Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

2026 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup

2026-05-06T02:03:10Z

Freelaw67: Added some data v1

{{Short description|Upcoming Asian men's volleyball tournament}}
{{For|the women's tournament|2026 AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup}}
{{Infobox FIVB tournament
| competition = AVC Men's Volleyball Cup
| continent = Asia
| year = 2026
| logo = 2026 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup logo.png
| size = 300
| caption = Official logo
| host = India
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| dates = 20–28 June
| teams = [[#Qualification|12]]
| confederations = 1
| venues = [[#Venue|1]]
| cities = 1
| champions =
| title_number =
| second =
| third =
| fourth =
| mvp =
| setter =
| outside_spikers =
| middle_blockers =
| opposite_spiker =
| libero =
| matches =
| attendance =
| website =
| last = 2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup
| next = 2027 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup
}}

The '''2026 AVC Men's Volleyball Cup''' will be the second edition of the [[AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]], and seventh overall edition of the formerly known AVC Men's Challenge Cup, an annual international [[volleyball]] tournament organized by the [[Asian Volleyball Confederation]] (AVC) with [[Volleyball Federation of India]] (VFI). It will be held from 20 to 28 June 2026 in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India. This marks India's first time hosting the tournament.

== Host selection ==
India was selected to host the 2026 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup after AVC unveiled its 2026 calendar in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=AVC Unveils 2026 International Volleyball Calendar and Host Cities |url=https://asianvolleyball.net/new/avc-unveils-2026-international-volleyball-calendar-and-host-cities/ |website=[[Asian Volleyball Confederation|AVC]] |date=20 December 2025 |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref> [[Ahmedabad]] was named the host city of the tournament with games to be held at the Veer Savarkar Sports Complex.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Preparations intensify in the Philippines and India for 2026 AVC Women's and Men's Cups |url=https://asianvolleyball.net/new/preparations-intensify-in-the-philippines-and-india-for-2026-avc-womens-and-mens-cups/ |website=[[Asian Volleyball Confederation|AVC]] |date=24 February 2026 |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

== Qualification ==
Following AVC regulations, a maximum of 12 teams for the AVC Nations Cup were selected through the following criteria:{{cn|date=April 2026}}
* 1 team for the host country.
* 1 team for the defending champion from the previous edition. (If the defending champion is also the host nation, the runners-up take the place)
* 5 teams based on the FIVB World Rankings that have not yet qualified.
* 5 remaining teams from the zonal competitions that haven't already qualified for neither the [[FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League]] nor the Nations Cup.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Country
!rowspan=2|Zone
!rowspan=2|Qualified as
!rowspan=2|Qualified on
!colspan=3|Previous appearances
!rowspan=2|Previous best performance
|-
!Total
!First
!Last
|-
|{{vb|IND}}
|[[Central Asian Volleyball Association|CAVA]]
|Host country
|20 December 2025
|style="text-align:center"|1
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|[[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]]
|15th place ([[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]])
|-
|{{vb|BHR}}
|[[West Asian Volleyball Association|WAVA]]
|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|Defending champions]]
|24 June 2025
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|[[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|'''Champions''' ([[2025 AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]])
|-
|{{vb|AUS}}
|[[Oceania Zonal Volleyball Association|OZVA]]
| rowspan=5 | [[FIVB World Rankings|World Rankings]] qualifiers
| rowspan=10| 2 February 2026
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|[[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|5th place ([[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]], [[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]])
|-
|{{vb|INA}}
|[[Southeast Asian Volleyball Association|SAVA]]
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|[[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|6th place ([[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]], [[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]])
|-
|{{vb|PAK}}
|[[Central Asian Volleyball Association|CAVA]]
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|[[2024 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2024]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|Runners-up ([[2024 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2024]], [[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]])
|-
|{{vb|QAT}}
|[[West Asian Volleyball Association|WAVA]]
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|[[2024 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2024]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|'''Champions''' ([[2024 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2024]])
|-
|{{vb|KOR}}
|[[Eastern Asian Volleyball Association|EAVA]]
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|[[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Women's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|3rd place ([[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]], [[2024 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2024]])
|-
|{{nowrap|{{vb|TPE}}}}
|[[Eastern Asian Volleyball Association|EAVA]]
|[[Asian Eastern Zonal Men's Volleyball Championship|2025 EAVA]] runners-up
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|[[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|7th place ([[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]])
|-
|{{vb|KAZ}}
|[[Central Asian Volleyball Association|CAVA]]
|[[CAVA Men's Volleyball Nations League|2025 CAVA]] 4th placers
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|[[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2024 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2024]]
|4th place ([[2024 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2024]])
|-
|{{vb|NZL}}
|[[Oceania Zonal Volleyball Association|OZVA]]
|OZVA qualification qualifier
|style="text-align:center"|1
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|11th place ([[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]])
|-
|{{vb|OMA}}
|[[West Asian Volleyball Association|WAVA]]
|2025 WAVA 3rd placers
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center" colspan="2"|None
|''Debut''
|-
|{{vb|THA}}
|[[Southeast Asian Volleyball Association|SAVA]]
|[[2025 SEA Men's V.League|2025 SAVA]] runners-up
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|[[2022 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2022]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[2025 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup|2025]]
|'''Champions''' ([[2023 AVC Men's Challenge Cup|2023]])
|}

{{vb|CHN}}, {{vb|IRI}}, and {{vb|JPN}}, which are competing at the [[2026 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League|2026 Nations League]], are ineligible to submit entries to this tournament.

== Pools composition ==
The draw of lots took place on 10 April 2026 in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India led by AVC President [[Ramon Suzara]], with Nilofer Shaikh, Assistant Director of the [[Sports Authority of Gujarat]]. Teams were split into two pools with six teams each.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=AVC Men's Cup 2026: Drawing of Lots Sets the Stage in Amdavad |url=https://asianvolleyball.net/new/avc-mens-cup-2026-drawing-of-lots-sets-the-stage-in-amdavad/ |website=[[Asian Volleyball Confederation|AVC]] |date=April 11, 2026 |access-date=April 12, 2026}}</ref>

{{External media
| float = right
| width = 22em
| topic = '''[ LIVE ] Drawing of Lots : AVC Men's Cup Amdavad 2026'''
| headerimage = [[File:YouTube 2024.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px]]
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/live/nW9Xt1FQ_Vg Drawing of Lots Live Streaming]
}}

=== Seeding ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!width=25%|Seeded teams
!width=25%|Pot 1
!width=25%|Pot 2
!width=25%|Pot 3
|-
|valign=top|{{vb|IND}} (58) (Hosts) <br /> {{vb|QAT}} (21) <br /> {{vb|KOR}} (26) <br /> {{vb|AUS}} (33) <br /> {{vb|BHR}} (40) <br /> {{vb|PAK}} (44)
|valign=top|{{vb|INA}} (51) <br /> {{vb|TPE}} (53)
|valign=top|{{vb|THA}} (59) <br /> {{vb|KAZ}} (60)
|valign=top|{{vb|OMA}} (76) <br /> {{vb|NZL}} (82)
|}

=== Draw results ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=40%|Pool A
!width=40%|Pool B
|-
|{{vb|IND}}
|{{vb|QAT}}
|-
|{{vb|AUS}}
|{{vb|KOR}}
|-
|{{vb|BHR}}
|{{vb|PAK}}
|-
|{{vb|TPE}}
|{{vb|INA}}
|-
|{{vb|KAZ}}
|{{vb|THA}}
|-
|{{vb|NZL}}
|{{vb|OMA}}
|}

== Venue ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=280
|-
![[Ahmedabad]], India
|-
|Veer Savarkar Sports Complex
|-
|Capacity: '''5,000'''
|-
|}

==Pool standing procedure==
# Total number of victories (matches won, matches lost)
# In the event of a tie, the following first tiebreaker will apply: The teams will be ranked by the most point gained per match as follows:
#* Match won 3–0 or 3–1: 3 points for the winner, 0 points for the loser
#* Match won 3–2: 2 points for the winner, 1 point for the loser
#* Match forfeited: 3 points for the winner, 0 points (0–25, 0–25, 0–25) for the loser
# If teams are still tied after examining the number of victories and points gained, then the AVC will examine the results in order to break the tie in the following order:
#* Set quotient: if two or more teams are tied on the number of points gained, they will be ranked by the quotient resulting from the division of the number of all set won by the number of all sets lost.
#* Points quotient: if the tie persists based on the set quotient, the teams will be ranked by the quotient resulting from the division of all points scored by the total of points lost during all sets.
#* If the tie persists based on the point quotient, the tie will be broken based on the team that won the match of the Round Robin Phase between the tied teams. When the tie in point quotient is between three or more teams, these teams ranked taking into consideration only the matches involving the teams in question.

==Preliminary round==
* All times are [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).

===Pool A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=Volleyball
|res_col_header=Q
|update=future |start_date=20 June 2026
|source=

|team_order=IND, AUS, BHR, TPE, KAZ, NZL

|name_IND={{vb|IND}} |status_IND=H
|name_AUS={{vb|AUS}} |status_AUS=
|name_BHR={{vb|BHR}} |status_BHR=
|name_TPE={{vb|TPE}} |status_TPE=
|name_KAZ={{vb|KAZ}} |status_KAZ=
|name_NZL={{vb|NZL}} |status_NZL=

|win3s_IND= |win4s_IND= |win5s_IND= |loss5s_IND= |loss4s_IND= |loss3s_IND= |spw_IND= |spl_IND=
|win3s_AUS= |win4s_AUS= |win5s_AUS= |loss5s_AUS= |loss4s_AUS= |loss3s_AUS= |spw_AUS= |spl_AUS=
|win3s_BHR= |win4s_BHR= |win5s_BHR= |loss5s_BHR= |loss4s_BHR= |loss3s_BHR= |spw_BHR= |spl_BHR=
|win3s_TPE= |win4s_TPE= |win5s_TPE= |loss5s_TPE= |loss4s_TPE= |loss3s_TPE= |spw_TPE= |spl_TPE=
|win3s_KAZ= |win4s_KAZ= |win5s_KAZ= |loss5s_KAZ= |loss4s_KAZ= |loss3s_KAZ= |spw_KAZ= |spl_KAZ=
|win3s_NZL= |win4s_NZL= |win5s_NZL= |loss5s_NZL= |loss4s_NZL= |loss3s_NZL= |spw_NZL= |spl_NZL=

|col_SF=green2 |text_SF=[[#Semifinals|Semifinals]]
|col_F5=blue2 |text_F5=[[#5th place match|5th place match]]
|col_F7=yellow2 |text_F7=[[#7th place match|7th place match]]
|col_F9=orange2 |text_F9=[[#9th place match|9th place match]]
|col_F11=red2 |text_F11=[[#11th place match|11th place match]]
|result1=SF |result2=SF |result3=F5 |result4=F7 |result5=F9 |result6=F11
}}

<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|20 Jun|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
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{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

===Pool B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=Volleyball
|res_col_header=Q
|update=future |start_date=20 June 2026
|source=

|team1=QAT |name_QAT={{vb|QAT}}
|team2=KOR |name_KOR={{vb|KOR}}
|team3=PAK |name_PAK={{vb|PAK}}
|team4=INA |name_INA={{vb|INA}}
|team5=THA |name_THA={{vb|THA}}
|team6=OMA |name_OMA={{vb|OMA}}

|win3s_QAT= |win4s_QAT= |win5s_QAT= |loss5s_QAT= |loss4s_QAT= |loss3s_QAT= |spw_QAT= |spl_QAT=
|win3s_KOR= |win4s_KOR= |win5s_KOR= |loss5s_KOR= |loss4s_KOR= |loss3s_KOR= |spw_KOR= |spl_KOR=
|win3s_PAK= |win4s_PAK= |win5s_PAK= |loss5s_PAK= |loss4s_PAK= |loss3s_PAK= |spw_PAK= |spl_PAK=
|win3s_INA= |win4s_INA= |win5s_INA= |loss5s_INA= |loss4s_INA= |loss3s_INA= |spw_INA= |spl_INA=
|win3s_THA= |win4s_THA= |win5s_THA= |loss5s_THA= |loss4s_THA= |loss3s_THA= |spw_THA= |spl_THA=
|win3s_OMA= |win4s_OMA= |win5s_OMA= |loss5s_OMA= |loss4s_OMA= |loss3s_OMA= |spw_OMA= |spl_OMA=

|col_SF=green2 |text_SF=[[#Semifinals|Semifinals]]
|col_F5=blue2 |text_F5=[[#5th place match|5th place match]]
|col_F7=yellow2 |text_F7=[[#7th place match|7th place match]]
|col_F9=orange2 |text_F9=[[#9th place match|9th place match]]
|col_F11=red2 |text_F11=[[#11th place match|11th place match]]
|result1=SF |result2=SF |result3=F5 |result4=F7 |result5=F9 |result6=F11
}}

<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|20 Jun|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
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{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|TBD|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

==Final round==

===11th place match===
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|28 Jun||A6|–|B6|–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

===9th place match===
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|28 Jun||A5|–|B5|–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

===7th place match===
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|28 Jun||A4|–|B4|–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

===5th place match===
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|28 Jun||A3|–|B3|–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

===Final four===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
|RD1=[[#Semifinals|Semifinals]]
|RD2=[[#Final|Final]]
|Consol=[[#3rd place match|3rd place match]]
|3rdplace=yes
|bold_winner=high
|color=yes


|27 June|{{RDseed|A1}}||{{RDseed|B2}}|
|27 June|{{RDseed|B1}}||{{RDseed|A2}}|

|28 June||||

|28 June||||
}}

====Semifinals====
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|27 Jun||A1|–|B2|–|–|–|||11=}}
{{Vb res 51|27 Jun||B1|–|A2|–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

====3rd place match====
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|28 Jun|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

====Final====
<div style="overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap;">
{{Vb res start 5}}
{{Vb res 51|28 Jun|||–||–|–|–|||11=}}
{{end}}</div>

==Final standing==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=40|Rank
!width=180|Team
|-
|{{Gold1}}
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|{{Silver2}}
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|{{Bronze3}}
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|4
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|5
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|6
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|7
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|8
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|9
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|10
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|11
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|12
|style="text-align:left;"|
|}
{{col-2}}

{{col-end}}

==Awards==
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
*'''Most valuable player'''

*'''Best setter'''

*'''Best outside spikers'''


*'''Best middle blockers'''


*'''Best opposite spiker'''

*'''Best libero'''

{{colend}}

==Broadcasting rights==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Country/region
! Broadcaster
|-
|Global
|Volleyball TV, [[YouTube]]
|-
|{{flagu|Indonesia}}
|[[Emtek]] ([[Vidio]], [[Moji (TV network)|Moji]])
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{AVC Nations Cup}}
{{Portal bar|Volleyball|India|Sports}}

[[Category:AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2026 in men's volleyball]]
[[Category:International volleyball competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:June 2026 sports events in Asia]]

Latur–Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express

2026-05-03T15:24:49Z

Freelaw67: stub

{{Short description|Train in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Latur Superfast Express
| image= 2107 Latur Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]
| stops = 9
| end = {{stnlnk|Latur}}
| distance = {{convert|530|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9 hours 25 minutes as 22107 Latur Express, 9 hours 30 minutes as 22108 Latur Express
| frequency = Mon/Tue/Wed/Fri(22108) Sun/Mon/Tue/Thu(22107)
| class = 1 AC 1st Class,2 AC 2 tier,4 AC 3 tier,8 Sleeper class,4 General UNRESERVED,2 SLR.
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = No
| catering = Yes
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = below the seats
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22107 / 22108
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum <br/>{{convert|55.8053|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}
[[File:22107 Mumbai Latur Express.jpg|250 px|thumbnail|An AC III Tier coach of Latur Express at Mumbai CST]]
'''Latur–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], [[Mumbai]] and {{stnlnk|Latur}} in India. It is a daily service. It operates as train number 22107 from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Mumbai to Latur and as train number 22108 in the reverse direction.

==Coaches==

22107/22108 Latur Express presently has 1 AC 1st Class, 2 AC 2 tier, 4 AC 3 tier, 8 Sleeper class, 4 General Unreserved coaches & 2 SLR

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 22107/Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Latur Superfast Express covers the distance of 530 kilometres in 9 hours 30 mins (55.79 km/h) and 9 hours 25 mins as 22108/Latur–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Superfast Express (55.8053 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Traction==

It is a total diesel haul end to end. Usually a [[WDG-3A]] or [[WDP-4D]] locomotive from the {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} Shed hauls the train. As the route is fully electrified now it hauls WAP7 or WAP4 loco.

==Schedule==

This daily service departs Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Mumbai as Latur Express at 21:00 hrs IST and arrives {{stnlnk|Latur}} at 06:30 hrs IST the next day. In return journey, the train departs {{stnlnk|Latur}} as Mumbai Express at 22:30 hrs IST and arrives Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Mumbai at 08:05 hrs IST the next day.

===Route===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| Station code
!scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| Station name
!scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| Distance (km)
|-
|CSMT
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]
|0
|-
|DR
|{{stnlnk|Dadar}}
|9
|-
|-
|TNA
|{{stnlnk|Thane}}
|38.5
|-
|KYN
|{{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
|54
|-
|KJT
|{{stnlnk|Karjat}}
|100
|-
|LNL
|{{stnlnk|Lonavala}}
|128
|-
|PUNE
|{{stnlnk|Pune}}
|192
|-
|DD
|{{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}
|268
|-
|KWY
|{{stnlnk|Kurduvadi}}
|377
|-
|BTW
|[[Barshi]]
|414
|-
|DRSV
|{{stnlnk|Dharashiv}}
|451
|-
|LUR
|{{stnlnk|Latur}}
|530
|}

== External links ==
* [http://runningstatus.in/status/22107-today Running status]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latur-Mumbai Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

