's face. We still get some predictable moments but the way Selva treats them make for an engaging watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=5 March 2021 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai review: SJ Suryah, Regina Cassandra-starrer is a wildly amusing but predictable horror-thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/nenjam-marappathillai-review-sj-suryah-regina-cassandra-starrer-is-a-wildly-amusing-but-predictable-horrorthriller-101614931187612.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305094818/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/nenjam-marappathillai-review-sj-suryah-regina-cassandra-starrer-is-a-wildly-amusing-but-predictable-horrorthriller-101614931187612.html |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' praised the performances of the lead cast, but criticised the film's second half and visual effects near the climax.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai review: A fairly engaging thriller! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nenjam-marappathillai-review-a-fairly-engaging-thriller--review-tamil-vdfhmKdfjgdhf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305095117/https://www.sify.com/movies/nenjam-marappathillai-review-a-fairly-engaging-thriller--review-tamil-vdfhmKdfjgdhf.html |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and called it "a minor return to form for Selvaraghavan, who smartly uses his loud filmmaking style to give us a film that is over the top in a good way."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=5 March 2021 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai Movie Review: Nenjam Marappathillai is a minor return to form for Selvaraghavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nenjam-marappathillai/movie-review/81342436.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305134957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nenjam-marappathillai/movie-review/81342436.cms |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also rated it 3 stars out of 5, saying, "''Nenjam Marappathillai'' is what a director might find when he goes to the shooting with a vow to not follow the script. Instead, he rolls up his sleeves, and goes to work with his crew, determined to create something more wonderful, and tangible than what his mind imagined in the writer's room."<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=5 March 2021 |title=Nenjam Marappathillai movie review: Selvaraghavan delivers an entertaining, trippy ride |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nenjam-marappathillai-movie-review-selvaraghavan-delivers-an-entertaining-trippy-ride-7215654/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305154228/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nenjam-marappathillai-movie-review-selvaraghavan-delivers-an-entertaining-trippy-ride-7215654/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
While promoting the film in an interview with Baradwaj Rangan, Selvaraghavan was asked whether the film was a "veiled commentary" on a different matter, given that the film depicts God pitched against a character named Ramasamy. Initially silent, he was pressured by Rangan to answer, and replied "Yes".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=-ZLLMAVH5TE |title=Selvaraghavan Interview {{!}} Deep Focus: The Philosophies Of Nenjam Marappathillai {{!}} SJ Suryah {{!}} Yuvan |date=8 March 2021 |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |publisher=[[Film Companion South]] |time=35:30 to 35:52 |time-caption=From |access-date=1 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301040456/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=-ZLLMAVH5TE |archive-date=1 March 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> This caused controversy among followers of [[Periyar]], whose real name was E. V. Ramaswamy, as they believed Selvaraghavan was defaming their idol. Selvaraghavan later apologised, saying he acted without properly comprehending the question asked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2021 |title=Director Selvaraghavan apologises, says he didn't understand Periyar question in intv |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-selvaraghavan-apologises-says-he-didnt-understand-periyar-question-intv-144979 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313131215/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-selvaraghavan-apologises-says-he-didnt-understand-periyar-question-intv-144979 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Selvaraghavan}}

[[Category:2020s ghost films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 horror films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works featuring villain protagonists]]

Tehatta II

2026-05-05T21:07:02Z

Freeman14H:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tehatta II
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Tehatta-II in Nadia (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7833330|N|88.4500000|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 172.47
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 151,231
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 91,926 (68.52%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741155 (Palashipara) 741156 (Plassey)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03474
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-51,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Palashipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palashipara]]
| website = {{URL|nadia.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tehatta II''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Tehatta subdivision]] of [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=মহকুমা ও ব্লক {{!}} নদীয়া জেলা, পশ্চিমবঙ্গ সরকার {{!}} ভারত |url=https://nadia.gov.in/bn/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%93-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%95/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |language=bn-BD}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Tehatta_II_block.jpg|thumb|Tehatta II CD block office]]

[[Palashipara]], the police station and headquarters of Tehatta II CD Block,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsfromnadia.in/nadia-gets-22nd-police-station-palashipara/|title=Nadia Gets Its 22nd Police Station In Palashipara|access-date=December 17, 2018}}</ref> is located at {{coord|23.7833330|N|88.4500000|E|format=dms|}}.

Tehatta II CD Block is bounded by [[Naoda (community development block)|Naoda]], CD Block in [[Murshidabad district]], and [[Karimpur II]] CD Block, in the north, [[Tehatta I]] CD Block in the east, [[Nakashipara (community development block)|Nakashipara]] CD Block in the south and [[Kaliganj (community development block)|Kaliganj]] CD Block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/nadia.html |title = Tehsil Map of Nadia |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 15 November 2018}}</ref>

Palashipara is about 18 km from [[Palashi|Plassey]], where the historic [[Battle of Plassey]] was fought in 1757. [[Jalangi River]] flows through region.<ref name = "India9">{{cite web | url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Palashipara-74798.htm| title = Palshipara| access-date = 2007-10-07 | publisher = india9.com}}</ref>

[[Nadia district]] is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as the Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as the [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]], [[Churni River|Churni]] and [[Ichamati River|Ichamati]]. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref>

Tehatta II CD Block has an area of 172.47 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 7 [[gram panchayat]]s, 112 gram sansads (village councils), 34 [[mouza]]s and 32 inhabited villages. Tehatta police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Palashipara town|Palashipara]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook: Nadia, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Nadia with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 May 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Tehatta II [[Community Development Block in India|block]] & panchayat samiti are [[Barnia]], Gopinathpur, Hanspukuria, Palashipara, Polsunda I, Polsunda II and Sahebnagar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Nadia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 May 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Tehatta II CD Block had a population of 151,231, all of which were rural. There were 77,299 (51%) males and 73,932 (49%) females. The population below 6 years was 17, 071. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 25,085 (16.59%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,092 (1.38%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 25 February 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Tehatta II block had a total population 134,113, out of which 68,737 were males and 65,376 were females. Tehatta II block registered a population growth of 16.96 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 19.51 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Tehatta II CD Block were (2011 census figures in brackets): Dhwapara (6,667), Baraia (7,746), Baruipara (8,077), Palsunda (11,791), Bara Naldaha (6,537), Chhoto Naldaha (4,437), Panchdara Abhaynagar (9,803), [[Barnia]] (16,350), Hanspukuria (8,023), Natipota (6,860), [[Palashipara town|Palashipara]] (10,693), Radhanagar (4,345), Gopinathpur (8,910) and Rudranagar (4,694).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Tehatta II CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Sahebnagar (3,468) and [[Iswarchandrapur]] (2,471).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Tehatta II CD Block was 91,926 (68.52% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 48,752 (70.93% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 43,174 (65.99% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 4.94%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Nadia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Tehatta II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|51.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|48.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Others or not stated]]|black|0.15}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 77,128 and formed 51.00% of the population in Tehatta II CD Block. Muslims also numbered 73,876 and formed 48.85% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 220,357 and formed 62.67% of the combined population of Tehatta I and Tehatta II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 127,045 and formed 36.13% of the combined population. In the 1991 census, Hindus numbered 184,404 and formed 61.30% of the combined population of Tehatta I and Tehatta II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 112,758 and formed 37.49% of the combined population.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Table 17.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |archive-date = 2 March 2017 }}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.71% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District [[Human Development Report]] for Nadia has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Vulnerability Index]] of the district. Tehatta II CD Block registered 29.69 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHVI was estimated at 33.92. A total of 8 out of the 17 CD Blocks in Nadia district were found to be severely deprived when measured against the CD Block mean MHVI - Karimpur I and Karimpur II (under Tehatta subdivision), Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip (under Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision) and Santipur (under Ranaghat subdivision) appear to be backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Nadia | work = June 2012. Pages: 211-212 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal'', the rural poverty ratio in Nadia district was 28.35%. The estimate was based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
In Tehatta II CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 30.84%, agricultural labourers 43.90%, household industry workers 1.85% and other workers 23.41%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref>

The southern part of Nadia district starting from Krishnanagar I down to Chakdaha and Haringhata has some urban pockets specialising in either manufacturing or service related economic activity and has reflected a comparatively higher concentration of population but the urban population has generally stagnated. Nadia district still has a large chunk of people living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Nadia| work = Chapter IV: Livelihood and occupational structure, pages 63-73| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-date = 16 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 32 inhabited villages in Tehatta II CD Block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 14 Villages (43.75%) have post offices. 31 villages (96.88%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 23 villages (71.88%) have a pucca approach road and 19 villages (51.38%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 15 villages (46.88%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (21.88%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 91-92 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref> Although 100% villages in Nadia district had power supply in 2011, a survey in 2007-08 revealed that less than 50% of households had electricity connection. In rural areas of the country, the tube well was for many years considered to be the provider of safe drinking water, but with arsenic contamination of ground water claiming public attention it is no longer so. Piped water supply is still a distant dream. In 2007–08, the availability of piped drinking water in Nadia district was as low as 8.6%, well below the state average of around 20%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 54-55, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Tehatta II CD Block'''
|value1 = 4.60
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 14.11
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 9.80
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 32.07
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 39.43
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Tehatta II CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 4.60%, patta (document) holders 14.11%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 9.80%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 32.07% and agricultural labourers 39.43%.<ref name=handbook2014/> As the proportion of agricultural labourers is very high, the real wage in the agricultural sector has been a matter of concern.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 71-72, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Tehatta II CD Block had 212 fertiliser depots, 5 seed stores and 56 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Tehatta II CD Block produced 5,313 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 2,038 hectares, 8,311 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2,171 hectares, 5,240 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 2,652 hectares, 14,997 tonnes of wheat from 3,896 hectares, 161,764 tonnes of jute from 9,792 hectares, 5,466 tonnes of potatoes from 181 hectares and 9,422 tonnes of sugar cane from 94 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Tehatta II CD Block was 1,745 hectares, out of which 1,239 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 422 hectares by deep tube wells and 84 hectares by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Tehatta II CD Block had offices of 2 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Tehatta II CD Block has 6 ferry services and 4 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 18 km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 14 (West Bengal)|SH 14]] originates from Betai in this block and runs to Dubrajpur (in Birbhum district).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 May 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Tehatta II CD Block had 83 primary schools with 7,307 students, 2 middle schools with 306 students, 3 high school with 2,636 students and 9 higher secondary schools with 16,320 students. Tehatta II CD Block had 2 technical/ professional institutions with 205 students and 224 institutions for special and non-formal education with 11,518 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Tehatta II CD Block, amongst the 32 inhabited villages, 2 had no school, 24 had more than 1 primary school, 12 had at least 1 primary school, 18 had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 12 had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 591, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Tehatta II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 3 private nursing homes with total 65 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 18 family welfare subcentres. 4,232 patients were treated indoor and 280,192 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Palashipara (Pritimoyee) Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Palashipara]], is the major government medical facility in the Tehatta II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Barnia]] (with 10 beds) and Chhota Nalda (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Tehatta II CD Block is one of the areas of Nadia district where ground water is affected by high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All the 17 blocks of Nadia district have arsenic contamination above this level. The maximum concentration in Tehatta II CD Block is 950 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Nadia| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-date = 10 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510002934/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Culture==
Attractions in the area are – Sonargouranga temple (with the golden statue of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]), Chandroday temple and a church.<ref name = "India9"/> A famous and oldest indigo ''Kuthi'' is situated near 3 km at Nishcintapur in demolished form.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/nadiagarrett01garr/nadiagarrett01garr_djvu.txt|title=Full text of nadia|last=Bengal District Gazetteers|first=Nadia|date=1910|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot|access-date= 9 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Nadia district]]

Archana Chatterjee

2026-05-05T19:59:16Z

Freeman14H: Pg

{{Short description|Indian epidemiologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Archana Chatterjee
| birth_place = India
| fields = Pediatric infectious diseases, epidemiology
| workplaces = [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]] [[University of South Dakota]] [[Creighton University]] [[Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science]]
| alma_mater = [[Armed Forces Medical College]] [[University of Nebraska Medical Center]]
}}

'''Archana Chatterjee''' is an Indian pediatric [[infectious disease specialist]], epidemiologist, and academic administrator serving as dean of the [[Chicago Medical School]] since 2020. She is vice president for medical affairs at the [[Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science]].

== Life ==
Chatterjee was born and raised in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Terveen |first=Joyce |date=1999-04-27 |title=Doctor likes 'detective' role diagnosing youth ailments |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/argus-leader-doctor-likes-detective-ro/140201060/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=Argus-Leader |pages=13 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1983, she earned a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] from the [[Armed Forces Medical College]].<ref name=":0" /> From 1983 to 1984, she completed a rotating internship aboard the Indian Naval Hospital Ship, Asvini in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Archana |date=March 23, 2022 |title=CV |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/137429/download |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809020021/https://www.fda.gov/media/137429/download |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> From 1985 to 1988, was a medical officer in the [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]].<ref name=":1" /> She primarily worked at Military Hospital [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] attending to expectant mothers and children.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She was honorably discharged as a captain.<ref name=":1" /> In 1989, she was a senior resident in the department of [[microbiology]] at [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1993, she received a Ph.D. in the medical sciences interdepartmental area program from the [[University of Nebraska Medical Center]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Her dissertation was titled, ''Vasoactive Humoral Response and Pulmonary Metabolic Function in Infant Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite thesis |last=Chatterjee |first=Archana |title=Vasoactive Humoral Response and Pulmonary Metabolic Function in Infant Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) |date=1993 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Nebraska Medical Center |oclc=31325574}}</ref> Chatterjee completed a residency and fellowship in infectious diseases at University of Nebraska Medical Center and the [[Creighton University]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1998, Chatterjee joined the faculty at the [[University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine]] as an assistant professor and chief of the division of pediatric infectious diseases in the pediatrics department.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1999-01-04 |title=On the move |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/argus-leader-on-the-move/140201089/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=Argus-Leader |pages=28 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1999, she became a fellow of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref name=":1" /> From 2000 to 2013, Chatterjee was a professor of pediatric infectious diseases at the [[Creighton University School of Medicine]] and a hospital epidemiologist and medical director of infection control at the [[Children's Hospital & Medical Center]].<ref name=":1" /> She was elected a member of the [[Society for Pediatric Research]] in 2003 and a fellow of the [[Infectious Diseases Society of America]] in 2005.<ref name=":1" /> In 2011, she became a member of the [[International Papillomavirus Society]].<ref name=":1" /> Chatterjee was the associate dean for academic and faculty affairs at Creighton University School of Medicine from 2011 to 2013.<ref name=":1" /> She returned to the Sanford University School of Medicine in 2013 as a professor and chair of the pediatrics department and the senior associate dean for faculty development.<ref name=":1" /> In April 2020, Chatterjee became the dean of the [[Chicago Medical School]] and vice president for medical affairs at [[Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Olson |first=Yadira Sanchez |date=2020-11-12 |title=Rosalind Franklin University dean serving as adviser for COVID-19 vaccine development |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2020/11/12/rosalind-franklin-university-dean-serving-as-adviser-for-covid-19-vaccine-development/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> She is a professor of pediatrics.<ref name=":1" /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]], she served on the Vaccines and Related Biological Product Advisory Committee of the [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stankiewicz |first=Kevin |date=2020-12-11 |title=FDA advisor explains why she voted against recommending Pfizer's Covid vaccine for emergency use |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/11/dr-archana-chatterjee-explains-her-fda-panel-no-vote-on-pfizer-covid-vaccine.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

Chatterjee is married to [[structural engineer]] Samar Gogoi.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{C-SPAN}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Archana}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Armed Forces Medical Services officers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Indian paediatricians]]
[[Category:Indian infectious diseases specialists]]
[[Category:Women pediatricians]]
[[Category:University of Nebraska Medical Center alumni]]
[[Category:Physician-scientists]]
[[Category:Indian epidemiologists]]
[[Category:Women epidemiologists]]
[[Category:Creighton University faculty]]
[[Category:University of South Dakota faculty]]
[[Category:Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science faculty]]
[[Category:Women deans (academic)]]
[[Category:Indian university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Infectious Diseases Society of America]]

Gauripur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T21:09:59Z

Freeman14H: New

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gauripur
| mla = [[Abdus Sobahan Ali Sarkar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 7
| map_image = Gauripur Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
}}
'''Gauripur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Gauripur forms a part of the [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Prakritish Chandra Barua
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Syed Ahmed Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Mohammad Azad Ali
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Syed Ahmed Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Mohammad Azad Ali
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Joynal Abedin
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Aniruddha Singha Chowdhury
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Mohibul Haque
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Banendra Mushahary
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Banendra Mushahary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Mohibul Haque
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Banendra Mushahary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Nijanur Rahman]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<ref name="abhaya ref1">{{cite news |title=Assam Election Results 2021: Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-election-results-2021-check-full-list-of-winners-2426707 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=3 May 2021}}</ref>
| [[Nijanur Rahman]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Abdus Sobahan Ali Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election result ==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gauripur}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdus Sobahan Ali Sarkar
|votes = 182,971
|percentage = 61.12
|change = +61.12 
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Nijanur Rahman
|votes = 63,874
|percentage = 21.34
|change = -39.73
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Mehetabul Haque
|votes = 33,142
|percentage = 11.07
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Raijor Dal
|candidate = Abul Miah
|votes = 12,467
|percentage = 4.16
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India (Athawale)
|candidate = Saidur Rahman Sarkar
|votes = 447
|percentage = 0.15
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Ulama Council
|candidate = Firuzul Islam
|votes = 432
|percentage = 0.14
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Sheikh Monshur Rahman
|votes = 2,352
|percentage = 0.79
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Afzal Hossain
|votes = 1,222
|percentage = 0.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jabbar Ali
|votes = 601
|percentage = 0.20
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,845
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.34
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 119,097
|percentage = 39.78
|change = -8.63
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 299,353
|percentage = 
|change = 
}}

{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gauripur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Nijanur Rahman]]
|votes = 1,12,194
|percentage = 61.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Banendra Mushahary]]
|votes = 63,349
|percentage = 34.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =1,758
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdur Rezzak Hossain
|votes = 1,758
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,845
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,83,727
|percentage = 89.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 2,05,588
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gauripur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Nijanur Rahman
|votes = 73,423
|percentage = 45.66
|change = +17.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Banendra Mushahary
|votes = 53,512
|percentage = 33.27
|change = -7.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sushil Roy
|votes = 23,102
|percentage = 14.36
|change = -7.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sukumar Roy
|votes = 5,420
|percentage = 3.37
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,447
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,911
|percentage = 12.39
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,797
|percentage = 89.80
|change = +3.88
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,79,042
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gauripur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Banendra Mushahary
|votes = 53,849
|percentage = 40.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Nijanur Rahman
|votes = 37,190
|percentage = 27.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahibul Haque
|votes = 28,444
|percentage = 21.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Ashok Roy Pradhani
|votes = 4,136
|percentage = 3.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nurul Islam Sheikh
|votes = 2,531
|percentage = 1.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Zahirul Hoque
|votes = 2,315
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswajit Roy
|votes = 2,258
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,659
|percentage = 12.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,189
|percentage = 85.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,55,015
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bodoland People's Front
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.09|89.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Dhubri district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]

Varanasi–Bareilly Express

2026-05-04T00:42:49Z

Freeman14H: new new entry

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Varanasi–Bareilly Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} (BSB)
| stops = 27
| end = {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}} (BE)
| distance = {{convert|559|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 12 hrs 50 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14235 / 14236
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 14235 / 14236 '''Varanasi–Bareilly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14235/14236 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/21-aug-2016-edition-Lucknow-page_3-18905-2764-11.html Bareilly-Varanasi Express AC impaired]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5119&did=145190719060273DB4028AC5C2825B3EE38318B7A5629.web107 ADDITIONAL STOPPAGES TO EXPRESS TRAINS]</ref>

== Service==

The 14235/Varanasi–Bareilly Express has an average speed of 38 km/h and covers 559 km in 14h 45m. 14236/Bareilly–Varanasi Express has an average speed of 37 km/h and covers 559 km in 15h 15m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Babatpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Zafarabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jaunpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Shahganj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Akbarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Goshainganj}}
* {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Faizabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daryabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Barabanki Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Malhaur}}
* {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{stnlnk|Alamnagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Balamau}}
* {{stnlnk|Anjhi Shahbad}}
* {{stnlnk|Shahjahanpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Tilhar}}
* {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 15 coaches:{{clarify|date=February 2021|reason=The list sums to 14 not 15}}

* 1 AC First-class
* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 5 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] Electric locomotive from [[Bareilly]] to [[Varanasi]] and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]
* [[Bareilly Junction railway station]]
* [[Bhagmati Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/varanasi-bareilly-express-14235/229/334/337 14235/Varanasi - Bareilly Express]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/bareilly-varanasi-express-14236/169/337/334 14236/Bareilly - Varanasi Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi-Bareilly Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Trains from Bareilly]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Shruthi Rajasekar

2026-05-01T17:00:30Z

Freeman14H: new post

{{Short description|American composer and singer of Indian descent}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shruthi Rajasekar
| honorific_suffix = ARNCM
| image =
| image_upright = .69
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1996|11}}
| birth_place = [[Minnesota]], USA
| genre = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], [[European classical music|Western classical]], [[Experimental music|experimental]]
| occupation = Composer, singer
| years_active =
| publishers = [[Oxford University Press]], [[Stainer & Bell]], [[ABRSM]], [[Voces8]] Publishing, Murphy Music Press
| website = www.shruthirajasekar.com
}}
'''Shruthi Rajasekar''' is an [[United States|American]] composer<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=This composer combines South Indian classical music and Western choral tradition |first=Ann |last=Guao |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/classical-music/this-composer-combines-south-indian-classical-music-and-western-choral-tradition/ |date=2022-12-07 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/classical-music/this-composer-combines-south-indian-classical-music-and-western-choral-tradition/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Collon |first1=Nicholas |last2=Gardner |first2=Edward |last3=Hollingworth |first3=Robert |last4=Karabits |first4=Kirill |last5=Oramo |first5=Sakari |last6=Petrenko |first6=Vasily |last7=Rattle |first7=Simon |last8=Rouvali |first8=Santtu-Matias |last9=Vogt |first9=Lars |date=2020-03-08 |title=Blistering and virtuosic, depth and wisdom... women composers we should listen to |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/08/hitting-the-right-notes-leading-conductors-on-the-women-composers-we-should-listen-to |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and singer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Composer Spotlight: Shruthi Rajasekar |url=https://www.yourclassical.org/story/2021/03/16/composer-spotlight-shruthi-rajasekar |first1=Brooke |last1=Knoll |first2=Claire |last2=Philpott |date=2021-03-16 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.yourclassical.org |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.yourclassical.org/story/2021/03/16/composer-spotlight-shruthi-rajasekar |url-status=live }}</ref> of [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary Western classical]] and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] music.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite interview |last=Peacocke |first=Gemma |date=2019-04-16 |title=5 Questions to Ninfea Cruttwell-Reade and Shruthi Rajasekar (composers) |url=https://icareifyoulisten.com/2019/04/5-questions-to-shruthi-rajasekar-and-ninfea-cruttwell-reade/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=icareifyoulisten.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231518/https://icareifyoulisten.com/2019/04/5-questions-to-shruthi-rajasekar-and-ninfea-cruttwell-reade/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 contemporary women composers to add to your music rotation |url=https://www.yourclassical.org/story/2021/03/03/10-contemporary-women-composers-to-add-to-your-music-rotation |date=2021-03-03 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.yourclassical.org |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.yourclassical.org/story/2021/03/03/10-contemporary-women-composers-to-add-to-your-music-rotation |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajasekar is a 2025 [[McKnight Foundation|McKnight Fellow]] in Composition.<ref name=":13" />
== Background ==
Shruthi Rajasekar was born and raised in [[Minnesota]], USA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hubbard |first=Rob |date=2024-02-13 |title=Shruthi Rajasekar performs her new work 'Parivaar' as part of the Schubert Club Mix |url=https://www.startribune.com/shruthi-rajasekar-performs-her-new-work-parivaar-as-part-of-the-schubert-club-mix/600343079 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.startribune.com |publisher=[[Minnesota Star Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.startribune.com/shruthi-rajasekar-performs-her-new-work-parivaar-as-part-of-the-schubert-club-mix/600343079 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the daughter of Carnatic musician [[Nirmala Rajasekar]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Carnatic music master Nirmala Rajasekar passes on love for music |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/11/14/carnatic-music-master-nirmala-rajasekar-passes-on-love-for-music |first=Dan |last=Olson |website=[[MPR News]] |date=2012-11-14 |access-date=2025-06-17 |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/11/14/carnatic-music-master-nirmala-rajasekar-passes-on-love-for-music |url-status=live }}</ref> and is of [[Culture of India|Indian]] [[Tamils|Tamilian]] descent.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Sreelakshmi S. |date=2024-01-06 |title=Tunes of merit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jan/06/tunes-of-merit-2648231.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jan/06/tunes-of-merit-2648231.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raza |first= Danish |date=2019-08-09 |title=Four artists from India who made their mark on Minnesota |url=https://www.startribune.com/four-artists-from-india-who-made-their-mark-on-minnesota/528526162 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.startribune.com |publisher=[[Minnesota Star Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.startribune.com/four-artists-from-india-who-made-their-mark-on-minnesota/528526162 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
Shruthi Rajasekar graduated from [[Princeton University]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Students have the power to expand culture and inclusion at Princeton |url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2023/10/princeton-opinion-opguest-culture-south-asian-music-change-carnatic |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Princetonian |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2023/10/princeton-opinion-opguest-culture-south-asian-music-change-carnatic |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last1=Valenti |first1=Denise |date=4 December 2017 |title=Senior Rajasekar awarded Marshall Scholarship for graduate study in the UK |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/12/04/senior-rajasekar-awarded-marshall-scholarship-graduate-study-uk |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.princeton.edu |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/12/04/senior-rajasekar-awarded-marshall-scholarship-graduate-study-uk |url-status=live }}</ref> where she studied with [[Donnacha Dennehy]], [[Barbara White (composer)|Barbara White]], [[Juri Seo]], [[Dan Trueman]], and [[Gabriel Crouch]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=MoreCanvas |date=2023-04-16 |title=Advisee Stories: Bridging Musical Worlds from Carnatic to Chamber Music |url=https://music.princeton.edu/advisee-stories-bridging-musical-worlds-from-carnatic-to-chamber-music-dennehy/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Department of Music at Princeton University |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://music.princeton.edu/advisee-stories-bridging-musical-worlds-from-carnatic-to-chamber-music-dennehy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time, she also studied at the [[Royal College of Music]] in London with [[Patricia Rozario]].<ref name=":7" />

Rajasekar went to the [[United Kingdom]] on a [[Marshall Scholarship]].<ref name=":9" /> She pursued a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] degree in [[ethnomusicology]] at [[SOAS University of London|SOAS, University of London]] with supervisor [[Richard Widdess]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruthi Rajasekar |url=https://www.tusentakk.org/artists/shruthi-rajasekar |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Tusen Takk Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.tusentakk.org/artists/shruthi-rajasekar |url-status=live }}</ref> She also received her [[master's degree]] in [[Musical composition|composition]] at the [[Royal Northern College of Music]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruthi Rajasekar {{!}} Interlochen Center for the Arts |url=https://www.interlochen.org/person/shruthi-rajasekar |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.interlochen.org |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.interlochen.org/person/shruthi-rajasekar |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajasekar has created new works for [[Seattle Pro Musica]],<ref name=":0" /> [[I Fagiolini]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-Wilding the Wasteland: I Fagiolini return to Live from London |url=https://operatoday.com/2021/04/re-wilding-the-wasteland-i-fagiolini-return-to-live-from-london/ |first=Claire |last=Seymour |date=2021-04-24 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Opera Today |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210123419/https://operatoday.com/2021/04/re-wilding-the-wasteland-i-fagiolini-return-to-live-from-london/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Yale Glee Club]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Jane |date=2023-11-16 |title=Yale-Harvard arts and performance groups collaborate for The Game |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/11/16/yale-harvard-arts-and-performance-groups-collaborate-for-the-game/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Yale Daily News |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317225202/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/11/16/yale-harvard-arts-and-performance-groups-collaborate-for-the-game/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Royal Academy of Music]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Academy of Music 200 PIECES goes live. {{!}} Colin's Column |url=https://www.colinscolumn.com/royal-academy-of-music-200-pieces-goes-live/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.colinscolumn.com |archive-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518155946/https://www.colinscolumn.com/royal-academy-of-music-200-pieces-goes-live/ |url-status=live }}</ref> cellist [[Abel Selaocoe]] and The Hermes Experiment,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajakesar, Selaocoe, The Hermes Experiment, Wigmore Hall review - a joyful, fascinating laboratory of noise |url=https://theartsdesk.com/classical-music/rajakesar-selaocoe-hermes-experiment-wigmore-hall-review-joyful-fascinating |first=Rachel |last=Halliburton |date=2024-11-25 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=theartsdesk.com |publisher=[[The Arts Desk]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101171956/https://www.theartsdesk.com/classical-music/rajakesar-selaocoe-hermes-experiment-wigmore-hall-review-joyful-fascinating |url-status=live }}</ref> [[American Guild of Organists]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruthi Rajasekar – 2026 AGO National Convention – St. Louis, Missouri |url=https://www.agostl2026.org/shruthi-rajasekar-2/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[The Gesualdo Six]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gesualdo Six |url=https://newportclassical.org/speaker/the-gesualdo-six/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Newport Classical |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618051818/https://newportclassical.org/speaker/the-gesualdo-six/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[BBC Singers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Singers and National Youth Choir announce partnership to nurture next generation of singers |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/choir-and-organ/news/article/bbc-singers-and-national-youth-choir-announce-partnership-to-nurture-next-generation-of-singers |first=Holly |last=Baker |date=2024-10-04 |website=www.gramophone.co.uk |publisher=[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103030947/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/choir-and-organ/news/article/bbc-singers-and-national-youth-choir-announce-partnership-to-nurture-next-generation-of-singers |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, [[BBC Music Magazine]] named Rajasekar a "Rising Star."<ref name=":3" /> In 2023, Rajasekar was made an Associate of the Royal Northern College of Music (ARNCM) for her "exceptional contributions to the profession."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=RNCM announces recipients of 2023 Honorary Awards |url=https://www.rncm.ac.uk/news/rncm-announces-recipients-of-2023-honorary-awards/ |date=2023-11-09 |website=www.rncm.ac.uk |publisher=[[Royal Northern College of Music]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.rncm.ac.uk/news/rncm-announces-recipients-of-2023-honorary-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5" />
[[File:Bob Chilcott Shruthi Rajasekar Reena Esmail.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Composers [[Bob Chilcott]], Shruthi Rajasekar, and [[Reena Esmail]] at the [[Oxford University Press]] exhibition booth, [[American Choral Directors Association|ACDA]], Dallas, TX]]
Rajasekar was a recipient of a 2023 [[Jerome Hill]] Artist Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2025 |title=Past Grantees |url=https://www.jeromefdn.org/past-grantees?page=8 |website=Jerome Foundation}}</ref> She holds a 2025 Artist & Culture Bearer Fellowship in Composition from the [[McKnight Foundation]] and [[American Composers Forum]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Announcing the 2025 McKnight Composer Fellowship and Visiting Residency Awardees |url=https://icareifyoulisten.com/2025/02/announcing-the-2025-mcknight-composer-fellowship-and-visiting-residency-awardees/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=icareifyoulisten.com |date=2025-02-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617111800/https://icareifyoulisten.com/2025/02/announcing-the-2025-mcknight-composer-fellowship-and-visiting-residency-awardees/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sarojini ==
In 2021, Rajasekar created a [[Movement (music)|multi-movement]] work called ''Sarojini'' on [[Sarojini Naidu]] and the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Sarojini: Shruthi Rajasekar's new piece, premiered by Hertfordshire Chorus, merges Western classical and Carnatic musical traditions |url=https://www.planethugill.com/2022/10/sarojini-shruthi-rajasekars-new-piece.html |website=www.planethugill.com |date=2022-10-23 |access-date=2025-06-17 }}</ref> The work contains poetry and speeches by Naidu, including writings from "The Broken Wing" and a compilation of Naidu's texts edited by [[G. A. Natesan|G.A. Natesan]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=New commission |url=https://hertfordshirechorus.org.uk/new-commission/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Hertfordshire Chorus |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7PgHqHnvng |title=Hertfordshire Chorus TV - David Temple in conversation with Shruthi Rajasekar |date=2021-04-16 |last=Hertfordshire Chorus |access-date=2025-06-17 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2022-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903202100/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7PgHqHnvng |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sarojini'' was premiered by [[Hertfordshire Chorus]] and conductor [[David Temple]] in 2022, in honor of the [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|75th anniversary of Indian Independence.]]<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |title='Pandemic has taught us how valuable, and indeed precious, live music is,' says musician Shruthi Rajasekar {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/pandemic-has-taught-us-how-valuable-and-indeed-precious-live-music-is-says-musician-shruthi-rajasekar/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.easterneye.biz |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617231517/https://www.easterneye.biz/pandemic-has-taught-us-how-valuable-and-indeed-precious-live-music-is-says-musician-shruthi-rajasekar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2025, American choir [[VocalEssence]] will perform the North American premiere of ''Sarojini''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarojini - Minnesota Orchestra |url=https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/tickets/calendar/vocalessence/sarojini |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.minnesotaorchestra.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623073045/https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/tickets/calendar/vocalessence/sarojini |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasekar, Shruthi}}
[[Category:Composers from Minnesota]]
[[Category:American singers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Northern College of Music]]
[[Category:21st-century women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century American composers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:American women classical composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

Sangama (human rights group)

2026-05-01T00:21:52Z

Freeman14H:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|LGBT rights group in India}}
'''Sangama''' is an [[LGBT]] rights group based in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. When it began in 1999,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love and let love |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/love-and-let-love/cid/1553141 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Sangama acted as a documentation center but it has since grown to become an [[LGBT]] rights and HIV prevention [[NGO]]<ref name="S">{{cite news |last=Senthalir |date=18 July 2011 |title=Fights to create safer space for sexual minorities |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Fights-to-create-safer-space-for-sexual-minorities/articleshow/9263215.cms |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> that mobilizes against sexual harassment and discrimination and conducts HIV prevention seminars and programmes. The organization works with non-English speaking, working class sex workers and LGBT people and people living with HIV (PLHIV) in [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NGO Launches Fundraising Campaign to Help Sex Workers, Transpersons in Karnataka |url=https://thewire.in/rights/sex-workers-karnataka-coronavirus |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==History==
Sangama was founded in 1999 by [[Manohar Elavarthi]] as a center that provided counseling services to sexual minorities and research materials to scholars of LGBT issues in the [[Bangalore]] region.<ref name="Indrani"/> Other members in the first board included Arunesh Maiyer, Shubha Chacko and Arvind Narrain. Maiyer is the current president of the board from 2016.<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/arunesh-maiyar-80676331/?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Egoogle%2Ecom%2F&originalSubdomain=in</ref> The organization hosted discussions that attracted social activists and English speaking LGBT individuals. Over the years, the organization expanded its scope from providing counseling services, to providing HIV/AIDS information, supporting the rights of transgender people through rallies and mobilization and acting as safe drop-in for LGBT individuals in [[Karnataka]]. The organization's human rights focus has encouraged its attention to focus on non-English speaking [[Kothi (gender)|Kothi]]s and [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]'s from underprivileged communities in India who are at risk of HIV and abuse.

==Activities==

===Liaison with community groups===
Sangama works with a few organizations in an HIV prevention project called Lasyakairali Pehchan. The project provides support to community based organizations on strategies to prevent HIV/AIDS in their respective [[LGBT culture in Bangalore|LGBT communities]]. Samara a community based organization that implements HIV/AIDS prevention programs in the [[Bengaluru Nagara district|Bangalore Urban District]] is an outgrowth of Sangama.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Samara to handle projects of HIV prevention programme|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/samara-to-handle-projects-of-hiv-prevention-programme/article324115.ece |newspaper= The Hindu|location=Bangalore |date=5 March 2009 }}</ref>

===Outreach===
Sangama established two outreach projects, one to reach gay individuals and the other to reach out to transgender people. Fieldworkers go to cruising joints to listen to problems faced by individuals and sex workers on the streets of Bangalore. The outreach programs helped Sangama gain more members for its drop-in sessions.<ref name="Indrani"/>

In conjunction with the Karnataka Sex Workers Union and Pedestrian Films, Sangama released a feature-length movie, ''Let the butterflies fly'', in 2012. The movie was rejected at the [[Bangalore International Film Festival|Bangalore Film Festival]] but won an award at the [[Mumbai Queer Film Festival|Kashish Mumbai Festival]].<ref name="SR">{{cite news |author= |title=Sangama releases award winning documentary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sangama-releases-award-winning-documentary/article3537035.ece |newspaper= The Hindu|location=Bangalore |date=19 June 2012 }}</ref>

===Legal services===
Sangama provides legal aid to sexual minorities who are abused and harassed by the police or charged with crimes due to their sexual orientation.<ref name="Indrani">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Indrani |date=2005 |title= Transgender human rights |location=Delhi |publisher=Isha Books |pages=205–209 }}</ref> Apart from legal services, the group also tracks police harassment and detention of LGBT individuals in Karnataka. In 2008, while going to a police station to support 5 hijras who were arrested, Sangama representatives were sent to another station where they were beaten.<ref>Wockner, R. (6 November 2008). Trans people and LGBT activists arrested in India. Between the Lines</ref> The organization continues to speak out about sexual discrimination and rights for transgender people in India.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

=== Corona relief ===
With a donation of Rs.1.5 lakh from [[Arundhati Roy]], Sangama collected about Rs.10 lakh to provide relief of Rs.2000 each to sex workers and trans persons in the districts of Bangalore Rural, Hasan, Bidar, Yadgir, Ramanagara, Haveri, Gadag, Raichur, Koppala, Kolar, Chikmagalur and Uttar Kannada. Two sex worker collectives Karnataka Sex Workers Union (KSWU) and Uttar Karnataka Mahila Ookutta (UKMO) helped with the distribution.<ref name=":0" />

=== Reservation for Transgender in Karnataka ===
Following the advocacy efforts of Sangama, the Karnataka government amended recruitment rules in May 2021 to grant one per cent reservation to transgender persons in merit category, scheduled caste, [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribe]] and backward classes categories. Sangama and its programme officer Nisha Gulur approached High Court and the government revealed 13 May 2021 notification to the court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Y Maheswara |date=2021-06-21 |title=Quota for transgenders welcome |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/quota-for-transgenders-welcome/articleshow/83700624.cms |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:LGBTQ culture in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ political advocacy groups in India]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1999]]

Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland

2026-04-27T06:51:17Z

Freeman14H: new new post

{{Short description|19th century global childcare movement}}
[[File:Schools_-_Infants_handwork.jpg|alt=Four children sat at a table working on puzzles.|thumb|Infant-stage children solving puzzles at a school in [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]] ({{Circa|1900|1947}})]]
The '''spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland''' took place in the 19th century. [[Infant schools]] and an associated method of teaching young children developed in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] from 1816. The movement was influential globally over subsequent decades with schools being founded across Europe, the British empire and the United States. They appealed to contemporary concerns about social morality, access to education and spreading Christianity.

Infant schools were used by [[missionary]] groups in an effort [[Conversion to Christianity|to convert]] the empire's non-Christian subjects. They inspired the creation of {{Lang|fr|Salles d'asile}}; a type of facility for young children developed in France from 1826. The movement also spread to the United States but quickly disappeared after a backlash against young children being educated outside the home.

== Background ==
An "infant school" is a term used in the United Kingdom,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Infant School |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/infant-school |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Dictionary]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Definition of 'Infant School' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/infant-school#infant-school__1 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Definition of Infant School |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infant%20school |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Merriam-Webster]] |language=en}}</ref> for the education of young children.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":13"/><ref name=":23"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Infant-School - Meaning & Use |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/infant-school_n?tl=true |archive-date= |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}</ref> The first infant school in [[Great Britain]] was established in 1816 for the children of mill workers in [[New Lanark]], [[Lanarkshire]] in Scotland.{{Sfn|Whitbread|1972|p=8}} It was followed by other [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] infant schools across Britain and Ireland.{{Sfn|Whitbread|1972|pp=10–13}}{{Sfn|O'Connor|2011|p=54}} [[Early childhood education]] was a new concept at the time and seen as a potential solution to social problems related to [[industrialisation]].{{sfn|Salmon|Hindshaw|1904|loc=J.R Oberlin}}{{Sfn|Whitbread|1972|pp=3–7}} A theory developed of how infant teaching should ideally be conducted {{Mdash}} this included [[moral education]], [[physical exercise]] and an authoritative but friendly teacher.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=91–108}}

== Overview ==
Infant schools were quickly founded across Europe, the British Empire and the United States in the decades after the first establishments in Great Britain. In various countries, the number of infant schools expanded quickly for a period before enthusiasm declined and expansion slowed down. Historians have attributed the international appeal of infant schools to multiple factors; an ambition to expand Christian faith, greater interest in the development of young children, a desire to improve the moral character of society as a whole and the working classes especially. Infant schools were also a way of offering some education at a time when access to schooling was often limited.{{Sfn|Westberg|2020|pp=100–102}} Johannes Westberg, an educationalist, gives the following overview of the influence of infant schools in Europe;{{sfn|Westberg|2020|p=100}}<blockquote>... [they spread] to France, present-day Belgium, and the Netherlands, and further to [[Austrian Empire|areas under Austrian rule]], including [[Cremona]] (1828), present-day [[Budapest]] (1828), and [[Prague]] (1832). Infant schools were also spread throughout the [[German Confederation|German states]]; the [[Nordic countries]], beginning in [[Copenhagen]] (1828), [[Stockholm]] (1832), and [[Trondheim]] (1837); and in [[Imperial Russia]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] (1839), [[Tallinn]] (1840), and [[Helsinki]] (1840).</blockquote>[[File:François Marius Granet - Intérieur d'une salle d'asile 02.jpg|alt=A group of women and children in a room. The children engage in various activities and appear to be in the care of the women.|thumb|''Intérieur d'une salle d'asile'' [Interior of an asylum room] by [[François Marius Granet]] (1844)]]
{{Lang|fr|Salles d'asile}} (asylum rooms) were institutions for young children which were established in France beginning in 1826. They were inspired by and had similar motivations to infant schools; though greater importance was placed on religion. Overtime they were adopted into the state education system and renamed {{Lang|fr|[[Nursery schools of France|l'école maternelle]]}} (nursery school); remaining part of the French education system today.{{Sfn|Burger|2014|pp=318–328}} Colonial governments also imported British practices into their territories. For instance, in 1855, the government of [[Victoria (state)#Colonial Victoria|Victoria]], in modern Australia, wrote to the central education authority in England and Wales requesting two trained teachers to run a model example of an Infant School.{{sfn|Bischof|2019|p=130}}

Some planation owners in the [[British West Indies]] established infant schools for enslaved children before they were put to work on the plantations. They hoped this would prepare children to be more effective workers in the future while they were too young to be useful. Plantation owners and colonial officials in the West Indies usually opposed missionary infant schools. They feared that schools of that kind would reduce the power of owners over the slaves. More plantation infant schools were established following [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|the end of slavery in 1833]]; to encourage the freed workers to remain working there and spread Christianity among their children.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|p=83}}

== United States ==
[[File:First_Infant_School_in_Green_Street,_New_York_MET_MM82866.jpg|alt=Two engravings of a minimally furnished classroom; in one image the children are sat down in another they are marching.|thumb|''First Infant School in Green Street, New York'', printed [[Lithography|lithograph]] illustrations by [[Archibald Robertson (painter)|Archibald Robertson]] and Anthony Imbert (1828)]]
The concept of infant schools entered American public debate in the mid-1820s. Professor [[John Griscom]] established a school with a class inspired by New Lanark Infant school in 1825, Robert Owen toured the United States from 1825 to 1826 and educationalist [[William Russell (educator)|William Russell]] promoted the movement through the American Journal of Education established in 1826.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=3, 9–10}} American opinion was open to the idea; the United States was experiencing similar economic changes to Britain at a slower pace and a more sentimental view of childhood was beginning to develop.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=3–4}} An Infant School Society was established in [[New York City]] in 1826 which was soon followed by societies in other American cities.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=|p=11}} Within a few years, infant schools had become common in urban areas.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=|p=3}} For example, the New York Infant Society was operating nine infant schools in 1831; two of which were for non-white children.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=165}} Infant schools were established by a diverse range of groups and appealed to families of various economic backgrounds,{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=2, 12|p=}} though they were primarily for the poor.{{Sfn|Vinovskis|1993|p=156}} Some [[State governments of the United States|state governments]] gave public funding to them.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=3–4|p=}}

The first advice book about infant education published in the United States {{Mdash}} ''Infant Education or Remarks on the Importance of Educating the Infant Poor from the Age of Eighteen Months to Seven Years'' {{Mdash}} was released in 1827. It was heavily influenced by British texts on infant schools. No formal training was available for infant teachers in the United States, who were often inexperienced young women, so they tended to rely on books of this nature.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=|p=12}} Americans such as [[Ephraim Bacon]] and [[Amos Bronson Alcott|Bronson Alcott]] developed their own theories about infant education.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=167–169|p=}}{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=12–15|p=}} Some infant schools emphasised play while others focused on academic study; parents often wanted their children to be strictly disciplined and taught how to read.{{Sfn|Vinovskis|1993|p=156}} Bacon wrote a short guide to infant education which was published in a collection of texts on the subject {{Mdash}} the American version of ''Essay on Infant Cultivation'' by James Brown {{Mdash}} in 1828.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=168}} May, Kaur and Prochner describe the chapters it was organised into:{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=168}}<blockquote>... (1) the Opening of the School with hymns and prayers; (2) Arithmetic utilizing a Numeral Frame, and Geography, taught with children in the gallery and the teacher using pasteboard shapes and figures; and (3) Natural History using pictures and an analytical system ('What is this? A cow'; 'Is the cow a useful animal?'; 'Yes, every part of the cow is useful'). The book ended with a list of 'Rules and Regulations' from Samuel Wilderspin and an extract from David Goyder's Treatise on the Management of Infant Schools on discipline... , along with a selection of Mrs. Gilbert's Hymns for Infant Schools.</blockquote>Financial support for infant schools was declining by the middle of the 1830s.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=18|p=}} Competition for philanthropy from [[History of education in the United States#19th century|the developing public school system]] and personal disputes contributed to the infant schools decline.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=18–19|p=}} Academic Alan R. Pence argued that broader developments negatively affected infant schools. Economic changes meant that more women were able to stay at home as [[Housewife|housewives]] rather than seeking employment. Mainstream opinion increasingly held that the best place for a young child was at home with their mother.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=18–20|p=}} In some places, infant schools were integrated into the public school system; shifting away from teaching the youngest children and losing their distinctive identity.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=16–17|p=}} By 1840, the infant school movement had ended in the United States.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=|p=21}} It had been common for young children to attend school {{Mdash}} for instance 40% of three year olds in [[Massachusetts]] were in school in 1840 {{Mdash}} but became much less usual in the years after.{{Sfn|Vinovskis|1993|p=157,159}} The American infant school movement was largely forgotten, rarely mentioned in literature from the middle decades of the 19th century.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=|p=2}} Writing in 1986, Pence argued that a worry that young children being cared for outside the home might undermine the family continued to be theme in American public debate throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.{{Sfn|Pence|1986|pp=1–2, 22|p=}}

== Missionary infant schools ==
A Protestant [[missionary]] movement developed in Britain from the 1790s.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=25–26}} The movement emphasised the importance of educating children in order to spread Christianity {{Mdash}} a text published by the [[Church Missionary Society]] in 1799 noted that "The instruction of children facilitates access to their parents, secures their friendship and conveys information to them through unsuspected channels. The minds of children are more susceptible and less under the influence of habit and prejudice than those of their parent."{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|p=7}} Missionaries saw similarities between the working-class people in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] which the domestic infant school movement was attempting to reform and the "[[wiktionary:heathen|heathen]]", indigenous people around the [[British Empire]].{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=5, 8, 23}} Infant schools were seen as a way to make missionary activity more effective by influencing children at earlier ages. According to historians [[Helen May]], Baljit Kaur and Larry Prochner, the intention of these schools, like their counterparts in Britain, was to provide an "ordered and industrious environment set apart from the perceived disorder of the child's home environment". It was hoped this would introduce indigenous children "to Christianity and [[Western culture|European modes of civilization]]". Evidence of missionary infant schools of this nature exists in various parts of the world.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|p=8}}

=== India ===
The first infant school in the [[Company rule in India|British-controlled territories of India]] was established in [[Calcutta]] in 1830.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|p=112}} The school was founded and personally funded by [[John Matthias Turner|John Mathias Turner]], the [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Bishop of Calcutta]]. It closed soon after his death in 1831.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=112–115}} [[Daniel Wilson (bishop)|Daniel Wilson]], Turner's replacement, organised the establishment of the Calcutta Infant School Society in 1833.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=117–118}} Accounts of infant schools were usually positive, but little detailed information exists.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=112–115, 120, 128}} They appear to have been relatively common in the middle of the 19th century.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=130–131}} Missionaries and colonial officials often believed that Indians would be reluctant to send their children to these schools. In fact, they were often quite well-attended, with parents seeing them as prestigious and considering it advantageous for their children to learn English.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=116, 125}} They were often bilingual, teaching English through the local language.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=129, 133–134}}

The missionary infant schools were not, as far as is known, sex-segregated but boys were more likely to attend than girls.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|p=131}} The children who attended were often from quite well-off backgrounds but there were exceptions.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=234}} The movement to establish infant education was closely linked to the movement to establish [[Female education#British India|female education]] and many of the pupils who attended girls missionary schools grew up to work as infant teachers.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=139}} The missionaries lobbied the British authorities in India to support infant schools. There was some apathy and scepticism but the government agreed to endorse a privately endowed boys' infant school in 1839.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=122–125}} By the mid-1840s, infant classes attached to schools for older children were beginning to appear.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=129}} In 1854, the British authorities established a state funded education system in India which did not formally include infant education.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=140}} Missionary infant schools continued to exist, used largely by Europeans, [[Christianity in India|Christian Indians]] and [[Anglo-Indian people|mixed-race Indians]].{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=144–145}}

=== Māori children in New Zealand ===
{{See also|Native schools|History of education in New Zealand}}

The first missionary infant school in New Zealand was established in 1832.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=117–118}} Many [[Māori people]] were interested in Christianity,{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=67, 190|p=}} literacy{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=67–68, 190–191, 193, 205, 214|p=}} and western technology.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=67, 117–118}} Various positive accounts of infant schools exist and Māori children were often described as keen to learn.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=193, 197–198, 205, 212–214}} Infant schools became common in missionary settlements within a few years.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=203}} Unlike schools for older children, they were often attended by both Māori children and the children of missionaries.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=185–186, 234}} Infant schools were conducted in the [[Māori language]].{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=185–186|p=203}} Māori women taught in them and the first missionary infant school was founded in part to educate the women who helped to run it.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=189, 200|p=}} Overtime, this would be a source of apathy among Māori parents who wanted their children to be taught English.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|p=205}} One account of a later missionary infant school suggests children were being taught in both languages.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=211–213|p=}}

The missionary infant schools in New Zealand were influenced by the same figures as the early infant school movement in Britain.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=186, 202, 211|p=}} One unusually detailed account of an infant school timetable suggested they were teaching a similar curriculum to their British counterparts.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=215}} A source of tension between Māori people and missionaries was that this curriculum {{Mdash}} focused on good behaviour and basic academic skills {{Mdash}} was different from the abilities Māori children needed to participate in the community of their birth.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=205, 215|p=}} It was also uncertain if a western education would allow Māori people to be accepted into settler society.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=215, 221|p=}} Missionaries saw Māori children as badly-behaved and undisciplined in comparison to their own. In general, Māori people do not appear to have used corporal punishment on their children. Infant schooling was seen as a way of instilling better behaviour into Māori children.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=95–96|p=}} There were sometimes tensions between what the two groups viewed as suitable child discipline.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|p=205}}

By the 1840s, missionaries seemed to be becoming more negative about the infant schools.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=203–208|p=}} The latest known record of a missionary infant school in New Zealand dates from 1851.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=219}} The 1867 Native Schools Act established a system of state-funded, English-medium schools in Māori villages following the [[New Zealand Wars|New Zealand Land Wars]]. The [[Colony of New Zealand|authorities in New Zealand]] argued that this would "make education part of the Runanga [<nowiki/>[[Rūnanga]], meeting place] of the [[marae]] [meeting house]... scattering the seed [of European ideas] instead of confining it to a few hot-beds".{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=221}} These schools included non-compulsory infant classes for five to seven year olds.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=222}}

=== Aboriginal children in Upper Canada ===
Infant methods were introduced into missionary schools near the [[Bay of Quinte]] in [[Upper Canada]] by [[Methodists]] from the United States.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=149}} This group established temporary missionary settlements with the aim of completely surrounding converts with a new way of life,{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=153, 173|p=}} education was considered important for reinforcing this.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=153, 173|p=}} [[Betsey Stockton]], an American teacher,{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=|p=159}} travelled to the Grape Island missionary settlement in 1829 and introduced infant school methods into the school.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=163–164|p=}} These methods were therefore influenced by the American Infant school movement.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=163–164|p=}} They were also later introduced into schools in other missionary settlements.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=159, 171|p=}}

Younger children were not separated from older children in the Grape Island school, though "ABC's and spelling" was listed as a subject taught specifically to the "smaller ones". Instead infant methods were used for teaching children and young people of all ages for part of the day. The infant system, with its emphasis on images, was considered useful for teaching Aboriginal children who did not speak English as their first language. Missionary schools appear to have been teaching in a mixture of English and the children's native language. An account of a later missionary school indicated instruction was being conducted almost exclusively in English. The infant system's quick effect on younger children was considered useful as children were usually not expected to remain at school for long. The Methodist missionary schools where infant methods were adopted were short-lived but many of the boys who had studied in them grew up to establish their own missionary schools.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=171–175|p=}} An emphasis on the needs of younger children was not repeated in education programmes for Aboriginal children in Canada {{Mdash}} with the exception of experiments using the kindergarten method in the 1890s {{Mdash}} until towards the end of the 20th century.{{Sfn|May|Kaur|Prochner|2014|pp=181–183|p=}}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bischof |first=Christopher |title=Teaching Britain: Elementary Teachers and the State of the Everyday, 1846–1906 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-883335-2}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Burger |first=Kaspar |date=2014-03-18 |title=Entanglement and Transnational Transfer in the History of Infant Schools in Great Britain and ''salles d'asile'' in France, 1816–1881 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0046760x.2014.888486 |journal=History of Education |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=304–333 |doi=10.1080/0046760x.2014.888486 |issn=0046-760X|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite book |title=Empire, Education, and Indigenous Childhoods: Nineteenth-Century Missionary Infant Schools in Three British Colonies |last=May |first=Helen |author-link=Helen May |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] |year=2014 |last2=Kaur |first2=Baljit |last3=Prochner |first3=Larry |isbn=9781315579337}}
*{{Cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Maura |title=The Development of Infant Education in Ireland, 1838–1948 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-0353-0025-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pence |first=Alan R. |url=http://archive.org/details/advancesinearlye0004unse |title=Advances in Early Education and Day Care : a Research Annual, Volume 4 |publisher=Greenwich, Conn. : JAI Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-89232-454-5 |editor-last=Kilmer |editor-first=Sally |chapter=Infant Schools in North America, 1825 {{mdash}} 1840}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Salmon |first1=David |url=https://archive.org/details/infantschoolsthe00salmrich/page/n6/mode/1up |title=Infant Schools, their History and Theory |title-link= |last2=Hindshaw |first2=Winifred |publisher=[[Longmans, Green, and Co.]] |year=1904}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Westberg |first=Johannes |date=2020-08-24 |title=The Transnational Dissemination of the Infant School to the Periphery of Europe: the Role of Primary Schools, Religion, Travels, and Handbooks in the Case of Nineteenth-Century Sweden |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2020.1803936 |journal=Paedagogica Historica |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=99–119 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2020.1803936 |issn=0030-9230|hdl=11370/f2918382-a15f-484c-b7c9-ae43df717a60 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Vinovskis |first=Maris A. |author-link=Maris Vinovskis |date=1993 |title=Early Childhood Education: Then and Now |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027154 |journal=Daedalus |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=151–176 |jstor=20027154 |issn=0011-5266}}
*{{Cite book |last=Whitbread |first=Nanette |title=The Evolution of the Nursery-Infant School: A History of Infant Education in Britain, 1800-1970 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1972 |doi=10.4324/9780203706961 |isbn=978-1-135-03062-9}}
{{refend}}

{{Schools}}

[[Category:History of education in the United States]]
[[Category:Missional Christianity]]
[[Category:Early childhood education in India]]
[[Category:Early childhood education in Australia]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:Early childhood education in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Education in Canada]]
[[Category:First Nations education in Canada]]

Eastern Bengali dialects

2026-04-25T08:50:46Z

Freeman14H: Stub.

{{Short description|Group of dialects of Bengali}}
{{Infobox dialect
| name = Eastern Bengali
| altname = Eastern Bengali Vaṅga Bengali Baṅgālī Bengali
| nativename = বঙ্গ বাংলা বঙ্গালী বাংলা
| state = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]]
| region = '''Bangladesh''': [[Barisal Division]], [[Chittagong Division]], [[Dhaka Division]], [[Mymensingh Division]], [[Khulna Division]] (excluding [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], [[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]], [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]] and parts of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] distircts) and [[Sylhet Division]] 
'''India''': [[Tripura]], [[Barak Valley]], [[Hojai District]], [[Jiribam District]] and [[Bangaon subdivision|Bangaon Subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas District]] 
'''Myanmar''': Parts of [[Maungdaw District]]
| speakers =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Zone]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| fam6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ancestor = [[Gaudi Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Old Bengali]]
| ancestor3 = [[Middle Bengali]]
| script = * [[Bengali alphabet]]
* [[Romanisation of Bengali|Latin-Roman]] ([[Banglish]])
* [[Sylhet Nagari]] (historical)
* [[Perso-Arabic]] (historical)
| isoexception = dialect
| image = Eastern Bengali political map.svg
| image_class=skin-invert-image
| glotto = vang1242
| glottoname = Vanga
}}

'''Eastern Bengali''',<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Grierson|1903|p=18}}</ref> '''Baṅgālī Bengali''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গালী বাংলা|Bôṅalī Bāṅlā}}, {{IPA|bn|bɔŋgaliː baŋla|pron}})<ref name="Sen 1957 136">{{Harvcoltxt|Sen|1957|p=136}}</ref> or '''Vaṅga Bengali''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গ বাংলা|Bôṅô Bāṅlā}}, {{IPA|bn|bɔŋgɔ baŋla|pron}}),<ref name="Chatterji 1926 138">{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1926|p=138}}</ref> is a set of [[vernacular]] [[Bengali dialects|dialects]] of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], spoken in most of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Tripura]], thus covering majority of the land of [[Bengal]] and surrounding areas.

== Names ==
It is also known as '''Baṅgālī''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গালী|bôṅgalī}}),<ref name="Sen 1957 136"/> '''Pūrvavaṅgīẏa''' ({{langx|bn|পূর্ববঙ্গীয়|pūrbôbôṅgīẏô}}),<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Dialect}}</ref> '''Prācya''' ({{langx|bn|প্রাচ্য|prachyô}}),<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1958|p=62}}</ref> '''Vaṅga''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গ|bôṅgô}}),<ref name="Chatterji 1926 138"/> or '''Vaṅgīẏa''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গীয়|bôṅgīẏô}}). [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Chatterji]] often cited a more generalised variant of Eastern Bengali which he dubbed as, '''Typical East Bengali''', for the sake of broader comparison with other varieties of Bengali.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1926|p=141}}</ref> Eastern Bengali is often colloquially referred to by the [[exonym]] '''Bāṅgāl Bhāshā''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙাল ভাষা|bangal bhasha}}) in [[West Bengal]] due to its association with [[Bangal]]s. It may also be referred to by names such as '''Khaisi-Gesi Bangla'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Esh|first=Dhruba|date=3 October 2019|script-title=bn:তোমার যে ফুল|url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/2019/10/03/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2/|website=[[Bhorer Kagoj]]}}</ref> ({{langx|bn|খাইছি-গেছি বাংলা|lit=I've eaten-I've gone Bengali|khaisi-gesi baṅla}}), emphasising the contrast between Eastern Bengali varieties and the standard language in terms of grammar by use of the example phrases "I have eaten" ({{lang|bn|খেয়েছি}} ''kheẏechhi'' in Standard Bengali but {{lang|bn|খাইছি}} ''khaisi'' in Typical East Bengali) and "I have gone" ({{lang|bn|গিয়েছি}} ''giẏechhi'' in Standard Bengali but {{lang|bn|গেছি}} ''gesi'' in Typical East Bengali). A similar name, '''Khaitasi-Jaitasi Bangla'''{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} ({{langx|bn|খাইতাছি-যাইতাছি বাংলা|lit=I'm eating-I'm going Bengali|khaitasi-jaitasi baṅla}}), instead juxtaposes the examples of "I am eating" ({{lang|bn|খাচ্ছি}} ''khacchhi'' in Standard Bengali but {{lang|bn|খাইতাছি}} ''khaitasi'' in Typical East Bengali) and "I am going" ({{lang|bn|যাচ্ছি}} ''jacchhi'' in Standard Bengali but {{lang|bn|যাইতাছি}} ''jaitasi'' in Typical East Bengali).

== Geographical distribution ==
[[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], describing the cluster as "Vaṅga Dialects", further divided it into two groups of two: "Western and Southwestern Vaṅga" and "Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga". Eastern Vaṅga is spoken across the modern Bangladeshi [[Divisions of Bangladesh|division]] of [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and the [[Greater Comilla]] region of [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] along with the [[Hills and Barak Valley Division|Barak Valley Division]] of Assam and the state of Tripura in India. Southeastern Vaṅga is spoken in the remaining area of the Chittagong division, corresponding to the former colonial territories of [[Noakhali District]] and [[Chittagong District]], and historically extended further into [[Sittwe]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grierson|1903|p=12}}: "It stretches down the East littoral of the Bay of Bengal into Northern Burmah, its way eastwards being similarly barred by the Hill tribes of Arakan. To the South, it meets the Burmese language in the District of Akyab."</ref> Western Vaṅga is spoken across the Bangladeshi divisions of [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], and [[Barishal Division|Barisal]]. Southwestern Vaṅga is spoken across the [[Khulna Division]], where Eastern Bengali transitions into [[West Bengali dialect|Central Standard Bengali]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=139}}: "In the border districts of the delta, namely, South Faridpur, East Nadiya, West Jessore, West Khulna, the Rāḍha and Vaŋga forms intermingle, where Rāḍha influences Vaŋga."</ref>
[[File:Suniti Kumar Chatterji Bengali Dialects.svg|right|thumb|A map of [[Bengal]] (and some districts of [[Assam]] and [[Jharkhand]]) which shows the [[dialect]]s of the [[Bengali language|Bengali Language]] according to [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]].{{Legend|ff8080|Western Rāḍha}}{{Legend|#ffc0cb|Southwestern Rāḍha}}{{Legend|red|Eastern Rāḍha}}{{Legend|blue|Varendra}}{{Legend|#8080ff|Kāmarūpa}}{{Legend|adff2f|Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga}}{{Legend|yellow|Western and Southwestern Vaṅga}}]]
[[Muhammad Shahidullah|Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah]] divided all Bengali dialects into two groups: Prācya ({{langx|bn|প্রাচ্য|prachyô|lit=eastern}}) and Pāścātya ({{langx|bn|পাশ্চাত্য|lit=western|pashchatyô}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Shahidullah|1958|p=62}}: "আমরা ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব, রূপতত্ত্ব ও পদক্রম আলোচনা করিয়া বাঙ্গালা উপভাষাগুলিকে দুইটি ভাগে বিভক্ত করিতে পারিঃ (১) পাশ্চাত্য, (২) প্রাচ্য।"</ref> Within his Prācya grouping, he created the divisions of "Southeastern" and "Extreme Eastern", which approximately correspond to Chatterji's "Western and Southwestern Vaṅga" and "Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga", respectively. The Southeastern group is spoken across the modern Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Dhaka, Barisal, and Khulna, as well as the [[Greater Noakhali]] region of the Chittagong division and eastern parts of the [[24 Parganas]] district in West Bengal.<ref>{{harvnb|Shahidullah|1958|p=62}}: "দক্ষিণ-পূর্বঃ—জেলা ২৪ পরগণার পূর্বাংশ, যশোহর জেলা, খুলনা জেলা, ঢাকা বিভাগ এবং নোয়াখালী।"</ref> The Extreme Eastern group is spoken across the Bangladeshi divisions Sylhet and Chittagong, including Greater Comilla and excluding Greater Noakhali, as well as the Barak Valley division of Assam.<ref>{{harvnb|Shahidullah|1958|p=63}}: "পূর্ব-প্রান্তিকঃ—কাছাড় হইতে চট্টগ্রাম পর্যন্ত সমস্ত স্থান।"</ref>
[[File:Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah Bengali Dialects.png|thumb|Bengali dialects according to Shahidullah]]
[[Gopal Haldar]], in his study of Eastern Bengali, divided all East Bengali dialects into four groups. Group I or "Central East Bengali" spans the modern Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Dhaka, Faridpur, and Barisal, as well as the district of [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] in Chittagong Division.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=10}}: "Group I or ''Dacca Group'' or the Central EB Group, which may also be called 'East Bengali General', includes the dialects in general of the districts of (1) Dacca, (2) Faridpur, (3) Bakharganja, (4) Maimansing, (5) Sylhet (west) and (6) Comilla (northern and western)."</ref> The de facto Standard East Bengali spoken around the [[Bikrampur]] region is a member of this group, comparable to Chatterji's "Typical East Bengali".<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=10}}: "along with Dacca-Manikganja dialect, Dacca-Vik. is the main source for what is sometimes called Std. EB"</ref> Group II or "Central North East Bengali" is spoken in eastern areas of the Mymensingh and Dhaka divisions, the western half of the Sylhet Division, as well as the [[Brahmanbaria District]] of the Chittagong Division.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=11}}: "The Maim. East division is dialectally allied to the contiguous areas of Habiganja-Sunamganja of Sylhet West and should be taken together for study, and should include in the former (Maim. E-Sylhet W.) and a large slice (Brahmanberia) of Comilla. Group II or ''Maimansing East - Sylhet West Group''."</ref> Group III or "North East Bengali" is spoken in the eastern half of the Sylhet Division as well as the bordering Barak Valley division of Assam, India.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=12}}: "Group III or ''Sylhet Group'' or'' 'North-Eastern Group' ''of East Bengali (may also be called 'Sylhet-Kachar' Group) includes Sylhet Central (in Bangladesh now), Sylhet southern i.e. Moulavibazar area (in Banglades as well) ; Karimganja (now in Kachar, i.e. within the Indian Union), and Kachar itself (Indian Union)."</ref> Group IV or "South East Bengali" is spoken in the Chittagong Division, notably excluding the Greater Comilla region.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=12}}: "Group IV or ''Chittagong-Noakhali'' or'' 'South-Eastern Group' ''includes the dialects of Chittagong and Noakhali."</ref> The [[Comilla District]] and Tripura state of India, the Bengalis in the latter chiefly being migrants from the former, sit at the confluence of all the major groupings and thus the speech of this region shares features with all the major groups classified by Haldar.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=13}}: "Comilla. formerly Tippera, in which we include Tripura with its immigrant speakers of nearby districts, is a meeting ground of the Groups in its three neighbouring zones ; viz. Chandpur is closer to Dacca Group, Brahmanberia to Maim. East and Sylhet West, a southern West of Comilla strip shows some Noakhali features. When mentioned separately, Comilla or Kumilla signifies ''sadar'' areas and is put between Group III and Group IV ; it shows features of Dacca and Maimansing also."</ref> Transitionary East Bengali is spoken in the Khulna division as well as Western Greater Faridpur i.e. [[Rajbari District]], which shares features with both Standard Bengali and Eastern Bengali dialects.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=12}}: "'Transitional' or ''Khulna-Jessore Group'' includes Khulna (Banglades), western Faridpur and Jessore (except for Bongaon area, Jessore is in Banglades). As a 'transitional' form it is more and more coming under the influence of the Std. Coll. Bg., though the EB dialectal traits are still there."</ref>
[[File:Gopalhaldareastbengalidialects.png|thumb|A map showing the dialects of Eastern Bengali according to Gopal Haldar.]]