Bharatiya Janata Party

2026-05-01T16:44:06Z

Freelaw67: enhanced page also and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Redirect|BJP}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| logo = Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg
|name=| abbreviation = BJP
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| president = [[Nitin Nabin]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nitin Nabin elected national BJP president unopposed: To take charge January 20; PM Modi to attend event|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitin-nabin-elected-national-bjp-president-unopposed-to-take-charge-january-20-pm-modi-to-attend-event/articleshow/126684522.cms|access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>
| general_secretary = {{clist
| '''Organisation:''' {{ubl
| B. L. Santhosh<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gyan Varma|date=15 July 2019|title=Meet BL Santhosh, newly appointed general secretary of BJP|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/meet-bl-santhosh-newly-appointed-general-secretary-of-bjp-1563168633822.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328152911/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/meet-bl-santhosh-newly-appointed-general-secretary-of-bjp-1563168633822.html|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
}}
| '''Joint General Secretary:''' {{ubl
| [[Shiv Prakash]]
}}
| '''General Secretaries:''' {{ubl
| [[Arun Singh (Indian politician)|Arun Singh]]
| [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
| [[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]
| Tarun Chugh
| [[Vinod Tawde]]
| Sunil Bansal
| [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
| [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
}}
}}
| treasurer = [[Rajesh Agarwal]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 September 2020|title=Rajesh Agarwal gets BJP treasurer post|work=[[United News of India]]|url=http://www.uniindia.com/rajesh-agarwal-gets-bjp-treasurer-post/north/news/2178686.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017113913/http://www.uniindia.com/rajesh-agarwal-gets-bjp-treasurer-post/north/news/2178686.html|archive-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>
| presidium = [[National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National Executive]]<ref name="Constitution">{{Cite web|title=Bharatiya Janata Party Constitution|url=https://www.bjp.org/en/constitution|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118173055/http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2012_h/constitution_eng_jan_10_2013.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017|access-date=15 May 2020|website=|publisher=Bharatiya Janata Party}}</ref>
| loksabha_leader = [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]])<ref name=":3000">{{Cite news|date=12 June 2019|title=BJP announces new parliamentary committee; Modi leader in Lok Sabha, Rajnath his deputy|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-announces-parliamentary-party-executive-committee-1547512-2019-06-12|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406141325/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-announces-parliamentary-party-executive-committee-1547512-2019-06-12|archive-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>
| rajyasabha_leader = [[J. P. Nadda]] ([[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Leader of the House |url=https://sansad.in/rs/about/leader-of-the-house |website=[[Rajya Sabha]] |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1980|04|06}}<ref name=":4000">{{Cite news|date=6 April 2019|title=BJP's foundation day: Brief history of the achievements and failures of the party|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511143721/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/|archive-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
| founder = {{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| headquarters = 6-A, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Gets A New Address; Soul Of New Office Is The Party Worker, Says PM Modi|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-gets-a-new-address-today-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-multi-storey-office-1814043|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406141326/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-gets-a-new-address-today-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-multi-storey-office-1814043|archive-date=6 April 2020|access-date=16 March 2020 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
| membership =
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|National Party]]{{sfn|Election Commission|2013}}
| alliance = * '''National Alliance'''<br/>
* [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] ([[India|All India]])<ref name="bjp0right">{{Cite news|author=Devesh Kumar|date=20 May 2014|title=BJP + 29 Parties=National Democratic Alliance|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/bjp-29-parties-national-democratic-alliance-562972|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406141401/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/bjp-29-parties-national-democratic-alliance-562972|archive-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>
* '''Regional Alliances'''
* [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] ([[Northeast India]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 March 2019|title=BJP seals alliances in Northeast, aims 22 LS seats|work=The Hindu Business Line|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bjp-seals-alliances-in-northeast-aims-22-ls-seats/article26519732.ece |url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317165853/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bjp-seals-alliances-in-northeast-aims-22-ls-seats/article26519732.ece|archive-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Kutami]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]])
* [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|MDA]] ([[Meghalaya]])
* [[Maha Yuti|MY]] ([[Maharashtra]])<ref>{{cite web |author1=India Today Video Desk |title=Our alliance is not going to break: Eknath Shinde dismisses rift rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/our-alliance-is-not-going-to-break-eknath-shinde-dismisses-rift-rumours-2687879-2025-03-02 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 March 2025 |date=2 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] ([[Tamil Nadu]])
* [[People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|240|543|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''540''' MPs and '''3''' vacant)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Party Position pdf|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/Updates/EventLSS_637191127420791113_31994.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317173437/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/Updates/EventLSS_637191127420791113_31994.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|113|245|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''243''' MPs and '''2''' vacant)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-rajya-sabha-tally-dips-to-86-nda-at-101-party-below-majority-mark-6109105 | title=BJP's Rajya Sabha Tally Dips, NDA Now 4 Below Majority Mark }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical Party Position in the Rajya Sabha|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/partymemberlist.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604121829/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/partymemberlist.aspx|archive-date=4 June 2019|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Strengthwise Party Position in the Rajya Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/partystrength.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606134311/http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/partystrength.aspx|archive-date=6 June 2017|publisher=Rajya Sabha}}</ref>
| state2_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|1656|4126|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''4118''' MLAs and '''8''' vacant; [[#Current seats in State Legislative Assemblies|complete list]])
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|165|426|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''403''' MLCs and '''23''' vacant; [[#Current seats in State Legislative councils|complete list]])
| no_states = {{Composition bar|21|31|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} ('''28''' States and '''3''' UTs)<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 2019|title=BJP gains back Madhya Pradesh in just 15 months after losing it|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-s-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sworn-in-as-madhya-pradesh-cm-for-fourth-time-1658867-2020-03-23|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119202332/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-s-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sworn-in-as-madhya-pradesh-cm-for-fourth-time-1658867-2020-03-23|archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in India|Indian]])<ref name="mathewjoh">* {{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|title=Conservatism and Ideology|last2=Garnett|first2=Mark |last3=Walker|first3=David M|date=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52900-2|pages=45–50|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061245/https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* Björn Goldstein (2015) The unconscious Indianization of 'Western' conservatism – is Indian conservatism a universal model?, Global Discourse, 5:1, 44–65, {{doi|10.1080/23269995.2014.946315}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|url-status=live| issn = 2176-9257|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul|isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|pages=50–150|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Neoliberalism]]<ref name="Surajit 2017">* {{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182 |url-status=live|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1 |pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|archive-date=14 April 2023|access-date=24 April 2022|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Shankar|title=Defining, Constructing and Policing a 'New India': Relationship between Neoliberalism and Hindutva|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=7 July 2006|volume=41|issue=26|pages=2803–2813|jstor=4418408|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017234207/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Kalpana|last2=Ung Loh|first2=Jennifer|last3=Purewal|first3=Navtej|title=Gender, Violence and the Neoliberal State in India|journal=Feminist Review|date=July 2018|volume=119|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0109-8|s2cid=149814002|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210111943/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Navdeep|title=The low politics of higher education: saffron branded neoliberalism and the assault on Indian universities|journal=Critical Policy Studies|date=2018|volume=12 |issue=1|pages=121–125|doi=10.1080/19460171.2017.1403343|s2cid=148842457}}</ref>
| [[Hindutva]]<ref name="Angana.p">* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>* Henrik Berglund. "Religion and Nationalism: Politics of BJP." [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 39, no. 10 (2004): 1064–70. {{JSTOR|4414737}}.
* Chhibber, Pradeep K. "State Policy, Party Politics, and the Rise of the BJP." In Democracy without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India, 159–76. [[University of Michigan Press]], 1999. {{JSTOR|10.3998/mpub.23136.12}}.</ref>
| [[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{multiref
| {{cite journal|volume=26|issue=3|journal=Democratization|first1=Duncan|last1=McDonnell|year=2019|first2=Luis|last2=Cabrera|title=The right-wing populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)|pages=484–501|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885|s2cid=149464986}}
| {{Cite book|last=Özçelik|first=Ezgi|title=Right-wing Populist Governments Rhetorical Framing of Economic Inequality : the Cases of BJP in India and AKP in Turkey|publisher=Koç University|year=2019}}
}} </ref>
}}
| position = {{Nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]{{sfnm|1a1=Malik|1a2=Singh|1y=1992|1pp=318–336|BBC|2012|2a1=Banerjee|2y=2005|2p=3118}} to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref name="Davies"/>}}
| publication = {{ubl
| ''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'' (English and Hindi)<ref>{{Cite news|author=Siddhartha Rai|date=27 January 2017|title=PM Modi goes cashless, buys lifetime subscription of BJP mouthpiece Kamal Sandesh through cheque|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/pm-modi-bjp-kamal-sandesh-cashless-currency-revamp-957298-2017-01-27|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328080500/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/pm-modi-bjp-kamal-sandesh-cashless-currency-revamp-957298-2017-01-27 |archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
| ''Kamal Barta'' (Bengali)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Tamal|title=Bengal BJP revamps party mouthpiece before 2018 panchayet elections|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bengal-bjp-revamps-party-mouthpiece-before-2018-panchayet-elections/articleshow/54717459.cms?_oref=cook&from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bengal-bjp-revamps-party-mouthpiece-before-2018-panchayet-elections/articleshow/54717459.cms?_oref=cook&from=mdr|archive-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
}}
| students = 
| youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 January 2019|title=BJP youth wing launches its campaign for party's Lok Sabha poll win|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-youth-wing-launches-its-campaign-for-partys-lok-sabha-poll-win/articleshow/67574466.cms|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012115329/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-youth-wing-launches-its-campaign-for-partys-lok-sabha-poll-win/articleshow/67574466.cms|archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref>
| women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2019 |title=Quota for women in council of ministers among Mahila Morcha's suggestions for BJP poll manifesto |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/quota-for-women-in-council-of-ministers-among-mahila-morchas-suggestions-for-bjp-poll-manifesto/articleshow/68738662.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607235558/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/quota-for-women-in-council-of-ministers-among-mahila-morchas-suggestions-for-bjp-poll-manifesto/articleshow/68738662.cms |archive-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
| peasants = BJP Kisan Morcha<ref name="KisanMorcha">{{Cite news|author=Rajkumar|script-title=hi:सरकार की नीतियों को किसानों तक पहुंचाएगा बीजेपी किसान मोर्चा|work=m.patrika.com|url=https://m.patrika.com/noida-news/bjp-kisan-morcha-provide-farmers-government-policies-to-the-people-hindi-news-1541257/|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019220329/https://m.patrika.com/noida-news/bjp-kisan-morcha-provide-farmers-government-policies-to-the-people-hindi-news-1541257/ |archive-date=19 October 2020}}</ref>
| think_tank = Public Policy Research Centre<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public Policy Research Centre|url=http://www.pprc.in/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726220734/http://www.pprc.in/|archive-date=26 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Thinktank">{{multiref
| {{Cite news |date=23 May 2020|title=BJP think tank offers online course in governance; babus to impart lessons|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/23/bjp-think-tank-offers-online-course-in-governance-babus-to-impart-lessons-2146940.html |url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714094916/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/23/bjp-think-tank-offers-online-course-in-governance-babus-to-impart-lessons-2146940.html |archive-date=14 July 2020}}
| {{cite news|url =https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/bjp-think-tank-releases-modi-govt---s-100-day-report-card.html|title =BJP think tank releases Modi Govt's 100-day report card|publisher =[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|quote =Public Policy Research Center (PPRC), BJP's think tank, on Monday released a comprehensive report on 100 major decisions and initiatives taken by Modi Government in first 100 days.|location =New Delhi|date =10 September 2019|website =dailypioneer.com|access-date =14 July 2020|archive-date =16 July 2020|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200716135158/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/bjp-think-tank-releases-modi-govt---s-100-day-report-card.html|url-status =live}}
}}</ref>
| website = {{url|www.bjp.org|bjp.org}}
| predecessor = {{ubl
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)<ref name=":4000" />
| [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)<ref name=":4000" />
}}
| split = [[Janata Party]]<ref name=":4000" />
| labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] (unofficial)<ref>{{Cite news|author=Pragya Singh|date=15 January 2008|title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India|work=live mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131425/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html|archive-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
| international = [[Asia Pacific Democracy Union]] (formerly)<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Democrat Union » Asia Pacific Democrat Union (APDU)|url=http://idu.org/asia-pacific-democrat-union-apdu/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616235358/http://idu.org/asia-pacific-democrat-union-apdu/|archive-date=16 June 2017|access-date=12 June 2017|website=International Democracy Union}}</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} Saffron<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iwanek|first=Krzysztof|date=10 September 2018|title=Paint It Saffron: The Colors of Indian Political Parties|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623014149/https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/|archive-date=23 June 2021|access-date=5 July 2021|publisher=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
| symbol = [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|upright=0.5]]<br/>Lotus
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| leader =
}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party'''{{efn|{{IPA|hi|bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː|audio=Hindi-Bharatiya Janata Party.ogg|small=no}}.}} ('''BJP'''; {{lit|Indian People's Party}}) is a [[Conservatism in India|conservative]] political party in [[India]] and one of the two major [[List of political parties in India|Indian political parties]] alongside the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 May 2016|title=In Numbers: The Rise of BJP and decline of Congress|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/-In-Numbers-The-Rise-of-BJP-and-decline-of-Congress/articleshow/52341190.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105170102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/-In-Numbers-The-Rise-of-BJP-and-decline-of-Congress/articleshow/52341190.cms|archive-date=5 November 2017}}</ref> BJP emerged from [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]]'s [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2019 |title=Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the barrister who founded Bharatiya Janta Party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/remembering-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-the-founder-of-bharatiya-jana-sangh-that-later-became-bharatiya-janta-party-1563356-2019-07-06 |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Since 2014, it has been the [[List of ruling political parties by country|ruling political party in India]] under the incumbent [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="zeenews-25May19">{{Cite news |date=25 May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha Election results 2019: EC declares results of all 542 seats, BJP wins 303 |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-updates-bjp-narendra-modi-nda-2205806 |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602032641/https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-updates-bjp-narendra-modi-nda-2205806 |archive-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> The BJP is [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|far-right]] on the [[political spectrum]], and it has close ideological and organisational links to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a right-wing paramilitary volunteer organisation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 March 2019|title=Men, machinery and mind of RSS behind BJP's poll power punch|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/men-machinery-and-mind-of-rss-behind-bjp-s-poll-power-punch-119031700304_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328152912/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/men-machinery-and-mind-of-rss-behind-bjp-s-poll-power-punch-119031700304_1.html|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23210230231166197 | doi=10.1177/23210230231166197 | title=Hindu Nationalism and Right-wing Ecology: RSS, Modi and Motherland Post-2014 | date=2023 | last1=Sharma | first1=Mukul | journal=Studies in Indian Politics | volume=11 | pages=102–117 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> The party's policies adhere to [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] ideology.{{sfn|Banerjee|2005|p=3118}}{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|p=318}} {{as of|2026|03|post=,}} it is the country's biggest political party in terms of representation in [[Parliament of India|the parliament]] as well as [[State legislature (India)|state legislatures]].

The party's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which was founded in 1951 by Indian politician Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, after he left the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] to form a party as the political wing of the RSS.{{sfn|Swain|2001|p=60}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subba |first=Chhawang |date=4 April 2022 |title=Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee and the Role of Bharatiya Jana Sangh in Indian Politics |url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2204072.pdf |website=IJCRT |page=a570 |issn=2320-2882 |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221100951/https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2204072.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] of 1975–1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other political parties to form the [[Janata Party]]; it defeated the then-incumbent Indian National Congress in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]]. After three years in power, the Janata Party dissolved in 1980, with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the modern-day BJP. Although initially unsuccessful—winning only two seats in the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]], it grew in strength on the back of the [[Ram Rath Yatra]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest political party in the Parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government, under its then-leader [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], lasted for only 13 days.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}}

After the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]], the BJP-led coalition known as the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) under prime minister Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government—again headed by Vajpayee—lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years, the BJP was the principal opposition party. Narendra Modi, then the [[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|chief minister of Gujarat]], led the party to a landslide victory in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]]. Modi has since led the NDA government as Indian prime minister, including being re-elected with a sole majority in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] and with a coalition in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]]. {{as of|2026|4|post=,}} the NDA alliance governs 19 Indian states and 2 union territories.

The official ideology of the BJP is [[Integral humanism (Hindu nationalism)|integral humanism]], first formulated by [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]] in 1965. The party advocates [[social conservatism]] and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. During its first period in national government, the BJP avoided its Hindutva priorities, and focused on a largely [[Economic liberalisation in India|neoliberal economic policy]] that prioritised [[Globalization in India|globalisation]] and [[Economy of India|economic growth]] over [[Social security in India|social welfare]].{{sfn|Sen|2005|pp=251–272}} Since returning to government in 2014, the now-ruling BJP has enacted several priorities of the RSS, including criminalising the practice of [[Triple talaq in India|triple talaq]], and revoking [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370 of the Indian constitution]] (which granted autonomy to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|abrogating its statehood]].<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650">{{Cite journal |last1=Bhatty |first1=Kiran |last2=Sundar |first2=Nandini |date=17 September 2020 |title=Sliding from majoritarianism toward fascism: Educating India under the Modi regime |journal=International Sociology |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=632–650 |doi=10.1177/0268580920937226 |issn=0268-5809 |s2cid=224896271}}</ref> India has experienced nationwide [[Democratic backsliding in Asia by country#India|democratic backsliding]] under the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|BJP's rule since 2014]].<ref name="v-dem.net briefing_paper_9">{{Cite web |last1=Hindle |first1=Garry |last2=Lindberg |first2=Staffan |date=2020 |title=New Global Data on Political Parties: V-Party |url=https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b6/55/b6553f85-5c5d-45ec-be63-a48a2abe3f62/briefing_paper_9.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024234004/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/b6/55/b6553f85-5c5d-45ec-be63-a48a2abe3f62/briefing_paper_9.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=V-Dem Institute}}</ref><ref name="v-dem.net Democracy Report 2021">{{citation |first1=Nazifa |last1=Alizada |first2=Rowan |last2=Cole |first3=Lisa |last3=Gastaldi |first4=Sandra |last4=Grahn |first5=Sebastian |last5=Hellmeier |first6=Palina |last6=Kolvani |first7=Jean |last7=Lachapelle |first8=Anna |last8=Lührmann |first9=Seraphine F. |last9=Maerz |first10=Shreeya |last10=Pillai |first11=Staffan I. |last11=Lindberg |date=2021 |title=Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021 |work=University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute |url=https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030243/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf |archive-date=14 September 2021 |pages=20–21}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Democratic Backsliding">{{cite news |last1=Sirnate |first1=Vasundhara |date=27 November 2021 |title=The democratic backsliding of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-democratic-backsliding-of-india/article37696763.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830070248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-democratic-backsliding-of-india/article37696763.ece |archive-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Ashoka Democratic Backsliding">{{cite document |title=Democratic Backsliding in the World's Largest Democracy | last=Das |first=Sabyasachi |date=3 July 2023 |publisher=[[Ashoka University]]}}</ref>

== Name and symbols ==

The name as well as the symbol of the party were selected by the founders. The name "[[Bharat (term)|Bharat]]iya [[Janata (disambiguation)|Janata]] Party" literally translates to "Indian People's Party". The Symbol of the party is the flower [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Joanna |last=Banerjee-Fischer |title=What do India's political logos symbolize?|date=January 27, 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-do-indias-political-logos-symbolize/a-68095324 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324083500/https://www.dw.com/en/what-do-indias-political-logos-symbolize/a-68095324 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lotus has a cultural significance within India as well as [[Hinduism]]. The symbol has been regarded as a symbol of peace and prosperity within Hinduism. Likewise, during the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement of India]], the symbol was used by [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] as a symbol of revolt against the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suraiya |first=Jug |title=NaMo and the lotus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jugglebandhi/namo-and-the-lotus/?source=app&frmapp=yes |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324083458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jugglebandhi/namo-and-the-lotus/?source=app&frmapp=yes |url-status=live }}</ref> Lotus is also recognised as the [[National symbols of India|national flower of India]]. Thus, use of the symbol gives the party a nationalist as well as Hindutva appeal.<ref name="founders">{{Cite web |title=BJP's 43 years: How it emerged from Jana Sangh and became world's largest party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-foundation-day-journey-from-jana-sangh-modi-shah-vajpayee-advani-2356698-2023-04-06 |access-date=24 March 2024 |author=Kabool Ahmad|website=[[India Today]] |date=6 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102123718/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-foundation-day-journey-from-jana-sangh-modi-shah-vajpayee-advani-2356698-2023-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> Besides these, the party also heavily uses the [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]] colour in its promotional materials and campaigning. Similar to Lotus, the Saffron colour also has a major significance within Hinduism.<ref name=":0" /> The most common flag used by the party is predominantly saffron with a stripe of green in the left. Within the Saffron part of the flag, the lotus symbol is also integrated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Iwanek |first=Krzysztof |title=Paint It Saffron: The Colors of Indian Political Parties |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623014149/https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This particular colour scheme used in the flag assists the party to project itself as a [[Secularism in India|secular]] party. Meanwhile, this also helps the party to maintain a religious undertone for its core electorate and [[Sangh Parivar|Hindutva supporter groups]].<ref name=":1" />

== Precursors ==
=== Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77) ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = Influential figures
| width = 220
| image1 = Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee.jpg
| caption1 = [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder-president of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| image3 = Lkadvani.jpg
| caption3 = [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]], the last president of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh
}}
{{Main|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}

The BJP's origins lie in the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], popularly known as the Jana Sangh, founded by [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]] in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant [[Indian National Congress|National Congress party]]. It was founded in collaboration with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Hindutva [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]]. The Jana Sangh was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS.{{sfn|Noorani|1978|p=216}} The Jana Sangh's aims included the protection of India's "Hindu" cultural identity, in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of [[Pakistan]] by the Congress party and then-Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. The RSS loaned several of its leading ''[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|pracharaks]]'', or full-time workers, to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground. Prominent among these was [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]], who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three [[Lok Sabha]] seats in the [[1951–52 Indian general election|first general elections in 1952]]. It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=116–119}}{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=136}}

The Jana Sangh's first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the complete integration of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into India.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=250}} Mukherjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir. He died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=250}} [[Mauli Chandra Sharma]] was elected to succeed Mukherjee; however, he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party, and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya. Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967, and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS. The party minimised engagement with the public, focusing instead on building its network of propagandists. Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of [[Integral humanism (India)|integral humanism]], which formed the official doctrine of the party.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=122–126, 129–130}} Younger leaders, such as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] also became involved with the leadership in this period, with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968. The major themes on the party's agenda during this period were legislating a [[Uniform Civil Code#Hindu Code Bill and addition to the Directive Principles|uniform civil code]], banning [[Cattle in religion and mythology#Hinduism|cow slaughter]] and abolishing the [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|special status given to Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=250, 352, 413}}

After assembly elections across the country in 1967, the party entered into a coalition with several other parties, including the [[Swatantra Party]] and the socialists. It formed governments in various states across the [[Hindi Belt]], including [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office, albeit within a coalition; this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh's more radical agenda.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=427–428}}

[[File:BJP and Predecessors - seats in the Lok Sabha updated.png|thumb|500px|The electoral history of the BJP and its predecessors in general elections]]

=== Janata Party (1977–80) ===
{{Main|Janata Party}}

In 1975, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] imposed a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]]. The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests, with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country. In 1977, the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held. The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum, including the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]], the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]] and the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] to form the Janata Party, with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=136}} The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with [[Morarji Desai]] as Prime Minister. The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party's parliamentary contingent, with 93 seats or 31% of its strength. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]], previously the leader of the Jana Sangh, was appointed the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]].{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=538–540}}

The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity, and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party, based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles. Political scientist [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] wrote that this proved to be impossible assimilation.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=282–283}} The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged, retaining a strong association with the RSS, which did not sit well with the moderate centre-right constituents of the Party.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=292–301, 312}} [[Religious violence in India|Violence between Hindus and Muslims]] increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government, with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots in [[Aligarh]] and [[Jamshedpur]] in 1978–79.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the former Jana Sangh members should dissociate themselves from the RSS, which they refused to do. Eventually, a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the [[Janata Party (Secular)]]. The [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Morarji Desai government]] was reduced to a minority in the Parliament, forcing Desai's resignation. Following a brief period of coalition rule, general elections were held in 1980, in which the Janata Party fared poorly, winning only 31 seats. In April 1980, shortly after the elections, the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being 'dual members' of party and the RSS. In response, the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party, which is now known as the Bharatiya Janata Party.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=301–312}}{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=538–540}}

== History ==
=== Formation and early days ===

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = Influential figures
| width = 220
| image1 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg
| caption1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the founder-president of the Bharatiya Janata Party
| image2 = L.K. Advani In 2013.jpg
| caption2 = [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] has been the [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|national president]] of the party in three separate occasions
}}

Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor, with Vajpayee being its first president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2020 |orig-date=7 April 1980 |title=Forty years ago, April 7, 1980: BJP is born |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/forty-years-ago-april-7-1980-bjp-is-born-6350456/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412160225/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/forty-years-ago-april-7-1980-bjp-is-born-6350456/ |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims. The BJP initially moderated the Hindutva stance of its predecessor Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal, emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of [[Gandhian socialism]].{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} This was unsuccessful, as it won only two [[Lok Sabha]] seats in the [[1984 Indian general election|elections of 1984]].{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} The only two candidates of the party who won were [[A. K. Patel]] from [[Mehsana Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[C. Janga Reddy]] from [[Hanamkonda Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="founders" /> The [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] which won a record tally of 414 seats, contributing to the low number for the BJP.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=579}}

==== Ram Janmabhoomi movement ====
{{Main|Ram Rath Yatra}}

{{Further|Ayodhya dispute|Demolition of the Babri Masjid}}

[[File:Advani Yatra 1990.svg|thumb|[[Ram Rath Yatra]]]]

The failure of Vajpayee's moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindutva.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}}{{sfn|Pai|1996|pp=1170–1183}} In 1984, Advani was appointed president of the party, and under him it became the political voice of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] movement. In the early 1980s, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a [[Ram Mandir|temple]] dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Rama]] at the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed site]] of the [[Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque]] in [[Ayodhya]]. The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] in 1527. There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there.{{sfn|Jha|2003}} The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site is the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque.{{sfn|Flint|2005|p=165}} The BJP threw its support behind this campaign and made it a part of their election platform. It won 86 [[Lok Sabha]] seats in 1989, a tally which made its support crucial to the [[Third Front (India)#National Front (1989–1991)|National Front]] government of [[V. P. Singh]].{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}}

In September 1990, Advani began a ''[[Ratha Yatra|Rath Yatra]]'' (chariot journey) to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement. According to Guha, the imagery employed by the ''yatra'' was "religious, allusive, militant, masculine, and anti-Muslim".{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=635}} Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then [[Bihar]] chief minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]. A large number of ''[[Sevā|kar sevaks]]'' (religious volunteers) nonetheless converged at Ayodhya, and some attacked the mosque. Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several ''kar sevaks''. Hindus were urged by VHP to "take revenge" for these deaths, resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=636}} The BJP withdrew its support from the V.P. Singh government, leading to fresh general elections. The BJP further increased its tally to 120 seats, and won a majority in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] assembly.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}}

On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100,000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}} The rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of the mosque]].{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}} Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country, killing over 2,000 people.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}} The government briefly banned the VHP, and many BJP leaders, including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition.{{sfn|NDTV|2012}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}} Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar, and not a spontaneous act.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}} In the parliamentary elections in 1996, the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}} Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha, forcing the government to resign after 13 days.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}}

A [[Liberhan Commission|2009 report]], authored by Justice [[Manmohan Singh Liberhan]], found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition, mostly leaders from the BJP.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}} Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, and [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]. The report also criticised [[Kalyan Singh]], Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}} He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}} In 2020, the [[Supreme Court of India]] acquitted all of the accused in the demolition including Advani and Joshi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2020 |title=All acquitted in Babri Masjid demolition case: Advani, MM Joshi hail verdict, Congress wants govt to appeal against it |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-babri-masjid-demolition-case-verdict/article32728552.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412195725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-babri-masjid-demolition-case-verdict/article32728552.ece |archive-date=12 April 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Following the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|2019 Supreme Court verdict]], the [[Government of India]] announced a trust to construct the Mandir. On 22 January 2024, the [[Ram Mandir]] was officially opened.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024|title=Ram Temple inauguration: Advent of a new era, says PM Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/advent-of-a-new-era-says-pm-101705947809336.html |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister Narendra Modi led its consecration, claiming it to be the start of a new era.<ref name=":0" />

=== Vajpayee and Advani era (1980–2014) ===
{{further|National Democratic Alliance}}