== Phonology ==
Eastern Bengali is characterised by a considerably smaller phoneme inventory when compared with [[Standard Bengali]].

===Epenthesis===
Eastern Bengali notably preserves [[epenthesis]] ({{langx|bn|অপিনিহিতি|ôpinihiti}}) from an earlier stage of Bengali.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=379}}: "So far as Bengali is concerned, we see a weakening of « -i, -u » after « å, ā » in the 14th century; and the beginnings of epenthesis certainly go back to that century."</ref> Thus, the equivalent of [[Sadhu bhasha|Standard Literary Bengali]] {{lang|bn|করিয়া}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''kariẏā'') 'having done' in Typical East Bengali is [kɔ̝i̯ɾa̟], having gone through the medial phase of *[kɔi̯ɾiä]; by comparison, the Standard Colloquial Bengali equivalent is [kore], as the standard language has undergone the additional phonological processes of [[Syncope (phonology)|syncope]] and [[Umlaut (linguistics)|umlaut]], unlike most Eastern Bengali dialects.<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|1957|p=137}}: "অভিশ্রুতি এবং স্বরসঙ্গতি নাই, সুতরাং স্বরধ্বনিতে প্রাচীনত্ব খানিকটা রক্ষিত (যেমন, রাখিয়া > *রাইখিআ > রাইখা, করিয়া > *কইরিয়া > কইরা, দেশি)"</ref> Similar occurrences of metathesis occur in the case of consonant conjuncts containing ‍্য ''jôphôla'', due to the fact that it had, in earlier Bengali, also represented the addition of the [[semivowel]] [i̯] at the end of a conjunct containing it in addition to its current standard usage of simply [[Gemination|geminating]] the previous consonant in the conjunct.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=144}}: "« -y » in a consonant nexus brings about epenthesis in Vaŋga and North Bengali, and to some extent in Varêndra."</ref> {{lang|bn|সত্য}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''satya'', 'truth'), for example, pronounced [ʃɔt̪ːi̯ɔ] in earlier Bengali, is pronounced [ʃɔ̝i̯t̪ːo] in Eastern Bengali and [ʃot̪ːo] in Standard Bengali. Metathesis also occurs in the case of consonant conjuncts which were once pronounced with [i̯] as a component even if they do not contain ‍্য ''jôphôla'' itself, such as ক্ষ ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''kṣa''), whose value in earlier Bengali was [kːʰi̯].<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=382}}: "Sanskrit ক্ষ « kṣ » had in Bengali, Assamese and Oṛiyā the value of « khy » initially and « -kkhy- « in the interior of a word"</ref> Hence {{lang|bn|রাক্ষস}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''rākṣasa'', '[[rakshasa]]'), with the earlier Bengali pronunciation of [räkːʰi̯ɔʃ], is pronounced [räi̯kʰːɔ́ʃ] or [räi̯kːɔ́ʃ] in Eastern Bengali and [räkːʰoʃ] in Standard Bengali. Such is also the case for the conjunct জ্ঞ ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''jña''), which had the value of [gːĩ̯] in earlier Bengali.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=382}}: "and Sanskrit জ্ঞ « jñ » similarly had the sounds of « gy-, -ggy- », with the nasalisation of the contiguous vowels."</ref> Hence, {{lang|bn|আজ্ঞা}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''ājñā'', 'order'), with the earlier Bengali pronunciation of [ägːĩ̯ä], has the Typical East Bengali pronunciation of [äi̯gːa̟] and the Standard Bengali [ägːä̃]. There is also a tendency to [[Hypercorrection|hypercorrect]], leading to the frequent [[diphthongisation]] of vowels with [i̯] if they precede any [[consonant cluster]], even when there is no etymological basis to do so. For example, {{lang|bn|ব্রাহ্ম}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''brāhma'', '[[Brahmo]]') has the Standard Bengali pronunciation of [bɾämɦo], or, more commonly, [bɾämːo], but may be pronounced [bɾäi̯mːɔ̝] in Eastern Bengali as if it were spelt {{lang|bn|ব্রাম্য}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''brāmya'').<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|1957|p=137}}: "য-ফলায় ও যুক্তব্যঞ্জনে অপিনিহিতির মত স্বরাগম হয় (যেমন, সত্য > সইত্ত, ব্রাহ্ম > ব্রাইম্ম, রাক্ষস > রাইক্‌খস)"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=144}}: "and the groups ক্ষ জ্ঞ হ্ম « kṣ, jñ, hm », pronounced like « kkhy, ggỹ, my », behave in the same way"</ref>

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|({{IPA link|e}})
|
|({{IPA link|o}})
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|ä|a}}
|
|}
* The vowels /e/ and /o/ in the standard language are shifted to /ɛ/ and /u/, respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=142}}: "and the close « ē » of West Bengali frequently becomes open [ɛ] in Vaŋga"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=142}}: "West Bengali « o », original or derived, often becomes « u » in Vaŋga."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sen|1957|p=137}}: "এ-কার প্রায়ই অ্যা-কারে এবং ও-কার উ-কারে পরিণত"</ref> For example, {{lang|bn|দেশ}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''dēśa'') 'country' and {{lang|bn|দোষ}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''dōṣa'') 'blame' are respectively pronounced [d̪eʃ] and [d̪oʃ] in Standard Bengali but [d̪ɛʃ] and [d̪uʃ] in Typical East Bengali. /o/ may be considered a [[marginal phoneme]] due to it not merging with /u/ in rare instances, such as in {{lang|bn|ধো}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''dhō'') 'wash'.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=17}}</ref>
* /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ have [[Raising (sound change)|raised]] [[allophone]]s, [ɛ̝] and [ɔ̝], that occur when followed by a [[close vowel]] such as /i/ or /u/.<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=40}}: "A preference for the open vowels and thus 'e' becoming 'ae' if it is not checked by closed vowels 'i' and 'u'."</ref> This raising may also occur in [[open syllables]].<ref name=":0" />
* /a/ is [[Centralized vowel|centralized]], generally pronounced [ä]. A major exception to this is when the previous vowel is /i/, especially in cases of metathesis, where a fronted allophone [a̟] is used instead.<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=40}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Učida|1970|pp=16–17}}</ref>
* Although Western Bengali features distinct [[nasalised]] forms of each of its vowels, nasalisation is absent in most dialects of Eastern Bengali with the notable exception of Southeastern Vaṅga.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=142}}: "but in the Vaŋga dialects nasalisation is entirely dropped: only in certain Eastern Vaŋga dialects, ''e.g.'', Chittagongese, nasalisation has recently developed from a Bengali intervocal «-m-»"</ref> This lack of nasalisation also characterises the Standard Bengali of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Sameer ud Dowla |date=2010 |title=Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) |url=https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202010%20Bengali%20Bangladeshi%20standard.pdf |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=221–225|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000071 }}</ref>

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]
! rowspan="2" |voiceless
!unaspirated
|({{IPA link|p}})
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|([[Aspirated consonant|t̪ʰ]])
|([[Aspirated consonant|tʰ]])
|
|
|([[Aspirated consonant|kʰ]])
|
|-
! colspan="2" |voiced
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
! colspan="2" |voiceless
|
|
|({{IPA link|t͡s}})
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |voiced
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
! colspan="2" |voiceless
|{{IPA link|ɸ}}
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |voiced
|
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|({{IPA link|ɦ}})
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|({{IPA link|ɽ}})
|
|
|}
* Phonemic voiceless aspirated stops—/kʰ/, /tʰ/, and /t̪ʰ/—have been attributed to some Vaṅga dialects, only contrasting with their unaspirated counterparts in initial position.<ref name=":0">{{Harvcoltxt|Haldar|1986|pp=16–17}}</ref> However, their phonemic status is based on analogy with [[West Bengali dialect|Western Bengali]]. Učida (1970) provides the alternative interpretation that these aspirates are allophones—[kʰ], [tʰ], and [t̪ʰ]—of corresponding voiceless unaspirated stops—/k/, /t/, and /t̪/—which occur when followed by a suprasegmental change in pitch, i.e. tone.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Učida|1970|p=9}}</ref> Furthermore, some dialects invariably aspirate initial /t̪/ to [t̪ʰ].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1931|p=21}}</ref>
* Like Standard Bengali, Eastern Bengali lacks true [[Retroflex consonant|retroflexes]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=268}}: "The retroflex [ṭ ḍ] are no longer the cerebrals of OIA. (such as are still found in the Dravidian languages, and in Panjābī for instance among NIA. speeches), but they have advanced forward considerably towards the palato-alveolar region, so much so that to a Bengali there is no difference between the so-called cerebrals of his language and the ''t d'' of English, alveolar sounds."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Bijaychandra |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu/page/57 |title=The history of the Bengali language |date=2000 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1452-9 |edition=Repr. [d. Ausg.] Calcutta, 1920. |location=New Delhi |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu/page/57 57] |quote=yet it is to be noted as a fact, that the [[cerebral consonant|cerebral]] letters are not so much cerebral as they are [[dental consonant|dental]] in our speech. If we carefully notice our pronunciation of the letters of the '{{lang|bn|ট}}' class we will see that we articulate '{{lang|bn|ট}}' and '{{lang|bn|ড}},' for example, almost like English T and D without turning up the tip of the tongue much away from the region of the teeth. |ref=The history of the Bengali language}}</ref> However it further fronts the [[Apical consonant|apical]] [[Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] stops of the standard language to [[apico-alveolar]].
* Voiceless stops—/k/, /t/, and /p/—undergo lenition in most varieties.
** The voiceless labial and velar plosives also undergo lenition into spirants, such that [p] becomes [ɸ] and [k] becomes [x] or [ɦ], especially intervocalically.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|pp=269–270}}: "A kind of bilabial [ꜰ], in which the lips are much more widely separated from each other than in the case of the Standard Bengali [ph > ꜰ], with the acoustic effect of [ɦ] to the unaccustomed ear, is the East Vaŋga equivalent of a single [p, ph] of Standard Bengali. [x]: the velar fricative, unvoiced, is found for [k, kh] in East Vaŋga, and in some forms of West Vaŋga as well."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=41}}: "There is a guttural unvoiced fricative 'x'. This occurs when the unvoiced velar stop is spirantized. There is one labio-dental fricative 'f'. It occurs when the bi-labial unvoiced stop 'p' is spirantized."</ref> Hence {{lang|bn|পাকা}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''pākā'', 'ripe'), pronounced [päkä] in Standard Bengali, may variably be pronounced [päɦä], [ɸäɦä], or [ɸäxä] in Eastern Bengali dialects.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|pp=648, 695}}</ref> [k] is often deleted entirely instead of simply being spirantised, especially when in proximity of [i]. For example, {{lang|bn|বিকাল}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''bikāla'', 'afternoon'), pronounced [bikäl] in Standard Bengali, is frequently pronounced [biäl] in Eastern Bengali.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|p=772}}</ref>
** When followed by a [[rounded vowel]], [ɸ] and [ɦ] are interchangeable in most dialects of Eastern Bengali. For example, {{lang|bn|কাঁকই}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''kām̐kai'', 'comb') [käɦɔi̯] may often be pronounced [käɸɔi̯] and {{lang|bn|ফকীর}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''phakīra'', 'beggar') [ɸɔɦiɾ] may often be pronounced [ɦɔɦiɾ].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|pp=51, 1003}}</ref> This [[Merger (phonology)|merger]] is expanded upon in the Noakhali dialect, where all word-initial [ɸ] (and, by extension, [p]) are pronounced [ɦ], e.g. {{lang|bn|পাগল}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''pāgala'') 'madman' [pägɔl] → [ɸägɔl] → [ɦägɔl],<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1929|p=16}}: "[ꜰ] is one of the most characteristic sounds in the dialect, and, as has been noted, pronounced with the lips so open as to seem to be reduced to [h]"</ref> and by some speakers of the Mymensingh and Comilla dialects, who pronounce all [ɸ] as [ɦ], e.g. {{lang|bn|ঢুপি}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''ḍhupi'') [d̠ʱupi] → [dúɸi] → [dúɦi] 'dove'.
** Intervocalic /t/ [[Lenition|lenites]] to a voiced allophone [d] in most Eastern Bengali dialects. For example, {{lang|bn|মাটি}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''māṭi'', 'soil') is pronounced [mät̠i] in Standard Bengali but [mädi] in Eastern Bengali.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|p=848}}</ref> However, this does not occur in geminates,<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=42}}: "When it occurs non-initially we find it as a doubled consonant as in ThaTTa."</ref> so {{lang|bn|টাট্টি}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''ṭāṭṭi'', 'latrine') remains relatively unchanged across varieties, being [t̠ät̠ːi] in Standard Bengali and [tätːi] in Eastern Bengali.
* The voiced retroflex flap found in Standard Bengali is almost always merged with /ɾ/ in Eastern Bengali, though it may occur in a minute number of speakers.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=142}}: "and although rarely in some of the Vaŋga tracts « ṛ » does occur, the absence of it can be said to characterise the eastern dialects."</ref> This merger of /ɽ/ and /ɾ/ also characterises the Standard Bengali of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Sameer ud Dowla |date=2010 |title=Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) |url=https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202010%20Bengali%20Bangladeshi%20standard.pdf |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=221–225|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000071 }}</ref>
* Eastern Bengali dialects tend to [[Spirantisation|spirantise]] the Standard Bengali palato-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ/, /t͡ʃʰ/, as well as /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʒʱ/ into [t͡s], [s], and [z], respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=143}}: "The palatals « c, ch, j, jh » are pronounced as dental affricates « t͜s, s, d͜z, z » in Vaŋga and in North Bengal."</ref> For example, {{lang|bn|চোর}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''cōra'', 'thief'), {{lang|bn|ছয়}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''chaẏa'', 'six'), and {{lang|bn|জাড়}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''jāṛa'', 'cold') are respectively pronounced [t͡ʃoɾ], [t͡ʃʰɔe̯], and [d͡ʒäɽ] in Standard Bengali but [t͡suɾ], [sɔe̯], and [zäɾ] in Typical East Bengali. /t͡s/ in tends to merge with /s/ as the areas of Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga are approached, such that {{lang|bn|চা}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''cā'', 'tea'), pronounced [tʃä] in Standard Bengali, is pronounced [t͡sä] in farther western varieties and [sä] in farther eastern varieties of Eastern Bengali.<ref>{{harvnb|Grierson|1903|p=224}}: "Then চ ''ch'' is pronounced like English ''s'', and there is no difference between চ ''ch'' and ছ ''chh''."</ref> [d͡z] is an allophone of /z/ that more frequently occurs in Southwestern Vaṅga. [t͡ʃ] occurs as an allophone of /t͡s/ and /s/ while [d͡ʒ] occurs as an allophone of /z/ in geminates and [[consonant cluster]]s,<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=41}}: "The alveo-palatal unvoiced affricate 'cʃ' = c is found only in non-initial positions and as a doubled consonant. This is an allophone of the dental affricate 'ts' = C. The alveo-palatal voiced affricate 'ɟ͡ʒ' = j, too, is found only in non-initial positions and as a doubled consonant. This is an allophone of the alveolar fricative 'z'. Same is the case with alveo-palatal unvoiced aspirated affricate 'cʃh' = ch. This is an allophone of the dental fricative 's'."</ref> e.g. {{lang|bn|বাচ্চা}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''bāccā'', 'child') /bat͡sːa ~ basːa/ [bäi̯t͡ʃːa̟], {{lang|bn|ইঞ্চি}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''iñci'', 'inch') /int͡si ~ insi/ [int͡ʃi], {{lang|bn|ইজ্জৎ}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''ijjat'', 'honour') /izːɔt̪/ [id͡ʒːɔt̪].
* /ʃ/ has a tendency to [[Debuccalization|debuccalise]] to [ɦ] in word-initial position, e.g. {{lang|bn|শালা}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''śālā'') /ʃälä/ → [ɦälä] 'brother-in-law', be deleted entirely in word-medial position, e.g. {{lang|bn|উশাস}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''uśāsa'') /uʃäʃ/ → [uäʃ] 'breath', and be either retained or deleted in word-final position, e.g. {{lang|bn|মানুষ}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''mānuṣa'') /mänuʃ/ → [mänuʃ ~ mänu] 'people'.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|pp=155, 851, 1025}}</ref>

=== Tone ===
The aspiration and [[breathy voice]] present in Standard Bengali is notably mostly if not entirely absent in Eastern Bengali. The [[West Bengal]]i linguists Chatterji and [[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sen]] described the deaspirated voiced consonants present in Eastern Bengali as being [[implosive consonant]]s,<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|1957|p=137}}: "ঘোষবৎ মহাপ্রাণ, অর্থাৎ চতুর্থ বর্ণ, মহাপ্রাণতা ত্যাগ করিয়া কণ্ঠনলীয়স্পর্শযুক্ত (recursive) তৃতীয় বর্ণে পরিণত হইয়াছে যেমন সিন্ধীতেও"</ref> such that the Standard Bengali phonemes /bʱ/, /d̪ʱ/, /ɖʱ/, /dʒʱ/, and /ɡʱ/ would respectively correspond to /{{IPA link|ɓ}}/, /{{IPA link|ɗ̪}}/, /{{IPA link|ᶑ}}/, /[[Implosive consonant|ɗʒ]]/, and /{{IPA link|ɠ}}/ in Eastern Bengali. However, Animesh K. Pal, a native speaker of Eastern Bengali from [[Narayanganj District|Narayanganj]], disputed this claim, instead describing the deaspiration as leading to the development of [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|pp=44–45}}: "The tonal element in Panjabi as well as in Eastern Bengali has been noticed in respect of various new ways of treating the voiced aspirates and 'h'."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Masica|1991|p=102}}: "Glottalization is often connected with tone and in the East Bengali cases seem to be related to the evolution of tone from the voiced aspirates."</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Word
![[ISO 15919]]
!Standard Bengali IPA
!Eastern Bengali IPA
!Tone
!Meaning
|-
|গাঁও
|gām̐ō
|[gä̃o̯]
|[gäo̯]
|level
|village
|-
|ঘাও
|ghāō
|[gʱäo̯]
|[gä́o̯]
|high
|wound
|-
|গড়
|gaṛa
|[gɔɽ]
|[gɔɾ]
|level
|ditch
|-
|ঘর
|ghara
|[gʱɔɾ]
|[gɔ́ɾ]
|high
|room
|-
|গোড়া
|gōṛā
|[goɽä]
|[guɾä]
|level
|ditch
|-
|ঘোড়া
|ghōṛā
|[gʱoɽä]
|[gúɾä]
|high
|horse
|-
|জ্বর
|jvara
|[d͡ʒɔɾ]
|[zɔɾ]
|level
|fever
|-
|ঝড়
|jhaṛa
|[d͡ʒʱɔɽ]
|[zɔ́ɾ]
|high
|storm
|-
|জাল
|jāla
|[d͡ʒäl]
|[zäl]
|level
|net
|-
|ঝাল
|jhāla
|[d͡ʒʱäl]
|[zä́l]
|high
|hot
|-
|জামা
|jāmā
|[d͡ʒäma]
|[zäma]
|level
|shirt
|-
|ঝামা
|jhāmā
|[d͡ʒʱäma]
|[zä́ma]
|high
|vitrified brick
|-
|জীর
|jīra
|*[d͡ʒiɾ]
|[ziɾ]
|level
|earthworm
|-
|ঝির
|jhira
|[d͡ʒʱiɾ]
|[zíɾ]
|high
|of maidservant
|-
|ডাক
|ḍāka
|[d̠äk]
|[däk]
|level
|do call
|-
|ঢাক
|ḍhāka
|[d̠ʱäk]
|[dä́k]
|high
|[[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]]
|-
|ডাকা
|ḍākā
|[d̠äkä]
|[däɦä]
|level
|to call
|-
|ঢাকা
|ḍhākā
|[d̠ʱäkä]
|[dä́ɦä]
|high
|Dhaka
|-
|ডোল
|ḍōla
|[d̠ol]
|[dul]
|level
|container of paddy
|-
|ঢোল
|ḍhōla
|[d̠ʱol]
|[dúl]
|high
|[[dhol]]
|-
|ডিম, ডিমা
|ḍima, ḍimā
|[d̠im], *[d̠imä]
|[dim], [dimä]
|level
|egg
|-
|ঢিমা
|ḍhimā
|[d̠ʱimä]
|[dímä]
|high
|slow
|-
|ডোলা
|ḍōlā
|[d̠olä]
|[dulä]
|level
|container of fish made from bamboo shavings
|-
|ঢোলা
|ḍhōlā
|[d̠ʱolä]
|[dúlä]
|high
|bending from side to side
|-
|দর
|dara
|[d̪ɔɾ]
|[d̪ɔɾ]
|level
|price
|-
|ধর
|dhara
|[d̪ʱɔɾ]
|[d̪ɔ́ɾ]
|high
|do catch
|-
|দান
|dāna
|[d̪än]
|[d̪än]
|level
|donation
|-
|ধান
|dhāna
|[d̪ʱän]
|[d̪ä́n]
|high
|paddy
|-
|দোয়া
|dōẏā
|[d̪oä]
|[d̪uä]
|level
|to milk
|-
|ধোয়া
|dhōẏā
|[d̪ʱoä]
|[d̪úä]
|high
|to wash
|-
|দুল
|dula
|[d̪ul]
|[d̪ul]
|level
|a kind of earring
|-
|ধুলা
|dhula
|[d̪ʱulä]
|[d̪úlä]
|high
|dust
|-
|বাত
|bāta
|[bät̪]
|[bät̪]
|level
|rheumatism
|-
|ভাত
|bhāta
|[bʱät̪]
|[bä́t̪]
|high
|boiled rice
|-
|বালা
|bālā
|[bälä]
|[bälä]
|level
|bangle
|-
|ভালা
|bhālā
|*[bʱälä]
|[bä́lä]
|high
|good
|-
|বাপ
|bāpa
|[bäp]
|[bäp ~ bäɸ]
|level
|father
|-
|ভাপ
|bhāpa
|[bʱäp]
|[bä́p ~ bä́ɸ]
|high
|steam
|}
These tones are not limited to voiced aspirates, but are also present as compensation for the aspiration of consonants that were voiceless aspirates in Standard Bengali. Tone continues to exist in words even if they are not part of a near-identical pair that requires it for the sake of contrast.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Word
![[ISO 15919]]
!Standard Bengali IPA
!Eastern Bengali IPA
!Tone
!Meaning
|-
|বাচা মাছ
|bācā mācha
|[bät͡ʃä mät͡ʃʰ]
|[bät͡sä mäs ~ bäsä mäs]
|level
|''[[Eutropiichthys vacha]]''
|-
|বাছা মাছ
|bāchā mācha
|[bät͡ʃʰä mät͡ʃʰ]
|[bäsä́ mäs]
|high
|selected fish
|-
|চাও
|cāō
|[t͡ʃäo̯]
|[t͡säo̯ ~ säo̯]
|level
|you want
|-
|ছাও
|chāō
|[t͡ʃʰäo̯]
|[sä́o̯]
|high
|young ones of the animals
|-
|কাঁচের
|kām̐cēra
|[kä̃t͡ʃeɾ]
|[kät͡sɛɾ ~ käsɛɾ]
|level
|of glass
|-
|কাছের
|kāchēra
|[kät͡ʃʰeɾ]
|[käsɛ́ɾ]
|high
|of near
|-
|চিঁড়া
|cim̐ṛā
|[t͡ʃĩɽä]
|[t͡siɾä ~ siɾä]
|level
|[[Poha (rice)|chira]]
|-
|ছিঁড়া
|chim̐ṛā
|[t͡ʃʰĩɽä]
|[síɾä]
|high
|torn
|-
|কুটা
|kuṭā
|[kut̠ä]
|[kudä]
|level
|to cut in pieces
|-
|কোঠা
|kōṭhā
|[kot̠ʰä]
|[kudä́]
|high
|room
|-
|কাঁটা
|kām̐ṭā
|[kä̃t̠ä]
|[kädä]
|level
|thorn
|-
|কাঠা
|kāṭhā
|[kät̠ʰä]
|[kädä́]
|high
|[[Katha (unit)|katha]]
|-
|উডা
|uḍā
|*[udä]
|[udä]
|level
|front step
|-
|উঠা
|uṭhā
|[ut̠ʰä]
|[udä́]
|high
|do lift up
|}
Furthermore, the [ɦ] of Standard Bengali is most often deleted in Eastern Bengali dialects. This [[h-dropping]] has also been said to result in tone.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Word
![[ISO 15919]]
!Standard Bengali IPA
!Eastern Bengali IPA
!Tone
!Meaning
|-
|আতা
|ātā
|[ät̪ä]
|[ät̪ä]
|level
|sugar apple
|-
|হাতা
|hātā
|[ɦät̪ä]
|[ä́t̪ä]
|high
|sleeve, ladle
|-
|আছে
|āchē
|[ät͡ʃʰe]
|[äsɛ́]
|level
|is
|-
|হাঁচে
|hām̐cē
|[ɦä̃t͡ʃe]
|[ä́t͡sɛ ~ ä́sɛ]
|high
|sneezes
|-
|আঠা
|āṭhā
|[ät̠ʰä]
|[ädä́]
|level
|glue
|-
|হাঁটা
|hām̐ṭā
|[ɦä̃t̠ä]
|[ä́dä]
|high
|to walk
|-
|আড়াই
|āṛāi
|[äɽäi̯]
|[äɾäi̯]
|level
|two and a half
|-
|হারাই
|hārāi
|[ɦäɾäi̯]
|[ä́ɾäi̯]
|high
|I lose
|}

== Comparison ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Dialect
!A man had two sons.
!IPA
|-
![[Sādhu Bhāṣā]]
|{{lang|bn|কোন এক ব্যক্তির দুটি পুত্র ছিল}} {{Transliteration|bn|kono êk bektir duṭi putrô chhilô}}
|{{IPA|[kono æk bekt̪iɾ d̪uʈi put̪ɾo t͡ʃʰilo]}}
|-
! colspan="3" |Southwestern Vaṅga
|-
![[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|{{lang|bn|অ্যাক্ জোন মান্শির দুই ছওয়াল ছিলো}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk zon manshir dui sôwal silo}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk zon mänʃiɾ d̪ui̯ sɔäl silo]}}
|-
![[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|{{lang|bn|অ্যাক্ জোন মান্শির দুই সাওয়াল সিলো}} {{Transliteration|bn|æk zon manshir dui saoal silo}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk zon mänʃiɾ d̪ui̯ säɔäl silo]}}
|-
![[Jessore District|Jessore]]
|{{lang|bn|এক জোনের দুট ছল ছিল}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk zoner duṭô sôl silô'}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk zonɛɾ d̪uto sɔl silo]}}
|-
! colspan="3" |Western Vaṅga
|-
![[Manikganj District|Manikganj]]
|{{lang|bn|য়্য়্য়ক জনের্ দুইডী ছাওয়াল্ আছিলো}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk zôner duiḍi sawal asilo}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk zɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯di säo̯äl äsilo]}}
|-
![[Mymensingh]]
|{{lang|bn|এক জনের দুই পুত আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk zôner dui ṗut asil}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk zɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯ put̪ äsil]}} ''or'' {{IPA|[ɛk zɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯ ɸut̪ äsil]}}
|-
![[Tangail District|Tangail]]
|{{lang|bn|এক জনের দুইডা পোলা আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk zôner duiḍa pola asil}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk zɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯da polä äsil]}}
|-
![[Barisal District|Barisal]]
|{{lang|bn|এক জন মান্ষের দুইডা পোলা আছিল}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk zôn mansher duiḍa pola asilô}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk zɔn mänʃɛɾ d̪ui̯da polä äsilo]}} 
|-
![[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]]
|{{lang|bn|এক লোকের দুইডা/দুগ্‌গা পোলা আছেলে}} {{Transliteration|bn|æk loker duiḍa/dugga pola asele}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk lɔkɛɾ d̪ui̯da/d̪ugːä polä äsele]}} ''or'' {{IPA|[ɛk lɔkɛɾ d̪ugːä ɸolä äsele]}}
|-
![[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]
|{{lang|bn|এক জন মান্ষের দুই পোলা ছিলো}} {{Transliteration|bn|æk zon mansher dui pola silo}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk zɔn mänʃɛɾ d̪ui̯ polä silo]}}
|-
! colspan="3" |Eastern Vaṅga
|-
![[Sylhet District|Sylhet]]
|{{lang|bn|কোন মানুষর দুই পুয়া আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|küno manushôr dui ṗua asil}}
|{{IPA|[kuno mänuʃɔɾ d̪ui̯ ɸuä äsil]}}
|-
![[Cachar district|Cachar]]
|{{lang|bn|একজন মানুষর দুগুয়া পুয়া আছিল}} {{Transliteration|bn|êkzôn manushôr dugua ṗua asil}}
|{{IPA|[e̞xzɔn mänuʃɔɾ d̪ugu̯ä ɸuä äsil]}}
|-
![[Comilla District|Comilla]]
|{{lang|bn|এক বেডার দুই পুত আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk bêḍar dui ṗut asil}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk bɛdäɾ d̪ui̯ ɸut̯ äsil]}}
|-
![[Agartala]]/[[West Tripura District|West Tripura]]
|{{lang|bn|এক বেডার দুই পুত/পুলা আছিলো}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk bêḍar dui put/pula asilo}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk bɛdäɾ d̪ui̯ put̯/pulä äsilɔ]}}
|-
![[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]]
|{{lang|bn|এক বেডার দুই পুত আছিন/আছলো}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk bêḍar dui put asin/aslo}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk bɛdäɾ d̪ui̯ put̯ äsin/äslɔ]}}
|-
! colspan="3" |Southeastern Vaṅga
|-
![[Chittagong District|Chittagong]]
|{{lang|bn|উগ্গা মাইন্‌শর দুয়া ফোয়া আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|ugga mainshor dua füa asil}}
|{{IPA|[ugga mäi̯nʃɔɾ d̪uä ɸuä äsil]}}
|-
![[Noakhali District|Noakhali]]
|{{lang|bn|উগ্গা মাইন্‌সের দুগা হুত্ আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|ugga mainsher duga hut asil}}
|{{IPA|[ugga mäi̯nʃɛɾ d̪ugä ɦut̪ äsil]}}
|-
![[Hatiya Upazila|Hatiya]]
|{{lang|bn|একজন মাইন্‌সের দুগা হোলা আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|êkzôn mainsher duga hola asil}}
|{{IPA|[ɛkzɔn mäi̯nʃɛɾ d̪ugä ɦolä äsil]}}
|-
![[Chhagalnaiya Upazila|Chhagalnaiya]]
|{{lang|bn|একজনের দুই হোলা আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|êkzôner dui hola asil}}
|{{IPA|[ɛkzɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯ ɦolä äsil]}}
|-
![[Lakshmipur District|Lakshmipur]]
|{{lang|bn|একজনের দুই হুত্ আছিল্}} {{Transliteration|bn|êkzôner dui hut asil}}
|{{IPA|[ɛkzɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯ ɦut̪ äsil]}}
|-
![[Sandwip Upazila|Sandwip]]
|{{lang|bn|এক শক্‌সের দুই বেটা আছিল}} {{Transliteration|bn|êk shôksher dui bêṭa asilô}}
|{{IPA|[ɛk ʃɔkʃɛɾ d̪ui̯ bɛtä äsilo]}}
|}

== Mymensinghi Bengali ==
'''Mymensinghi Bengali''' ({{langx|bn|ময়মনসিংহী বাংলা}}) is an [[Eastern Bengali|eastern dialect]] of the [[Bengali language]], spoken primarily in the greater [[Mymensingh division|Mymensingh region]] of [[Bangladesh]]. Mymemsinghi Bengali closely resembles the dialect of greater [[Dhaka division|Dhaka region]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Grierson|1903|p=209}}</ref> It is also highly mutually intelligible with other dialects of Bengali.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSROfCghUnIC&q=Intelligible+|title= Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: Mymensingh|date= 1979|publisher= Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 1979|page=26|access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/handle/10361/3343|title=A Thesis on Phonological Patterns in Standard Colloquial Bangla and Netrokona Dialect|publisher=Brac University|year=2014|first=Nushat|last=Mizan|page=3|access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref> It is commonly classified among the "Central East Bengali" varieties of Bengali language.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=10}}</ref>
{{Infobox dialect
| name = Mymensinghi Bengali
| nativename = Momensinga Mominsinga
| altname =
| image = Mymensinghi language.png
| state = [[Bangladesh]] & [[India]]
| region = [[Mymensingh Division]], [[Dhaka division]], [[Sylhet Division]], [[Rangpur Division]]
| date =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| fam6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| fam7 = [[Eastern Bengali]]
| dialects =
| script = [[Bengali script]]
| glotto = vang1242
| glottorefname = Vanga
| map =
| mapcaption =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

=== Names ===
The word "Mymensinghi" is locally pronounced as Momensinga and Moimensinga. It is also referred to as Mymensingiyo, Moymonsingha, Maimensingha or simply Mymensingh.

=== Geographical distribution ===
The Mymensinghi dialect is common in almost all districts of [[Mymensingh Division]] of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trishalprotidin.com/%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b7%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%93-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%87/|script-title=bn:ভাষা আন্দোলন ও ময়মনসিংহে |website=Trishal Protidin|accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref> It is also spoken by many local residents of [[Kishoreganj District|Kishoreganj]] and [[Tangail District|Tangail]] districts of Dhaka division outside Mymensingh division. Additionally, it is spoken by people in adjacent areas of the [[Meghalaya]] state in India, as well as the [[Gazipur District|Gazipur]], [[Kurigram District|Kurigram]] and [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]] districts of Bangladesh.

=== Features and Comparison ===
Mymensinghi dialect shows almost same features like others eastern dialects of Bengali language. Mymensinghi Bengali speakers generally produce consonantal sounds with reduced aspiration. For example, the Standard Bengali consonants /t͡ʃ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/ are pronounced as [t͡s] and [s] respectively. Similarly, the sound corresponding to ‘p’ sometimes articulated in a less aspirated manner and becomes akin to [ɸ]. In addition, the dialect shows variation in the realization of certain affricates and fricatives. Moreover, there are extensive uses of [[epenthesis]] of ‘i’ and ‘u’ vowels, developed from an earlier stage of Bengali language. The vowel sound ‘o’ may shift toward a pronunciation akin to ‘u’. For example, {{lang|bn|বোকা}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]]: ''bōkā'', 'dumb') is pronounced ''bukā'' in this dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/march2016/Iftakharbd.pdf|title=Iftakharbd - Language in India|website=Language in India|accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saspublishers.com/article/17826/download/|title=Download article from SAS Publishers|website=SAS Publishers|accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref>

The morphology of the Mymensinghi Bengali retains several features that differentiate it from the standard dialect. A notable example along with other eastern Bengali dialects, Mymensinghi Bengali agree in having ‘rē’ as the proper affix for objective case whereas the standard dialect prefer ‘kē’. For example, the word "āmākē" (to me) becomes "āmārē" in all eastern and southern Bengali varieties. Furthermore, in forming the future tense, speakers add the suffix 'mu' or 'ām' to the first-person singular verb root (e.g., “Kormu/koram” for “I will do”), reflecting a systematic morphological variation in verbal inflection. The Mymensingh dialect has mid-front and back vowel mergers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Islam |first1=Md Jahurul |last2=Ahmed |first2=Iftakhar |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:145658170?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:gcd:145658170|title=EBSCO Content Item|website=EBSCO|date=August 2020 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=206 |accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref>

A comparison of Standard Bengali and Eastern Bengali dialects are presented below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" | English !!rowspan="2"| Standard Bengali
!colspan="3"| Eastern Bengali
|-
!Mymensinghi !! Dhakaiya
|-
|Together/With
|Sathe (সাথে), Soṅge (সঙ্গে)
|Loge (লগে)
|Loge (লগে)
|-
|He
|Shē (সে)
|Hē (হে)
|Hē (হে)
|-
|[[Taka]]
|Ṭaka (টাকা)
|Ṭæha (ট্যাহা)
|Ṭæka (ট্যাকা)
|-
|[[Dhaka]]
|Ḍhaka (ঢাকা)
|Ḍaha (ঢাহা)
|Ḍaka (ঢাকা)
|-
|Good
|Bhalo (ভালো)
|Bala (ভালা)
|Balo (ভালো), Bala (ভালা)
|-
|Pain
|Bætha (ব্যাথা), Bedona (বেদনা)
|Bædna (ব্যাদনা)
|Bædna (ব্যাদনা), Bætha (ব্যাথা)
|-
|Medicine
|Oṣudh (ওষুধ)
|Oṣud (ওষুদ)
|Oṣud (ওষুদ)
|-
|Person
|Lok (লোক)
|Beḍa (বেডা), Luk (লুক)
|Beṭa (বেটা), Luk (লুক)
|-
|Boy/Son
|Chhele (ছেলে), Putro (পুত্র), Chhoṛa (ছোঁড়া)
|Put (পুত), Chhera (ছেরা)
|Put (পুত), Pola (পোলা), Chhera (ছেরা)
|-
|Girl/Daughter
|Meye (মেয়ে), Konya (কন্যা), Chhuṛi (ছুঁড়ী)
|Maiya (মাইয়া), Chheri (ছেরী)
|Maiya/Meya (মাইয়া/মেয়া), Chheri (ছেরী)
|-
|Broom
|Jhaṛu (ঝাড়ু), Jhaṭa (ঝাটা)
|Hasun (হাছুন), Jaḍa (ঝাডা)
|Hachun (হাচুন), Jaru (ঝাড়ু)
|-
|I Will eat
|Ami Khabo (আমি খাবো)
|Ami khamu/khayam (আমি খামু/খায়াম)
|Ami khamu (আমি খামু)
|-
|I am eating
|Ami khacchhi/khaitechhi (আমি খাচ্ছি/খাইতেছি)
|Ami khaitasi (আমি খাইতাছি)
|Ami khaitasi/khaitachhi (আমি খাইতাছি)
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Chatterji
|first=Suniti Kumar
|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language
|year=1926
|publisher=Calcutta University Press}}
* {{Cite journal
|last=Chatterji
|first=Suniti Kumar
|date=1931
|title=Recursives in New Indo-Aryan
|journal=Indian Linguistics
|volume=I
|pages=15–44}}
* {{Cite journal
|last=Haldar
|first=Gopal
|date=1929
|title=A Brief Phonetic Sketch of the Noakhali Dialect of South-Eastern Bengali
|journal=Journal of the Department of Letters
|volume=XIX
|pages=1–40}}
* {{citation
|last=Haldar
|first=Gopal
|title=A Comparative Grammar of East Bengali Dialects
|year=1986
|publisher=Puthipatra}}
* {{citation
|last=Masica
|first=Colin P.
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|year=1991
|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Cite journal
|last=Pal
|first=Animesh K.
|date=1965
|title=Phonemes of a Dacca Dialect of Eastern Bengali and the Importance of Tone
|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society
|volume=VII
|pages=39–48
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281593/page/n60/mode/1up
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Ray
|first1=Punya Sloka
|last2=Hai
|first2=Muhammad Abdul
|last3=Ray
|first3=Lila
|title=Bengali Language Handbook
|year=1966
|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics}}
* {{citation
|last=Sen
|first=Sukumar
|script-title=bn:ভাষার ইতিবৃত্ত
|year=1957
|publisher=পাঁচুগোপাল রায়
|language=Bengali}}
* {{citation
|last=Shahidullah
|first=Muhammad
|script-title=bn:বাঙ্গালা ভাষার ইতিবৃত্ত
|publisher=মাওলা ব্রাদার্স
|year=1958
|language=Bengali}}
* {{citation
|last=Shahidullah
|first=Muhammad
|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের আঞ্চলিক ভাষার অভিধান
|publisher=বাংলা একাডেমী
|year=1965
|language=Bengali}}
* {{citation
|last=Učida
|first=Norihiko
|title=Der Bengali Dialekte von Chittagong
|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz
|year=1970
|language=German}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Grierson |editor-first=G A |year=1903 |title=Linguistic Survey of India: Indo-Aryan Family Eastern Group |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-1&pages=463#page/1/mode/1up |volume=V |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627162842/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-1&pages=463#page/1/mode/1up |url-status=live }}

{{refend}}

{{Bengali language}}

[[Category:Bengali language in India]]
[[Category:Languages of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali language in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengali dialects]]

Aditya Mehta

2026-04-24T12:11:47Z

Freeman14H: Post.

{{short description|Indian snooker player (born 1985)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox snooker player
| name = Aditya Mehta
| image = Aditya Mehta PHC 2017.jpg
| caption = Mehta at the [[2017 Paul Hunter Classic]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|10|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| Sport country = {{IND}}
| Professional = 2008/2009, 2011–2018
| High ranking = 49 (May–June, August–November 2014, February–March 2015)
| Official maximums = 1
| Best finish = Runner-up (x1)
| Ranking wins =
| World champ =
| medals =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[snooker]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[Cue sports at the 2013 World Games|2013 Cali]] | [[Snooker at the World Games 2013 – men's singles|Singles]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[Cue sports at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]] | [[Cue sports at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's snooker team|Team]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[Cue sports at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Cue sports at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's snooker singles|Singles]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Cue sports at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Cue sports at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's snooker team|Team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Indoor Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[Cue sports at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games|2009 Ho Chi Minh City]] | Team }}
{{MedalCountry | {{nowrap|{{FlagIOC|AOI}}}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[Cue sports at the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2013 Incheon]] | Singles }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Cue sports at the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2013 Incheon]] | Team }}
}}

'''Aditya Mehta''' (born 31 October 1985) is an Indian former professional [[snooker]] player. He participated on the [[World Snooker Tour]] for the 2007–08 season, and between 2011 and 2018. He reached a highest [[World snooker rankings|world ranking]] of 49. Mehta participated in the final of a ranking event for the first time at the [[2013 Indian Open]] where he played [[Ding Junhui]], but lost 0–5.

Mehta has several medals at the [[Asian Indoor Games|Asian]] and [[World Games]]. He won the gold at the men's event at the [[Cue sports at the 2013 World Games|2013 World Games]], and the team event at the [[Cue sports at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games|2009 Asian Games]]. Mehta compiled a total of 41 [[century break]]s whilst on tour, the highest of which was at the [[European Tour 2014/2015 – Event 2|2014 Paul Hunter Classic]] where he made his first ever [[maximum break]] in competition.

==Career==
===Early career===
Mehta was born on 31 October 1985 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India and studied at [[Don Bosco High School, Matunga|Don Bosco High School]], Matunga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable Alumni {{!}} Don Bosco High School |url=https://donboscomatunga.com/alumni/notable-alumni/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817202648/https://donboscomatunga.com/alumni/notable-alumni/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="cues_Adit" /> He began his career by playing [[Q Tour|Challenge Tour]] from 2004.<ref name="Vowkn" /> He was nominated for a Main Tour place for the [[2008–09 snooker season|2008–09 season]] by the Asian Confederation of Billiard Sports after he finished as runner-up at the [[ACBS Asian Snooker Championship|2008 ACBS Asian Snooker Championship]].<ref name="SRGdm" /><ref name="2008/2009 players">{{cite web|title=2008–9 Main Tour Players|url=http://www.globalsnookercentre.co.uk/files/Rankings/2008-9-Main-Tour-List.htm|publisher=Global Snooker Centre|access-date=10 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219151526/http://www.globalsnookercentre.co.uk/files/Rankings/2008-9-Main-Tour-List.htm|archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref> He was the first Indian to play on the Main Tour since [[Yasin Merchant]] did in the 1990s.<ref name="Bangkok tuned me up for pro circuit: Mehta" /> He was unable to retain his place on the Tour at the end of the season having not qualified for a single event but regained a place for the [[2011–12 snooker season|2011–12 season]] after being awarded the Asian nominated place.<ref name="2011/12 Tour Players">{{Cite web |title=2011/12 Tour Players |date=17 May 2011 |work=World Snooker |publisher=World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2361634,00.html |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521002818/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2361634%2C00.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> Aditya won both a bronze and silver medal in [[Cue sports at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's snooker singles|singles]] and [[Cue sports at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's snooker team|team]] events at the [[2010 Asian Games]] held in Guangzhou, China.<ref name="kk98z" /><ref name="foTQz" />

===2011–2012 season: Asian champion===
In the 2011–2012 season, as a new player on tour, Mehta would need to win four qualifying matches to reach the main stages of all ranking events. At the second event of the season, the [[2011 Shanghai Masters|Shanghai Masters]], Mehta defeated [[Stuart Carrington]] 5–0, [[Rod Lawler]] and [[Jamie Jones (snooker player)|Jamie Jones]] both 5–4, before losing to former world number six [[Ryan Day (snooker player)|Ryan Day]] 2–5.<ref name="kQVgJ" /> He played in 10 of the 12 [[Players Tour Championship 2011/2012|Players Tour Championship events]] this season, with his best result coming in [[Players Tour Championship 2011/2012 – Event 9|ninth event]] where he beat two-time [[World Snooker Championship]] runner-up [[Matthew Stevens]] 4–3 in the last 16, but then lost to [[Martin Gould]] 1–4 in the quarter-finals.<ref name="vzg80" /> In April, Mehta won the [[2012 Asian Snooker Championship]] with a 7–5 victory over compatriot [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]].<ref name="imLYq" /> He finished the snooker season ranked world number 80 and therefore out of the top 64 who retain their places for the next season. However, as he won the Asian championship he earned a spot on the tour for the [[2012–13 snooker season|following season]].<ref name="ranking" />

===2012–2013 season: First ranking appearance===
Mehta started the 2012–13 season at the [[2012 Wuxi Classic|Wuxi Classic]]. He beat Sam Baird 5–3, [[James Wattana]] and [[Jimmy White]] both 5–1, but then lost out to [[Jamie Cope]] 4–5 in the final qualifying round.<ref name="2012/13">{{cite web |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2012 |title=Aditya Mehta 2012/2013 |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711014747/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2012 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also lost in the final qualifying round for the [[2012 Shanghai Masters|Shanghai Masters]] following a 3–5 defeat to [[Mark King (snooker player)|Mark King]].<ref name="2012/13" />

Mehta reached the main stage of a ranking event for the first time in his career in August, by qualifying for the [[2012 International Championship|International Championship]]. He overcame Michael Leslie and [[Mike Dunn (snooker player)|Mike Dunn]], both 6–3 and then came back from 3–5 behind to beat Jimmy White 6–5.<ref name="2012/13" /><ref name="howjn" /> In the last qualifying round he defeated Jamie Cope 6–4 to seal his place at the event in [[Chengdu]], China.<ref name="2012/13" /> At the event he defeated [[Zhu Yinghui]] in the [[wild card (sports)|wildcard]] round, before winning 6–4 against [[Stuart Bingham]] to reach the last 16 where he played world number two [[Judd Trump]].<ref name="2012/13" /><ref name="Indian Express Runs Down Bingham" /> In his first televised match in a ranking tournament Mehta was [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]]ed 0–6 by Trump.<ref name="Indian Express Runs Down Bingham" /> However, his run in the tournament matched the best performance by an Indian player in a ranking event set by Yasin Merchant over two decades earlier.<ref name="hUhYH" /> Mehta did not qualify for another event this season with his year ending in the second round of [[2013 World Snooker Championship#Qualifying|World Championship qualifying]], following a 9–10 loss to [[Alan McManus]].<ref name="f35SC" /> He finished the season ranked world number 73.<ref name="qO9FB" />

After the season ended, Mehta took part in the [[2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]] competing as an [[Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games|independent athlete]]. He reached the final of the [[Cue sports at the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games#Snooker team|team snooker]] event, alongside [[Kamal Chawla]] and [[Brijesh Damani]], where they lost 2–3 to the Chinese team.<ref name="ASIMA team">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213130514/http://www.acbs.qa/site/download/AIMAG/results/filetodownload_Mens_Snooker_Team.php |title=Men's Snooker results |date=13 December 2013 |access-date= April 4, 2020 |url=http://www.acbs.qa/site/download/AIMAG/results/filetodownload_Mens_Snooker_Team.php|archive-date=13 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="grov_Grov">{{Cite web |title=Grove Leisure » Blog Archive » Wenbo, Ding and Tian take gold in South Korea |work=grovesnooker.co.uk |access-date=4 April 2020 |url= http://www.grovesnooker.co.uk/2013/07/10/wenbo-ding-and-tian-take-gold-in-south-korea/ }}</ref> He also won a bronze medal in the [[Cue sports at the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games#Snooker singles|singles]], reaching the semifinals before losing 2–4 to [[Ding Junhui]].<ref name="arch_Spor">{{Cite web |title=Sport Information {{!}} All Competitions Schedule&Result {{!}} Billiard Sports |url=http://www.aimag2013.org/en/Results/BS/MedallistsByEvent?SportCode=BS&EventCode=&GenderCode=&PhaseCode= |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706082930/http://www.aimag2013.org/en/Results/BS/MedallistsByEvent?SportCode=BS&EventCode=&GenderCode=&PhaseCode= |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MyUser_Https:_April_4_2020c">{{cite web |url=http://www.aimag2013.org/en/schedule/bySport/?SportCode=BS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026053924/http://www.aimag2013.org/en/schedule/bySport/?SportCode=BS |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 26, 2013 |title=2013 Cue Sports Asian Games results |access-date= April 4, 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Aditya Mehta at Snooker German Masters (Martin Rulsch) 2014-01-29 01.jpg|thumb|Mehta at the [[2014 German Masters]]]]

===2013–2014 season: Ranking event finalist===
In July 2013, Mehta won the singles event at the [[Snooker at the World Games 2013 – men's singles|World Games]] by beating [[Liang Wenbo]] 3–0.<ref name="4AbP7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grove Leisure » Blog Archive » Silver for Wenbo at the World Games 2013 |work=grovesnooker.co.uk |access-date=4 April 2020 |url= http://www.grovesnooker.co.uk/2013/07/30/silver-for-wenbo-at-the-world-games-2013/ }}</ref> The [[2013–14 snooker season|2013–14 season]] saw the introduction of the [[2013 Indian Open|Indian Open]], the first ranking event held in India. Mehta reached the event for it by defeating [[Xiao Guodong]] 4–2 in qualifying.<ref name="2013/14">{{cite web |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2013 |title=Aditya Mehta 2013/2014 |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609015611/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2013 |archive-date=9 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the first round of the event held he made a break of 127 in the deciding frame against [[Peter Ebdon]] to win 4–3 and then beat Hammad Miah 4–1 to reach the last 16 for the second time in his career.<ref name="jThWS" /><ref name="aTX6D" /> Mehta defeated two-time world champion [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] 4–2 to face compatriot Pankaj Advani.<ref name="iIUpy" /> Mehta defeated Advani to reach the semi-finals.<ref name="FqWEy" /> He then me [[Stephen Maguire]] who he defeated on a {{cuegloss|deciding frame}} 4–3 to reach the final.<ref name="6ZohA" /> In his first ranking event final, Mehta played Ding Junhui, but was unable to win a frame, losing 0–5. As the tournament runner-up, Mehta won £25,000.<ref name="liogM" /> A month later he was beaten in the quarter-finals of the minor-ranking [[European Tour 2013/2014 – Event 7|Antwerp Open]] 4–0 by [[Jack Lisowski]] and finished 29th on the [[Players Tour Championship 2013/2014#European Tour|Order of Merit]], just outside the top 25 who reached the [[Players Tour Championship 2013/2014 – Finals|PTC finals]].<ref name="mfrFJ" /> Mehta's was unable to advance beyond the first round of a ranking event for the remainder of the season.<ref name="2013/14" /> He increased his ranking by 24 places during the season to end it as the world number 49, retaining his place on Tour.<ref name="BT2Oa" />

===2014–2015 season: Maximum break===
Mehta did not come through the qualifying rounds of the first three ranking events of the [[2014–15 snooker season|2014–15 season]], before beating James Wattana 6–3 to play in the [[2014 International Championship|International Championship]] where he was whitewashed 6–0 by [[Michael White (snooker player)|Michael White]] in the first round.<ref name="2014/15">{{cite web |title=Aditya Mehta 2014/2015 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?season=2014&player=108 |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706113341/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2014 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mehta made his first [[maximum break]] in his second round loss against Stephen Maguire at the [[2014 Paul Hunter Classic]] PTC event.<ref name="147max" />

At the [[2014 UK Championship]] he defeated [[Alex Davies (snooker player)|Alex Davies]] 6–4, before losing 6–1 to Judd Trump in the second round.<ref name="64Rtb" /> He reached the last 32 of a ranking event for the first time this year by defeating Sydney Wilson 4–0 and world number five [[Barry Hawkins]] 4–2 at the [[2015 Welsh Open (snooker)|Welsh Open]], but Alan McManus beat Mehta 0–4.<ref name="Gd89c" /> At the [[2015 Indian Open]], Mehta held a 3–0 lead over Mark King and missed a shot on match-ball to win 4–1. Instead, King levelled at 3–3 and Mehta took the deciding frame to play world number eight [[Ricky Walden]] in the second round.<ref name="X031z" /> Mehta was defeated 4–2 and stated that the difference between the 50 world ranking positions was "obvious in the match".<ref name="KuElz" /> His only match before the end of the season was a 10–7 loss to [[Jak Jones]] in the opening round of [[2015 World Snooker Championship|World Championship]] qualifying.<ref name="2014/15" />

===2015–2016 season: Neck injury===
Mehta qualified for the [[2015 International Championship]], but lost in the wildcard round 6–4 to local amateur player Wang Yuchen.<ref name="2015/16">{{cite web |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2015 |title=Aditya Mehta 2015/2016 |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725175014/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2015 |archive-date=25 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Before the [[2015 UK Championship]] he stated that a neck injury sustained in 2014 had been affecting his practice hours and confidence in his game.<ref name="2erUT" /><ref name="Resigns" /> Mehta defeated Sam Baird 6–5 at the UK Championship, before losing 6–2 to [[Neil Robertson]] in the second round.<ref name="2015/16" /> In February 2016, in order to recover from his neck injury he pulled out of the remaining events for the season.<ref name="Resigns" /> At the end of the season, he gained a two-year pass to retain his place on tour after finishing 53rd on the [[Players Tour Championship 2015/2016#European Tour|European Order of Merit]].<ref name="dgGNs" />

===2016–2017 season===
Mehta qualified again for the [[2016 International Championship]] by beating Jack Lisowski 6–4 and then eliminated Ryan Day 6–2. At the event he lost 6–3 to [[Joe Perry (snooker player)|Joe Perry]].<ref name="snoo_Inte" /> He was defeated 4–3 after having been 3–0 ahead of [[Anthony McGill]] in the second round of the [[2016 Northern Ireland Open|Northern Ireland Open]].<ref name="cbiQP" /> He also got to the second round of the [[2016 Scottish Open (snooker)|Scottish Open]] before losing 4–2 to [[Noppon Saengkham]].<ref name="snoo_Cora" /> Mehta won 5–2 over Barry Hawkins in qualifying for the [[2017 China Open (snooker)|China Open]] and he won three frames to tie his first round match with [[Li Hang (snooker player)|Li Hang]] at 4–4, but lost the deciding frame.<ref name="rO4dJ" /><ref name="q3r21" /> Mehta finished the season ranked 80th in the world.<ref name="World Rankings – World Snooker" />

===2017–18 season: Return to amateur status===
At the [[2017 China Championship (snooker)|2017 China Championship]], Mehta lost in the opening round to [[Ali Carter]] 5–4.<ref name="snoo_Ever" /> At the third ranking event of the season, the [[2017 Riga Masters|Riga Masters]], Mehta defeated [[Rory McLeod (snooker player)|Rory McLeod]] 4–2, before losing to Jamie Cope by the same scoreline in the second round.<ref name="snoo_Kasp" /> The [[2017 English Open (snooker)|English Open]] was Mehta's best performance since the 2015 Indian Open. Mehta defeated Sam Craigie 4–0, [[Ian Preece]] 4–2 and [[Chen Zifan]] 4–1 to reach the last 16 of a ranking event for the third time.<ref name="euro_LIVE" /> Mehta played Neil Robertson, who he lost 4–1 to.<ref name="euro_LIVE" /><ref name="snoo_Dafa" />

At the [[2017 UK Championship]], Mehta defeated Sam Baird in the opening round on a deciding frame 6–5, but lost in the second round to [[Luca Brecel]] 6–3.<ref name="snoo_Betw" /> Mehta reached the second round of the [[2018 Welsh Open (snooker)|Welsh Open]] defeating [[Martin O'Donnell (snooker player)|Martin O'Donnell]], before losing to Mark Williams.<ref name="snoo_ManB" /> Mehta's final ranking appearance of the season was at the [[2018 Gibraltar Open|Gibraltar Open]], where he reached the third round. He defeated Brian Ochoiski and [[Kurt Dunham]] before losing to [[Tian Pengfei]].<ref name="Y0WUS" /> His final match of the season was in the first round of qualifying for the [[2018 World Snooker Championship]], where he lost 8–10 to [[Zhao Xintong]].<ref name="wtb3I" /><ref name="Qualiresults" /> Mehta finished the season outside of the top-64 in the [[Snooker world rankings 2017/2018|world rankings]], and did not retain his place on the World Snooker Tour.<ref name="World Rankings – World Snooker" /><ref name="worl_Main" /> After returning to being an amateur player, Mehta played less due to his neck issues. However, in 2019 alongside [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]] the pair won the [[IBSF World Team Snooker Championship]], defeating the Thai team 3–1.<ref name="indi_Pank" /><ref name="hind_Pank" />

==Personal life==
He is a brand ambassador of snooker website ''rkgsnooker.com'' where he writes regular blog posts and columns.<ref name="Qacwt" /> He practises with [[Alfie Burden]] and [[Anthony Hamilton (snooker player)|Anthony Hamilton]] in London.<ref name="4wCuN" /> He is sometimes referred to as "The Sun of Indian Snooker".<ref name="rkgs_AVer" /><ref name="desi_5Top" />

==Performance and rankings timeline==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" scope="column"
! Tournament
! [[2004–05 snooker season|2004/ 05]]
! [[2008–09 snooker season|2008/ 09]]
! [[2009–10 snooker season|2009/ 10]]
! [[2010–11 snooker season|2010/ 11]]
! [[2011–12 snooker season|2011/ 12]]
! [[2012–13 snooker season|2012/ 13]]
! [[2013–14 snooker season|2013/ 14]]
! [[2014–15 snooker season|2014/ 15]]
! [[2015–16 snooker season|2015/ 16]]
! [[2016–17 snooker season|2016/ 17]]
! [[2017–18 snooker season|2017/ 18]]
|-
| style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Snooker world rankings|Ranking]]<ref name="Ranking history" /><ref group="nb" name="GVdxq" />
| align="center" | <ref group="nb" name="ma7yI" />
| align="center" | <ref group="nb" name="UR" />
| align="center" | <ref group="nb" name="AMA" />
| align="center" | <ref group="nb" name="AMA" />
| align="center" | <ref group="nb" name="UR" />
| align="center" | <ref group="nb" name="IN" />
| align="center" | [[Snooker world rankings 2013/2014|73]]
| align="center" | [[Snooker world rankings 2014/2015|49]]
| align="center" | [[Snooker world rankings 2015/2016|54]]
| align="center" | <ref group="nb" name="ET" />
| align="center" | [[Snooker world rankings 2017/2018|78]]
|-
| scope="row" colspan="20" | '''Ranking tournaments'''
|-
| scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Riga Masters (snooker)|Riga Masters]]<ref group="nb" name="z5Lgq" />
| align="center" colspan="7" style="color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Minor-Rank.
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[China Championship (snooker)|China Championship]]
| align="center" colspan="9" style="color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NR
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2017 China Championship (snooker)|1R]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Paul Hunter Classic]]<ref group="nb" name="LOt1e" />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Pro-am Event
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Minor-Ranking Event
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2017 Paul Hunter Classic|2R]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Indian Open (snooker)|Indian Open]]
| colspan="6" align="center" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
| style="text-align:center; background:thistle;" | [[2013 Indian Open|F]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2015 Indian Open|2R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NH
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[World Open (snooker)|World Open]]<ref group="nb" name="eUvi2" />
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2014 World Open (snooker)|1R]]
| align="center" colspan="2" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[European Masters (snooker)|European Masters]]
| align="center" colspan="9" style="color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 European Masters (snooker)|2R]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[English Open (snooker)|English Open]]
| align="center" colspan="9" style="color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | [[2016 English Open (snooker)|1R]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 English Open (snooker)|4R]]
|-
| scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[International Championship]]
| colspan="5" align="center" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2012 International Championship|2R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2013 International Championship|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2014 International Championship|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2015 International Championship|WR]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2016 International Championship|2R]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Shanghai Masters (snooker)|Shanghai Masters]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NH
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2009 Shanghai Masters|WR]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Northern Ireland Open (snooker)|Northern Ireland Open]]
| align="center" colspan="9" style="color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2016 Northern Ireland Open|2R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 Northern Ireland Open|1R]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[UK Championship]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2013 UK Championship|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2014 UK Championship|2R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2015 UK Championship|2R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2016 UK Championship|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 UK Championship|2R]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Scottish Open (snooker)|Scottish Open]]
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | MR
| colspan="3" align="center" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2016 Scottish Open (snooker)|2R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 Scottish Open (snooker)|1R]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[German Masters]]
| colspan="3" align="center" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2014 German Masters|1R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Snooker Shoot-Out|Shoot-Out]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Not Held
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Non-Ranking Event
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 Snooker Shoot-Out|1R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[World Grand Prix (snooker)|World Grand Prix]]
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NR
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Welsh Open (snooker)|Welsh Open]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2014 Welsh Open (snooker)|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2015 Welsh Open (snooker)|3R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 Welsh Open (snooker)|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2018 Welsh Open (snooker)|2R]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Gibraltar Open]]
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | MR
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 Gibraltar Open|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2018 Gibraltar Open|3R]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Players Championship (snooker)|Players Championship]]<ref group="nb" name="lKfQC" />
| colspan="3" align="center" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | DNQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[China Open (snooker)|China Open]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2014 China Open (snooker)|1R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2017 China Open (snooker)|1R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[World Snooker Championship|World Championship]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
|-
|scope="row" colspan="20" | '''Former ranking tournaments'''
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Northern Ireland Trophy]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NH
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" colspan="20" style="color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Bahrain Championship]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NH
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" colspan="20" style="color:#555555;" | Tournament Not Held
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Wuxi Classic]]<ref group="nb" name="WUC" />
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NH
| colspan="4" align="center" style="color:#555555;" | Non-Ranking
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" colspan="3" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Australian Goldfields Open]]
| colspan="4" align="center" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | LQ
| align="center" colspan="2" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
|-
|scope="row" colspan="30" | '''Former non-ranking tournaments'''
|-
|style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[General Cup]]<ref group="nb">The event was called the General Cup International (2004/2005–2011/2012)</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2004 General Cup International|RR]]
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|NH
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|A
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|NH
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|A
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|A
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|A
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|A
|align="center" style="color:#555555;"|A
|align="center" colspan="30" style="color:#555555;"|Not Held
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Six-red World Championship]]<ref group="nb" name="MeCJW" />
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NH
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2008 Six-red Snooker International|3R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2009 Six-red World Grand Prix|2R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | NH
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2012 Six-red World Championship|3R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#EFEFEF;" | [[Snooker Shoot-Out|Shoot-Out]]
| colspan="3" align="center" style="color:#555555;" | Not Held
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | A
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2013 Snooker Shoot-Out|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2014 Snooker Shoot-Out|1R]]
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | [[2015 Snooker Shoot-Out|2R]]
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" | WD
| colspan="30" style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" | Ranking
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:78%;"
! colspan="6" | Performance Table Legend
|-
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" width="30" | LQ
| lost in the qualifying draw
| align="center" style="background:#afeeee;" | #R
| lost in the early rounds of the tournament (WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin)
| align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;" | QF
| lost in the quarter-finals
|-
| align="center" style="background:yellow;" | SF
| lost in the semi-finals
| align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8;" | F
| lost in the final
| align="center" style="background:#00ff00;" | '''W'''
| won the tournament
|-
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" width="30" | DNQ
| did not qualify for the tournament
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" width="30" | A
| did not participate in the tournament
| align="center" style="color:#555555;" width="30" | WD
| withdrew from the tournament
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" colspan="4" | NH / Not Held || means an event was not held.
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" colspan="4" | NR / Non-Ranking Event || means an event is/was no longer a ranking event.
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" colspan="4" | R / Ranking Event || means an event is/was a ranking event.
|-
| style="text-align:center; color:#555555;" colspan="4" | MR / Minor-Ranking Event || means an event is/was a minor-ranking event.
|}
{{reflist|group=nb|refs=
<ref name="UR">New players do not have a ranking.</ref>
<ref name="AMA">He was an amateur.</ref>
<ref name="IN">Players qualified through Indian nomination started the season without ranking points.</ref>
<ref name="ET">Players qualified through European Tour Order of Merit started the season without prize money ranking points.</ref>
<ref name="WUC">The event was called the Jiangsu Classic (2008–09 to 2009–10)</ref>
<ref name="GVdxq">From the 2010–11 season it shows the ranking at the beginning of the season.</ref>
<ref name="ma7yI">He was not on the Main Tour.</ref>
<ref name="z5Lgq">The event was called the Riga Open (2014–15 to 2015–16)</ref>
<ref name="LOt1e">The event was called the Grand Prix Fürth (2004–05)</ref>
<ref name="eUvi2">The event was called the Grand Prix (2004–05 to 2009–10), the World Open (2010–11) and the Haikou World Open (2011–12 to 2013–14)</ref>
<ref name="lKfQC">The event was called the Players Tour Championship Grand Finals (2010–11 to 2012–13)</ref>
<ref name="MeCJW">The event was called the Six-red Snooker International (2008–09) and the Six-red World Grand Prix (2009–10)</ref>
}}

==Career finals==

===Ranking finals: 1 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!width="80"| Outcome
!width="20"| No.
!width="50"| Year
!style="width:200px;"| Championship
!style="width:200px;"| Opponent in the final
!style="width:100px;"| Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;" | Runner-up
| 1.
| [[2013 Indian Open|2013]]
| [[Indian Open (snooker)|Indian Open]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ding Junhui]]
| 0–5
|}

===Non-ranking finals: 1 (1 title)===

{| class="sortable wikitable"
!width="80"| Outcome
!width="20"| No.
!width="50"| Year
!style="width:200px;"| Championship
!style="width:200px;"| Opponent in the final
!style="width:100px;"| Score
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner
| 1.
| [[Snooker at the 2013 World Games – men's singles|2013]]
| [[World Games]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Wenbo]]
| 3–0
|}

===Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title)===

{| class="sortable wikitable"
!width="80"|Outcome
!width="20"|No.
!width="50"|Year
! style="width:250px;"|Championship
! style="width:200px;"|Opponent in the final
! style="width:100px:"|Score
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner
|1.
|2019
|CCI Open
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]]
|7–3
|}

===Amateur finals: 3 (1 title)===

{| class="sortable wikitable"
!width="80"|Outcome
!width="20"|No.
!width="50"|Year
! style="width:250px;"|Championship
! style="width:200px;"|Opponent in the final
! style="width:100px:"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| 1.
| 2008
| [[ACBS Asian Snooker Championship]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jin Long (snooker player)|Jin Long]]
| 3–7
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Runner-up
| 2.
| 2011
| [[ACBS Asian Snooker Championship]] (2)
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Passakorn Suwannawat]]
| 2–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner
|1.
|2012
| [[ACBS Asian Snooker Championship]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]]
|7–5
|}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Bangkok tuned me up for pro circuit: Mehta">{{Cite web |url=http://sports.indiatimes.com/Sections/Other_Sports/Bangkok_turned_me_pro/articleshow/3283383.cms |title=Bangkok tuned me up for pro circuit: Mehta |work=The Times of India |date=July 2008 |access-date=5 August 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="ranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/1d/b0/0,,13165~176157,00.pdf |title=Official World Ranking List for the 2012/2013 Season |access-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616125200/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/1d/b0/0%2C%2C13165~176157%2C00.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Express Runs Down Bingham">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2965214,00.html |title=Indian Express Runs Down Bingham |publisher=World Snooker |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101054646/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2965214%2C00.html |archive-date=1 November 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="147max">{{cite web |title=Mehta 147/O'Sullivan In Form |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~4091957,00.html |work=worldsnooker.com |publisher=World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association |access-date=22 August 2014 |date=22 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823093941/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~4091957%2C00.html |archive-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Resigns">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/aditya-mehta-resigns-from-tour/ |title=Aditya Mehta Resigns from Tour |publisher=World Snooker |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403074952/http://www.worldsnooker.com/aditya-mehta-resigns-from-tour/ |archive-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Ranking history">{{cite web |title=Ranking History |url=http://www.snooker.org/rnk/history.asp |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219070820/http://www.snooker.org/Rnk/history.asp |archive-date=19 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="kQVgJ">{{cite web |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2011 |title=Aditya Mehta 2011/2012 |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518110343/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2011 |archive-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="vzg80">{{cite web |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=10&season=2011 |title=Order of Merit |publisher=WWW Snooker |date=8 January 2012 |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504060608/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=10&season=2011 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="imLYq">{{cite news |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=502200&version=1&template_id=49&parent_id=29 |title=Mehta pips Advani in all-Indian final |newspaper=Gulf Times |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429140009/http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=502200&version=1&template_id=49&parent_id=29 |author=N D Prashant |date=12 April 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="howjn">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2896675,00.html |title=Xiao Buried By Pinches Fight-Back |publisher=World Snooker |access-date=22 August 2012 |date=22 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825000421/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2896675%2C00.html |archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="hUhYH">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-dream-run-wake-up-call-for-aditya/1024827/0 |title=After dream run, wake up call for Aditya |date=1 November 2012 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="f35SC">{{cite web |url=http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=225 |title=Betfair World Championship Qualifiers |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064558/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=225 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="qO9FB">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/49/bc/0,,13165~179273,00.pdf |title=Official World Snooker Ranking List For The 2013/2014 Season |publisher=World Snooker |access-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611202605/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/49/bc/0%2C%2C13165~179273%2C00.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="4AbP7">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/happy-to-have-graduated-from-bronze-to-gold-aditya-mehta/article4988646.ece |title=Happy to have graduated from bronze to gold: Aditya Mehta |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808091911/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/happy-to-have-graduated-from-bronze-to-gold-aditya-mehta/article4988646.ece |date=4 August 2013 |archive-date=8 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="jThWS">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-open-snooker-aditya-mehta-defeats-former-world-no-1-ebdon/428420-5-23.html |title=Indian Open snooker: Aditya Mehta defeats former world No. 1 Ebdon |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203204601/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-open-snooker-aditya-mehta-defeats-former-world-no-1-ebdon/428420-5-23.html |date=14 October 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="aTX6D">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/aditya-mehta-enters-round-of-16-at-indian-open/article5240681.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131016151802/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/aditya-mehta-enters-round-of-16-at-indian-open/article5240681.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Aditya Mehta enters round of 16 at Indian Open |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="iIUpy">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/indian-open-2013/top-stories/Aditya-Mehta-to-clash-with-Pankaj-Advani-in-quarters-of-Indian-Open/articleshow/24299612.cms |title=Aditya Mehta to clash with Pankaj Advani in quarters of Indian Open |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=18 October 2013 |date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031040123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/indian-open-2013/top-stories/Aditya-Mehta-to-clash-with-Pankaj-Advani-in-quarters-of-Indian-Open/articleshow/24299612.cms |archive-date=31 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FqWEy">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/24575490 |title=Indian Open snooker: Aditya Mehta makes history in Delhi |work=BBC Sport |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017200947/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/24575490 |date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="6ZohA">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/aditya-mehtas-dream-run-continues/article5248218.ece?homepage=true |title=Aditya Mehta's dream run continues |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019072849/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/aditya-mehtas-dream-run-continues/article5248218.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="liogM">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/24588235 |title=Ding Junhui beats Aditya Mehta to win Indian Open title |work=BBC Sport |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018175232/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/24588235 |archive-date=18 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="mfrFJ">{{cite web |title=European Order of Merit 2013/2014 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=10&season=2013 |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408124026/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=10&season=2013 |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="BT2Oa">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/71/c1/0,,13165~180593,00.pdf |title=World Snooker Rankings After the 2014 World Championship |publisher=World Snooker |access-date=9 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030740/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/71/c1/0%2C%2C13165~180593%2C00.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="64Rtb">{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/11635359.Judd_Trump___It_will_take__something_special__to_beat_me/?ref=mr |title=Confident Judd Trump says he is 'easily playing well enough' to lift second UK Snooker Championship crown at York Barbican |newspaper=The Press (York) |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424023004/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/11635359.Judd_Trump___It_will_take__something_special__to_beat_me/?ref=mr |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Gd89c">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/selby-keeps-hot-streak-going/ |date=17 February 2015 |title=Selby Keeps Hot Streak Going |publisher=World Snooker |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075738/http://www.worldsnooker.com/selby-keeps-hot-streak-going/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="X031z">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/aditya-mehta-upsets-mark-king-to-keep-indian-hopes-alive_1560139.html |title=Aditya Mehta upsets Mark King to keep Indian hopes alive |date=12 March 2015 |publisher=Zee News |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504190349/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/aditya-mehta-upsets-mark-king-to-keep-indian-hopes-alive_1560139.html |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="KuElz">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-open-snooker-england-s-walden-stops-aditya-mehta-115031300044_1.html |title=Indian Open snooker: England's Walden stops Aditya Mehta |newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123223700/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-open-snooker-england-s-walden-stops-aditya-mehta-115031300044_1.html |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="2erUT">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/its-been-below-par-since-the-world-cup-aditya-mehta/article7895805.ece |title=It's been below par since the World Cup: Aditya Mehta |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227142413/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/its-been-below-par-since-the-world-cup-aditya-mehta/article7895805.ece |archive-date=27 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="dgGNs">{{cite web |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=10 |title=European Order of Merit 2015/2016 |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428072211/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=10 |archive-date=28 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="cbiQP">{{cite web |url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/13904/451355 |title=Aditya Mehta 3–4 Anthony McGill |publisher=World Snooker |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317154240/http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/13911/443147 |archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="rO4dJ">{{cite web |url=http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/13922/496142 |title=Aditya Mehta 4–5 Li Hang |publisher=World Snooker |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412173826/http://livescores.worldsnookerdata.com/Matches/Result/13922/496142 |archive-date=12 April 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="q3r21">{{cite web |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2016 |title=Aditya Mehta 2016/2017 |publisher=Snooker.org |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419043807/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=108&season=2016 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Qacwt">{{cite web |url=https://www.rkgsnooker.com/blog-details.php?id=14 |title=RKGsnooker |work=rkgsnooker.com |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221854/http://rkgsnooker.com/blog-details.php?id=14 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="4wCuN">{{cite web |title=Aditya Mehta Q&A |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~4092697,00.html |publisher=World Snooker |access-date=26 August 2014 |date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075846/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~4092697,00.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="cues_Adit">{{Cite web |title=Aditya Mehta |work=cuesportsindia.com |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=https://www.cuesportsindia.com/myweb/profile/adi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506144714/http://cuesportsindia.com/myweb/profile/adi.htm |archive-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="snoo_Inte">{{Cite web |title=International Championship (2016) - snooker.org |last=Årdalen |first=Hermund |work=snooker.org |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=517 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503052252/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=517 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="snoo_Cora">{{Cite web |title=Coral Scottish Open (2016) |last=Årdalen |first=Hermund |work=snooker.org |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=524 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224094259/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=524 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Vowkn">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsnookercentre.co.uk/files/Results/res04_5/04-5CT1.htm |title=2004–05 Pontins Challenge Tour |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209030334/http://www.globalsnookercentre.co.uk/files/Results/res04_5/04-5CT1.htm |archive-date=9 December 2004}}</ref>
<ref name="SRGdm">{{cite web |title=2008 Asian Snooker Championship |url=http://www.globalsnookercentre.co.uk/files/Results/2007-8/07-8-International/2008_Asian_Snooker_Championship.htm |publisher=Global Snooker Centre |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920094612/http://www.globalsnookercentre.co.uk/files/Results/2007-8/07-8-International/2008_Asian_Snooker_Championship.htm |archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="kk98z">{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2010 :: Guangzhou, China |work=cuesportsindia.com |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.cuesportsindia.com/global/2010/asiangames/AG2010SNK.html}}</ref>
<ref name="foTQz">{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2010 :: Guangzhou, China |work=cuesportsindia.com |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.cuesportsindia.com/global/2010/asiangames/AG2010SNKTEAM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062243/http://www.cuesportsindia.com/global/2010/asiangames/AG2010SNKTEAM.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name="World Rankings – World Snooker">{{Cite web |title=World Rankings |work=World Snooker |access-date=30 May 2018 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/rankings/world-rankings-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406231322/http://www.worldsnooker.com/rankings/world-rankings-2/ |archive-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="snoo_Ever">{{Cite web |title=EverGrande China Championship (2017) |last=Årdalen |first=Hermund |work=snooker.org |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=623 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517134914/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=623 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="snoo_Kasp">{{Cite web |title=Kaspersky Riga Masters (2017) |last=Årdalen |first=Hermund |work=snooker.org |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=620 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030154827/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=620 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="euro_LIVE">{{Cite web |title=LIVE Neil Robertson – Aditya Mehta – English Open – 19 October 2017 |work=Eurosport |date=19 October 2017 |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=https://www.eurosport.com/snooker/english-open/2017-2018/live-neil-robertson-aditya-mehta_mtc997379/live.shtml}}</ref>
<ref name="snoo_Dafa">{{Cite web |title=Dafabet English Open (2017) |last=Årdalen |first=Hermund |work=snooker.org |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=627 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024070600/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=627 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="snoo_Betw">{{Cite web |title=Betway UK Championship (2017) |last=Årdalen |first=Hermund |work=snooker.org |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=624 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212151243/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=624 |archive-date=12 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="snoo_ManB">{{Cite web |title=ManBetX Welsh Open (2018)|last=Årdalen |first=Hermund |work=snooker.org |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=630 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712034744/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=630 |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Qualiresults">{{cite web |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=604 |title=Betfred World Snooker Championship qualifiers 2018 results |work=snooker.org |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910215547/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=604 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="worl_Main">{{Cite web |title=Main Tour Qualification 2018/19 |work=World Snooker |date=29 March 2018 |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/main-tour-qualification-2018-19/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609074218/http://www.worldsnooker.com/main-tour-qualification-2018-19/ |archive-date=9 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="indi_Pank">{{Cite web |title=Pankaj Advani-Aditya Mehta pair wins World Team Snooker title |work=India Today |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/pankaj-advani-aditya-mehta-win-ibsf-world-team-snooker-title-1603130-2019-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101131109/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/pankaj-advani-aditya-mehta-win-ibsf-world-team-snooker-title-1603130-2019-09-25 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="hind_Pank">{{Cite web |title=Pankaj Advani-Aditya Mehta pair wins World Team Snooker title |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 January 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/pankaj-advani-aditya-mehta-pair-wins-world-team-snooker-title/story-Fl7VdzQK082K1KteEjfkSN.html |date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227190715/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/pankaj-advani-aditya-mehta-pair-wins-world-team-snooker-title/story-Fl7VdzQK082K1KteEjfkSN.html |archive-date=27 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="rkgs_AVer">{{Cite web |title=A Very Happy Birthday To The Sun Of Indian Snooker Player Aditya Mehta |work=rkgsnooker.com |access-date=2 April 2020 |url=https://www.rkgsnooker.com/articles/a-very-happy-birthday-to-the-sun-of-indian-snooker-player-aditya-mehta/token-72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219064458/http://www.rkgsnooker.com/articles/a-very-happy-birthday-to-the-sun-of-indian-snooker-player-aditya-mehta/token-72 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="desi_5Top">{{Cite web |title=5 Top Indian Snooker Players who have Shined in the Game |work=DESIblitz |date=8 February 2019 |access-date=2 April 2020 |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/5-top-indian-snooker-players-who-have-shined-in-the-game |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208125429/https://www.desiblitz.com/content/5-top-indian-snooker-players-who-have-shined-in-the-game |archive-date=8 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Y0WUS">{{Cite web |title=ManBetX Gibraltar Open (2018)|last=Årdalen |first=Hermund |work=snooker.org |access-date=30 December 2019 |url=http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=656 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519082102/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=656 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="wtb3I">{{Cite web |title=Story Of The 2018 Betfred World Championship |website=worldsnooker.com |publisher=World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018 |url=http://www.worldsnooker.com/story-of-the-2018-betfred-world-championship/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012935/http://www.worldsnooker.com/story-of-the-2018-betfred-world-championship/ |archive-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aditya Mehta}}
{{portal|Cue sports}}
* {{WST player|old_id=aditya-mehta|archive=20230505211504}}
* {{snooker.org player}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Aditya}}
[[Category:Indian snooker players]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cue sports players from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:World Games gold medalists]]
[[Category:World Games medalists for India]]
[[Category:World Games medalists in cue sports]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in cue sports]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in cue sports]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Cue sports players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Cue sports players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2013 World Games]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

2025 Durand Cup group stage

2026-04-23T16:49:25Z

Freeman14H: Done

{{Short description|Group stage of 2025 Durand Cup}}
{{Main|2025 Durand Cup}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = Durand Cup group stage
| year = 2025
| country = India
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Logo of the 134th Durand Cup, 2025
| num_teams = 24
| matches = 36
| goals = 124
| top goal scorer = {{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]] (NorthEast United) {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan) (5 goals)
| attendance = {{#expr:18546+17791+6000+14000+258+1925+11867+8500+24820+250+13500+6584+6782+182+1263+3000+214+3500+20180+3121+1343+500+6292+18150+348+5917+13900+12545+8592+22380+8395+1074+4439+19735+12540}}
| prevseason = [[2024 Durand Cup group stage|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 Durand Cup group stage|2026]]
}}
The '''2025 IndianOil Durand Cup group stage''' will be played from 23 July to 12 August. A total of 6 [[Indian Super League|ISL]], 4 [[I-League]], 2 [[I-League 2]], 5 regional league, 5 [[Indian Armed Forces]], and 2 foreign armed forces teams compete in the group stage to decide the 8 places in the [[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durand Cup 2025 to go ahead as planned; Seven new teams set to participate |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-durand-cup-2025-new-teams-202507 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durand Cup 2025: Indonesia Army, 1Ladakh among new teams; East Bengal, Mohun Bagan among six ISL clubs competing |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2025-teams-schedule-venues-indian-football-update/article69772306.ece |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-05 |title=Durand Cup 2025: Tentative Fixtures Released, Mohun Bagan Included at the Last Moment |url=https://revsportz.in/durand-cup-2025-tentative-fixtures-released-mohun-bagan-included-at-the-last-moment/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Rev Sportz.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-05 |title=Durand Cup 2025: Participating Teams, Groups And Full Fixtures |url=https://www.news18.com/football/durand-cup-2025-participating-teams-groups-and-full-fixtures-ws-l-9421622.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Teams==
The following teams have confirmed their participation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durand Cup 2025 to go ahead as planned; Seven new teams set to participate |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-durand-cup-2025-new-teams-202507 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durand Cup 2025: Indonesia Army, 1Ladakh among new teams; East Bengal, Mohun Bagan among six ISL clubs competing |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2025-teams-schedule-venues-indian-football-update/article69772306.ece |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

Initially, [[Indonesian Army]] had assured to participate in this tournament but later on they withdrew their name and was replaced by [[Armed Forces F.C.|Malaysian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durand Cup 2025: Malaysia Army replaces Indonesia Army, Tribhuwan from Nepal the other army team |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-teams-malaysia-army-replaces-indonesia-nepal-tribhuwan-added-full-confirmed-team-list/article69790575.ece |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Team
!Location
|-
! colspan="2" |[[File:Red_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[Indian Super League]] teams
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|-
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|[[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[File:Blue_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[I-League]] teams
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|[[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[Diamond Harbour, India|Diamond Harbour]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[File:Pink_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[I-League 2]] teams
|-
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|[[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|-
|[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Morning Star]]
|[[Diphu]], [[Assam]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[File:Green_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[Indian State Leagues|State league]] teams
|-
|[[1 Ladakh FC|1 Ladakh]]
|[[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]
|-
|[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
|[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|[[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|-
|[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|[[Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]]), [[Assam]]
|-
|[[South United FC|South United]]
|[[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[File:White_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[Services Sports Control Board|Indian Armed Forces]] teams
|-
|[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
|[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|-
|[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|-
|[[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
|[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITB Police]]
|[[Baddowal]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|{{nowrap|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]}}
|[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[File:Yellow e3e300 pog.svg|8x8px]] Guest invitees/Foreign armed forces teams
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[Armed Forces F.C.|Armed Forces]]
|[[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]
|[[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
|}

==Format==
Each group is played on a single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The table-toppers & two best second-placed teams advance to the [[2025 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

===Tiebreakers===
If tied on points, tiebreakers are applied in the following order:

# Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
# [[Goal difference]] in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
# Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
# If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
# Goal difference in all group matches;
# Goals scored in all group matches;
# Drawing of lots.

==Centralised venues==
On 4 July, Durand Cup organising committee announced that the tournament would be played across 5 cities : [[Kolkata]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Imphal]], [[Shillong]], and [[Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]]).

The six groups were assigned one centralised venue.

* Groups A & B: [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
* Group C: [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
* Group D: [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
* Group E: [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
* Group F: [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]

==Group A==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group A
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://durandcup.in/standings/ DFTS]


|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|name_SOU=[[South United FC|South United]]
|name_IAF=[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]


|update=complete
|win_NAM=2 |draw_NAM=0 |loss_NAM=1 |gf_NAM=6 |ga_NAM=3
|win_SOU=0 |draw_SOU=1 |loss_SOU=2 |gf_SOU=3 |ga_SOU=10
|win_EAB=3 |draw_EAB=0 |loss_EAB=0 |gf_EAB=12 |ga_EAB=1 |status_EAB=H
|win_IAF=0 |draw_IAF=1 |loss_IAF=2 |gf_IAF=5 |ga_IAF=12


|team_order = EAB, NAM, IAF, SOU

|match_EAB_IAF=[[#A5|6–1]]
|match_EAB_NAM=[[#A6|1–0]]
|match_EAB_SOU=[[#A1|5–0]]
|match_NAM_EAB=null
|match_NAM_IAF=[[#A4|4–2]]
|match_NAM_SOU=[[#A3|2–0]]
|match_SOU_NAM=null
|match_SOU_EAB=null
|match_SOU_IAF=null
|match_IAF_EAB=null
|match_IAF_NAM=null
|match_IAF_SOU=[[#A2|3–3]]


||res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1
|text_KO={{nowrap|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 1'''
| id = A1
| date = {{start date|2025|07|23|df=y}}
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 5–0
| team2 = [[South United FC|South United]]
| goals1 =
* [[Lalchungnunga]] {{goal|12}}
* [[Saúl Crespo|Crespo]] {{goal|38|pen.}}
* [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|B. Singh]] {{goal|80}}
* [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{goal|88}}
* [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|N. Mahesh]] {{goal|90}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 18,546
| motm = [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Mahesh Singh]] (East Bengal)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53891 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53891_Match_Summary_V1_1753279933.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 5'''
| id = A2
| date = {{start date|2025|07|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
| score = 3–3
| team2 = [[South United FC|South United]]
| goals1 =
* [[Mohammed Aqib|Aqib]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Akhish Cyril|Cyril]] {{goal|49}}
* Sankit Singh {{goal|90+6}}
| goals2 =
* [[Makakmayum Daniyal|Daniyal]] {{goal|4||23||84}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 258
| motm = [[Makakmayum Daniyal]] (South United)
| referee = Ajay Krishnan
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53895 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53895_Match_Summary_V1_1753630688.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 10'''
| id = A3
| date = {{start date|2025|07|30|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 2–0
| team2 = [[South United FC|South United]]
| goals1 =
* [[Bhupinder Singh (footballer)|B. Singh]] {{goal|79}}
* [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]] {{goal|85}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 250
| motm = [[Sunil Singh (footballer)|Sunil Singh]] (South United)
| referee = Kishor Gangaram Choudhari
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53900 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53900_Match_Summary_V1_1753889480.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 17'''
| id = A4
| date = {{start date|2025|08|03|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 4–2
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 =
* [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]] {{goal|38}}
* [[Amandeep Singh (footballer)|A. Singh]] {{goal|45}}
* [[Dharmpreet Singh (footballer)|D. Singh]] {{goal|60}}
* [[Seilenthang Lotjem|Lotjem]] {{goal|74}}
| goals2 =
* [[Samuel K Vanlalpeka|Vanlalpeka]] {{goal|7}}
* Sankit Singh {{goal|78}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 214
| motm = [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]] (Namdhari)
| referee = Ajay Krishnan
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53907 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53907_Match_Summary_V1_1754225233.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 24'''
| id = A5
| date = {{start date|2025|08|06|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 1–0
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 =
* [[Hamid Ahadad|Hamid]] {{goal|68}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 6,292
| motm = [[Mohammed Rashid]] (East Bengal)
| referee = Lakshay
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53914 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53914_Match_Summary_V1_1754494430.pdf{{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 32'''
| id = A6
| date = {{start date|2025|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 6–1
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 =
* [[Hamid Ahadad|Hamid]] {{goal|7}}
* [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar]] {{goal|64}}
* [[Mohammed Rashid|Rashid]] {{goal|68}}
* [[Saúl Crespo|Saúl]] {{goal|85}}
*[[David Lalhlansanga|David]] {{goal|90+1}}
| goals2 =
* Aman Khan {{goal|36}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 8,395
| motm = Subhajit Basu (Indian Air Force)
| referee = Shantan Agrawal
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53922 Report]
[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53922_Match_Summary_V1_1754839735.pdf{{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}

==Group B==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group B
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://durandcup.in/standings/ DFTS]


|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_DIH=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_BSF=[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]


|update=complete
|win_BSF=0|draw_BSF=0 |loss_BSF=3 |gf_BSF=1 |ga_BSF=15
|win_MBG=3 |draw_MBG=0 |loss_MBG=0 |gf_MBG=12 |ga_MBG=2 |status_MBG=H
|win_MSC=1 |draw_MSC= |loss_MSC=2 |gf_MSC=5 |ga_MSC=5 |status_MSC=H
|win_DIH=2 |draw_DIH= |loss_DIH=1 |gf_DIH=11 |ga_DIH=7


|team_order = MBG, DIH, MSC, BSF


|match_MBG_MSC=[[#B2|3–1]]
|match_MBG_DIH=[[#B6|5–1]]
|match_MBG_BSF=[[#B4|4–0]]

|match_MSC_MBG=null
|match_MSC_DIH=null
|match_MSC_BSF=[[#B5|3–0]]

|match_DIH_MBG=null
|match_DIH_MSC=[[#B1|2–1]]
|match_DIH_BSF=[[#B3|8–1]]

|match_BSF_MBG=null
|match_BSF_MSC=null
|match_BSF_DIH=null


||res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO|col_KO=green1 |text_KO={{nowrap|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 6'''
| id = B1
| date = {{start date|2025|07|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 1–2
| team2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| goals1 =
* [[Thokchom Adison Singh|T. Adison]] {{goal|36}}
| goals2 =
* [[Sairuat Kima|S. Kima]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|90+10}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 1,925
| motm = [[Sairuat Kima]] (Diamond Harbour)
| referee = Lakshay
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53896 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53896_Match_Summary_V1_1753717449.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 12'''
| id = B2
| date = {{start date|2025|07|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 3–1
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
* [[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|23||90+6|pen.}}
* [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{sent off|0|43}}
* [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat|S. Bhat]] {{goal|63}}
| goals2 =
* [[Ashley Alban Koli|A. Koli]] {{goal|50}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 6,584
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53902 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53902_Match_Summary_V1_1753977153.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 14'''
| id = B3
| date = {{start date|2025|08|01|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| score = 8–1
| team2 = {{nowrap|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FT]]}}
| goals1 =
* [[Clayton (footballer, born 1995)|Clayton]] {{goal|2||35||72||90+3}}
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|7||37}}
* [[Paul Ramfangzauva|Ramfangzauva]] {{goal|53}}
* [[Jobby Justin|J. Justin]] {{goal|67}}
| goals2 =
* [[Kishori (footballer)|Kishori]] {{goal|90}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 182
| motm = [[Clayton (footballer, born 1995)|Clayton]] (Diamond Harbour)
| referee = Shantan Agrawal
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53904 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53904_Match_Summary_V1_1754062955.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 20'''
| id = B4
| date = {{start date|2025|08|04|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 4–0
| team2 = {{nowrap|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FT]]}}
| goals1 =
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Liston Colaco|Liston]] {{goal|53||58}}
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]] {{goal|61}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 3,121
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Ashwin
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53910 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53910_Match_Summary_V1_1754321986.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 26'''
| id = B5
| date = {{start date|2025|08|07|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = {{nowrap|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FT]]}}
| score = 0–3
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Sajal Bag|Sajal]] {{goal|5}}
*[[Maharabam Maxiom|Maxiom]] {{goal|21||30}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 348
| motm = Maharabam Maxiom (Mohammedan)
| referee = Kishor Gangaram Choudhari
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53916 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53916_Match_Summary_V1_1754580974.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 30'''
| id = B6
| date = {{start date|2025|08|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| score = 1–5
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Naresh Singh Yendrembam|Yendrembam]] {{sent off|0|50}}
| goals2 =
*[[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|19}}
*[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|35}}
*[[Liston Colaco|Liston]] {{goal|51|pen.}}
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]] {{goal|64}}
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|80}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]]}}, {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}
| attendance = 8,592
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Ashwin
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53920 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53920_Match_Summary_V1_1754754234.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}

==Group C==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group C
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://durandcup.in/standings/ DFTS]


|name_TRA={{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]
|name_LAD=[[1 Ladakh FC|1 Ladakh]]
|name_ARM=[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]


|update=complete
|win_LAD=0|draw_LAD=1 |loss_LAD=2 |gf_LAD=3 |ga_LAD=7
|win_JAM=3 |draw_JAM=0 |loss_JAM= |gf_JAM=6 |ga_JAM=2 |status_JAM=H
|win_ARM=2 |draw_ARM=0 |loss_ARM=1 |gf_ARM=5 |ga_ARM=3
|win_TRA=0 |draw_TRA=1 |loss_TRA=2 |gf_TRA=3 |ga_TRA=5


|team_order = JAM, ARM, TRA, LAD


|match_JAM_ARM=[[#C2|1–0]]
|match_JAM_LAD=[[#C5|2–0]]
|match_JAM_TRA=[[#C1|3–2]]

|match_ARM_JAM=null
|match_ARM_LAD=[[#C6|4–2]]
|match_ARM_TRA=[[#C4|1–0]]

|match_LAD_JAM=null
|match_LAD_TRA=null
|match_LAD_ARM=null

|match_TRA_JAM=null
|match_TRA_ARM=null
|match_TRA_LAD=[[#C3|1–1]]


||res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1
|text_KO={{nowrap|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 2'''
| id = C1
| date = {{start date|2025|07|24|df=y}}
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 3–2
| team2 = {{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]}}
| goals1 =
* [[Sarthak Golui|Golui]] {{goal|4}}
* [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|M. Singh]] {{goal|31}}
* [[Nikhil Barla|Barla]] {{goal|71}}
| goals2 =
* [[George Prince Karki|Karki]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Ananta Tamang|Tamang]] {{goal|64}}
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur]]}}, [[Jharkhand]]
| attendance = 17,791
| motm = [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|Manvir Singh]] (Jamshedpur)
| referee = Mrityunjay L Amatya
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53892 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53892_Match_Summary_V1_1753366850.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 7'''
| id = C2
| date = {{start date|2025|07|29|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 1–0
| team2 = [[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
| goals1 =
* [[Mohammed Sanan|Sanan]] {{goal|52}}
| goals2 =
* [[Sayad Bin Abdul Kadir|S. Kadir]] {{sent off|0|90+2}}
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur]]}}, [[Jharkhand]]
| attendance = 11,867
| motm = [[Mohammed Sanan|Mohammed Sanan K]] (Jamshedpur)
| referee = K Ramdasan
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53897 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53897_Match_Summary_V1_1753793390.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 15'''
| id = C3
| date = {{start date|2025|08|02|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = {{nowrap|[[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]] {{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}}}}
| score = 1–1
| team2 = {{nowrap|[[1 Ladakh FC|1 Ladakh]]}}
| goals1 =
* [[Nirajan Dhami|Nirajan]] {{goal|40}}
| goals2 =
* [[Siju S]] {{goal|23}}
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur]]}}, [[Jharkhand]]
| attendance = 1,263
| motm = Prajal Tushir (1 Ladakh)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53905 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53905_Match_Summary_V1_1754138204.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 21'''
| id = C4
| date = {{start date|2025|08|05|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
| score = 1–0
| team2 = {{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]}}
| goals1 =
* [[P Christopher Kamei|Kamei]] {{goal|21}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur]]}}, [[Jharkhand]]
| attendance = 1,343
| motm = P Christopher Kamei (Indian Army)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53911 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53911_Match_Summary_V1_1754397790.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 27'''
| id = C5
| date = {{start date|2025|08|08|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 2–0
| team2 = {{nowrap|[[1 Ladakh FC|1 Ladakh]]}}
| goals1 =
* Siju S {{goal|29|o.g.}}
* Praful Kumar {{goal|46}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur]]}}, [[Jharkhand]]
| attendance = 5,917
| motm = Praful Kumar (Jamshedpur)
| referee = K Ramdasan
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53917 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53917_Match_Summary_V1_1754656925.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 33'''
| id = C6
| date = {{start date|2025|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
| score = 4–2
| team2 = {{nowrap|[[1 Ladakh FC|1 Ladakh]]}}
| goals1 =
* [[Chanambam Samananda Singh|Somananda]] {{goal|41}}
* [[Abhishekh Shankar Powar|Abhishekh]] {{goal|45}}
* [[P Christopher Kamei|Kamei]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Rahul Ramakrishnan|Rahul]] {{goal|55}}
| goals2 =
* P Kamalesh {{goal|23|pen.}}
* [[Vignesh Velan|Vignesh]] {{goal|37}}
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur]]}}, [[Jharkhand]]
| attendance = 1,074
| motm = Abhishekh Shankar Powar (Indian Army)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L Amatya
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53923 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53923_Match_Summary_V1_1754916471.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}

==Group D==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group D
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://durandcup.in/standings/ DFTS]


|name_ITB=[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITB Police]]
|name_BDO=[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|name_PUN=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|name_KMS=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong Morning Star]]


|update=complete
|win_BDO=3 |draw_BDO=0 |loss_BDO= |gf_BDO=7 |ga_BDO=1 |status_BDO=H,
|win_KMS=0 |draw_KMS=0 |loss_KMS=3 |gf_KMS=3 |ga_KMS=6
|win_PUN=1 |draw_PUN=1 |loss_PUN=1 |gf_PUN=2 |ga_PUN=2
|win_ITB=1 |draw_ITB=1 |loss_ITB=1 |gf_ITB=2 |ga_ITB=5


|team_order = BDO, PUN, ITB, KMS


|match_BDO_PUN=[[#D5|1–0]]
|match_BDO_ITB=[[#D6|4–0]]
|match_BDO_KMS=[[#E5|2–1]]

|match_PUN_BDO=null
|match_PUN_KMS=[[#D3|2–1]]
|match_PUN_ITB=[[#D4|0–0]]

|match_KMS_BDO=null
|match_KMS_PUN=null
|match_KMS_ITB=null

|match_ITB_BDO=null
|match_ITB_PUN=null
|match_ITB_KMS=[[#D1|2–1]]


||res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1
|text_KO={{nowrap|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 4'''
| id = D1
| date = {{start date|2025|07|27|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP FT]]
| score = 2–1
| team2 = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Morning Star]]
| goals1 =
* [[Pulung Daimary|Daimary]] {{goal|45}}
* [[Hemraj Bhujel|Bhujel]] {{goal|60}}
| goals2 =
* [[Ben Quansah|B. Quansah]] {{sent off|0|22}}
* [[Lunminlen Haokip|L. Haokip]] {{goal|30}}
| stadium = {{nowrap|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]}}
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]])}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 14,000
| motm = [[Hemraj Bhujel]] (ITBP FT)
| referee = Jarvish Macwan
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53894 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53894_Match_Summary_V1_1753620564.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 11'''
| id = D2
| date = {{start date|2025|07|31|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
| score = 2–1
| team2 = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Morning Star]]
| goals1 =
* [[Gwgwmsar Gayary|Gayary]] {{goal|37}}
* [[Robinson Blandon|Blandon]] {{goal|60}}
| goals2 =
* [[Joseph Olaleye|Olaleye]] {{goal|25}}
| stadium = {{nowrap|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]}}
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]])}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 13,500
| motm = [[Robinson Blandon]] (Bodoland)
| referee = Surojit Das
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53901 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53901_Match_Summary_V1_1753966270.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 18'''
| id = D3
| date = {{start date|2025|08|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Morning Star]]
| score = 1–2
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
* [[Joseph Olaleye|Olaleye]] {{goal|69}}
| goals2 =
* [[Pramveer Singh|Pramveer]] {{goal|73}}
* [[Konsam Sanathoi Singh|Konsam]] {{goal|90+3}}
| stadium = {{nowrap|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]}}
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]])}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 3,500
| motm = [[Pramveer Singh]] (Punjab)
| referee = Harish Kundu
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53908 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53908_Match_Summary_V1_1754235427.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 23'''
| id = D4
| date = {{start date|2025|08|06|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP FT]]
| score = 0–0
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = {{nowrap|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]}}
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]])}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 500
| motm = Donborlang Nongkynrih (ITBP FT)
| referee = Jarvish Macwan
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53913 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53913_Match_Summary_V1_1754484719.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 29'''
| id = D5
| date = {{start date|2025|08|09|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
| score = 1–0
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
* [[Robinson Blandon|Blandon]] {{goal|69}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = {{nowrap|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]}}
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]])}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 12,545
| motm = [[Robinson Blandon]] (Bodoland)
| referee = Surojit Das
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53919 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53919_Match_Summary_V1_1754743382.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 36'''
| id = D6
| date = {{start date|2025|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP FT]]
| score = 0–4
| team2 = [[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
* [[Timothi Narzary|Timothi]] {{goal|25}}
* [[Pedro Astray|Pedro]] {{goal|37|pen.}}
* [[Gwgwmsar Gayary|Gwgwmsar]] {{goal|40}}
* [[Abdul Samed|Abdul]] {{goal|82}}
| stadium = {{nowrap|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]}}
| location = {{nowrap|[[Kokrajhar]] ([[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]])}}, [[Assam]]
| attendance = 12,540
| motm = [[Pranjal Bhumij]] (Bodoland)
| referee = Harish Kundu
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53926 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53926_Match_Summary_V1_1755013152.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}

==Group E==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group E
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://durandcup.in/standings/ DFTS]


|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_RDU=[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
|name_MAS={{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[Armed Forces F.C.|Armed Forces]]
|name_SHI=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]


|update=complete
|win_NEU=2 |draw_NEU=1 |loss_NEU=0 |gf_NEU=7 |ga_NEU=4
|win_RDU=0 |draw_RDU=1 |loss_RDU=2 |gf_RDU=3 |ga_RDU=6 |status_RDU=H
|win_SHI=2 |draw_SHI=0 |loss_SHI=1 |gf_SHI=10 |ga_SHI=3 |status_SHI=H
|win_MAS=1 |draw_MAS=0 |loss_MAS=2 |gf_MAS=2 |ga_MAS=9


|team_order = NEU, SHI, MAS, RDU


|match_SHI_NEU=null
|match_SHI_RDU=[[#E2|3–1]]
|match_SHI_MAS=[[#E1|6–0]]

|match_NEU_SHI=[[#E5|2–1]]
|match_NEU_RDU=[[#E6|2–2]]
|match_NEU_MAS=[[#E3|3–1]]

|match_RDU_SHI=null
|match_RDU_NEU=null
|match_RDU_MAS=null

|match_MAS_SHI=null
|match_MAS_NEU=null
|match_MAS_RDU=[[#E4|1–0]]


||res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |col_KO=green1
|text_KO={{nowrap|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 3'''
| id = E1
| date = {{start date|2025|07|26|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 6–0
| team2 = {{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[Armed Forces F.C.|Armed Forces]]}}
| goals1 =
* [[Everbrightson Sana|E. Sana]] {{goal|11||66}}
* [[Phrangki Buam|Buam]] {{goal|47||49}}
* [[Treimiki Lamurong|Lamurong]] {{goal|73}}
* [[Deibormame Tongper|Tongper]] {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Shillong]]}}, [[Meghalaya]]
| attendance = 6,000
| motm = [[Phrangki Buam]] (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Pratik Mondal
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53893 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53893_Match_Summary_V1_1753533670.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 8'''
| id = E2
| date = {{start date|2025|07|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 3–1
| team2 = [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
| goals1 =
* [[Everbrightson Sana|E. Sana]] {{goal|45+1}}
* [[Damaitphang Lyngdoh|Lyngdoh]] {{goal|66}}
* [[Gladdy Nelcen Kharbuli|G. Kharbuli]] {{goal|80}}
| goals2 =
* [[Mebanshngain Kurkalang|Kurkalang]] {{goal|59}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Shillong]]}}, [[Meghalaya]]
| attendance = 8,500
| motm = Gladdy Nelcen Kharbuli (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Lalit Singh Rawat
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53898 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53898_Match_Summary_V1_1753803610.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 16'''
| id = E3
| date = {{start date|2025|08|02|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 3–1
| team2 = {{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[Armed Forces F.C.|Armed Forces]]}}
| goals1 =
* [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|23||29||70}}
| goals2 =
* [[Muhammad Amir Faisal|Amir]] {{goal|88}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Shillong]]}}, [[Meghalaya]]
| attendance = 3,000
| motm = [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Senthil Nathan S
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53906 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53906_Match_Summary_V1_1754149071.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 22'''
| id = E4
| date = {{start date|2025|08|05|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
| score = 0–1
| team2 = {{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[Armed Forces F.C.|Armed Forces]]}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
* [[Nasir Yasa|Yasa]] {{goal|68}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Shillong]]}}, [[Meghalaya]]
| attendance =
| motm = Nasir Yasa (Armed Forces)
| referee =
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53912 Report]
]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 28'''
| id = E5
| date = {{start date|2025|08|08|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 1–2
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| goals1 =
* Figo Syndai {{goal|81}}
| goals2 =
* [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|5||83}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Shillong]]}}, [[Meghalaya]]
| attendance = 13,900
| motm = [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Pratik Mondal
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53918 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53918_Match_Summary_V1_1754668170.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 34'''
| id = E6
| date = {{start date|2025|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–2
| team2 = [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
| goals1 =
* [[Bekey Oram|Oram]] {{goal|24}}
* [[Jairo Samperio|Jairo]] {{goal|76}}
| goals2 =
* [[Manbhakupar Iawphniaw|Iawphniaw]] {{goal|32}}
* [[Danzel Derique Umdor|Danzel]] {{goal|44}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Shillong]]}}, [[Meghalaya]]
| attendance = 4,439
| motm = Manbhakupar Iawphniaw (Rangdajied United)
| referee = Senthil Nathan S
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53924 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53924_Match_Summary_V1_1754931205.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}

==Group F==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section=Group F
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|source=[https://durandcup.in/standings/ DFTS]


|name_NER=[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|name_TRA=[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|name_RKS=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_NVY=[[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]


|update=complete
|win_NVY=2 |draw_NVY=1 |loss_NVY=0 |gf_NVY=4 |ga_NVY=2 |status_NVY=
|win_TRA=0 |draw_TRA=1 |loss_TRA=2 |gf_TRA=3 |ga_TRA=5|status_TRA=H,
|win_NER=0 |draw_NER=2 |loss_NER=1 |gf_NER=2 |ga_NER=4|status_NER=H,
|win_RKS=2 |draw_RKS=0 |loss_RKS=1 |gf_RKS=6 |ga_RKS=4|status_RKS=


|team_order = NVY, RKS, NER, TRA


|match_TRA_NER=null
|match_TRA_RKS=null
|match_TRA_NVY=null

|match_NER_TRA=[[#F1|1–1]]
|match_NER_RKS=null
|match_NER_NVY=null

|match_RKS_TRA=[[#F3|2–1]]
|match_RKS_NER=[[#F5|3–1]]
|match_RKS_NVY=null

|match_NVY_TRA=[[#F6|2–1]]
|match_NVY_NER=[[#F4|0–0]]
|match_NVY_RKS=[[#F2|2–1]]


||res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO={{nowrap|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 9'''
| id = F1
| date = {{start date|2025|07|30|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 1–1
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 =
* [[Khunjamayum Raj Singh|K. Raj]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Dhanachandra Mutum|D. Mutum]] {{sent off|2|26|77}}
| goals2 =
* [[Kabrabam Arunkumar Singh|K. Arunkumar]] {{goal|90+7}}
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Imphal]]}}, [[Manipur]]
| attendance = 24,820
| motm = [[Sapam Nongpoknganba Singh]] (TRAU)
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53899 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53899_Match_Summary_V1_1753879512.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 13'''
| id = F2
| date = {{start date|2025|08|01|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
| score = 2–1
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 =
* [[Vijay Marandi|Marandi]] {{goal|6}}
* [[Sreyas Gopalan|Sreyas]] {{goal|70}}
| goals2 =
* [[Sessegnon William Kanga|Sessegnon]] {{goal|70}}
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Imphal]]}}, [[Manipur]]
| attendance = 6,782
| motm = [[Bhaskar Roy]] (Indian Navy)
| referee = Dipu Roy
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53903 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53903_Match_Summary_V1_1754052649.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 19'''
| id = F3
| date = {{start date|2025|08|04|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 1–2
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 =
* [[Afridi Buyamayum|Afridi]] {{goal|27}}
| goals2 =
* [[Marat Tareck|Marat]] {{goal|25}}
* Rohen {{goal|64}}
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Imphal]]}}, [[Manipur]]
| attendance = 20,180
| motm = Rohen Singh (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachadran
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=5390 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53909_Match_Summary_V1_1754311361.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 25'''
| id = F4
| date = {{start date|2025|08|07|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 0–0
| team2 = [[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 =
* Zlex Khangjrakpam Mangang {{sent off||90+6}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Imphal]]}}, [[Manipur]]
| attendance = 18,150
| motm = Adersh Mattummal (Indian Navy)
| referee = Dipu Roy
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53915 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53915_Match_Summary_V1_1754570270.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 31'''
| id = F5
| date = {{start date|2025|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 1–3
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 =
* [[Lucas da Silva Chagas|Lucas]]
{{goal|67}}
| goals2 =
* [[Ranjan Singh Salam|Ranjan]]
{{goal|32}}
* [[Marat Tareck|Marat]] {{goal|70}}
* [[Modou Mbengue|Mbengue]] {{goal|82}}
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Imphal]]}}, [[Manipur]]
| attendance = 22,380
| motm = [[Ranjan Singh Salam|Ranjan Singh]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = I Jamal Mohamed
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53921 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53921_Match_Summary_V1_1754830346.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = '''Match 35'''
| id = F6
| date = {{start date|2025|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 1–2
| team2 = [[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 =
* [[Moirangthem Nelson Singh|Nelson]] {{goal|29}}
| goals2 =
* Pintu Mahata {{goal|87}}
* Sreyas Gopalan {{goal|90+2}}
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| location = {{nowrap|[[Imphal]]}}, [[Manipur]]
| attendance = 19,735
| motm = Sreyas Gopalan (Indian Navy)
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachadran
| report =
[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53925 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53925_Match_Summary_V1_1755005145.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}

==Ranking of 2nd placed teams==
{{Further information|2025 Durand Cup knockout stage}}
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://durandcup.in/standings/ DFTS]
|show_groups=T
|section=2nd placed teams

|group_NAM='''[[#Group A|A]]''' |name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|group_DIH='''[[#Group B|B]]''' |name_DIH=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|group_ARM='''[[#Group C|C]]''' |name_ARM=[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|group_PFC='''[[#Group D|D]]''' |name_PFC=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|group_SHL='''[[#Group E|E]]''' |name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|group_RKS='''[[#Group F|F]]''' |name_RKS=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]


|update=complete
|win_NAM=2 |draw_NAM=0 |loss_NAM=1 |gf_NAM=6 |ga_NAM=3
|win_DIH=2 |draw_DIH= |loss_DIH=1 |gf_DIH=11 |ga_DIH=7
|win_ARM=2 |draw_ARM=0 |loss_ARM=1 |gf_ARM=5 |ga_ARM=3
|win_PFC=1 |draw_PFC=1 |loss_PFC=1 |gf_PFC=2 |ga_PFC=2
|win_SHL=2 |draw_SHL=0 |loss_SHL=1 |gf_SHL=10 |ga_SHL=3
|win_RKS=2 |draw_RKS=0 |loss_RKS=1 |gf_RKS=6 |ga_RKS=4


|team_order=
SHL, DIH, NAM, RKS, ARM, PFC


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=Q
|result2=Q
|col_Q=green1|text_Q={{nowrap|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage#A|knockout stage]]}}
|status_text_Y=The best runner-up team can advance to the knockout stage.
}}</onlyinclude>

==Statistics==
=== Top scorers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]]
| align="left" |NorthEast United
| rowspan="2" |5
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]]
|align="left"|Mohun Bagan
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
| align="left" |{{nowrap|Diamond Harbour}}
| rowspan="2" |4
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Clayton (footballer, born 1995)|Clayton Silva]]
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour
|-
| rowspan="2" |5
| align="left" |{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Makakmayum Daniyal]]}}
| align="left" |South United
| rowspan="2" |3
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Everbrightson Sana]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
| rowspan="12" |7
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]]
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
| rowspan="12" |2
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]]
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} [[Hamid Ahadad]]
|align="left"|East Bengal
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NGA}} [[Joseph Olaleye]]
|align="left"|KAMS
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sankit|Sankit Singh]]
|align="left"|Indian Air Force
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| align="left" |Mohun Bagan
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Robinson Blandón]]
| align="left" |Bodoland
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]
|align="left"|East Bengal
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]]
|align="left"|East Bengal
|-
|align="left"|{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[P Christopher Kamei]]}}
|align="left"|Indian Army
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Maharabam Maxion]]
|align="left"|Mohammedan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|RUS}} [[Marat Tareck]]
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|}

=== Hat-tricks ===
{|class="wikitable"
!Player
!For
!Against
!style="text-align:center" | Result
!Date
!Ref
|-
|{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Makakmayum Daniyal]]}}
|{{nowrap|South United}}
|{{nowrap|Indian Air Force}}
|align="center"|3–3
|{{dts|2025|07|27|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53895 |title=Indian Air Force 3 – 3 South United |date=27 July 2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=I-League}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Clayton (footballer, born 1995)|Clayton Silva]] (4)
|{{nowrap|Diamond Harbour}}
|BSF FT
|align="center"|8–1
|{{dts|2025|08|01|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53904 |title=Diamond Habour 8 – 1 BSF |date=1 August 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=I-League}}</ref>
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]]
|NorthEast United
|{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} Armed Forces}}
|align="center"|3–1
|{{dts|2025|08|02|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53906 |title=NorthEast United 3 – 1 Armed Forces |date=1 August 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=I-League}}</ref>
|}

=== Top assists ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Assists
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
|align="left"|Mohun Bagan
|rowspan="1"|4
|-
|rowspan="3"|2
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Girik Khosla]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|rowspan="3"|3
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]
|align="left"|Diamond Habour
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Vincy Barretto]]
|align="left"|Jamshedpur FC
|-
| rowspan="10" |5
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Miguel Figueira]]
|align="left"|East Bengal
| rowspan="10" |2
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Tangva Ragui]]
|align="left"|Mohammedan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalthankima]]
|align="left"|Mohammedan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Roshan Panna]]
|align="left"|Indian Navy
|-
|align="left"|{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Yumnam Monis Singh]]}}
|align="left"|TRAU
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Treimiki Lamurong]]
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} [[Seila Troure]]
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Joby Justin]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[N Rohen Singh]]
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Clayton (footballer, born 1995)|Clayton Silva]]
|align="left"|{{nowrap|Diamond Harbour}}
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Clean sheets
|-
|1
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Amrit Gope]]
| align="left" |Jamshedpur
|2
|-
| rowspan="12" |2
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
| align="left" |East Bengal
| rowspan="12" |1
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]
| align="left" |East Bengal
|-
| align="left" |{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]}}
| align="left" |Punjab
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Siwel Rymbai]]
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Gagandeep Singh (footballer, born 1998)|Gagandeep Singh]]
|align="left"|Army Red
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Niraj Kumar]]
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Jetli Sorokhaibam]]
| align="left" |NEROCA
|-
| align="left" |{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} [[Mohammad Azarulhisham Anuar|Mohammad Azarulhisham]]}}
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAS}} Armed Forces
|-
| align="left" |{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Roy]]}}
| align="left" |Indian Navy
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith]]
| align="left" |Mohun Bagan
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Samit Shrestha]]
| align="left" |{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} Tribhuvan Army}}
|-
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Subhajit Bhattacharjee]]
| align="left" |Mohammedan
|}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://durandcup.in/}}
* [https://www.sofascore.com/tournament/football/india/durand-cup/20809#id:77970,tab:matches 2025 Durand Cup] at [[Sofascore]]

{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
{{Durand Cup}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}
{{2025–26 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2025 Durand Cup|Group Stage]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:August 2025 sports events in India|Durand Cup]]

Anirban Chakraborti

2026-04-22T09:42:19Z

Freeman14H: Done.

{{Short description|Indian physicist (born 1975)}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Anirban Chakraborti
| honorific_suffix = PhD
| image = File:Anirban chakraborti 2023.jpg
| caption = Anirban Chakraborti in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|02|10|df=yes}}
| education = Doctor of Philosophy in Science
| alma_mater = [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]], [[University of Calcutta]]
| thesis_title = Application of Statistical Physics to some Econophysics and Optimization Problem
| thesis_year = 2003
| doctoral_advisor = [[Bikas Chakrabarti|Bikas K. Chakrabarti]]
| discipline = [[Physics]], [[economics]]
| sub_discipline = [[Econophysics]], [[Social physics|sociophysics]]
}}
'''Anirban Chakraborti''' (born 10 February 1975) is an Indian physicist and professor of econophysics at the School of Computational and Integrative Sciences at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/anirban/index.html | title=ETC Laboratory }}</ref> Anirban Chakraborti has published work mainly in the fields of [[econophysics]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wiley.com/en-sg/Econophysics%3A+An+Introduction-p-9783527408153 | title=Econophysics: An Introduction | Wiley }}</ref> and [[data science]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/data-science-for-complex-systems/304F66053C62CD439FDFA46D2D4323A8 | doi=10.1017/9781108953597 | title=Data Science for Complex Systems | date=2023 | last1=Chakrabarti | first1=Anindya S. | last2=Bakar | first2=K. Shuvo | last3=Chakraborti | first3=Anirban | isbn=978-1-108-95359-7 }}</ref>

He was elected as fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] for "performing important and influential interdisciplinary research on the statistical physics of complex socioeconomic systems, termed '[[econophysics]]' and '[[Social physics|sociophysics]]'."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://twas.org/article/twas-elects-50-new-fellows | title=TWAS elects 50 new Fellows | date=21 November 2022 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anirban Chakraborti was born in [[Darjeeling]] on February 10, 1975.<ref name="TWAS Direct." /> His schooling was done in [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling|St. Joseph's School (Darjeeling)]] and [[Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling|Mount Hermon School (Darjeeling)]]. He completed his bachelor's degree in physics from [[Scottish Church College]], Kolkata and his masters degree in Physics from [[Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta]]. He then completed his Ph.D. degree from the [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]], under the supervision of Prof. [[Bikas Chakrabarti|Bikas K. Chakrabarti]]. He completed the [[Habilitation à diriger des recherches]] (HDR) in Physics from the [[Pierre and Marie Curie University]].

== Career ==
Previously, Chakraborti has served as the Chair of Quantitative Finance at [[École Centrale Paris]], France;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://fiquant.mics.centralesupelec.fr/en/node/287 | title=HomeFQ | Quantitative Finance }}</ref> and Lecturer in [[theoretical physics]] at [[Banaras Hindu University]] in Varanasi. He held the position of Dean Research and Dean of School of Engineering and Technology<ref>{{cite web |title=BML Munjal University names Dr. Anirban Chakraborti, the Dean of School of Engineering & Technology and Dean Research {{!}} Business Standard News (business-standard.com) - Newsroom - BMU Alumni Network |url=https://alumni.bmu.edu.in/newsroom/news/BML-Munjal-University-names-Dr-Anirban-Chakraborti-the-Dean-of-School-of-Engineering-Technology-and-Dean-Research-Business-Standard-News-business-standardcom.dz |website=BML Munjal University Alumni Association |language=en |date=24 November 2021}}</ref> at [[BML Munjal University]]. He is an international member of the Centro Internacional de Ciencas A.C.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cicc.unam.mx/associate.html | title=CiC AC }}</ref> He is a founding member of Centre for Complexity Economics, Applied Spirituality and Public Policy, Jindal School of Government and Public Policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Complexity Economics, Applied Spirituality and Public Policy |url=https://jgu.edu.in/jsgp/centre-for-complexity-economics-applied/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=O.P. Jindal Global University |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Research interest ===
Chakraborti research interests have focused on kinetic exchange models of income and wealth distributions. [[Kinetic exchange models of markets|Kinetic exchange models]] are a class of multi agent models, inspired from statistical physics and thermodynamics which attempts to explain the universal features present in income and wealth distributions. Anirban Chakraborti, along with [[Bikas Chakrabarti|Bikas K. Chakrabarti]], proposed the "Chakraborti-Chakrabarti model" which was able to describe the gamma like distributions of income and wealth by taking saving propensity of agents into consideration.