A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996, but this grouping was short-lived, and mid-term polls were held in 1998. The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), which contained its existing allies like the [[Samata Party]], the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] in addition to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) and the [[Biju Janata Dal]]. Among these regional parties, the Shiv Sena was the only one that had an ideology similar to the BJP; [[Amartya Sen]], for example, called the coalition an "ad hoc" grouping.{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=254}} The NDA had a majority with outside support from the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister.{{sfn|rediff.com|1998}} However, the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK, [[J. Jayalalithaa]], withdrew her support, and fresh elections were held again.{{sfn|Outlook|2013}}

On 13 October 1999, without the AIADMK, the NDA won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority. The BJP had its highest-ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time; Advani became Deputy Prime Minister{{efn|in 2002}} and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs Minister]]. This NDA government lasted its full term of five years. Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror and [[Neoliberalism|neo-liberal]] economic policies.{{sfn|Sen|2005|pp=251–272}} In 2001, [[Bangaru Laxman]], then the BJP president, was filmed accepting a bribe in [[Operation West End|a sting operation]].{{sfn|Kattakayam|2012}}{{sfn|India Today|2001}} He was compelled to resign and was subsequently prosecuted, eventually being sentenced to four years in prison.{{sfn|Tehelka|2001}}

==== 2002 Gujarat violence ====
{{Main|2002 Gujarat violence}}

On 27 February 2002, a [[Godhra train burning|train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned]] outside the town of [[Godhra]], killing 59 people. The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus, and sparked off massive anti-Muslim violence across the state of [[Gujarat]] that lasted several weeks.{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachandi|2012|pp=1–31}} The death toll estimated was as high as 2000, while 150,000 were displaced.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2013|p=16}} Rape, mutilation, and torture were also widespread.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2013|p=16}}{{sfn|Harris|2012}} ''The then''-Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high-ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.{{sfn|Krishnan|Shams|2012}} In April 2009, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases. In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT, causing widespread anger and disbelief among the country's Muslim communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Krishnan |first1=Murali |last2=Shams |first2=Shamil |date=11 March 2012 |title=Modi's clearance in the Gujarat riots case angers Indian Muslims |url=https://www.dw.com/en/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117044116/https://www.dw.com/en/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> BJP [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Maya Kodnani]], who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government, was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment;{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2014}}{{sfn|NDTV.com|2012}} she was later acquitted by the [[Gujarat High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2018 |title=Naroda Patiya verdict: Gujarat HC acquits Maya Kodnani, commutes Babu Bajrangi's sentence |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/naroda-patiya-case-gujarat-hc-acquits-maya-kodnani-upholds-babu-bajrangi-s-conviction-1216228-2018-04-20 |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229064652/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/naroda-patiya-case-gujarat-hc-acquits-maya-kodnani-upholds-babu-bajrangi-s-conviction-1216228-2018-04-20 |archive-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> Scholars such as [[Paul Brass]], [[Martha Nussbaum]] and [[Dipankar Gupta]] have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents.{{sfn|Brass|2005|pp=385–393}}{{sfn|Gupta|2011|p=252}}{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=2}}

Vajpayee called for [[2004 Indian general election|early elections in 2004]], six months ahead of schedule. The NDA's campaign was based on the slogan "[[India Shining]]", which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country.{{sfn|Ramesh|2004}} However, the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 186 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]], compared to the 222 seats of the Congress and its allies. [[Manmohan Singh]] succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the [[United Progressive Alliance]]. The NDA's failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat, as was its divisive policy agenda.{{sfn|Ramesh|2004}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2004}}

In May 2008, the BJP won the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|state elections in Karnataka]]. This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any [[South India]]n state. In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]], its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats. The election campaign would be the final for Advani as leader. The party would be led by [[Arun Jaitley]] in the Rajya Sabha and [[Sushma Swaraj]] in the Lok Sabha for the following 5 years. It lost the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka assembly election]] in 2013.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2009}}

=== Modi era (2014–present) ===
{{Main|Premiership of Narendra Modi}}

{{multiple image
| align =
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| width = 220
| image1 = PM Modi 2015.jpg
| caption1 = [[Narendra Modi]], Prime Minister of India since 2014
| image2 = Amit Shah photographed during the first Union Cabinet Meeting of the 18th Lok Sabha (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Amit Shah]] was the [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|national president]] of the party during 2014–2019
}}

In the [[2014 Indian general election]], the BJP won 282 seats, leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543-seat Lok Sabha.{{sfn|Mathew|2014}} Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 14th prime minister of India on 26 May 2014.{{sfn|Deccan Chronicle|2014}}{{sfn|BBC|May|2014}} The vote share of the BJP was 31% of all votes cast, a low figure relative to the number of seats it won.{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}} This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament{{sfn|Times of India|2014}} and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its strength. Support was concentrated in the Hindi-speaking belt in north-central India.{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}} The magnitude of the victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls.{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}}

Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory, including the popularity of Modi, and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term.{{sfn|Diwakar|2014}} The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper-caste, upper-class support base and received significant support from middle-class and [[Dalit]] people, as well as among other Backward classes.{{sfn|Varshney|2014}}{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}} Its support among Muslims remained low; only 8% of Muslim voters voted for the BJP.{{sfn|Varshney|2014}}{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}} The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters and raising voter turnout among them.{{sfn|Sridharan|2014}}

After winning the election, the organisation of the BJP became more centralised with Modi at the helm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Suhit K. |title=BJP, which mocks Congress, has fallen prey to extreme centralisation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/bjp-which-mocks-congress-has-fallen-prey-to-extreme-centralisation-2810695 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214100233/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/bjp-which-mocks-congress-has-fallen-prey-to-extreme-centralisation-2810695 |url-status=live }}</ref> People loyal to Modi were rewarded leadership positions across various states within India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=All the PM's people: How Modi is shaping BJP organisationally, redefining 'party democracy' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/pm-modi-bjp-narendra-modi-amit-shah-9073105/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214100233/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/pm-modi-bjp-narendra-modi-amit-shah-9073105/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amit Shah]], a close confidant of Modi, was appointed as the president of the BJP in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Shah's elevation as BJP President signals a generational change and Modi's complete takeover of the party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20140728-amit-shah-elevation-bjp-president-modi-complete-takeover-of-party-804609-2014-07-17 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |date=17 July 2014 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214101707/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20140728-amit-shah-elevation-bjp-president-modi-complete-takeover-of-party-804609-2014-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Contextually, many veteran leaders of the party like [[L. K. Advani]], [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], and [[Jaswant Singh]] amongst others were allegedly sidelined.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Rakesh Mohan |date=22 March 2014 |title=Narendra Modi sidelines old guard in BJP; Jaswant Singh gearing up to contest from Barmer as Independent |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-sidelines-old-guard-in-bjp-jaswant-singh-gearing-up-to-contest-from-barmer-as-independent/articleshow/32441833.cms |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214101707/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-sidelines-old-guard-in-bjp-jaswant-singh-gearing-up-to-contest-from-barmer-as-independent/articleshow/32441833.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, the BJP joined the [[International Democracy Union]], a group of various [[List of right-wing political parties|centre-right and right-wing]] political parties across the globe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=India's Bharatiya Janata Party Joins Union of International Conservative Parties |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-bharatiya-janata-party-joins-union-of-international-conservative-parties/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225011058/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-bharatiya-janata-party-joins-union-of-international-conservative-parties/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, as of 2024, the party is no longer a member, the secretary general of the IDU, Tina Mercep, stated that they would welcome full membership of the BJP in their global network. However, the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] remains as a member of the youth wing of the IDU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2024 |title=Stephen Harper's Global Alliance of Conservative Parties Quietly Scrubbed India Off Its Website |url=https://pressprogress.ca/stephen-harpers-global-alliance-of-conservative-parties-quietly-scrubbed-india-off-its-website/ |access-date=14 February 2024|website=PressProgress |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214095121/https://pressprogress.ca/stephen-harpers-global-alliance-of-conservative-parties-quietly-scrubbed-india-off-its-website/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Conspicuous by Absence from Global Centre-Right Political Parties' Alliance |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-conspicuous-by-absence-from-global-centre-right-political-parties-alliance |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

During Modi's first term as prime minister, the BJP expanded its presence in several states where it had previously been a minor player, and it regained power in other states where it had been in opposition for a considerable period. [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Haryana]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] saw an increase in the BJP's influence, and the party entered government in several of these states.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=31 December 2018 |title=2018 was a landmark year for BJP, women in Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2018-was-a-landmark-year-for-bjp-women-in-northeast/article25875880.ece |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214103448/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2018-was-a-landmark-year-for-bjp-women-in-northeast/article25875880.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, the BJP won the general election with an increased majority. Soon after returning to power, on 5 August 2019, the [[Second Modi ministry|Modi administration]] revoked the special status, or [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India#Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir: Structure and limitations|limited autonomy]], granted under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] to Jammu and Kashmir—a region administered by [[India]] as a state. This state consists of the larger part of Kashmir which has been the subject of a dispute among India, [[Pakistan]], and [[China]] since 1947.<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820091609/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |archive-date=20 August 2019 |quote=Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. |last2=Kirk |first2=William |last1=Akhtar |first1=Rais |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jan·OsmanczykOsmańczyk2003">{{Cite book |last=Osmańczyk |first=Edmund Jan |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-93922-5 |editor-last=Mango |editor-first=Anthony |edition=3rd |volume=2: G–M |page=1189 |chapter=Jammu and Kashmir. |quote=Territory in northwestern India, subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China. |author-link=Edmund Osmańczyk |access-date=16 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061302/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1189 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Later in 2019, the Modi administration introduced the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]], which was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] on 11 December 2019. It amended the [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship Act, 1955]] by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal immigrants of [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Sikhs|Sikh]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Jainism|Jain]], [[Parsis|Parsi]], or [[Christians|Christian]] religion, who had [[Religious discrimination in Pakistan|fled persecution]] from Pakistan, [[Bangladesh]] and [[Afghanistan]] before December 2014.<ref name="BBC explained">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50670393 Citizenship Amendment Bill: India's new 'anti-Muslim' law explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212192621/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50670393 |date=12 December 2019 }}, [[BBC News]], 11 December 2019.</ref><ref name="PIBPassesBill">{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2019 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195783 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216092712/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D195783 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=18 December 2019 |website=}}</ref> [[Muslims]] from those countries were not given such eligibility.<ref name="Washington Post" /> The act was the first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under [[Law of India|Indian law]].<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cite news |last=Slater |first=Joanna |date=18 December 2019 |title=Why protests are erupting over India's new citizenship law |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/why-indias-citizenship-law-is-so-contentious/2019/12/17/35d75996-2042-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218215158/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/why-indias-citizenship-law-is-so-contentious/2019/12/17/35d75996-2042-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>{{efn|{{harvp|Sharma|2019|p=523}}: "First, citizenship status biased towards religious identity is by no means a new idea.... A careful study of the policies and laws related to citizenship, adopted since independence, substantiates the assertion that citizenship in India has always been based on an implicit belief that India is for Hindus."}}{{efn|{{harvp|Sen|2018|pp=10–11}}: "Nehru's response [to Patel's warning] made it clear that Muslim migrants from Pakistan could not join the ranks of refugees in India... Thus, despite broad public statements promising citizenship to all displaced persons from Pakistan, Hindu migrants alone counted as citizen-refugees in post-partition India."}}{{efn|{{harvp|Jayal|2019|pp=34–35}}: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."}} A report by the [[V-Dem Institute]] described India as experiencing [[democratic backsliding]] due to the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi era]].<ref name="v-dem.net briefing_paper_9" /><ref name="v-dem.net Democracy Report 2021" /> Various other studies and media sources also cite India experiencing democratic backsliding.<ref name="Ashoka Democratic Backsliding"/><ref>{{cite document |last=Bajpaee |first=Chietigj |title=What Democratic Backsliding Means for India |date=April 2024 |publisher=[[Chatham House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=16 March 2021 |title='Electoral autocracy': The downgrading of India's democracy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56393944 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Democratic Backsliding" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |date=16 May 2024 |title=Modi's strongman rule raises questions about India's 'democratic decline' as he seeks a third term |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/17/modi-strongman-rule-raises-questions-on-indias-democratic-decline.html |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> This is considered the most notable challenge to India's democracy since the authoritarian [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] years of 1975–77.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2016 |title=Interview with Indira Gandhi |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/indira-gandhi-interview-tv-eye-1978-585652e6031fe-290724.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811131347/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/indira-gandhi-interview-tv-eye-1978-585652e6031fe-290724.html |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=14 June 2018 |website= |publisher=TV Eye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2015 |title=Recalling the Emergency years |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531210846/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/ |archive-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

== Ideology and political positions ==
{{Conservatism in India|Parties}}
The party, throughout its history, has widely been described as a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]],{{sfnm|1a1=Malik|1a2=Singh|1y=1992|1pp=318–336|BBC|2012|2a1=Banerjee|2y=2005|2p=3118}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=15 April 2024 |title=Narendra Modi: India's popular but controversial leader seeking a transformative third term |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/15/india/modi-profile-india-election-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Karishma |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |date=20 April 2024 |title=As India votes, women and the young could put Modi and BJP over the top |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/18/india-election-modi-women-youth/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 2023 |title=Modi's Hindu Nationalist Agenda Is Corroding India's Democracy |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/will-modi-hindu-nationalism-damage-us-india-relations/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=World Politics Review |language=en-US}}</ref> but has recently increasingly been described as [[Far-right party|far-right]].<ref name="Davies">{{Cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22%22far-right%22 |title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right |last2=Lynch |first2=Derek |date=16 August 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60952-9 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtJ2EAAAQBAJ&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22%22far-right%22 |title=The Handbook of Security |date=2022-06-22 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-91735-7 |pages=158 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leidig |first1=Eviane |last2=Mudde |first2=Cas |date=9 May 2023 |title=Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): The overlooked populist radical right party |url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/jlp.22134.lei |journal=Journal of Language and Politics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=360–377 |doi=10.1075/jlp.22134.lei |issn=1569-2159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ammassari |first1=Sofia |last2=Fossati |first2=Diego |last3=McDonnell |first3=Duncan |title=Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/abs/supporters-of-indias-bjp-distinctly-populist-and-nativist/3D2C84D6F81E1F9CCDD89654B40AB6E8 |journal=Government and Opposition |date=2023 |language=en |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=807–823 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.18 |issn=0017-257X|hdl=10072/415334 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Social policies and Hindutva ===
{{Further|Hindutva}}
The official philosophy of the BJP is "[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]", a philosophy first formulated by [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]] in 1965, who described it as advocating an "indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage."{{sfn|Hansen|1999|p=85}}{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}} It is committed to Hindutva, an ideology articulated by [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]. According to the party, Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over [[Westernization|westernisation]], thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} Scholars and political analysts describe Hindutva as seeking to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions, making the BJP a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] party in a general sense.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}}{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}}{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}}{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}} The BJP moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998, due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=633–659}}{{sfn|Sen|2005|pp=251–272}}

The BJP's Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies. It supports the construction of the [[Ram Mandir]] temple at the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed site]] of the [[Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque]].{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}} This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections.{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}} However, the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of the mosque]] during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in backlash against it, leading to a decline of the temple's prominence in its agenda.{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}} The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools.{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=63}} Various scholars have stated that this revision, especially in the case of history textbooks, was a covert attempt to "[[Saffronisation|saffronise]]" Indian history.{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=63}}{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2005}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2002}}{{sfn|Davies|2005}} The NDA government introduced [[Hindu astrology]] as a subject in college curricula, despite opposition from several leading scientists.{{sfn|BBC|January|2014}}

Links between the BJP and the RSS grew stronger under the Modi administration. The RSS provided organisational support to the BJP's electoral campaigns, while the Modi administration appointed a number of individuals affiliated with the RSS to prominent government positions.<ref name="Orange Evolution">{{Cite news |date=2 March 2019 |title=Narendra Modi and the struggle for India's soul |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2019/03/02/narendra-modi-and-the-struggle-for-indias-soul |url-status=live |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301125100/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2019/03/02/narendra-modi-and-the-struggle-for-indias-soul |archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> In 2014, [[Yellapragada Sudershan Rao]], who had previously been associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] (ICHR).<ref name="Ganguly 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |date=October 2014 |title=India's Watershed Vote: The Risks Ahead |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=56–60 |doi=10.1353/jod.2014.0077 |s2cid=154421269 }}</ref> Historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the BJP, questioned his credentials as a historian, and stated that the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.<ref name="Ganguly 2014" /><ref name="saffronisation">{{Cite news |last=Joshua |first=Anita |date=16 July 2014 |title=Choice of ICHR chief reignites saffronisation debate |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/choice-of-ichr-chief-reignites-saffronisation-debate/article6214483.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202181112/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/choice-of-ichr-chief-reignites-saffronisation-debate/article6214483.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="right_wing">{{Cite news |last=Mukul |first=Akshaya |date=18 July 2014 |title=Right-wingers question ICHR chief selection |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Right-wingers-question-ICHR-chief-selection/articleshow/38581467.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721002055/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Right-wingers-question-ICHR-chief-selection/articleshow/38581467.cms |archive-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Over its first term the Modi administration appointed other RSS members to lead universities and research institutions, and recruitment of faculty members favoring the RSS increased. Scholars [[Nandini Sundar]] and Kiran Bhatty write that many of these appointees did not possess the qualifications for their positions.<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650" /> The Modi administration also made numerous changes in government-approved history textbooks. These changes de-emphasising the role of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and glorifying that of Modi himself, while also portraying Indian society as harmonious, without conflict or inequity.<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650" /><ref name="Bhatty 2019">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=School education: Denials and delusions |encyclopedia=A quantum leap in the wrong direction? |last=Bhatty |first=Kiran |date=2019 |editor-last=Azad |editor-first=Rohit |isbn=978-93-5287-618-1 |oclc=1089418969 |editor-last2=Chakraborty |editor-first2=Shouvik |editor-last3=Ramani |editor-first3=Srinivasan |editor-last4=Sinha |editor-first4=Dipa}}</ref>

The BJP supports a [[uniform civil code]], which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion, replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community. Historian Yogendra Malik writes that this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}}{{sfn|Seshia|1998|pp=1036–1050}} The BJP favoured, and in 2019 enacted,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament approves Resolution to repeal Article 370; paves way to truly integrate J&K with Indian Union |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505, |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075212/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505, |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130063447/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms |date=30 November 2021 }}, The Economic Times, 5 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805094806/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019 |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]], which granted a greater degree of autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession to the Indian Union]].{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} It simultaneously [[The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|abrogated Jammu and Kashmir statehood]], dividing it into two separate [[union territory|union territories]], those being [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650" />

The BJP opposes [[Illegal immigration in India|illegal immigration into India]] from [[Bangladesh]].{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}} The party states that this migration, mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal, threatens the security, economy, and stability of the country.{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}} Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees, and reserves the term "illegal" for Muslim migrants.{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}} Academic Michael Gillan perceived it as an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful.{{sfn|Gillan|2002|pp=73–95}}{{sfn|Ramachandran|2003}} The party later formed the government in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2021 |title=Assam's fascinating politics & how RSS took BJP to the top in a state where it didn't exist |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/assams-fascinating-politics-how-rss-took-bjp-to-the-top-in-a-state-where-it-didnt-exist/623280/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518010553/https://theprint.in/opinion/assams-fascinating-politics-how-rss-took-bjp-to-the-top-in-a-state-where-it-didnt-exist/623280/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The Modi administration passed a [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|citizenship law]] in 2019 which provided a pathway to Indian citizenship for [[Religious persecution|persecuted religious]] minorities from [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]] who are [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]], [[Buddhists]], [[Jain]]s, [[Parsis]] or [[Christians]].<ref name="BBC explained" /><ref name="PIBPassesBill" /> The law does not grant such eligibility to [[Muslims]].<ref name="CNNExcludes">{{Cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Gupta |first2=Swati |last3=Khan |first3=Omar |title=India passes controversial citizenship bill that excludes Muslims |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215224043/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |quote=The government, ruled by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), said the bill seeks to protect religious minorities who fled persecution in their home countries.}}</ref><ref name="NPRExcludes">{{Cite news |last=Gringlas |first=Sam |title=India Passes Controversial Citizenship Bill That Would Exclude Muslims |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787220640/india-passes-controversial-citizenship-bill-that-would-exclude-muslims |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215032601/https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787220640/india-passes-controversial-citizenship-bill-that-would-exclude-muslims |archive-date=15 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Washington Post" /> This was first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under [[Indian law]]: it attracted global [[criticism]], and sparked widespread [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|protests]] that were halted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Bhatty Sundar pp. 632–650" /><ref name="Washington Post" />{{efn|{{harvp|Jayal|2019|pp=33–50}}: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."}} Counter-demonstrations against the protests developed into the [[2020 Delhi riots]], caused chiefly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims.<ref name="guardian-3-16-20-1">{{Citation |last1=Ellis-Peterson |first1=Hannah |title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots |date=16 March 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317023019/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots |url-status=live |place=Delhi |archive-date=17 March 2020 |last2=Azizur Rahman |first2=Shaikh}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March1">{{Citation |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse |date=1 March 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306120958/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html |url-status=live |archive-date=6 March 2020 |last2=Abi-Habib |first2=Maria}}</ref> Of the 53 people killed, two-thirds were Muslim.<ref name="nytimes-2020-3-12-two-thirds">{{Citation |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims |date=12 March 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313011029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html |url-status=live |others=Photographs by Loke, Atul |archive-date=13 March 2020 |last2=Yasir |first2=Sameer |last3=Raj |first3=Suhasini |last4=Kumar |first4=Hari}}</ref><ref name="wapo-3-6-20-slater-1">{{Citation |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn |date=6 March 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307070624/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |url-status=live |archive-date=7 March 2020 |last2=Masih |first2=Niha}}</ref><ref name="wapo-3-2-20-slater-1">{{Citation |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |title=What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India |date=2 March 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303203132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |url-status=live |archive-date=3 March 2020 |last2=Masih |first2=Niha}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] reinstated the controversial [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]], which, among other things, criminalises homosexuality. There was a popular outcry, although clerics largely stated that they supported the verdict.{{sfn|Times of India|2013}}{{sfn|Buncombe|2014}} BJP president [[Rajnath Singh]] said that the party supported Section 377, because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural,{{sfn|Ramaseshan|2013}} though the party softened the public stance after its victory in the 2014 general elections.{{sfn|Business Standard|2014}} The Modi government is opposed to [[same-sex marriage]], stating in a legal affidavit that legalising it would cause "complete havoc with the delicate balance of personal laws in the country" and that it was "not comparable with Indian family unit concept of a husband, wife & children which necessarily presuppose a biological man as 'husband', a biological woman as 'wife' and children born out of union".<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2021 |title=Indian government opposes same sex marriage, saying family is 'union of biological man and woman' |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/same-sex-marriage-india-b1807278.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117000847/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/same-sex-marriage-india-b1807278.html |archive-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Economic policies ===
The BJP's economic policy has changed considerably since its founding. There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party. In the 1980s, like the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Jana Sangh]], it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates. It supported ''[[swadeshi]]'' (the promotion of indigenous industries and products) and a [[protectionist]] export policy. However, it supported internal [[economic liberalisation]], and opposed the state-driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress.{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}} During the 1996 elections, and later when it was in government, the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards [[globalisation]]. The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India.{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}} This was criticised, including by the BJP's affiliates, the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch:{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}} the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its ''swadeshi'' ideology.{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}}

The two NDA governments in the period 1998–2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government-owned enterprises. It also introduced tariff-reducing measures. These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the P. V. Narasimha Rao-led Congress government in the early 1990s.{{sfn|Tiwari|2012}} India's GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA. The 2004 campaign slogan [[India Shining]] was based on the party's belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=710–720}} After its unexpected defeat, commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies.{{sfn|Ramesh|2004}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2004}}{{sfn|Sen|2005|p=70}}

This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments, especially in Gujarat, where the BJP held power for 16 years.{{sfn|Sheela Bhatt|2014}} Modi's government, in power from 2002 to 2014, followed a strongly neo-liberal agenda, presented as a drive towards development.{{sfn|Bobbio|2012|pp=652–668}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2013|pp=79–95}} Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services, as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations. While this was praised by the business community, commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP's upper-class constituency instead of the poor.{{sfn|Bobbio|2012|pp=652–668}}

The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, based on a [[neoliberal]] framework.<ref name="Ruparelia">{{Cite journal |last=Ruparelia |first=Sanjay |date=12 January 2016 |title='Minimum Government, Maximum Governance': The Restructuring of Power in Modi's India |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=755–775 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1089974 |issn=0085-6401 |s2cid=155182560}}</ref><ref name="Shah & Lerche">{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Alpa |last2=Lerche |first2=Jens |date=10 October 2015 |title=India's Democracy: Illusion of Inclusion |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/41/book-reviews/indias-democracy-illusion-inclusion.html |url-status=live |journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]] |volume=50 |issue=41 |pages=33–36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328113150/https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/41/book-reviews/indias-democracy-illusion-inclusion.html |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Modi liberalised India's [[foreign direct investment]] policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including in defence and the railways.<ref name="Ruparelia" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2014 |title=Cabinet approves raising FDI cap in defence to 49 percent, opens up railways |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-07/news/52555932_1_defence-sector-cent-fdi-railways-sector |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807044440/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-07/news/52555932_1_defence-sector-cent-fdi-railways-sector |archive-date=7 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zhong |first=Raymond |date=20 November 2014 |title=Modi Presses Reform for India—But Is it Enough? |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/modi-presses-reform-for-india-but-is-it-enough-1416466742 |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329123224/http://www.wsj.com/articles/modi-presses-reform-for-india-but-is-it-enough-1416466742 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other proposed reforms included making it harder for workers to form unions and easier for employers to hire and fire them;<ref name="Shah & Lerche" /> some of these proposals were dropped after protests.<ref name="ET March 2018">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2018 |title=Modi renews labour reforms push as jobs regain focus before polls |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-renews-labour-reforms-push-as-jobs-regain-focus-before-polls/articleshow/63297358.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124121/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-renews-labour-reforms-push-as-jobs-regain-focus-before-polls/articleshow/63297358.cms |archive-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> The reforms drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions went on strike, including one affiliated with the BJP.<ref name="Shah & Lerche" /> The [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]], a constituent of the Sangh Parivar, stated that the underlying motivation of labour reforms favoured corporations over labourers.<ref name="Ruparelia" /> Modi has been described as taking a more economically [[populist]] approach on healthcare and agricultural policy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Modi rolls out his populist plans with a second term in mind |work=[[The Nikkei]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Modi-rolls-out-his-populist-plans-with-a-second-term-in-mind |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820174144/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Modi-rolls-out-his-populist-plans-with-a-second-term-in-mind |archive-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> Modi's government has also been described as taking a more protectionist turn on international trade during his second term, withdrawing from the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] talks<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2020 |title=Why India opted out of world's biggest today |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/why-india-opted-out-of-worlds-biggest-trade-deal-signed-today/articleshow/79230628.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114124257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/why-india-opted-out-of-worlds-biggest-trade-deal-signed-today/articleshow/79230628.cms |archive-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2020 |title=Out of RCEP, India seeks an export passage to Africa |work=[[The Nikkei|Nikkei]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Out-of-RCEP-India-seeks-an-export-passage-to-Africa |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103080258/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Out-of-RCEP-India-seeks-an-export-passage-to-Africa |archive-date=3 January 2021 |quote=India has made a calculated move to shift its focus from multilateral trade to protectionism.}}</ref> and introducing the 2020 [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] economic plan, which emphasises national self-sufficiency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2020 |title=Modi forced to tread different path in post-Trump era |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b98a768d-1e2b-4ec0-94ed-75b24daee961 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/b98a768d-1e2b-4ec0-94ed-75b24daee961 |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2020 |title=India Tariffs Show Modi's Protectionist U-Turn |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/trade-war-latest-modi-makes-a-u-turn-k6t9lj64 |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303220412/https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/trade-war-latest-modi-makes-a-u-turn-k6t9lj64 |archive-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Defence and counterterrorism ===
Compared to Congress, the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism.{{sfn|Ganguly|1999|pp=148–177}}{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} The Vajpayee-led NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests and enacted the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]], which later came under heavy criticism.{{sfn|Ganguly|1999|pp=148–177}}{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil, and supported the United States' [[war on terror]].{{sfn|Kux|2002|pp=93–106}}

Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test, the Vajpayee government broke with India's historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised [[Pokhran-II]], a series of five nuclear tests in 1998.{{sfn|Ganguly|1999|pp=148–177}} The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium-range ballistic missile. They were seen as an attempt to display India's military prowess to the world, and a reflection of anti-Pakistan sentiment within the BJP.{{sfn|Ganguly|1999|pp=148–177}}

The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying [[Kashmir]] territory, later known as the [[Kargil War]].{{sfn|Qadir|2002|pp=1–10}}{{sfn|Abbas|2004|p=173}} Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence, it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian-controlled territory.{{sfn|Qadir|2002|pp=1–10}}{{sfn|Abbas|2004|p=173}}

After the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament]] in December 2001, the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} The aim of the act was to improve the government's ability to deal with terrorism.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} It initially failed to pass in the [[Rajya Sabha]]; therefore, the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a [[joint session]] of the Parliament, where the numerical superior [[Lok Sabha]] allowed the bill to pass.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} However, it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon [[civil liberties]], and the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] stated that it had been used to target Muslims.{{sfn|Krishnan|2004|pp=1–37}} It was later repealed by the Congress-led UPA government in 2004.{{sfn|Times of India|2002}}

The Modi government has conducted several strikes on territory controlled by neighbouring countries on counterterrorism grounds. This included a [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar]] against the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]], the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]] in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2018 |title=Ex-Army chief Dalbir Singh praises PM Narendra Modi for surgical strikes in Pakistan, Myanmar |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ex-army-chief-dalbir-singh-praises-pm-narendra-modi-for-surgical-strikes-in-pakistan-myanmar/articleshow/60885703.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118052537/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ex-army-chief-dalbir-singh-praises-pm-narendra-modi-for-surgical-strikes-in-pakistan-myanmar/articleshow/60885703.cms |archive-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> It also militarily intervened in defence of [[Bhutan]] during the [[2017 Doklam standoff]] with China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2017 |title=Doklam Standoff: Who's Involved & Why's India Bothered? |work=[[The Quint]] |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/doklam-standoff-explained |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027203809/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/doklam-standoff-explained |archive-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>

The Modi government considers national security to be one of their key focuses and has implemented many long-standing defence reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anit |date=5 May 2021 |title=The Great Churning: Modi's Transformation of the Indian Military |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/05/the-great-churning-modis-transformation-of-the-indian-military/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065208/https://warontherocks.com/2021/05/the-great-churning-modis-transformation-of-the-indian-military/ |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2019 |title=BJP Manifesto 2019: National security, welfare key themes for Modi's re-election bid – 5 takeaways |language=en |work=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/bjp-manifesto-2019-national-security-welfare-key-themes-for-modis-re-election-bid-5-takeaways/1541500/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065206/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/bjp-manifesto-2019-national-security-welfare-key-themes-for-modis-re-election-bid-5-takeaways/1541500/ |archive-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> In August 2019, the Modi government established the post of the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)]] to ensure better coordination between all three services, a reform that was widely requested after the 1999 Kargil War.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2019 |title=Explained: What is Chief of Defence Staff that PM Modi announced in I-Day speech |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/explained-what-is-chief-of-defence-staff-cds-pm-narendra-modi-independence-day-speech-1581018-2019-08-15 |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927070751/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/explained-what-is-chief-of-defence-staff-cds-pm-narendra-modi-independence-day-speech-1581018-2019-08-15 |archive-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> The [[Department of Military Affairs]] was also established and put under the CDS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=24 December 2019 |title=Govt sets up Dept of Military Affairs to be headed by Chief of Defence Staff |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-sets-up-dept-of-military-affairs-to-be-headed-by-chief-of-defence-staff/story-eIC4HPIpbexJgGtpEfMaLI.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003170252/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-sets-up-dept-of-military-affairs-to-be-headed-by-chief-of-defence-staff/story-eIC4HPIpbexJgGtpEfMaLI.html |archive-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
The historical stance of the BJP towards [[foreign policy]], like the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, was based on aggressive Hindutva combined with economic protectionism.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the [[partition of India]]; as a result, its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP's ideology.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}}{{sfn|Harris|2005|pp=7–27}} During the Cold War, the party and its affiliates strongly opposed India's long standing policy of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]], and instead advocated closeness to the United States.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} In the post-Cold War era, the party has largely embraced the Indian foreign policy consensus of improving relations with the United States,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inbar |first=Efraim |title=US Foreign Policy and Global Standing in the 21st Century |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |page=155}}</ref> while stressing a desire for a more [[Polarity (international relations)|multipolar]] world order.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2020 |title=Multipolar world should include multipolar Asia: Jaishankar |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/multipolar-world-should-include-multipolar-asia-jaishankar/article32644407.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124010145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/multipolar-world-should-include-multipolar-asia-jaishankar/article32644407.ece |archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

The Vajpayee government's foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy while maintaining some aspects of it.{{sfn|Shulman|2000|pp=365–390}}{{sfn|Harris|2005|pp=7–27}} Its policy also represented a significant change from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru#Foreign policy|Nehruvian idealism]] of previous governments, opting instead for realism.{{sfn|Lall|2006}} His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan. In 1998, he made a landmark visit to Pakistan, and inaugurated the [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]] service.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} Vajpayee signed the [[Lahore Declaration]], which was an attempt to improve Indo-Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} However, the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later, causing the [[Kargil War|1999 Kargil War]]. The war ended a couple of months later, with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later, without any shift in the [[Line of Control]] that marked the ''de facto'' border between the two countries.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} Despite the war, Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue. This was not well received among the BJP cadre, who criticised the government for being "weak".{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}} This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post-Kargil [[Agra summit]], preventing any significant deal from being reached.{{sfn|Chaulia|2002|pp=215–234}}

The Vajpayee government strongly opposed the 1999 [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], with Vajpayee describing it as a "dance of destruction".<ref>Pradhan, Sharat. [https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/29nato.htm Vajpayee condemns NATO war in Kosovo]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118134331/https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/29nato.htm |date=18 November 2008}}. ''[[Rediff]]'', 29 March 1999.</ref><ref>Faiola, Anthony. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/anger051899.htm Yugoslavia Air Campaign Ignites Anti-U.S. Sentiment]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315020414/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/anger051899.htm|date=15 March 2018}}. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 18 May 1999.</ref> The Vajpayee administration later offered political support to the U.S. [[war on terror]], in the hope of better addressing India's issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir. This led to closer defence ties with the US, including negotiations for the sale of weapons.{{sfn|Kux|2002|pp=93–106}} However, the BJP strongly condemned the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], stating that it "deplores the unjustified military action resorted to by the United States, Britain and their allies against Iraq".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2003 |title=BJP Passes Resolution 'Deploring' Iraq War |work=Arab News |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/230278 |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901100757/https://www.arabnews.com/node/230278 |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> The BJP also opposed the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]] and urged the [[Lok Sabha]] to pass a unanimous resolution condemning it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2011 |title=Condemn air strikes on Libya: MPs |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article60530375.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901101324/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article60530375.ece |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>

The Modi government initially took a pragmatic stance towards Pakistan, attempting to improve relations with [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s government, culminating in Modi visiting Pakistan in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2015 |title=India PM Modi in surprise Pakistan visit |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35178594 |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211014845/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35178594 |archive-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Relations subsequently deteriorated, particularly after Sharif was ousted in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2020 |title=PM Modi offers condolences to Sharif on his mother's death |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-offers-condolences-to-sharif-on-his-mothers-death/articleshow/79790702.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222092117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-offers-condolences-to-sharif-on-his-mothers-death/articleshow/79790702.cms |archive-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> The Modi government has since been described as taking a "hardline" approach on Pakistan, and the BJP has accused the opposition Congress of collaborating with Pakistan through its criticism of government policy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2019 |title=The Modi Years: Where does India's Pakistan policy stand? |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/article/914369/the-modi-years-where-does-indias-pakistan-policy-stand |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310074955/https://scroll.in/article/914369/the-modi-years-where-does-indias-pakistan-policy-stand |archive-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> In 2015, the Modi government was accused by the Nepalese government of imposing an undeclared [[2015 Nepal blockade|blockade on Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2015 |title=Nepal PM Wants India to Lift Undeclared Blockade |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108132725/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> The Modi government expressed concern following the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]], but maintained cordial relations with the military government, abstaining from a [[United Nations Security Council]] resolution regarding the situation there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Michael |date=22 November 2021 |title=Prime Minister Modi and Myanmar's Military Junta |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/prime-minister-modi-and-myanmars-military-junta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130192530/https://www.csis.org/analysis/prime-minister-modi-and-myanmars-military-junta |archive-date=30 January 2023 |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=22 December 2022 |title=India abstains from UNSC vote on Myanmar, calls for constructive diplomacy |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/india-china-russia-abstain-on-unsc-resolution-on-myanmar/article66291314.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130192526/https://www.thehindu.com/news/india-china-russia-abstain-on-unsc-resolution-on-myanmar/article66291314.ece |archive-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> The Modi government remained neutral on the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Why India maintains neutral stand in Russia-Ukraine war? PM Modi answers |work=Livemint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/why-india-maintains-neutral-stand-in-russia-ukraine-war-pm-modi-answers-11646930954628.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113134704/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/why-india-maintains-neutral-stand-in-russia-ukraine-war-pm-modi-answers-11646930954628.html |archive-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> abstaining from [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623]], which condemned the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Opposition on India's Russia resolution abstention: 'Same side as China' |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/opposition-as-india-skips-russia-resolution-vote-stood-on-same-side-as-china-101645862429168.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901102900/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/opposition-as-india-skips-russia-resolution-vote-stood-on-same-side-as-china-101645862429168.html |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> The leadership of the Indian National Congress backed the government's stance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=Ukraine crisis: Congress backs decision to abstain from voting on UN resolutions |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ukraine-crisis-congress-backs-decision-to-abstain-from-voting-on-un-resolutions/articleshow/89967628.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901102900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ukraine-crisis-congress-backs-decision-to-abstain-from-voting-on-un-resolutions/articleshow/89967628.cms |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>

===Disinformation and conspiracy theories===

The BJP has frequently spread disinformation and relied on the demonisation of Muslims.<ref name="x215">{{cite web | last=Bhattacharyya | first=Indradeep | title=BJP's 2024 poll campaign is riding on disinformation and Muslim vilification | website=Alt News | date=2024-05-01 | url=https://www.altnews.in/bjps-2024-poll-campaign-is-riding-on-disinformation-and-muslim-vilification/ | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref> The use of fake news has been a part of the party's strategy. In September 2018, [[Amit Shah]] said at a party meeting in Rajasthan that the [[BJP IT cell]] had influenced the media during the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh]] elections and added, "We should be capable of delivering any message to the public, whether sweet or sour, true or fake."<ref name="q786">{{cite book | last1=Jaffrelot | first1=Christophe | last2=Schoch | first2=C. | title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2023 | isbn=978-0-691-24790-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fuUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA329 | access-date=2024-12-10 | page=329}}</ref>

In April 2024, the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] criticised the BJP for promoting [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] conspiracy theories involving [[George Soros]].<ref name="s195">{{cite web | title=US State Dept Accuses India of Anti-Semitism for Pushing Conspiracies Against George Soros | website=The Wire | date=2023-10-06 | url=https://thewire.in/government/us-state-dept-accuses-india-of-anti-semitism-for-pushing-conspiracies-against-george-soros | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref>

In December 2024, the French newspaper [[Mediapart]] condemned the BJP for falsifying its reports and added, "There are no facts available supporting the conspiracy theory promoted by BJP".<ref name="z245">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=BJP spreading 'fake news', says French media house Mediapart | website=The Hindu | date=2024-12-09 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-spreading-fake-news-says-french-media-house/article68966777.ece | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref>

== Organisation and structure ==
{{Main|Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{Further|List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
[[File:Structure of BJP 2020 March.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|A diagram of the [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party|structure of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]]]
The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical, with the [[List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|president]] being the highest authority in the party.{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}} Until 2012, the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three-year term.{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}} This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms.{{sfn|Times of India|2012}}

Below the president is the [[National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National Executive]], which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country. It is the higher decision-making body of the party. Its members are several vice-presidents, general-secretaries, treasurers and secretaries, who work directly with the president.{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}} An identical structure, with an executive committee led by a president, exists at the state, regional, district and local level.{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}

The BJP is a cadre-based party. It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideologies, such as the RSS, ABVP, BYSS, VHP and other [[Sangh Parivar]]-related organisations. The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP's. Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates, loosely known as the Sangh Parivar:{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}
* The [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (''All India Students' Union''), the students' wing of the RSS{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}
* The [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]] (''Indian Farmer's Union''), the farmers' division{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}
* The [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]] (''Indian Labourers Union''), the labour union associated with the RSS{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}

The party has subsidiary organisations of its own, such as:
* The BJP Mahila Morcha (''BJP Women's Front''), its women's division{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}
* The [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (''Indian People's Youth Front''), its youth wing{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}
* The BJP Minority Morcha (''BJP Minority Front''), its minority division{{sfn|Swain|2001|pp=71–104}}

In terms of members, BJP claims to have over 170 million members<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-16 |title=BJP v CCP: The rise of the world's biggest political party |language=en-UK |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/bjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701075444/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/bjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html |archive-date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-16 |title=How BJP became world's largest political party in 4 decades |language=en-IN |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades/articleshow/90680606.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628205517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades/articleshow/90680606.cms |archive-date=28 June 2023}}</ref> as of October 2022, and it's considered to be among the world's [[List of largest political parties|largest political parties]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-23 |title=Narendra Modi's Message to America |language=en-US |work=National Review |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/the-morning-jolt/narendra-modis-message-to-america/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701084716/https://www.nationalreview.com/the-morning-jolt/narendra-modis-message-to-america/ |archive-date=1 July 2023 |quote="His Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, or "Indian People's Party") is on the right of the Indian political spectrum. It is the largest political party in the world, with more members than the Chinese Communist Party, and supports Hindu nationalist ideology and economic development."}}</ref> In September 2024, PM Modi initiated the BJP membership drive,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-membership-drive-from-september-1-usually-precedes-polls-to-elect-party-chief/article68537254.ece|title=BJP membership drive from September 1, usually precedes polls to elect party chief|date=2024-08-17|website=The Hindu|access-date=2024-09-24}}</ref> this campaign has been controversial for deceptive and coercive membership enrollment by BJP workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-man-claims-he-was-thrashed-for-refusing-to-become-bjp-member-4-booked-3194800|title=Madhya Pradesh: Man claims he was thrashed for refusing to become BJP member; 4 booked|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> In Gujarat, minor school children have been enrolled as BJP members.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/bjp-membership-drive-hits-controversies-in-gujarat/article68657001.ece|first=Mahesh|last=Langa|date=2024-09-19|access-date=2024-09-24|website=The Hindu|title=BJP membership drive hits controversies in Gujarat}}</ref>

== General election results ==
{{See also|Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}

The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially founded in 1980, and the first general election it contested was in 1984, in which it won only two [[Lok Sabha]] seats. Following the election in 1996, the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time, but the government it formed was short-lived.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}} In the elections of 1998 and 1999, it remained the largest party, and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions.{{sfn|Sen|2005|pp=251–272}} In the 2014 general election, it won an outright majority in parliament. From 1991 onwards, a BJP member has led the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Opposition]] whenever the party was not in power.{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2014}}{{efn|For the electoral results of the BJP's predecessors, see the JP and BJS articles.}}
{{Clear|left}}
[[File:Seats Won by BJP in Indian General Elections (1984–2024).png|thumb|Seats Won by BJP in Indian General Elections (1984–2024)|800px]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Year
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Legislature
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"|Party leader
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Seats contested
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Seats won
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Change in seats
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Percentage<br />of votes
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Vote swing
! style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Outcome
! class="unsortable" style="background:#f93; color:#000;"| Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[8th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 229
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 2
| 7.74%
| ''New''
| {{no|Opposition}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1984}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[9th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=2| [[Lal Krishna Advani]]
| 225
|{{Composition bar|85|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 83
| 11.36%
| {{increase}} 3.62%
| {{partial|[[Confidence and supply|Outside support]] for [[National Front (India)|NF]]}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1989}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[10th Lok Sabha]]
| 477
|{{Composition bar|120|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 35
| 20.11%
| {{increase}} 8.75%
| {{no2|Official Opposition}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1991}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2"| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2"|[[11th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=4|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| rowspan="2"|471
| rowspan="2"|{{Composition bar|161|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| rowspan="2"|{{increase}} 41
| rowspan="2"|20.29%
| rowspan="2"| {{increase}} 0.18%
| {{yes2|Coalition (1996)}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1996}}
|-
| {{no2|Official Opposition (1996–97)}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1996}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[12th Lok Sabha]]
| 388
|{{Composition bar|182|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 21
| 25.59%
| {{increase}} 5.30%
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1998}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[13th Lok Sabha]]
| 339
|{{Composition bar|182|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 23.75%
| {{decrease}} 1.84%
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|1999}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[14th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=2|[[Lal Krishna Advani]]
| 364
|{{Composition bar|138|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 44
| 22.16%
| {{decrease}} 1.69%
| {{no2|Official Opposition}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|2004}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[15th Lok Sabha]]
| 433
|{{Composition bar|116|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 22
| 18.80%
| {{decrease}} 3.36%
| {{no2|Official Opposition}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|2009}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[16th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=3|[[Narendra Modi]]
| 428
|{{Composition bar|282|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 166
| 31.34%
| {{increase}} 12.54%
| {{yes|Majority}}
|{{sfn|Election Commission|2014}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[17th Lok Sabha]]
| 436
|{{Composition bar|303|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 21
| 37.46%
|{{increase}} 6.12%
| {{yes|Majority}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=28 May 2019 |title=BJP: Here's how BJP earned the massive mandate: Explained in numbers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/heres-how-bjp-earned-massive-mandate-explained-in-numbers/articleshow/69529857.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203005824/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/heres-how-bjp-earned-massive-mandate-explained-in-numbers/articleshow/69529857.cms |archive-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=20. Performance of National Parties |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10955-20-performance-of-national-parties/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073533/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10955-20-performance-of-national-parties/ |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| 441
|{{Composition bar|240|543|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 63
| 36.56%
|{{decrease}} 0.8%
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/04/india/india-election-modi-victory-declaration-intl-hnk|title=Modi declares victory in India elections but party faces shock losses in parliament and will need coalition|first=Rhea|last=Mogul|date=4 June 2024|website=CNN}}</ref>
|}