Another model that Chakraborti proposed, named [[Yard-sale model]] attempts to describe mechanisms through which inequality arises in wealth and income.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudding |first=The |title=Why the super rich are inevitable |url=https://pudding.cool/2022/12/yard-sale |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The Pudding |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boghosian |first=Bruce M. |date=2019-11-01 |title=Is Inequality Inevitable? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-inequality-inevitable/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-06 |title=Follow the Money |url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/follow-the-money |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=American Scientist |language=en}}</ref>

== Published works ==
Chakraborti has published numerous journal articles and textbooks on the topics of econophysics:
* {{cite journal |last1=Chakraborti |first1=A. |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=B.K. |title=Statistical mechanics of money: how saving propensity affects its distribution |journal=The European Physical Journal B |date=August 2000 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=167–170 |doi=10.1007/s100510070173|arxiv=cond-mat/0004256 |bibcode=2000EPJB...17..167C }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Onnela |first1=J.-P. |last2=Chakraborti |first2=A. |last3=Kaski |first3=K. |last4=Kertész |first4=J. |last5=Kanto |first5=A. |title=Dynamics of market correlations: Taxonomy and portfolio analysis |journal=Physical Review E |date=13 November 2003 |volume=68 |issue=5 |article-number=056110 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.68.056110|pmid=14682849 |arxiv=cond-mat/0302546 |bibcode=2003PhRvE..68e6110O }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Chakrabarti |editor1-first=Bikas K. |editor2-last=Chakraborti |editor2-first=Anirban |editor3-last=Chatterjee |editor3-first=Arnab |title=Econophysics and sociophysics: trends and perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=Weinheim |isbn=978-3-527-40670-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Onnela |first1=J.-P. |last2=Chakraborti |first2=A. |last3=Kaski |first3=K. |last4=Kertész |first4=J. |title=Dynamic asset trees and Black Monday |journal=Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications |date=June 2003 |volume=324 |issue=1–2 |pages=247–252 |doi=10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01882-4|arxiv=cond-mat/0212037 |bibcode=2003PhyA..324..247O }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=B. K. |last2=Chakraborti |first2=Anirban |last3=Chakravarty |first3=Satya R. |last4=Chatterjee |first4=Arnab |title=Econophysics of income and wealth distributions |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-01344-5}}

== Awards ==
Chakraborti received the [[Indian National Science Academy]] Young Scientist Medal in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://insaindia.res.in/old_website/youngmedal.php | title=RECIPIENTS OF INSA MEDAL FOR YOUNG SCIENTISTS 1974-2024 | website=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>

In 2023, Chakraborti was elected as fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] for work in econophysics.<ref name="TWAS Direct.">{{cite web | url=https://twas.org/directory/chakraborti-anirban | title=TWAS Directory {{!}} Chakraborti, Anirban | website = [[The World Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborti, Anirban}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Haroli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:16Z

Freeman14H: put up

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Haroli
| type=SLA
| constituency_no = 43
| map_image = 43-Haroli constituency.svg
| mla = [[Mukesh Agnihotri]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Una district|Una]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:88951}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Haroli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. Haroli is also part of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Haroli Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/haroli.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="4"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan="3" | [[Mukesh Agnihotri]]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Mukesh Agnihotri (cropped).jpg|50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Haroli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukesh Agnihotri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,652 |percentage=55.33% |change={{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,504 |percentage=42.23% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=636 |percentage=0.91% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Mann |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=601 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashhwani Kumar Rana |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=290 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=175 |percentage=0.25% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,148 |percentage=13.10% |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,858 |percentage=78.54% |change= {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,951 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Haroli<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukesh Agnihotri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,095 |percentage=53.75% |change={{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,718 |percentage=42.45% |change={{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Mann |party=Independent politician |votes=833 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=448 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=376 |percentage=0.58% |change={{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,377 |percentage=11.30% |change= {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,297 |percentage=80.42% |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,198 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Haroli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukesh Agnihotri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,875 |percentage=52.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,703 |percentage=43.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Choudhari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,052 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjiv Fanda |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=902 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,172 |percentage=9.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,800 |percentage=75.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,225 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Haroli]]
* [[Una district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.42|76.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Una district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ujjain South Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T14:32:03Z

Freeman14H:

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ujjain South
| type = SLA
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| constituency_no = 218
| district = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = PM attends swearing in ceremony of Mohan Yadav and his deputies at Bhopal, in Madhya Pradesh.jpg
| map_image = 217-Ujjain South.svg
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Mohan Yadav]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| preceded_by = [[Shivnarayan Jagirdar]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}
'''Ujjain South''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=5 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref> Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

== Overview ==

Ujjain South (constituency number 217) is one of the 7 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Ujjain district]]. This constituency covers the R.I.Circle including Lalpur OG of Ujjain Tehsil, ward numbers 33, and 36 to 54 of the [[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]]. Ujjain Dakshin is part of [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with eight other Vidhan Sabha segments covering the entire Ujjain district and part of Ratlam district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Vishwanath Ayachit
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Hansaben
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Gangaram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Durgadas Suryavansi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Govindrao Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|Mahavir Prasad Vashistha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Babu Lal Mahere]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Shiva Kotwani]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Priti Bhargava
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shivnarayan Jagirdar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|rowspan=3| [[Mohan Yadav]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ujjain South<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mohan Yadav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:95699}}
|percentage = 52.08
|change = {{increase}}5.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chetan Premnarayan Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:82758}}
|percentage = 45.04
|change = {{increase}}9.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2098}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12941}}
|percentage = 7.04
|change = {{decrease}}4.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183738}}
|percentage = 71.43
|change = {{increase}}2.76
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ujjain South<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mohan Yadav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:78178}}
|percentage = 46.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra Vashishtha
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59218}}
|percentage = 35.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jay Singh Darbar
|votes = {{formatnum:19560}}
|percentage = 11.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Dr. Radheshyam Mishra ''''Pandit Ji''''
|votes = {{formatnum:3172}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Indar Lal Makwana
|votes = {{formatnum:1900}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Pankaj Mandloi
|votes = {{formatnum:1616}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2039}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18960}}
|percentage = 11.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167378}}
|percentage = 68.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ujjain South<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceoelection.mp.gov.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2013.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=359 |accessdate=19 April 2026}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mohan Yadav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73108}}
|percentage = 51.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jaysingh Darbar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:63456}}
|percentage = 44.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Laxmi Naryan Marmat
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1200}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2311}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8360}}
|percentage = 6.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:138379}}
|percentage = 68.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Ujjain]]
* [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* <ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=आखिर कौन हैं मध्यप्रदेश के नए मुख्यमंत्री मोहन यादव, जानिए छात्रसंघ से लेकर मुख्यमंत्री बनने तक एक सफर के बारे में। |url=https://hindi.rapidleaks.com/india/mohan-yadav-biography/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=RapidLeaks Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.14|75.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Ujjain]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Rewari Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:43Z

Freeman14H: Creating First Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rewari Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Rewari Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished =
| electors = 2,53,367
|mla = [[Laxman Singh Yadav]]
|party = {{Party index link|BJP}}
| constituency_no = 74
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Rewari district|Rewari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Rewari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/AC%20Distwise.pdf|title=District Wise Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana website|accessdate=15 March 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163531/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/AC%20Distwise.pdf|archivedate=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It comes under [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Sumitra Devi Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Rao Abhey Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 |Rao Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Raghu Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || rowspan=5 | [[Ajay Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Randhir Singh Kapriwas| Rao Randhir Kapriwas]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || Chiranjeev Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Laxman Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxman Singh Yadav]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=83,747 |percentage=49.95 |change={{increase}}22.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiranjeev Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,978 |percentage=32.79 |change={{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Yadav |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=18,427 |percentage=10.99 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Sunny Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=7,787 |percentage=4.64 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=665 |percentage=0.40 |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,769 |percentage=17.16 |change= {{increase}}16.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,67,667 |percentage=66.04 |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,53,367 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}22.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiranjeev Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,870 |percentage=27.82 |change={{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,553 |percentage=26.99 |change={{decrease}}25.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Kapriwas]] |party=Independent politician |votes=36,778 |percentage=23.33 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Sunny Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=22,104 |percentage=14.02 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malkhan Singh |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=3,826 |percentage=2.43 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Jangid |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,455 |percentage=1.56 |change={{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manju Bala |party=Swaraj India |votes=1,197 |percentage=0.76 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Shekhar Saini |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=1,089 |percentage=0.69 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somany Vijay |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,317 |percentage=0.84 |change= {{decrease}}28.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,57,668 |percentage=66.95 |change= {{decrease}}8.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,35,494 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}25.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Kapriwas]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=81,103 |percentage=52.92 |change={{increase}}32.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Yadav |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=35,637 |percentage=23.25 |change={{increase}}20.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajay Singh Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,471 |percentage=20.53 |change={{decrease}}19.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,312 |percentage=0.86 |change={{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghu Yadav |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=935 |percentage=0.61 |change={{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Somany |party=Independent politician |votes=784 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,466 |percentage=29.66 |change= {{increase}}18.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,53,268 |percentage=75.18 |change= {{increase}}2.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,862 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajay Singh Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,557 |percentage=40.31 |change={{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish S/O Roshan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=35,269 |percentage=29.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Kapriwas]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,396 |percentage=20.25 |change={{decrease}}12.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Somany |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,418 |percentage=5.33 |change={{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=3,225 |percentage=2.68 |change={{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,164 |percentage=0.97 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,288 |percentage=11.03 |change= {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,446 |percentage=72.69 |change= {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,691 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajay Singh Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,924 |percentage=44.72 |change={{increase}}15.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Kapriwas]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,145 |percentage=33.04 |change={{increase}}23.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Somany |party=Independent politician |votes=12,140 |percentage=11.10 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thekedar Rajinder Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=5,840 |percentage=5.34 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjeet |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,003 |percentage=2.74 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh |party=Independent politician |votes=969 |percentage=0.89 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohtash |party=Independent politician |votes=574 |percentage=0.52 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,779 |percentage=11.68 |change= {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,404 |percentage=73.77 |change= {{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,312 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajay Singh Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,036 |percentage=28.96 |change={{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Somani |party=Independent politician |votes=21,112 |percentage=23.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Kapriwas]] |party=Independent politician |votes=20,016 |percentage=22.27 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,167 |percentage=11.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Rattan Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,006 |percentage=10.02 |change={{decrease}}12.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hirdey Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,266 |percentage=1.41 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Gulati |party=Independent politician |votes=624 |percentage=0.69 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheo Lal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=542 |percentage=0.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhey Shyam |party=Independent politician |votes=536 |percentage=0.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,924 |percentage=5.48 |change= {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,890 |percentage=66.90 |change= {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,414 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajay Singh Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,099 |percentage=26.70 |change={{decrease}}26.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Kapriwas]] |party=Independent politician |votes=20,332 |percentage=24.56 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,566 |percentage=22.43 |change={{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Yadav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,362 |percentage=8.89 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Master Brinder Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=5,943 |percentage=7.18 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Rao |party=Samata Party |votes=2,705 |percentage=3.27 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Ram Sambharya |party=Independent politician |votes=2,004 |percentage=2.42 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K . R. Khurana |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,262 |percentage=1.52 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Sharma |party=Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh |votes=472 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,767 |percentage=2.13 |change= {{decrease}}38.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,779 |percentage=65.55 |change= {{increase}}4.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,32,344 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajay Singh Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,922 |percentage=52.78 |change={{increase}}29.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=8,098 |percentage=12.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Rattan Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,463 |percentage=11.61 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inderpal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,092 |percentage=7.92 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mittar Sain |party=Sarvajati Janta Panchayat |votes=4,198 |percentage=6.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaggan Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=1,758 |percentage=2.74 |change={{decrease}}52.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=931 |percentage=1.45 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiranji S/O Mam Chand |party=Jawan Kisan Mazdur Party |votes=655 |percentage=1.02 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=432 |percentage=0.67 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder |party=Independent politician |votes=367 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,824 |percentage=40.18 |change= {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,269 |percentage=59.98 |change= {{decrease}}12.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,081 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}2.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghu Yadav |party=Lokdal |votes=38,694 |percentage=55.38 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,368 |percentage=23.42 |change={{decrease}}15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,214 |percentage=16.05 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheo Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,010 |percentage=1.45 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,326 |percentage=31.95 |change= {{increase}}17.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,876 |percentage=70.93 |change= {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,018 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=32,378 |percentage=53.22 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,662 |percentage=38.90 |change={{increase}}31.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghu Yadav |party=Janata Party |votes=3,121 |percentage=5.13 |change={{decrease}}39.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,017 |percentage=1.67 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=657 |percentage=1.08 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,716 |percentage=14.33 |change= {{increase}}14.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,835 |percentage=73.07 |change= {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,519 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=19,563 |percentage=44.41 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Rattan Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=19,477 |percentage=44.22 |change={{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Swaroop |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,161 |percentage=7.18 |change={{decrease}}38.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardayal |party=Independent politician |votes=598 |percentage=1.36 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=1.00 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=358 |percentage=0.81 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ladli Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=352 |percentage=0.80 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=86 |percentage=0.20 |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,050 |percentage=63.69 |change= {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,927 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,389 |percentage=45.79 |change={{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shoe Raj Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=16,696 |percentage=43.97 |change={{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Dayal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,705 |percentage=4.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=995 |percentage=2.62 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=1.16 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander Bhargava |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=1.07 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=346 |percentage=0.91 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=693 |percentage=1.82 |change= {{decrease}}8.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,975 |percentage=70.73 |change= {{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,828 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Devi |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=15,010 |percentage=49.19 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Dayal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,727 |percentage=38.43 |change={{decrease}}17.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhai Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,124 |percentage=10.24 |change={{decrease}}29.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Republican Party of India |votes=655 |percentage=2.15 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,283 |percentage=10.76 |change= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,516 |percentage=63.05 |change= {{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,701 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,474 |percentage=56.00 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhai Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=13,108 |percentage=39.73 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Dass |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,009 |percentage=3.06 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=399 |percentage=1.21 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,366 |percentage=16.27 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,990 |percentage=70.46 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,855 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rewari]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Rewari district topics}}
{{coord|28.20|76.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Rewari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rewari]]

M. L. Tahaliyani

2026-04-07T23:22:36Z

Freeman14H: created new bio.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[Lokayukta]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Judge]] of the [[Bombay High Court]]
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2015
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation =
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''M. L. Tahaliyani''' is the [[Lokayukta]] of [[Maharashtra]] and is a retired [[judge]] of the [[Bombay High Court]] in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Justice-Tahaliyani-to-be-appointed-Maha-lokayukta/articleshow/47942417.cms | title=Justice Tahaliyani to be appointed Maha lokayukta | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> Justice Tahaliyani presided over high-profile cases including the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] and the [[Adarsh Housing Society scam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/justice-madanlal-laxmandas-tahaliyani-sworn-in-as-maharashtra-lokayukta-1210617 | title=Retired Bombay High Court Judge Becomes Maharashtra Chief | publisher=[[NDTV]] | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Born on 23 December 1953, in [[Sardarshahar]], [[Rajasthan]], Tahaliyani began his career as a lawyer in the [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]] in 1975. After a few years he was appointed as an assistant [[public prosecutor]] in the [[Naxal]] effected area of [[Gadchiroli]], Sironcha, Desaiganj and Warora. After spending several years as a public prosecutor he was then appointed as a [[Metropolitan Magistrate]] in 1987. Tahaliyani was appointed the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate in 1994 and later appointed the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate in 1997.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/puisnejudge/judges/ThaliyaniML.pdf | title=JUSTICE M.L.Tahaliyani | publisher=[[Bombay High Court]] | accessdate=11 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410205606/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/puisnejudge/judges/ThaliyaniML.pdf | archivedate=10 April 2016 }}</ref> In 2010 he was appointed as a Principal Judge to the Bombay City Civil Court and in that same year while presiding over the 2008 Mumbai attacks case he pronounced the death penalty to [[Ajmal Kasab]] on terrorism related charges,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meet-26-11-verdicts-judge-ml-tahaliyani-656155 | title=Meet 26/11 verdict's judge ML Tahaliyani |publisher=[[NDTV]]| accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> The judgement was later confirmed by the Bombay High Court and upheld by the Supreme Court of India after which Kasab was hanged at the [[Yerawada Central Jail]], Pune on 21 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/justice-ml-tahaliyani-who-awarded-death-to-kasab-is-maharashtra-lokayukta/16480162 | title=Justice ML Tahaliyani, who awarded death to Ajmal Kasab | work=[[Mid-Day]] | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> The following year Tahaliyani was appointed as a judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] and while presiding over the Adarsh Housing Society scam refused to give any relief to the former [[Chief minister of Maharashtra]] [[Ashok Chavan]] in that case.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bombay-hc-rejects-ashok-chavans-plea-remove-name-adarsh-scam-chargesheet-2135101.html | title=Bombay HC rejects Ashok Chavan's plea to remove his name from Adarsh scam chargesheet | publisher=Firstpost | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> After his retirement from the bench, he was appointed [[Lokayukta]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Justice Tahaliyani succeeds Justice P.B. Gaikwad whose term as Lokayukta ended on 1 July 2014. Tahaliyani was sworn-in as the Lokayukta by Maharashtra Governor [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] on 25 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/2611-trial-judge-tahaliyani-is-maharashtra-lokayukta/article7575305.ece | title=26/11 trial judge Tahaliyani is Maharashtra Lokayukta | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/retd-judge-m-l-tahaliyani-sworn-in-as-maharashtra-lokayukta/ | title=Judge M L Tahaliyani sworn in as Maharashtra Lokayukta | work=[[The Indian Express]]| accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Judiciary of India |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tahaliyani, M. L.}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ombudsmen in India]]
[[Category:Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]

Autobiography of a Yogi

2026-04-07T22:07:43Z

Freeman14H: Post.

{{short description|Autobiography of Paramahansa Yogananda}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name = ''Autobiography of a Yogi''
| image = Autobiography-of-a-Yogi.jpg
| caption = Cover of the 1946 first edition
| author = [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]
| cover_artist =
| country = India and the United States
| language = Hindi, English
| subject = [[Autobiography]], [[memoir]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| publisher = [[Philosophical Library|The Philosophical Library]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Catalog entry 4700544 |url=http://lccn.loc.gov/47000544 |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |year=1946 }}</ref>
| release_date = 1946
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]])
| isbn = 
}}

'''''Autobiography of a Yogi''''' by [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] is a spiritual classic published in 1946. It recounts Yogananda's life, his search for his guru, and his teachings on Kriya Yoga. The book has introduced many to meditation and yoga and has been influential in both Eastern and Western spiritual circles. It has been translated into over fifty languages and continues to be widely read. Notable admirers have included [[Steve Jobs]], [[George Harrison]], and [[Elvis Presley]].

Paramahansa Yogananda was born as Mukunda Lal Ghosh in [[Gorakhpur, India]], into a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] family.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Autobiography of a Yogi|url=https://yssofindia.org/paramahansa-yogananda/autobiography-of-a-yogi|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Yogoda Satsanga Society of India|language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229175919/https://yssofindia.org/paramahansa-yogananda/autobiography-of-a-yogi|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' recounts his life and his encounters with spiritual figures of the Eastern and the Western world. The book begins with his childhood and family life, then finding his guru, becoming a monk and establishing his teachings of [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]] meditation. The book continues in 1920 when [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda]] accepted an invitation to speak at a religious congress in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]. He then travelled across the USA, lecturing and establishing his teachings in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In 1935, he returned to India for a yearlong visit. When he returned to the USA, he continued to establish his teachings, including writing this book.

The book is an introduction to the methods of attaining God-realization and the spiritual wisdom of the [[Eastern world|East]], which had only been available to a few before 1946. The author claims that the writing of the book was prophesied by the nineteenth-century master [[Lahiri Mahasaya]] ([[Paramguru]] of Yogananda).

The book has been in print for seventy-five years and translated into over fifty languages by the [[Self-Realization Fellowship]],<ref name="Y.org">{{cite web|url=https://yogananda.org/translations-around-the-world|title=Translations Around the World|publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009055702/https://yogananda.org/translations-around-the-world|url-status=dead}}</ref> a spiritual society established by Yogananda. It has been acclaimed as a spiritual classic, being designated by [[Philip Zaleski]], while he was under the auspices of HarperCollins Publishers, as one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century."<ref name="librarything.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/HarperCollins+100+Best+Spiritual+Books+of+the+Century |title=HarperCollins 100 Best Spiritual Books of the Century |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109171256/http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/HarperCollins+100+Best+Spiritual+Books+of+the+Century%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AbeBooks.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.abebooks.com/docs/ReligiousSpiritual/spiritual-books.shtml |title=HarperCollins 100 Best Spiritual Books of the Century |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009055701/https://www.abebooks.com/docs/ReligiousSpiritual/spiritual-books.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Spirituality & Practice">{{cite web |url=http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/features/view/10915/100-best-spiritual-books-of-the-twentieth-century |title=HarperSanFrancisco, edited by Philip Zaleski ''100 Best Spiritual Books of the 20th Century'' |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222233807/https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/features/view/10915/100-best-spiritual-books-of-the-twentieth-century |url-status=live }}</ref> It is included in the book ''50 Spiritual Classics: Timeless Wisdom from 50 Great Books of Inner Discovery, Enlightenment and Purpose'' by [[Tom Butler-Bowdon]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Butler-Bowdon|first=Tom |title=50 Spiritual Classics: Timeless Wisdom from 50 Great Books of Inner Discovery, Enlightenment and Purpose |year=2005 |publisher=Nicholas Brealey Publishing|isbn=978-1857883497 }}</ref> According to [[Project Gutenberg]], the first edition is in the public domain,<ref name=gutenberg>{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi by Paramahansa Yogananda |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7452 |via=[[Project Gutenberg]] |date=1 February 2005 |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127084354/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7452 |url-status=live }} (see "Bibrec" tab)</ref> at least five publishers are reprinting it and four post it free for online reading.

== Overview ==

[[File:SRF ashram on the point at Swamis.JPG|thumb|Looking north along Swami's beach in [[Encinitas]], showing part of the [[Self Realization Fellowship]]'s ashram on the point, including (on the left) the hermitage where [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda]] wrote ''Autobiography of a Yogi'']]

''Autobiography of a Yogi'' examines the life and spiritual development of Paramahansa Yogananda. The book describes Yogananda's childhood family life, his search for his guru, [[Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri]],<ref>Chapter 10 – [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 10|I Meet my Master, Sri Yukteswar]]</ref> the establishment of his first school, Yogoda Satsanga Brahmacharya Vidyalaya,<ref>Chapter 27 – [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 27|Founding of a Yoga School at Ranchi]]</ref> and his journey to America where he lectured to thousands,<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=End of Series |date=20 February 1927 |page=F4}}</ref> established the [[Self-Realization Fellowship]]<ref>Chapter 37 - [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 37|I Go to America]]</ref> and visited [[Luther Burbank]],<ref>Chapter 38 – [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 38|Luther Burbank, A Saint Amidst the Roses]]</ref> a renowned [[botanist]] to whom the book is dedicated. The book then describes Yogananda's return visit to India in 1935, where he encountered leading spiritual figures such as [[Therese Neumann]]<ref>Chapter 39 – [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 39|The Catholic Stigmatist of Bavaria]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Yogananda |first=Paramahansa |title=The Second Coming of Christ / Volume I / Jesus Temptation in the wilderness / Discourse 8 / Mattew 4:1-4 |year=2004 |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |isbn=9780876125557 |pages=166–167|title-link=The Second Coming of Christ (book) }}</ref> in Bavaria, the Hindu saint [[Anandamayi Ma|Ananda Moyi Ma]],<ref>Chapter 45 – [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 45|The Bengali "Joy-Permeated Mother"]]</ref> [[Mohandas Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref>Chapter 44 – [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 44|With Mahatma Gandhi at Wardha]]</ref> [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref>Chapter 29 – [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 29|Rabindranath Tagore and I Compare Schools]]</ref> [[Nobel Prize]]-winning physicist Sir [[C. V. Raman]],<ref>Chapter 41 - [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 41|An Idyl in South India]]</ref> and Giri Bala, "the woman yogi who never eats."<ref>Chapter 46 - [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 46|Giri Bala - The woman Yogi Who Never Eats]]</ref> Finally, Yogananda describes his return to the West, where he continued to establish his teachings in America, including the writing of the ''Autobiography''.

The preface was written by anthropologist [[Walter Evans-Wentz]], a writer who was a pioneer in the study of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in the west, most notably through his translations of ''The [[Tibetan Book of the Dead]]'' and ''Tibet's Great Yogi [[Milarepa]].'' In the preface he wrote, "His unusual life-document is certainly one of the most revealing of the depths of the Hindu mind and heart, and of the spiritual wealth of India, ever to be published in the West."<ref>Evans-Wentz, W. Y. [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Preface|Preface]]</ref>

Yukteswar Giri, Yogananda's guru, told him about a significant prediction made by [[Lahiri Mahasaya]], Yukteswar's guru.<ref>Chapter 32 – [[s:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 32|Rama is Raised from the Dead]]</ref> Yukteswar heard him say, "About fifty years after my passing," he said, "my life will be written because of a deep interest in yoga which the West will manifest. The yogic message will encircle the globe, and aid in establishing that brotherhood of man which results from direct perception of the One Father." In 1945, fifty years after Lahiri Mahasaya's passing in 1895, the Autobiography was complete and ready for publication.

==Influence==

[[File:Yoganandacongress.JPG|right|thumb|A 1920 photograph published in ''Autobiography of a Yogi'', showing Yogananda attending a religious congress upon his arrival in the United States]]

In 1999, ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' was designated one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a panel of [[theologians]] and luminaries convened by [[HarperCollins]] publishers.<ref name="librarything.com" /> According to Philip Goldberg, who wrote ''American Veda'', "... the Self-Realization Fellowship, which represents Yogananda's Legacy, is justified in using the slogan, 'The Book that Changed the Lives of Millions.' It has sold more than four million copies and counting ..."<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Philip |title=American Veda |publisher=Harmony; 1 edition (2 November 2010): 109 |year=2012}}</ref> ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' is the most popular of Yogananda's books and SRF has published the book in over fifty languages.<ref name="translate">{{cite web |title=Translations of Autobiography of a Yogi around the World |url=https://yssofindia.org/paramahansa-yogananda/translations-around-the-world |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=Yogoda Satsanga Society of India |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218051610/https://yssofindia.org/paramahansa-yogananda/translations-around-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Autobiography of a Yogi'' has introduced meditation and yoga to many Westerners since its publication.<ref>Bowden, Henry Warner (1993). ''Dictionary of American Religious Biography.'' Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|0-313-27825-3}}. p. 629.</ref> Its success has also made Yogananda a distinguished figure in India, where commemorative stamps were issued in 2017 to honor him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Virk |first=Rizwan |title=Wisdom of a Yogi |publisher=Bayview Books |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-954872-10-3 |pages=xiii-xiv}}</ref>

The book has many famous advocates, particularly in the business and entertainment communities. One of the most famous advocates of the book was [[Steve Jobs]], the co-founder, and formerly chairman and CEO of [[Apple Inc.]] Jobs "first read ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' as a teenager, then re-read [the book] ... once a year ever since."<ref>{{cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Isaacson |title=Steve Jobs: A Biography |year=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-4853-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/stevejobs00isaa/page/527 527] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stevejobs00isaa/page/527}}</ref> [[Marc Benioff]], CEO of Salesforce.com, told his story of attending Steve Jobs' memorial service, where the attendees were handed a small brown box on their way out. "This is going to be good," he thought. "I knew that this was a decision he made, and whatever it was, it was the last thing he wanted us all to think about." The box contained a copy of the book.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farber|first=Dan|title=Marc Benioff explains Steve Jobs' spirituality and chides Apple|date=10 September 2013|location=San Francisco|publisher=CNET News|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57602273-37/marc-benioff-explains-steve-jobs-spirituality-and-chides-apple/|access-date=11 September 2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227191950/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57602273-37/marc-benioff-explains-steve-jobs-spirituality-and-chides-apple/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[George Harrison]], [[lead guitar]]ist of [[the Beatles]], received his first copy of ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' from [[Ravi Shankar]] in 1966 and, according to Shankar, "that was where his (George Harrison's) interest in Vedic culture and Indian-ness began."<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Mahony |first=John |title=A Hodgepodge of Hash, Yoga and LSD – Interview with Sitar giant Ravi Shankar |date=3 June 2008 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jun/04/worldmusic.india |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145301/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jun/04/worldmusic.india |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gary Wright]], who wrote the song ''[[Dream Weaver (song)|Dream Weaver]]'', wrote: "In 1972, my friend George Harrison invited me to accompany him on a trip to India. A few days before we left, he gave me a copy of the book ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' by Paramahansa Yogananda. Needless to say the book inspired me deeply, and I became totally fascinated with Indian culture and philosophy. My trip was an experience I will never forget."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright|first=Gary |title=Dream Weaver: A Memoir; Music, Meditation, and My Friendship with George Harrison |year=2014 |publisher= TarcherPerigee}}</ref>

[[Elvis Presley]] was introduced to ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' in 1965 by his hair dresser-turned-guru, [[Larry Geller]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Stearn|first=Jess |title=Elvis: His Spiritual Journey - p.108 |year=1982|publisher=Walsworth Pub Co |isbn= 978-0898651980}}</ref> Elvis continued to study the book throughout the 1970s. He left a copy of the book behind in a Nashville hotel room on 21 January 1977. Later on this book was auctioned off with a letter of authenticity.<ref>{{cite web|title=ELVIS PRESLEY OWNED AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A YOGI|url=https://www.julienslive.com/view-auctions/catalog/id/124/lot/54188/ELVIS-PRESLEY-OWNED-AUTOBIOGRAPHY-OF-A-YOGI|date=8 December 2019|publisher=julienslive.com|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208151905/https://www.julienslive.com/view-auctions/catalog/id/124/lot/54188/ELVIS-PRESLEY-OWNED-AUTOBIOGRAPHY-OF-A-YOGI|url-status=live}}</ref>

The actress [[Mariel Hemingway]] says that she was introduced to the ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' by Peter Evans, a direct disciple of Yogananda. She was "mesmerized by the ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' and loved the whole great Hindu tradition of spiritual seeking ..."<ref>{{cite book |last=Hemmingway|first=Mariel |title=Finding My Balance |year=2003 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-6432-7}}</ref>

The actor [[Dennis Weaver]] gave a copy of the book to [[Linda Evans]], saying that it had changed his life. Evans says that, "Because of Dennis, I took the first step in what would become a life long spiritual journey."<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans|first=Linda|title=Recipes for Life: My Memories|url=https://archive.org/details/recipesforlifemy00evan|url-access=registration|year=2011 |publisher=Vanguard Press |isbn=978-1-59315-648-0 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/recipesforlifemy00evan/page/205 205]}}</ref>

[[Andrew Weil]], director of the program in [[integrative medicine]] at [[University of Arizona]], wrote the book ''Eating Well for Optimum Health''. He mentioned reading the ''Autobiography of a Yogi'', which he said, "awakened in me an interest in yoga and Indian religious philosophies." He continued, "It is filled with wondrous tales from an exotic land, none more amazing than that of Giri Bala, 'a woman yogi who never eats.'"<ref>{{cite book |last=Weil|first=Dr. Andrew |title=Eating Well for Optimum Health |url=https://archive.org/details/eatingwellforopt00mdan|url-access=registration|year=2000 |publisher=Random House Large Print |isbn=0-375-40978-5}}</ref>

The work has also attracted less favourable comments. [[Srinivas Aravamudan]] has described its contents as "miracle-infested territory" whose "single most memorable feature ... is a repetitive insistence on collocating the miraculous and the quotidian. ... The autobiography is an eclectic directory of sorts that might be dubbed a hitchhiker's guide to the paranormal galaxy." Aravamudan notes the "aggressive marketing" of the Yogoda Satsang and Self-Realization Fellowship, that Yogananda himself "worked the mass media" and used a technique described as "Guru English". He notes that Yogananda was the collator of the testimonials that purport to validate the miracles described, which appear at a rate of around one per page.<ref>{{cite book |title=Guru English: South Asian Religion in a Cosmopolitan Language |first=Srinivas |last=Aravamudan |author-link=Srinivas Aravamudan |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-691-11828-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tusUlz2jb00C |pages=60–61, 246}}</ref>

According to [[Chris Welch]] and the liner notes on the album, ''[[Tales from Topographic Oceans]]'', a [[concept album]] recorded by [[Yes (band)|Yes]], the [[progressive rock]] group, was inspired by "a lengthy footnote on page 83" of ''Autobiography of a Yogi''. The footnote describes four [[Shastra|Shastric]] [[scripture]]s that cover religion, art, social life, medicine, music and architecture. On 3 March 1973, [[Jon Anderson]] was given a copy of ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' by [[Jamie Muir]] at [[Bill Bruford]]'s wedding. Anderson became particularly fascinated by the footnote on page 83, which inspired him to write much of the material for ''[[Tales from Topographic Oceans]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Chris|title=Close to the Edge: The Story of Yes|author-link=Chris Welch|year=2008|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-7119-9509-3 |page=141}}</ref>

Cholo-goth icon [[Rafael Reyes (artist)|Rafael Reyes]] credits the book with saving his life and opening him to spiritual self-awareness.<ref>{{cite web |author=mikemaxwellart |url=http://mikemaxwellart.wordpress.com/2011/08/29/live-free-podcast-62-wguest-mr-rafael-baby-boy-reyes/ |title=Live Free Podcast #62 W/Guest Mr Rafael "Baby Boy" Reyes | Mike Maxwell Art Blog |publisher=Mikemaxwellart.wordpress.com |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=2014-05-30 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106073521/https://mikemaxwellart.wordpress.com/2011/08/29/live-free-podcast-62-wguest-mr-rafael-baby-boy-reyes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

James Dudley, in his book ''Library Journal: Autobiography of a Yogi'', wrote: "Yogananda's masterly storytelling epitomizes the Indian oral tradition with its wit, charm, and compassionate wisdom."<ref>{{cite book |last=Dudley|first=James |title=Library Journal: Autobiography of a Yogi|year=1997 |publisher=Cahners Magazine Division of Reed Publishing}}</ref>

Phil Goldberg, in his book ''The Life of Yogananda'', states that ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' is "the book that changed the lives of millions".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=Phil |title=The Life of Yogananda |date=2018 |publisher=Hay House |location=Carlsbad, California |isbn=9781401952204}}</ref>

Today, reading ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' has become an unofficial prerequisite for prospective students of the Self-Realization Fellowship's "Lessons for Home Study", a set of lessons, reflections, and assignments that one may read and apply before being initiated into [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yogananda.org/lessons|title=Paramahansa Yogananda's SRF Lessons for Home Study|website=www.yogananda.org|access-date=2019-09-22|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009055701/https://yogananda.org/lessons|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Editions ==

The ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' was first printed in December 1946 by Philosophical Library, who printed it until 1953. In October 1953, Self-Realization Fellowship, Yogananda's organization, acquired the rights to the book and have been printing the book ever since, including translating it into over fifty languages.<ref name=translate/><ref>{{cite web|title=Autobiography of a Yogi, Yogananda's Wishes for Later Editions (scroll down to Affidavit)|url=https://yoganandasite.wordpress.com/2016/02/28/autobiography-of-a-yogi-yoganandas-wishes-for-later-editions/|date=October 2016|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082036/https://yoganandasite.wordpress.com/2016/02/28/autobiography-of-a-yogi-yoganandas-wishes-for-later-editions/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Project Gutenberg]], the first edition of ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' is in the [[public domain]] in the USA.<ref name=gutenberg/>

Many editions of ''Autobiography of a Yogi'' have been printed, including the following.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/search/?q=Autobiography+of+a+Yogi&fa=original_format%3Atext&all=true&sb=Date |title=Search Results for "Autobiography of a Yogi" -- 1 - 23 of 23 from the Library of Congress |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009055701/https://www.loc.gov/search/?q=Autobiography+of+a+Yogi&fa=original_format%3Atext&all=true&sb=date |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Philosophical Library
The first four editions in the United States were published by the [[Philosophical Library]].

*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=The Philosophical Library |edition=1st |year=1946 |location=New York |pages=498 pages |no-pp=y |lccn=47000544}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=The Philosophical Library |edition=2nd |year=1949 |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=The Philosophical Library |edition=3rd, enlarged |year=1951 |location=New York |oclc=6847023}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=The Philosophical Library |edition=4th |year=1952 |location=New York |oclc=7102414}}

;Self-Realization Fellowship / Yogoda Satsanga Society of India
Self-Realization Fellowship has published the book in the United States since the fifth edition in 1954.

*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=5th |year=1954 |location=Los Angeles |pages=501 pages |no-pp=y |oclc=271420169}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=6th |year=1955 |location=Los Angeles |pages=514 pages |no-pp=y |oclc=546634 }}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=7th |year=1956 |location=Los Angeles |pages=514 pages|no-pp=y|oclc=459188400}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofy0000yoga |url-access=registration |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=8th |year=1959 |location=Los Angeles |pages=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofy0000yoga/page/514 514] pages |no-pp=y |lccn=68039787}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=9th |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles |pages=514 pages |no-pp=y |lccn=68017564}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=10th |year=1969 |location=Los Angeles |pages=514 pages |no-pp=y |lccn=69011377}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=11th |year=1971 |location=Los Angeles |pages=516 pages |no-pp=y |lccn=78151319 |isbn=0-87612-075-3}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=12th |year=1981 |location=Los Angeles |pages=499 pages |no-pp=y |lccn=80052927 |isbn=0-87612-080-X}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=Anniversary |year=1997 |location=Los Angeles |pages=588 pages |no-pp=y |lccn=00265526 |isbn=0-87612-086-9}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |edition=13th |year=1998 |location=Los Angeles |pages=594 pages |no-pp=y |lccn=80052927 |isbn=0-87612-082-6}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Yogoda Satsanga Society of India |year=2001 |location=India |pages= 566 pages |no-pp=y |isbn=978-81-7224-121-6}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Yogoda Satsanga Society of India |edition=Collector's |location=India |pages= 530 pages |no-pp=y |isbn=978-81-89955-20-5}}

;Jaico
An Indian edition has been published by Jaico.

*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Jaico |year=1975 |location=Bombay |pages=512 pages |no-pp=y |oclc=756741285}}

;Rider
British editions have been published by [[Rider (imprint)|Rider]] since 1949.

*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=1st London|year=1949 |location=London, New York |pages=403 pages |no-pp=y|oclc= 788538289 }}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |year=1950 |location=London, New York |pages=403 pages |no-pp=y|oclc= 7060654 |lccn=58018867}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=2nd |year=1952 |location=London |pages=403 pages |no-pp=y |isbn=978-0-09-021052-7|oclc=62434213}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=3rd |year=1953 |location=London |pages=403 pages |no-pp=y |oclc=500094560}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=4th |year=1955 |location=London |pages=403 pages |no-pp=y |oclc=504109437}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=5th |year=1958 |location=London |pages=403 pages |no-pp=y |oclc=271700247}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=6th |location=London}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=7th |location=London}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=New |year=1969 |location=London |pages=403 pages |no-pp=y |lccn= 73385771|isbn=0-09-021052-2}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |year=1969 |location=London |isbn=0-09-021051-4}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |year=1973 |location=London |pages=403 pages |no-pp=y |oclc=481614957}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Rider |edition=New |year=1996 |location=London |pages=591 pages |no-pp=y |oclc=36084750 |isbn=978-0-7126-7238-2}}

;Reprints of the first edition
The first edition, which is in the public domain according to Project Gutenberg,<ref name=gutenberg/> has more recently been reprinted by a number of publishers.
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Crystal Clarity Publishers |year=1995 |orig-year=1946 |location=Nevada City, CA |pages=481 pages |no-pp=y |lccn=99165624 |isbn=1-56589-108-2}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Empire Books |year=2012 |orig-year=1946 |location=Lexington, KY |pages=301 pages |no-pp=y |oclc= 775010799 |isbn= 978-1-61949-125-0}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Gardners Books |year=2003 |orig-year= 1946 |oclc=221178768 |isbn=978-81-207-2524-9}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Jaico |year=1997 |orig-year=1946 |location=Mumbai |pages=498 pages |no-pp=y |oclc= 796041504 |isbn=978-81-7224-660-0}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Kessinger |year=2004 |orig-year=1946 |location=Whitefish, MT |pages=452 pages |no-pp=y |oclc= 752308536 |isbn=978-1-4191-0843-3}}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Pharos Books Private Limited |year=2019 |orig-year=1946 |location= New Delhi, India |isbn= 978-93-898-4309-5 }}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Prakash Book Depot|year=2014|orig-year=1946 |location= New Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-7234-536-5 }}
*{{cite book |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=2003 |orig-year=1946 |location= New Delhi, India |isbn= 978-81-207-2524-9 }}

===Adaptations and translations===

The ''Autobiography'' is now available in a Kindle edition.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.amazon.com/Autobiography-Complete-Edition-Paramahansa-Yogananda-ebook/dp/B00JW44IAI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1399563448&sr=8-1&keywords=9780876124192 |title=Autobiography of a Yogi (Complete Edition) [Kindle Edition] |date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218051524/https://www.amazon.com/Autobiography-Complete-Edition-Paramahansa-Yogananda-ebook/dp/B00JW44IAI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1399563448&sr=8-1&keywords=9780876124192 |url-status=live }}</ref> An unabridged audio book (15 CDs) version narrated by [[Ben Kingsley]] and published by [[Self-Realization Fellowship]] (2004) is available in English and German ({{ISBN|0-87612-095-8}}). It is also offered as a download from [[iTunes]].

Self-Realization Fellowship has translated the book into over fifty languages.<ref name="translate"/>

==See also==

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Awake: The Life of Yogananda]]''
* [[Daya Mata]]
* ''[[Hinduism Invades America]]''
* [[Mahavatar Babaji]]
* [[Panchanan Bhattacharya]]
* [[Rajarsi Janakananda]]
{{div col end}}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{librivox book | title= Autobiography of a Yogi | author= Paramahansa Yogananda}}

==Further reading==

*{{Citation |last=Foxen |first=Anya P. |author-link=Anya Foxen |title=Biography of a Yogi |date=1 August 2017 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biography_of_a_Yogi/mDoqDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |chapter=Hagiography of a Yogi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Philip |year=2018 |title=The Life of Yogananda |publisher=Hay House, Inc |page=270 |isbn=978-1-4019-5218-1}} For further reading on the subject of editions, page 270.
*{{cite web |author=Self-Realization Fellowship |title=Yogananda's Wishes for Later Editions |url=http://www.yogananda-srf.org/tmp/py.aspx?id=1030#.UQvy1GdaZTU |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |work=Yogananda-srf.org}}
*{{cite web |author=Yogoda Satsanga of India|title= The Making of a Spiritual Classic - The Extraordinary History Behind Autobiography of a Yogi|url=https://yssofindia.org/paramahansa-yogananda/Making-of-Spiritual-Classic |work=yssofindia.org }} Includes history of the editions through 1956

{{wikisource|Autobiography of a Yogi|''Autobiography of a Yogi''}}
{{Commons category|Autobiography of a Yogi}}

===Free online editions of 1946 first edition===
* [https://www.ananda.org/autobiography/ Crystal Clarity]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7452 Gutenberg]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151022105434/http://healingspiral.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/1/3/10136672/autobiography-of-a-yogi-by-paramahansa-yogananda.pdf Healing Spiral] at the Wayback Machine
* [http://www.holybooks.com/autobiography-of-a-yogi-paramahansa-yogananda/ Holybooks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312200000/http://www.holybooks.com/autobiography-of-a-yogi-paramahansa-yogananda/ |date=12 March 2017 }}

{{Paramahansa Yogananda}}
{{Yoga}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Autobiography Of A Yogi}}
[[Category:1946 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about religion]]
[[Category:Books about spirituality]]
[[Category:Paramahansa Yogananda]]
[[Category:Religious autobiographies]]
[[Category:Books about modern yoga]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:American memoirs]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]

Kaliveedu (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:49:00Z

Freeman14H: stub

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language soap opera}}
{{About|the 2021 Malayalam soap opera|the 1996 Malayalam film|Kaliveedu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kaliveedu-Serial.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Title Intro
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''|[[Saregama]]}}
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer = M. C. Ratheesh
| screenplay = M. C. Ratheesh
| story = Vasubharathy
| director = {{ubl|Dileep Kumar|[[Kannan Thamarakkulam]]|Manjudharman}}
| creative_director = M. C. Ratheesh
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rebecca Santhosh]]
* [[Nithin Jake Joseph]]
* (''[[#Cast|See below]]'')
}}
| voices = {{ubl|[[Devi S.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/oct/28/dub-smash-2512345.html|title=Dub Smash|work=The New Indian Express|date=28 October 2022}}</ref>|Siddharthan|RJ Neenu|[[Bhagyalakshmi]]}}
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Sanand George
| open_theme = "Unarum Nilavu Polaval"
| end_theme =
| composer = Sanand George
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1000
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Ravi Prasad
| producer = Shan A
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|Anurag Guna|Hemachandran}}
| editor = {{ubl|Ajay Prasannan|Jerry Amal Chavara}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| company = Cyabio films
| budget =
| network = [[Surya TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|09|22|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''
}}

'''''Kaliveedu''''' ({{Translation|The House of Entertainment}}) was an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]] directed by Dileep Kumar.<ref name="ShanthiKrishna">{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/santhi-krishna-to-make-guest-role-in-rebecca-santhosh-and-nithin-jake-starrer-serial-kaliveedu-081002.html|work=Filmibeat|title=പൂജയുടേയും അര്‍ജുന്റേയും കോണ്‍ട്രാക്ട് ജീവിതത്തിലേയ്ക്ക് ശാന്തികൃഷ്ണയും, കളിവീട് പരമ്പരയില്‍ ട്വിസ്റ്റ്|language=ml|date=26 April 2022|access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> The show aired from 15 November 2021 to 22 September 2024 on [[Surya TV]].<ref name="SunNXT">{{cite web|title=Watch all episodes of Kaliveedu from Sun NXT|website=[[Sun NXT]]|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-tv/detail/128064|access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> It stars [[Rebecca Santhosh]] and [[Nithin Jake Joseph]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pranayavarnangal-to-valkkannadi-heres-a-quick-look-at-upcoming-malayalam-tv-shows-set-to-entertain-soon/etphotostory/87021713.cms|title=Pranayavarnangal to Valkkannadi: Here's a quick look at upcoming Malayalam TV shows set to entertain soon|work=The Times of India|date=14 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> in lead roles along with Gayathri Mayura, [[Uma Nair]], [[Krishna Prabha]] and [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] in pivotal roles.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="UN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/malayalam/gorgeous-vamps-of-malayalam-tv/photostory/89922739.cms|title=Gorgeous vamps of Malayalam TV|work=The Times of India|date=1 March 2022|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-here-is-sreelatha-namboothiris-trendy-version-of-devadoothar-paadi/articleshow/93339424.cms|title=Watch: Here is Sreelatha Namboothiri's trendy version of 'Devadoothar Paadi'|work=The Times of India|date=4 August 2022|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> It is an official remake of Tamil TV series ''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-to-mrs-hitler-heres-a-look-at-the-popular-originals-of-these-malayalam-shows/photostory/89432776.cms?picid=89432791|title=Kudumbavilakku to Mrs. Hitler: Here's a look at the popular originals of these Malayalam shows|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2022|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
Pooja is raised in an orphanage, Snehasadhanam by her foster-father Vishwanathan and has a sweet, kind disposition. She, in reality, is Anu, the long-lost daughter of Nandagopan and the late Arunima. She was separated from her family following an accident which killed her mother and supposedly her too. The accident was plotted by her paternal uncle, Shankar Ram for inheriting her father's wealth. She comes across her living father, Nandagopan and develops a bond with him, though unaware of their relationship. Arjun, humble despite his wealth, is a leading criminal lawyer. Pooja and Arjun meet several times and develop a mutual dislike for each other due to their contrasting personalities.

Vishwanathan rejects the business offer of Sakshi, a crooked businesswoman who wishes to buy Snehasadanam ashram. To get rid of Vishwanathan, she frames him for the murder of Theja with the help of Priya, another inmate of Snehasadanam. Nandagopan takes up the case. Priya masquerades herself as the long-lost Anu and returns to Nandagopan. Due to Pooja and Priya's varying statements on the Theja murder Case, Nandagopan backs off from the case, causing Pooja to look for another lawyer. Pooja attempts to hire Arjun but he backs off citing that his remuneration is beyond her capacity.

Arunima's family reunites with fake Anu and decides to get her married to Arjun, who is her cousin. Arjun who loathes love and marriage refuses but eventually has to relent due to the family's pressure. To break the marriage, he puts a condition ahead of Pooja to enter a one-year contract marriage with him in return for him acquitting her father without any fees. Without another choice, Pooja accepts the offer. The two secretly marry in a temple on Arjun's engagement day and pretend like a married couple in front of the family. Priya and Arjun's aunt, Madhumita, who hates Pooja because of a past incident, try to discredit and endanger Pooja several times but fail in every attempt. Over time, Arjun and Pooja develop a good friendship bond and fall for each other.

Akhil falls in love with a feisty girl, Sneha and secretly marries her when the family decides to get him married to Priya. Arjun and Pooja discover that Arunima was alive all along and is living as a nurse after suffering memory loss and reunite her with the family.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Rebecca Santhosh]] in [[dual role]] as:
** Pooja Arjun / Real Anu
***Adv. Nandagopan and Arunima's daughter, Anu, who was separated from her family as a toddler following an accident. Unaware of her true identity, she grew up as an orphan named Pooja in Snehasadanam Ashram. She married Arjun, her cousin, under a one-year contract in return for releasing her jailed foster father, Vishwanathan. She later falls in love with Arjun. (2021–present)<ref name="ShanthiKrishna"/>
**Rani
***Pooja's long-lost half-sister.
*[[Nithin Jake Joseph]] as Adv. Arjun<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/nithin-jake-joseph-about-his-character-in-kaliveedu-serial-rhyfvu|title='കളിവീടിലെ അര്‍ജുന്‍' എന്തുകൊണ്ട് നട്ടെല്ല് വളയ്ക്കുന്നു?; നിഥിന്‍ ജെയ്‍കിന്‍റെ മറുപടി|work=Asianet News|date=9 September 2022|access-date=23 September 2022|language=ml}}</ref>
**A successful criminal lawyer; Arunima's nephew and Anu's cousin. Arjun, who disapproves of romantic love and marital relationships, enters into a contract marriage with Pooja to break his engagement with Priya and to stop any further marriage proposals from his family. However, he eventually changes his opinion on marriages and falls in love with Pooja. (2021–present)<ref name="ShanthiKrishna"/>

===Recurring===
*Gayathri Mayura as Priya alias Fake Anu
**A fellow inmate of Pooja in Snehasadanam who hates her since childhood. She is a criminally minded woman who forged herself as the long-lost Anu and made a fake murder accusation against Vishwanathan. Initially, she wishes to marry Arjun and then his brother, Akhil, for her secure future. (2021–present)<ref name="ShanthiKrishna"/>
*[[Uma Nair]] as Madhuri Anand
**Arjun's mother; a devoted homemaker. She accepts Pooja as her daughter-in-law despite the disapproval of the rest of the family and develops a motherly bond with her. She is kind-hearted and soft-spoken and wishes to bind her family together. (2021–present)<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/vanambadi-serial-fame-mohan-ayroor-opens-up-about-actress-uma-nair-s-unkown-secret-went-viral-081799.html|title=ആര്‍ട്ടിസ്റ്റ് മാത്രമല്ല, ഉമ നായരെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള രഹസ്യം വെളിപ്പെടുത്തി മോഹന്‍ അയിരൂര്‍, പരാതിയുമായി സ്വാസിക|work=Filmibeat|language=ml|date=19 May 2022|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>
*[[Neena Kurup]] as Arunima alias Nurse Indulekha<ref name="TOI"/>
**Nandagopan's wife and Pooja's biological mother who was believed to be killed in an accident. She was later revealed to be alive leading her life as a nurse after suffering a memory loss. (2021–present)
*[[Krishna Prabha]] as Madhumita<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2022/02/16/actress-krishnaprabha-on-negative-comments-and-trending-dance-videos.html|title=അടിവസ്ത്രത്തെപ്പറ്റി കമന്റ്; 'എന്താ ഇടാറില്ലേ?' എന്ന് തിരിച്ചടി: മാറ്റത്തിന് കാരണമുണ്ടെന്ന് കൃഷ്ണപ്രഭ|date=16 February 2022|work=Manorama Online|language=ml|access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> alias Madhu
**Arunima and Anand's younger sister; Arjun's paternal aunt. A crooked woman who has teamed up with Priya due to their common hatred towards Pooja. Her internal motive is to create problems in the family to gain power and money for herself. (2021–present)<ref name="ShanthiKrishna"/>
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sreelatha-namboothiri-dance-video-sami-sami-song-602718/|title=സാമി ഡാൻസിനു ചുവടുവെച്ച് ശ്രീലത നമ്പൂതിരി; വീഡിയോ|language=ml|work=Indian Express|date=10 January 2022|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> as Maheshwariyamma
**Arunima, Anand and Madhumita's mother and the family [[Matriarchy|matriach]]. She is an affectionate and headstrong lady with her own views and ethics who is still mourning the death of her daughter, Arunima. She wishes Priya to be her granddaughter-in-law believing her to be the real Anu and therefore disapproves of Arjun's marriage with Pooja. (2021–present)
*[[Jeevan Gopal]] as Akhil<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-kaushik-babu-to-akshara-kishore-these-popular-child-actors-look-unrecognisable-now/photostory/93547374.cms|title=From Kaushik Babu to Akshara Kishore: These popular child actors look unrecognisable now|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
**Arjun's younger brother who takes care of the family business. He supports his brother's marriage and initially adored Pooja. Though he later starts hating her influenced by Priya's charm but soon discovers Priya's criminal actions and regains his respect towards Pooja. (2021–present)
*Amrutha Nair as Sneha
**Akhil's wife. An LLB graduate, she is a no-nonsense girl. (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/kudumbavilakku-fame-amritha-nair-coming-back-to-miniscreen-after-one-year-latest-video-goes-viral-087116.html|title='ഇത് എന്റെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ സന്തോഷം, ഒരു വർഷത്തിന് ശേഷം അത് സംഭവിക്കുന്നു'; പുതിയ വിശേഷം പറഞ്ഞ് അമൃത നായർ!|work=Filmibeat|date=8 October 2022|access-date=9 October 2022|language=ml}}</ref>
*Vijayakumari Ramesh<ref name="Uma">{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/vanambadi-fame-uma-nair-shares-a-good-news-for-her-fans/articleshow/86804044.cms|title=നല്ലതൊന്നും പറയാൻ ഇല്ലായിരുന്നു; അതാണ് മാറി നിന്നത്; എന്നാൽ നിർമ്മലേടത്തിക്ക് പറയാൻ പുതിയൊരു സന്തോഷമുണ്ട്!|work=Samayam Malayalam|publisher=The Times of India|language=ml|date=6 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> as Kanakam
**The long-time domestic help of Arjun's family who is considered as their family member. She finds Pooja lovable from the beginning and adores her. She is a bold lady who always supports her dear ones and is not hesitant to stand up against injustice. (2021–present)
*Tony Antony (2021)<ref name=".2"/> → Amith (2022) → Tony Antony <ref name="ShanthiKrishna"/> as Anand
**Madhuri's husband, Arjun's father and Arunima's brother. He is a successful businessman. Even though he appreciates Pooja's qualities, he is yet to come to terms with Arjun's marriage to her and still internally wishes his sister's daughter to be his daughter-in-law. (2022–present)
*Mohan Ayroor<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malayalam-miniscreen-actress-uma-nair-reviled-her-new-project-kaliveedu-on-surya-tv-r0kbnf |title='നല്ലതൊന്നും പറയാന്‍ ഇല്ലാത്തതിനാലാണ് കാണാതിരുന്നത്': പുതിയ വിശേഷവുമായി ഉമാനായര്‍ |work=Asianet News|language=ml|date= 6 October 2021|access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.gulf-times.com/story/721041/Longtime-resident-leaves-Qatar-with-fond-memories|title=Longtime resident leaves Qatar with fond memories|work=Gulf Times|language=en|date=15 July 2022|access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref> as Adv. Nandagopan Marar alias Nandan
**Pooja's father and Arunima's husband; a successful lawyer and businessman. He was elated to unite with Priya (believing her to be Anu) after spending years in sorrow believing her to be dead. He shares a fatherly bond with Pooja though unaware of each other's identities. He still cares for Pooja and Arjun in spite of them betraying his supposed daughter. (2021–present)
*Shibu Laban as Vasanthan
**Madhumita's henpecked husband; an unemployed amateur mimicry artist. He often teams up with Madhu and Priya to create confusion between Arjun and Pooja. (2021–present)
*Lakshmi Keerthana<ref name="ShanthiKrishna"/> as Saayu
**Arjun's sister. A college student who supports her brother's love marriage and adores Pooja. (2021–present)
*Maneesha Jayasingh (2021–22) → Alanteena (2022) → Maneesha Jayasingh as Sakshi
**A criminal-minded businesswoman; Priya's ally. She wishes to buy Snehasadanam for opening a resort and frames a murder case against Vishwanathan to gain the plot. She shares a past rivalry with Arjun which involves the suicidal death of his best friend, Devan after Sakshi's love betrayal. (2023–present)
*Kiran as Georgekutty
**Arjun's legal assistant. He is loyal and respects Arjun and Pooja and often assists them in the Snehasadanam issue. He advises Arjun about married life, despite being unmarried himself. (2021–present)
*Nandana Thulasi as Jeena
**Pooja's best friend and colleague. She is the only person who knows about the truth of Pooja's marriage with Arjun. She shares a close bond with Pooja and finds Arjun's actions suspicious. (2021–present)
*Dr Jayan as Shankar Raman Marar
**Nandagopan's younger brother. He pretends like a devoted younger brother to Nandan but is actually the one who plotted the accident that killed his brother's family twenty years back. His aim is to gain his brother's vast wealth after removing Priya from his way. (2021–present)
*Devendranath as Commissioner Hemachandran IPS
**A corrupt police officer; Senapathi and Shankar's accomplice. (2023–present)
*Subhash Menon<ref name="Asianet"/> as Baiju Senapathi
**A renowned politician and Sakshi's father who supports her criminal activities. He is also a friend of Shankar Ram and was an active member in planning Nandagopan and his family's accident. (2021; 2023–present)
*Pradeep Prabhakar as Dathan
**Sneha's father and a friend of Anand. (2022–present)
*Indulekha as Geetha
**Sneha's mother. (2022–present)
*[[Sethu Lakshmi]]<ref name="TOI"/> as Meenakshiyamma
**An inmate of Snehasadanam; Vasanthan's mother; Madhumita's mother-in-law. She was thrown out of her house by Madhu and was admitted to Snehasadanam by Pooja. (2021–present)
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Sabarmathi Vishwanathan<ref name="TOI"/>
**Pooja's foster-father and the establisher of the orphanage Snehasadanam Ashram. He was fakely accused of murder by Priya and Sakshi for claiming his plot containing the Ashram where they plan to open a resort. (2021–present)
*Sindhu Jacob (2021–2023) / Aparna Nair (2023) as Athira<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/31-year-old-tv-actress-aparna-nair-found-dead-at-her-residence-police-register-case-of-unnatural-death/articleshow/103265941.cms|title=33-year-old TV actress Aparna Nair found dead at her residence, police register case of unnatural death}}</ref>
**Shankar's wife. She cares for her husband's family and grieves the tragedy that hit them. She is unaware of her husband's true face.
*[[Ranjith Raj]] as Jeevan
**A fraudster hired by Priya and Shankar to create problems in Arjun's family by making Sayu fall in love with him. (2022)
*Alif Shah as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Kiran Kumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
**A friend of Arjun who helps him in investigating the Theja murder case. (2022–present)
*Sandhya Manoj as Chandra Prabha IPS
**An honest police officer. Arjun's nemesis turned friend who helps him with various cases. (2022–present)
*[[Shanthi Williams]] as [[Japan]] Rajeshwari
**Maheshwari's younger sister who resides in [[Japan]]. (2023–present)
*Kottayam Rasheed as Paravila Pavithran
**Priya's fake father (2023)
*Kavitha Lakshmi as Manikutty
**Priya's fake mother (2023)
*[[Kochu Preman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-malayalam-actor-kochu-premam-pases-away-at-68-2305184-2022-12-04|title=Veteran Malayalam actor Kochu Preman passes away at 68|date=4 December 2022|work=India Today}}</ref> as Pankajakshan alias Panku
**An inmate of Snehasadanam; Meenakshi's husband; Vasanthan's father; Madhu's father-in-law. He and his wife were thrown out of their house by Madhu and later reached Snehasadanam. (2021-2022)
*Amboori Jayan as Joseph
**A driver hired by Shankar to murder Nandagopan's family. He later repents his action and dies after confessing the truth to Nandagopan and Pooja. (2021)
*Aneesh as Sajan<ref>{{cite web|title=അലൂമിനിയം ഫാബ്രിക്കേഷൻ ജോലിയിൽ നിന്നും അഭിനയത്തിലേക്ക്, കളിവീട് സീരിയലിലെ വില്ലൻ സാജനായി എത്തുന്ന അനീഷിന്റെ യഥാർത്ഥ ജീവിതം|language=ml|date=13 June 2022|access-date=18 July 2022|url=https://top14news.com/kaliveedu-serial-actor-aneesh-real-life/|work=Top 14 News}}</ref>
**Sakshi's goon who was part of the group which disposed of Theja's dead body. He later teams up with Arjun, only to cheat him at the last moment. (2022)
*Venki as Harichand Theja
**Priya's ex-boyfriend who was murdered by Sakshi for framing Vishwanathan. (2021)
*Nancy as Laali
**An accomplice of Arjun who traps Vasanthan in a honey trap. (2022)
*Subeer Bavu as Sharath
**A former inmate of Snehasadanam. (2021)
*Ashraf Pezhumoodu as [[Commissioner]] Padmakumar P [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] **A police officer who helps Nandagopan in tracking his family's murderer. (2021)
*Vinayak as Rahul
**An ex-boyfriend of Priya with whom she breaks up because of his financial status. (2021)
*Sindhu Varma<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metromatinee.com/malayalam-12954/|title=തലച്ചോറിയില്‍ കുറച്ച് ഫ്‌ളൂയ്ഡ് ശേഖരണം വന്നു; രണ്ട് ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ നടത്തി;വീൽ ചെയറിലായ മകൾ; എന്തിനാണ് വെറുതേ കാശ് കളയുന്നത്;. ഇത് നേരെയാവുകയൊന്നും ഇല്ല എന്നൊക്കെ മുഖത്തുനോക്കി പറഞ്ഞവരുണ്ട്; സിന്ധു മനുവർമ്മയുടെ യഥാർത്ഥ ജീവിതം !|work=Metro Matinee|date=11 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022|language=ml}}</ref> as Hema T.K
**Madhuri's childhood friend who teams up with her to stage a drama to persuade Pooja and Arjun to have kids. (2022)
*Tom Jacob as Mahesh Manjalikulam
**A man who gives charity donations in return for sexual favours from women. He repents his actions after getting a befitting reply from Pooja. (2022)
*Pala Aravindan as Padmanabhan
**A farmer who provides accommodation for Arjun and Pooja when they get lost in a jungle. (2022)
*Kalady Omana as Annamma
**Padmanabhan's wife. (2022)
*Anu Lakshmi as Shalini
**A young girl who attempts suicide believing that her lover was cheating on her. Arjun donates blood to save her life which also paves the way for his first meeting with Pooja. (2022)
*Sreenath Swaminathan as Musafir
**A friend of Arjun and Pooja during their honeymoon (2022)
*Vyshnavi Krishnajith as Reshmi
**Pooja's friend. (2023)
*Satheesh Vettikkavala as Arjun's junior advocate (2021)
*Niya Renjith as Anjana, Hemachandran's sister, Aravindan's wife, Rani 's biological mother
*Sona Adam
*Landwin as Abhijith Aravindan
*____ as Aravindan

===Guest===
*[[Baby Ameya]] as Young Anu
**The [[Uppum Mulakum]] fame made a [[cameo appearance]] as a toddler Anu in the show's first episode. (2021)<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rebecca-santhosh-and-nithin-jake-starrer-kaliveedu-premiere-review-interesting-storyline-but-lacks-lustre/articleshow/87740543.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Rebecca Santhosh and Nithin Jake starrer Kaliveedu premiere review: Interesting storyline but lacks lustre|date=16 November 2021|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>
*[[Haritha G Nair]] as Keerthi
**[[Cameo appearance]] in promotional video as her character from soap opera ''[[Thinkalkalamaan]]''. (2021)
*[[Shanthi Krishna]] as Herself
**A fictionalized version of herself as a well-wisher of Pooja. She plays a crucial role in making Pooja and Arjun accept their love for each other. (2022)<ref name=".2">{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/amphtml/television/actress-shanthi-krishna-opens-up-about-difference-between-serial-and-cinema-went-viral-083412.html|title=സിനിമയും സീരിയലും തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം ഇതാണ്, ശാന്തി കൃഷ്ണ മിനിസ്‌ക്രീനിലും|work=Filmibeat|language=ml|date=29 June 2022|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Stephy Leon]] as Bhavana
**[[Cameo appearance]] as her character from soap opera ''[[Bhavana (TV series)|Bhavana]]''. She helps Pooja meet Arjun while he is hospitalised. (2022)

==Production==
===Development===
The show's launch was planned for April 2021 but was delayed until November due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Rebecca">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kasthooriman-fame-rebecca-santhosh-on-her-new-show-kaliveedu-i-was-initially-skeptical-whether-people-would-accept-our-new-pair/articleshow/89662485.cms|title=Kasthooriman fame Rebecca Santhosh on her new show 'Kaliveedu': I was initially skeptical whether people would accept our new pair|work=The Times of India|date=18 February 2022|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> It was reported in October 2021, that Kaliveedu is an official remake of the popular [[Tamil language|Tamil]] soap opera ''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''.<ref name="Asianet"/>

===Filming===
The series is mainly filmed [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and its whereabouts.<ref name="Tony">{{cite AV media|people=Tony|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdKC0bptSxc|title=Tony as Anand {{!}} Kaliveedu {{!}} Character Intro {{!}} Nov 15 Onwards {{!}} Mon-Sat @ 9 PM {{!}} Surya TV|publisher=[[Surya TV]]|date=10 November 2021|access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

===Casting===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[Rebecca Santhosh]] and [[Nithin Jake Joseph]] played the lead roles.
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Rebecca Santhosh.jpg
| width1 = 900
| height1 = 800
| alt1 =
| caption1 =

| image2 = Nithin Jake Joseph.jpg
| width2 = 2000
| height2 = 2000
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}

[[Rebecca Santhosh]] was cast as the protagonist while [[Nithin Jake Joseph]] was roped in to play the male lead.<ref name="Asianet"/> [[Uma Nair]] confirmed her presence in October 2021.<ref name="Cast"/> [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]], Tony, [[Krishna Prabha]] and Vijayalakshmi were also revealed to be part of the series.<ref name="Uma"/> Subhash Menon, Mohan Ayroor, Gayathri Mayoora and [[Jeevan Gopal]] were also reportedly cast.<ref name="Asianet">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malayalam-serial-actress-rebecca-santhosh-in-new-malayalam-serial-kaliveedu-r0kbfj|title=തമിഴിലെ സൂപ്പര്‍ഹിറ്റ് 'റോജ' ഇനി മലയാളത്തിലെ 'കളിവീട്'; നായികയായി റബേക്ക സന്തോഷ്|work=Asianet News|date=6 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|language=ml}}</ref>

[[Neena Kurup]] and [[Baby Ameya]] made [[cameo appearance]]s in the first episode. Veterans [[Sethu Lakshmi]], [[Kochu Preman]] and [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] also featured in the show.<ref name="TOI"/> In July 2022, [[Shanthi Krishna]] played a cameo appearance as herself.<ref name="ShanthiKrishna"/> In July 2022, actress [[Stephy Leon]] as Bhavana from TV series ''Bhavana'' made an entry.<ref name="Bhavana">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWfOxL5VaYU|title=Kaliveedu - Special Promo {{!}} 25 July 2022 {{!}} Surya TV Serial {{!}} Malayalam Serial|publisher=[[Surya TV]]|date=25 July 2022|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promotional video of Kaliveedu featuring lead actress [[Rebecca Santhosh]] was released in September 2021. The show premiered on [[Surya TV]] on 15 November 2021. It is telecasted every day at the 9:00 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) time slot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=FxR1WtW5E3Y=&ShowType=Prime%20Time|title=Program Detail - Kaliveedu|work=Sun Network|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref> On the digital platform, Kaliveedu is available for viewing on the app [[Sun NXT]].<ref name="SunNXT"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Original Songs

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 4:09
| all_music = Saanand George

| title1 = Unarum Nilavu Polaval
| extra1 = Nimisha Kurupath, Satheesh Dev
| lyrics1 = K Gireesh Kumar
| length1 = 1:08

| title2 = Ponnoliyil Poothulayum
| extra2 =
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 3:01
}}

==Reception==
The show received positive response from the audience.<ref name="Rebecca"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/rebeca-santhosh-and-nithin-opens-up-their-acting-life-and-new-serial-kaliveedu-viral-079722.html|title=സീരിയല്‍ നിര്‍ത്തി പോകാമെന്ന് വിചാരിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെന്ന് നിതിന്‍; തനിക്കും തോന്നിയിട്ടുണ്ടെന്ന് റെബേക്ക|date=13 March 2022|access-date=17 March 2022|work=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref name="ShanthiKrishna"/> Kaliveedu secured 18% votes in an online poll conducted by ETimes nominating the best Malayalam TV show of 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/etimes-tv-poll-netizens-vote-santhwanam-as-the-most-loved-malayalam-tv-show-in-2022/articleshow/96578038.cms|title=ETimes TV poll: Netizens vote Santhwanam as the most-loved Malayalam TV show in 2022|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 December 2022 }}</ref>

===Critical response===
Reviewing the first episode of the show for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Radhika Nair thought the show had an "Interesting storyline but lacked lustre". She further wrote: "the show lacks an X-factor to leave the telly audiences wanting for more".<ref name="TOI"/>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]'' ''ரோஜா''
| 9 April 2018
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 3 December 2022
| Original
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cast-and-crew-of-tv-serial-roja-rejoice-as-it-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/68892621.cms|title=Cast and crew of TV serial Roja rejoice as it completes 300 episodes|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 December 2022}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Sevanthi (TV series)|Sevanthi]]'' ''ಸೇವಂತಿ''
| 25 February 2019
| [[Udaya TV]]
| Ongoing
| rowspan="8" | Remake
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sevanthi-celebrates-a-milestone-600-episodes/articleshow/83278019.cms|title=Sevanthi celebrates a milestone 600 episodes|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Roja (2019 TV series)|Roja]]'' ''రోజా''
| 11 March 2019
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 27 March 2020
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/telugu-remake-of-roja-to-launch-soon/articleshow/68151974.cms|title=Telugu remake of 'Roja' to launch soon|date=25 February 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Sindoor Ki Keemat]]'' ''सिंदूर की कीमत''
| 18 October 2021
| [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]
| 29 April 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Newbie Vaibhavi Hankare to play the lead in Gul Khan's next for Dangal|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-newbie-vaibhavi-hankare-to-play-the-lead-in-gul-khans-next-for-dangal/2021/08/12|work=IWMBuzz|date=12 August 2021|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Kaliveedu'' ''കളിവീട്''
| 15 November 2021
| [[Surya TV]]
| 22 September 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-daily-soap-palunku-to-launch-soon-thej-gowda-and-khushi-to-make-their-tv-debut/articleshow/87756247.cms|title=New daily soap 'Palunku' to launch soon; Thej Gowda and Khushi to make their TV debut|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Saathi (TV series)|Saathi]]'' ''সাথী''
| 7 February 2022
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|3 August 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Actress Anumita Dutta on her upcoming show 'Saathi' and much more|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/actress-anumita-dutta-on-her-upcoming-show-saathi-and-much-more/cid/1847635|work=My Kolkata|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Tharala Tar Mag!]]'' ''ठरलं तर मग!''
| 5 December 2022
| [[Star Pravah]]
| Ongoing
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/dharma-yoddha-garud-fame-amit-bhanushali-returns-to-marathi-tv-after-9-years-with-tharla-tar-mag/articleshow/95638965.cms|title=Dharma Yoddha Garud fame Amit Bhanushali returns to Marathi TV after 9 years with Tharla Tar Mag|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|Tori pain To Pain
|29 May 2023
|[[Tarang TV]]
|Ongoing
|
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 24 Frame Global Excellency Serial Award
| rowspan="2"| 25 May 2022
| Best Actor
| [[Nithin Jake Joseph]]
| rowspan="8" {{Won}}
|
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Rebecca Santhosh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 16th Manappuram Minnalai Media Award
| rowspan="2"| 31 May 2022
| Best Actress
| [[Rebecca Santhosh]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/television-serial-minnalai-best-actor-and-actress-award-announced/articleshow/91944013.cms?story=5|title=പുരസ്‌ക്കാര നിറവില്‍ സജിനും റബേക്കയും; ആവേശം കണ്ണിൽ നിറച്ച് ഷഫ്‌നയും, സജിനേക്കാൾ സന്തോഷം ഷഫ്നയ്ക്കാണ്, ശിവനും പൂജയ്ക്കും ആശംസകള്‍ നേര്‍ന്ന് പ്രേക്ഷകര്‍!|work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|date=1 June 2022|access-date=7 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| Mohan Ayroor
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com Official website] {{in lang|en}}
* {{IMDb title|17640474}}

{{Surya TV programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Muslim Ghosi

2026-03-31T08:10:14Z

Freeman14H:

{{Short description|Indian community in North India}}
{{for|Hindu Ghosi|Hindu Ghosi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= Ghosi
|poptime =
|popplace = {{Flag|India}}
|langs =
|rels=[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
|related=
}}

The '''Ghosi''' are a Muslim community found mainly in [[North India]]. It is said that [[Ahir]] and gopas were originally [[Hindu|Hindus]] who converted to [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXAYwwyxgAsC |title=Proceedings |date=1950 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glJFAQAAMAAJ |title=Census of India, 1901 |date=1902 |publisher=Printed at the Government central Press |pages=245 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBdWAAAAYAAJ |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh (3 pts.) |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |pages=542–545 |language=en}}</ref>

==History and origin==
The Ghosi in [[West Bengal]] claim [[Gowala (caste)|Gowala]] ancestry.<ref name="Siddiqui2004">{{cite book|author1=M. K. A. Siddiqui|author2=Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India)|title=Marginal Muslim communities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygNuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 June 2011|year=2004|publisher=Institute of Objective Studies|isbn=978-81-85220-58-1|pages=295–305}}</ref>

The Ghosi of West Bengal are found mainly in the districts of [[24 Parganas]] and [[Midnapore District|Midnapore]], in particular near the towns of [[Barrackpur]] and [[Kharagpur]] . According to the traditions of this community, they emigrated from [[Kanpur]], in what is now Uttar Pradesh some five centuries ago. The community thus took up the occupation of cattle rearing, and settled in Midnapur.<ref name="Siddiqui2004"/>

The community is now divided between those who still engage in the selling of milk, and the rest of the community who are now small and medium-sized farmers. They reside in multi-caste villages, which tend to have ''ghosiparas'', "Ghosi areas". The community now speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]], although most have knowledge of Hindi. They remain strictly endogamous, and are unique among [[Bengali Muslims]] in practising clan exogamy. Their main clans are the Rathore, Dogar, Chauhan, Khaleri, Totar, Lehar and Maidul. The Ghosi of West Bengal have an informal caste council, known as a ''panchayat'', which acts as an institution of social control, resolving disputes within the community, and providing social welfare.<ref name="Siddiqui2004"/>

==See also==
* [[Ahir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Verma, V. 1996. ''Gaddis of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.