{{Vertical bar chart|1984|2|1989|85|1991|120|1996|161|1998|182|1999|182|2004|138|2009|116|2014|282|2019|303|2024|240|full_name=All time-BJP Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|color=orange}}

== Presence in states and Union Territories ==
[[File:Presence of BJP or NDA in States UTs of India all time 2026 ver.png|thumb|States and UTs of India which have had either BJP CMs, NDA CMs, or neither.]]
The BJP has previously held power in [[Karnataka]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Also it has been the junior coalition partner in governments in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (with the [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]), [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (with the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]), and [[Tamil Nadu]] (with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]). It has never held power in [[Kerala]], [[Telangana]], and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/kerala-the-ever-elusive-state-for-the-bjp/article65946291.ece|title=Kerala: the ever-elusive State for the BJP|first=Biju|last=Govind|work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/not-happening-bjp-won-t-rule-kerala-feels-party-mla-o-rajagopal-1449228-2019-02-06|title=Not happening: BJP won't rule Kerala, feels party's only MLA from the state|first=P. S. Gopikrishnan|last=Unnithan|date=6 February 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-will-not-win-in-bengal-by-insulting-bengalis-cm-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/123709689.cms|title=BJP will not win in Bengal by insulting Bengalis: CM Mamata Banerjee|work=The Times of India |date=5 September 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

In addition to the NDA, the BJP is also a part of a regional political alliance in Northeast India named the [[North-East Democratic Alliance]].<ref name="thewire.in-25May16">{{Cite web |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=25 May 2016 |title=BJP Crafts North East Democratic Alliance to Make the Region 'Congress Mukt' |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-crafts-north-east-democratic-alliance-to-make-the-region-congress-mukt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526113451/http://thewire.in/2016/05/25/bjp-crafts-north-east-democratic-alliance-to-make-the-region-congress-mukt-38680/ |archive-date=26 May 2016 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2016 |title=Amit Shah holds meeting with northeast CMs, forms alliance |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amit-shah-holds-meeting-with-northeast-cms-forms-alliance/story-YDYLQ6YsImuzZOQ6Zev5MO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526061921/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amit-shah-holds-meeting-with-northeast-cms-forms-alliance/story-YDYLQ6YsImuzZOQ6Zev5MO.html |archive-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=BJP Acts East With New Anti-Congress Bloc, Puts Himanta Biswa in Charge |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hours-after-sonowal-oath-ceremony-bjp-forms-anti-congress-bloc-in-northeast-1409824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525135628/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hours-after-sonowal-oath-ceremony-bjp-forms-anti-congress-bloc-in-northeast-1409824 |archive-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Legislature
!Seats
!Legislative leader
!Status
|-
!Colspan=4|Upper House
|-
|[[Rajya Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|106|245|hex={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|[[J. P. Nadda]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|1|58|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Somu Veerraju]]
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|[[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]]
|{{Composition bar|22|75|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Hari Sahni]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Karnataka Legislative Council|Karnataka]]
|{{Composition bar|30|75|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Chalavadi Narayanaswamy]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|
[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra]]
|{{Composition bar|22|78|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Pravin Darekar]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]]
|{{Composition bar|3|40|hex=#FF9933}}
|A.Venkata Narayana Reddy
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|
[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|79|100|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
!Colspan=4|Lower House
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|8|175|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Penmetsa Vishnu Kumar Raju]]
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|46|60|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Pema Khandu]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
|{{Composition bar|64|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
|{{Composition bar|88|243|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|{{Composition bar|54|90|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
|{{Composition bar|27|40|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Pramod Sawant]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
|{{Composition bar|162|182|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]
|{{Composition bar|48|90|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|28|68|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|
[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
|{{Composition bar|21|81|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|
[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
|{{Composition bar|63|224|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[R. Ashoka]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|
[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]
|{{Composition bar|0|140|hex=#FF9933}}
|Colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|-
|
[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|165|230|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Mohan Yadav]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|{{Composition bar|131|288|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
|{{Composition bar|37|60|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Y. Khemchand Singh]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
|{{Composition bar|2|60|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Sanbor Shullai]]
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|
[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]
|{{Composition bar|2|40|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[K. Beichhua]]
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|
[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
|{{Composition bar|11|60|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Y. Patton]]
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|
[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
|{{Composition bar|79|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|{{Composition bar|2|117|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|
[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|{{Composition bar|118|200|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]
|{{Composition bar|0|32|hex=#FF9933}}
|Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|{{yes2|Alliance}}
|-
|
[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Composition bar|4|234|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|
[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
|{{Composition bar|8|119|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Alleti Maheshwar Reddy]]
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|
[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
|{{Composition bar|33|60|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Manik Saha]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{Composition bar|257|403|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
|{{Composition bar|47|70|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]
|{{Composition bar|65|294|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
|{{Composition bar|48|70|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|
[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Composition bar|29|90|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|
[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
|{{Composition bar|9|33|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[A. Namassivayam]]
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|}

== List of heads of government ==
=== List of prime ministers ===
{{further|List of prime ministers of India}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|No.
!rowspan="2"|Portrait
!rowspan="2"|Prime minister
!rowspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Term in office
!rowspan="2"|Lok Sabha
!rowspan="2"|Cabinet
|-
!Start
!End
!Tenure
|-
!rowspan="3"|[[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|1]]
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]
|16 May 1996
|1 June 1996
|{{ayd|16 May 1996|1 June 1996}}
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|[[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
|-
|19 March 1998
|13 October 1999
|rowspan="2"|{{ayd|19 March 1998|22 May 2004}}
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
|-
| 14 October 1999
|22 May 2004
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Premiership of Narendra Modi|2]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
|26 May 2014
|30 May 2019
| rowspan="3" |{{age in years and days|2014|5|26}}
| [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 30 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 9 June 2024
| ''Incumbent''
| [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|}

=== List of incumbent chief ministers ===
[[File:BJP CM History 2026.png|400px|right]]
{{Main|List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{As of|2025|02|22}}, 56 people from Bharatiya Janata Party have held the position of a chief minister, 16 of whom are incumbent.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Incumbent Chief Ministers from the BJP
!No.
!State
!Portrait
!Name
!Cabinet
!colspan="2"|Governing coalition
|-
!1
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[File:Pema Khandu in July 2016.jpg|80px|border]]
|[[Pema Khandu]]
|[[Fifth Pema Khandu ministry|Khandu V]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
!rowspan="3"|2
|rowspan="3"|[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Himanta Biswa Sarma (cropped).jpg|103x103px]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|Rowspan=3|[[Sarma ministry|Sarma]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
|{{Party color cell|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bodoland People's Front}}
|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
|-
!rowspan="5"|3
|rowspan="5"|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
|rowspan="5"|[[File:Deputy CM Samrat Chaudhary congratulating Nitish Kumar on his birthday (cropped).jpg|109x109px]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|Rowspan=5|[[Choudhary ministry|Choudhary]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|-
|{{Party color cell|Hindustani Awam Morcha|}}
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM(S)]]
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Morcha|}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]]
|-
!4
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[File:Vishnu Deo Sai, Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|[[Vishnudeo Sai ministry|Sai]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
!5
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
| [[File:Chief Minister of Delhi, Smt. Rekha Gupta.jpg|80px|border]]
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|[[Rekha Gupta ministry|Gupta]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
!rowspan="3"|6
|rowspan="3"|[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
|rowspan="3"|[[File:The Chief Minister of Goa, Shri Pramod Sawant.jpg|103x103px]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Pramod Sawant]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Second Pramod Sawant ministry|Sawant II]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
|{{Party color cell|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]]
|-
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!7
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
|[[File:Chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri Bhupendra Patel (2).jpg|80px|border]]
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|[[Second Bhupendrabhai Patel ministry|Patel II]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
!8
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]
|[[File:Nayab Singh Saini 2018.jpg|80px|border]]
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|[[Second Saini ministry|Saini II]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
!9
|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[File:Prime Minister Modi meets Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|106x106px]]
|[[Mohan Yadav]]
|[[Mohan Yadav ministry|Yadav]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
!rowspan="8"|[[Chief ministership of Devendra Fadnavis|10]]
|rowspan="8"|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|rowspan="8"|[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|105x105px]]
|rowspan="8"|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="8"|[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|SHS]]
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|bgcolor=#CB00F1|
|JSS
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|-
| bgcolor=#1A34BB|
|RYSP
|-
| bgcolor=#F58E7D|
|RSVA
|-
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
| [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|-
!rowspan="4"|11
|rowspan="4"|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
|rowspan="4"|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
|Rowspan=4|[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh ministry|Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
|style="background:#DB7093|
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|-
|style="background:#906;"|
|[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|-
|style="background:#CDCDCD;"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!12
|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
|[[File:Mohan Charan Majhi (2024 Image) (3x4 cropped).jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi ministry|Majhi]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
!13
|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|[[File:Bhajan Lal Sharma.jpg|80px|border]]
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Sharma]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
!rowspan="3"|14
|rowspan="3"|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Manik Saha Invitation for HWC 2023.jpg|80px|border]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Manik Saha]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Second Saha ministry|Saha II]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
|{{Party color cell|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
|-
|style="background:green;"|
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]
|-
!Rowspan="4"|15
|rowspan="4"|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|rowspan="4"|[[File:The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg|124x124px]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
|Rowspan=4|[[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Adityanath II]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|-
|style="background:#306;"|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]
|-
|style="background:green"|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
|style="background:#b80000;"|
|[[NISHAD Party|NP]]
|-
!16
|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
|[[File:Pushkar Dhami.jpg|80px]]
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|[[Second Dhami ministry|Dhami II]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP

|}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Parliament of India]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[List of state presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[List of ruling political parties by country]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{Notelist|30em}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General and cited sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}

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* {{cite book |last1 = Ghassem-Fachandi |first1 = Parvis |title = Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India |date = 2012 |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 978-0-691-15177-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p5s8hooZfekC }}
* {{cite journal |last = Gillan |first = Michael |s2cid = 146522066 |title = Refugees or Infiltrators? The Bharatiya Janata Party and "Illegal" Migration from Bangladesh |journal = Asian Studies Review |date = March 2002 |volume = 26 |issue = 1 |pages = 73–95 |doi = 10.1080/10357820208713331}}
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* {{cite news |title = Inventing History |work= The Hindu |date = 14 October 2002 |ref = {{harvid |The Hindu |2002}}}}
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* {{cite news |last = Ramaseshan |first = Radhika |title = BJP comes out, vows to oppose homosexuality |url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/nation/story_17679913.jsp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216103934/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/nation/story_17679913.jsp |url-status = dead |archive-date = 16 December 2013 |access-date = 16 December 2013 |work = The Telegraph |date = 14 December 2013 |location = Calcutta, India }}
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* {{Cite web |title=TDP helps Vajpayee wins confidence vote |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/28bjp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502104757/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/28bjp.htm |archive-date=2 May 2010 |access-date=4 January 2011 |website=Rediff.com |ref={{harvid|rediff.com|1998}}}}
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* {{cite journal |last = Seshia |first = Shaila |title = Divide and Rule in Indian Party Politics: The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party |journal = Asian Survey |date = November 1998 |volume = 38 |issue = 11 |pages = 1036–1050 |doi = 10.2307/2645684|jstor = 2645684 }}
* {{cite journal |last = Shulman |first = Stephen |title = Nationalist Sources of International Economic Integration |journal = International Studies Quarterly |date = September 2000 |volume = 44 |issue = 3 |pages = 365–390 |doi = 10.1111/0020-8833.00164}}
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* {{cite book |last1 = Swain |first1 = Pratap Chandra |title = Bharatiya Janata Party: Profile and Performance |date = 2001 |publisher = APH publishing |location = India |isbn = 978-81-7648-257-8 |pages = 71–104 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gk1Wz4k_xUC |access-date = 5 July 2014 |archive-date = 14 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061228/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gk1Wz4k_xUC |url-status = live }}
* {{Cite web |title=Bangaru Laxman convicted for taking bribe |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=Ws270412Bangaru.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511094603/http://tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=Ws270412Bangaru.asp |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=9 May 2012 |website=[[Tehelka]] |ref={{harvid|Tehelka|2001}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=17 May 2014 |title=Election results 2014: India places its faith in Moditva |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-results-2014-India-places-its-faith-in-Moditva/articleshow/35224486.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223225/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-results-2014-India-places-its-faith-in-Moditva/articleshow/35224486.cms |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=11 August 2014 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |ref={{harvid|Times of India|2014}}}}
* {{cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/SP-condemns-Vaikos-arrest-under-Pota/articleshow/15884672.cms |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-13/mumbai/27289812_1_vaiko-pota-prevention-of-terrorism-act |url-status = live |archive-date = 16 September 2012 |title = SP condemns Vaiko's arrest under Pota |date = 13 July 2002 |work = [[The Times of India]] |ref = {{harvid |Times of India |2002}} }}
* {{cite news |title = BJP amends constitution allowing Gadkari to get a second term |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-amends-constitution-allowing-Nitin-Gadkari-to-get-a-second-term/articleshow/16587211.cms |access-date = 4 April 2014 |work = The Times of India |date = 28 September 2012 |ref = {{harvid |Times of India |2012}} |archive-date = 20 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-amends-constitution-allowing-Nitin-Gadkari-to-get-a-second-term/articleshow/16587211.cms |url-status = live }}
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* {{cite news |last = Chatterjee |first = Mohua |url = http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-enrolls-11-crore-members-launches-mahasampark-abhiyan-2339462.html |title = BJP enrolls 11 crore members, launches 'Mahasampark Abhiyan' |work = First Post |date = 13 July 2015 |ref = {{harvid |First Post |2015}} |access-date = 14 July 2015 |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144320/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-enrolls-11-crore-members-launches-mahasampark-abhiyan-2339462.html |url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Tiwari |first1 = Aviral Kumar |title = An Error-Correction Analysis of India-Us Trade Flows |journal = Journal of Economic Development |date = March 2012 |volume = 37 |issue = 1}}
* {{Cite web |title=India: International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51618.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703181658/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51618.htm |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2014 |publisher=US Department of state |ref={{harvid|International Religious Freedom Report|2005}}}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader |publisher=[[Permanent Black]] |location=Delhi |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |editor-last=Jaffrelot |editor-first=Christophe |editor-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |isbn=978-0-691-13098-9}}
* {{cite journal |last = Varshney |first = Ashutosh |s2cid = 144608424 |title = Hindu Nationalism in Power? |journal = Journal of Democracy |volume = 25 |issue = 4 |date = October 2014|pages = 34–45 |doi = 10.1353/jod.2014.0071 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
{{Main|Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar}}
* {{cite book |first=Gurdas M. |last=Ahuja |title=Bharatiya Janata Party and Resurgent India |publisher=Ram Company |year=2004 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |author-link=Walter K. Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodinsaf0000ande |url-access=registration |orig-date=Originally published by Westview Press |publisher=Vistaar Publications |location=Delhi |year=1987 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhambhri |first1=C.P. |title=Bharatiya Janata Party : Periphery to Centre |date=2001 |publisher=Shipra |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7541-078-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Craig |last=Baxter |author-link=Craig Baxter |title=The Jana Sangh — A Biography of an Indian Political Party |publisher=Oxford University Press, Bombay |year=1971 |orig-date=first published by [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] 1969 |isbn=978-0-8122-7583-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chadha |first1=Kalyani |first2=Pallavi |last2=Guha |title=The Bharatiya Janata Party's online campaign and citizen involvement in India's 2014 election |url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4947 |journal=[[International Journal of Communication]] |volume=10 |date=2016 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516184915/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4947 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |title=Hindu nationalism and the foreign policy of India's Bharatiya Janata Party |journal=Transatlantic Academy Paper Series |volume=2 |date=2015 |pages=1–15 |url=https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Ganguly_HinduNationalismForeignPolicy_Jun15_web.pdf |isbn=978-1-5292-0460-5 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304071320/https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Ganguly_HinduNationalismForeignPolicy_Jun15_web.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Graham |first=B. D. |title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-38348-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1089826 |title=Hindu Nationalism in Action: The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics |year=2015 |last1=Harriss |first1=John |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=712–718 |s2cid=147615034 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Yogendra K. |last2=Singh |first2=V.B. |title=Hindu Nationalists in India : The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party |date=1994 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=978-0-8133-8810-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85065-301-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk? |journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics |date=July 2003 |page=16 |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |access-date=5 November 2013 |ref=none |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Varsha |first2=Ganesh |last2=B.E. |title=Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi. |journal=Journal of Political Marketing |volume=19 |issue=1–2 |date=2020 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222 |s2cid=202247610}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Madhusudan |title=Bharatiya Janata Party and India's Foreign Policy |date=1997 |publisher=Uppal Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-85565-79-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Nag |first=Kingshuk |author-link=Kingshuk Nag |title=The Saffron Tide: The Rise of the BJP |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2014 |isbn=978-8129134295 |ref=none}}
* Nag, Kingshuk. ''Atal Bihari Vajpayee'' (Rupa Publications, 2016).
* Palshikar, Suhas, Sanjay Kumar, and Sanjay Lodha, eds. ''Electoral Politics in India: The Resurgence of the Bharatiya Janata Party'' (Taylor & Francis, 2017).
* Raghavan, G.N.S. ''New Era in the Indian Polity, A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP'' (1996).
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856327 |jstor=41856327 |title=Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party Towards Issues of India Pakistan Relations |last1=Sanjeev Kr |first1=H. M. |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |year=2007 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=275–291 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113184500/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856327 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author1=Devendra P. Sharma |author2=C.P. Thakur |title=India under Atal Behari Vajpayee : The BJP Era |date=1999 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7476-250-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Burton |title=A history of India |year=2010 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, UK |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |edition=edited by David Arnold. 2nd |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Ramesh |title=Coalition conundrum: the BJP's trials, tribulations, and triumphs |year=2001 |publisher=Har Anand |isbn=9788124108093 |ref=none}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

{{Wikinews category|Bharatiya Janata Party}}{{Commons and category}}
* {{GovPubs|bjp%20india|BJP}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Bharatiya Janata Party}}
* {{Britannica|64033}}

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Ratu, Ranchi

2026-04-22T04:10:44Z

Freelaw67: made basic data from scratch

{{other uses|Ratu (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ratu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4204|N|85.2207|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.85
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 22379
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Ratu block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835222
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06529
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 81.88%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatia]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ratu''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Ratu block|Ratu]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
In 1870, Nagvanshi king shifted their capital from [[Palkot]] to Ratu. King [[Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo]] built Ratu Palace in 1901 CE.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ratu-royals-welcome-goddess/cid/1312810|title=Ratu royals welcome goddess|publisher=The Telegraph|date=1 October 2014|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>
Ratu was the seat of the former [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Maharaja of Chotanagpur]]. Large fairs are held in the town on the occasion of [[Durga Puja]] and [[Rath Yatra]].<ref name=admin>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 89: Brief description of places of religious, historical and archaeological importance in villages and places of tourist interest in the towns of the district |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division'''<br/>M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= Ratu, Ranchi (CT) |shape-color31=black| label-size31=13|label-color31=black 
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Ratu is located at {{coord|23.4204|N|85.2207|E|display=inline}}.

It is 13 km from Ranchi.<ref name=admin/>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near Ratu, flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Ratu.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 7 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Ratu CD block are located at Ratu town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ratu had a total population of 22,379, of which 11,521 (51%) were males and 10,858 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,863. The total number of literate persons in Ratu was 15,980 (81.88% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi , Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 374098, page 226-227|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi'', Ratu covered an area of 8.85 km<sup>2</sup>. Among the civic amenities, it had 33.5 km roads with both closed and open drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, hand pump. It had 3,863 domestic electric connections, 150 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 4 hospitals, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 maternity home, 10 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 2 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school. It had 4 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 3 cinema theatres, 4 auditorium/ community halls. Three important commodities it produced were ball bearing, wood/ timber, oil mill products. It had the branch offices of 3 nationalised banks.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 675-681| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 10 September 2021}}</ref>

==Tourism==
===Ratu Palace===
The Ratu Palace, belonging to the 2,000 years old [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi dynasty]], was conceptualised by [[Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo|Maharaja Udai Pratap Shah Deo]] during 1899–1901. Designed after [[Buckingham Palace]], it has 103 rooms and manicured gardens. The dynasty shifted its seat from [[Palkot]] to Ratu in 1870. Ratu has well maintained temples but Durga Puja is a great draw.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ratu-royals-welcome-goddess/cid/1312810| title = Ratu royals welcome goddess| publisher = The Telegraph, 1 October 2014 | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 39 (India)|National Highway 39]] (Ranchi-Daltonganj), an important roadway in Ranchi district, passes through Ratu.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 15 Transport| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
Kartik Oraon College (more popular as KO College) at Ratu is affiliated with [[Ranchi University]] and offers several courses in humanities, languages and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/48671-kartik-oraon-college-ratu-fees | title = Fee structure of Kartik Oraon College, Ratu, Ranchi| publisher = Target Admission | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | title = Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Ranchi University | access-date = 14 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909014606/https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Chotanagpur Government High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1946. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. It has a play ground and a library with 214 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140207808/govt-high-school-chhotanagpur-ratu.html | title = Government High School Chotanagpur Ratu | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

Presidency Public High School is an English-medium school established in 2010. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a play ground and has 3 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140207816/presidency-public-high-school.html | title = Presidency Public High School | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

Prem Manjari High School is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1982. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. It has a playground, a library with 285 books and has 1 computer for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140207807/high-school-prem-manjari-ratu.html | title = High School Prem Manjari Ratu | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

Samarpandeep B.Ed. College, established in 2010 at Ushamantu, PO Ratu. It is 16 km from Ranchi and offers a degree course in education.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://samarpandeepbedcollege.org/ | title = Samarpandeep B Ed College | publisher = SBEC | access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]

2021–22 Indian Women's League

2026-04-20T14:47:50Z

Freelaw67: Added first details w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Indian Women's League]]
| season = [[2021–22 in Indian football|2021–22]]
| dates = 15 April – 26 May 2022
| winners = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]<br>2nd title
| continentalcup1 = [[2022 AFC Women's Club Championship|AFC Club Championship]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| matches = 66
| total goals = 300
| best player = [[Manisha Kalyan]]
| league topscorer = [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] (20 goals)
| best goalkeeper = [[Maibam Linthoingambi Devi]]
| highest scoring = [[Odisha Police]] 0–12 [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| longest wins = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] ''(11 matches)''
| longest unbeaten = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] ''(11 matches)''
| longest winless = Hans Women ''(10 matches)''
| longest losses = Hans Women ''(10 matches)''
| prevseason = [[2019–20 Indian Women's League|2019–20]]<br><s>[[2020–21 Indian Women's League|2020–21]]</s>
| nextseason = [[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]]
}}

The '''2021–22 Indian Women's League''' (also known as '''Hero Indian Women's League''' for sponsorship reasons) was the fifth season of the [[Indian Women's League]], the top division [[Women's association football|women's]] [[Association football|professional football]] league in [[India]]. The qualifying round was held from 1–5 April 2022 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="AIFF">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2022|title=Calendar: HERO IWL 2021-22|work=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> The final round was scheduled to kick-off from mid-April in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] and continue till the last week of May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/4612700/indian-womens-league-2022-april-new-format-junior-side|title=Football: Indian Women's League 2022 to be held from April with new format, junior side|work=[[ESPN]]|date=9 March 2022|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> On 26 May, [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] successfully defended their title with a convincing win against [[Sethu FC|Sethu]] in a title decider on the last matchday, and became the first club to do it.