{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosi (Tribe)}}

[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of West Bengal]]

Ramen Deka

2026-03-29T14:20:37Z

Freeman14H:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ramen Deka
|image = Ramen Deka with President Murmu (cropped).jpg
|honorific_suffix =
|office = [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]]
|term_start = 31 July 2024
|term_end =
|1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
|1namedata = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|predecessor = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
|successor =
|office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
|constituency1 = [[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi, Assam]]
|term_start1 = 16 May 2009
|term_end1 = 23 May 2019
|predecessor1 = [[Narayan Chandra Borkataky]]
|successor1 = [[Dilip Saikia]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|03|01|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Sualkuchi]], [[Assam]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Ranee Dekakakaty|1989}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University|University of Guwahati]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = May
| year = 2014
| source = http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/ramen-deka
}}
'''Ramen Deka''' (born 1 March 1954) is an Indian politician currently serving as the [[List of governors of Chhattisgarh|Governor of Chhattisgarh]] since July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Communique Rashtrapati Bhavan : 27.07.2024 |url=https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/press_releases/press-communique-19}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] in the [[15th Lok Sabha|15th]] and [[16th Lok Sabha]], representing [[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]. He is a former National Secretary of the BJP<ref>{{cite web | title = Profile of Members| work = Government of India| url = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4437| accessdate = 1 March 2012 }}</ref> and President of the BJP Assam.

== Chhattisgarh Governor==
Deka has appointed as [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]] by President [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 27 July 2024.<ref name="President appoints 6 new Governors including Om Prakash Mathur, Santosh Gangwar, reshuffles 3 others">{{cite news |last1=India TV News |date=28 July 2024 |title=President appoints 6 new Governors including Om Prakash Mathur, Santosh Gangwar, reshuffles 3 others |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/president-murmu-appoints-new-governors-gangwar-goes-to-jharkhand-gulab-chand-kataria-to-punjab-manipur-telangana-maharashtra-latest-updates-2024-07-28-944002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728050455/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/president-murmu-appoints-new-governors-gangwar-goes-to-jharkhand-gulab-chand-kataria-to-punjab-manipur-telangana-maharashtra-latest-updates-2024-07-28-944002 |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Governors of Chhattisgarh|state=expanded}}
{{16th Lok Sabha members from Northeast states|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deka, Ramen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:People from Kamrup district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Governors of Chhattisgarh]]

Ghatana

2026-03-27T00:03:59Z

Freeman14H: Stub.

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Sripriya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ghatana poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sripriya]]
| producer = V. R. Krishna M.
| story = Abhilash Kumar [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| screenplay = Sripriya
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Sripriya [[Umarji Anuradha]] Gautham Kashyap
}}
| writer =
| starring = [[Nithya Menen]] [[Krish J. Sathaar]]
| music = Aravind–Shankar
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = Bavan Sreekumar
| studio = Sunmoon Creations
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|11|18}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ghatana''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Sripriya]]. It stars [[Nithya Menen]] in the title role while [[Krish J. Sathaar]] and [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] play supporting roles. A remake of the Malayalam film ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012) by [[Aashiq Abu]], the film features musical score by Arvind-Shankar. This film simultaneously shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]'', which was released two years earlier.<ref name="Bilingual"/>

The film was released on 18 September 2016 to negative reviews due to the film's delay, which made the story seem outdated.

== Plot ==
Malini is a nursing student in [[Bengaluru]] with plans of traveling to [[Toronto]] for a career. She meets Varun from the travel consultancy agency working towards setting up her visa. They soon fall in love and start living together. Malini loves him with all her heart and takes their relationship and living together seriously.

One day while at a pub, a guy misbehaves with Malini, and Varun beats him up badly. The guy tries to take revenge on Varun and searches for him. Varun goes into hiding with the help of his boss Prakash. Prakash arrives at Varun's home to inform Malini about the situation. He then plainly asks Malini if he can have sex with her. A shocked Malini is then brutally attacked and raped. When Varun finds out what happened, he becomes violent and wants to kill Prakash. Malini calms him down, saying that she does not want to make the incident worse than it is; she instead wants to get to Canada at the earliest. Once Malini recovers from her injuries, Prakash visits her again to ask for forgiveness. He comes while Varun is not around and rapes her a second time. Malini decides not to travel abroad and plans to murder Prakash.

Varun discusses the situation with Prakash, who suggests killing Malini and appoints Varun to do it. Varun traps Malini by putting some drugs in her bag. The police arrests Malini, and she is imprisoned. While Malini calls out for help, she finds Varun simply walking away from her, which is when she realizes that he set her up. Varun relocates to [[Vizag]] and runs a modeling agency. While in prison, Malini meets Janaki, who is sentenced for murder. Through Janaki's criminal world connections, Malini realizes that Varun is a known pimp and was cheating her along with Prakash's support. Janaki and Malini bond well with each other, and Janaki molds a criminal mindset within her for the strength and courage needed to strike back at Varun and Prakash.

When the court sets her free, Malini, with the help of DK, kills Prakash by poisoning him with a cobra. Next, she arrives in Vizag as a [[femme fatale]] in search of Varun while pretending to be a model. Later one night, Malini hooks up with Varun in his studio. Varun, who had recognized her earlier, reveals it angrily berates her. He beats her and abuses her by calling her a "slut who does any 'adjustment' to flourish her career" for stopping her further being a menace to him. His frustration dissolves slowly as he wants to enjoy her company. He reminds her she is a mere woman.

However, at night, Malini executes her revenge plan and [[sedates]] Varun and sadistically [[Penectomy|penectomises]] him. When he regains consciousness, she tells him that she has removed his male organ through a medical surgery. While Varun finds himself in intense pain and bound to his bed, she taunts him to make him realize his faults and the gross wrongdoings he committed to her and rationalizes her crime. But he does not yield to her taunts and reveals a backstory concerning his mother and that his life as a pimp is not entirely his fault.

Malini tells Varun that she knows that she is still somewhere in his heart. She reminds him that she has only lost someone who cheated on her, whereas he lost someone who genuinely loved him. Now Varun is stunned that he is not even able to face Malini. Varun recollects that her love was true and his love was overshadowed by his male supremacy concept and greed for wealth. Over the days, he admits his actions that caused her pain. Then Malini leaves him, but not before inviting him to settle the score with her, if any remains there. Varun accepts the challenge of a true criminal as he is and taunts her that he will confront her when he is ready, most probably knowing that he has to settle the score with her in terms of true love with roots in violence. Malini leaves for Canada, dismantles her cell phone, and cuts further contact with DK.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nithya Menen]] as Malini
* [[Krish J. Sathaar]] as Varun
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Prakash
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Viswanatham
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Sarala
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Chief Doctor
* Gowthami Vembunathan as Jyoti
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Shalini
* D. Janagi as Janaki<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sibi Arasu |date=27 August 2014 |title=From Nagercoil to Paris |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/From-Nagercoil-to-Paris/article20852831.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806074609/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/From-Nagercoil-to-Paris/article20852831.ece |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref>
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Jency
}}

== Production ==
In 2013, the film was initially titled ''Malini 22'' and was produced by [[Rajkumar Sethupathy]] under the banner Rajkumar Theatres Pvt Ltd, who also was simultaneously producing the Tamil version ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]'' (2014).<ref name="Bilingual">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/pressmeet-malini22.html|title=Malini 22 press meet|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|location=Hyderabad|access-date=9 February 2026|language=te|date=2 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-malini-22-palayamkkotai-s-a-revenge-saga-that-offers-nothing-novel/story-yMNdyqp38QCMtFclGczOZL.html|title=Movie review: Malini 22 Palayamkkotai's a revenge saga that offers nothing novel|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|first=Gautaman|last=Bhaskaran|date=24 January 2014|access-date=10 February 2026|quote= the film also in a Telugu version}}</ref> According to [[Krish J. Sathaar]], simultaneously filming in Telugu was "extra hard work" as he was unfamiliar in the language and would "understand the meaning and then shoot".<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-being-the-son-of-actors-is-an-advantage-south/20140123.htm|title='Being the son of actors is an advantage'|date=23 January 2014|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> In 2016, the film was renamed ''Ghatana'' in 2016 and was produced by Radha Krishna under the banner Sunmoon Creations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nithya-menens-next-with-drushyams-director/articleshow/53840117.cms|title=Nithya Menen's next with Drushyam's director|date=24 August 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Srividya|last=Palaparthi}}</ref> Although Krish J. Sathaar dubbed for himself, [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]] dubbed for him in the final version of the film.<ref name="R"/><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owkI2aZHXnQ|title=Ghatana Latest Telugu Full Movie {{!}}{{!}} Nithya Menen, Krish J Sathar, Naresh {{!}}{{!}} 2013 Telugu Movies|work=Volga Videos|via=YouTube|time=2:02:10-2:04:22|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Aravind–Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/ghatana-aravind-shankar-telugu-audio-cd/|title=GHATANA - Aravind Shankar Telugu Audio Cd (FACTORY SEALED PACK)|work=audioCDworld|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>
All lyrics by [[Anantha Sriram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/ghatana-3217/songs|title=Ghatana 2016 Telugu Movie Songs, Ghatana Music Director Lyrics Videos Singers & Lyricists|website=MovieGQ|date=2016|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>
*"Nakosam" – [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
*"Navve Kavula" – [[Vijay Yesudas]]
*"Navve Kavula (Duet)" – Vijay Yesudas, Nithya Menen
*"My Name is Malini" – Nithya Menen
*"Yennali" – [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sripriya]]
*"Yennali (Immigrant Mix)" – Nithya Menen

==Release==
Under the initial producers, film was initially scheduled to release on 24 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/malini22-january24.html|title=Malini 22 release on 24 January|work=Idlebrain.com|location=Hyderabad|date=8 January 2013|language=te|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The story is not only outdated now, you don’t empathise with the prime character who has been wronged".<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2016 |title=Ghatana: Revengeful drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Ghatana-Revengeful-drama/article16667528.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415154249/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Ghatana-Revengeful-drama/article16667528.ece |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Kumar Siva of ''India Herald'' wrote, "''Ghatana'' tries to pass a hard hitting message. But Public themselves are tormented due to the cash crunches and this is not the right time to deliver the message".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/161967/Nithya-Menen-Ghatana-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating|title=Nithya Menen Ghatana Telugu Movie Review, Rating|work=India Herald|last=Siva|first=Kumar|date=19 November 2016|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2016 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sripriya]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]

HMIS Orissa

2026-03-25T03:53:59Z

Freeman14H: stub

{{Short description|''Bangor''-class minesweeper of World War II}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=HMIS Orissa FL17121.jpg
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|British India|naval-1928}}
|name=''Orissa''
|ordered=24 August 1940
|awarded=
|builder=[[Lobnitz]] & Co.
|laid_down=15 May 1941
|launched=20 November 1941
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=14 March 1942
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=1949
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped 1949
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|673|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|860|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|189|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2400|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]]
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|{{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or
*1 × quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]
}}
}}
'''HMIS ''Orissa'' (J200)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}s built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Orissa'' displaced {{convert|673|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|860|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|189|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]] (VTE), each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2400|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. The ship carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The VTE-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|{{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or a quadruple mount for the [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, their minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Orissa'' was ordered from [[Lobnitz]] & Co. originally for the [[Royal Navy]] as HMS ''Clydebank'' in 1940. However, before she was launched, she was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy and eventually commissioned as ''Orissa''.<ref name=u-lymeregis>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3181.html |title=HMS Clydebank (J 200) of the Royal Navy - British Minesweeper of the Bangor class - Allied Warships of WWII |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> The ship was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted numerous convoys between [[Africa]], [[British India]] and [[Australia]] in 1943-45.<ref name=nh-1943a>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm |title=Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1943b>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943b.htm |title=Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1944>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944 |publisher=Naval-history.net |date=1944-12-30 |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>

On 11 June 1942, ''Orissa'' rescued 20 surviving crew of British tanker ''Geo H. Jones'' which had been torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-455}}, northeast of the [[Azores]] in position {{coord|45|40|N|22|40|W|display=inline, title}}. On 22 February 1944, ''Orissa'' with HMAS ''Tamworth'' rescued the surviving crew of the American tanker ''E.G. Seubert'' which was torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-510||2}} about 200 nautical miles east of [[Aden]] in position {{coord|13|50|N|48|49|E|display=inline}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orissa (J200)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1941 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]

Chardi kala

2026-03-23T11:49:22Z

Freeman14H: New.

{{short description|Sikh term for aspiring to maintain a mental state of eternal optimism}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

In [[Sikhism]], '''{{Transliteration|pa|Chardi Kala}}''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਚੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਕਲਾ ''caṛhadī kalā'') or '''''Charhdi Kala''''', is the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] term for aspiring to maintain a mental state of eternal resilience, [[optimism]] and [[joy]]; an acceptance that life ebbs and flows with hardship and to rise above that adversity. Sikhs are ideally expected to be in this positive state of mind as a sign of their contentment with the will of God (''{{Transliteration|pa|bhana}}''), even during times of suffering.<ref name="Rebecca2012">{{cite book | author=Rebecca Sachs Norris | title=Religion and the Body: Modern Science and the Construction of Religious Meaning | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyV1NwzcfJsC&pg=PA240 | access-date=16 February 2013 | date=17 February 2012 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=978-90-04-22111-6 | pages=240–}}</ref>

== Description ==
Chardi Kala can be translated as "positive attitude"{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} or "ascending energy".<ref name="Rebecca2012"/> It is also described as being in "high spirits" or “positive, buoyant and optimistic” attitude to life and to the future. Chardi kala is the state of mind in which a person has no [[negative emotion]]s like [[fear]], [[jealousy]] or [[enmity]]. Instead the mind has many positive feelings including joy, [[Santokh|satisfaction]] and self-[[dignity]].<ref>Dr. Harjinder Singh Majhail, 2010. Philosophy of 'Charhdi Kala' and Higher State of Mind in Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Deepak Publishers, Jallandhar.</ref>

Sikhs believe in the will of God (''bhana''). They also believe that God is without enemies (''nirvair''), and is always merciful. Hence, humans should accept his will even at times one suffers severe hardship and strive to work through it, to the betterment of others. Thus, chardi kala is the indicator of a Sikh's absolute faith in the [[Akal Purakh]] (The Timeless God). This attitude allows one to face the hardships with as little harm as possible. This also involves joining and helping others in their hour of need.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== Popular culture ==
In 2021, the Punjabi poet and singer Bir Singh launched a song called Charhdikala, which celebrates the resilience and strength of the farmers during the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|2020-2021 protests]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bir Singh New song {{!}} Chardi kala {{!}} Farmers Protest |url=https://singhstation.net/2021/02/bir-singh-new-song-chardi-kala-farmers-protest/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=SinghStation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Khalsa bole]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardi Kala}}
[[Category:Sikh philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Sikh practices]]
[[Category:Optimism]]

Asa Nu Maan Watna Da

2026-03-20T19:52:47Z

Freeman14H: small fixed lead based on references and fixed typos per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Asa Nu Maan Watna Da
| image = Asa Nu Maan Watna Da.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster of the film
| director = [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| producer = Preetpal Singh Shergill, Davinder Lidher, Samit Brar
| writer = Manmohan Singh
| starring = [[Harbhajan Mann]] [[Kimi Verma]] [[Navneet Nishan]] [[Neeru Bajwa]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|05|07|}}
| runtime = 179 minutes
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Asa Nu Maan Watna Da''' (''{{Translation|We are proud of our country}}'')'' is an Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language film directed by [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]], released on 7 May 2004 and starring [[Harbhajan Mann]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2004 |title=New Releases |url=https://tribuneindia.com/2004/20040514/cth2.htm |work=[[Tribune India]] |location=Chandigarh |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103044040/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040514/cth2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot ==
Calgary-based businessman Kanwaljit Singh Dhillon sends money home to his brother, Deep, to invest in some property. With his wife, son, Mehr, and medical-student daughter, Aman, he returns home to Kapurthala to live with Deep for a year. They are very well received by Deep and his wife, Harbans, with Mehr and Aman both finding life partners in the outspoken Paali and Dr. Balvinder. Things change dramatically after Kanwaljit announces that he will not be returning to Canada, and will reside there permanently.

==Cast==
*[[Harbhajan Mann]] as Meher
*[[Kimi Verma]] as Rajal
*[[Neeru Bajwa]] as Arshveer Bajwa
*[[Manav Vij]] Dr. Balwinder
*[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
*[[Deep Dhillon]]
*[[Navneet Nishan]] - Harbans
*[[Vivek Shauq]] - Swami Ji
*[[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
* Preet Cheema
*Harby Sangha

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album|
|name = Asan Nu Mann Watna Da
|type = Soundtrack
|artist = [[Jaidev Kumar]]
|released = 19 March 2004
|recorded =
|genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
|length = 36:41
|label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|producer = [[Jaidev Kumar]]
|prev_title = [[Jee Aayan Nu]]
|prev_year = 2002
|next_title = [[Yaaran Naal Baharan]]
|next_year = 2005
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Jaidev Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Tribune News Service |date=21 March 2004 |title=Music album of ‘Asa Nu Maan...’ released |url=https://tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/cth2.htm |work=Tribune India |location=Chandigarh |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127030854/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/cth2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
|headline = Original Hindi tracklist
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|title1 = Nach Le Gaa Le
|extra1 = [[Harbhajan Mann]]
|lyrics1 = Harbhajan Mann
|length1 = 6:00

|title2 = Yaara O Dildaara
|extra2 = [[Harbhajan Mann]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|lyrics2 =Babu Singh Mann, Gill Surjit
|length2 =7:35

|title3 = Long Gavaiyan
|extra3 = [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Harbhajan Mann]]
|lyrics3 = Babu Singh Mann, Gill Surjit
|length3 = 7:42

|title4 = Lohri
|extra4 = Harbhajan Mann, Jaspinder Narula, Arvinder Singh, Simerjit Kumar, Parmela Jain
|lyrics4 = Babu Singh Mann
|length4 =6:51

|title5 = Ankhiyan Vich
|extra5 = Harbhajan Mann
|lyrics5 = Babu Singh Mann, Gill Surjit
|length5 =5:13

|title6 = Lae Maate
|extra6 = Harbhajan Mann
|lyrics6 = Babu Singh Mann
|length6 =7:29

|title7 = Nach Le Gaa Le (Indian version)
|extra7= Harbhajan Mann
|lyrics7 = Harbhajan Mann
|length7 =3:51
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0414834}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Calgary]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaidev Kumar]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Bimbisara

2026-03-20T14:40:39Z

Freeman14H: added references

{{Short description|Haryanka emperor from 544 to 492 BCE}}
{{Distinguish|Bindusara}}
{{About||the 2022 Indian film|Bimbisara (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bimbisara 𑀩𑀺𑀫𑁆𑀩𑀺𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸
| image = Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.jpg
| image_size = 290x340px
| birth_date = 558 BCE or 472 BCE
| birth_place =
| death_date = 491 BCE or 405 BCE
| death_place = Bimbisar Jail, [[Rajgriha]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka Empire]]
| dynasty = [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka]]
| caption = Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Magadha#House of Haryanka|King of Magadha]]
| reign = {{circa|544|492 BCE}} or {{circa|457|405 BCE}} (52 years)
| predecessor = Bhattiya (as Chieftain)
| successor = [[Ajatashatru]]
| father = Bhattiya
| spouse = [[Kosala Devi|Kosala Devī]] Chellanā Dharini 
[[Khema|Kṣemā / Khemā]] Nandā<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Jnan |title=SOME UNKNOWN FACTS ABOUT BIMBISĀRA |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1958 |volume=21 |pages=215–217 |publisher=Indian History Congress}}</ref> Padmāvatī / Padumavatī [[Amrapali|Ambapālī]]
| issue = [[Ajatashatru]]
| religion = [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]]
| regent = [[Haryanka]]
| reg-type = [[Dynasty]]
}}

'''Bimbisāra''' (in Buddhist tradition) or '''Shrenika''' ({{transliteration|sa|Śreṇika}}) and '''Seniya''' ({{transliteration|sa|Seṇiya}}) in the [[Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)|Jain histories]]{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=40-41}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=59}} ({{Circa|558|491 BCE}}<ref>Hugh George Rawlinson (1950), ''A Concise History of the Indian People''. Oxford University Press, p. 46.</ref><ref>F. Max Muller (2001): ''The Dhammapada And Sutta-nipata''. Routledge (UK), p. xlvii. {{ISBN|0-7007-1548-7}}.</ref> or {{circa|472|405 BCE}}<ref name=Sarao>{{citation |last=Sarao |first=K. T. S. |title= The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha. |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |year=2003 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1177/037698360303000201 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698360303000201|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Keay, John: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&dq=bimbisara&pg=PT87 ''India: A History. Revised and Updated'']: "The date [of Buddha's meeting with Bimbisara] (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BC."</ref>) was
the King of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] ({{reign|543|492 BCE}}<ref name=IH>V. K. Agnihotri (ed.), ''Indian History''. Allied Publishers, New Delhi 262010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=Indian%20History%20-APC&pg=SL1-PA166 p. 166] f.</ref> or {{reign|457|405 BCE}}<ref name=Sarao/><ref>Keay, ''India: A History''</ref>) and belonged to the [[Haryanka dynasty]].<ref name=Stearns>Peter N. Stearns (2001), ''The Encyclopedia of World History''. Houghton Mifflin, p. 76 ff. {{ISBN|0-395-65237-5}}.</ref> He was the son of Bhattiya.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1923|p=97}} His expansion of the kingdom, especially his annexation of the kingdom of [[Anga]] to the east, is considered to have laid the foundations for the later expansion of the [[Mauryan Empire]].<ref name=be>{{cite web|title=Bimbisara|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65488/Bimbisara|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

According to Jain tradition, he is said to be the first [[tirthankara]] (Padmanabha/Mahapadma) out of the 24 tirthankaras of the future cosmic age.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dundas|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ|title=The Jains|date=2003-09-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-50165-6|language=en}}</ref> He frequently visited the [[Samavasarana]] of [[Mahavira]] seeking answers to his queries.<ref name=":1" />

According to Buddhist Tradition, he is also known for his cultural achievements and was a great friend and protector of the [[Buddha]]. According to the 7th century Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]], Bimbisara built the [[city]] of [[Rajgir]] (Rajagriha).<ref name="IH" /> He was succeeded on the throne by his son [[Ajatashatru]].<ref name="be" />

==Life==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 = The eastern Gangetic plain before Bimbisara's conquests.jpg
| caption1 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Bimbisāra's conquests (Licchavi's dependencies, in green, and Malla shown separately)
}}
[[File:Bamboo garden (Venuvana) at Rajagriha, the visit of Bimbisara.jpg|thumb|King Bimbisara visits the Bamboo Garden (Venuvana) in [[Rajgir|Rajagriha]]; artwork from [[Sanchi]]]]
Bimbisara was the son of Bhattiya, a chieftain. He ascended to throne at the age of 15 in 543 BCE.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=112}} He established the [[Haryanka dynasty]] and laid the foundations of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] with the fortification of a village, which later became the city of [[Pataliputra]].{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=11}} Bimbisara's first capital was at ''Girivraja'' (identified with [[Rajgir|Rajagriha]]). He led a military campaign against [[Anga]], perhaps to avenge his father's earlier defeat at the hands of its king, ''[[Brahmadatta of Anga|Brahmadatta]]''. The campaign was successful, Anga was annexed, and prince ''Kunika'' ([[Ajatashatru]]) was appointed governor at [[Champa Village|Champa]].{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=269}} His conquest of Anga gave Magadha control over the routes to the [[Ganges Delta]], which had important ports that gave access to the eastern coast of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=0-520-24225-4|pages=152–154}}</ref>{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=99}} [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusati]], the king of [[Gandhara]], sent Bimbisara an embassy.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=112}}

His court is said to have included Sona Kolivisa, Sumana (flower gatherer), Koliya (minister), Kumbhaghosaka (treasurer) and Jivaka (physician).{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=270}}

===Marriage alliances===
Bimbisara used marriage alliances to strengthen his position. His first wife was [[Kosala Devi]], the daughter of Mahā Kosala, the king of [[Kosala]], and a sister of [[Pasenadi|Prasenajit]].{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=271}} His bride brought him [[Varanasi|Kashi]] as [[dowry]].<ref>Eck, Diana. (1998) ''Banaras'', Columbia University Press. p. 45. {{ISBN|0-231-11447-8}}.</ref> This marriage also ended the hostility between Magadha and Kosala and gave him a free hand in dealing with the other states. His second wife, Chellana, was a [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi princess]] from [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] and daughter of the [[Jainism|Jain]]<ref name="Datta 1988">{{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Shrenika&pg=PA1779|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|language=en}}</ref> king [[Chetaka]].<ref>Luniya, Bhanwarlal Nathuram. (1967) ''Evolution of Indian Culture'', Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. p. 114.</ref> His third wife, ''[[Khema|Kshema]]'', was a daughter of the chief of the [[Madra]] clan of [[Punjab]].<ref>Krishna, Narendra. (1944) ''History of India'', A. Mukherjee & bros. p. 90.</ref> ''Mahavagga'' depicts him having 500 wives.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=112}}

==== Death ====
[[Image:Bimbisarajail.jpg|thumb|Bimbisara's jail, where King Bimbisāra was imprisoned, in [[Rajgir]]]]
As per Buddhism, due to influence by [[Devadatta]] (a [[Schism#Buddhism|separatist]] [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]]), Bimbisāra was assassinated by his son [[Ajatashatru]] in {{Circa|493 BCE}}, who then succeeded him to the throne. However, as per Jainism, Bimbisāra committed suicide.<ref name=":0" />

==Traditional accounts==
=== Jainism ===
Bimbisara is referred to as Shrenika{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=36}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=59}} of [[Rajgir]] in [[Jain literature]] who became a devotee of [[Jainism]] impressed by the calmness of [[Jain monasticism|Jain Muni]] Yamadhar.<ref>{{citation|title=Queen Chelna and King Shrenik|url=http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story16.htm|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413083034/http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story16.htm|archive-date=13 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Datta 1988"/> He frequently visited [[Samavasarana]] of [[Mahavira]] seeking answers to his queries. He asked about the jain [[Ramayana]]<ref name=":1">{{citation|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|date=2010|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=[[India]]|isbn=9780143414216|page=338}}</ref> and an illuminating sage (King Prasanachandra).<ref>{{citation|title=Leshyas|url=http://umich.edu/~umjains/jainismsimplified/chapter12.html}}</ref> He is said to be a ''[[Balabhadra]]'' in one of his previous lives.<ref>{{citation|last1=Choksi|first1=Mansi|last2=Chhapia|first2=Hemali|title=Now, meet Ravan the saint|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Now-meet-Ravan-the-saint/articleshow/6123749.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 February 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Padmanabh_Swami.jpg|thumb|An idol of Padmanabh Swami (Shrenika Maharaja), the first Tirthankara of the next time cycle as per Śvetāmbara iconography at Jain Center of Southern California, Buena Park, California]]
Per [[Jain literature|Jain Scripture]], Bimbisara killed himself in a fit of passion, after his son had imprisoned him. Consequently, he was reborn in hell, where he is currently residing, until the [[Karma in Jainism|karma]] which led to his birth there comes to an end.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=228}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=41}} It is further written, that he will be reborn as ''Mahapadma'' (sometimes called ''Padmanabha''), the first in the chain of future [[tirthankara]]s who are to rise at the beginning of the upward motion (''Utsarpini'') of the next era of time.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40-41}}

=== Buddhism ===
[[File:Bimbisar welcoming Buddha Roundel 30 buddha ivory tusk.jpg|thumb|Bimbisara welcomes the Buddha]]
According to Buddhist scriptures, King Bimbisara met the Buddha for the first time prior to the Buddha's enlightenment, and later became an important disciple that featured prominently in certain Buddhist suttas. He is recorded to have attained [[sotapanna]]hood, a degree of enlightenment in Buddhist teachings.<ref>{{citation |title=Buddhism and Jainism|chapter=Sotāpanna |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |editor=KTS Sarai, Jeffrey D Long|year=2017|pages=1126–1129 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_94|isbn=9789402408522 |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_94 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although Bimbisara let the women in his palace visit Buddha in his monastery in the evenings; the women wanted a hair-and-nail [[stupa]] they could use to venerate the Buddha any time. Bimbisara spoke with Buddha who complied with their request.<ref>{{citation |title=Relics of the Buddha|author=John S. Strong|year=2007|page=72|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691117645|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X }}
* {{citation|last1=Jain|first1=Hiralal|last2=Upadhye|first2=Dr. Adinath Neminath|author-link2=A.N. Upadhye|title=Mahavira his Times and his Philosophy of Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHfzERhGUjQC|date=2000|publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]]}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C |date=1972 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=First |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1972}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |date=1991 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C |date=1998 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1578-5 }}
* {{citation |first=Hemchandra |last=Raychaudhuri |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |title=Political History of Ancient India |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft |date=1923 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Sastri |editor-first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |date=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-0465-1 |edition=Second }}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |year=1999 |orig-year=1988 |publisher=New Age International Publishers |edition=Second |isbn=81-224-1198-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=G. P. |author-link=G. P. Singh |title=Early Indian Historical Tradition and Archaeology |page=164 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |others=Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.) |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |date=1999 |location = [[Delhi]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |isbn=81-208-1376-6 |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion }}

== See also ==

* [[Avanti-Magadhan Wars]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=Bhattiya}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|King of Magadha]]|years=543–491 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ajatashatru]]}}
{{end}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bimbisara}}
[[Category:558 BC]]
[[Category:491 BC]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian Jains]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Jain monarchs]]
[[Category:Haryanka dynasty]]
[[Category:Kings of Magadha]]
[[Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian Jains]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:550s BC births]]
[[Category:490s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian people]]

Khanzada Jalal Khan

2026-03-19T21:51:07Z

Freeman14H: post

{{refimprove|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = ''' Raja Khanzada Jalal Khan'''
| title = [[Raja]]
| image = Tomb of Raja Jalal Khan Khanzadah Jadubansi Rajput.PNG
|caption = Tomb of Raja Khanzada Jalal Khan
| succession = [[Wāli]]-e-[[Mewat]]
| reign = 1422-1443
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Raja]] [[Khanzada Feroz Khan]]
| successor = [[Raja]] [[Khanzada Ahmad Khan]]
| issue = Raja Khanzada Ahmad Khan
| regnal name = Fateh-Ud-Duniya-Wa-Ud Din Wali-e-Mewat Raja Khanzada Jalal Khan Bahadur
| royal house = [[Khanzada Rajput]]
| father = [[Khanzada Feroz Khan]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
|allegiance =
|}}

'''Raja Khanzada Jalal Khan Bahadur''' a.k.a. '''Jallu Khan''', son of [[Khanzada Feroz Khan]], was the [[Khanzada Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewat State]] from 1422 to 1443. He succeeded his father as Wali-e-Mewat in 1422. He ruled as a sovereign ruler from 1427 after defeating the [[Delhi sultanate]].

==Early Life and ascension==
He was born as the eldest son of [[Khanzada Feroz Khan]] the [[Wāli]] of [[Mewat]]. he succeeded his father as Wāli of [[Mewat]] in 1422 after his death.
== Reign ==
===Conflict with Delhi===
In 1427, Sultan [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] of Delhi's [[Sayyid dynasty]] attacked Mewat. The Mewati army fortified themselves for one year in the hills of [[Tijara]], after which the Delhi army retreated. This event marked the complete sovereignty of Khanzada Rajputs on Mewat.
===Invasion of Amber===
Jallu is claimed to have captured Amber, the stronghold of the [[Kachwaha]] rajas, and removed one of its gates to Indor. The fort at Indor, which lay about 6km to the north of Kotila and south of Delhi, was a Khanzada stronghold much favoured by Jallu.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newpakhistorian.org|title=Khanzada Caste: The Bisen|access-date=23 January 2026|website= newpakhistorian}}</ref>

==Death==
He died around 1441, and [[Alexander Cunningham]], the British historian notes that: {{Blockquote|He is the great hero of the [[Khanzada]]s, who are never tired of relating his gallant deeds.}}
A brother of Jallu, Ahmad, succeeded him and lived in relative peace until perhaps 1466.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalal}}
[[Category:Khanzadas of Mewat]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khanzada Feroz Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mewat|Wali-e-Mewat]] |years=1422 – 1443}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Khanzada Ahmad Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}

Odia Muslims

2026-03-17T17:55:51Z

Freeman14H: update section also and corrected details

{{short description|Indian community}}
{{about||an analysis about the general people of Odisha|Odia people|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox religious group|population={{circa|'''911,670'''}}|regions={{flag|India }} (Odisha)|languages='''Majority''':-[[Odia Language|Odia]] & [[Urdu]]
'''Minority''':- [[Hindi]]|image=Sayeed Mohammed full image.png|image_caption=[[Sayeed Mohammed]], an Indian Odia educationist|religions='''[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]''' {{plainlist| ''Majority'' [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Sunni]]
''Minority'' [[Shia]] }}}}
'''Odia Muslims''' are a community of people hailing from the Indian state of [[Odisha]] who follow Islam. They mostly descend from [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] converts to Islam along with a small proportion that migrated from [[North india|northern India]].

==History==
=== Arrival and Early Contacts ===
It is uncertain when Islam first arrived in Odisha. It is believed that the first significant Islamic presence dates from the invasion of the Bengal general, [[Kalapahad]]. Commanding the army of Sultan [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]], the [[Sultan of Bengal]], Kalapahad defeated [[Bhoi dynasty|Raja Mukund Deva]] of [[Cuttack]] in 1568, the Afghan ruler [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] of Bengal sent his general Kalapahad to invade Odisha. The defeat and death of the Hindu king Mukunda Deva ended the rule of the Eastern Ganga and Bhoi dynasties as independent powers, bringing parts of Odisha under Afghan control. This marked the first sustained Muslim political presence in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mughal-Afghan Conflict in Odisha |url=https://historyofodisha.in/mughal-afghan-conflict-in-odisha/ |website=History of Odisha |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref><ref>History of Modern Orissa: 1936-2000 page:5 by Kartik Chandra Rout, Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2004, {{ISBN|81-261-2006-1}}, {{ISBN|978-81-261-2006-2}} </ref>
===Mughal Annexation===
In 1592, the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] annexed Odisha after defeating the Afghans, integrating it into the [[Bengal Subah]]. The Mughals organized the province into five sarkars—[[Jaleswar|Jaleshwar]], [[Bhadrak]], [[Cuttack|Katak]], [[Soro, Balasore|Soro]], and Rahangpur—and introduced Islamic administrative, legal, and architectural practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medieval History of Odisha |url=https://gradsapp.in/courses/odisha-gk-general-knowledge/lessons/medieval-history-of-odisha/ |website=GradsApp |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

Cuttack, the provincial capital, became the main centre of Mughal administration, housing mosques, madrasas, and Sufi shrines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indo-Islamic Art and Architecture in Eastern India |url=https://www.studocu.com/in/document/university-of-delhi/history/59-63-indo-islamic-art-and-architecture-in-eastern-india/39888278 |website=Studocu |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

===Cultural and Religious Exchange===
During Mughal rule, Odisha experienced a period of religious syncretism. Muslim saints and scholars established dargahs such as the Qadam-e-Rasool in Cuttack, revered by both Muslims and Hindus.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Qadam-e-Rasool to get new look |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/qadam-e-rasool-to-get-new-look/cid/273253 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603073124/https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/qadam-e-rasool-to-get-new-look/cid/273253 |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=2025-08-10 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The Satyapir cult emerged, blending Islamic and Hindu devotional traditions. The Odia language absorbed numerous Persian and Arabic loanwords, and Muslim poets like [[Salabega]] composed bhajans in praise of Lord Jagannath, further illustrating cross-faith cultural integration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Impact of Islam on Odia Language and Literature |url=https://historyofodisha.in/impact-of-islam-on-odia-language-and-literature/ |website=History of Odisha |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

===Decline of Mughal Power and Maratha Rule===
By the mid-18th century, Mughal authority in Odisha waned, and in 1751 the Maratha Empire took control after a treaty with the Nawab of Bengal. Under the Marathas, Muslim institutions survived, though political influence diminished. Many Mughal-period mosques, tombs, and madrasas continued to be maintained through endowments (waqf).<ref>{{cite web |title=Religions in Odisha: Top 9 Popular Religions in the History of Orissa |url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-orissa/religions-in-odisha-top-9-popular-religions-in-the-history-of-orissa/5832 |website=History Discussion |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

===British Annexation===
The [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803) brought Odisha under British East India Company rule. Under the British, Muslims in Odisha lost most of their political privileges but retained cultural and religious autonomy through community institutions. Some prominent Muslim families adapted to new roles as landowners, traders, and artisans. Religious sites such as the [https://odishatour.in/baba-bukhari-peer-kaipadar-khordha/ Kaipadar shrine] and [[Qadam e Rasool, Cuttack|Qadam-e-Rasool]] continued to attract pilgrims from across religious lines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amalgamation of Muslim Mystics & Hindu Religion at Kaipadar |url=https://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/discover-odisha/amalgamation-muslim-mystics-hindu-religion-bukhari-pir-saheb-kaipadar-khurda |website=Bhubaneswar Buzz |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

===Role in Late Colonial Period===
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Odisha’s Muslim community remained a small minority but participated in broader anti-colonial and reform movements. Muslim educational institutions, including traditional madrasas and modern schools, were active in Cuttack, Balasore, and Kendrapara. Local leaders engaged with the Indian National Congress and regional movements for Odia language and identity, while maintaining religious networks through [[Central Waqf Council|waqf boards]] and Sufi orders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Impact of Islam on Odia Language and Literature |url=https://historyofodisha.in/impact-of-islam-on-odia-language-and-literature/ |website=History of Odisha |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[Islam]] has had a very slow rate of growth in Odisha even during the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule]] as there had never been any major Muslim [[Dawah|missionary]] work. The current population of Muslims in Odisha is 911,670 (2011 census), roughly 2.2% of the total population. The city of [[Bhadrak]] has the maximum number of Muslims as a percentage of the total population (about 35%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS HouseHold |access-date=15 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010 }}</ref>{{Verification failed|date=April 2025}}

Most Odisha Muslims are Sunni while a small minority are Shia, belonging to such groups as the [[Khoja]] and [[Dawoodi Bohra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Weekes |first=Richard V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3FEAAAQBAJ |title=Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey |date=1984 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-23392-0 |pages=587 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Muslim Population of Odisha
|type =
|footnote =
|align =
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
| cols = 2
|percentages =
|source = <ref>{{Cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community (2011) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS |access-date=Sep 9, 2024 |website=Census India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community (2001) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21483/download/24615/PC01_C01_21.xls |access-date=Sep 9, 2024 |website=Census India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=C-9 Religion (1991) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/35737/download/39400/1991-C09T-0100.xlsx |access-date=Sep 9, 2024 |website=Census India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of Population - Census 1981 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31509/download/34690/52213_1981_POR.pdf |access-date=Sep 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Census Atlas, Vol-XII-Part IX-A, Orissa - Census 1961 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28452/download/31634/21487_1961_CEN.pdf |access-date=Sep 13, 2024 |website=Census India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Population, Social and Cultural and Land Tables, Part II-A, Tables, Volume-XI, Orissa - Census 1951 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30727/download/33908/45683_1971_GPS.pdf |access-date=Sep 13, 2024 |website=Census India}}</ref>
||
||
||
||
||| 1951 | 176,338| 1961 | 215,319| 1971 | 326,507| 1981 | 422,266| 1991 | 577,775| 2001 | 761,985| 2011 | 911,670}}



=== Places with the largest proportions ===
The figures indicate percentage of Muslims within the districts:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/21-orissa.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

* [[Jajpur district|Jajapur]]
** Sayadpur – 77.75%
** Brahmabarada – 60%
** [[Jajpur|Jajapur]] – 12%
* [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
** [[Bhadrak]] – 40%
** [[Dhamanagar]]– 47%

== Denominations ==

=== Sunni Muslims ===
The majority of the Muslim population in Odisha are adherents of Sunni Islam, predominantly following the Hanafi school of jurisprudence. Within the Sunni community, there are notable subgroups such as the [[Barelvi movement|Barelvi]] and [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] movements. These groups are primarily concentrated in urban centres like [[Cuttack]] and [[Bhubaneswar]], reflecting historical influences and migration patterns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weekes |first=Richard V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3FEAAAQBAJ |title=Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey |date=1984-12-21 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-23392-0 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Shia Muslims ===
A smaller segment of the Muslim community in Odisha adheres to [[Shi'a Islam in India|Shia Islam]]. Communities such as the [[Khoja]] and [[Dawoodi Bohra]] have established their presence in key urban areas, contributing to the state's religious diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/42-46.pdf|title=The Influence of Sufism and Shia Traditions in Odisha|publisher=Orissa Review|accessdate=2025-04-06}}</ref>

=== Ahmadiyya Community ===
The Ahmadiyya community, though numerically smaller, actively engages in interfaith outreach and community initiatives. For instance, in regions like [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]], Ahmadi Muslims have participated in social and religious activities, underscoring their role in the local socio-religious landscape.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lightofislam.in/ahmadi-muslims-distribute-water-during-ram-navami-procession-in-odisha/|title=Ahmadi Muslims Distribute Water during Ram Navami Procession in Odisha|date=14 April 2022 |publisher=Light of Islam|accessdate=2025-04-06}}</ref>

=== Sufi Traditions ===
{{Main|Sufism in India}}
{{See also|Bhujakhia Pir|Tarbha Wale Baba}}
Historically, Sufi traditions have significantly influenced Odisha's cultural and spiritual heritage. The establishment of dargahs (shrines) and the integration of syncretic practices into local customs highlight the enduring impact of Sufi mysticism in the region. Although Sufi practices are not classified as a separate denomination, they are interwoven with both Sunni and Shia traditions in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/42-46.pdf|title=The Influence of Sufism and Shia Traditions in Odisha|publisher=Orissa Review|accessdate=2025-04-06}}</ref>
==Education==
[[Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom]], a centre of Deobandi Islamic study in Odisha, was founded in 1946 by [[Muhammad Ismail Katki]], the third president of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind#Administration|Jamiat Ulema Odisha]].<ref name="Amīn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/%d9%85%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9%db%8c%d9%84-%da%a9%d9%b9%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%b1%d8%ad%d9%85%db%83-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%db%81-%d8%b9%d9%84%db%8c/|title=Munāzir e Islām Maulāna Muhammad Ismāil Katki Qāsmi: Life and Works|date=5 December 2021|accessdate=21 June 2022|website=Baseerat online|last=Rūhul Amīn|first=Muhammad|lang=ur}}</ref> Important Barelvi Madrasa are located at Bhadrak.

==Notable people==


*[[Syed Mustafiz Ahmed]] (1941–2017), former Welfare Minister
*[[Syed Ameer Ali]] (1849–1928), jurist, author and political leader
*[[Surat Alley]] (1905–1988), trade unionist and political activist
*[[Afzal-ul Amin]] (1915–1983), statesman and social worker
*[[Farhat Amin]] (born 1967), journalist and social activist
*[[Mohammed Ayoob]] (born 1942), professor
*[[A. M. Bachan]], footballer
*[[Raja Syed Irfan Ali Choudhury|Syed Irfan Ali Chaudhury]] (1842–1890), Raja of [[Tarakote Raj|Tarakote]]
*[[Sofia Firdous]] (born 1992), MLA for [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]
*[[Hussain Rabi Gandhi]] (1948–2023), author and cultural activist
*[[Mehmood Hussain]] (1950–2015), filmmaker and author
*[[Mohammad Shahid Jabbar]] (born 1965), football coach
*[[Muhammad Ismail Katki]] (1914–2005), Islamic scholar, author and politician<ref>{{cite book|last=Nazish|first=Motiullah|author-link=Motiullah Nazish|title=Odisha Ke Mujaahideen e Aazadi|edition=1st|date=2023|pages=263–266|publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy|location=Sanskruti Bhawan, BJB Nagar, [[Bhubaneswar]]|language=ur}}</ref>
*[[Karamat Ali Karamat]] (1936–2022), Urdu poet, author, literary critic and mathematician
*[[Harun Rashid Khan]] (born 1955), deputy governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]]
*[[Mohammad Mohsin]] (1942–2003), actor, director and producer
*[[Atharuddin Mohammed]] (1859–1931), [[Dewan]] of [[Dhenkanal State]]
*[[Khwaja Fazal Mohammed]] (1805–1868), Sufi philosopher
*[[Sayeed Mohammed]] (1891–1922), educationist and philanthropist
*[[Aparajita Mohanty|Aparajita Mohanty (née Khan)]] (born 1962), actress
*[[Mohammed Moquim]] (born 1965), MLA for [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]
*[[Amjad Najmi]] (1899–1974), poet, dramatist and prose writer
*[[Kafeel Ahmad Qasmi]] (born 1951), Islamic scholar, academician and litterateur<ref>{{cite web|last=Mayurbhanji|first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn|title=Prof. Maulana Sayed Kafeel Ahmed Qasmi: Biographical Sketch|url=https://qindeelonline.com/sayyad-kafeel-ahmad-qasmi/|website=qindeelonline.com|publisher=Qandeel Online|date=16 September 2023|access-date=6 October 2023|language=ur|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216065710/https://qindeelonline.com/sayyad-kafeel-ahmad-qasmi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[S. S. Sajideen Qasmi ]] (1939–2006), Islamic scholar, poet, and orator<ref>{{cite book |last1=Katki|first1=Sayed Abdul Hafiz|title=Majlis-e-Shūra, Jamia Rashidia Riyazul Uloom Sungra|url=https://archive.org/details/majlis-e-shura-jamia-rashidia-riyazul-uloom-sungra|date=June 2004|publisher= Department of Broadcasting, Jamia Rashidia Riyazul Uloom Sungra|location=Gohalipur, [[Cuttack district]]|pages=7, 12–18|language=ur}}</ref>
*[[Ibrahim Suhrawardy]] (1896–1971), educationist and linguist

== See also ==

* [[Islam in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite magazine|last=Mohammad |first=Dr.Mohin |title=The Role of Islam in Interreligious Rapport in Odisha |date=2014-07-01 |work= |pages=42–46 |language=en |magazine=Odisha Review
|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/42-46.pdf}}
* {{cite magazine
|last=Yamin
|first=Mohammed
|title=A Fascinating Study of Syncretic Culture in Orissa
|magazine=Odisha Review
|issue=
|date=September 2010
|pages=26–29
|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/September/engpdf/26-29.pdf
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kalam |first=Mir Azad |others=Co-authors:Manideepa Dutta; Gupta Ghosh |title=Marital Practices Among a Group of Muslim Community Living in Coastal Odisha |journal=NDC E-BIOS |language=en |year=2021 |volume=1 |pages=46–53 |issn=2583-6447 |url=https://www.ndcebios.in/v1n1/2021010107.pdf}}
*
* {{Cite book |last=Yamin |first=Mohammed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN5KebBJxzcC&q=Muslim+community+of+Odisha |title=Impact of Islam on Orissan Culture |publisher=Readworthy |isbn=978-93-5018-102-7 |edition= |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yamin |first=Mohammed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJNREAAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+of+Odisha&pg=PT108 |title=Cultural History of Odisha |publisher=Readworthy Publications |isbn=978-93-5018-430-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yamin |first=Mohammed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tix6oAEACAAJ |title=Islam in Orissa: A Fascinating Socio-cultural Study |date=2014 |publisher=Readworthy Publications |isbn=978-93-5018-375-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sultana |first=Sabnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-8dtAEACAAJ |title=Islamic Culture in Odisha |date=2016 |publisher=Athena Books |isbn=978-93-80824-16-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ&q=Islam+in++odisha |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/muslim-administration-in-orissa-1980 |archive-date=2021-07-01}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Prasant Kumar |date=2011 |title=Muslim Artisans in a New Hindu Village: Life of Adjustment and Survival of a Minority Community in Contemporary India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145753 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=72 |pages=1419–1429 |issn=2249-1937}}
*
*
*

== External links ==

* [https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/September/engpdf/26-29.pdf A Fascinating Study of Syncretic Culture in Orissa]
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Muhajir communities}}

[[Category:Islam in India by location]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]

Titanium

2026-03-14T19:32:08Z

Freeman14H: reworked section also and corrected details per sources

{{About|the chemical element}}
{{good article}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox titanium}}

'''Titanium''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Ti''' and [[atomic number]] 22. Found in nature only as an [[oxide]], it can be reduced to produce a lustrous [[transition metal]] with a silver [[color]], low [[density]], and high strength that is resistant to [[corrosion]] in [[sea water]], [[aqua regia]], and [[chlorine]].

Titanium was discovered in [[Cornwall]], [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], by [[William Gregor]] in 1791 and was named by [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]] after the [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]] of [[Greek mythology]]. The element occurs within a number of [[mineral]]s, principally [[rutile]] and [[ilmenite]], which are widely distributed in the [[Earth's crust]] and [[lithosphere]]; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils.<ref name="EBC" /> The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the [[Kroll process|Kroll]] and [[Hunter process|Hunter]] processes.<ref name="LANL" /> The most common compound, [[titanium dioxide]] (TiO2), is a popular [[photocatalysis|photocatalyst]] and is used in the manufacture of white pigments.<ref name="HistoryAndUse">{{cite book|last=Krebs|first=Robert E.|title=The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide|edition=2nd|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=[[Westport, CT]]|isbn=978-0-313-33438-2|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC}}</ref> Other compounds include [[titanium tetrachloride]] (TiCl4), a component of [[smoke screen]]s and [[catalyst]]s; and [[Titanium(III) chloride|titanium trichloride]] (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of [[polypropylene]].<ref name="EBC" />

Titanium can be [[alloy]]ed with [[iron]], [[aluminium]], [[vanadium]], and [[molybdenum]], among other elements. The resulting [[titanium alloys]] are strong, lightweight, and versatile, with applications including aerospace ([[jet engine]]s, [[missile]]s, and [[spacecraft]]), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, [[desalination plant]]s, pulp, and paper), automotive, [[agriculture]] (farming), sporting goods, jewelry, and [[consumer electronics]].<ref name="EBC" /> Titanium is also considered one of the most [[Biocompatibility|biocompatible]] metals, leading to a range of medical applications including [[prostheses]], [[orthopedic implant]]s, [[dental implant]]s, and [[surgical instrument]]s.<ref name="Medical University 2022 v636">{{cite web | last1=Medical | first1=Tokyo | last2=University | first2=Dental | title=Exploring what gives titanium implants their remarkable biocompatibility | website=Phys.org | date=2022-05-24 | url=https://phys.org/news/2022-05-exploring-titanium-implants-remarkable-biocompatibility.html | access-date=2024-05-02}}</ref>

The two most useful properties of the metal are its corrosion resistance and [[Specific strength|tensile-strength-to-density ratio]], the highest of any metallic element,<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|p=11}}</ref> although resistance to [[tensile stress]] does not mean it has the highest ratio for other stresses: [[bulk modulus|bulk compression]], [[shear stress|shear]], and [[P-wave modulus|pressure wave]]. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as tensile-strong as some [[steel]]s, but less dense.<ref name="Barksdale1968p738">{{harvnb|Barksdale|1968|p=738}}</ref> There are two [[allotropy|allotropic]] forms<ref name="TICE6th" /> and five naturally occurring [[isotope]]s of this element, [[isotopes of titanium|{{sup|46}}Ti]] through {{sup|50}}Ti, with {{sup|48}}Ti being the most [[natural abundance|abundant]] (73.8%).<ref name="EnvChem">{{cite web |url=http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ti-pg2.html#Nuclides |title=Periodic Table of Elements: Ti – Titanium |access-date=26 December 2006 |author=Barbalace, Kenneth L. |year=2006}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==

=== Physical properties ===
<section begin=properties/>
As a metal, titanium is recognized for its high [[strength-to-weight ratio]].<ref name=TICE6th>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Titanium |encyclopedia=[[Columbia Encyclopedia]] |edition=6th |date=2000–2006 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaencyclop00laga |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7876-5015-5 |url-access=registration }}</ref> It is a strong metal with low [[density]] that is quite [[ductility|ductile]] (especially in an [[oxygen]]-free environment),<ref name="EBC">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Titanium|year=2006|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072643/titanium|access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref> lustrous, and metallic-white in color.<ref name="Stwertka1998">{{cite book|title=Guide to the Elements|edition=Revised|first=Albert|last=Stwertka|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1998|chapter=Titanium|pages= 81–82|isbn=978-0-19-508083-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3RWAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> Due to its relatively high melting point (1,668 °C or 3,034 °F) it has sometimes been described as a [[refractory metals|refractory metal]], but this is not the case.<ref>{{cite web|website=Special Metal Fabrication|url=https://special-metals.co.uk/is-titanium-a-refractory-metal|title=Is Titanium A Refractory Metal|date=3 August 2021 }}</ref> It is [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] and has fairly low [[electrical conductivity|electrical]] and [[thermal conductivity]] compared to other metals.<ref name="EBC" /> Titanium is [[superconductivity|superconducting]] when cooled below its critical temperature of 0.49 K.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.92.243| journal = Phys. Rev.| volume = 92| issue = 2| pages = 243–247| year = 1953| title = Superconductivity of Titanium| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1953-10-15_92_2/page/242| last1 = Steele | first1 = M. C. | last2 = Hein | first2 = R. A.| bibcode = 1953PhRv...92..243S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.97.214516| journal = Phys. Rev. B| volume = 97| issue = 21| article-number = 214516| year = 2018| title = Complete electrodynamics of a BCS superconductor with μeV energy scales: Microwave spectroscopy on titanium at mK temperatures| last1 = Thiemann | first1 = M. |display-authors=etal| arxiv = 1803.02736| bibcode = 2018PhRvB..97u4516T| s2cid = 54891002}}</ref><section end="properties" />

{{anchor|Commercially pure titanium}}
Commercially pure (99.2% pure) [[titanium alloy#Grades of titanium|grades]] of titanium have [[ultimate tensile strength]] of about 434 [[megapascal|MPa]] (63,000 [[pounds per square inch|psi]]), equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, but are less dense. Titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong<ref name=Barksdale1968p738/> as the most commonly used [[6061 aluminium alloy|6061-T6 aluminium alloy]]. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., [[Titanium Beta C|Beta C]]) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa (200,000 psi).<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|loc=Appendix J, Table J.2}}</ref> However, titanium loses strength when heated above {{convert|430|°C|°F}}.<ref name="Barksdale1968p734">{{harvnb|Barksdale|1968|p=734}}</ref>

Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel; it is non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, because the material can [[galling|gall]] unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a [[fatigue limit]] that guarantees longevity in some applications.<ref name="Stwertka1998" />

The metal is a dimorphic [[allotrope]] of a [[hexagonal close packed]] α form that changes into a [[body-centered cubic]] (lattice) β form at {{convert|882|°C|°F}}.<ref name="Barksdale1968p734" /><ref name="schmidt65">{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=F. F. |last2=Wood |first2=R. A. |title=HEAT TREATMENT OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS BY |date=1965 |publisher=NASA |location=GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER |edition=TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM X-53445 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660015720/downloads/19660015720.pdf}}</ref> The [[specific heat capacity|specific heat]] of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature.<ref name="Barksdale1968p734" />

=== Chemical properties ===
[[File:Titanium in water Pourbaix diagram.png|thumb|alt=Graph showing the Pourbaix diagram of titanium|[[Pourbaix diagram]] for titanium in pure water, perchloric acid, or sodium hydroxide<ref name="medusa">Puigdomenech, Ignasi (2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605034847/http://www.kth.se/che/medusa ''Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software''], KTH Royal Institute of Technology.</ref>]]
Like [[aluminium]] and [[magnesium]], the surface of titanium metal and its alloys [[oxidizes]] immediately upon exposure to air to form a thin non-porous [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivation]] layer that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation or corrosion.<ref name="EBC" /> When it first forms, this protective layer is only 1–2 [[nanometre|nm]] thick, but it continues to grow slowly, reaching a thickness of 25 nm in four years.<ref name="Emsley2001p453" /> This layer gives titanium excellent resistance to corrosion against oxidizing acids, but it will dissolve in dilute [[hydrofluoric acid]], hot hydrochloric acid, and hot sulfuric acid.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Sicius |first=Hermann |title=Titanium Group: Elements of the Fourth Subgroup |date=2024 |work=Handbook of the Chemical Elements |pages=487–535 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-68921-9_9 |access-date=2025-10-08 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-68921-9_9 |isbn=978-3-662-68920-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Titanium is capable of withstanding attack by dilute [[sulfuric acid|sulfuric]] and [[hydrochloric acid]]s at room temperature, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.<ref name=LANL/> However, titanium is corroded by concentrated acids.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Casillas, N. |author2=Charlebois, S. |author3=Smyrl, W.H. |author4=White, H.S. |year=1994 |title=Pitting corrosion of titanium |journal=J. Electrochem. Soc. |volume=141 |issue=3 |pages=636–642 |doi=10.1149/1.2054783 |bibcode=1994JElS..141..636C |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a274980.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827231129/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a274980.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Titanium burns in normal air at temperatures lower than its melting point, so melting the metal is possible only in an inert atmosphere or vacuum.<ref name="LANL" /> At room temperature, titanium is fairly inert to [[halogen]]s, but will violently combine with [[chlorine]] and [[bromine]] at {{convert|550|°C|°F}} to form [[titanium tetrachloride]] and [[titanium tetrabromide]], respectively.<ref name=":0" />

Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at {{convert|1200|°C|°F}} in air, and at {{convert|610|°C|°F}} in pure oxygen, forming [[titanium dioxide]].<ref name="TICE6th" /> This oxide is also formed by reaction between titanium and pure oxygen at room temperature and pressure of {{Convert|25|bar}}.<ref name=":0" /> Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, reacting at {{convert|800|°C|°F}} to form [[titanium nitride]], which causes embrittlement.<ref name=titaniumindustry>{{cite book |title=Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0Adr4zleybgC&pg=PA112 |page= 112|first= A.L. |last= Forrest |chapter= Effects of Metal Chemistry on Behavior of Titanium in Industrial Applications |year=1981}}</ref>

=== Occurrence ===
Titanium is the ninth-most [[abundance of elements in Earth's crust|abundant]] element in [[Earth]]'s crust (0.63% by [[mass]])<ref name="Barksdale1968p732" /> and the seventh-most abundant metal. It is present as oxides in most [[igneous rock]]s, in [[sedimentary rock|sediments]] derived from them, in living things, and natural bodies of water.<ref name="EBC" /><ref name="LANL">{{RubberBible86th}}</ref> Of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed by the [[United States Geological Survey]], 784 contained titanium. Its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5–1.5%.<ref name="Barksdale1968p732" />

Common titanium-containing [[mineral]]s are [[anatase]], [[brookite]], [[ilmenite]], [[perovskite]], [[rutile]], and [[titanite]] (sphene).<ref name="Emsley2001p453">{{harvnb|Emsley|2001|p=453}}</ref> [[Akaogiite]] is an extremely rare mineral consisting of titanium dioxide. Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations. About 6.0 and 0.7 million tonnes of those minerals were mined in 2011, respectively.<ref name="USGS" /> Significant titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits exist in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Mozambique]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[South Africa]], and [[Ukraine]].<ref name="Emsley2001p453" /> Total reserves of anatase, ilmenite, and rutile are estimated to exceed 2 billion tonnes.<ref name="USGS" />

The concentration of titanium is about 4 [[Molar concentration|picomolar]] in the ocean. At 100 °C, the concentration of titanium in water is estimated to be less than 10{{sup|−7}} M at pH 7. The identity of titanium species in aqueous solution remains unknown because of its low solubility and the lack of sensitive spectroscopic methods, although only the 4+ oxidation state is stable in air. No evidence exists for a biological role, although rare organisms are known to accumulate high concentrations of titanium.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1021/cr1002886 |pmid= 22074443 |title= Bioinorganic Chemistry of Titanium |journal= Chemical Reviews |volume= 112 |issue= 3 |pages= 1863–81 |year= 2012 |last1= Buettner |first1= K. M. |last2= Valentine |first2= A. M. |bibcode= 2012ChRv..112.1863B }}</ref>