==Qualifiers==
=== Teams ===
{{location map+ |India3|float=right
|width=350
|alt=Locations of the Indian Women's League Qualifier teams
|caption=Locations of the Indian Women's League Qualifier teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0110|long=72.5990|label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[ARA FC|ARA]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=31.6862|long=76.5213|label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|Golazo}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.1445|long=91.7362|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|Guwahati City}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24.8170|long=93.9368|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|Young Welfare}}</div>|position=left}}
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Club
!City
!State/Region
|-
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|Golazo
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Guwahati City
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|-
|Young Welfare
|[[Imphal]]
|[[Manipur]]
|}

=== Table ===
The following four teams from four states played each other once during April in the qualifying round at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="AIFF"/>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl AIFF]
|update=complete
|team1=AR
|team2=YW
|team3=GC
|team4=GO
|result1=KO

|win_AR=3 |draw_AR=0 |loss_AR=0 |gf_AR=27 |ga_AR=3
|win_GO=0 |draw_GO=1 |loss_GO=2 |gf_GO=0 |ga_GO=15
|win_GC=0 |draw_GC=1 |loss_GC=2 |gf_GC=0 |ga_GC=14
|win_YW=2 |draw_YW=0 |loss_YW=1 |gf_YW=9 |ga_YW=4

|name_AR=[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|name_GO=Golazo
|name_GC=Guwahati City
|name_YW=Young Welfare


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|'''[[#Regular Season|Main round]]'''}}
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

=== Matches ===
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 1 April 2022
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Guwahati City
|score = 0–12
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/10852
|team2 = ARA
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Shreya Oza {{goal|9||16||20}}
*Anju {{goal|54||74||90+1}}
*Madhubala Alawe {{goal|60||80||86}}
*Kiran {{goal|14||53}}
*Poonam {{goal|48}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 1 April 2022
|time = 11:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Golazo
|score = 0–4
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/10853
|team2 = Young Welfare
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Salam Rinaroy Devi]] {{goal|34||38}}
*Toijam Thoibisana Chanu {{goal|53||62}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 3 April 2022
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = ARA
|score = 11–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/10858
|team2 = Golazo
|goals1 =
*Kiran {{goal|16||20||77}}
*Shreya Oza {{goal|82||90||90+1}}
*Manisha {{goal|29||38}}
*Poonam {{goal|6||64}}
*Madhubala Alawe {{goal|6}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 3 April 2022
|time = 11:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Young Welfare
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/10859
|team2 = Guwahati City
|goals1 =
*[[Salam Rinaroy Devi]] {{goal|1}}
*Toijam Thoibisana Chanu {{goal|63}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 5 April 2022
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Guwahati City
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/10860
|team2 = Golazo
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 5 April 2022
|time = 11:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = ARA
|score = 4–3
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/10861
|team2 = Young Welfare
|goals1 =
*Shreya Oza {{goal|6||19}}
*Anju {{goal|68}}
*Kiran {{goal|87}}
|goals2 =
*[[Salam Rinaroy Devi]] {{goal|27}}
*Hoineihat {{goal|53}}
*Remi Thokchom {{goal|77}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==Clubs==
{{location map+ |India3|float=center
|width=400
|alt=Locations of the Indian Women's League clubs
|caption=Locations of the Indian Women's League teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.011058|long=72.599063|label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[ARA FC|ARA]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.638973|long=77.242236|label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|Hans Women}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=11.256319|long=75.785832|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.968884|long=77.611609|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.924652|long=72.828677|label= <div style="font-size:100%;>{{nobreak|PIFA Sports}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=19.202205|long=81.935368|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|Mata Rukmani<br>Girls}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.940344|long=78.142869|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=15.289294|long=73.962394|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|Sirvodem}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.7271|long=88.3953|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=20.287904|long=85.823730|label= <div style="font-size:100%;"> Bhubaneswar
</div>|position=right|mark=Black pog.svg}}

{{Location map~ |India |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=18.0 |long=86 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''[[Bhubaneshwar]] clubs:'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[Indian Arrows]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[Odisha Police]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[Sports Odisha]]}}<br>
</div>
|position=right}}
}}
{{Maplink|text=Locations of the stadiums for IWL
|frame-align=right|frame=yes
|type1=point|coord1={{coord|20.2879|N|85.8238|E}}|title1=Point|description1=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
|type2=point|coord2={{coord|20.3137|N|85.8199|E}}|title2=Point|description2=O.S.A.P 7th Battalion Ground
|type3=point|coord3={{coord|20.3033|N|85.8140|E}}|title3=Point|description3=[[Capital High School, Bhubaneswar|Capital High School Ground]]
}}

===Stadiums and locations===
The matches were played at three venues located in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]; [[Kalinga Stadium]], O.S.A.P 7th Battalion Ground and [[Capital High School, Bhubaneswar|Capital High School Ground]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club
! City
! State/Region
|-
| [[ARA FC|ARA]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Gujarat]]
|-
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
| [[Kerala]]
|-
| Hans Women
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| [[Indian Arrows]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
| Mata Rukmani Girls
| [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| [[Odisha Police]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]] (Colaba)
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| [[Madurai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| Sirvodem
| [[Navelim]]
| [[Goa]]
|-
| [[Sports Odisha]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]
| [[Siliguri]]
| [[West Bengal]]
|}

===Personnel and sponsorships===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left
|-
!scope=col| Team
!scope=col| Head coach
!scope=col| Captain
!scope=col| Kit manufacturer
!scope=col| Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prit Bhatt
|{{flagicon|IND}} Anju
|
|
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditi Chauhan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} SEGA
|[[Federal Bank]]
|-
|Hans Women
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arun Mishra
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Ann Burrett]]
|
|Kica Active
|-
|[[Indian Arrows]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Suren Kumar Chettri
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Martina Thokchom]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} SIX5SIX
|
|-
|[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Amrutha Aravind Valliyath
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kshetrimayum Margaret Devi]]
|
|[[Haier]]
|-
|Mata Rukmani Girls
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}} Laxmi Mandavi
|
|Goel TMT
|-
|[[Odisha Police]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sradhanjali Samantaray]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sumitra Xalxo
|{{flagicon|IND}} VEGA
|[[Odisha Tourism Development Corporation|Odisha Tourism]]
|-
|[[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]] (Colaba)
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nirvan Shah
|{{flagicon|IND}} Karen Pais
|
|[[Häfele Group]]
|-
|[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Crispin Chettri]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} SIX5SIX
|[[Cosco (India) Limited|COSCO]]
|-
|Sirvodem
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chitra Gangadharan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ancella Barretto
|
|Fabiana's – Sports & Hospitality
|-
|[[Sports Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gitanjali Khuntia
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisa Panna]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} VEGA
|[[Odisha Tourism Development Corporation|Odisha Tourism]]
|-
|[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Juliet Miranda
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dular Marandi]]
|
|BS
|}

==Foreign players==
Teams allowed to register maximum of two foreign players. Only one can be part of the starting lineup. Indian Arrows cannot sign any foreign player as they are part of AIFF's developmental program.

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Club
! style="text-align:center;"| Player 1
! style="text-align:center;"| Player 2
|-
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|MYA}} [[Win Theingi Tun]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]]
|-
|Hans Women
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|Mata Rukmani Girls
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Odisha Police]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]] (Colaba)
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Elizabeth Kioko Katungwa
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|Sirvodem
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Ernestina Tetteh
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Sports Odisha]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|}

==League table==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl AIFF]
|update=complete
|team1=GOK
|team2=SET
|team3=KIC
|team4=SPO
|team5=INA
|team6=SSB
|team7=PIS
|team8=ARA
|team9=SIR
|team10=ODP
|team12=HAW
|team11=MRG
|result1=KO
|result2=WL
|result3=WL
|result4=WL

|win_ARA=4 |draw_ARA=1 |loss_ARA=6 |gf_ARA=18 |ga_ARA=26
|win_GOK=11 |draw_GOK=0 |loss_GOK=0 |gf_GOK=66 |ga_GOK=4
|win_HAW=1 |draw_HAW=0 |loss_HAW=10 |gf_HAW=7 |ga_HAW=50
|win_INA=6 |draw_INA=1 |loss_INA=4 |gf_INA=25 |ga_INA=9
|win_KIC=9 |draw_KIC=0 |loss_KIC=2 |gf_KIC=33 |ga_KIC=8
|win_MRG=1 |draw_MRG=0 |loss_MRG=10 |gf_MRG=7 |ga_MRG=60
|win_ODP=2 |draw_ODP=0 |loss_ODP=9 |gf_ODP=9 |ga_ODP=38
|win_PIS=4 |draw_PIS=2 |loss_PIS=5 |gf_PIS=17 |ga_PIS=25
|win_SET=10 |draw_SET=0 |loss_SET=1 |gf_SET=42 |ga_SET=6
|win_SIR=3 |draw_SIR=1 |loss_SIR=7 |gf_SIR=13 |ga_SIR=36
|win_SPO=6 |draw_SPO=2 |loss_SPO=3 |gf_SPO=34 |ga_SPO=16
|win_SSB=5 |draw_SSB=1 |loss_SSB=5 |gf_SSB=29 |ga_SSB=22

|name_ARA=[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_HAW=Hans Women
|name_INA=[[Indian Arrows]]
|name_KIC=[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|name_MRG=Mata Rukmani Girls
|name_ODP=[[Odisha Police]]
|name_PIS=[[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]] (Colaba)
|name_SET=[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|name_SIR=Sirvodem
|name_SPO=[[Sports Odisha]]
|name_SSB=[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]

|hth_MRG=Head-to-Head points: Mata Rukmani Girls 3, Hans Women 0
|hth_HAW=MRG


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualification for the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League]] and [[2022 AFC Women's Club Championship]]
|col_WL=green2|text_WL=Qualification for the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
|status_GOK=C
}}

==Results==
===Fixture and results===
All matches were played at neutral venues. The "home" and "away" are designated to identify Team 1 and Team 2 respectively.
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2022 AIFF]
|update = complete
|matches_style = FBR

|team1=GOK
|team2=SET
|team3=KIC
|team4=SPO
|team5=INA
|team6=SSB
|team7=PIS
|team8=ARA
|team9=SIR
|team10=ODP
|team12=HAW
|team11=MRG
|result1=KO


|name_ARA=[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_HAW=Hans Women
|name_INA=[[Indian Arrows]]
|name_KIC=[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|name_MRG=Mata Rukmani Girls
|name_ODP=[[Odisha Police]]
|name_PIS=[[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|name_SET=[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|name_SIR=Sirvodem
|name_SPO=[[Sports Odisha]]
|name_SSB=[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]



|match_ARA_SPO= 1–3
|match_ARA_SSB= 2–3
|match_ARA_GOK= 0–8
|match_ARA_PIS= 1–1
|match_ARA_INA= 1–3
|match_ARA_HAW=–
|match_ARA_KIC=–
|match_ARA_MRG=–
|match_ARA_ODP=–
|match_ARA_SET=–
|match_ARA_SIR= 3–1



|match_GOK_SSB= 2–0
|match_GOK_PIS= 6–1
|match_GOK_MRG= 8–0
|match_GOK_INA= 2–1
|match_GOK_SIR= 4–0
|match_GOK_SPO= 7–1
|match_GOK_ARA=–
|match_GOK_HAW=–
|match_GOK_KIC=–
|match_GOK_ODP=–
|match_GOK_SET=–



|match_HAW_PIS= 0–6
|match_HAW_GOK= 0–9
|match_HAW_ARA= 0–3
|match_HAW_KIC= 0–4
|match_HAW_SIR= 0–4
|match_HAW_SET= 0–5
|match_HAW_SSB=–
|match_HAW_MRG=–
|match_HAW_INA=–
|match_HAW_SPO=–
|match_HAW_ODP=–



|match_INA_SIR= 4–0
|match_INA_SET= 0–3
|match_INA_HAW= 2–0
|match_INA_MRG= 8–0
|match_INA_PIS= 1–2
|match_INA_GOK=–
|match_INA_ARA=–
|match_INA_KIC= 0–1
|match_INA_SSB=–
|match_INA_SPO=–
|match_INA_ODP=–



|match_KIC_SPO= 1–0
|match_KIC_ODP= 2–0
|match_KIC_GOK= 0–5
|match_KIC_ARA= 3–0
|match_KIC_INA=–
|match_KIC_SIR=–
|match_KIC_SET=–
|match_KIC_HAW=–
|match_KIC_MRG=–
|match_KIC_PIS=–
|match_KIC_SSB=–



|match_MRG_ODP= 0–1
|match_MRG_HAW= 3–2
|match_MRG_PIS= 1–3
|match_MRG_ARA= 0–4
|match_MRG_KIC= 0–10
|match_MRG_SPO= 0–7
|match_MRG_GOK=–
|match_MRG_INA=–
|match_MRG_SIR=–
|match_MRG_SET=–
|match_MRG_SSB=–



|match_ODP_GOK= 0–12
|match_ODP_ARA= 1–3
|match_ODP_INA= 0–4
|match_ODP_SIR= 2–1
|match_ODP_SET= 0–3
|match_ODP_MRG=–
|match_ODP_HAW= 2–3
|match_ODP_PIS=–
|match_ODP_KIC=–
|match_ODP_SPO=–
|match_ODP_SSB=–



|match_PIS_KIC= 1–3
|match_PIS_SIR= 0–0
|match_PIS_SPO= 0–3
|match_PIS_SET= 1–4
|match_PIS_ODP= 1–0
|match_PIS_GOK=–
|match_PIS_ARA=–
|match_PIS_INA=–
|match_PIS_MRG=–
|match_PIS_HAW=–
|match_PIS_SSB= 1–6



|match_SET_MRG= 6–1
|match_SET_ARA= 3–0
|match_SET_KIC= 2–1
|match_SET_SPO= 4–0
|match_SET_SSB= 6–0
|match_SET_PIS=–
|match_SET_SIR=–
|match_SET_ODP=–
|match_SET_GOK= 1–3
|match_SET_INA=–
|match_SET_HAW=–



|match_SIR_KIC= 0–7
|match_SIR_SET= 0–5
|match_SIR_SSB= 2–1
|match_SIR_MRG= 4–1
|match_SIR_ARA=–
|match_SIR_SPO=–
|match_SIR_PIS=–
|match_SIR_ODP=–
|match_SIR_GOK=–
|match_SIR_INA=–
|match_SIR_HAW=–



|match_SPO_INA= 0–0
|match_SPO_SIR= 9–1
|match_SPO_ODP= 4–1
|match_SPO_HAW= 6–0
|match_SPO_KIC=–
|match_SPO_SET=–
|match_SPO_SSB=–
|match_SPO_MRG=–
|match_SPO_ARA=–
|match_SPO_PIS=–
|match_SPO_GOK=–



|match_SSB_HAW= 6–2
|match_SSB_MRG= 7–1
|match_SSB_INA= 0–2
|match_SSB_KIC= 0–1
|match_SSB_SPO= 1–1
|match_SSB_ODP= 5–2
|match_SSB_SIR=–
|match_SSB_SET=–
|match_SSB_ARA=–
|match_SSB_PIS=–
|match_SSB_GOK=–

}}

===Results by match===
The table lists the results of teams after each match.
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Match
|team1=[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|pos1= L/L/W/L/W/L/W/D/L/L/W
|team2=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|pos2= W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W
|team3=Hans Women
|pos3= L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/W
|team4=[[Indian Arrows]]
|pos4= W/D/L/W/W/W/L/W/W/L/L
|team5=[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|pos5= W/W/W/L/W/W/W/L/W/W/W
|team6=Mata Rukmani Girls
|pos6= L/L/L/W/L/L/L/L/L/L/L
|team7=[[Odisha Police]]
|pos7= L/W/L/L/L/W/L/L/L/L/L
|team8=[[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]] (Colaba)
|pos8= L/W/D/L/L/W/L/D/W/W/L
|team9=[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|pos9= W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/L
|team10=Sirvodem
|pos10= L/L/D/L/L/L/W/W/L/W/L
|team11=[[Sports Odisha]]
|pos11= W/D/L/W/W/L/W/D/W/L/W
|team12=[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]
|pos12= W/L/W/W/L/L/L/D/L/W/W
| color_W = green2| text_W =Win
| color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
| color_L = red2| text_L =Loss
|update = complete
|source = [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl AIFF]
}}

=== Positions by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=br
|team1=[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|team2=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|team3=Hans Women
|team4=[[Indian Arrows]]
|team5=[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|team6=Mata Rukmani Girls
|team7=[[Odisha Police]]
|team8=[[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]] (Colaba)
|team9=[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|team10=Sirvodem
|team11=[[Sports Odisha]]
|team12=[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]]

| pos1= 7/9/8/8/7/8/7/7/8/8/8 
| pos2= 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 
| pos3= 9/11/12/12/12/12/12/12/12/12/12 
| pos4= 4/4/6/6/5/4/5/4/4/4/5 
| pos5= 5/2/3/4/3/3/3/3/3/3/3 
| pos6= 11/10/11/9/9/10/11/11/11/11/11 
| pos7= 12/8/9/10/10/9/9/10/10/10/10 
| pos8= 8/6/5/7/8/7/8/8/7/6/7 
| pos9= 2/3/2/2/2/2/2/2/2/2/2 
| pos10= 10/12/10/11/11/11/10/9/9/9/9 
| pos11= 6/5/7/5/4/5/4/5/5/5/4 
| pos12= 3/7/4/3/6/6/6/6/6/7/6 
| color_1 = green1
|toptext= The table lists the positions of teams after each round mentioned in official fixtures.
|update = complete
|source = [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl AIFF]
}}

== Matches ==
*''All times are in [[Time in India|IST]] (UTC+5:30).''

=== Round 1 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11153
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
*Nisilia Majaw {{goal|33}}
|goals2 =
*[[Nirmala Devi Phanjoubam]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Irom Prameshwori Devi]] {{goal|33}}
*[[Kaviya Pakkirisamy]] {{goal|59}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kusum Mandi
|potm = [[Irom Prameshwori Devi]] (Kickstart)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = SSB Women
|score = 6–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11154
|team2 = Hans Women
|goals1 =
*Purnima Linda {{goal|34||49|pen.}}
*Huidrom Ranjita Devi {{goal|45}}
*[[Dular Marandi]] {{goal|57||80||90+2}}
|goals2 =
*Savi Mehta {{goal|7}}
*Jyoti {{goal|20|pen.}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Manjeet Singh
|potm = [[Dular Marandi]] (SSB Women)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|score = 4–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11155
|team2 = Sirvodem
|goals1 =
*[[Naorem Priyangka Devi]] {{Goal|8||83}}
*[[Apurna Narzary]] {{goal|23}}
*Amisha Baxla {{goal|27}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ranjita Devi Tekcham
|potm = [[Naorem Priyangka Devi]] (Indian Arrows)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Odisha Police]]
|score = 0–12
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11156
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Manisha Kalyan]] {{goal|17||26||33||45+3||73}}
*[[Win Theingi Tun]] {{goal|27}}
*[[Grace Dangmei]] {{goal|37}}
*Madhusmita Barick {{goal|47|o.g.}}
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|62||86}}
*[[Sorokhaibam Ranjana Chanu]] {{goal|71}}
*[[Karishma Shirvoikar]] {{goal|77}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = [[Manisha Kalyan]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 6–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11157
|team2 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|goals1 =
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|3}}
*[[Karthika Angamuthu]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Mariyammal Balamurugan]] {{goal|15}}
*[[Sanju Yadav]] {{goal|22}}
*[[Grace Hauhnar]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Renu Gour]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2 =
*Reet Kashyap {{goal|79}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = [[Sanju Yadav]] (Sethu)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11158
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|goals1 =
*Anju {{goal|43}}
|goals2 =
*[[Pyari Xaxa]] {{goal|53||79}}
*Jasoda Munda {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ruba Devi G.
|potm = [[Pyari Xaxa]] (Sports Odisha)
}}

=== Round 2 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 19 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Hans Women
|score = 0–6
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11159
|team2 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Nisilia Majaw {{goal|21||67}}
*Lalnunsiami {{goal|22||40}}
*Karen Pais {{goal|50}}
*Akanksha Kandalkar {{goal|64}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Chitrambada Patra
|potm = Nisilia Majaw (PIFA Sports)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 19 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11160
|team2 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rohit
|potm = Sasmita Parida (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 19 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11161
|team2 = SSB Women
|goals1 =
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|57}}
*[[Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = N Kurumaiah
|potm = Manju (SSB Women)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 20 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Sirvodem
|score = 0–7
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11162
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Kaviya Pakkirisamy]] {{goal|7}}
*Sharda {{goal|9|o.g.}}
*Yangoijam Kiranbala Chanu {{goal|12}}
*[[Asem Roja Devi]] {{goal|18||43}}
*[[Irom Prameshwori Devi]] {{goal|26}}
*Vunglawmching {{goal|82}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Usha
|potm = [[Asem Roja Devi]] (Kickstart)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 20 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|score = 0–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11163
|team2 = [[Odisha Police]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Jasmani Samad {{goal|84}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = Jasmani Samad (Odisha Police)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 20 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 3–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11164
|team2 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|goals1 =
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] {{goal|50}}
*[[Renu Gour]] {{goal|59}}
*Poonam {{goal|64|o.g.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Jyotirmoy Nag
|potm = [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] {Sethu}
}}

=== Round 3 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 23 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Hans Women
|score = 0–9
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11165
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Grace Dangmei]] {{goal|1}}
*[[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi]] {{goal|18}}
*[[Manisha Kalyan]] {{goal|21||29}}
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|45+1||48}}
*Samiksha {{goal|46}}
*[[Win Theingi Tun]] {{goal|67}}
*[[Jyoti Chouhan]] {{goal|90+3}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kusum Mandi
|potm = [[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 23 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11166
|team2 = Sirvodem
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Afshan Ashiq (Sirvodem)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 23 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11167
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|goals1 =
*[[Asem Roja Devi]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = [[Asem Roja Devi]] (Kickstart)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 24 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = SSB Women
|score = 7–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11168
|team2 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|goals1 =
*Sandhya Kachhap {{goal|18||63}}
*Naorem Sumila Chanu {{goal|49||51||74}}
*Ngangom Anibala Devi {{goal|33}}
*Purnima Linda {{Goal|43}}
|goals2 =
*[[Kiran Pisda]] {{goal|60}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ranjita Devi Tekcham
|potm = Naorem Sumila Chanu (SSB Women)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 24 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Odisha Police]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11169
|team2 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|goals1 =
*Suman Pragyna Mohapatra {{goal|81}}
|goals2 =
*Poonam {{goal|80}}
*Kiran {{goal|83}}
*Madhubala Alawe {{goal|90+3}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ruba Devi G.
|potm = Kiran (ARA)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 24 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|score = 0–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11170
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] {{goal|17||48}}
*[[Karthika Angamuthu]] {{goal|53|pen.}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] (Sethu)
}}