Titanium is contained in [[meteorite]]s, and it has been detected in the [[Sun]] and in [[stellar classification|M-type]] [[star]]s<ref name="LANL" /> (the coolest type) with a surface temperature of {{convert|3200|°C|°F}}.<ref name="Emsley2001p451">{{harvnb|Emsley|2001|p=451}}</ref> [[Rock (geology)|Rocks]] brought back from the [[Moon]] during the [[Apollo 17]] mission are composed of 12.1% TiO2.<ref name="LANL" /> [[Native element mineral|Native]] titanium is only found in rocks that have been exposed to pressures between roughly 2.8 to 4.0{{Spaces}}[[gigapascal]] on Earth,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Jing |last2=Li |first2=Jiliang |last3=Wu |first3=Jun |date=2000-04-30 |title=Native titanium inclusions in the coesite eclogites from Dabieshan, China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X00000571 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=177 |issue=3–4 |pages=237–240 |doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00057-1 |bibcode=2000E&PSL.177..237C |url-access=subscription }}</ref> but it has been identified in [[Nanocrystalline material|nanocrystals]] on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mokhov |first1=A. V. |last2=Gornostaeva |first2=T. A. |last3=Kartashov |first3=P. M. |last4=Asadulin |first4=En. E. |last5=Bogatikov |first5=O. A. |date=2015 |title=Nanocrystals of native iron and titanium in impact glasses of the lunar regolith |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S1028334X15020038 |journal=Doklady Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=460 |issue=2 |pages=118–122 |doi=10.1134/S1028334X15020038 |bibcode=2015DokES.460..118M |issn=1028-334X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Isotopes ===
{{Main|Isotopes of titanium}}
Naturally occurring titanium is composed of five stable [[isotope]]s: {{sup|46}}Ti, {{sup|47}}Ti, {{sup|48}}Ti, {{sup|49}}Ti, and {{sup|50}}Ti, with {{sup|48}}Ti being the most abundant (73.8% [[natural abundance]]). Twenty-three [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized,{{Efn|Twenty-one radioisotopes were known as of 2021 with the publication of the NUBASE2020 nuclear data library,<ref name=nubase2020 /> with two more radioisotopes, {{sup|65}}Ti and {{sup|66}}Ti being discovered in 2025.<ref name=Tarasov2025 />}} the most stable of which are [[titanium-44|{{sup|44}}Ti]] with a [[half-life]] of 63 years; {{sup|45}}Ti, 184.8 minutes; {{sup|51}}Ti, 5.76 minutes; and {{sup|52}}Ti, 1.7 minutes. All other [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives less than 33 seconds, with the majority less than half a second.<ref name="EnvChem" /><ref name=nubase2020>{{NUBASE2020|access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

The isotopes of titanium range from {{sup|39}}Ti to {{sup|66}}Ti.{{AME2016 II|ref}}<ref name=Tarasov2025 /> The primary [[decay mode]] for isotopes lighter than {{sup|46}}Ti is [[positron emission]] (with the exception of {{sup|44}}Ti, which undergoes [[electron capture]]), leading to [[isotopes of scandium]], and the primary mode for isotopes heavier than {{sup|50}}Ti is [[beta emission]], leading to [[isotopes of vanadium]].<ref name="EnvChem" /> Titanium becomes radioactive upon bombardment with [[deuterons]], emitting mainly [[positrons]] and hard [[gamma rays]].<ref name="LANL" />

== Compounds ==
{{Category see also|Titanium compounds|Titanium minerals}}
{{see also|Titanium alloy}}
[[File:Titanium nitride coating.jpg|thumb|upright=0.25|alt=A steel colored twist drill bit with the spiral groove colored in a golden shade|A titanium nitride-coated [[drill bit]]]]
The +4 [[oxidation state]] dominates titanium chemistry,<ref name="Greenwood1997p958">{{harvnb|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=958}}</ref> but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also numerous.<ref name="Greenwood1997p970">{{harvnb|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=970}}</ref> Commonly, titanium adopts an [[octahedral coordination geometry]] in its complexes,<ref name="Greenwood1997p960">{{harvnb|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=960}}</ref><ref name="Greenwood1997p967">{{harvnb|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=967}}</ref> but tetrahedral TiCl4 is a notable exception. Because of its high oxidation state, titanium(IV) compounds exhibit a high degree of [[covalent bond]]ing.<ref name="Greenwood1997p958" />

=== Oxides, sulfides, and alkoxides ===
The most important oxide is TiO2, which exists in three important [[polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphs]]; anatase, brookite, and rutile. All three are white diamagnetic solids, although mineral samples can appear dark, as in [[rutile]]. They adopt polymeric structures in which Ti is surrounded by six [[oxide]] ligands that link to other Ti centers.<ref name="Greenwood1997p961">{{harvnb|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=961}}</ref>

The term ''[[titanate]]s'' usually refers to titanium(IV) compounds, as represented by [[barium titanate]] (BaTiO3). With a perovskite structure, this material exhibits [[piezoelectric]] properties and is used as a transducer in the interconversion of [[sound]] and [[electricity]].<ref name="TICE6th" /> Many minerals are titanates, such as ilmenite (FeTiO3). [[Star sapphire (jewel)|Star sapphires]] and [[ruby|rubies]] get their [[asterism (gemmology)|asterism]] (star-forming shine) from the presence of titanium dioxide impurities.<ref name="Emsley2001p453" />

A variety of reduced oxides ([[suboxide]]s) of titanium are known, mainly reduced [[stoichiometry|stoichiometries]] of titanium dioxide obtained by [[atmospheric plasma spraying]]. Ti3O5, described as a Ti(IV)-Ti(III) species, is a purple semiconductor produced by [[reduction (chemistry)|reduction]] of TiO2 with hydrogen at high temperatures,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Gang |last2=Huang |first2=Wan-Xia |last3=Yi |first3=Yong |title=Preparation and Optical Storage Properties of λTi3O5 Powder |journal=Journal of Inorganic Materials |date=26 June 2013 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=425–430|doi=10.3724/SP.J.1077.2013.12309|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref> and is used industrially when surfaces need to be vapor-coated with titanium dioxide: it evaporates as pure TiO, whereas TiO2 evaporates as a mixture of oxides and deposits coatings with variable refractive index.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonardi |first1=Antonio |last2=Pühlhofer |first2=Gerd |last3=Hermanutz |first3=Stephan |last4=Santangelo |first4=Andrea |year=2014 |title=A new solution for mirror coating in {{mvar|γ}}-ray Cherenkov Astronomy |journal=Experimental Astronomy |volume=38 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1007/s10686-014-9398-x |bibcode=2014ExA....38....1B |s2cid=119213226 |arxiv=1406.0622}}</ref> Also known is [[titanium(III) oxide|Ti2O3]], with the [[corundum]] structure, and [[titanium(II) oxide|TiO]], with the [[rock salt structure]], although often [[nonstoichiometric]].{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=962}}

The [[alkoxide]]s of titanium(IV), prepared by treating TiCl4 with [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s, are colorless compounds that convert to the dioxide on reaction with water. They are industrially useful for depositing solid TiO2 via the [[sol-gel process]]. [[Titanium isopropoxide]] is used in the synthesis of chiral organic compounds via the [[Sharpless epoxidation]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ramón, Diego J. |author2=Yus, Miguel |year=2006 |title=In the arena of enantioselective synthesis, titanium complexes wear the laurel wreath |journal=Chem. Rev. |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=2126–2308 |doi=10.1021/cr040698p |pmid=16771446}}</ref>

Titanium forms a variety of sulfides, but only [[titanium disulfide|TiS2]] has attracted significant interest. It adopts a layered structure and was used as a cathode in the development of [[lithium batteries]]. Because Ti(IV) is a [[HSAB theory|"hard cation"]], the sulfides of titanium are unstable and tend to hydrolyze to the oxide with release of [[hydrogen sulfide]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = McKelvy | first1 = M.J. | last2 = Glaunsinger | first2 = W.S. | year = 1995 | title = Inorganic Syntheses | chapter = Titanium Disulfide | volume = 30 | pages = 28–32 | doi = 10.1002/9780470132616.ch7 | isbn = 978-0-470-13261-6 }}</ref>

=== Nitrides and carbides ===
[[Titanium nitride]] (TiN) is a refractory solid exhibiting extreme hardness, thermal/electrical conductivity, and a high melting point.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saha |first=Naresh |year=1992 |title=Titanium nitride oxidation chemistry: An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=72 |issue=7 |pages=3072–3079 |doi=10.1063/1.351465 |bibcode=1992JAP....72.3072S}}</ref> TiN has a hardness equivalent to [[sapphire]] and [[carborundum]] (9.0 on the [[Mohs scale]]),<ref>{{cite web |author=Schubert, E.F. |title=The hardness scale introduced by Friederich Mohs |series=Educational resources |publisher=[[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] |place=Troy, NY |url=https://www.ecse.rpi.edu/~schubert/Educational-resources/Materials-Hardness.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603075632/http://www.rpi.edu/~schubert/Educational-resources/Materials-Hardness.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2010}}</ref> and is often used to coat cutting tools, such as [[drill bit]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Truini |first=Joseph |date=May 1988 |title=Drill bits |magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]] |volume=165 |issue=5 |page=91 |issn=0032-4558 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-QDAAAAMBAJ}}</ref> It is also used as a gold-colored decorative finish and as a [[Copper interconnects#Barrier metal|barrier layer]] in [[semiconductor fabrication]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Baliga |first=B. Jayant |year=2005 |title=Silicon carbide power devices |publisher=World Scientific |page=91 |isbn=978-981-256-605-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNLVwAzhN7EC}}</ref> [[Titanium carbide]] (TiC), which is also very hard, is found in cutting tools and coatings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Titanium carbide product information |publisher=H.C. Starck |url=http://www.hcstarck.com/titanium_carbide_tic |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194330/https://www.hcstarck.com/titanium_carbide_tic |archive-date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Halides ===
[[File:TiCl3.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|alt=Violet liquid in a test tube|Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated by this aqueous solution of [[titanium trichloride]].]]
[[Titanium tetrachloride]] (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4<ref>{{cite report |author1=Seong, S. |author2=Younossi, O. |author3=Goldsmith, B.W. |year=2009 |title=Titanium: Industrial base, price trends, and technology initiatives |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4575-1 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIPFfYW304IC&pg=PA10}}</ref>) is a colorless volatile liquid (commercial samples are yellowish) that, in air, hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of white clouds. Via the [[Kroll process]], TiCl4 is used in the conversion of titanium ores to titanium metal. Titanium tetrachloride is also used to make titanium dioxide, e.g., for use in white paint.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Richard W. |year=1998 |title=The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics |publisher=Springer |pages=38–21 |isbn=978-3-540-64612-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBTlucgGdegC}}</ref> It is widely used in [[organic chemistry]] as a [[Lewis acids and bases|Lewis acid]], for example in the [[Mukaiyama aldol condensation]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Coates |first=Robert M. |author2=Paquette, Leo A. |year=2000 |title=Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |page=93|isbn=978-0-470-85625-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxYjJgupBSMC}}</ref> In the [[van Arkel–de Boer process]], [[titanium tetraiodide]] (TiI4) is generated in the production of high purity titanium metal.<ref name="Greenwood1997p965">{{harvnb|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=965}}</ref>

Titanium(III) and titanium(II) also form stable chlorides. A notable example is [[titanium(III) chloride]] (TiCl3), which is used as a [[catalyst]] for production of [[polyolefin]]s (see [[Ziegler–Natta catalyst]]) and a reducing [[reagent|agent]] in organic chemistry.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Lise-Lotte |last1=Gundersen |first2=Frode |last2=Rise |first3=Kjell |last3=Undheim |first4=José |last4=Méndez Andino |year=2007 |title=Titanium(III) Chloride |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis]] |doi=10.1002/047084289X.rt120.pub2 |isbn=978-0-471-93623-7 }}</ref>

=== Organometallic complexes ===
{{Main|Organotitanium chemistry}}
Owing to the important role of titanium compounds as [[polymerization]] catalyst, compounds with Ti-C bonds have been intensively studied. The most common organotitanium complex is [[titanocene dichloride]] ((C5H5)2TiCl2). Related compounds include [[Tebbe's reagent]] and [[Petasis reagent]]. Titanium forms [[metal carbonyl|carbonyl complexes]], e.g. [[titanocene dicarbonyl|(C5H5)2Ti(CO)2]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=John F. Hartwig |author=Hartwig, J.F. |year=2010 |title=Organotransition Metal Chemistry, from Bonding to Catalysis |publisher=University Science Books |place=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-891389-53-5}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Martin Heinrich Klaproth.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Engraved profile image of a mid-age male with high forehead. The person is wearing a coat and a neckerchief.|[[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]] named titanium for the [[titan (mythology)|Titans]] of [[Greek mythology]].]]

Titanium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] in 1791 by the [[clergy]]man and [[geologist]] [[William Gregor]] as an [[inclusion (mineral)|inclusion]] of a mineral in [[Cornwall]], Great Britain.<ref name=Emsley2001p452/> Gregor recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite<ref name=HistoryAndUse/> when he found black sand by a stream and noticed the sand was attracted by a [[magnet]].<ref name=Emsley2001p452/> Analyzing the sand, he determined the presence of two metal oxides: [[iron oxide]] (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a white metallic oxide he could not identify.<ref name="Barksdale1968p732">{{harvnb|Barksdale|1968|p=732}}</ref> Realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match any known element, in 1791 Gregor reported his findings in both German and French science journals: ''[[Crell's Annalen]]'' and ''Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique''.<ref name=Emsley2001p452/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregor, William |year=1791 |title=Beobachtungen und Versuche über den Menakanit, einen in Cornwall gefundenen magnetischen Sand |language=de |trans-title=Observations and experiments regarding menaccanite [i.e., ilmenite], a magnetic sand found in Cornwall |journal=Chemische Annalen |volume=1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA40 pp. 40–54], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA103 103–119]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gregor, William |year=1791 |title=Sur le menakanite, espèce de sable attirable par l'aimant, trouvé dans la province de Cornouilles |trans-title=On menaccanite, a species of magnetic sand, found in the county of Cornwall |language=fr |journal=Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique |volume=39 |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/journaldephysiq23unkngoog#page/n77/mode/1up 72–78], [https://archive.org/stream/journaldephysiq23unkngoog#page/n159/mode/1up 152–160]}}</ref> He named this oxide [[manaccanite]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Habashi |first1=Fathi |title=Historical Introduction to Refractory Metals |journal=Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review |date=January 2001 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=25–53 |doi=10.1080/08827509808962488|bibcode=2001MPEMR..22...25H |s2cid=100370649 }}</ref>

Around the same time, [[Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein]] produced a similar substance, but could not identify it.<ref name="HistoryAndUse" /> The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by [[Prussia]]n chemist [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]] in rutile from Boinik (the German name of Bajmócska), a village in Hungary (now [[Bojničky]] in Slovakia).<ref name="Emsley2001p452" />{{efn|
''"Diesem zufolge will ich den Namen für die gegenwärtige metallische Substanz, gleichergestalt wie bei dem Uranium geschehen, aus der Mythologie, und zwar von den Ursöhnen der Erde, den Titanen, entlehnen, und benenne also diese neue Metallgeschlecht: Titanium; ... "''<ref name=Klaproth-1795>{{cite journal |author=Klaproth, Martin Heinrich |year=1795 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zFGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA233 |title=Chemische Untersuchung des sogenannten hungarischen rothen Schörls |trans-title=Chemical investigation of the so-called Hungarian red tourmaline [rutile] |journal=Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper [Contributions to the chemical knowledge of mineral substances] |volume=1 |pages=233–244 |place=Berlin, DE |publisher=Heinrich August Rottmann}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 244}}
{{br}}
[By virtue of this I will derive the name for the present metallic substance — as happened similarly in the case of uranium — from mythology, namely from the first sons of the Earth, the Titans, and thus [I] name this new species of metal: "titanium"; ... ]
}}
Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the [[titan (mythology)|Titans]] of [[Greek mythology]].<ref name=Emsley2001p451/> After hearing about Gregor's earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed that it contained titanium.<ref>{{cite report |title=Twenty-five years of Titanium news: A concise and timely report on titanium and titanium recycling |year=1995 |publisher=Suisman Titanium Corporation |via=[[Pennsylvania State University]] / Google Books |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amIQAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with [[carbon]] (as in iron smelting) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide.<ref name=Emsley2001p452/> An extraction of 95% pure titanium was achieved by [[Lars Fredrik Nilson]] and [[:it:Otto Pettersson|Otto Petterson]]. To achieve this they chlorinated titanium oxide in a carbon monoxide atmosphere with chlorine gas before reducing it to titanium metal by the use of sodium.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Takeda |first1=Osamu |title=Chapter 2.7 - Rare Earth, Titanium Group Metals, and Reactive Metals Production |date=2024-01-01 |work=Treatise on Process Metallurgy |edition=Second |pages=697–750 |editor-last=Seetharaman |editor-first=Seshadri |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323853736000107 |access-date=2024-11-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-85373-6 |last2=Uda |first2=Tetsuya |last3=Okabe |first3=Toru H. |editor2-last=Guthrie |editor2-first=Roderick |editor3-last=McLean |editor3-first=Alexander |editor4-last=Seetharaman |editor4-first=Sridhar |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-85373-6.00010-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by [[Matthew A. Hunter]] at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] by heating TiCl4 with [[sodium]] at {{convert|700-800|°C|°F}} under great pressure<ref name=Roza2008p9>{{harvnb|Roza|2008|p=9}}</ref> in a [[batch production|batch process]] known as the [[Hunter process]].<ref name=LANL/> Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when [[William Justin Kroll]] produced it by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with [[calcium]].<ref name=Greenwood1997p955>{{harvnb|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|p=955}}</ref> Eight years later he refined this process with magnesium and with sodium in what became known as the [[Kroll process]].<ref name=Greenwood1997p955/> Although research continues to seek cheaper and more efficient routes, such as the [[FFC Cambridge process]], the Kroll process is still predominantly used for commercial production.<ref name=LANL/><ref name=HistoryAndUse/>
[[File:Titanium metal.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Rough pieces of shiny metal|Titanium "sponge", made by the [[Kroll process]]]]

Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when [[Anton Eduard van Arkel]] and [[Jan Hendrik de Boer]] discovered the iodide process in 1925, by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=van Arkel, A.E. |author1-link=Anton Eduard van Arkel |author2=de Boer, J.H. |year=1925 |title=Preparation of pure titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium metal |journal=[[Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie]] |volume=148 |pages=345–50 |doi=10.1002/zaac.19251480133}}</ref>

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications<ref name=Roza2008p9/> ([[Alfa-class submarine|Alfa class]], [[Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets|Mike class]] and [[Sierra-class submarine|Sierra II class]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Yanko |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Submarines: General information |publisher=Omsk VTTV Arms Exhibition and Military Parade JSC |url=http://warfare.be/db/catid/243/linkid/1756/ |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406114504/http://warfare.be/db/catid/243/linkid/1756/ |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref> as part of programs related to the Cold War.<ref>{{cite news |title=VSMPO stronger than ever |date=July–August 2001 |website=Stainless Steel World |pages=16–19 |publisher=KCI Publishing B.V. |url=http://www.stainless-steel-world.net/pdf/ssw0107.pdf?issueID=30 |access-date=2 January 2007 |archive-date=5 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005041506/http://www.stainless-steel-world.net/pdf/ssw0107.pdf?issueID=30 }}</ref> Starting in the early 1950s, titanium came into use extensively in military aviation, particularly in high-performance jets, starting with aircraft such as the [[F-100 Super Sabre]] and [[Lockheed A-12]] and [[SR-71]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Jasper, Adam |year=2020 |title=Architecture and Anthropology |isbn=978-1-351-10627-6 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=42}}</ref>

Throughout the Cold War period, titanium was considered a [[strategic material]] by the U.S. government, and a large stockpile of titanium [[Metal foam|sponge]] (a porous form of the pure metal) was maintained by the [[Defense National Stockpile Center]], until the stockpile was dispersed in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite report |title=Strategic and Critical Materials Report to the Congress. Operations under the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act during the Period October 2007 through September 2008 |year=2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |page=3304 |author=Defense National Stockpile Center |url=https://www.dnsc.dla.mil/Uploads/Materials/esolomon_5-21-2009_13-29-4_2008OpsReport.pdf |author-link=Defense National Stockpile Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211093359/https://www.dnsc.dla.mil/Uploads/Materials/esolomon_5-21-2009_13-29-4_2008OpsReport.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2010 }}</ref> Even so, the U.S. government annually allocates 15,000{{Spaces}}metric tons of titanium sponge as potential acquisitions for the stockpile.<ref name=":3" />

==Production==
{{Main|Titanium production by country}}
{|class="wikitable floatleft"
|+ 2024 production of ilmenite and rutile<ref name=":3" />
! Country !! thousand tonnes !! % of total
|-
|[[China]]{{efn|name=ilmen|Country reports only produced ilmenite}}||3,300||35.3
|-
|[[Mozambique]]||1,908||20.4
|-
|[[South Africa]]||1,400||15.0
|-
|[[Australia]]||600||6.4
|-
|[[Norway]]{{efn|name=ilmen}}||360||3.8
|-
|[[Canada]]{{efn|name=ilmen}}||350||3.7
|-
|[[Senegal]]{{efn|name=ilmen}}||300||3.2
|-
|[[Madagascar]]{{efn|name=ilmen}}||240||2.6
|-
|[[India]]||222||2.4
|-
|[[Ukraine]]||130||1.4
|-
|[[United States]]||100||1.1
|-
|[[Sierra Leone]]{{efn|name=rutil|Country reports only produced rutile}}||60||0.6
|-
|[[Kenya]]{{efn|name=rutil}}||40||0.4
|-
|Other countries||350||3.7
|-
|'''World'''||'''9,360'''||'''100'''
|}
Titanium production is largely divided into three measured categories: manufacture of porous titanium metal "sponge", titanium oxide pigment, and titanium mineral concentrates used for the production of sponge, pigment, metal ingots, and other titanium products such as coatings. These concentrates are largely made up of the mineral [[ilmenite]], but also include [[anatase]], natural and synthetic [[rutile]], [[tailings]], [[slag]], and [[leucoxene]]. As of 2024, the largest producers of titanium mineral concentrates were [[China]], [[Mozambique]], and [[South Africa]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=United States Geological Survey |date=March 2025 |title=Titanium and titanium dioxide |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025.pdf#page=190 |access-date=15 October 2025 |series=Mineral Commodities Summaries}}</ref>

Most of the world's titanium is produced in China. The [[United States Geological Survey]]'s 2025 report on mineral commodities estimated that out of the {{Convert|320,000|metric ton}} of titanium sponge produced globally in 2024, 220,000 (69%) were produced in China, with the second-largest producer being [[Japan]] (which produced 55,000{{Spaces}}metric tons in the same year, 17% of the total). Japan was the largest exporter of titanium sponge in 2024, but did not produce any titanium minerals on its own.<ref name=":3" /> A prior report in 2021 noted that the four leading producers of titanium sponge were China (52%), Japan (24%), Russia (16%) and Kazakhstan (7%).<ref name="USGS" /> Russia remains the third-largest producer of titanium sponge<ref name=":3" /> through the efforts of the metallurgy company [[VSMPO-AVISMA]], despite [[international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=March 21, 2024 |title=Two years after start of Ukraine war, Russian titanium keeps flowing to West |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/21/russia-titanium-exports-sanctions/ |access-date=October 15, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Production statistics on titanium dioxide pigment are not as clear-cut, but estimates placed the maximum capacity on global pigment production at {{Convert|9,800,000|metric ton}} in 2024.<ref name=":3" />

Various methods have been developed to extract and refine titanium from ore since the metal was first purified in 1910.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

===Mineral beneficiation processes===
[[File:TitaniumUSGOV.jpg|thumb|alt=A small heap of uniform black grains smaller than 1mm in diameter|Mineral concentrate of fine-grained titanium]]
Several processes have been developed to extract titanium and usable titanium-containing minerals from ore. The [[Becher process]] is an industrial process used to produce synthetic rutile, a form of titanium dioxide, from the ore ilmenite by removing iron.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemlink.com.au/titan_rutile.htm|title=Rutile and ilmenite - Australian production and potential profile|access-date=2008-03-01|archive-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223124602/http://chemlink.com.au/titan_rutile.htm}}</ref> It is not used at scale.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a27_095 |chapter=Titanium, Titanium Alloys, and Titanium Compounds |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2000 |last1=Sibum |first1=Heinz |last2=Güther |first2=Volker |last3=Roidl |first3=Oskar |last4=Habashi |first4=Fathi |last5=Wolf |first5=Hans Uwe |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref> The [[chloride process]] produces titanium tetrachloride through treatment of rutile ore with chlorine and carbon at high heat,<ref name="Greenwood1997p960" /> then oxidizes the product with an oxygen flame or plasma to produce titanium dioxide.<ref name=UllmannPigments>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Auer|first1=Gerhard |last2=Woditsch|first2=Peter |last3=Westerhaus|first3=Axel |last4=Kischkewitz|first4=Jürgen |last5=Griebler|first5=Wolf-Dieter |last6=Rohe|first6=Markus |last7=Liedekerke|first7=Marcel |title=Pigments, Inorganic, 2. White Pigments |encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=Weinheim |date=2017 |page=13 |doi=10.1002/14356007.n20_n01.pub2 |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2}}</ref> The [[Titanium dioxide#Sulfate process|sulfate process]] uses [[sulfuric acid]] (H2SO4) to leach titanium from ilmenite ore (FeTiO3), producing [[titanyl sulfate]] ({{chem2|TiOSO4}}). This sulfate is broken into two hydrates, {{chem2|TiO2}} and {{chem2|H2SO4}}, through addition of water, and this water is removed by adding heat, which produces titanium dioxide as the end product.<ref name="bar1">{{cite news |url=https://www.barbenanalytical.com/-/media/ametekbarbenanalytical/downloads/application_notes/tio2_an_reva.pdf?la=en&revision=eee43ea5-f5e3-4167-af19-4c177cc3dcdd |title=Application Note Titanium Dioxide - Sulfate Process |publisher=Ametek |agency=Barben Analytical |date=2015}}</ref>

===Purification processes===
{{see also|Category:Titanium processes|Category:Titanium companies}}

====Hunter process====
The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure metallic titanium. It was invented in 1910 by [[Matthew A. Hunter]], a [[chemist]] born in New Zealand who worked in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hunter | first1 = M. A. | year = 1910| title = Metallic Titanium | url = | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 32| issue = 3| pages = 330–336| doi = 10.1021/ja01921a006 | bibcode = 1910JAChS..32..330H }}</ref> The process involves reducing [[titanium tetrachloride]] (TiCl4) with [[sodium]] (Na) in a batch reactor with an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 1,000 °C. Dilute [[hydrochloric acid]] is then used to leach the salt from the product.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |entry=Hunter process |dictionary=A Dictionary of Chemical Engineering |date=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199651450.001.0001/acref-9780199651450-e-1447 |url-access=subscription |language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199651450.001.0001|last1=Schaschke |first1=Carl |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965145-0 }}</ref>
:TiCl4(g) + 4 Na(l) → 4 NaCl(l) + Ti(s)

====Kroll process====
[[File:Sample of Titanium tetrachloride 01.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Slightly yellow liquid in a vial with a white cap on a black table|Sample of titanium tetrachloride, a volatile liquid]]
The processing of titanium metal occurs in four major steps: reduction of titanium ore into "sponge", a porous form; melting of sponge, or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot; primary fabrication, where an ingot is converted into general mill products such as [[bar stock|billet]], bar, [[plate (metal)|plate]], [[sheet metal|sheet]], strip, and [[tube (fluid conveyance)|tube]]; and secondary fabrication of finished shapes from mill products.<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|loc=Ch. 4}}</ref>

Because it cannot be readily produced by reduction of titanium dioxide,<ref name=Stwertka1998/> titanium metal is obtained by reduction of [[titanium tetrachloride]] (TiCl4) with magnesium metal in the Kroll process. The complexity of this batch production in the Kroll process explains the relatively high market value of titanium,<ref name=Barksdale1968p733>{{harvnb|Barksdale|1968|p=733}}</ref> despite the Kroll process being less expensive than the Hunter process.<ref name=Roza2008p9/> To produce the TiCl4 required by the Kroll process, the dioxide is subjected to [[carbothermic reduction]] in the presence of [[chlorine]]. In this process, the chlorine gas is passed over a red-hot mixture of rutile or ilmenite in the presence of carbon. After extensive purification by [[fractional distillation]], the TiCl4 is reduced with {{convert|800|C}} molten magnesium in an [[argon]] atmosphere.<ref name=TICE6th/>
:<chem>2FeTiO3 + 7Cl2 + 6C ->[900^oC] 2FeCl3 + 2TiCl4 + 6CO</chem>
:<chem>TiCl4 + 2Mg ->[1100^oC] Ti + 2MgCl2</chem>

====Arkel-Boer process====
The [[van Arkel–de Boer process]] was the first semi-industrial process developed to produce pure titanium, invented by [[Anton Eduard van Arkel]] and [[Jan Hendrik de Boer]] in 1925 for the electronics company [[Philips Nv|Philips]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Binnewies |first1=Michael |last2=Schmidt |first2=Marcus |date=2012 |title=The Iodide Process – a Key to many Divisions of Modern Technology |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.201210009 |journal=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |language=en |volume=638 |issue=6 |pages=891–893 |doi=10.1002/zaac.201210009 |bibcode=2012ZAACh.638..891B |issn=0044-2313|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is a closed-loop process<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Commission |first1=U. S. Atomic Energy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqKgCIbq7hEC |title=The Metallurgy of Hafnium |last2=Development |first2=U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Division of Reactor |date=1960 |publisher=Naval Reactors, Division of Reactor Development, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission |page=109 |language=en}}</ref> that involves thermal decomposition of [[titanium tetraiodide]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenqvist |first=Terkel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2mg2ine4AEC |title=Principles of Extractive Metallurgy |date=2004 |publisher=Tapir Academic Press |isbn=978-82-519-1922-7 |pages=393–395 |language=en}}</ref> This same process is used to purify other metals, such as thorium, hafnium, and zirconium,<ref name=":1" /> and a similar process using further refined iodide was used to refine chromium. A desire to develop processes that could be run continuously led to the development of commercial processes to refine titanium.<ref name=":2" />

====Armstrong process====
[[Titanium powder]] is manufactured using a [[flow production]] process known as the [[Armstrong process]]<ref name=Roza2008p25>{{harvnb|Roza|2008|p=25}}</ref> that is similar to the batch production [[Hunter process]]. A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) are filtered from the extra sodium. Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing. Both the sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride.<ref name="ECI online">{{cite web |title=Titanium |date=15 January 2015 |website=The Essential Chemical Industry online |series=CIEC Promoting Science |publisher=[[University of York]] |location=York, UK |url=http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/metals/titanium.html}}</ref>

==== Other processes ====
The titanium tetrachloride used as an intermediate in both the Hunter and Kroll process is a volatile and corrosive liquid, and is thus hazardous to work with. The processes involving the tetrachloride, both its formation and the vacuum distillation processes used to purify the final material, are slow, and have prompted development of other techniques.<ref name=flower>{{cite journal |last=Flower |first=Harvey M.|title=Materials Science: A moving oxygen story |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=407 |year=2000 |issue=6802 |pmid=11014169 |pages=305–306 |doi=10.1038/35030266 |s2cid=4425634 }}</ref>

Methods for [[electrolytic]] production of Ti metal from {{chem2|TiO2}} using molten salt electrolytes have been proposed starting in the 1990s,<ref name=flower /> and have been researched and tested at laboratory and small pilot plant scales.<ref name="fray17">{{cite journal |last1=Fray |first1=Derek |last2=Schwandt |first2=Carsten |title=Aspects of the Application of Electrochemistry to the Extraction of Titanium and Its Applications |journal=Materials Transactions |volume=58 |date=2017 |issue=3 |issn=1345-9678 |doi=10.2320/matertrans.MK201619 |pages=306–312|doi-access=free }}</ref> While some metals such as [[nickel]] and [[copper]] can be refined by [[electrowinning]] at room temperature, titanium must be in the molten state, which is likely to damage the [[refractory]] lining of a reaction vessel.<ref name="sohn23">{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/25726641.2023.2255368 |title=Role of electrochemical processes in the extraction of metals and alloys – a review |date=2023 |last1=Shamsuddin |first1=Mohammad |last2=Sohn |first2=Hong Yong |journal=Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy |volume=132 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–209 |bibcode=2023MPEM..132..193S }}</ref> Zhang and colleagues concluded in 2017 that despite industry interests in finding new ways to manufacture titanium metal, no method had yet been developed to commercially replace the Kroll process.<ref name="zhang17">{{cite journal |title=A Perspective on Thermochemical and Electrochemical Processes for Titanium Metal Production |date=2017 |doi=10.1007/s11837-017-2481-9 |last1=Zhang |first1=Ying |last2=Fang |first2=Zhigang Zak |last3=Sun |first3=Pei |last4=Zheng |first4=Shili |last5=Xia |first5=Yang |last6=Free |first6=Michael |journal=JOM |volume=69 |issue=10 |pages=1861–1868 |bibcode=2017JOM....69j1861Z }}</ref> One manufacturer in Virginia has developed a method to recycle scrap titanium metal back into powder, though their scale remains small, having the goal of producing only 125 tons of titanium per year as of 2025.<ref name=":3" />

One method that has been developed to potentially supplant the Kroll process is known as [[Hydrogen assisted magnesiothermic reduction|hydrogen-assisted magnesiothermic reduction]] and makes use of [[magnesium]], hydrochloric acid, and a hydrogen atmosphere to directly reduce titanium dioxide to pure titanium. The reduction of titanium dioxide powder by magnesium in an atomphere of hydrogen can be followed by a leaching step with hydrochloric acid, which removes magnesium and residual non-titanium oxides. This is followed by additional reduction and leaching steps, and eventually results in pure titanium powder or [[titanium hydride]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lefler |first1=Hyrum |last2=Fang |first2=Z. Zak |last3=Zhang |first3=Ying |last4=Sun |first4=Pei |last5=Xia |first5=Yang |date=2018 |title=Mechanisms of Hydrogen-Assisted Magnesiothermic Reduction of TiO2 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11663-018-1399-0 |journal=Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B |language=en |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=2998–3006 |doi=10.1007/s11663-018-1399-0 |issn=1073-5615|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Fabrication ===
All [[welding]] of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or [[helium]] to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen).<ref name=Barksdale1968p734/> Contamination causes a variety of conditions, such as [[embrittlement]], which reduce the integrity of the assembly welds and lead to joint failure.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1955 |title=Arc-welding Titanium |author1= Engel, Abraham L. |author2=Huber, R.W. |author3=Lane, I.R. |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines }}</ref>

Titanium is very difficult to [[solder]] directly, and hence a [[solderability|solderable]] metal or alloy such as steel is coated on titanium prior to soldering.<ref>{{cite book | title=Report on Brazing and Soldering of Titanium |year=1956 |publisher=Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute |author1=Lewis, W.J. |author2=Faulkner, G.E. |author3=Rieppel, P.J. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=316b7CW_HOMC&dq=Titanium+soldering&pg=PA2}}</ref> Titanium metal can be machined with the same equipment and the same processes as [[stainless steel]].<ref name="Barksdale1968p734" />

==== Titanium alloys ====
{{main|Titanium alloys}}
[[File:Titanium products.jpg|thumb|alt=Silvery metal items, including rods, a tube, and powder in plastic containers, all resting on a reflective metal plate|Basic titanium products: plate, tube, rods, and powder]]
Common [[titanium alloy]]s are made by reduction. For example, cuprotitanium (rutile with [[copper]] added), ferrocarbon titanium (ilmenite reduced with [[coke (fuel)|coke]] in an electric furnace), and manganotitanium (rutile with manganese or manganese oxides) are reduced.<ref name=TI_Encarta2005>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Titanium |year=2005 |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569280/Titanium.html |access-date=29 December 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061027112633/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569280/Titanium.html |archive-date=27 October 2006}}</ref>

About fifty grades of [[titanium alloy]]s are designed and currently used, although only a couple of dozen are readily available commercially.<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|p=16, Appendix J}}</ref> The [[ASTM International]] recognizes 31 grades of titanium metal and alloys, of which grades one through four are commercially pure (unalloyed). Those four vary in tensile strength as a function of oxygen content, with grade 1 being the most ductile (lowest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.18%), and grade 4 the least ductile (highest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.40%).<ref name=Emsley2001p453/> The remaining grades are alloys, each designed for specific properties of ductility, strength, hardness, electrical resistivity, [[creep (deformation)|creep]] resistance, specific corrosion resistance, and combinations thereof.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Book of ASTM Standards |section=Volume 02.04: Non-ferrous Metals |year=2006 |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |location=[[West Conshohocken, PA]] |at=section 2 |isbn=978-0-8031-4086-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCGIPQAACAAJ}} {{cite book |title=Annual Book of ASTM Standards |year=1998 |section=Volume 13.01: Medical Devices; Emergency Medical Services |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |location=[[West Conshohocken, PA]] |at=sections 2 & 13 |isbn=978-0-8031-2452-3}}</ref>

In addition to the ASTM specifications, titanium alloys are also produced to meet aerospace and military specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards, and country-specific specifications, as well as proprietary end-user specifications for aerospace, military, medical, and industrial applications.<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|pp=13–16, Appendices H and J}}</ref>

==== Forming and forging ====
Commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be formed readily, but processing must take into account of the tendency of the metal to [[springback]]. This is especially true of certain high-strength alloys.<ref>{{cite book|title=AWS G2.4/G2.4M:2007 Guide for the Fusion Welding of Titanium and Titanium Alloys |year=2006 |publisher=American Welding Society |place=Miami |url=http://pdfcast.org/pdf/titanium-design-and-fabrication-handbook-for-industrial-applications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210022045/http://pdfcast.org/pdf/titanium-design-and-fabrication-handbook-for-industrial-applications |archive-date=10 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Titanium design and fabrication handbook for industrial applications |year=1997 |publisher=Titanium Metals Corporation |location=Dallas |url=http://www.timet.com/design%26fabframe.html |author-link=Titanium Metals Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209014255/http://www.timet.com/design%26fabframe.html |archive-date=9 February 2009 }}</ref> Exposure to the oxygen in air at the elevated temperatures used in forging results in formation of a brittle oxygen-rich metallic surface layer called "[[alpha case]]" that worsens the fatigue properties, so it must be removed by milling, etching, or electrochemical treatment.<ref name=""Chen 2001"">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=George Z. |last2=Fray |first2=Derek J. |last3=Farthing |first3=Tom W. |year=2001 |title=Cathodic deoxygenation of the alpha case on titanium and alloys in molten calcium chloride |journal=Metall. Mater. Trans. B |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=1041–1052 |doi=10.1007/s11663-001-0093-8 |bibcode=2001MMTB...32.1041C |s2cid=95616531 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11663-001-0093-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The working of titanium may include [[friction welding]],<ref name="mti1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtiwelding.com/blog/linear-friction-welding-a-solution-for-titanium-forgings/|title=Linear Friction Welding: A Solution for Titanium Forgings|website=Mtiwelding.com|date=28 August 2023|access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref> [[cryo-forging]],<ref name="mdes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.machinedesign.com/materials/article/21179098/ultra-cold-forging-makes-titanium-strong-and-ductile |title=Ultra-Cold Forging Makes Titanium Strong and Ductile |date=21 October 2021 }}</ref> and [[vacuum arc remelting]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karimi-Sibaki |first1=E. |last2=Kharicha |first2=A. |last3=Wu |first3=M. |last4=Ludwig |first4=A. |last5=Bohacek |first5=J. |date=2020 |title=A Parametric Study of the Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) Process: Effects of Arc Radius, Side-Arcing, and Gas Cooling |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11663-019-01719-5 |journal=Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=222–235 |doi=10.1007/s11663-019-01719-5 |issn=1073-5615|hdl=11012/194825 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Applications==
[[File:Titanzylinder.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A hand holding a cylinder of reflective silvery metal|A titanium cylinder]]
Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element ([[ferro-titanium]]) to reduce [[crystallite|grain size]] and as a [[deoxidizer]], and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.<ref name="EBC" /> Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to refine grain size), [[vanadium]], copper (to harden), [[iron]], [[manganese]], [[molybdenum]], and other metals.<ref name=ECE738>{{cite book |last=Hampel |first=Clifford A. |year=1968 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements |page=738 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn=978-0-442-15598-8}}</ref> Titanium mill products (sheet, plate, bar, wire, forgings, castings) find application in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets. Powdered titanium is used in [[pyrotechnics]] as a source of bright-burning particles.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mocella, Chris |author2=Conkling, John A. |year=2019 |title=Chemistry of Pyrotechnics|publisher=CRC Press |page=86 |isbn=978-1-351-62656-9}}</ref>

===Pigments, additives, and coatings===
[[File:Titanium-dioxide-sample.jpg|thumb|alt=White powder in a small pile|[[Titanium dioxide]] is the most commonly used compound of titanium.<ref name="USGS" />]]
[[Titanium dioxide]] ({{chem|TiO|2}}) is the most common compound of the element, being the end point of 95% of the world's refined titanium. It is a widely used white [[pigment]].<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=Titanium |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) |website=USGS Minerals Information |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/ |access-date=28 November 2003 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227092236/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is also used in cement, in gemstones, and as an optical opacifier in paper.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smook |first=Gary A. |year=2002 |title=Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists |edition=3rd |publisher=Angus Wilde Publications |isbn=978-0-9694628-5-9 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgtFPgAACAAJ}}</ref>

{{chem|TiO|2}} pigment is chemically inert, resists fading in sunlight, and is very opaque: it imparts a pure and brilliant white color to the brown or grey chemicals that form the majority of household plastics.<ref name=HistoryAndUse/> In nature, this compound is found in the minerals anatase, brookite, and rutile.<ref name=EBC/> Paint made with titanium dioxide does well in severe temperatures and marine environments.<ref name=HistoryAndUse/> Pure titanium dioxide has a very high [[refractive index|index of refraction]] and an [[optical dispersion]] higher than [[diamond]].<ref name=LANL/> Titanium dioxide is used in [[sunscreen]]s because it reflects and absorbs [[UV light]].<ref name=Stwertka1998/>

===Aerospace and marine===
[[File:A12-flying.jpg|thumb|alt=A black aircraft in midair|The [[Lockheed A-12]], one of the first planes with a frame mostly made of titanium]]
Because titanium alloys have high [[tensile strength]] to density ratio,<ref name="TICE6th" /> high [[corrosion resistance]],<ref name=LANL/> fatigue resistance, high crack resistance,<ref name=Moiseyev>{{cite book |last=Moiseyev |first=Valentin N. |year=2006 |title=Titanium Alloys: Russian Aircraft and Aerospace Applications |publisher=Taylor and Francis, LLC |page=196 |isbn=978-0-8493-3273-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=legtmQEACAAJ}}</ref> and ability to withstand moderately high temperatures without creeping, they are used in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft, and missiles.<ref name=LANL/><ref name=HistoryAndUse/> For these applications, titanium is alloyed with aluminium, zirconium, nickel,<ref name=Kramer-2013-07-05/> vanadium, and other elements to manufacture a variety of components including critical structural parts, [[landing gear]], [[firewall (engine)|firewalls]], exhaust ducts (helicopters), and hydraulic systems. About two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft frames and engines.<ref name=Emsley2001p454/> The [[titanium 6AL-4V]] alloy accounts for almost 50% of all alloys used in aircraft applications.<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|p=13}}</ref>

The [[Lockheed A-12]] and the [[SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 "Blackbird"]] were two of the first aircraft frames where titanium was used, paving the way for much wider use in modern military and commercial aircraft. A large amount of titanium mill products are used in the production of many aircraft, such as (following values are amount of raw mill products used, only a fraction of this ends up in the finished aircraft): 116 metric tons are used in the [[Boeing 787]], 77 in the [[Airbus A380]], 59 in the [[Boeing 777]], 45 in the [[Boeing 747]], 32 in the [[Airbus A340]], 18 in the [[Boeing 737]], 18 in the [[Airbus A330]], and 12 in the [[Airbus A320]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Froes, F.H. |year=2015 |title=Titanium Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications |page=7 |isbn=978-1-62708-080-4 |publisher=[[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] }}</ref> In aero engine applications, titanium is used for rotors, compressor blades, hydraulic system components, and [[nacelle]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Titanium in Aerospace – Titanium |url=https://titaniumthemetal.org/blog/titanium-in-aerospace/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Titanium Metal (Ti) / Sponge / Titanium Powder |url=https://www.lb7.uscourts.gov/documents/13cr5152.pdf |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=Lb7.uscourts.gov}}</ref> An early use in jet engines was for the [[Orenda Iroquois]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYRXELgG2MoC |title=Flight |date=1958 |publisher=IPC Transport Press Limited |volume=73 |page=864 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iroquois |year=1957 |website=Flight Global (archive) |page=412 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%201324.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213041629/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%201324.html |archive-date=13 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gunston |first=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrM7AwAAQBAJ |title=Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History: A Development and Combat History |date=2004-01-15 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-9512-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Because titanium is resistant to corrosion by sea water, it is used to make propeller shafts, rigging, [[heat exchanger]]s in [[desalination plant]]s,<ref name="LANL" /> heater-chillers for salt water aquariums, fishing line and leader, and divers' knives. Titanium is used in the housings and components of ocean-deployed surveillance and monitoring devices for science and military. The former [[Soviet Union]] developed techniques for making submarines with hulls of titanium alloys,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Unravelling a Cold War Mystery |url=https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/the-ALFA-SSN.pdf |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=[[CIA]]}}</ref> forging titanium in huge vacuum tubes.<ref name=Kramer-2013-07-05>{{cite news |author=Kramer, Andrew E. |date=5 July 2013 |title=Titanium Fills Vital Role for Boeing and Russia |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/business/global/titanium-fills-vital-role-for-boeing-and-russia.html |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref>

===Industrial===
Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, process vessels, valves) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance. Specific alloys are used in oil and gas downhole applications and [[nickel]] [[hydrometallurgy]] for their high strength (e. g.: titanium beta C alloy), corrosion resistance, or both. The [[pulp and paper industry]] uses titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive media, such as [[sodium hypochlorite]] or wet chlorine gas (in the bleachery).<ref>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|pp=11–16}}</ref> Titanium is also used in [[sputtering]] targets.<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Hard Coatings |publisher=William Andrew Inc. |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8155-1438-1 |editor=Bunshah, Rointan F. |location=Norwich, NY |pages=411–419 |chapter=Wear and corrosion resistant hard coatings for non-cutting tool applications |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daamnz8el2sC&pg=PA413}}</ref>

Powdered titanium acts as a non-evaporative [[getter]], and is one of several gas-reactive materials used to remove gases from [[ultra-high vacuum]] systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krasnov |first1=A. A. |last2=Semenov |first2=A. M. |date=2023 |title=Lumped Ultra-High Vacuum Pumps Based on Non-Evaporable Getters |url=https://link.springer.com/10.3103/S1062873822701726 |journal=Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics |language=en |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=568–572 |doi=10.3103/S1062873822701726 |bibcode=2023BRASP..87..568K |issn=1062-8738|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This application manifested in [[titanium sublimation pump]]s<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Ak |last2=Leck |first2=Jh |date=1975 |title=An evaluation of the titanium sublimation pump |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0042207X75916541 |journal=Vacuum |language=en |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=362–372 |doi=10.1016/0042-207X(75)91654-1 |bibcode=1975Vacuu..25..362G |url-access=subscription }}</ref> first employed in 1961,<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.agsrhichome.bnl.gov/RHIC/RAP/rhic_notes/AD-RHIC-1-142/AD-RHIC-126.pdf |title=Some Important Developments in Capture Pumping Technology in the Last Forty Years |last=Welch |first=Kimo M. |date=December 1993 |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]}}</ref> though the metal was first used in vacuum systems to prevent chambers from oxidizing in a design created by [[Raymond Herb]] in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buie |first=John |title=Evolution Of The Laboratory Vacuum Pump |url=https://www.labmanager.com/evolution-of-the-laboratory-vacuum-pump-19365 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Lab Manager |language=en}}</ref>

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a colorless liquid, is important as an intermediate in the process of making TiO2 and is also used to produce the Ziegler–Natta catalyst. Titanium tetrachloride is also used to iridize glass and, because it fumes strongly in moist air, it is used to make smoke screens.<ref name="Stwertka1998" /> In many industrial applications, titanium and its alloys can serve as a potential substitute for other metals, such as nickel, niobium, scandium, silver, tantalum, and tungsten.<ref>{{cite web |last=United States Geological Survey |date=March 2025 |title=Mineral Commodities Summaries 2025 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025.pdf |access-date=15 October 2025 }}</ref>

===Consumer and architectural===
[[File:Tweeter with Titanium membrane of loudspeaker box JBL TI 5000, 1990s.jpg|thumb|alt=Loudspeaker box|[[Tweeter]] loudspeaker driver with a membrane with 25 mm diameter made from titanium; from a [[JBL]] TI 5000 [[loudspeaker box]], {{circa|1997}}]]
Titanium metal is used in automotive applications, particularly in automobile and motorcycle racing where low weight and high strength and rigidity are critical.<ref>{{cite conference |author=Funatani, K. |date=9–12 October 2000 |title=Recent trends in surface modification of light metals § Metal matrix composite technologies |publication-date=2001 |conference=20th ASM Heat Treating Society Conference |book-title=Heat Treating, an International ... Symposium on Residual Stresses in the Heat Treatment Industry |editor1=Funatani, Kiyoshi |editor2=Totten, George E. |place=St. Louis, MO |publisher=[[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] |volume=1 & 2 |pages=138–144, esp. 141 |isbn=978-0-87170-727-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4F1zYT4FHyMC}}</ref> The metal is generally too expensive for the general consumer market, though some late model [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvettes]] have been manufactured with titanium exhausts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Titanium exhausts |publisher=National Corvette Museum |year=2006 |url=http://www.iglou.com/corvette/specs/2001/exhaust.htm |access-date=26 December 2006 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130729110304/http://www.iglou.com/corvette/specs/2001/exhaust.htm|archive-date=2013-07-29}}</ref>

Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse stick shafts; cricket, hockey, lacrosse, and football helmet grills, and bicycle frames and components. Although not a mainstream material for bicycle production, titanium bikes have been used by racing teams and [[Adventure Cycling|adventure cyclists]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Joseph R. |year=1998 |title=Metals Handbook |publisher=[[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] |isbn=978-0-87170-654-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/metalshandbook00davi/page/584 584] |url=https://archive.org/details/metalshandbook00davi |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)}}</ref> Titanium is used in spectable frames, as it is durable and protect the lenses, though it may be less flexible than alternatives.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaneko |first1= H. |last2=Kakunai |first2=S. |last3=Morita |first3=M. |last4=Nishimura |first4=J. |chapter=Mechanical characteristics of spectacles |editor-last1=Gdoutos |editor-first1=E.E. |title=Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures |date= 2007 |pages= 521–522 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6239-1_258 |isbn= 978-1-4020-6238-4 }}</ref> Its [[titanium biocompatibility|biocompatibility]] is a potential benefit over other glasses frame materials.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hansraj |first1=Rekha |last2=Govender |first2=Bavahnee |last3=Joosab |first3=Muhammed |last4=Magubane |first4=Sinenhlanhla |last5=Rawat |first5=Zahira |last6=Bissessur |first6=Ajay |date=2021-05-14 |title=Spectacle frames: Disposal practices, biodegradability and biocompatibility – A pilot study |url=https://avehjournal.org/index.php/aveh/article/view/621 |journal=African Vision and Eye Health |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |page=7 |doi=10.4102/aveh.v80i1.621 |issn=2410-1516|doi-access=free }}</ref> Titanium is a common material for backpacking cookware and eating utensils. Titanium horseshoes are preferred to steel by [[farrier]]s because they are lighter and more durable.<ref name=Donachie2000>{{harvnb|Donachie|1988|pp=11, 255}}</ref> Some upmarket lightweight and corrosion-resistant tools, such as shovels, knife handles and flashlights, are made of titanium or titanium alloys.<ref name=use>{{cite book |pages=7–8 |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-12-815820-3 |publisher=Elsevier Science |title=Real-World Use of Titanium |author1=Qian, Ma |author2=Niinomi, Mitsuo}}</ref>

[[File:El Guggenheim vizcaíno. (1454058701).jpg|thumb|alt=Building made of abstract shapes covered in silvery metal|Titanium cladding of [[Frank Gehry]]'s [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao|Guggenheim Museum]], [[Bilbao]]]]
Titanium has occasionally been used in architecture. The {{convert|42.5|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} [[Monument to Yuri Gagarin]], the first man to travel in space, as well as the upper part of the {{convert|110|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} [[Monument to the Conquerors of Space]] on top of the [[Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics|Cosmonaut Museum]] in Moscow are made of titanium.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mike Gruntman|title=Blazing the Trail: The Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry|page=457|isbn=978-1-56347-705-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XY9KXxF8OEC|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|location=Reston, VA|year=2004|author-link=Mike Gruntman}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41EqJFxjA4wC&pg=PA408|title=Titanium |chapter= Appearance Related Applications|isbn=978-3-540-71397-5|author1=Lütjering, Gerd|author2=Williams, James Case|date=12 June 2007|publisher=Springer }}</ref> The [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao]] and the [[Cerritos Millennium Library]] were the first buildings in Europe and North America, respectively, to be sheathed in titanium panels.<ref name="Emsley2001p454">{{harvnb|Emsley|2001|p=454}}</ref> Titanium sheathing was used in the Frederic C. Hamilton Building in Denver, Colorado.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/dam/ |title=Denver Art Museum, Frederic C. Hamilton Building |work=Design Build Network |access-date=26 December 2006 |publisher=SPG Media |year=2006}}</ref>

Because of titanium's superior strength and light weight relative to other metals (steel, stainless steel, and aluminium), and because of advances in metalworking techniques, its use has become widespread in the manufacture of firearms. Primary uses include pistol frames and revolver cylinders. For the same reasons, it is used in the body of some laptop computers (for example, in [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[PowerBook G4]])<ref>{{cite web|access-date=8 August 2009|url=http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/powerbook_g4/stats/powerbook_g4_400.html|title=Apple PowerBook G4 400 (Original – Ti) Specs|work=everymac.com}}</ref><ref name="use" /> and phones (such as the [[iPhone 15 Pro]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple Announces iPhone 15 Pro Models With Titanium Enclosure |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/apple-announces-iphone-15-pro-models-with-titanium-enclosure/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>

=== Jewelry ===

[[File:Anodized titanium table.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Diagram showing different titanium colors in relation to the voltage that produced|Relation between voltage and color for anodized titanium]]
Because of its durability, titanium is used in some designer jewelry, such as [[titanium ring]]s.<ref name=Donachie2000/> Its inertness makes it hypoallergenic and wearable in environments such as swimming pools. Titanium is also [[Titanium gold|alloyed with gold]] to produce an alloy that can be marketed as [[Fineness|24-karat]] gold, because the 1% of alloyed Ti is insufficient to require a lesser mark. The resulting alloy is roughly the hardness of 14-karat gold and is more durable than pure 24-karat gold.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://goldbulletin.org/assets/file/goldbulletin/downloads/Gafner_4_22.pdf |title=The development of 990 Gold-Titanium: its Production, use and Properties |author=Gafner, G. |journal=Gold Bulletin |year=1989 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=112–122 |doi=10.1007/BF03214709 |doi-access=free |s2cid=114336550 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129195740/http://goldbulletin.org/assets/file/goldbulletin/downloads/Gafner_4_22.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2010 }}</ref>

Titanium's durability, light weight, and dent and corrosion resistance make it useful for [[watch]] cases.<ref name="Donachie2000" /> Some artists work with titanium to produce sculptures, decorative objects and furniture.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=8 August 2009 |url=http://www.titanium-arts.com/home.html |title=Fine Art and Functional Works in Titanium and Other Earth Elements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513171451/http://www.titanium-arts.com/home.html |archive-date=13 May 2008 }}</ref> Titanium may be [[anodising|anodized]] to vary the thickness of the surface oxide layer, causing optical [[interference fringe]]s and a variety of bright colors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-a02-anodizing.htm |title=Electrochemistry Encyclopedia |publisher=Chemical Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, U.S.|author=Alwitt, Robert S. |year=2002 |access-date=30 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702001336/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-a02-anodizing.htm |archive-date=2 July 2008}}</ref> With its variable coloration and chemical inertness, titanium is a popular metal for [[body piercing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doctorgoodskin.com/tp/bodypiercing/|work=doctorgoodskin.com |title=Body Piercing Safety |date=1 August 2006}}</ref>

Titanium has a minor use in dedicated non-circulating coins and medals. In 1999, the world's first titanium coin was minted for [[Gibraltar]]'s millennium celebration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pobjoy.com/us/world-firsts|title=World Firsts|publisher=British Pobjoy Mint|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226055719/https://www.pobjoy.com/us/world-firsts}}</ref> Pobjoy Mint, the British mint that produced the coin, continued to manufacture anodized titanium coins<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-06-06 |title=Pobjoy issues colored titanium coins |url=https://www.numismaticnews.net/world-coins/pobjoy-issues-colored-titanium-coins |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Numismatic News |language=en}}</ref> until its closure in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Starck |first=Jeff |date=12 October 2023 |title=After 58 years of operation, UK's Pobjoy Mint closing |url=https://www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/after-58-years-of-operation-uk-s-pobjoy-mint-closing |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=CoinWorld |language=en}}</ref> The [[Gold Coast Titans]], an Australian rugby league team, award a medal of pure titanium to their player of the year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Turgeon |first=Luke |title=Titanium Titan: Broughton immortalised |url=http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2007/09/20/2947_gold-coast-titans.html |newspaper=The Gold Coast Bulletin |date=20 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928082012/http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2007/09/20/2947_gold-coast-titans.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

===Medical===
{{Main|Titanium biocompatibility}}
Because titanium is [[biocompatibility|biocompatible]] (non-toxic and not rejected by the body), it has many medical uses, including surgical implements and implants, such as hip balls and sockets ([[joint replacement]]) and [[dental implant]]s.<ref name="Emsley2001p452">{{harvnb|Emsley|2001|p=452}}</ref> Titanium and titanium alloy implants have been used in surgery since the 1950s, and are favored due to their low rate of corrosion, long life, and low [[Young's modulus]]. A titanium alloy that contains 6% aluminium and 4% vanadium commonly used in the aerospace industry is also a common material for artificial joints.<ref name="e429">{{cite journal |last1=Sarraf |first1=Masoud |last2=Rezvani Ghomi |first2=Erfan |last3=Alipour |first3=Saeid |last4=Ramakrishna |first4=Seeram |last5=Liana Sukiman |first5=Nazatul |date=2022 |title=A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42242-021-00170-3.pdf |journal=Bio-Design and Manufacturing |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=371–395 |doi=10.1007/s42242-021-00170-3 |issn=2096-5524 |pmc=8546395 |pmid=34721937 |access-date=2025-05-28 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Titanium plaatje voor pols.jpg|thumb|Medical screws and plate used to repair wrist fractures. Scale is in centimeters. |alt=Screws and plate with ruler]]
Titanium has the inherent ability to [[osseointegration|osseointegrate]], enabling use in [[dental implants]] that can last for over 30 years. This property is also useful for [[internal fixator|orthopedic implant]] applications.<ref name="Emsley2001p452" /> These benefit from titanium's lower modulus of elasticity to more closely match that of the bone that such devices are intended to repair. As a result, skeletal loads are more evenly shared between bone and implant, leading to a lower incidence of bone degradation due to stress shielding and [[periprosthetic]] bone fractures, which occur at the boundaries of orthopedic implants. However, titanium alloys' stiffness is still more than twice that of bone, so adjacent bone bears a greatly reduced load and may deteriorate.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/09/titanium-foams-replace-injured-bones.jsp|title=Titanium foams replace injured bones|journal=Research News |date=1 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904045008/http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/09/titanium-foams-replace-injured-bones.jsp|access-date=27 September 2010|archive-date=4 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Lavine | first=Marc S. | editor-last=Vignieri | editor-first=Sacha | editor-last2=Smith | editor-first2=Jesse | title=Make no bones about titanium | journal=Science | volume=359 | issue=6372 | date=11 January 2018 | doi=10.1126/science.359.6372.173-f | pages=173.6–174| bibcode=2018Sci...359..173L | doi-access=free }}</ref> Biomedical implants coated with a combination of silver and titanium have been researched as a potential option for load-bearing implants that need antimicrobial surfaces.<ref name="e429" />

Modern advancements in additive manufacturing techniques have increased potential for titanium use in orthopedic implant applications.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Harun | first1=W.S.W. | last2=Manam | first2=N.S. | last3=Kamariah | first3=M.S.I.N. | last4=Sharif | first4=S. | last5=Zulkifly | first5=A.H. | last6=Ahmad | first6=I. | last7=Miura | first7=H. | title=A review of powdered additive manufacturing techniques for Ti-6al-4v biomedical applications | journal=Powder Technology | volume=331 | year=2018 | doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2018.03.010 | pages=74–97| url=http://irep.iium.edu.my/64319/1/A%20review%20of%20powdered%20additive%20manufacturing%20techniques%20for%20Ti-6al-4v%20biomedical%20applications.pdf }}</ref> Complex implant scaffold designs can be 3D-printed using titanium alloys, which allows for more patient-specific applications and increased implant osseointegration.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Trevisan | first1=Francesco | last2=Calignano | first2=Flaviana | last3=Aversa | first3=Alberta | last4=Marchese | first4=Giulio | last5=Lombardi | first5=Mariangela | last6=Biamino | first6=Sara | last7=Ugues | first7=Daniele | last8=Manfredi | first8=Diego | year=2017 | title=Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys in the biomedical field: processes, properties and applications | journal=Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials | volume=16 | issue=2 |pmid=28967051 | doi=10.5301/jabfm.5000371 | pages=57–67| s2cid=27827821 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Because titanium is non-[[ferromagnetic]], patients with titanium implants can be safely examined with [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (convenient for long-term implants). Preparing titanium for implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high-temperature [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] arc which removes the surface atoms, exposing fresh titanium that is instantly oxidized.<ref name="Emsley2001p452" /> Titanium is used for the [[surgical instrument]]s used in [[image-guided surgery]], as well as wheelchairs, crutches, and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-12-815820-3 |publisher=Elsevier Science |title=Real-World Use of Titanium |author1=Qian, Ma |author2=Niinomi, Mitsuo |pages=51, 128 }}</ref>

Titanium dioxide [[nanoparticle]]s are widely used in electronics and the delivery of [[pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceuticals]] and cosmetics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinsino |first1=Annalisa |last2=Russo |first2=Roberta |last3=Bonaventura |first3=Rosa |last4=Brunelli |first4=Andrea |last5=Marcomini |first5=Antonio |last6=Matranga |first6=Valeria |date=28 September 2015 |title=Titanium dioxide nanoparticles stimulate sea urchin immune cell phagocytic activity involving TLR/p38 MAPK-mediated signalling pathway |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |doi=10.1038/srep14492 |pmc=4585977 |pmid=26412401 |article-number=14492 |bibcode=2015NatSR...514492P}}</ref>

==== Anticancer therapy studies ====
Following the success of [[cisplatin|platinum-based]] chemotherapy, titanium(IV) complexes were among the first non-platinum compounds to be tested and accepted for clinical trials in cancer treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Maya |last2=Mellul |first2=Anna |last3=Braun |first3=Maya |last4=Sherill-Rofe |first4=Dana |last5=Cohen |first5=Emiliano |last6=Shpilt |first6=Zohar |last7=Unterman |first7=Irene |last8=Braitbard |first8=Ori |last9=Hochman |first9=Jacob |last10=Tshuva |first10=Edit Y. |last11=Tabach |first11=Yuval |date=2020-07-24 |title=Titanium Tackles the Endoplasmic Reticulum: A First Genomic Study on a Titanium Anticancer Metallodrug |journal=iScience |volume=23 |issue=7 |article-number=101262 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101262 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7322074 |pmid=32585595 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1262M }}</ref> The advantage of titanium compounds lies in their high efficacy and low toxicity ''[[in vivo]]''. In biological environments, hydrolysis leads to the safe and inert titanium dioxide. Despite these advantages, the first candidate compounds failed clinical trials due to insufficient efficacy to toxicity ratios and formulation complications. Further development resulted in the creation of potentially effective, selective, and stable titanium-based drugs.<ref name=Tshuva-Miller>{{cite book |last1=Tshuva |first1=Edit Y. |last2=Miller |first2=Maya |editor1-last=Sigel |editor1-first=Astrid |editor2-last=Sigel |editor2-first=Helmut|editor3-last=Freisinger |editor3-first=Eva |editor4-last=Sigel |editor4-first=Roland K.O. |year=2018 |title=Metallo-drugs: Development and action of anticancer agents |series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences |volume=18 |doi=10.1515/9783110470734-014 |pmid=29394027 |publisher=de Gruyter GmbH |location=Berlin, DE |chapter=Chapter 8. Coordination complexes of titanium(IV) for anticancer therapy |pages=219–250 |isbn=978-3-11-047073-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nBLDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