=== Round 4 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 27 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Odisha Police]]
|score = 0–4
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11171
|team2 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Apurna Narzary]] {{goal|13||19||76}}
*Sunita Munda {{goal|36}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Jyotirmoy Nag
|potm = [[Apurna Narzary]] (Indian Arrows)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 27 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 9–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11172
|team2 = Sirvodem
|goals1 =
*Satyabati Khadia {{goal|2||14}}
*[[Pyari Xaxa]] {{goal|28||58||90+4}}
*[[Jabamani Tudu]] {{goal|37}}
*Jasoda Munda {{goal|59||63}}
*Deepa Nayak {{goal|61}}
|goals2 =
*Ernestina Tetteh {{goal|53}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rohit
|potm = [[Pyari Xaxa]] (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 27 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|score = 3–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11173
|team2 = Hans Women
|goals1 =
*Ningombam Sana Chanu {{goal|43|o.g.}}
*Reet Kashyap {{goal|65}}
*Priyanka Kashyap {{goal|78}}
|goals2 =
*[[Jyoti Ann Burrett]] {{goal|53}}
*Lakshmi Verma {{goal|84}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Manjeet Singh
|potm = Reet Kashyap (Mata Rukmani Girls)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 28 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11174
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|6||45}}
|goals2 =
*[[Kshetrimayum Margaret Devi]] {{goal|45+2}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Usha
|potm = Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa (Sethu)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 28 April 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|score = 2–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11175
|team2 = SSB Women
|goals1 =
*Kiran {{goal|5}}
*Poonam {{goal|81}}
|goals2 =
*[[Dular Marandi]] {{goal|7||43}}
*Naorem Sumila Chanu {{goal|26}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = N Kurumaiah
|potm = [[Dular Marandi]] (SSB Women)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 28 April 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 6–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11176
|team2 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|goals1 =
*[[Win Theingi Tun]] {{goal|27||45+2}}
*[[Manisha Kalyan]] {{goal|43||62}}
*[[Karishma Shirvoikar]] {{goal|49}}
*[[Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2 =
*Nisilia Majaw {{goal|60}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = [[Karishma Shirvoikar]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}

=== Round 5 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 1 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 8–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11177
|team2 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|goals1 =
*[[Manisha Kalyan]] {{goal|3}}
*[[Soumya Guguloth]] {{goal|17||38}}
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|19||25||28}}
*Manasa K {{goal|66}}
*[[Jyoti Chouhan]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Chitrambada Patra
|potm = Elshaddai Acheampong (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 1 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = SSB Women
|score = 0–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11178
|team2 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Sunita Munda {{goal|51}}
*[[Apurna Narzary]] {{goal|56}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ruba Devi G.
|potm = [[Apurna Narzary]] (Indian Arrows)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 1 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|score = 0–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11179
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Jasoda Munda {{goal|15}}
*Subhadra Sahoo {{goal|61||66}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ranjita Devi Tekcham
|potm = Subhadra Sahoo (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = Hans Women
|score = 0–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11180
|team2 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Manisha {{goal|10||89}}
*Nisha {{goal|58}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = Manisha (ARA)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11181
|team2 = [[Odisha Police]]
|goals1 =
*[[Irom Prameshwori Devi]] {{goal|53}}
*Yangoijam Kiranbala Chanu {{goal|55}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Rajeswari Das (Odisha Police)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = Sirvodem
|score = 0–5
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11182
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Renu Gour]] {{goal|16||22}}
*Devneta Roy {{goal|66||80}}
*Durga A {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kusum Mandi
|potm = [[Renu Rani]] (Sethu)
}}

=== Round 6 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 5 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 4–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11183
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|goals1 =
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|5}}
*[[Karthika Angamuthu]] {{goal|6}}
*Durga A {{goal|9||30}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = Durga A (Sethu)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 5 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|score = 1–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11184
|team2 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|goals1 =
*Priyanka Kashyap {{goal|35}}
|goals2 =
*Karen Pais {{goal|24|pen.|54}}
*Lalnunsiami {{goal|61}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Jyotirmoy Nag
|potm = Karen Pais (PIFA Sports)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 5 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|score = 0–8
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11185
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Manisha Kalyan]] {{goal|8}}
*[[Grace Dangmei]] {{goal|31}}
*[[Soumya Guguloth]] {{goal|49}}
*[[Win Theingi Tun]] {{goal|66}}
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|71||78||90+3}}
*[[Jyoti Chouhan]] {{goal|83}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 6 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Odisha Police]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11186
|team2 = Sirvodem
|goals1 =
*Sarojini Tirkey {{goal|18}}
*Shibani Mundari {{goal|76}}
|goals2 =
*Femina Raj Valappil {{goal|82}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Usha
|potm = Sarojini Tirkey (Odisha Police)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 6 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11187
|team2 = Hans Women
|goals1 =
*[[Apurna Narzary]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Naorem Priyangka Devi]] {{goal|23}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Sunita Munda (Indian Arrows)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 6 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = SSB Women
|score = 0–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11188
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Irom Prameshwori Devi]] {{goal|35}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rohit
|potm = [[Ngangbam Sweety Devi]] (Kickstart)
}}

=== Round 7 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|score = 0–4
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11189
|team2 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Kiran {{goal|17}}
*Madhubala Alawe {{goal|45+3}}
*Manisha {{goal|59}}
*Anju {{goal|80}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = Kiran (ARA)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|score = 1–4
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11190
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
*Nisilia Majaw {{goal|34}}
|goals2 =
*[[Anju Tamang]] {{goal|12}}
*Durga A {{goal|18}}
*[[Renu Gour]] {{goal|21|pen.}}
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rohit
|potm = [[Anju Tamang]] (Sethu)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 4–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11191
|team2 = [[Odisha Police]]
|goals1 =
*Sumitra Hembram {{goal|15}}
*Satyabati Khadia {{goal|17}}
*[[Pyari Xaxa]] {{goal|47}}
*Subhadra Sahoo {{goal|58}}
|goals2 =
*Sumitra Xalxo {{goal|12}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ruba Devi G.
|potm = [[Pyari Xaxa]] (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11192
|team2 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1 =
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|36||47}}
|goals2 =
*[[Naorem Priyangka Devi]] {{goal|6}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ranjita Devi Tekcham
|potm = [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Sirvodem
|score = 2–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11193
|team2 = SSB Women
|goals1 =
*Sanfida Nongrum {{goal|32}}
*Arpita Pednekar {{goal|62}}
|goals2 =
*Sandhya Kachhap {{goal|60}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Chitrambada Patra
|potm = Arpita Pednekar (Sirvodem)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = Hans Women
|score = 0–4
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11194
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Asem Roja Devi]] {{goal|7}}
*Thingbaijam Babysana Devi {{goal|49}}
*Yangoijam Kiranbala Chanu {{goal|56}}
*Vunglawmching {{goal|61}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kusum Mandi
|potm = [[Asem Roja Devi]] (Kickstart)
}}

=== Round 8 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 13 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11195
|team2 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|goals1 =
*Anju {{goal|15}}
|goals2 =
*Akanksha Kandalkar {{goal|73}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Manisha (ARA)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 13 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Odisha Police]]
|score = 0–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11196
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] {{goal|27}}
*Devneta Roy {{goal|33}}
*[[Renu Gour]] {{goal|67}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = Anju Tamang (Sethu)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 13 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|score = 8–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11197
|team2 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|goals1 =
*[[Apurna Narzary]] {{goal|11||66}}
*[[Naorem Priyangka Devi]] {{goal|25||42||49||61}}
*Sunita Munda {{goal|47||62}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Jyotirmoy Nag
|potm = [[Naorem Priyangka Devi]] (Indian Arrows)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|score = 0–5
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11198
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi]] {{goal|12|pen.}}
*[[Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi]] {{goal|60}}
*[[Manisha Kalyan]] {{goal|80}}
*[[Karishma Shirvoikar]] {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ruba Devi G
|potm = [[Manisha Kalyan]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = SSB Women
|score = 1–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11199
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|goals1 =
*Sandhya Kachhap {{goal|41}}
|goals2 =
*[[Pyari Xaxa]] {{goal|89}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Usha
|potm = [[Pyari Xaxa]] (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = Hans Women
|score = 0–4
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11200
|team2 = Sirvodem
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Aleena Tony {{goal|22}}
*Jyoti {{goal|33}}
*Sharda {{goal|45+2}}
*Sanfida Nongrum {{goal|45+4}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = Sanfida Nongrum (Sirvodem)
}}

=== Round 9 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 17 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11201
|team2 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1 =
*Naketa {{goal|90}}
|goals2 =
*Muskan Subba {{goal|45+3}}
*[[Apurna Narzary]] {{goal|75}}
*[[Naorem Priyangka Devi]] {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Chitrambada Patra
|potm = Santosh (Indian Arrows)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 17 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 4–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11202
|team2 = Sirvodem
|goals1 =
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|6}}
*[[Soumya Guguloth]] {{goal|15||52}}
*[[Grace Dangmei]] {{goal|31}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = 7th Battalion
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = [[Soumya Guguloth]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 17 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 6–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11203
|team2 = SSB Women
|goals1 =
*Kioko Katungwa {{goal|9||87}}
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] {{goal|13}}
*[[Grace Hauhnar]] {{goal|38}}
*[[Renu Gour]] {{goal|45}}
*[[Anju Tamang]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ranjita Devi Tekcham
|potm = [[Anju Tamang]] (Sethu)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 18 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|score = 0–10
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11204
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Yangoijam Kiranbala Chanu {{goal|12||14||45+2||87}}
*[[Asem Roja Devi]] {{goal|15||37}}
*Thingbaijam Babysana Devi {{goal|42||50}}
*[[Pakpi Devi Yumlembam]] {{goal|85}}
*Laishram Bibicha Devi {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rohit
|potm = Yangoijam Kiranbala Chanu (Kickstart)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 18 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 6–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11205
|team2 = Hans Women
|goals1 =
*Anita {{goal|21|o.g.}}
*Subhadra Sahoo {{goal|39}}
*[[Supriya Routray]] {{goal|53||68||82}}
*[[Pyari Xaxa]] {{goal|67}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = 7th Battalion
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ruba Devi G
|potm = [[Supriya Routray]] (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 18 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11206
|team2 = [[Odisha Police]]
|goals1 =
*Nisilia Majaw {{goal|64}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Jyotirmoy Nag
|potm = Karen Pais (PIFA Sports)
}}

=== Round 10 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 21 May 2022
|time = 08:30
|team1 = SSB Women
|score = 5–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11209
|team2 = [[Odisha Police]]
|goals1 =
*[[Dular Marandi]] {{goal|27||38||57||58}}
*Naorem Sumila Chanu {{goal|45+1}}
|goals2 =
*Suman Pragyna Mohapatra {{goal|6}}
*Lochana Munda {{goal|90+7}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ruba Devi G
|potm = [[Dular Marandi]] (SSB Women)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 21 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|score = 1–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11207
|team2 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|goals1 =
*Sunita Munda {{goal|48}}
|goals2 =
*Akanksha Kandalkar {{goal|25}}
*Iawanlang Nongbet {{goal|39}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = Iawanlang Nongbet (PIFA Sports)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 21 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|score = 3–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11208
|team2 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|goals1 =
*[[Pakpi Devi Yumlembam]] {{goal|47||65}}
*Thingbaijam Babysana Devi {{goal|75}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = 7th Battalion
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Yumlembam Pakpi Devi (Kickstart)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 22 May 2022
|time = 08:30
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 7–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11212
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|goals1 =
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|5||23||78||87}}
*[[Manisha Kalyan]] {{goal|45+2}}
*[[Soumya Guguloth]] {{goal|64||68}}
|goals2 =
*[[Pyari Xaxa]] {{goal|24}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Usha
|potm = [[Soumya Guguloth]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 22 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Hans Women
|score = 0–5
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11210
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Devneta Roy {{goal|2||16}}
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] {{goal|39}}
*N Lavanya {{goal|72}}
*Elizabeth Vanlalmawii {{goal|88}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = Devneta Roy (Sethu)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 22 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = Sirvodem
|score = 4–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11211
|team2 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|goals1 =
*Sanfida Nongrum {{goal|38}}
*Jyoti {{goal|55||63}}
*Aleena Tony {{goal|57}}
|goals2 =
*[[Kiran Pisda]] {{goal|10}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Chitrambada Patra
|potm = Jyoti (Sirvodem)
}}

=== Round 11 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 25 May 2022
|time = 08:30
|team1 = [[Odisha Police]]
|score = 2–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11613
|team2 = Hans Women
|goals1 =
*Shibani Mundari {{goal|45+1|pen.}}
*Karishma Oram {{goal|70}}
|goals2 =
*Vaani Kalucha {{goal|4}}
*[[Jyoti Ann Burrett]] {{goal|89||90+2}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = [[Jyoti Ann Burrett]] (Hans Women)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 25 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|score = 3–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11611
|team2 = Sirvodem
|goals1 =
*Kiran {{goal|55||89}}
*Madhubala Alawe {{goal|88}}
|goals2 =
*Jyoti {{goal|12}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Ranjita Devi Tekcham
|potm = Kiran (ARA)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 25 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
|score = 1–6
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11612
|team2 = SSB Women
|goals1 =
*Nisilia Majaw {{goal|75}}
|goals2 =
*Huidrom Ranjita Devi {{goal|13||28||59}}
*Naorem Sumila Chanu {{goal|45+4||54}}
*Monika {{goal|80}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rohit
|potm = Huidrom Ranjita Devi (SSB Women)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 26 May 2022
|time = 08:30
|team1 = Mata Rukmani Girls
|score = 0–7
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11614
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Deepa Nayak {{goal|43||45+1||64||90+4}}
*[[Pyari Xaxa]] {{goal|45+2||51||86}}
|stadium = 7th Battalion
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = Deepa Nayak (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 26 May 2022
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11615
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Kshetrimayum Margaret Devi]] {{goal|44}}
|stadium = Capital Ground
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Jyotirmoy Nag
|potm = [[Kshetrimayum Margaret Devi]] (Kickstart)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 26 May 2022
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=11616
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
*[[Renu Rani]] {{goal|}}
|goals2 =
*[[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi]] {{goal|14|pen.}}
*[[Elshaddai Acheampong]] {{goal|33}}
*[[Manisha Kalyan]] {{goal|40}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = [[Grace Dangmei]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}

==Season statistics==
===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
| 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
| 20
|-
| 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisha Kalyan]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
| 14
|-
| 3
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pyari Xaxa]]
| align="left" | Sports Odisha
| 12
|-
| rowspan=3|4
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apurna Narzary]]
| align="left" | Indian Arrows
| rowspan=3|9
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Priyangka Devi]]
| align="left" | Indian Arrows
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dular Marandi]]
| align="left" | SSB
|-
| 7
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Renu Gour]]
| align="left" | Sethu
| 8
|-
! colspan="4" | Source: [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl AIFF]
|}

=== Most clean sheets ===
''Note:'' Only the top 5 goalkeepers with most clean sheets have been listed below.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maibam Linthoingambi Devi]]
| align="left" | Kickstart
| rowspan="1" | 8
|-
| 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditi Chauhan]]
| align="left" | Gokulam Kerala
| 7
|-
| 3
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Devi D
| align="left" | Sethu
| 7
|-
| rowspan="1" | 4
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Adrija Sarkhel
| align="left" | Indian Arrows
| rowspan="1" | 6
|-
| 5
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sasmita Parida
| align="left" | Sports Odisha
| 4
|}

==Awards==
===Match awards===
''Note:'' Player of the match awarded only for the matches played in the regular season, and not in the qualifier.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: left; font-size"
|-
! colspan="9" |Hero of the Match
|-
!Match No.
!Player
!Club
!Match No.
!Player
!Club
!Match No.
!Player
!Club
|-
|-
|Match 1
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[ Irom Prameshwori Devi]]
|Kickstart
|Match 23
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dular Marandi]]
|SSB
|Match 45
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Priyangka Devi]]
|Indian Arrows
|-
|Match 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dular Marandi]]
|SSB
|Match 24
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karishma Shirvoikar]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 46
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisha Kalyan]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|Match 3
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Priyangka Devi]]
|Indian Arrows
|Match 25
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 47
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pyari Xaxa]]
|Sports Odisha
|-
|Match 4
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisha Kalyan]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Apurna Narzary]]
|Indian Arrows
|Match 48
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanfida Nongrum
|Sirvodem
|-
|Match 5
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanju Yadav]]
|Sethu
|Match 27
|{{flagicon|IND}} Subhadra Sahoo
|Sports Odisha
|Match 49
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Soumya Guguloth]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|Match 6
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pyari Xaxa]]
|Sports Odisha
|Match 28
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajeswari Das
|Odisha Police
|Match 50
|{{flagicon|IND}} Santosh
|Indian Arrows
|-
|Match 7
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nisilia Majaw
|PIFA Sports
|Match 29
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manisha
|ARA
|Match 51
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anju Tamang]]
|Sethu
|-
|Match 8
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sasmita Parida
|Sports Odisha
|Match 30
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Renu Gour]]
|Sethu
|Match 52
|{{flagicon|IND}} Yangoijam Kiranbala Chanu
|Kickstart
|-
|Match 9
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manju
|SSB
|Match 31
|{{flagicon|IND}} Durga A
|Sethu
|Match 53
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Supriya Routray]]
|Sports Odisha
|-
|Match 10
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Asem Roja Devi]]
|Kickstart
|Match 32
|{{flagicon|IND}} Karen Pais
|PIFA Sports
|Match 54
|{{flagicon|IND}} Karen Pais
|PIFA Sports
|-
|Match 11
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jasmani Samad
|Odisha Police
|Match 33
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 55
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dular Marandi]]
|SSB
|-
|Match 12
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]]
|Sethu
|Match 34
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sarojini Tirkey
|Odisha Police
|Match 56
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pakpi Devi Yumlembam]]
|Kickstart
|-
|Match 13
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 35
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sunita Munda
|Indian Arrows
|Match 57
|{{flagicon|IND}} Iawanlang Nongbet
|PIFA Sports
|-
|Match 14
|{{flagicon|IND}} Afshan Ashiq
|Sirvodem
|Match 36
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ngangbam Sweety Devi]]
|Kickstart
|Match 58
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Soumya Guguloth]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|Match 15
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Asem Roja Devi]]
|Kickstart
|Match 37
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kiran
|ARA
|Match 59
|{{flagicon|IND}} Devneta Roy
|Sethu
|-
|Match 16
|{{flagicon|IND}} Naorem Sumila Chanu
|SSB
|Match 38
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anju Tamang]]
|Sethu
|Match 60
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jyoti
|Sirvodem
|-
|Match 17
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kiran
|ARA
|Match 39
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pyari Xaxa]]
|Sports Odisha
|Match 61
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Ann Burrett]]
|Hans Women
|-
|Match 18
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]]
|Sethu
|Match 40
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Asem Roja Devi]]
|Kickstart
|Match 62
|{{flagicon|IND}} Huidrom Ranjita Devi
|SSB
|-
|Match 19
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Apurna Narzary]]
|Indian Arrows
|Match 41
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 63
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kiran
|ARA
|-
|Match 20
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pyari Xaxa]]
|Sports Odisha
|Match 42
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arpita Yeshwant Pednekar
|Sirvodem
|Match 64
|{{flagicon|IND}} Deepa Nayak
|Sports Odisha
|-
|Match 21
|{{flagicon|IND}} Reet Kashyap
|Mata Rukmani Girls
|Match 43
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anju Tamang]]
|Sethu
|Match 65
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kshetrimayum Margaret Devi]]
|Kickstart
|-
|Match 22
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Elizabeth Kioko Katungwa
|Sethu
|Match 44
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manisha
|ARA
|Match 66
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Grace Dangmei]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|}

===Season awards===
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Winner
|-
|Hero of the League
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisha Kalyan]] ([[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]])
|-
|Top Goalscorer
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] ([[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]])
|-
|Best Goalkeeper
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maibam Linthoingambi Devi]] ([[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]])
|-
|Best Defender
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi]] ([[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]])
|-
|Emerging Player of the League
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Priyangka Devi]] ([[Indian Arrows]])
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Women's League}}
{{Indian women's football league seasons}}
{{2021–22 in Indian football}}
{{2021–22 in Asian women's football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Women's League}}
[[Category:Indian Women's League seasons|2021–22]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian women's football leagues|League]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Asian women's top-tier association football leagues|India]]

{{Portal|Women's association football}}

Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:57:11Z

Freelaw67: done

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Jabalpur
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Jabalpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| electors = 18,96,346<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author= |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>
| mp = [[Ashish Dubey]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = [[Patan (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]] <br /> [[Bargi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bargi]] <br /> [[Jabalpur East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur East]] <br />[[Jabalpur Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur North]] <br /> [[Jabalpur Cantonment (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur Cantt.]] <br /> [[Jabalpur West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur West]] <br /> [[Panagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panagar]] <br /> [[Sihora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihora]]
}}

'''Jabalpur''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Jabalpur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, since the delimitation of the parliamentary and legislative assembly constituencies in 2008, Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|95
|[[Patan, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Patan]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
|Ajay Vishnoi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|96
|[[Bargi Assembly constituency|Bargi]]
|Neeraj Singh Lodhi
|-
|97
|[[Jabalpur East Assembly constituency|Jabalpur East]] (SC)
|Lakhan Ghanghoriya
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|98
|[[Jabalpur North Assembly constituency|Jabalpur North]]
|Abhilash Pandey
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|99
|[[Jabalpur Cantonment Assembly constituency|Jabalpur Cantt]]
|Ashok Rohani
|-
|100
|[[Jabalpur West Assembly constituency|Jabalpur West]]
|[[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|-
|101
|[[Panagar Assembly constituency|Panagar]]
|Sushil Kumar Tiwari
|-
|102
|[[Sihora Assembly constituency|Sihora]] (ST)
|Santosh Varakde
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Sushil Kumar Pateriya
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mangru Ganu Uikey]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Seth Govind Das]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|1974^
| rowspan="2" |Sharad Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]

|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Cheatram Sonkar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|1985
|rowspan="2" |[[Baburao Paranjpe]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Shrawan Kumar Patel
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Baburao Paranjpe]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Jayashree Banerjee]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Ashish Dubey]]
|-
|}
^ by poll