===Nuclear waste storage===
Because of its corrosion resistance, containers made of titanium have been studied for the long-term storage of nuclear waste. Containers lasting more than 100,000 years are thought possible with manufacturing conditions that minimize material defects.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1515/CORRREV.2000.18.4-5.331 |title= Hydrogen Absorption and the Lifetime Performance of Titanium Nuclear Waste Containers |journal= Corrosion Reviews |volume= 18 |issue= 4–5 |year= 2000 |last1= Shoesmith |first1= D. W. |last2= Noel |first2= J. J. |last3= Hardie |first3= D. |last4= Ikeda |first4= B. M.|pages= 331–360 |s2cid= 137825823 |doi-access= free }}</ref> A titanium "drip shield" has been considered for installation over containers of other types to enhance their longevity.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Proof of Safety at Yucca Mountain |journal=Science |year=2005|volume= 310 |issue=5747 |pages=447–448 |author1=Carter, L.J. |author2=Pigford, T.J. |doi=10.1126/science.1112786 |pmid=16239463 |s2cid=128447596}}</ref>

==Hazards and safety==
{{Chembox
| Name = Titanium (powder)
| container_only = yes
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|228}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|240|241|280|P370+378}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/sds/aldrich/268496|title=Titanium|website=Sigma-Aldrich |access-date=15 October 2025 |date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
| NFPA-H = 0
| NFPA-F = 4
| NFPA-R = 1
| NFPA-S =
| NFPA_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AA3667822&productDescription=TITNM+PWR+HYDRIDD+-+99.99+100G&vendorId=VN00024248&countryCode=US&language=en |title=Titanium powder, hydrided|website=Fisher Scientific |access-date=15 October 2025 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}

Titanium is non-toxic, even in large doses, and does not play any natural role inside the [[human body]].<ref name="Emsley2001p451" /> An estimated 0.8{{Spaces}}milligrams of titanium is ingested by humans each day, but most passes through the [[digestive system]] without being absorbed in the tissues.<ref name="Emsley2001p451" /> However, it can sometimes [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] in tissues that contain [[silica]]. [[Yellow nail syndrome]] has been reported in individuals that have been exposed to titanium, though the disorder's rarity have made it difficult to determine a direct association between exposure and disorder development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hsu |first1=Ting-Yuan |last2=Lin |first2=Chun-Chen |last3=Lee |first3=Ming-Dar |last4=Chang |first4=Brian Pin-Hsuan |last5=Tsai |first5=Jeng-Daw |date=2017-01-01 |title=Titanium Dioxide in Toothpaste Causing Yellow Nail Syndrome |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/139/1/e20160546/51867/Titanium-Dioxide-in-Toothpaste-Causing-Yellow-Nail |journal=Pediatrics |language=en |volume=139 |issue=1 |article-number=e20160546 |doi=10.1542/peds.2016-0546 |pmid=27940507 |issn=0031-4005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ataya |first1=Ali |last2=Kline |first2=Kristopher P. |last3=Cope |first3=Jessica |last4=Alnuaimat |first4=Hassan |date=2015 |title=Titanium exposure and yellow nail syndrome |journal=Respiratory Medicine Case Reports |volume=16 |pages=146–147 |doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2015.10.002 |issn=2213-0071 |pmc=4682002 |pmid=26744684}}</ref>

As a powder or in the form of metal shavings, titanium metal poses a significant fire hazard and, when heated in [[air]], an explosion hazard.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cotell |first=Catherine Mary |author2=Sprague, J.A. |author3=Smidt, F.A. |title=ASM Handbook: Surface Engineering |publisher=[[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] |year=1994 |edition=10th |page=836 |isbn=978-0-87170-384-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGtsPjqUwy0C}}</ref> Water and [[carbon dioxide]] are ineffective for extinguishing a titanium fire; [[fire classes|Class D]] dry powder agents must be used instead.<ref name="HistoryAndUse" /> When used in the production or handling of chlorine, titanium exposed to dry chlorine gas may result in a titanium–chlorine fire.<ref>{{cite book |author=Compressed Gas Association |title=Handbook of compressed gases |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |edition=4th |page=323 |isbn=978-0-412-78230-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSLULtCG9JgC}}</ref> Titanium can also catch fire when a fresh, non-oxidized surface comes in contact with [[liquid oxygen]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Solomon |first=Robert E. |others=National Fire Prevention Association |title=Fire and Life Safety Inspection Manual |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |year=2002 |edition=8th |page=45 |isbn=978-0-87765-472-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fHsoobsCNwC}}</ref>

==Function in plants==
[[File:Kopiva.JPG|thumb|alt=The dark green dentated elliptic leaves of a nettle|[[Urtica dioica|Nettles]] contain up to 80 parts per million of titanium.<ref name="Emsley2001p451" />]]
An unknown mechanism in [[plant]]s may use titanium to stimulate the production of [[carbohydrate]]s and encourage growth. This may explain why most plants contain about 1 [[part per million]] (ppm) of titanium, food plants have about 2 ppm, and [[horsetail]] and [[Urtica|nettle]] contain up to 80 ppm.<ref name="Emsley2001p451" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Chemistry}}
{{Colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Titanium alloys]]
* [[Suboxide]]
* [[Titanium in zircon geothermometry]]
* [[Titanium Man]]
{{Colend}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em|refs=
<ref name=Tarasov2025>{{Cite journal |last1=Tarasov |first1=O. B. |last2=Sherrill |first2=B. M. |last3=Dombos |first3=A. C. |last4=Fukushima |first4=K. |last5=Gade |first5=A. |last6=Haak |first6=K. |last7=Hausmann |first7=M. |last8=Kahl |first8=D. |last9=Kaloyanov |first9=D. |last10=Kwan |first10=E. |last11=Matthews |first11=H. K. |last12=Ostroumov |first12=P. N. |last13=Portillo |first13=M. |last14=Richardson |first14=I. |last15=Smith |first15=M. K. |date=2025-09-04 |title=Discovery of new isotopes in the fragmentation of 82Se and insights into their production |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/573p-7fjp |journal=Physical Review C |volume=112 |issue=3 |page=034604 |doi=10.1103/573p-7fjp |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin |colwidth=25em |small=yes}}

* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements|publisher=Reinhold Book Corporation |location=New York, NY |year=1968 |editor=Clifford A. Hampel |last=Barksdale |first=Jelks |chapter=Titanium |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/732 732–738] |lccn=68029938 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp |chapter-url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |title=Titanium: A technical guide |year=1988 |last1=Donachie| first1=Matthew J. Jr. |publisher=[[ASM International (society)|ASM International]] |location=Metals Park, OH |page=11 |isbn=978-0-87170-309-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct9RAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z guide to the elements |last=Emsley |first=John |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |location=Oxford, England, UK |isbn=978-0-19-850340-8 |chapter=Titanium |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl}}
* {{cite book|last1=Greenwood|first1=N. N.|last2=Earnshaw|first2=A. |title=Chemistry of the Elements|edition=2nd|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Oxford|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7506-3365-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roza |first1=Greg |title=Titanium |year=2008 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4042-1412-5 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsAGRf7j7fQC}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|titanium|b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v= |species=no}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7iwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA2-PA46 "Titanium: Our Next Major Metal"] in ''[[Popular Science]]'' (October 1950), one of first general public detailed articles on Titanium
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/022.htm Titanium] at ''[[Periodic Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)
* [https://titanium.org/ Titanium.org]: official website of the International Titanium Association, an [[industry association]]
* [https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2003/titanium.movies/titanium.html Metallurgy of Titanium and its Alloys] - slide presentations, movies, and other material from [[Harshad Bhadeshia]] and other [[Cambridge University]] metallurgists

{{Periodic table (navbox)}}
{{Titanium compounds}}
{{Titanium minerals}}
{{Jewellery}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Titanium| ]]
[[Category:Aerospace materials]]
[[Category:Biomaterials]]
[[Category:Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Native element minerals]]
[[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]]
[[Category:Transition metals]]

Thakur Gadadhar Singh

2026-03-14T11:45:28Z

Freeman14H: new a biography

{{Short description|Indian soldier and author (1869 - 1920)}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}

'''Thakur Gadadhar Singh''' (1869–1920) was a [[British Raj]] Indian soldier and author. He wrote several travelogues and commentaries. Singh is considered to be the founder of the [[Hindi]] [[travel literature]] genre alongside [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature, vol. 5, Sasay to Zorgot |date=2009–2016 |editor1=Indranātha Caudhurī|editor2=Amaresh Datta|editor3=Mōhanlāl|editor4=Param Anand Abichandani|editor5=K. C. Dutt|editor6=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-2384-4 |edition=Revised |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |pages=4371 |oclc=430192715}}</ref> and his travelogue ''Chin Me Terah Mas (Thirteen Months in China)'' is often considered one of the first book-length overseas travel narratives written in Hindi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Anand A. |author-link=Anand Yang |title=Thirteen Months in China: A Subaltern Indian and The Colonial World: An Annotated Translation of Thakur Gadadhar Singh's Chīn Me Terah Mās |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-947646-6 |edition=1st |series=Oxford series on China-India studies |location=New Delhi, India |pages=4 |translator-last=Sheel |translator-first=Kamal |translator-last2=Sheel |translator-first2=Ranjana}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Gadadhar Singh was born during the [[British Raj#Famines, epidemics, and public health|British Raj era]] in October 1869 in village Sanchedi, now in [[Kanpur Dehat district]] to a [[Rajput]] family of the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] clan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Various authors |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/India-ChinaEncyclopedia_Vol-2.pdf |title=Encyclopedia of India-China Cultural Contacts Volume II |last2=Sheel |first2=Kamal |last3=Sheel |first3=Ranjana |publisher=The Public Diplomacy Division, Ministry of External Affairs, India |year=2014 |location=New Delhi |pages=596–597}}</ref> His father, [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Dariyao Singh, was also a soldier in the [[5th Bengal Native (Light) Infantry]] from 1864 to 1878. After completing his secondary school education, he enlisted in the [[7th Rajput Regiment]] (also known as the [[7th (Duke of Connaught's Own) Rajputs]]) in 1886 when the regiment was stationed at [[Fort William, India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chandra 'Suman' |first=Kshem |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.320112 |title=Divamgat Hindi-Sevi (vol. 1) (The Encyclopaedia of Late Hindi Litterateurs and Devotees) |publisher=Shakun Prakashan |year=1981 |location=New Delhi |pages=164–5 |language=}}</ref> That same year he was dispatched to [[Burma|Burma (now Myanmar)]] as part of a force sent to quell the resistance after the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]]. As he was literate he was made a teacher in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=":3" /> He was not a [[commissioned officer]]. Singh was among the 500 7th Rajput soldiers, who along with other Indian troops, made up most of the 3,000 strong British men in the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] forces numbering about 20,000 men. The 7th Rajput left [[Calcutta]] on 29 June 1900. Singh returned to India from [[Beijing]] in September 1901.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rawlinson |first=H. G. |date=1941 |title=The history of the 3rd battalion, 7th Rajput regiment (Duke of Connaught's own) |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/4286242 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.worldcat.org |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=London |at=Pages 77-80, Chapter 'Digest of Service' |language=en}}</ref>

Singh was one of the 27 men who represented the 7th Rajput in England at the [[Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra|coronation ceremonies]] of [[Edward VII]] as part of a larger [[British Indian Army]] contingent. He & another [[Naik (military rank)|naik]] (rank equivalent to corporal), 21 [[sepoy]]s and 3 [[havildar]]s (rank equivalent to sergeant) were part of this unit headed by [[Subedar]] Adhar Singh. This contingent left [[Lucknow]] on 10 May 1902, sailed from [[Bombay]] on 24 May, arrived in [[Southampton]] on 12 June, participated in the coronation on 9 August, then returned to India.<ref name=":1" /> He lived in the [[Dilkusha, Lucknow|Dilkusha]] neighborhood in [[Lucknow]] till November 1905, when his regiment was dispatched to the [[North-West Frontier Province]].<ref name=":1" />

Singh self-published his account of his experiences in China in 1902 from Lucknow. He wrote a book about his experiences in England in 1903. He wrote at least 9 other commentaries on England and Japan, and others mainly focused on social reform and women's issues.<ref name=":2" />

He died in [[British Raj#Famines, epidemics, and public health|British ruled India]] in October 1920 at the age of fifty before his 51st birthday.<ref name=":0" />

== Works ==
Source:<ref name=":3" />

List of works
* ''Chin Me Terah Mas (1902; self-published) -'' English Translation, edited by [[Anand Yang]], translated by Kamal Sheel & Ranjana Sheel: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OlNUDwAAQBAJ Thirteen Months in China: A Subaltern Indian and the Colonial World].'' [[New Delhi]]: [[Oxford University Press]]. 2017. {{ISBN|9780199476466}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vandana |date=2017-10-02 |title=How a British Indian soldier viewed India-China relations |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/afterword/how-a-british-indian-soldier-viewed-india-china-relations/11063/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Hamari Edward Tilak Yatra (My Journey to the Coronation of Edward)''
* ''Bushido (the Japanese Way of the Warrior)''
* ''Karuna Kahani (1916, A Tale of Compassion)''
* ''Vilayati Ramaniya/Bhraman (1918, Happy Wonderings in Foreign Lands)''
* ''Japan Ki Raj Vyavastha (The Political Administration of Japan)''
* ''Rus-Japan-Yudh (Russo-Japanese War), vols. 1 & 2''
* ''Parivarik Upasna (Famililal Worship)''
* ''Buddhadeo Darshan'' ''(The Philosophy of Lord Buddha)''
* ''Yuddha aur Shanti Parichaya (Introduction to War and Peace)''
* ''Chashma aur Chakshu (Spectacles and Eyes)''
* ''Vanita Hitaishi (Friends of Woman) -'' Periodical [[Literary magazine|journal]] on woman's issues, education and empowerment

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Thakur Gadadhar}}
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:1869 births]]

Ibrahim Raza Khan

2026-03-14T11:16:14Z

Freeman14H: put up

{{Short description|20th-century Indian scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Mufassir-e-Azam-e-Hind, [[Mufti]]
| name = Muhammad Ibrahim Raza Khan
| honorific_suffix = Qadri Razvi
| image = Stamp of India - 1995 - Colnect 163738 - Ala Hazrat Barelvi.jpeg
| caption =
| native_name = '''<big>{{Nastaliq|مفسر اعظم ہند مفتی محمد ابراہیم رضا خان قادری رضوی}}</big>'''
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_name = Muhammad
| birth_date = 10th [[Rabi' al-Thani]] [[Islamic calendar|1325]] ([[Common Era|1907 CE]])
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 11th of [[Safar]] 1385 Hijri {{death date and age|1965|06|12|1907|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bareilly]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| burial_place = [[Bareilly Sharif Dargah|Dargah E A'ala Hazrat]], Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| monuments =
| other_names = Jilani Miya, Shahzada-e-Akbar-o-Jaanasheen-e-Huzoor [[Hamid Raza Khan]]
| citizenship = British India, after 15 August 1947 {{Flag| India|name=Indian}}
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Manzar-e-Islam]]
| occupation = [[Mysticism|Mystic]], Preacher, Jurist, Theologian, Orator, [[Mufti]], [[Islamic Scholar]], [[Spiritual Leader]] and author
| years_active = 1907–1965
| era = [[late modern period|Late Modern Era]] and [[Contemporary history|Contemporary]]
| employer =
| organization = [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = Monthly ''A'ala Hazrat'' magazine, ''Zikrullah'', ''Nehmatullah'', ''Hujjatullah'', ''Fazaa'il-e-Durood Shareef'', ''Tafseer Surah Balad'', ''Tashreeh Qasida Mu'mania''
| title = Maulana, Jilani Miyan
| term = 1926–1965
| predecessor = [[Hamid Raza Khan]]
| successor = [[Subhan Raza Khan]]
| movement = [[Barelvi movement]]
| opponents = {{hlist|[[Deobandi]]| [[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahle Hadith]] ([[Taqlid|Gair Muqalid]])<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWx_SnjLjSg |title=Kya 4 Imam mai se kisi 1 ki Taqleed Karna Wajib ha ? Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza |date=2022-04-03 |last=Knowledge Book Muslim |access-date=2024-07-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>| [[Quranism]] (Ahle Quran)| [[Shia Islam]] [[Rafida|Rafzi]]| [[Ahmadiyya|Qadyani]] etc.}}
| spouse =
| children = Rehan Raza Khan [[Akhtar Raza Khan]]
Mannan Raza Khan
| mother =
| father = [[Hamid Raza Khan]]
| relatives = [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] (Grandfather), [[Hassan Raza Khan]] (Brother of Grandfather), [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]] (Paternal Uncle), [[Subhan Raza Khan]] (Grandson), [[Asjad Raza Khan]] (Grandson)
| family = [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri]]
| website = 
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Ibrahim Raza Khan Qadri Razvi
|embed = yes
| office = 42nd [[Imam]] and [[Sheikh]] E [[Tariqa]]t of [[Tariqa|Silsila]] E Aliyah [[Qadiriyya|Qadriyah]] Barkaatiyah Razviyah Nooriyah
| term_start = {{Start date|1926}}
| term_end = {{End date|1965}}
| predecessor = [[Hamid Raza Khan]]
| successor = [[Akhtar Raza Khan]] (Azhari Miya)
| office2 = Mohtamim (Head) of [[Manzar-e-Islam|Darul Uloom Jamia Razwiya Manjar E Islam]],
| term_start2 = {{Start date|1943}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|1965}}
| predecessor2 = [[Hamid Raza Khan]]
| successor2 = Rehan Raza Khan
| office3 = [[Sajjada nashin]] of [[Khanqah]] E Aliya Razviya
| term_start3 = {{Start date|1943}}
| term_end3 = {{End date|1965}}
| predecessor3 = Hamid Raza Khan
| successor3 = [[Subhan Raza Khan]]
| office4 = Mutawalli of Raza Jama Masjid and [[Bareilly Sharif Dargah|Dargah E A'ala Hazrat]]
| term_start4 = {{Start date|1943}}
| term_end4 = {{End date|1965}}
| predecessor4 = Hamid Raza Khan
| successor4 = Subhan Raza Khan
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography
|embed = yes
| name = Mufti Muhammad Ibrahim Raza Khan Qadri Razvi
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]
| Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
| school_tradition = [[Maturidi]]
| lineage = [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri]]
| Sufi_order = [[Qadiriyya]] (Main), [[Naqshbandi]]yah, [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardiyah]], [[Chishti Order|Chishtiyah]]
| institute = [[Barelvi]]
| founder = ''Monthly [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|A'ala Hazrat]] Magazine''
}}
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Muhammad Ibrahim Raza Khan Qadri Razvi''' (1907–1965), commonly known as Mufassir-e-Azam-e-Hind and Jilani Miyan, was an Indian [[Islamic scholar]], [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[mysticism|mystic]], orator, and author. He was a leader of the [[Barelvi movement]] of [[Sunni Islam]].

==Early life and education==
Ibrahim was born into the family of Islamic scholar [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], in 1907. Ibrahim was the elder son of [[Hamid Raza Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tazkira-e-Mashaikh-e-Qadria Barkatia Rizvia |url=https://sufinama.org/ebooks/tazkira-e-mashaikh-e-qadria-barkatia-rizvia-abdul-mujtaba-rizvi-ebooks |title=Tazkira-e-Mashaikh-e-Qadria Barkatia Rizvia |publisher=Sufinama |date= |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

Under the guidance of his grandmother and mother, Ibrahim started his primary education in reading the [[Quran]] and books in [[Urdu]]. At seven, he was enrolled at the [[Manzar-e-Islam]]. Ibrahim's teachers at the seminary were Maulana Ahsan Ali Sahab Muhadith Faizpuri, his father Hamid Raza, and [[Sardar Ahmad Chishti]]. He graduated at the age of 19 in 1344 Hijri (1926 CE). At the graduation ceremony, his father tied a turban (dastar) on his son's head.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hayat Mufassir-e-Aazam |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hayat-mufassir-e-aazam-abdul-wajid-qadri-ebooks?pageId=04DFCD58-A12E-4164-A151-2C2F70A43898 |title=Hayat Mufassir-e-Aazam by Abdul Wajid Qadri |publisher=Rekhta |date= |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

Ibrahim succeeded his father, from whom he inherited all duties, that were given by Ahmed Barelvi, including being the [[Sajjada Nashin]] of Khanqah-E-Aliya Razviya, the headship of [[Manzar-e-Islam|Darul Uloom Jamia Razwiya Manzar E Islam]], and the ''mutawallī'' (administrator) of [[Raza Jama Masjid]] and [[Bareilly Sharif Dargah|Dargah E A'ala Hazrat]].<ref>{{cite web | title=s31-mufasireazam – Taj ush Shariah | website=Taj ush Shariah | url=https://muftiakhtarrazakhan.com/s31-mufasireazam/ | access-date=13 October 2021 | archive-date=27 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181255/https://muftiakhtarrazakhan.com/s31-mufasireazam/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
He was the 42nd Imam and Shaykh of the Silsila Aaliyah Qaadiriyah Barakaatiyah Razviyah Nooriyah.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} At the age of four, Ibrahim Khan became the [[murid]] (disciple) of his grandfather [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri]] who gave him the Khilaafat of Silsila Aaliyah Qaadiriyah Barakaatiyah Razviyah Nooriyah. He also gained [[Hujjat al-Islam]] from his father and uncle [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1372 Hijri Ibrahim Khan visited [[Harmain Sharifain]] and got various [[ijazah]] for [[hadith]], Dalaail-e-Khairaat, and Hizbul Bahr from the [[ulama]]s of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=Muhammad Tanweer Shahzada Khan Qadri Razvi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-chain-of-light-vol.-2 |title=The Chain Of Light ( Vol. 2) : Publishers : Imam Mustafa Raza Research Centre Imam Mustafa Raza Research Centre P.O. Box 70140, Overport, 4067 Durban, South Africa : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |date= August 2008|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

Ibrahim Khan had several students and disciples including Rehan Raza Khan Qadri Razvi, Muhammad Akhtar Raza Khan Qadri Razvi, bdul Wajid Qadr Jilani, Samsullah Razvi Hasmati Bastawi, Abdul Hakim Razvi Jilani, and Aafaaz Ahmad Razvi Jilani.<ref>{{cite web |author=ibne meeran |url=https://archive.org/details/MufassirEAazamHazratAllamaIbrahimRazaKhanUrfJilaniMiyan |title=Mufassir E Aazam Hazrat Allama Ibrahim Raza Khan Urf Jilani Miyan : Muhammad Hanif Razvi Nagarchi : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |date= |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

He initiated the monthly ''Alahazrat'' magazine for the propagation of the teachings of the Sunni school. Until 2024, this magazine was in circulation with [[Subhan Raza Khan]] as the editor-in-chief and Muhammad Ahsan Raza Khan its editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ala-hazrat.com/readmagazine.html |title=Welcome to Official Website of Dargah Alahazrat |publisher=Ala-hazrat.com |date= |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ibrahim Khan was married to his cousin sister, the elder daughter of [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]]. The marriage was solemnised by their grandfather when they were still children 1347 Hijri (1929 CE).<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.islaah.in/auliya-allah/19476/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806182441/https://www.islaah.in/auliya-allah/19476/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2020 |title=Hazrat Allama Mufti Muhammad Mustafa Raza Khan (Mufti E Azam Hind) Rahmatullahi Alaihi – Islaah |publisher=Islaah.in |date=22 September 2019 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> Ibrahim Khan had eight children with his wife: five sons and three daughters, including [[Akhtar Raza Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alahazrat.net/personalities/maulana-muhammad-ibrahim-rida-khan/ |title=Maulana Muhammad Ibrahim Rida Khan – |publisher=Alahazrat.net |date= |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Khan's works include:
* ''Zikrullah''
* ''Nehmatullah''
* ''Hujjatullah''
* ''Fazaa'il-e-Durood Shareef''
* ''Tafseer Surah Balad''
* ''Tashreeh Qasida Mu'mania''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamatrazaemustafa.org/about.php?id=mufassir-e-azam-hind |title=Mufassir-E-Azam Hind, Hadrat Mawlana Mohammed Ibrahim Raza Khan Qadri (Alaihir Rahmah) |publisher=Jamatrazaemustafa.org |date=12 June 1965 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== Death ==
Khan died after being sick for three consecutive years on 11 [[Safar]] [[Islamic calendar|1385 Hijri]] (12 June 1965 CE). His funeral prayer was arranged at the Islamia Inter College, and led by Muhammad Afzal Hussain. He was buried in [[Bareilly Sharif Dargah]], in Bareilly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faizanesibtainraza.blogspot.com/2011/12/mufassir-al-aazam-hazrat-jilani-miyan.html |title=Mufassir al-Aazam Hazrat Jilani Miyan MuHammad Ibrahim Raza al-Qadiri RadiaAllahu anhu ~ Naberaye Aala Hazrat, Huzoor Ameen e Shariat Hazrat Sibtain Raza Khan Quadri Maddazillahul Noorani |publisher=Faizanesibtainraza.blogspot.com |date= |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Naqi Ali Khan]]
* [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi|Maturidi school of Sunni theology}}
{{Islamic theology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ibrahim Raza}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic studies scholars]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Islam in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Family of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Muhammad Ibrahim Raza Khan Qadri]]
[[Category:Qadiri order]]
[[Category:Manzar-e-Islam alumni]]

Khalsa College, Amritsar

2026-03-14T00:47:17Z

Freeman14H:

{{Short description|Higher education institution in Amritsar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Khalsa College
| established = {{start date and age|1892}}
| image = Logo of Khalsa College.svg
| image_size = 220px
| motto = ਅਕਾਲ ਸਹਾਇ ([[Gurmukhi]]) ''Akal Sahai'' "With God's Grace"
| type = College
| principal = Dr. Atam Singh Randhawa
| city = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.6339|74.8356|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| faculty =
| logo = [[File:KhalsaCollegeAmritsar-2.jpg|200px]]
| website = {{url|khalsacollege.edu.in}}
}}
'''Khalsa College''' ({{langx|pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਕਾਲਜ}} ''khālsā kālaj'') is a historic educational institution in the northern Indian city of [[Amritsar]] in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab, India]].<ref>{{cite web | last=India | first=Tribune | title=Khalsa College Amritsar: A heritage marvel | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=2020-09-22 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/khalsa-college-a-heritage-marvel-144865 | access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref> Founded in 1892, the sprawling {{convert|300|acre|km2|1|adj=on}} campus is located about eight kilometers from the city-center on the Amritsar-Lahore highway (part of the [[Grand Trunk Road]]), adjoining [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] campus, to which Khalsa College is academically affiliated.

Khalsa College was built as an educational institute during the [[British Raj]] in India when Sikh scholars thought about providing higher education to Sikhs and Punjabis within [[Punjab]]. Amritsar was chosen for its establishment and [[Singh Sabha Movement]] and [[Chief Khalsa Diwan]] approached the then Sikh Maharajas and Sikh people of Punjab to raise funds and donate land to build this unique institute. People of Amritsar, Lahore and other cities of Punjab including rich Sikh families and Maharajas donated land and raised funds to build Khalsa College, Amritsar. Its architectural design was created by [[Ram Singh (architect)|Ram Singh]], a famous architect who also designed one of the Places in England. Its building was completed in 1911–12. Its architectural features are mix of British, Mughal and Sikh architect.

==History==
{{unsourced section|date=April 2022}}
Khalsa College Establishment Committee was set up in 1890 with Colonel W. R. M. Holroyd, Director of Public Instruction, Punjab, as president, and W. Bell, Principal of Government College, Lahore, as secretary. Among the native constituents of this 121-member committee were Sir Attar Singh, Gurdial Singh Maan of [[Nabha]], Diwan Gurmukh Singh of [[Patiala]], Bhai Kahn Singh, Professor Gurmukh Singh and Sardar Jawahir Singh (1859–1910). Many princely states of British India and Sikh people of Punjab gave their financial help to the establishment of Khalsa College, including Maharaja Rajendra Singh of [[Patiala]], Maharaja Hira Singh of [[Nabha]], Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of [[Kapurthala]] and Sir Sunder Singh Majithia.

After a prolonged discussion about the site of Khalsa College, it was decided that one college would be established in Amritsar, followed by a second in Lahore. The {{convert|300|acre|km2|1|adj=on}} campus was sited just outside the village of Kot Sayyad Mehmood, which was later renamed Kot Khalsa.

== Sikh Research Centre ==
In 1930, a [[Sikh History Research Centre|Sikh Research Centre]] was founded within the college of [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]], who headed it until 1947.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=Treasure trove of the past: Sikh Research Centre at Khalsa College, Amritsar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/treasure-trove-of-the-past-sikh-research-centre-at-khalsa-college-amritsar-379994 |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> The Sikh Research Centre of Khalsa College has since grown to encompass a library and art galleries, containing thousands of artefacts, books, manuscripts, and paintings related to Sikhs and Sikhism.<ref name=":0" /> The current collection is 6,397 books, 375 paintings, 601 manuscripts, newspapers dating back to 1904, 675 files/books/journals, coinage, historical photographs, and weaponry.<ref name=":0" />

==Campus==
[[File:Khalsa College ,Amritsar , Punjab, India.jpg|thumb|Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India]]
The main building is of the [[Indo-Sarcenic]] style, which is strongly influenced by traditional Indian and [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] schools of architecture. The foundation stone was laid on 5 March 1892, with the first classes starting in 1893.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

The college was designed by [[Bhai Ram Singh]], principal of the Mayo School of Arts, Lahore, with the help of engineer Dharam Singh Gharjakhia. Bhai Ram Singh was decorated for his services with the '''Member of the Victorian Order''' ([[Royal Victorian Order|MVO]]), the highest civilian award of British India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060209/aplus.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image |website=Tribuneindia |access-date=2016-04-29 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171236/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060209/aplus.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Faculties ==
Khalsa College has following faculties:{{cn|date=April 2022}}
*Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
*Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration
*Faculty of Sciences
*College of Agriculture

==Institutes==
The institutions under Khalsa College Charitable Society, which is running the century-old Khalsa College:

Colleges-
* Khalsa College, Amritsar-India (established.1892)
* Khalsa College of Education, Amritsar (established.1954)
* Khalsa College for Women, Amritsar (established.1968)
* Khalsa College of Education, Ranjit Avenue, Amritsar (established.2006)
* Khalsa College of Nursing, Amritsar (established.2006)
* Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar (established.2009)
* Khalsa College of Engineering & Tech., Ranjit Avenue, Amritsar (established.2009)
* Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Amritsar (established.2009)
* Khalsa College (Amritsar) of Technology & Business Studies, Mohali (established.2009)
* Khalsa College of Physical Education, VPO Heir, District. Amritsar (established.2009)
* Khalsa College Chawinda Devi, Amritsar
* [[Khalsa College of Law]], Amritsar
* Khalsa College of Management & Technology, Amritsar

Schools-
* Khalsa College Sr. Sec. School (Boys), Amritsar (established. 1892)
* Khalsa College Sr. Sec. School (Girls), Amritsar (established. 1942)
* Khalsa College Public School, Amritsar Amritsar (established. 1984)
* Khalsa College International Public School, Ranjit Avenue, Amritsar (established. 2001)
* Khalsa College Public School, Heir, Amritsar (established. 2008)

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=April 2018}}
*[[Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi]], Poet, Author, and Bollywood Lyricist
*[[Amrik Singh|Bhai Amrik Singh, President of AISSF]]
*[[Hans Raj Khanna]], former Judge of Supreme Court of India who authored the [[basic structure doctrine]]
*[[Harcharan Singh (writer)|Harcharan Singh]], Punjabi playwright
*[[Harpreet Sandhu (actor)]], actor<ref>{{cite web |author=Interview: Harpreet Sandhu on Work Weather Wife |url=http://punjabimania.com/interview-harpreet-sandhu-on-work-weather-wife/ |title=Interview: Harpreet Sandhu on Work Weather Wife |date=September 2014 |publisher=Punjabi Mania |access-date=2016-04-29 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903144539/http://punjabimania.com/interview-harpreet-sandhu-on-work-weather-wife/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Gurbachan Singh Randhawa]], athlete
*[[Pratap Singh Kairon]], former Chief Minister of Punjab
* [[Darbara Singh]], former Chief Minister of Punjab and national level leader of the Congress
* [[Teja Singh Samundri]] (1882–1926), founder of [[SGPC]] - Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandhak Committee
* Major General [[Rajinder Singh Sparrow|Rajinder Singh "Sparrow" Shergill]], MVC & bar, Indian Army officer
* Major General [[Gurbakhsh Singh]], DSO, OBE, Indian Army officer, Padma Shri awardee
* Lt. Col. [[Sarbjit Singh Kalha]], DSO, officer in the British Indian Army
* [[Sohan Singh Josh]] (1898–1970), socialist leader of Punjab
* [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]], former Speaker of the [[Indian Parliament]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/former/Gsdhillon.asp |publisher=The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha | title=Former Speakers - G. S. Dhillon|website=Speakerloksabha.nic.in |access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>
* [[Hukam Singh (Punjab politician)|Hukam Singh]], former Speaker of the [[Indian Parliament]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/former/hukuamsingh.asp |title=Former Speakers - Sardar Hukam Singh | publisher=The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha |website=Speakerloksabha.nic.in |access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>
* [[Mulk Raj Anand]], novelist
* [[Kidar Sharma]], film director and screenwriter
* [[Bhisham Sahni]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Manohar Singh Gill]], former Chief Election Commissioner of India
* [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]], Captain of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] franchise [[Bengal Warriors]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket-pro-kabaddi-league-2019-season-7-all-teams-captains-pkl-need-to-know-536710|title = VIVO Pro Kabaddi League 2019: Know your teams, your captains of PKL Season 7|date = 20 July 2019}}</ref>
* [[Hardeep Tauo Toganwalia]], Captain of Canadian Kabaddi Team
* [[Bishen Singh Bedi]], former captain of the Indian cricket team
* [[Gurshabad]], Playback singer, actor, and performer
* [[Ranjit Bawa]], Punjabi singer
* [[Amrinder Gill]], actor and singer
* [[Karaj Gill]], film producer
* [[Dev Meena]], pole vaulter
* [[Khem Singh Gill]], geneticist and former vice chancellor of [[Punjab Agricultural University]]
* [[Jaswant Singh Gill]] (1939–2019), [[Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak]] awardee, mining engineer at [[Coal India]], known for 1989 [[Raniganj Coalfield|Raniganj]] rescue

=== Hockey players ===
* [[Balbir Singh Sr.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/56468-khalsa-college-makes-major-move-to-revive-hockey.html |title=The Pioneer |website=Dailypioneer.com |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref>
* [[Harbinder Singh]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Khalsacollege 3.jpg|Khalsa College, Amritsar
File:ਖਾਲਸਾ ਕਾਲਜ 01.jpg|Khalsa College Clock Tower
File:ਖਾਲਸਾ ਕਾਲਜ 02.jpg|Front View Khalsa College
File:ਖਾਲਸਾ ਕਾਲਜ 03.jpg|Khalsa College
File:ਖਾਲਸਾ ਕਾਲਜ 04.jpg|Khalsa College
File:ਖਾਲਸਾ ਕਾਲਜ 06.jpg|Khalsa College
</gallery>

==References==
{{Portal|India|Punjab}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.khalsacollegeamritsar.org/ Khalsa College Amritsar website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Khalsa College, Amritsar]]
[[Category:Education in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Palaces in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]

Peroorkada

2026-03-12T13:28:26Z

Freeman14H: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peroorkada
| other_name = Perurkada, Maruthammoodu
| nickname = Perurkada
| settlement_type = Urban area Ward 31
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.537250|N|76.96650|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 695005
| registration_plate = KL 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 95%
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Peroorkada''' is a suburb of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The area has a police station.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-19 |title=Kerala Police suspends Peroorkada SI for wrongful detention of Dalit woman that sparked political controversy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-police-suspends-officer-for-wrongful-detention-of-dalit-woman-sparking-political-controversy/article69593244.ece |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September 2025, work on the proposed flyover in the area started by demolishing some structures. A stretch of 874 metres starting from Lourdes church and ending at St Jude's church at Vazhayila was cleared.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-16 |title=Peroorkada flyover: Razing of buildings to be over soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/123907638.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst. |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In January 2026, tenders were called for the flyover work worth Rs.67 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenders out for TVM Peroorkada flyover project, to be built at ₹67cr |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/01/21/peroorkada-flyover-project-thiruvananthapuram-tender-out.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, the Peroorkada Municipal Corporation elections were held.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEROORKADA Local Body Election 2025 Updates: Municipal Corporation Ward-Wise Details |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/local-body-elections/kerala/municipal-corporation/thiruvanathapuram/peroorkada/local-body-election-results |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Manikuttan]]

== Educational institutions ==

* [[Kerala Law Academy]]

== References ==
<references />
{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Thiruvananthapuram]]

Ordinary (film)

2026-03-12T03:47:54Z

Freeman14H: further add citations per standard format and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ordinary
| image = Ordinary film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Sugeeth]]
| producer = [[Rajeev Nair]]
| story = Sugeeth
| screenplay = {{Plain list|
* Nishad Koya
* Manu Prasad
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]]
* [[Biju Menon]]
* [[Shritha Sivadas]]
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
* [[Ann Augustine]]
* [[Raghavan (actor)|Jishnu Raghavan]]
}}
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Faisal Ali
| editing = {{Plain list|
* V. Saajan
* Sangeeth Kollam
}}
| studio = Magic Moon Productions
| distributor = {{Plain list|
* [[Kalasangham Films]]
* Kas & Right
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|3|17|[[Kerala]]|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/9434/ordinary.html |title=Ordinary - Movie Reviews, Videos, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis |website= Oneindia| publisher= | date= |access-date=21 June 2011 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525055109/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/9434/ordinary.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 145 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Ordinary |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ordinary-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjg5oty |website= bbfc.co.uk| publisher= [[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en-gb |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|3.3 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref name="BOB"/><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Mollywoods-small-budget-films-that-did-big-wonders-at-the-box-office/photostory/53020290.cms |title=Mollywood's small-budget films that did big wonders at the box office |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2016}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|20 crore}}<ref name="BOB">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/year-of-small-films-at-southern-box-office_125047.html|title=Year of small films at southern box-office|date=25 December 2012| newspaper=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= Meet the top five show stealers of 2012|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Meet-the-top-five-show-stealers-of-2012/articleshow/17598509.cms|newspaper= The Times of India |date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India"/>
}}
'''''Ordinary''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Sugeeth]] in his directorial debut and written by Nishad K. Koya and Manu Prasad. The film stars [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] and [[Shritha Sivadas]]. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The film follows the life of a driver and conductor of a [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus that travels from [[Pathanamthitta]] to the village of [[Gavi, Kerala]] via [[Angamoozhy]].

The film was released in India on 17 March 2012, and received positive response from audience. A blockbuster at the box office, the film was remade in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] as ''[[Jannal Oram]]'' by [[Karu Pazhaniappan]] and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Right Right]]''.<ref name= "articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/sumanth-ashwins-right-right-first-look-poster-4788-slide-33608| title = Sumanth Ashwin's Right Right first look poster – Photos|work= [[International Business Times]]| publisher= | date= | access-date= }}</ref>

==Plot==
Iravi Kuttan Pillai, from [[Thrissur]], is hired by [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] as a bus conductor and assigned the Pathanamthitta–Gavi route for his first posting. Gavi is a picturesque small village inside a forest with a small local population, many of whom travel daily to Pathanamthitta for work. Situated near the reservoir of a dam, the village charms him, and he quickly adapts to his new life. He befriends the locals and falls in love with a native of the village, Kalyani.

Everything goes well for him, until one fateful day, the bus breaks down en route to Gavi. The passengers are provided with alternative transport and servicemen are called in for the repairs. The bus driver Suku, from [[Palakkad]], gets drunk with a friend during the repairs, making him unable to drive. Iravi has to replace him to take the bus back to Gavi, although unauthorized to do so. Dim lighting of the evening, fog and distractions from his conversations with Suku make him late to see a person standing in the road. The brakes are applied too late, and the bus presumably hits him. In the panic of the situation and unable to think straight, they send the bleeding victim in a [[pickup truck]] that arrived soon after. They lie about the accident, claiming it to be a hit-and-run, while the driver takes him to hospital. One of the bags of the victim gets misplaced and they take it with them.

Guilt-ridden, Iravi along with Suku, search the victim's bag and recognize him to be Devan – the son of Venu master (a retired well-respected school headmaster and Gavi panchayat member ) and the fiancé of Anna, his childhood friend. He works in [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] and is to be married during his current visit. They search for him the next day in the hospitals, but is staggered to know that he is not admitted anywhere. Two days later, the police find his corpse at the bottom of hill, seemingly jumped off of the cliff. Without any other leads, the police believe it to be a suicide, but the two know otherwise. Iravi wishes to confess, but is prevented by Suku, as his sister's marriage is near. He assures to do so, immediately after the marriage.

They search for the truck driver, but to no avail. Meanwhile, Anna finds Devan's bag with Iravi through Kalyani, who mistakes the bag to be his. Iravi's grief leads him to confess, taking the blame entirely to himself. He is arrested and the police does not take into consideration the story of the truck driver. Suku is left free of charge as Iravi confessed even to his part. Suku continues with the search and tracks him down. Iravi gets bail and both of them capture him. They learn that the crime was committed by Bhadran – Devan's best friend since childhood.

Bhadran is the local handyman of the village and the shutter operator of the dam's reservoir. During his childhood, his father had committed suicide in the dam, for the grief of his wife eloping with someone. Bhadran had an eccentric odd character – aimless, unrelenting to act as per his wishes, lonely in his ways, but friendly with the village people. The villagers know him as a good fellow with a peculiar attitude. He had loved Anna since childhood, known to none – even to his best friend. He secretly admired her, even when she was engaged to Devan. On his visit, Devan called Bhadran, who came with the truck driver, to take him home. In a fit of rage, Bhadran attacks Devan. But the sight of the bus foiled his plans. The bus, while not hitting him, could not save him as Devan was taken by the truck driver who is unknown to both of them. Bhadran along with the driver kill him, faking it as a suicide. Later, he pretends to be shocked by Devan's death and then turning violent at Iravi while he made his confession.

Bhadran tries to capture Anna and escape with her, but is cornered on top of the dam. He then holds Anna hostage to try to escape. With no way out and rejection from Anna (on learning about the facts), he jumps off the dam and commits suicide. In time, Iravi is shown married to Kalyani, Anna got over Devan and is now married to Jose master. Suku and Iravi are now in different places. The end-credits shows them assigned together on a new common route.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Iravi Kuttan Pillai: A [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] conductor from [[Thrissur]]. Kalyani's lover turned husband and Suku's best friend
* [[Biju Menon]] as Suku: A KSRTC driver from [[Palakkad]], Iravi's best friend
* [[Ann Augustine]] as Anna: A native of Gavi and a [[Mail carrier|postwoman]]; Devan's ex-fiancé and Jose's wife
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Bhadran: A native of [[Gavi, Kerala|Gavi]]; Anna's obsessive lover. The main antagonist
* [[ജിഷ്ണു രാഘവൻ | Jishnu Raghavan]] as Jose Mash: A native of Gavi and a teacher; Anna's husband (voice-over by [[Jis Joy]])
* [[Shritha Sivadas]] as Kalyani: Iravi's lover turned wife
* [[Hemanth Menon]] as Devan: Venu Mash's son and Anna's ex-fiancé
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Venu Mash: A native of Gavi, panchayat member and Devan's father
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Sharada: Devan's mother
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Vakkachan: A frequent passenger of the Gavi-visiting KSRTC bus
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Ashaan: A drunken bus mechanic
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Anttappan: Iravi's friend
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Habeeb Rahman (voice-over by [[Shobi Thilakan]])
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Peethambaran: Ex-[[Gram panchayat|panchayat]] president
* [[Narayanankutty]] as KSRTC staff
* [[Joju George]] as Sebastian
* [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Priest
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Bhargavan
* [[Sreedevi Unni]] as Lalitha,Iravi's mother
* [[Kalamandalam Radhika]] as Jose's mother
* Bindu Murali as Kalyani's mother
* Vaigha Rose as Latha
* [[Niyas Backer]] as KPAC. Chandran
* Archana Menon as Shanthi: A [[sex worker]]
* [[Prasanth Alexander]] as Velayudhan,Jeep driver and Bhadran's friend
* [[Nimisha Suresh]] as Bus conductress (Guest appearance)
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Narrator (Voice-only)
* Baby Sandra
}}

==Production==
[[Shritha Sivadas]] made her movie debut in this film.<ref name="istream1">{{cite web|url=http://www.istream.com/tv/watch/215954/My-real-name-is-Parvathy|title=My real name is Parvathy|publisher= | website= istream.com|access-date=2 April 2014}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ordinary
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 March 2012
| recorded = [[Varsha Vallaki Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:04
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = '''[[Spanish Masala]]'''
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = '''[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]'''
| next_year = 2012
}}
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], with all the lyrics written by producer [[Rajeev Nair]]. The soundtrack album was released on 4 March 2012 at [[Gold Souk Grande, Kochi|Gold Souk Mall]] in [[Kochi]], India.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers(s)
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| total_length = 25:04
| title1 = Enthinee Mizhi
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:50
| title2 = Sun Sun Sundari
| extra2 = Karthik, [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length2 = 4:21 | Raga = Sudha Dhanyasi
| title3 = Suryasalabham
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length3 = 4:58
| title4 = Karutha Munthiri
| extra4 = Vidyadharan
| length4 = 1:54
| title5 = Chenthamara
| extra5 = Anusri, Vinayak Sunder, Vaishali Unnikrishnan, Geo Jomin Shaji, George, Maria Jemi Shaji, Rosella, Kingini, Blassy, Ardra, Divya Sabu
| length5 = 2:56
| title6 = Thechippoo mantharam
| extra6 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Biju Narayanan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], Sannidanandan
| length6 = 5:20
| title7 = Kanju Poyenteyee
| extra7 = Vidyadharan
| length7 = 1:35
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "A lot of things work for '<nowiki/>''Ordinary''<nowiki/>' while the crucial elements of suspense and the build-up towards the climax leave much to be desired."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3007180.ece |title= Ordinary — A thrilling ride, for the most part |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 May 2012 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121109145018/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3007180.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic at ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "A simple film about the close friendship between the conductor and driver of a lone bus to a distant village, it knows its limits, offers lively moments, bewitching visuals and has a neat climax."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ordinary Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ordinary/movie-review/12310053.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' rated the film 3.25 out of 5 and said "All in all, '''Ordinary''<nowiki/>' is definitely a watchable flick for the families and the youth, for its freshness and simplicity in storytelling and treatment."<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/12966.html| title = Ordinary - This 'Ordinary' is worth a watch| date= March 19, 2012 |website= IndiaGlitz.com| publisher= | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320212438/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/12966.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=20 March 2012 | access-date= 2026-01-11}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/its-my-life/going-with-the-flow|title=Going with the flow|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=14 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/comedy-brought-me-closer-to-the-audience-biju-menon/articleshow/43987786.cms|title=Comedy brought me closer to the audience: Biju Menon|work= The Times of India|date=2 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/keerthy-suresh-joins-kunchacko-boban-biju-menon-sugeeths-untitled-movie-613531|title=Keerthy Suresh Joins Kunchacko Boban and Biju Menon for Sugeeth's Untitled Movie|work= International Business Times |date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban-and-biju-menon-team-up-again-imagegallery-malayalam-ogzl3ejechgcc.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140625181057/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kunchacko-Boban-and-Biju-Menon-team-up-again-imagegallery-Malayalam-ogzl3ejechgcc.html |url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2014|title=Kunchacko Boban and Biju Menon team up again|work=[[Sify]]|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> The film ran for over 150 days in theatres and grossed a total of ₹20 crore from the box office.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/jishnu-returns-after-the-break/articleshow/10218747.cms| title=Jishnu returns, after the break|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=3 October 2011|language=en| access-date= }}</ref>

''The Times of India'' determined that the film was an "extraordinary hit".<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-24/news-interviews/35333225_1_malayalam-sugeeth-kunchacko-boban|title=Parthiban Kanavu director's next a remake|work=The Times Of India|date=12 October 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131012050611/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-24/news-interviews/35333225_1_malayalam-sugeeth-kunchacko-boban| archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/follow-your-dream-and-money-will-follow-jishnu/articleshow/10325184.cms |title=Follow your dream and money will follow|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=12 October 2011|language=en| access-date= }}</ref>

===Home videos===
In July 2012, the [[DVD]] of the movie was released by Movie channel Home Entertainment followed by the [[Blu-ray]] release. The satellite rights of the movie was acquired by [[Surya TV]].

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|[[Asianet Film Awards|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Malayalam|Jishnu Raghavan]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Asianet Film Awards|Best Character Actor]]
| [[Biju Menon]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|2013
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Biju Menon]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|2013
! scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Female Debutant]]
| [[Shritha Sivadas]]
| {{Nominated}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=2355765|title=Ordinary}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2012 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sugeeth]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pathanamthitta]]

Tukojirao Holkar III

2026-03-05T09:04:16Z

Freeman14H: add structure after review

{{Short description|Maharaja of Indore from 1903 to 1926}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Tukoji Rao III
| image = Tukojirao III Maharaja Holkar of Indore.jpg
| caption = HH Tukoji Rao Holkar III, 27 September 1913
| succession = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] 13th [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] [[Maharaja]] of [[Indore]]
| reign = 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926
| predecessor = [[Shivajirao Holkar]]
| successor = [[Yeshwantrao Holkar II]]
| house = [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]
| spouses = {{marriage|Chandravati Gawade|1895}} {{marriage|Indira Talcherkar|1913}} {{marriage|Nancy Anne Miller|1928}}
| father = [[Shivajirao Holkar]]
| issue = [[Yashwantrao Holkar II]]
[[Sita Raje Ghatge]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1890|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Maheshwar]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1978|5|21|1890|11|26}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], France|
}}
[[File:Maharaja Holkar of Indore.jpg|thumb|Tukoji in 1911]]
[[Maharaja|Maharajadhiraj]] [[Sir]] Raj Rajeshwar Sawai Shri '''Tukojirao III Holkar XIII Bahadur''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCIE}}<ref>{{cite book|date=1935|title=Rulers, Leading Families, and Officials in The States of Central India|chapter=Indore State|location=Delhi|publisher=Government of India Press |page=21|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51641/page/n23/mode/2up}}</ref> (26 November 1890 – 21 May 1978) was the [[Maharaja]] of the [[Princely state|Princely]] [[Indore State]] in central India between 1903 and 1926.

==Early years==
Tukoji was born in 1890, the son of [[Shivajirao Holkar]], Maharaja of Indore. His mother was Maharani Sita Bai Sahib Holkar. His father abdicated on 31 January 1903, whereupon Tukoji became Maharaja. As he was only 13 years old, a council of regency was appointed, which lasted until he came of age. On 6 November 1911, at the age of 21, Tukoji was invested with ruling powers and the regency was ended. Tukoji completed his education from the [[Daly College]], Indore and ICC, Dehradun.

In 1911, Tukoji attended the coronation of [[George V]] of the United Kingdom in London. He founded the Order of Merit of Holkar (February 1914) and the Order of Ahilyabai Holkar (22 November 1920). He was invested as a Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] in the [[1918 New Year Honours]].

==Scandal and abdication==
In January 1925, one of Tukoji's mistresses, Mumtaz Begum —a courtesan— escaped from his harem after repressive conditions and the death of her daughter, which she blamed on palace nurses.

She later met 25-year-old Abdul Bawla, a local [[Memon people|Memon]] businessman, while performing in Mumbai. Bawla was threatened multiple times and ordered to send Mumtaz Begum back to the Maharaja, but he refused.

On January 12, a group of assassins attacked the couple at Malabar Hill - Bawla was killed via gunshot to the head, but Begum survived with a facial laceration due to intervention from local British officers.
Gunfire was exchanged between the assassins and British forces, and in the following investigation led by the British, Begum testified against her 9 accused assailants, which included men under Tukoji's Royal Household.

The court sentenced three men to death and three to life imprisonment (one of whom, General Anandrao Gangram Phanse of the Indore Army, was spared the death penalty under representation of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the later founder of [[Pakistan]]) but stopped short of formally holding Tukoji accountable.<ref name="Trove">{{cite news|title=A Girl's Persecution-Bawla Murder Case|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90801075|accessdate=15 June 2015|work=Reuters|agency=The Examiner|date=1 May 1925|ref=Trove-Digitised newspapers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Courtesan's Tale |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Jan/17/courtesans-tale |website=The New Indian Express |date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

Under pressure from the British, who had otherwise threatened to pursue a public investigation, Tukoji abdicated in favour of his only son and heir [[Yashwantrao Holkar II]] on 26 February 1926, and left Indore entirely. After his abdication, Tukoji resided mainly in France.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farooquee |first=Neyaz |date=12 January 2025 |title=Bawla case: A murder that shook British India and toppled a king |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70e0drd480o |access-date=12 January 2025 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

The incident inspired a 1925 film, ''[[Kulin Kanta]]'' and two books.

==Marriages and issue==
Tukoji married three times. His senior wife was Chandravati Gawade, daughter of Raoji Gawade, a nobleman of Indore state. The wedding was held on 16 March 1895, when Tukoji was hardly four years old; his bride was only seven years old. They had two children, including his only son and successor. Chandravati remained in Indore after Tukoji's abdication, and raised her minor son, the next Maharaja of Indore. An embodiment of traditional values and culture, Chandravati was always sympathetic and supportive to her husband, and maintained a cordial relationship with him all her life. In later years, she occasionally traveled outside Indore state to meet Tukoji whenever he visited India.

In 1913, Tukoji married Indira Talcherkar (born 1896), daughter of Mukundrao Talcherkar, an important government officer based in Bombay. They had a single daughter, who died in 1925 aged ten from [[sepsis]]. Maharani Indira Bai also remained in Indore after the abdication and exile of her husband. She had a strong interest in history and in religion. After Tukoji's exile, which happened a year after the death of their daughter, Maharani Indira Bai occupied herself with pursuing these interests in earnest. She served as patron of several historical research bodies, including the Rajwade Historical Research Institute, the Ramdas Research Institute, [[Dhule]]; the Vedic Research Society, [[Pune]]; the Dharmakosha Karyalaya, [[Wai, Maharashtra]]; and, after independence, the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad. The two Maharanis resided in the same palace in Indore and enjoyed a genuinely cordial, even affectionate relationship, after Tukoji left for exile.

In 1928, two years after his abdication and exile, Tukoji married for the third and last time. His bride was Sharmista Devi Holkar, born Nancy Anne Miller, an American woman. Before the wedding, Nancy Anne Miller embraced Hinduism and was received into the Dhangar community. She was sponsored and adopted by Princess Tarabai and her husband, Colonel Lambhate, who also gave her away in marriage to Tukoji. Sharmishta Holkar bore four daughters

Tukojirao died in Paris on 21 May 1978. He had one son, Yashwantrao Holkar II, and six daughters. His daughter, Sumitra Raje Holkar, married Raghavendra Singh, son of [[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja]] [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1954 |title=Representation from Raja Raghavendra Singh, brother of H.H. the Maharaja of Patiala against the Maharaja of Patiala |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/representation-raja-raghavendra-singh-brother-hh-maharaja-patiala-against-maharaja-patiala |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717215359/https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/representation-raja-raghavendra-singh-brother-hh-maharaja-patiala-against-maharaja-patiala |archive-date=17 July 2024 |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=Indian Culture |page=5 |via=National Archives of India}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Kulin Kanta]]''
*[[Yeshwant Club]]
*[[Daly College]]
*[[Indore State]]
*[[Maratha Empire]]
*[[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Tukojirao Holkar III}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-hou | [[House of Holkar|Holkar Dynasty]]|26 November|1890|21 May|1978}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Shivajirao Holkar]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Maharaja Holkar|Maharaja Holkar of Indore]]|years=1903–1926}}
{{s-aft | after =[[Yeshwantrao Holkar II]]}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Indore State]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]

Naam Pirandha Mann

2026-03-04T04:48:23Z

Freeman14H: enhance page per sources per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naam Pirandha Mann
| image = Naam Pirandha Mann.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Vincent]]
| producer = S. Rangarajan
| story = [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| screenplay = A. Vincent [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Nagesh]] [[Kamal Haasan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = A. Venkat K. S. Prakash
| editing = T. R. Sekhar
| studio = Vijaya Arts
| released = {{film date|1977|10|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 167 minutes<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ&q=Naam+Pirandha+Mann+ |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1977 |pages=130 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728072354/https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ&q=Naam+Pirandha+Mann+ |archive-date=28 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Naam Pirandha Mann''''' ({{translation|Our Motherland}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]] directed by [[A. Vincent]], who wrote the screenplay with [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], while [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Nagesh]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], and [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]] play supporting roles. It revolves around a retired vigilante (Sivaji Ganesan) and his delinquent son (Haasan) who clash due to their differing ideologies.

''Naam Pirandha Mann'' is the career debut of [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]], who wrote the story. The film was released on 7 October 1977, and did not perform well at the box office. Despite this, the story became the basis for the 1996 film ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'', featuring Haasan as both father and son.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=3 September 2019 |title=எம்ஜிஆர், சிவாஜி, கமல், ரஜினியை விட 77ல் அலமேலுவின் ஆடு சூப்பர் ஹீரோ! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/514066-aattukkara-alamelu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728072355/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/514066-aattukkara-alamelu.html |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chellappa |date=16 December 2022 |title=Kamal still comes out all guns blazing |url=https://inmathi.com/2022/12/16/kamal-still-comes-out-all-guns-blazing/72577/?amp=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/11wui |archive-date=29 October 2024 |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Inmathi |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2023}}
During the [[British Raj]], Vettaikara Thevar is a rich landlord who lives with his wife Devanayaki and younger sister Valliyammai. He is in the good books of the people and the British. Unknown to his family, he is also Santhana Thevar, the masked vigilante leader of a group that terrorises the British colonisers in town and helps the locals.

Joseph, a former soldier, joins Santhanam's group and also works for Vettaikaran's, unaware that both are the same man. Santhanam is hurt during a mission and Joseph rescues him sacrificing himself and is presumed dead. Eventually, the British learn his secret identity and Valliyammai is raped publicly and murdered in an attempt to draw out Santhanam. He comes out in rage, murders the perpetuators and bound by a promise he made to Devanayaki, he surrenders. He escapes his death sentence at the last moment and is freed as India [[Indian Independence Act 1947|gains independence]]. He, however, has already been financially ruined.

Years later, the Santhanam family is now reduced to penury and Santhanam's son Ranjith is a bitter young man. He resents the fact that his father's sacrifices have resulted in only misery for the family and that the country is ungrateful to freedom fighters. He also hates the fact that even in poverty, his father refuses pension on account of self-respect. The two clash due to their contrasting world views. Ranjith, at one time, has had enough and takes to crime. In the end, Santhanam finds out that his own son is betraying the country he fought so hard to free and takes his gun again as Vettaikaran. Does the father get killed or does the son?

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Santhana Thevar / Vettaikara Thevar
*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as Joseph
*[[Nagesh]] as Thavasu
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Ranjith
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Devanayaki
*[[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]] as Valliyammai
*[[Sathyajith (Tamil actor)|Sathyajith]] (credited as Shabir)<ref>{{Cite web |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |date=January 9, 2024 |title=Actor Sathyajith: 'மயில்ல்ல்' என்ற ஒற்றை வார்த்தையால் பல மைல்களை கடந்தவர்... நடிகர் சத்யஜித்தை நியாபகம் இருக்கா? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/16-vayathinile-doctor-character-actor-sathyajith-flash-back-160610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109042154/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/16-vayathinile-doctor-character-actor-sathyajith-flash-back-160610 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The story was written by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]], in his film career debut. He went to become a successful director in the 1980s.<ref name="rajasekhar">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2021 |title=பிசினஸ் வுமனாக ஜொலிக்கும் ரஜினி, கமல் இயக்குநரின் மகள்! |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18865&id1=3&issue=20211219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613141502/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18865&id1=3&issue=20211219 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film began production in April 1976 at Prasad Studios.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 1976 |title=நாம் பிறந்த மண் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_110/4.jp2/full/1000,1456/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250115032514/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_110/4.jp2/full/1000,1456/0/default.jpg |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naam Pirantha MannTamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/naam-pirantha-manntamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728072355/https://mossymart.com/product/naam-pirantha-manntamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Asai Povadhu Vinnile || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| 4.33
|-
| "Thai Padum Pattu Thane" || [[P. Susheela]], [[Vani Jairam]] || 5.10
|-
| Idhaya Thalaiva Nee Sollu "Naan Yaar" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 4.45
|-
| "Annai Bhagavathikku Thannai " || [[P. Susheela]] || 4.50
|-
| "Bharathathil Oru Por" || K. Veeramani ||
|}

== Release ==
''Naam Pirandha Mann'' was released on 7 October 1977,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=இந்தியன் படத்துக்கு இன்ஸ்பிரேஷனாக இருந்த சிவாஜி, கமல் படம் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-shivaji-and-kamal-movie-were-the-inspiration-for-the-indian-film-815104.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021055117/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-shivaji-and-kamal-movie-were-the-inspiration-for-the-indian-film-815104.html |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> and the final length of the film was {{Convert|4554.32|metres|feet}}, down from {{Convert|4567.58|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 1978 |title=Naam Pirandha Mann (Tamil) (Colour) (35 mm.) India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1978-06-24.O-1111-1978-0025-48514/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231017084400/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1978-06-24.O-1111-1978-0025-48514/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=1268 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1970s vigilante films]]
[[Category:1977 action films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Vincent]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Tananam Tananam

2026-03-03T21:48:15Z

Freeman14H: new new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tananam Tananam
| image = Tananam Tananam.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Kavitha Lankesh]]
| story = [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]
| producer = N. M. Suresh
| starring = [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] [[Rakshita]] [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]
| cinematography = A. C. Mahendran
| editing = M. N. Swamy
| music = [[K. Kalyan]]
| studio = Sri Thulaja Bhavani Creations
| released = {{Film date|2006|11|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Tananam Tananam''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic musical film]] directed and written by [[Kavitha Lankesh]]. The film has [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] and [[Rakshita]] teaming up together for the first time, and introduces [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], a Tamil actor, to Kannada cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2018 |title=Actor Shaam made his Kannada debut with the film Tananam Tananam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/actor-shaam-made-his-kannada-debut-with-the-film-tananam-tananam/articleshow/62789215.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420160710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/actor-shaam-made-his-kannada-debut-with-the-film-tananam-tananam/articleshow/62789215.cms |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=9 March 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Tananam Tananam' – new film by Kavita Lankesh having Ramya, Rakshita and Shyam in the lead |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_tananam_tananam03.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731143945/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_tananam_tananam03.asp |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=viggy.com}}</ref> The film was produced by N. M. Suresh and based on a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] short story written by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki]].

The film released on 24 November 2006 to average and negative feedback from critics. The film eventually failed to live up to the initial hype and the director's reputation at the box-office. Despite the failure, the film won two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] in Best Actress and Best Lyricist categories. Noted violinist [[L. Subramaniam]] was hired to play violin bits in the film. The film premiered at [[International Film Festival of India]] upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2006 |title='You can't carry your ego to the sets' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/you-cant-carry-your-ego-to-the-sets/article3203848.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520122537/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/you-cant-carry-your-ego-to-the-sets/article3203848.ece |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2006 |title=News headlines |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=28142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825111956/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=28142 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Vanaja ([[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]) loves Shankar ([[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]), but he loves Bhavani ([[Rakshita]]), an actress from a travelling theatre group. When Bhavani turns him down, Shankar turns to alcohol and becomes a victim of a tragedy.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Vanaja
* [[Rakshita]] as Bhavani
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Shankar
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Krishnamurthy
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]] as Vanaja's mother
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Gowda
* [[Daisy Bopanna]] a Gowda's daughter
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Subbu
* [[Harish Raj]] as Krishnamurthy's student
* [[Mandeep Roy]] as Shankari's father
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Leading Kannada actresses [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] and [[Rakshita]] co-starred in this film and Bangalore based Tamil actor [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] was cast after other actors rejected the role.<ref name="I">{{Cite web |title=Every film is a work of art |url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/14kavitha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007133703/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/14kavitha.htm |archive-date=7 October 2008 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Kavitha Lankesh]] also admitted that the story was inspired from a Tamil short story penned by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki]].<ref name="I" /> The classical music notes that comes in the film scenes have been tuned by acclaimed violinist [[L. Subramaniam]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Tananam Tananam – a film by Kavita Lankesh |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_tananam_tananam.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231012/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_tananam_tananam.asp |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=9 May 2014 |website=Viggy.com}}</ref> [[Girish Karnad]] was cast as Ramya's father.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2019 |title=Girish Karnad spoke his mind |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/girish-karnad-spoke-his-mind-739617.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306230512/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/girish-karnad-spoke-his-mind-739617.html |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The film was launched at Shirdi Sai Baba temple near Devanahalli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/thananam_muh_06.htm|date=17 February 2006|website=Chitraloka|access-date=3 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523035037/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/thananam_muh_06.htm|archive-date=23 May 2006|last=CNB|title=Thananam Thananam Muhuratha}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by [[K. Kalyan]]. The title track won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada]] for the year 2006.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kande Kande Govindana
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], Ajay Warrior
|length1 = 4:50
| title2 = Cheluvantha Rajakumari
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Chapparisu
| extra3 = [[Malgudi Subha]], Hemanth Kumar
|length3 = 4:38
| title4 = Koogalatheya Dooradalli
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra
|length4 = 5:28
| title5 = Kalitha Hudugi
| extra5 = Gururaj Hosakote
|length5 = 2:16
| title6 = Preethi Endarenu
| extra6 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|length6 = 4:16
| title7 = Tananam Tananam
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra
|length7 = 4:55
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film a rating of one-and-half out of five stars and stated that "But halfway through ''Tananam Tananam'', you realise Kavitha Lankesh has derailed the story, and nothing really works in favour of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2006 |title=Tananam Tananam disappoints |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/28tan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143923/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/28tan.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=9 May 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a negative review and cited that "nothing is right about ''Tananam Tananam''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Shiva |date=1 December 2006 |title=Down the drain |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/down-the-drain/article3231551.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101015737/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/down-the-drain/article3231551.ece |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "Kavitha Lankesh, touted to be an intelligent director, this time falls flat with ''Thananam Thananam'' as the film lacks a new story and the film is lengthy and slow moving".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2006 |title=Thananam Thananam |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thananam-thananam-review-kannada-pclwh5dgajagi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504074946/https://www.sify.com/movies/thananam-thananam-review-kannada-pclwh5dgajagi.html |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=Sify}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]] || [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=54th Filmfare Awards South Winners |url=http://indiainteracts.in/gossip/2007/08/08/2483/54th-Filmfare-Awards-South-Winners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215921/http://indiainteracts.in/gossip/2007/08/08/2483/54th-Filmfare-Awards-South-Winners/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] || [[K. Kalyan]]
|-
| South Indian Cinematographers Association
| Best Actress
|Ramya
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramya has won! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ramya-has-won/articleshow/2998438.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422105954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ramya-has-won/articleshow/2998438.cms |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14337938}}
{{Kavitha Lankesh}}

[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Kalki Krishnamurthy]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kavitha Lankesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Kalyan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2006 musical films]]

Summer in Bethlehem

2026-03-03T21:17:58Z

Freeman14H: formatting fix

{{Short description|1998 film by Sibi Malayil}}
{{for|the summer season in Bethlehem|Bethlehem}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Summer in Bethlehem
| image = Summer in Bethlehem.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sibi Malayil]]
| producer =
'''Siyad Koker''' 
([[Kokers Films]])
| writer = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Jayaram]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Manju Warrier]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Sanjeev Shankar
| editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
| studio = [[Kokers Films]]
| distributor = Anupama Release
| released = {{Film date|1998|9|4|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Summer in Bethlehem''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Sibi Malayil]] and written by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]. It was produced by Siyad Koker under the company [[Kokers Films]]. The film stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Jayaram]], [[Manju Warrier]], and [[Kalabhavan Mani]]. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. It tells the story of Ravishankar (Jayaram), the bumbling friend of a wealthy rancher, Dennis (Suresh Gopi), and the vacation visit by Ravishankar's relatives in Dennis' [[Estate (land)|estate]] known as Bethlehem Estates in a fictional town of Chandragiri in [[Nilgiris district|the Nilgiris]].

The film was released on 4 September 1998. It was partially remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' (2003), directed by [[Priyadarshan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Trisha's Lesa Lesa is a remake of a Malayalam film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/Trishas-Lesa-Lesa-is-a-remake-of-a-Malayalam-film/articleshow/48510728.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030052847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/Trishas-Lesa-Lesa-is-a-remake-of-a-Malayalam-film/articleshow/48510728.cms |archive-date=30 October 2023 |accessdate=5 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> who opined that the movie was inspired by the two American movies - ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' and ''[[Come September]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Josekutty |first=Jim |date=June 7, 2003 |title=Priyadarshan's films banned |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/07south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007225404/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/07south.htm |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ravishankar, an unsuccessful investor, stays with his best friend Dennis, a wealthy rancher who owns a successful dairy farming business. Dennis has a vast ranch named Bethlehem and hundreds of cattle in a valley. Ravi is a fun-loving, jovial chap who has fabricated stories of his success to his parents, grandparents, and relatives.

During a vacation, Colonel C.R. Menon, his grandfather and grandmother arrive with their extended family to spend a couple of days at Ravishankar's farmhouse. Ravi successfully makes them believe that he is the real owner of Bethlehem and that Dennis is just his working partner. Dennis, who is an orphan, is happy to meet a huge family and generously welcomes them. Colonel Menon plans to get Ravi married to one of his granddaughters. Ravi is a bit confused about whom he should choose. To make matters complicated, he has been receiving gifts and messages from one of the five girls expressing her love for him. Meanwhile, a few days after they arrive at Bethlehem, Abhirami, another granddaughter of Menon, studying in Bangalore, arrives alone. She seems to be too upset and worried. But within a short period, she calms down and starts enjoying the vacation. During their stay, Ravi and Dennis decide to discover the girl who had been teasing them with cryptic messages.

Dennis begins suspecting Abhirami of being the sender but she informs him that she is not and that she would help them in finding the person. She asks around among her cousins but everyone denies being the sender. However, Dennis begins to fall for her, and to make matters complicated, Ravi confesses to him that he plans to propose to Abhirami. To avoid any unpleasant situation, Dennis hides his true feelings from everyone.

Colonel Menon and his wife approve of Ravi and Abhirami's relationship but upon knowing this, Abhirami snubs them by declaring that she is in love with Dennis. Her decision creates panic among all as they believe that Dennis is a failed businessman who is living at the expense of Ravishankar. Ravi shocks everyone by revealing that Dennis is the actual owner of Bethlehem and that he is more than happy to see Abhirami marrying Dennis. Abhirami meets Dennis who is completely broken down after the chaos at the house. Dennis, at the same time, is happy at heart knowing about Abhirami's love for him. But she shocks him by saying that she was just using his name to escape the marriage. She tells Dennis that she is in love with Niranjan, a Naxal revolutionary in southern [[Karnataka]]. Niranjan, whom she met in [[Bangalore]], is now in jail, convicted of killing Brijesh Mallaya, a business owner and his family. He is awaiting his death sentence in a couple of days and Abhirami has taken a vow not to marry anyone other than Niranjan.

Back home, upon the compulsion from Ravi, the family decides to get Abhirami married to Dennis. The night before the engagement, Abhirami requests Dennis to take her to jail to meet Niranjan for one last time. They meet Niranjan, who is a completely changed man. Remorseful Niranjan regrets the violent ways he adopted in class war and the crimes he committed to obtain a classless society. Niranjan advises Abhirami to forget him and accept Dennis as her husband. Abhirami refuses to take his words, but Niranjan forces Dennis to tie the [[mangalsutra|thali]] to Abhirami, which she has brought with her. Dennis obeys Niranjan, marries Abhirami at the jail, and Niranjan witnesses it with tearful eyes.

A few days later, the family returns home, while Ravi jokingly reminds everyone that they should be back here next year to welcome junior Dennis. The train departs slowly and a girl's hand reaches out of the coach window, holding the kitten which was sent as a gift to Ravi before. Ravi takes off running to find out who it is, but he catches only a cryptic message that teases him to follow and discover her identity.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Dennis
* [[Jayaram]] as Ravishankar
* [[Mohanlal]] as Niranjan Kumar (Guest appearance)
* [[Manju Warrier]] as Abhirami (Aami) (Cousin 1)
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Jyothi (Cousin 2)
* [[Sreejaya Nair]] as Devika (Cousin 3)
* [[Mayoori (actress)|Mayoori]] as Gayathri (Cousin 4)
* [[Manjula Ghattamaneni|Manjula]] as Aparna (Cousin 5)
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Monayi
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Rtd. [[Colonel#India|Colonel]] C. R. Menon, Ravishankar's grandfather
* [[Sukumari]] as Ravishankar's grandmother
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Balachandran, Aami's adopted father
* [[Reena (actress)|Reena]] as Abhirami's adopted mother
* Girija Preman as Ravishankar's mother
* [[Kalabhavan Rahman]] as courier agent
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Appunni Nair
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Chandrappan, Police officer
* [[Sujitha]] as Ravishankar's cousin 6
* Dhanya Menon as Ravishankar's cousin 7
* Nivia Rebin as Ravishankar's cousin 8
* Krupa as Ravishankar's cousin 9
* Krishna K as Ravishankar's cousin 10
* Ala B Bala as Ravishankar's cousin 11
*Annsu Stephen as Ravishankar's cousin 12
* M. Renjith as Lawrence
{{colend}}

==Production==
The movie, ''Summer in Bethlehem'' was the second script written by [[Renjith]] for [[Sibi Malayil]] after ''[[Maya Mayooram]]''.

In 2018, Sibi revealed the film was originally in Tamil with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as male lead along with [[Manju Warrier]] and [[Jayaram]]. However, the producer backed out of the film after an argument, and Siyad Kokker convinced Sibi to make the film in Malayalam. Suresh Gopi replaced Prabhu as the lead while Manju and Jayaram retained their roles.
<ref>{{cite web |date=Sep 11, 2018 |title=20 years of 'Summer in Bethlehem'; director reveals unknown facts |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/09/11/summer-in-bethlehem-movie-anniversary-unknown-facts-manju-sibi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330044406/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/09/11/summer-in-bethlehem-movie-anniversary-unknown-facts-manju-sibi.html |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2019 |title=Actress finally reveals suspense regarding mysterious cousin in 'Summer in Bethlehem' |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=147779&u=actress-finally-reveals-suspense-regarding-girl-who-sent-kitten-in-summer-in-bethlehem-147779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205212618/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=147779&u=actress-finally-reveals-suspense-regarding-girl-who-sent-kitten-in-summer-in-bethlehem-147779 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and the lyrics were written by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]. The soundtrack had seven songs, and it became one of the biggest hits in [[Kerala]]. [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] won [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] for this film.

{|class="wikitable" width="60%"
! Song title !! Singer(s) !! [[Raga]]
|-
| "Ethrayo Janmamay" (Solo) || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]]
|-
| "Oru Raathri Koodi" || [[K. J. Yesudas|Dr. K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Abheri]]
|-
| "Ethrayo Janmamay" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]]
|-
| "Marivillin Gopurangal" || Srinivas, [[Biju Narayanan]] ||
|-
| "Choolamadichu" || K. S. Chithra, [[Choir|Chorus]] || Vrindavana Saranga
|-
| "Oru Raathri Koodi" || Dr. K. J. Yesudas || Abheri
|-
| "Poonchillamel" || K. S. Chithra, Chorus ||
|-
| "Kunnimani Koottil" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], K. S. Chithra ||
|-
| "Confusion Theerkaname" || M. G. Sreekumar || [[Shanmukhapriya]]
|-
| "Oru Raathri Koodi" || K. S. Chithra || Abheri
|}

==Release==
The film was released alongside the [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]] starrer- ''[[Harikrishnans]]''.

===Reception===
Jayalakshmi K. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' said that "A fun and family entertainer, even if dragging at times. There are songs, catchy tunes, dances with glamorous settings and backdrops, and a beautiful location which may set you on the trail of this Bethlehem in humara Bharat" ({{translation|Our India}}).<ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 1999 |title=Summer in Bethlehem (Malayalam) |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/80DF2A1316E073CF65256941003DC8F2?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201082235/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/80DF2A1316E073CF65256941003DC8F2?OpenDocument |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was a commercial success and the second highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year 1998.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Controversy over Tamil remake ==
{{further|Lesa Lesa}}
The producer of the film [[Kokers Films|Siyad Koker]] accused [[Priyadarshan]] of remaking ''Summer in Bethlehem'' in Tamil without taking permission or purchasing the right. The Kerala Film Producers Association had banned the screening of all the films of Priyadarshan in the state at the time.<ref name=":0" /> Kokker alleged that Priyadarshan's Tamil film ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' is an uncredited remake of ''Summer in Bethlehem''. Priyadarshan refuted by alleging that ''Summer in Bethlehem'' itself is an uncredited remake of American films ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' and ''[[Come September]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13249522&cid=2406 |title=Why blame me for everything? Asks Priyadarshan |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411193802/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13249522&cid=2406 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The matter was later settled, with Priyadarshan paying ₹8 lakhs to Siyad and ₹3 lakhs each to [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] and [[Sibi Malayil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-08-15 |title=Priyan settles copyright issue! |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13514652 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815235629/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13514652 |archive-date=15 August 2004 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The line of the song Maarivillin Gopurangal is inspired as a [[Marivillin Gopurangal|title of 2024 film]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sibi Malayil}}
{{Ranjith}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about cousins]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sibi Malayil]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ranjith]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]

Durgamati

2026-03-02T05:00:15Z

Freeman14H: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|2020 Indian horror thriller film by G. Ashok}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Durgamati
| image = Durgamati poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[G. Ashok]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] Vikram Malhotra
| writer = G. Ashok
| based_on = ''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' (2018)
| starring = [[Bhumi Pednekar]] [[Arshad Warsi]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Mahie Gill]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Tanishk Bagchi]] Naman Adhikari Abhinav Sharma [[Malini Awasthi]] '''Background Score:''' [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| cinematography = Kuldeep Mamania
| editing = Sanjeev Kumar
| studio = [[T-Series Films]] Abundantia Entertainment [[Cape Of Good Films]]
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|12|11|ref1=<ref name="release date" />}}
| runtime = 156 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/durgamati-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mtg2ntq |title=Durgamati (2020) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215091756/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/durgamati-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mtg2ntq |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Durgamati''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror thriller]] film written and directed by [[G. Ashok]] which is a remake of his own [[Telugu language|Telugu]]–[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual film ''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/durgamati-the-myth-review-amazon-prime-video-stays-faithful-to-the-original-yet-does-not-hold-up-bhumi-pednekar-mahie-gill-jisshu-sengupta |title=Durgamati Stays Faithful to the Original, Yet Does Not Hold up |date=12 December 2020 |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212171439/https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/durgamati-the-myth-review-amazon-prime-video-stays-faithful-to-the-original-yet-does-not-hold-up-bhumi-pednekar-mahie-gill-jisshu-sengupta/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Bhumi Pednekar]] as an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, with [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]] and [[Mahie Gill]] playing supporting roles. The film is produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] and Vikram Malhotra under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Cape Of Good Films]] and Abundantia Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=Durgamati: Mahie Gill joins Bhumi Pednekar's horror-thriller |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/durgavati-mahie-gill-joins-bhumi-pednekars-horror-thriller/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122150843/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/durgavati-mahie-gill-joins-bhumi-pednekars-horror-thriller/ |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The official announcement for the film was made on 30 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2019 |title=Photo: Akshay Kumar to present Bhumi Pednekar's next, 'Durgamati' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/photo-akshay-kumar-to-present-bhumi-pednekars-next-durgavati/articleshow/72303790.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201082027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/photo-akshay-kumar-to-present-bhumi-pednekars-next-durgavati/articleshow/72303790.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> First shot was taken on 23 January 2020 in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and filming begun there on 30 January.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2020 |title=Bhumi Pednekar's Durgavati goes on floors, Akshay Kumar shares glimpse from sets |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-s-durgavati-goes-on-floors-akshay-kumar-shares-glimpse-from-sets-see-pic/story-RHj4SEvpNllqbIdQsoMDmJ_amp.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123130216/https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-s-durgavati-goes-on-floors-akshay-kumar-shares-glimpse-from-sets-see-pic/story-RHj4SEvpNllqbIdQsoMDmJ_amp.html |archive-date=23 January 2020}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film has been available to stream worldwide from 11 December 2020 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name="release date">{{Cite news |date=9 October 2020 |title=Coolie No.1, Chhalaang, Durgavati and others to premiere on Amazon Prime Video |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/coolie-no-1-chhalaang-durgavati-and-others-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-6716304 |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022847/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/coolie-no-1-chhalaang-durgavati-and-others-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-6716304/ |archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film starts with Ishwar Prasad, a politician who vows to resign from his post if the government fails to recover idols stolen over six months ago. This troubles his political rivals, who forge a plan to destroy his credibility with CBI Joint Director Satakshi Ganguly and Assistant Commissioner of Police Abhay Singh.
The two plan to interrogate IAS Chanchal Chauhan, a close confidante of Ishwar, who is in jail for murdering her fiancé Shakti, Abhay's brother. To avoid attention, they shift her to Durgamati Bungalow, a dilapidated, supposedly haunted house in the outskirts of a city, for the interrogation. The CBI question Chanchal to get some clues against Ishwar, but she repeats that he is a good man and doubts his integrity without proof in a cryptic but leading manner.

Later that night, the spirit of Durgamati, the Queen of the house before independence, takes control of Chanchal. The CBI team calls upon a psychiatrist to investigate the matter, who concludes that Chanchal must be schizophrenic as she seems to take on a different persona and narrate some story from a book as if it were her own. He suggests that the CBI commit her to an asylum. However, Abhay suspects that this might be a ploy by her to escape and arranges for a spiritual guru to find out if there is paranormal activity. The guru suggests a few indicators. Later, Abhay discovers that those indicators indicate the presence of ghosts in the bungalow. He also finds Chanchal hurting herself under the influence of the spirit. This leads to Abhay taking Chanchal to a mental hospital.

Ishwar visits her at the mental asylum, and it is revealed that Chanchal had planned the entire thing to escape the CBI in return for a 300 Crore kickback from Ishwar. It is also shown that Ishwar had forced Chanchal to kill Shakti (her fiancé) to hide his scam regarding a welfare project.

Meanwhile, Satakshi realizes that Chanchal was trying to convey the truth of Ishwar's crimes using the story of Queen Durgamati, which she came across from the various writings and artifacts she had discovered in the bungalow. She also finds evidence of Ishwar's misdeeds and the site where he hid the villagers after killing Shakti with a gun.

Thus vindicated, Chanchal is seen running a charity organization in memory of Shakti. Satakshi then tells her that they thought they knew everything about her but never knew that she was a great magician in her childhood and learned Arabic. Chanchal replies by saying that she does not know Arabic, which shocks them, hinting that there was actual paranormal activity in the house.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Bhumi Pednekar]] as Chanchal Chauhan IAS / Durgamati
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as Central Minister Ishwar Prasad<ref name="BH cast">{{Cite news |date=6 February 2020 |title=Arshad Warsi to play the bad guy in Bhumi Pednekar's Durgavati; Karan Kapadia too joins the cast |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-arshad-warsi-play-bad-guy-bhumi-pednekars-durgavati-karan-kapadia-joins-cast/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207183653/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/exclusive-arshad-warsi-play-bad-guy-bhumi-pednekars-durgavati-karan-kapadia-joins-cast/ |archive-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
*[[Jisshu Sengupta]] as ACP Abhay Singh (Shakti's Elder Brother)<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2020 |title='Durgavati' night shoot keeps Jisshu hooked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/durgavati-night-shoot-keeps-jisshu-hooked/articleshow/74001173.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028022628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/durgavati-night-shoot-keeps-jisshu-hooked/articleshow/74001173.cms |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>
*
* [[Mahie Gill]] as CBI Chief Satakshi Ganguly<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2020 |title=Mahie Gill joins Bhumi Pednekar in horror-thriller Durgavati |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahie-joins-bhumi-in-horror-story/articleshow/73448794.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417023810/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahie-joins-bhumi-in-horror-story/amp_articleshow/73448794.cms |archive-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>
* Karan Kapadia as Shakti Singh<ref name="BH cast" />
* Prabhat Raghunandan as Ajay Yadav
* [[Ashok Sharma (actor)|Ashok Sharma]] as Ajay's father
*[[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]] as Nand Singh
*Brij Bhushan Shukla as Gopi
* Ada Singh as Satakshi's daughter
* Shoeb Ali as Sodhi
* Shubhendra Gupta as Analyser
* Chandan Vicky Roy as Darruk
* [[Amit Behl]] as Jose
* K. Durga Prasad as Selvam
* Muskan Lalwani as Malti Sharma
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as Psychiatrist
* Tanya Abrol as PSI Peetal Devi (Constable)
}}

== Release ==
On 23 November 2020, the title of the film was changed to ''Durgavati'' from ''Durgamati''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhumi Pednekar's Durgavati is now Durgamati, Akshay Kumar announces with new poster |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bhumi-pednekar-s-durgavati-is-now-durgamati-akshay-kumar-announces-with-new-poster-1743211-2020-11-23 |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128151206/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/bhumi-pednekar-s-durgavati-is-now-durgamati-akshay-kumar-announces-with-new-poster-1743211-2020-11-23 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar And Bhumi Pednekar's Durgavati Is Now Titled Durgamati |publisher=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-and-bhumi-pednekars-durgavati-is-now-titled-durgamati-the-myth-2328893 |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123054620/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-and-bhumi-pednekars-durgavati-is-now-titled-durgamati-the-myth-2328893 |archive-date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2020 |title=Bhumi Pednekar's 'Durgavati' is now 'Durgamati', Akshay Kumar unveils poster, announces streaming date |work=Daily News & Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/news-bhumi-pednekar-s-durgavati-is-now-durgamati-akshay-kumar-unveils-poster-announces-streaming-date-2857974 |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123055600/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/news-bhumi-pednekar-s-durgavati-is-now-durgamati-akshay-kumar-unveils-poster-announces-streaming-date-2857974 |archive-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>

Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film was available to stream worldwide from 11 December 2020 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name="release date" /> The film's satellite rights were sold to [[Sony Max]].

==Reception==
Joginder Tuteja of Planet Bollywood gave the film 2.5/5 stars writing 'Durgamati-An Entertaining Horror Drama with Abbas Mustan Style twist pe twist'. He Concluded that 'All in all<s>,</s> Durgamati turns out to be one of those rare films (especially in the current times) that you can watch comfortably with your family. Play it on and you won't be disappointed. Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of ''Times of India'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars by saying that 'Durgamati is relevant but the storytelling lacks the spirit it needed'. She praised Sengupta's performance by saying that he charms us the way he always does, effortlessly. She concluded that Durgamati could be delivered better.<ref>{{Cite news |last=durgamati review |first=pallabi dey purkayastha |title=durgamati review |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/durgamati/movie-review/79659046.cms |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224120242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/durgamati/movie-review/79659046.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Durgamati
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Naman Adhikari, Abhinav Sharma and [[Malini Awasthi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2020|12|11}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durgamati – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=11 December 2020 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/durgamati-myth-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1544387285 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 8:09
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|juJNtjpdQJM|Durgamati - Full Album}}
}}}}

The [[film score]] was composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]] and the songs were composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Naman Adhikari, Abhinav Sharma and [[Malini Awasthi]] while lyrics written by Tanishk Bagchi and Dipti Misra.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 8:09
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Baras Baras
| extra1 = [[B Praak]], Altamash Faridi
| music1 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Heer
| extra2 = [[Malini Awasthi]]
| music2 = Naman Adhikari, Abhinav Sharma, Malini Awasthi
| lyrics2 = Dipti Misra
| length2 = 4:49
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/durgamati-review-bhumi-pednekars-ghost-story-puts-dread-of-bad-cinema-in-us-1-star-out-of-5-2337152 |title=Durgamati Review: Bhumi Pednekar's Ghost Story Puts Dread Of Bad Cinema In Us |website=ndtv.com |access-date=18 December 2020}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11363180}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/durgamati-the-myth/ Durgamati] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/durgamati-review-bhumi-pednekars-ghost-story-puts-dread-of-bad-cinema-in-us-1-star-out-of-5-2337152 |title=Durgamati Review: Bhumi Pednekar's Ghost Story Puts Dread Of Bad Cinema In Us |website=ndtv.com |access-date=18 December 2020}}

[[Category:2020 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Tanishk Bagchi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Malini Awasthi]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Cape of Good Films films]]

Leonarda Casiraghi

2026-02-10T05:46:32Z

Freeman14H: created post.

{{Short description|Italian-Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Leonarda Casiraghi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Angela Casiraghi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|10|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Biassono]], [[Italy]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|08|27|1922|10|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| citizenship = Italy (former) India
| occupation = Catholic missionary Social worker
| yearsactive = 1955–2011
| known for = Our Lady of Lourdes Charitable Hospital
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1998)
}}
'''Leonarda Casiraghi''' (born '''Angela Casiraghi'''), popularly known as '''Doddamma''', was an Italian-born naturalised Indian Catholic missionary and social worker, known for her medical service in [[Dharwad]], in the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Sr Leonarda Angela Casiraghi Laid to Rest - A Tribute">{{cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/obituaryDisplay.aspx?obituaryID=4208 |title=Padmashree Sr Leornarda Casiraghi (89), Dharwad |publisher=Daiji World |access-date=27 October 2015 }}</ref> She founded a small medical dispensary in [[Dharwad]] in 1958, which later grew to become a full-fledged hospital by name, ''Our Lady of Lourdes Charitable Hospital''.<ref name="Our Lady of Lourdes">{{cite web | url=http://lourdessondwd.sccg.in/history.html | title=Our Lady of Lourdes | publisher=Our Lady of Lourdes Charitable Hospital | date=2015 | access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="itcitd">{{cite web |url=https://www.ilcittadinomb.it/news/senza-categoria/biassono-morta-in-indiasuor-leonarda-casiraghi/ |title=Biassono, morta in Indiasuor Leonarda Casiraghi |publisher=Il Cittadino MB |date=2 September 2011}}</ref>

==Life==
Born in [[Biassono]], Casiraghi joined the Novitiate of Bergamo of the Sisters of Charity at the age of 23.<ref name="itcitd"/> She came to India in 1955 and worked in [[Mangalore]] and [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]] for three years before founding the medical facility in Dharwad.<ref name="Sr Leonarda Angela Casiraghi Laid to Rest - A Tribute" /> She then at the time of her vocation decided to take the religious name of ''Sister Leonarda''. A member of the ''[[Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)|Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa]]'' congregation, she was the administrator of the hospital and its sister concern, ''Our Lady of Lourdes School of Nursing'', since their inception.<ref name="Sister of Charity">{{cite web | url=http://www.dwd.sccg.in/Network_KA_Dharwad.htm | title=Sister of Charity | publisher=Sister of Charity | date=2015 | access-date=27 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223321/http://www.dwd.sccg.in/Network_KA_Dharwad.htm | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She was awarded the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India, in 1998, for her services to the society<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

Casiraghi died on 27 August 2011, at Dharwad.<ref name="Sr Leonarda Angela Casiraghi Laid to Rest - A Tribute" />

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Casiraghi, Leonarda}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Monza e Brianza]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Italian emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Female Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic medical missionaries]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social workers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
{{India-reli-bio-stub}}

John Grey (British Army officer, died 1856)

2026-02-06T17:34:03Z

Freeman14H: cleanup structure also and corrected details

{{Short description|British Officer and East India company official}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
| name = Sir John Grey
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}}
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1782
| death_date = 19 February 1856
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[Image:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1814–1854
| rank = [[Lieutenant-General]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Bombay Army]]
| battles =
| awards = Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Bath]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir John Grey''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}} (baptised 18 March 1782<ref>''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975''</ref> – 19 February 1856) was an officer of [[British Army]] and the [[East India Company]] forces, and was the [[Commander-in-chief]] of the [[Bombay Army]] from 30 December 1850 to 22 November 1852.

==Military career==
He was a younger son of Charles Grey of [[Morwick Hall]], [[Northumberland]] and his first wife, Catherine (or Katherine) Maria Skelly, granddaughter of the [[Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon|Duke of Gordon]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=John |title=A genealogical and heraldic history of the commoners of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1833 |page=[https://archive.org/details/b28748773_0004/page/610 610] |url=https://archive.org/details/b28748773_0004 |quote=Charles Grey of Morwick. |accessdate=13 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> His mother died 21 June 1786, aged 33.

He was a grandson of John Grey of Howick, youngest brother of [[Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey]]. He entered the army on 18 January 1798 as ensign of the [[75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot|75th Foot]], and became lieutenant on 8 May 1799. He served with the 75th in the war against [[Tipu Sahib]], including the [[battle of Malavelly]] and the storming and capture of [[Seringapatam]] (where he was awarded a medal). He became captain in the 15th battalion, army of reserve, 31 October 1803, exchanged to the [[82nd Foot]] the year after, became major 9th garrison battalion 27 November 1806, and exchanged to the [[5th Foot]], with the 2nd battalion of which he served in the [[Peninsula War]]. He was at the combat of [[El Bodon]], the siege of [[Ciudad Rodrigo]], including the scaling of the faussebraie and storming of the greater breach, which was carried by the 2nd-5th, during which operations he was twice wounded, and in the action at [[Fuenteguinaldo]] (Peninsular medal).<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Grey, John (1780?-1856)}}</ref>

Grey became lieutenant-colonel in 1812, and commanded the 2nd battalion of his regiment at home until it was disbanded in 1816. After many years on half-pay, Grey, who became a major-general in 1838, was appointed to a divisional command in [[Bengal]], which he held from 1840 to 1845. In the [[Gwalior campaign]], at the head of the left wing of the army, he defeated a force of twelve thousand [[Maratha Empire|Mahratta]]s at [[Punniar]] on 29 December 1843, the day when the main body of the Mahratta army was defeated by [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough]] at [[Maharajpore]]. For this service Grey was made K.C.B.<ref name="DNB"/>

Grey was commander-in-chief of the [[Bombay Army]] and second member of the council at Bombay from 1850 to 1852.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ|author=Great Britain India Office|title=The India List and India Office List|volume=I|year=1819|publisher=Harrison|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ 127]|accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> He was appointed colonel of the [[73rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot]] from 1846 to 1849, transferring as colonel to the [[Royal Northumberland Fusiliers|5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]] on 18 May 1849.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/2nd-june-1849/14/war-oppice-may-22|title=War Office|date=22 May 1949|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208020102/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/2nd-june-1849/14/war-oppice-may-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was promoted lieutenant-general in 1851<ref name="DNB"/> and full general in 1855.

Grey died at Morwick Hall on 19 February 1856.<ref name="DNB"/>

==Family==
Grey married in 1830 Rosa Louisa, only daughter of Captain Sturt of the Royal Navy, by whom he had no issue. His elder brother (Charles Grey, captain 85th foot, killed at New Orleans in 1815) having predeceased him, the Morwick branch of the Greys of Howick became extinct at Grey's death.<ref name="DNB"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Willoughby Cotton|Sir Willoughby Cotton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bombay Army|C-in-C, Bombay Army]]|years=1850–1852}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lord Frederick FitzClarence]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Sir [[Jasper Nicolls]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Colonel of the [[5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]]|years=1849–1856}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Lovelace Walton]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Sir [[Robert Henry Dick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Colonel of the [[73rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot]]|years=1846–1849}}
{{s-aft|after=Sir Richard Goddard Hare Clarges}}
{{s-end}}

;Attribution
{{DNB|wstitle=Grey, John (1780?-1856)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grey, John}}
[[Category:1780s births]]
[[Category:1856 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of Bombay]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]

Ameer Sultan

2026-02-06T07:39:03Z

Freeman14H:

{{short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ameer Sultan
| image = Ameer at Santhanathevan Movie Launch.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Ameer at Santhanathevan Movie Launch
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|12|05}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=129 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023221224/http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=129 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-23 |title=TANTIS |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| birth_name =
| occupation = Film director, Film producer, Screenwriter, Actor
| spouse =
| website =
|awards =
}}

'''Ameer Sultan''' (born 5 December 1967) is an Indian film director, film producer, screenwriter and actor, working in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ameer-sultan/biography.html | title=Exclusive biography of #AmeerSultan and on his life }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Ameer Sultan was born in [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, [[India]]. He initially studied economics and worked as an entrepreneur before starting to work as an assistant director to Tamil filmmaker [[Bala (director)|Bala]] on his award-winning film ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' in 1999 and ''[[Nandhaa]]'' in 2001. Shortly after, he directed his first film, the romantic comedy ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' (2002). The film starred [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] in the lead and became [[Trisha Krishnan]]'s first release featuring her in a leading role. The same year, he began his own production company, Teamwork Production House.

His second directorial was the mystery thriller ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'', which he produced himself. It was released three years later, in 2005. The film, which revolves around an [[autistic]] teenager, portrayed by [[Jiiva]], who is highly attached to his mother, but becomes the main suspect in her murder, received critical acclaim, with Jeeva and the film's composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] winning awards at the 2005 [[Cyprus International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/9406.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404225615/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/9406.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2006 |title=Events – Actor Jeeva Felicitated |website=IndiaGlitz |date=31 March 2006 |access-date=9 January 2011}}</ref> It also became Jeeva's first successful film in the film industry, who till then, had appeared in two unsuccessful home productions only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/01jeeva.htm |title=Jeeva: I risked my life for Dishyum |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=13687281&cid=2409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012236/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=13687281&cid=2409 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-22 |title=Welcome To |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref>

In 2007, he directed the drama ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' set in a village in [[Tamil Nadu]], which marked the debut of [[Karthi]], younger son of [[Sivakumar]] and brother of [[Suriya]]. Karthi as well as [[Priyamani]], who performed the female lead, won several notable prizes for their performances. ''Paruthiveeran'' remains Ameer's most acclaimed work, having received six [[Filmfare Awards South]] including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] trophies, two [[National Film Awards]], two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and four [[Vijay Awards]]. The film further fetched accolades at international platform, winning the Best Film Award at the [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] and [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|Netpac Special Mention award]] at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osians.com/filmhouse/festival/cawards.php|title=OSIAN's|website=www.osians.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/18berlin.htm|title=Paruthiveeran honoured at Berlin Fest|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> His fourth directorial, ''[[Aadhi Bhagavan]]'', starring [[Jayam Ravi]] and [[Neetu Chandra]], released in 2013, to mixed reviews. Later, he win [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/video-14939|title = Mass'o'Mass: Dhanush & Ameer Perform VIRAL Vada Chennai Dialog | Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2018}}</ref> He starred as lead actor in the political drama ''[[Uyir Thamizhukku]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/May/10/uyir-thamizhukku-review-plenty-of-reasons-to-zone-out-in-this-ineffective-political-drama|title = Uyir Thamizhukku Review: Plenty of reasons to zone out in this ineffective political drama}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As a film director, producer and writer ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Title
! colspan="3"| Credited as
! rowspan="2"! style="width:350px;"| Notes
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65| Producer
! width=65| Writer
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]''|| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Also lyricist for "Love All Day" and "Kannil Kanthamey"
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]''|| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Paruthiveeran]]''|| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Aadhi Bhagavan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
|}

=== As an actor ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1999 || ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' || College Student || Uncredited role
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]''|| Peon || Uncredited role
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]'' || Yogeshwaran (Yogi) ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Yuddham Sei]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
|2018
|''[[Vada Chennai]]'' || Rajan || [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' || Parthiban ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Uyir Thamizhukku]]'' || MGR Pandian ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Bison Kaalamaadan]]'' || Pandiaraja ||
|-
|{{TBA}} || ''Maayavalai'' || Rajan || Guest appearance
|-
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of songs sung by Ameer
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
|-
|2007
|''[[Paruthiveeran]]''
|"Sari Gama Pathani"
| rowspan="2" |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|2009
|[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|''Yogi'']]
|"Seermevum Koovathiley"
|}

== Controversy ==
On 24 October 2008, Ameer was arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-08-04/ameer-24-10-08.html |title=Seeman and Ameer arrested! - Behindwoods.com – director seeman ameer Army Sri Lanka Director Producer Rameswaram Nadigar Sangam President Sarathkumar Rajinikanth Kamal Haasan Aamir Raja Bala K Balachander Bharathiraja S. A. Chandrasekhar Vijaya T. Rajendar K BaghyaRaj gallery wallpaper stills image gallery Tamil Movie Gallery Tamil Movie Stills |website=Behindwoods.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-09}}</ref> Being a Tamil activist, he took part in a film rally condemning [[Allegations of state terrorism in Sri Lanka|state atrocities against Tamils in Sri Lanka]], organised by director [[Bharathiraja]], also a Tamil activist, and other prominent Tamil directors, actors, and producers. The rally was part of statewide protests across [[Tamil Nadu]] in 2008 condemning Sri Lanka. During the rally, Ameer and fellow director [[Seeman]] made speeches criticising the Indian government and expressing support to the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]], a Tamil separatist group on the island and condemning the genocide of Tamils in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/24/stories/2008102454950600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027121701/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/24/stories/2008102454950600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 October 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Cases to be filed against Seeman, Ameer | date=24 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ameer-and-seeman-arrested-news-tamil-kkfsIwieejb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012254/http://www.sify.com/movies/ameer-and-seeman-arrested-news-tamil-kkfsIwieejb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-22 |title=Ameer and Seeman arrested |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> The two were later released on bail with the help of their assistant directors, Bharathiraja, and actor [[R. Sarath Kumar]]. Other Film directors such as [[Balu Mahendra]], [[Bhagyaraj]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[R K Selvamani]], V Sekar, [[Bala (director)|Bala]], Rajkapoor, lyricists Arivumathi, Snehan and others waited from 8 am for the two directors' release.<ref name="nie">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article289.ece#.UzuyNKiSy4Q | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142946/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article289.ece#.UzuyNKiSy4Q | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 April 2014 | title=Directors' cut: Ameer, Seeman walk out of jail, as role mode | work=Indian Express| access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* 2007 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]] – ''[[Paruthiveeran]]''
* 2007 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]] – ''[[Paruthiveeran]]''
* 2007 – [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] – ''[[Paruthiveeran]]''
* 2007 – [[Berlin International Film Festival]] – Special Mention – ''[[Paruthiveeran]]''
* 2018 – [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Vada Chennai]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1417119}}

{{Ameer (director)}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ameer Sultan}}
[[Category:Writers from Madurai]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil activists]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madurai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Radha Gopinath Temple, Jaipur

2026-02-05T04:42:29Z

Freeman14H: Creating New Place Needs Work...

{{Short description|Historic Radha Krishna temple in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Radha Gopinath Ji Temple, Jaipur
| native_name = श्री राधा गोपीनाथ जी मंदिर
| image = Shri Radha Gopinath Ji Temple Jaipur.jpg
| caption = Shri Gopinath Ji Temple, Purani Basti, Jaipur
| deity = [[Radha Krishna]]
| festivals = [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], [[Radhashtami]], [[Gopashtami]], [[Teej]], [[Sharada Purnima]]
| location = Purani Basti, [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| state = Rajasthan
| country = India
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|26.92975|N|75.81406|E|type:landmark_region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}
| architecture_style = Rajasthani temple architecture
| year_completed = Approx. 18th century
| website = [https://gopinathji.net gopinathji.net]
}}

'''Shri Radha Gopinath Ji Temple''' is a historic Hindu temple located in the city of [[Jaipur]], in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. Dedicated to Lord Krishna in his ''Gopinath'' form along with Radha, the temple is an important center of devotion in the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] tradition. It is situated in the Purani Basti area of Jaipur and is considered one of the key temples linked to the legacy of [[Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Jaipur Temple's Krishna Idol Has a Pulse, Says Legend |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/webstories/krishna-janmastami-temple-in-jaipur-lord-krishna-has-life-the-mystery-has-not-been-solved-till-date-22868 |website=NDTV India |date=21 August 2024 |language=hi |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janmashtami 2022: Famous Krishna temples in Rajasthan |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/janmashtmi-2022-jaipur-govind-dev-ji-karauli-madan-mohan-ji-mandir-7717820 |website=Patrika |language=hi |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
The idol of Gopinath Ji is believed to have been originally established by Vajranabha, the great-grandson of Lord Krishna. The deity represents Krishna's form from shoulders to waist and is one of the three major Krishna deities in Rajasthan - the others being ''[[Govind Dev Ji Temple|Govind Dev Ji]]'' and ''[[Madan Mohan Temple, Karauli|Madan Mohan Ji]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=These Three Temples in Rajasthan Complete Krishna's Divine Form |url=http://www.janprahari.com/three-deity-of-lord-krishna-three-in-rajasthan/ |website=Janprahari |date=15 August 2017 |language=hi |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

The idol was rediscovered near Vanshivat in Vrindavan by Paramand Bhattacharya, a disciple of Gadadhar Pandit, and later worshipped by his student Madhupandit Goswami.

During the Mughal period, especially under Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], many temples were attacked. To safeguard the idol, it was brought from Vrindavan to Jaipur, where it was reinstalled in a newly built temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Krishna's idols were saved from Mughals and brought to Jaipur |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/jaipur/krishna-janmashtami-2023-jaipur-connection-of-mathura-vrindavan-sri-krishna-idols-were-saved-by-kings-and-installed/rj20230906200325003003554 |website=ETV Bharat |date=6 September 2023 |language=hi |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radha Gopinath Ji Temple Jaipur: Lord Krishna Wears a Watch Here |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/spiritual/radha-gopinath-ji-temple-jaipur-lord-krishna-wears-wristwatch-in-this-ancient-mandir-know-history-and-facts-10150582 |website=Jagran English |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

== Beliefs and miracles ==
Local traditions state that the idol is not merely symbolic but a living embodiment of Krishna. According to legend, a British officer once tested this by tying a pulse-sensitive watch on the deity's wrist. Miraculously, the watch began functioning - as if responding to a real human pulse. That watch is still preserved in the temple today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Watch-Wearing Idol of Jaipur's Gopinath Ji Temple |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/jaipur/lord-krishna-idol-wearing-watch-is-worshipped-as-gopinath-ji-in-jaipur/rj20230419063318445445499 |website=ETV Bharat |date=19 April 2023 |language=hi |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious wristwatch miracle of Gopinath Ji temple |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/state/rajasthan/unique-and-miraculous-story-of-gopinath-thakurji-temple-jaipur/articleshow-pym4w39 |website=Asianet News Hindi |language=hi |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur's Krishna Idol That Starts a Watch with Its Pulse |url=https://newstrack.com/tourism/jaipur-famous-tourist-place-chhotikashikrishna-mandir-history-lord-krishna-idol-wearing-watch-426640 |website=NewsTrack |date=23 February 2024 |language=hi |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

== Aarti timings ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Daily Darshan Schedule
! rowspan="2" | Time Period !! colspan="2" | Ritual / Aarti
|-
! Name !! Timing
|-
| rowspan="4" | Morning
| Mangala Darshan || 05:00 AM – 08:45 AM
|-
| Dhoop Aarti || 08:00 AM – 09:00 AM
|-
| Shringar Darshan || 09:45 AM – 10:15 AM
|-
| Rajbhog Darshan || 11:00 AM – 11:30 AM
|-
| rowspan="5" | Evening
| Dhoop Aarti || 05:00 PM – 05:40 PM
|-
| Gwal Aarti || 05:50 PM – 06:00 PM
|-
| Sandhya Aarti || 06:15 PM – 07:15 PM
|-
| Ullai Seva || 07:45 PM – 07:50 PM
|-
| Shayan Aarti || 08:15 PM – 08:30 PM
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250">
File:Gopinath ji ki Murti.jpg|Idol of Gopinath Ji
File:Gopinath ji ke Charanon ke darshan.jpg|Feet of Gopinath Ji
File:Radha Rani ki Murti.jpg|Idol of Radha Rani
</gallery>

== Access ==
* '''Rail''': 5–6 km from Jaipur Junction railway station
* '''Bus''': 4–5 km from Sindhi Camp Bus Stand
* '''Air''': 12–15 km from Jaipur International Airport
* '''Local Transport''': Easily accessible via taxi, auto, and e-rickshaw

== See also ==
* [[Govind Dev Ji Temple]]
* [[Madan Mohan Temple, Karauli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]

The Madras Bank (1683)

2026-02-01T01:00:23Z

Freeman14H: new new info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Madras Bank (1683)
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Private sector]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
| genre = 
| fate = merged with the [[Bank of Madras]]
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Bank of Madras]]
| foundation = {{Start date|1683|06|21|df=yes}} as The Madras Bank (1683)
| founder =
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1843|07|01}}
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| locations = [[Madras Presidency]]
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| production =
| services = Banking, Trade Finance
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[State Bank of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage =
}}

'''The Madras Bank (1683)''' was a bank founded in the year 1683 in [[Company rule in India|British India]]. The bank was [[List of oldest banks in India|the oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India – Museum|website=Rbi.org.in|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

The bank was eventually merged with the [[Bank of Madras]] in 1843.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%206/madras-oldest-bank.html|title=Madras Musings – We care for Madras that is Chennai|website=Madrasmusings.com|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217131111/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%206/madras-oldest-bank.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Founding ===
The Madras Bank (1683) was founded on 21 June 1683.<ref name="auto6">{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s313f3cf8c531952d72e5847c4183e6910/uploads/2018/06/2018062956.pdf|format=PDF|title=District Profile : Chennai District|website=Cdn.s3waas.gov.in|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131152101/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s313f3cf8c531952d72e5847c4183e6910/uploads/2018/06/2018062956.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto5">[http://www.owlapps.net/owlapps_apps/article?id=17032574&lang=en] {{dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-madras-or-chennai-on-citys-382nd-birthday-there-is-much-to-be-proud-of/392260|title=Madras Day: Chennai Celebrates 382nd Birthday|website=Outlookindia.com/|date=10 January 2022|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110214527/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-madras-or-chennai-on-citys-382nd-birthday-there-is-much-to-be-proud-of/392260|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Madras Bank (1683) was the oldest bank founded in the [[Madras Presidency]] making it even older than the [[Carnatic Bank]], [[The British Bank of Madras (1795)]] and [[The Asiatic Bank]] and served many cities in South India.<ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Before-Madras/article14583548.ece|title=Before Madras|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 August 2016|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217131111/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Before-Madras/article14583548.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto4"/>

The bank was founded and largely managed by European traders. They worked closely with the English East India Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/banking/evolution-of-banking/list-of-4-banks-in-india-before-independence/5336/|title=List of 4 Banks in India Before Independence|website=Businessmanagementideas.com|date=10 August 2016|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629032636/https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/banking/evolution-of-banking/list-of-4-banks-in-india-before-independence/5336|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto4"/>

=== Management ===
The bank was staffed by mostly British nationals who were drawn mainly from the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancolumbus.blogspot.com/2018/01/SBIRajajiSalai.html|title=Indian Columbus: The Banking Heritage Building of Madras|website=Indiancolumbus.blogspot.com|date=7 January 2018|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217131108/https://indiancolumbus.blogspot.com/2018/01/SBIRajajiSalai.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The bank had most of its offices and branches in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.nluo.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Legal-Fortnight-Febedn-vol1.pdf|format=PDF|title=Legal Fortnight|website=Nluolac.in|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320133204/https://www.nluo.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Legal-Fortnight-Febedn-vol1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The bank was headquartered in [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto3"/>

=== Final years ===
In 1806, the bank was on the verge of failure and was closed and restarted with the same name as '''Madras Bank'''.<ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto5"/>

The bank was one of four banks that were merged to form the [[Bank of Madras]] in 1843: the Madras Bank, the [[Carnatic Bank]], [[The British Bank of Madras (1795)]], and [[The Asiatic Bank (1804)]]. The [[Bank of Madras]] is one of the precursors of the [[Imperial Bank of India]] and eventually the [[State Bank of India]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto4"/>

== Legacy ==
The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto4"/>

The bank is also notable for being one of the [[List of banks that have merged to form the State Bank of India|precursors of the State Bank of India]], through its predecessors the [[Imperial Bank of India]] and the [[Bank of Madras]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto4"/>

==See also==

{{Portal|Banks}}

*[[List of oldest banks in India]]
*[[List of banks that have merged to form the State Bank of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx Oldest Banks in India]
* [http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%206/madras-oldest-bank.html History of the Bank]

{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India|Madras Bank]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1683]]
[[Category:1843 mergers and acquisitions]]

Mrigeshavarma

2026-01-28T11:42:11Z

Freeman14H: created post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = '''Dharmamahārājadhirāja'''
| image =
| caption =
| succession = King of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba Kingdom]]
| reign = c. 475 - 490 CE
| predecessor = [[Shivamandhatruvarma]]
| successor = [[Ravivarma of Kadamba|Ravivarma]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Ravivarma of Kadamba|Ravivarma]]
| house = [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]]
| father = [[Santivarma]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]
}}
{{Banavasi Kadamba Kings Infobox}}
'''Mrigeshavarma''' {{Circa|475}} was king from [[Kadamba dynasty]] and son of [[Santivarma]]. He came to the throne and faced the [[Pallavas]] and [[Gangas]] with considerable success. The [[Halasi]] plates describes him the "destroyer of the eminent family of the Gangas" and the "destructive fire" (''pralayaanala'') to the Pallavas. Mrigeshavarma was known to be a scholar and an expert in riding horses and elephants.
==Life==
Mrigeshavarma was born to [[Santivarma]] of [[Kadamba dynasty]].{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=369}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=T |first1=Dr.Manjanna |title=Kadambas of Banavasi – The First Empire of Karnataka |journal=International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews |date=2015 |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=https://www.ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D2840.pdf |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> He dedicated an entire village to [[Jainism]] and its rituals.{{sfn|Desai|1957|p=97}} In one of his copper plates, there is mention of monks of [[Yapaniya]] sector of Jainism in the modern [[Belgaum district]].{{sfn|Desai|1957|pp=98-99}} He constructed a Jain temple in Palasika and donated land to Kurchaka sects.{{sfn|Desai|1957|p=110}} His son [[Ravivarma of Kadamba|Ravivarma]] and grandson [[Harivarma]] were also devout followers of Jainism.{{sfn|Desai|1957|p=110}} His queen [[Prabhavati]] of the [[Kekaya]] family bore him a son called Ravivarma.{{sfn|Moraes|1931|p=31}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Desai |first=P.B. |year=1957 |title=Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs |place=Sholapur |publisher=Jaina Samshodhana Sangha }}
* {{citation |last=Karashima |first=Noboru |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ }}
* {{citation |last=Moraes |first=George M. |authorlink=George M. Moraes |year=1931 |title=The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22295 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0595-0 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kadamba kings]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian monarchs]]

Jahnavi Kamath

2026-01-18T18:22:10Z

Freeman14H: put up

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jahnavi Kamath
| image =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2012-present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Jahnavi Kamath''' is an Indian actress who has worked in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film industries. After beginning her career as a child artiste in television serials, Kamath has since appeared in feature films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-being-stylish-is-but-natural-for-me-jahnavi-kamath-1680977|title=Being stylish is but natural for me: Jahnavi Kamath|date=26 April 2012|work=dna|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/photo-features/TV-actresses-who-have-dabbled-in-films/photostory/47705699.cms|title=TV actresses who have dabbled in films|work=The Times of India|date=17 June 2015|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
After graduating from [[Christ College, Bangalore]] with a degree in journalism, Jahnavi appeared in two low budget [[Tamil language]] films in 2012, ''Otha Veedu'' and ''Pudhiya Kaaviyam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bangalore-babe-jahnavi-kamath-is-going-places-1677093|title = Bangalore babe Jahnavi Kamath is going places!}}</ref> As a child artiste, Jahnavi worked on [[K. M. Chaitanya]]'s Kannada television serial, ''Mugilu'' and consequently made her Kannada senior debut by featuring in the director's film, ''Paraari'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article1451266.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208084510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article1451266.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=Sandalwood gets on to the retro mood|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> Her second Kannada film, ''Bhagyaraj'', which she signed in 2013, has progressed slowly through production and is yet to have a theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bhagyaraj-launched-imagegallery-kannada-nhipp2ccifcsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209175836/http://www.sify.com/movies/bhagyaraj-launched-imagegallery-kannada-nhipp2ccifcsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2015|title='Bhagyaraj' launched|work=Sify|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, she returned to feature in the television serial ''Preethi Enderanu'' alongside actor Shrunga, which was also directed by Chaitanya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Jahnavi-Kamath-set-to-make-her-small-screen-debut/articleshow/47357233.cms|title=Jahnavi Kamath set to make her small screen debut|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Otha Veedu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Pudhiya Kaaviyam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Parari (2013 film)|Parari]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Bhagyaraj (film)|Bhagyaraj]]'' || || Kannada ||
|}

;Television
*''Mugilu''
*''Preethi Enderanu'' (2015)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamath, Jahnavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mangalore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]

Chandran Veyattummal

2026-01-11T19:36:24Z

Freeman14H: Post.

{{Short description|Indian musical artist (1956–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chandran Veyattummal ചന്ദ്രൻ വെയാട്ടുമ്മൽ
| image = Chandran Veyattummal.jpg
| caption = Chandran Veyattummal / Paris Chandran
| birth_name = Chandran Veyattummal
| native_name_lang = ml
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1956|04|30}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|05|22|1956|04|30|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/music-director-paris-chandran-passes-away-chandran-veyattummal-drama-malayalam-movie-music-composer-1.7540955 | title=Music director Paris Chandran passes away | date=23 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/music-director-paris-chandran-passes-away/articleshow/91736504.cms | title=Music director Paris Chandran passes away - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 May 2022 }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
| alma_mater =
| genre = [[Film Score]], [[World Music]], [[Electronic music|Electronic]]
| occupation = [[Music Composer]], Multi Instrumentalist, [[Music Arranger]], [[Mixing Engineer]]
| instrument = [[Sitar]], [[Piano]], [[Cello]], [[Flute]], Jhempe, Derbuka, [[Idakka]], [[Tabla]], [[Dholak]], African Shakers, [[Saxophone]], [[Esraj]], [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]], [[Synthesizer]], [[ROLI|Seaboard]], Carnatic & Sopanam Vocal
}}

'''Chandran Veyattummal '''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/The-perfect-tune/article14801554.ece|title=The perfect tune|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 July 2007|accessdate=20 January 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>(also known as Paris Chandran/ Paris V Chandran; 30 April 1956 – 22 May 2022) was born in a traditional musical family in Narikkuni, [[Kozhikode]] district of [[Kerala]].

Chandran started learning music at the age of six under parents first and then under renowned gurus like Venu Nanminda and Ustad Ahemmed Hussain Khan. Adept at percussion, string instruments, wind instruments, keyboard and reed instruments, he became a [[music composer]]. Since 1982, he has been giving background scores for theatrical productions, films and documentaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madhusudhanan.com/cinema/bioscope/|title=Bioscope|website=madhusudhanan|accessdate=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912000240/http://www.madhusudhanan.com/cinema/bioscope/|archive-date=12 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He has won [[Kerala State Film Awards]] for best background score for the film [[Bioscope (2008 film)|Bioscope]] in 2008. He was a disciple of Njaralath Rama Pothuval, Theyyanasan, Kunnamkulam Kelu Asaan.
==As musician==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title !!Film !! Language !!Singer !! Credit
|-
| 2007|| ''Chenthaasaayakaa ''|| [[Drishtantham]] || Malayalam || [[Margi Sathi]] || Composer
|-
| 2007|| ''Devi ''|| [[Drishtantham]] || Malayalam || Pathanapuram Jose|| Composer
|-
| 2007 || ''Enthaanu Vallabhaa '' || [[Drishtantham]]|| Malayalam || [[Margi Sathi]] || Composer
|-
| 2007 || ''Mudiyettam (Daarikavadham)'' || [[Drishtantham]] || Malayalam || Pathanapuram Jose|| Composer
|-
| 2007 || ''Nalla samayamithu ''|| [[Drishtantham]] || Malayalam || [[Margi Sathi]] || Composer
|-
| 2007 || ''Onnukandotte'' ||[[Drishtantham]] || Malayalam || KV Selin|| Composer
|-
| 2007 || ''Paayeedum Thampuraane'' || [[Drishtantham]] || Malayalam || Sreenivasan Veyattummal || Composer
|-
| 2007 || ''Rosham Undaakkuvan ''|| [[Drishtantham]] || Malayalam ||[[Margi Sathi]] || Composer
|-
| 2007 || ''Varanund Varanund'' || [[Drishtantham]] || Malayalam || Sreenivasan Veyattummal || Composer
|-
| 2010 || ''Meera '' || [[Bombay Mittayi]] ||Malayalam || [[G. Venugopal]] || Composer
|-
| 2010 || ''Himagiri '' || [[Bombay Mittayi]] ||Malayalam || [[K. J. Yesudas]] & Jos Sagar|| Composer
|-
| 2010 || ''Mannum Ponnayi '' || [[Bombay Mittayi]] || Malayalam || Midhu Vincent, Vidhu Prathap, Ravisankar, Geetha Jith|| Composer
|-
| 2010 || ''Meerathan '' || [[Bombay Mittayi]]||Malayalam || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Composer
|-
| 2010 || ''Kochukuttiyepole'' || [[Bombay Mittayi]] || Malayalam || Pradeep Palluruthy|| Composer
|-
| 2011 || ''Sarika'' || [[Nakharam]] || Malayalam || Traditional|| Composer
|-
| 2011 || ''Rama Rama'' || [[Nakharam]] || Malayalam || Traditional|| Composer
|-
| 2011 || ''Melukovayya'' ||[[Nakharam]] || Malayalam || Traditional|| Composer
|-
| 2014 || ''Ambilippoovukal'' || [[Chayilyam]] || Malayalam || [[Sithara (singer)]], Nakhasi Shivadas|| Composer
|-
| 2013 || ''Kannottam Ennum'' || [[Bioscope (2008 film)|Bioscope]] || Malayalam || Anil Ram|| Composer
|-
| 2013 || ''Mannuyirellam '' || [[Bioscope (2008 film)|Bioscope]] || Malayalam || Anil Ram|| Composer
|-
| 2014 || ''Pokaruthen Makane '' || [[Njan Steve Lopez]] || Malayalam || Jency|| Composer
|-
| 2016 || ''Chillu Chillu Chillakal'' || [[Amoeba (2016 film)|Amoeba]] || Malayalam || Haritha Hareesh|| Composer
|-
| 2017 || ''Maarivil Maayanu'' || [[Eeda]] || Malayalam || [[Sithara (singer)]]|| Composer
|-
| 2022 || (BGM) || [[Antharam]] || Malayalam || -- || Background Score
|-
|}

==In Theatre==
* Composed and played for SENDERS, a play by Strindberg directed by Anuradha Kapoor at the venue of World Social forum in Kenya, East Africa.
* 2005–2006 Composed and played for Drama Merchant of Venice staged by Tara Arts, London.
* 2004–2005 Composed and played for BABARNAMA, a collaborative attempt by Japan Foundation, Tokyo.
* 1995–2002 Composed and played for the theatrical productions of Foots Barn traveling theatre France
* 1989–1991 Composed and played for a few productions at ROYAL NATIONAL THEATRE, South Bank, London
* 1988–1989 Composed and played for a radio play titled THE MANSOON, a BBC telecast
* 1986–1988 Composed and played for the productions of TARA ARTS LONDON
* 1982–1985 Composed and played music for the productions of Calicut University Little Theatre (CULT)
* 2009 – Palangal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasadiya.com/nsdbrm12/palangal.html|title=BHARAT RANG MAHOTSAV, NATIONAL SCHOOL OF DRAMA THEATRE FESTIVAL|website=www.nasadiya.com|accessdate=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910235605/http://www.nasadiya.com/nsdbrm12/palangal.html|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2017 – Khazakibte itihasam
* 2016 – Talatum tempest<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trivandrum.afindia.org/indian-tempest/|title=Indian Tempest – Alliance Française de Trivandrum|last=Trivandrumadm|website=afindia.org|date=25 January 2013 |accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shakespearesglobe.com/discovery-space/previous-productions/indian-tempest|title=Indian Tempest / Shakespeare's Globe|website=www.shakespearesglobe.com|accessdate=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817224212/http://www.shakespearesglobe.com/discovery-space/previous-productions/indian-tempest|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2016 – Ekantham<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/18/apr/malayalam-play-ekantham-to-be-staged-at-vashi.asp#|title=Malayalam play EKANTHAM To Be Staged at Vashi...Based on a Short Story By Anton Chekhov... : www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com|website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com|accessdate=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092145/http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/18/apr/malayalam-play-ekantham-to-be-staged-at-vashi.asp|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2016 – Kaali
* 2019 – Dark things<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chrflagship.uwc.ac.za/dark-things/|title=Dark Things|date=10 May 2018|website=uwc.ac.za|accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theatrefestivalkerala.com/event/dark-things-2/|title=DARK THINGS – INDIA – ITFoK 2019|website=theatrefestivalkerala.com|accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref>

==Awards==

*[[Kerala State Film Awards]] for best background score for the film [[Bioscope (2008 film)|Bioscope]]
* Kerala State Television Award for best music director tele film ''Pranayathil Oruval'' in 2010

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3044376}}
[http://www.shakespearesglobe.com/discovery-space/previous-productions/indian-tempest]
[http://theatrefestivalkerala.com/event/dark-things-2/]
[http://trivandrum.afindia.org/indian-tempest/]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190119180043/https://beta.newstodaynet.com/index.php/tag/khazakinte-ithihasam-news/]
[https://www.m3db.com/artists/38690]
[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/The-perfect-tune/article14801554.ece]
[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/eeda-release-january-73852]
[https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/18/apr/malayalam-play-ekantham-to-be-staged-at-vashi.asp#]
[https://gensai2018-nagareyama.jimdofree.com/english/]
[https://www.mzcpunjab.in/malayalam-songs/njan-steve-lopez-chandran-veyattummal-vmlqjq.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174706/https://www.mzcpunjab.in/malayalam-songs/njan-steve-lopez-chandran-veyattummal-vmlqjq.html |date=19 January 2019 }}
[https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-paris-chandran-chandran-vayyattumel-passed-away-653617/]
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/play-it-by-ear/]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran Veyattummal}}
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]

Vipin Patwa

2026-01-08T00:47:40Z

Freeman14H: new a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vipin Patwa
| image = vipin_patwa_pic.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Patwa at trailer launch of [[Daas Dev]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|10|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| origin = India
| genre = [[Indian Classical music|Indian classical]], [[soft rock]], [[Cinema of India|Indian film]]
| occupation = Composer, music director, singer, vocalist
| years_active = 2011– Present
| label =
| website = {{URL|http://vipinpatwa.in/}}
}}
'''Vipin Patwa''' is a music director, singer, and composer known for his work in Hindi movies, particularly for [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Composer Vipin Patwa On OTT Debut |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/composer-vipin-patwa-on-ott-debut-got-the-right-break-that-i-was-waiting-for-101723287719761.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vipin Patwa was born on October 1, 1982, in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, and was brought up in New Delhi. He received his musical training under Pandit Harish Tiwari of the Kirana Gharana. Vipin completed his graduate and postgraduate studies in Indian classical music and also earned a Master of Philosophy degree in music from Delhi University. Additionally, he completed a six-year course titled 'Sangeet Prabhakar'. [citation needed]

== Career ==
While completing his bachelor's degree in 2002, Vipin Patwa joined All India Radio as a music composer, creating jingles and songs for the station. In January 2009, he relocated to Mumbai to pursue opportunities in the Bollywood music industry. He received his first significant break with Joe Rajan's film 'Luv U Soniyo'. Over the years, Vipin has collaborated with numerous renowned Bollywood singers, including Sonu Nigam, Neha Kakkar, Arijit Singh, Atif Aslam, Mika Singh, KK, Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal, and Sunidhi Chauhan. [citation needed]

[[Sonu Nigam]], a [[Bollywood]] performer, has praised Vipin as a composer, as well as a singer. Nigam also called him "Vilakshan".<ref>{{cite web|title=music launch of luv u soniyo| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEJ6z4kPkh8}}</ref> Many renowned celebrities have also praised Vipin's compositions.<ref>{{cite news|title=music news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Sonu-Nigams-latest-song-is-out/articleshow/20890587.cms|access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>

== Discography ==
* [[Ye Stupid Pyar]] (2011)
* [[Main Aur Charles]] (2015)
* [[Laal Rang]] (2016)
* [[Bollywood Diaries]] (2016)
* [[Wah Taj]] (2016)
* [[Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laddoo Deewana]] (2017)
* [[Rambhajjan Zindabad]] (2017)
* [[Daas Dev]] (2018)
* [[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]] (2018)
* [[Hum Chaar]] (2019)
* [[De De Pyaar De]] (2019)
* [[The Girl On The Train (2021 film)|The Girl On The Train]] (2021)
* [[Bhuj: The Pride of India]] (2021)
* [[Nikamma]] (2022)
* [[Code Name: Tiranga]] (2022)
* [[De De Pyaar De 2]] (TBA)
* Firkee (TBA)

== Filmography as composer ==
{| class="sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !!Song
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Code Name: Tiranga]]''
|"Vande Mataram" "Yaar Ve"
|-
|''[[Nikamma]]''
| “Nasha Ishq Ka”
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
|''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''
|"Ishq Mera"
|-
|''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl on the Train]]''
|"Matlabi Yariyan" "Matlabi Yariyan - Unplugged"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[De De Pyaar De]]''
| "Vaddi Sharaban"
|-
|''[[Hum Chaar]]''
| "Auliya"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 ||''[[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]]''
| "Bam Bam Bole Kaashi"
|-
|''[[Daas Dev]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-didn-t-think-he-would-do-this-daas-dev-composer-on-atif-aslam-not-promoting-his-song-in-the-film/story-ObUbUmEdtaMq2AaJOpw1ZJ.html|title = I didn't think he would do this: Daas Dev composer on Atif Aslam not promoting his song in the film|date = 8 March 2018}}</ref>
| "Sehmi Hai Dhadkan"
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laaddoo Deewana]]''{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
| "Bezuban" "Naino Ka Pokhar" "Rog Jaane - Rahat Version" "Rog Jaane - Mohit Version"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 ||''[[Bollywood Diaries]]''
|Solo composer
|-
||''[[Laal Rang]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Folk-music-will-never-go-out-of-vogue-Vipin-Patwa/articleshow/52238805.cms |title=Passionate But Not Greedy!}}</ref>
|"Bhaang Ragad Ke" "Karch Karod" "Karch Karod - Slow"
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Main Aur Charles]]''
|One of the composers
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://vipinpatwa.com/ Official Website]
*{{IMDb name|4431257|Vipin Patwa}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patwa, Vipin}}
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]