==Elections results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Jabalpur]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Jabalpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/jabalpur-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jabalpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jabalpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1213.htm |accessdate=2 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002142447/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1213.htm |archivedate=2 October 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Ashish Dubey]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 7,90,133
|percentage= 68.2%
|change=+2.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Dinesh Yadav
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 3,03,459
|percentage=26.19%
|change=-3.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Uday Kumar Sahu
|party= Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes= 4,848
|percentage= 0.42
|change=New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Rakesh Choudhary
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 21,416
|percentage= 1.85
|change=-+0.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Sachin Jain
|party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes= 876
|percentage=0.08
|change=New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,986
|percentage = 0.43
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,86,674
|percentage = 42.01
|change =+6.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =11,56,722{{efn|include postal ballots}}
|percentage =61.00
|change ={{decrease}}8.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +2.79
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Jabalpur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]|votes=8,26,454|percentage=65.41|change=+9.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vivek Tankha|Vivek Krishna Tankha]]|votes=371,710|percentage=29.42|change=-6.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ramraj Ram|votes=12,873|percentage=1.02|change=-0.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=4,102|percentage=0.32|change=-0.47}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 4,54,744
|percentage= 35.99
|change=+15.17
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 12,64,060
|percentage= 69.46
|change= +10.91
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +9.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Jabalpur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|votes = 5,64,609
|percentage = 56.34
|change = +2.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vivek Tankha|Vivek Krishna Tankha]]
|votes = 3,55,970
|percentage = 35.52
|change = -2.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Aftab Alam
|votes = 16,008
|percentage = 1.60
|change = -1.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Captain Hanfee
|votes = 15,977
|percentage = 1.59
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Mohammad Adil
|votes = 9,053
|percentage = 0.90
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,888
|percentage = 0.79
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,08,639
|percentage = 20.82
|change = +4.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,02,184
|percentage = 58.55
|change = +14.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Jabalpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,43,922
|percentage = 54.29
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Neekhra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,37,919
|percentage = 37.56
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aziz Qureshi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 21,080
|percentage = 3.33
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Sunil Patel
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,247
|percentage = 1.14
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Meerchand Patel
|party = Republican Party of India
|votes = 4,009
|percentage = 0.63
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,06,003
|percentage = 16.73
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,33,493
|percentage = 43.80
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Jabalpur<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]|votes=3,11,646|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pt. Vishwanath Dubey|votes=2,12,115}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Braj Kishore Kewat|votes=16,946}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|percentage =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="election1957">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1957 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1962">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1967">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1971">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1977">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1991">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1999">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election2004" />

==See also==
* [[Jabalpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[[Election Commission of India]]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|23.16|79.95|region:IN-MP|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jabalpur district]]

Kasturi Pattanaik

2026-04-14T18:51:50Z

Freelaw67: creating

{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kasturi Pattanaik
| image = File:Kasturi performing at Bhubaneswar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Kasturi Badu
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|08|03}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| origin = [[India]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Indian classical dance]]
| occupation = Performing Artist [[Indian classical dance]] (Odissi Dance) exponent, [[choreographer]], teacher
| years_active = 1975–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.kasturipattanaik.com www.kasturipattanaik.com]
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Kasturi Pattanaik''' is a pioneering [[Odissi]] dance exponent, performer, choreographer, teacher, trainer and music composer from India.<ref name="bharatdiary.org">{{cite web | url=http://bharatdiary.org/index.php/digital-cities/noida/191-classical/dances/odissi/157-mrs-kasturi-pattanaik | title=Shopping Complex }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Profile==
Kasturi Pattanaik’s compositions and choreographies in Odissi Dance are well acclaimed for their originality and creative diversity.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pattanaik|first=Kasturi|title=Brief Profile of Kasturi Pattanaik|url=http://www.odiablog.com/2011/09/kasturi-pattanaik.html|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826122206/http://www.odiablog.com/2011/09/kasturi-pattanaik.html|archive-date=26 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has introduced new concepts, new ideas, new techniques, new co-ordination, new linkages and new themes in Odissi Dance repertory.<ref>Panda, N. [https://archive.today/20130726131227/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120324/jsp/odisha/story_15287406.jsp%23.UfJfaI2bfmc Capital sways to Odissi creations.] [[The Daily Telegraph]], 24 March 2012.</ref>

Pattanaik is an accomplished soloist and group performer, one of the pioneers of Odissi dance drama, blending the classical and folk traditions of [[Odisha]] and pan-Indian mythological stories. Being an Odissi music composer, Pattanaik has integrated Odissi music in its original format in her compositions and choreographies in Odissi dance.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/almost-there/article27298134.ece| title = Almost there! - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 30 May 2019| last1 = Sinha| first1 = Manjari}}</ref>

Kasturi Pattanaik started her Odissi dance learning, along with [[Kathak]] Dance from her childhood. After completing her graduation from the prestigious Shailabala Women's College, Cuttack, Odisha; she joined Odissi Research Centre (ORC),<ref name=orc>{{cite web|last=Odissi Research Centre|title=Our Shining Stars|date=13 December 2022 |url=http://odissiresearchcentre.org/our_pride.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090045/http://odissiresearchcentre.org/our_pride.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> Bhubaneswar in its first batch for her advanced intensive course in Odissi dance.

Pattanaik has the distinction of learning and performing under the foremost Odissi dance Gurus/maestros; including Late Raghunath Dutta, Late Padma Vibhushan [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]], Padma Shri [[Kumkum Mohanty]], Padma Shri [[Gangadhar Pradhan]], Ramani Ranjan Jena and Dayanidhi Das.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/kasturi_pattanaik-profile-12222-42.htm|title = Kasturi Pattanaik}}</ref>

From an early age, she travelled across the country and world to perform and disseminate Odissi dance. She also conducted workshops in various countries; including in Hong Kong, USSR, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, North Korea and China.

Pattanaik has trained more than four hundred students across the country and abroad in Odissi dance; many of whom have established themselves either as acclaimed performers or as Gurus.

After her stint in Odissi Research Centre as the choreographer;<ref name=orc/> she moved to New Delhi and joined the India’s national nodal cultural organization-‘SANKALP’ as its Programme Director (Culture) and Creative Head. In SANKALP, she broadened her arena of activities to include education, research and policy strategies; besides her main activities related to promotion of Indian Art and Culture.

She has also served the Ministry of Culture, Government of India in its various expert committees.

Pattanaik has also performed leading roles in [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia Films]] and [[DD National|National Doordarshan Channel]] serials. Her Doordarshan serial on ‘Debadasi” is a classic masterpiece on Debadasi traditions.<ref name="bharatdiary.org"/>

She was a member of Regional Committee of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]. She has also anchored eight episodes of primary education programmes, produced by the State Institute of Technology (SIT), Bhubaneswar under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

She has played a pioneering role in syllabus preparation for B.A & B.A. (Hons.) courses in Odissi Dance of [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]] (IKSVV), Khairagarh, Chhattisgarh. She has also served as the Jury of the ‘Kalidas Samman’ and ‘Tulsi Samman’, prestigious arts awards, presented annually by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.

She has also received a number of awards and acclaims for her achievements in promoting the diversity of Indian culture expressions.

==Achievements and contributions==
Pattanaik is still with SANKALP,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sankalp.org/culture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809002227/http://www.sankalp.org/culture|url-status=dead|title=SANKALP.org|archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> an NGO described as "very good" and "of particular interest" by the Government of India Committee, headed by [[Jagdish Sharan Verma|J. S. Verma]], former [[Chief Justice of India]]. As the programme director for culture, Pattanaik promotes cultural and natural heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://list.ly/list/1xD-kasturi-oddissi|title=Kasturi ODDIssi | Listly List|website=Listly|accessdate=25 January 2024}}</ref>

She has created nine [[pallavi]]s:
* ''Charukeshi''
* ''Pattadeep''
* ''Gati Sammikrutta''
* ''Hansadhwoni''
* ''Narayani''
* ''Janasammohini''
* ''Asavari''
* ''Bageshri''
* ''Sankaravaran-1-for the beginners''
* ''Sankaravaran-2''
* ''Koushik Dhwoni''
* ''Yog''

Dance dramas include:
* ''The Deer Krishnasara'' (''Krushnasara Mruga'')
* ''Yama Savitri Sambad''
* ''Rasa Trayee''
* ''Kanchi Abhiyan''
* ''Chitrangada''
* ''Sthitaprajna''
* ''Sabari Upakhyanam''

==ICCR Empanelled Artist==
Kasturi Pattanaik is empanelled in the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR).

==Honours==
* Rajendra Prasad Puraskar from "Rajendra Prasad Smruti Sansad" at Cuttack, Orissa, 1997
* "Abhinandanika – 1999" for excellent Abhinay in Odissi dance from Vishnupriya Smruti Sammana at Puri, Orissa
* Scholarships from the state in 1987 and the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2000
* "Debadasi Samman" from Udayan Sanskritik Anusthan, 2003
* Juries of the Central Board of Film Certification for 2002
* Honoured from Kuchipudi Natyakala Mandali in Kuchipudi District, Andhra Pradesh in 1999
* Mahari Award-2015, instituted by Adi Guru Pankaj Charan Das<ref>[http://mail.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/kasturi-patnaik-gets-mahari-award.html Kasturi Pattanaik gets Mahari Award] dailypioneer.com {{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Festivals==
* India Festival, [[USSR]], 1987
* Spring Festival, [[North Korea]], 1990 (ICCR)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/a-whiff-of-fresh-air/article3257194.ece|title=A whiff of fresh air|date=29 March 2012|accessdate=25 January 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* Kalinga Bali Yatra (Indonesia, Jakarta, Bali, Singapore, Thailand)
* Solo Performances (Hong Kong, [[China]], Japan), 1994
* Khajuraho Festival, 1992 and 2007
* Ekamra Utsav, 2007
* Ellora Festival, 1991
* Nisagandhi Festival, 1989
* Surya Festival, 1990, 1992, 2010
* Sidhendra Yogi Dance Festival, Kuchipudi, 1998, 1999, 2000
* Udaya Shankar Dance Festivals, 2000
* Konark Dance Festival, 1989 to 2004
* Konarka Nata Mandap Festival, 1988
* Central SNA Youth Festivals
* Yuva Nrita Utsav, 1992, 1996, 2003
* Odissi International, Bhubaneswar, 2010
* Utkal Divas-Rourkela, 2010,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rsp-celebrates-utkal-dibas-114040200857_1.html|title=RSP celebrates Utkal Dibas|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=2 April 2014|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/47463-utkal-dibas-160-celebrated-in-rsp.html |title=The Statesman: Utkal Dibas celebrated in RSP |accessdate=2014-04-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416025724/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/47463-utkal-dibas-160-celebrated-in-rsp.html |archive-date=2014-04-16 }}</ref>
* SANKALP Festival Series, Mysore 2010 and Benguluru 2010
* Commonwealth Game, New Delhi, 2010
* Oriya Cinema 75 Years Celebration Day, Bhubaneswar, 2011
* Utkal Devas, Dehradun, 2011
* Inaugural Function of 150th Birth Anniversary of Guru Rabindranath Tagore, Bhopal, 2011
* Betwa Mahotsav, Vidisha, 2011
* Satna Mahotsav, Satna, 2012
* SANKALP’s National Festival on New Creations in Odissi Dance, 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120318/1948410.html|title=Odissi dance festival at Bhubaneswar from March 20 to 24|accessdate=25 January 2024|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112160303/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120318/1948410.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Konark Festival, 2012<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orissatourism.gov.in/new/konfestival1.htm |title=Orissa Tourism |access-date=26 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830141812/http://orissatourism.gov.in/new/konfestival1.htm |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Khajuraho Festival, 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://khajurahodancefestival.com/festival-2014.php |title=Khajuraho Festival of Dances 2014 |access-date=12 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222032012/http://khajurahodancefestival.com/festival-2014.php |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=48571 |title=Odissi dance exponent Kasturi Pattanaik staged at Khajuraho Dance Festival, Odisha Current News, Odisha Latest Headlines |access-date=14 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314142442/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=48571 |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Research==
Kasturi Pattanaik was the Program Coordinator of the Planning Commission, Government of India research project titled “Promotion of Diversity of India’s Cultural Expressions- An Impact Assessment Study of Central Sangeet Natak Academy (SNA)’.<ref>[http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/sereport/ser/ser_sna.pdf Report]planningcommission.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717121309/http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/sereport/ser/ser_sna.pdf |date=17 July 2019 }}</ref> It is a significant study on one of the premier autonomous cultural bodies of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.

==See also==
* [[Indian women in dance]]
* [[Odissi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattanaik, Kasturi}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Odisha]]

Saraswati Medical College

2026-04-14T13:43:43Z

Freelaw67:

{{distinguish|Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Saraswati Medical College
|established = 2016
|type = Private [[medical college]]
|principal = Dr. R. N. Srivastava
|dean = Dr. R. N. Srivastava
|city = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|country = India
|academic_affiliation = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
|website = {{URL|saraswatimedical.ac.in}}
}}

'''Saraswati Medical College''' is a private medical institute in [[Unnao district|Unnao]], Uttar Pradesh, India, under the aegis of Saraswati Group of Educational Institutes which also has a Dental college and a 300-bed Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SMC Unnao {{!}} Overview |url=https://saraswatimedical.ac.in/overview.html |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=saraswatimedical.ac.in}}</ref>

In February 2021, the [[Supreme Court of India]] imposed a fine of Rs 5 crore on the Saraswati Education Charitable Trust, the administrative body for the medical college, for admitting 132 [[MB BS]] students without necessary permission from the Director General Medical Education, Uttar Pradesh and found to be in violation of the [[Medical Council of India]] (now the [[National Medical Commission]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-02-24 |title=SC imposes Rs 5 crore fine on medical college in Unnao for violating MCI regulations |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/sc-imposes-rs-5-crore-fine-on-medical-college-in-unnao-for-violating-mci-regulations/611249/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://saraswatimedical.ac.in/ Official Website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Private medical colleges in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]

Ranpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:33:05Z

Freelaw67: made first info and citations.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Raj-Ranpur, Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ranpur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 119
| type = SLA
| map_image = 119-Ranpur.svg
| map_caption = Ranpur Assembly constituency in [[Nayagarh district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Surama Padhy.jpg
| mla = [[Surama Padhy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,09,600{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Ranpur''', also written as '''[[Raj-Ranpur]]''', is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Nayagarh district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414004621/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=119|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Ranpur (119) District: Nayagarh|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes Ranpur block and 18 [[Gram panchayat]]s of Odagaon block. Those 18 Gram panchayats are Gotisahi, Solapata, Bhaliadihi, Magarabandha, Saranakul, Sikharpur, Angisingi, Dimisara, Godipada, Haridabandha, Panchumu, Kajalaipalli, Golagaon, Barasahi, Godipalli, P Manpur, Mayurjhalia, Borabarjhar, Hariharpur and Badagorada.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp61.htm|title= 61 - Ranpur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 12 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|52.27}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.66}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.47}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.48}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.13}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.68}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.75}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|54.93}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.40}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|51.49}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|23.12}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections have been held here till date.

List of members elected from Ranpur constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Ranpur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/ranpur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 12 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ranpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Ranpur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/ranpur-constituency-result-18119 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Surama Padhy]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Satyanarayan Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Rabinarayan Mohapatra]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Satyanarayan Pradhan]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Surama Padhy]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramakanta Mishra
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Sarat Chandra Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramakanta Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramesh Chandra Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Brajendra Chandra Bir. Baj.
Narendra Mohapatra Singh Deo
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Ram Chandra Ram
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Basanta Manjari Devi]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Surama Padhy]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Satyanarayan Pradhan]] by a margin of 15,544 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Ranpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Surama Padhy]]
|votes = 81,439
|percentage = 52.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Satyanarayan Pradhan]]
|votes = 65,895
|percentage = 42.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bibhu Prasad Mishra
|votes = 4,952
|percentage = 3.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 675
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,544
|percentage = 9.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,815
|percentage = 74.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Satyanarayan Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Surama Padhy]] by a margin of 4,251 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranpur<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Satyanarayan Pradhan]]
|votes = 69,849
|percentage = 46.66
|change = {{increase}}2.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Surama Padhy]]
|votes = 65,598
|percentage = 43.82
|change = {{increase}}11.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subhashree Panda
|votes = 9,215
|percentage = 6.16
|change = {{decrease}}6.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 615
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,251
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,706
|percentage = 70.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rabinarayan Mohapatra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Surama Padhy]] by a margin of 16,426 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=20 August 2014|archive-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ranpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Ranpur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18119.htm?ac=119|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=20 August 2014|archive-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523175506/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18119.htm?ac=119|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Ranpur (119)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=119|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140820113448/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=119|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 August 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rabinarayan Mohapatra]]
|votes = 60,705
|percentage = 44.47
|change = {{down}}1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Surama Padhy]]
|votes = 44,279
|percentage = 32.44
|change = {{up}}4.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Satyajit Pattnaik
|votes = 17,110
|percentage = 12.53
|change = {{down}}9.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 720
|percentage = 0.53
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,426
|percentage = 12.03
|change = {{down}}5.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,501
|percentage = 73.78
|change = {{up}}5.5
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,85,016
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Satyanarayan Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Surama Padhy]] by a margin of 21,601 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=21601 |accessdate=12 April 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ranpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Satyanarayan Pradhan]]
|votes = 54,643
|percentage = 45.48
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Surama Padhy]]
|votes = 33,042
|percentage = 27.50
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramakanta Mishra
|votes = 25,898
|percentage = 21.56
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,601
|percentage = 17.98{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,20,162
|percentage = 68.28{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 68.70%}}
|change = {{down}}0.42
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nayagarh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|20.06|85.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Nayagarh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

ATAGS (howitzer)

2026-04-10T15:55:56Z

Freelaw67: Added a stub v1.

{{Short description|Indian 155 mm howitzer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Advanced towed artillery gun system (ATAGS)
| image = ATAGS.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = ATAGS during firing trials
| type = [[Howitzer|Towed Howitzer]]
| service =
| wars = 
| designer = [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (Project Director: RP Pandey)<ref name=":10" /> <br />[[Tata Power SED]] <br />[[Bharat Forge]]
| number = 40
| spec_label =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| action = Auto gun alignment and positioning
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged = yes
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery = yes
| is_missile = 
| used_by = [[Armenian Ground Forces]]<br>[[Indian Army]]
| design_date = 2013-2017
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems]] <br />[[Tata Advanced Systems]]<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2017 |title=India's Two Private Firms Win $4.5 Billion Contract To Develop Artillery Gun Systems |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/18336/India_s_Two_Private_Firms_Win__4_5_Billion_Contract_To_Develop_Artillery_Gun_Systems#.Y1E1zOTP3Vg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020115135/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/18336/India_s_Two_Private_Firms_Win__4_5_Billion_Contract_To_Develop_Artillery_Gun_Systems#.Y1E1zOTP3Vg |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |publisher=Defense Mirror}}</ref>
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 2019
| variants = 
| weight = Previously, {{convert|18|t}}.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 May 2019 |title=Trials of advanced artillery gun begin in Pokhran range |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/trials-of-advanced-artillery-gun-begin-in-pokhran-range/articleshow/69510412.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620051957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/trials-of-advanced-artillery-gun-begin-in-pokhran-range/articleshow/69510412.cms |archive-date=20 June 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Now, {{convert|12|t}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Sohini |date=2025-02-11 |title=Aero India 2025: DRDO unveils 155 mm ramjet projectile |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/aero-india-2025-drdo-unveils-155-mm-ramjet-projectile |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=[[Janes Information Services|Janes]] |language=en}}</ref>
| part_length = {{convert|8060|mm||abbr=on}} L/52
| crew = 6-8
| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber = [[155 mm]]
| barrels =
| rate = * '''Burst:''' 5 rounds in 60 sec.<ref>{{cite news |title=155 MM X 52 CAL ADVANCED TOWED ARTILLERY GUN SYSTEM (ATAGS) |url=https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_Aug2023.pdf |access-date=26 March 2025 |agency=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Technology Focus |date=August 2023}}</ref> Improved to 6 rounds in 30 sec.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Sohini |date=2025-02-11 |title=Aero India 2025: DRDO unveils 155 mm ramjet projectile |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/aero-india-2025-drdo-unveils-155-mm-ramjet-projectile |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=[[Janes Information Services|Janes]] |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Intense:''' 10 rounds in 2 min 30 sec
* '''Sustained:''' 60 rounds in 60 min
| velocity =
| range = >45 km<ref>{{cite book|title=Aero India|url=https://aeroindia.gov.in/assets/pdf/Export%20Book%20_Final.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Mayank |title=Army’s first regiment of long-range ATAGS artillery guns to be ready by February 2027 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/07/armys-first-regiment-of-long-range-atags-artillery-guns-to-be-ready-by-february-2027 |access-date=7 July 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
| max_range = 48.074 km (High Explosive [[Base bleed|Base Bleed]] Shell)<ref name="recordinrange">{{cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=15 September 2017 |title=Indigenous artillery gun sets new record in range |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-artillery-gun-sets-new-record-in-range/article19693728.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114164504/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-artillery-gun-sets-new-record-in-range/article19693728.ece |archive-date=14 January 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="gunsalute">{{cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=5 September 2017 |title=World-record 'gun salute' to incoming defence minister Nirmala Sitharaman |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/world-record-gun-salute-to-incoming-defence-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-117090500024_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107122455/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/world-record-gun-salute-to-incoming-defence-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-117090500024_1.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
<br />80 km ([[Munitions_India#Ramjet-Propelled_Artillery_Shell|Ramjet Shell]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Sohini |date=2025-02-11 |title=Aero India 2025: DRDO unveils 155 mm ramjet projectile |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/aero-india-2025-drdo-unveils-155-mm-ramjet-projectile |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=[[Janes Information Services|Janes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thenewsmill.com">{{cite news |last1=Sadham |first1=Vinay |title=What is smart ammunition? IIT Madras, Munitions India Limited to develop smart ammunition |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2024/02/what-is-smart-ammunition-iit-madras-munitions-india-limited-to-develop-smart-ammunition/ |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=thenewsmill.com |date=7 February 2024}}</ref>
| feed = Automatic ammunition handling including crane<ref>{{cite web |title=Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System |url=https://www.tataadvancedsystems.com/advanced-towed-ags |publisher=TATA Advanced Systems |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
| sights = Thermal sight Gunners display
| breech = Screw type
| recoil = Electro-rheological/Magneto-rheological
| is_vehicle = yes
| speed = With towing vehicle 60-80 km/h, Self propelled 18 km/h with 95 kW APU<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATAGS specifications |url=https://www.kssl.in/our-business-artillery |website=Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kajal |first1=Kapil |title=Defexpo 2022: DRDO unveils indigenous ATAGS |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/defexpo-2022-drdo-unveils-indigenous-atags |access-date=26 March 2025 |agency=Janes Information Services |date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
| elevation = Servo based, -3/+75°
| traverse = Servo based, ±25°, 25 m diameter
}}

The '''Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System''' (ATAGS)<ref name="drdo.gov.in">{{cite journal
|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_Aug2023.pdf
|title=155 MM X 52 CAL ADVANCED TOWED ARTILLERY GUN SYSTEM (ATAGS)
|journal=Technology Focus |location=India
|volume=31 |issue=4 |date=Aug 2023 |issn=0971-4413
|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> is a towed [[155 mm]], 52-[[Caliber (artillery)|calibre]] howitzer that is being developed for the [[Indian Army]] by [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE), [[Tata Advanced Systems]] (TASL) and [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems]] (KSSL), a subsidiary of [[Bharat Forge]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=19 October 2022 |title=Defexpo 2022: DRDO unveils indigenous ATAGS |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/defexpo-2022-drdo-unveils-indigenous-atags |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107052450/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/defexpo-2022-drdo-unveils-indigenous-atags |archive-date=7 November 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=Janes}}</ref> The latter two are the development and manufacturing partners for the programme.<ref name="drdo.gov.in" /> ATAGS is named '''Amogh''' in Indian Army service.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-11 |title=Indian Army officially names ATAGS as Amogh Before Army Day Parade |url=https://defence.newsd.in/military/army/indian-army-officially-names-atags-as-amogh-before-army-day-parade |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Newsd Defence |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Indian Army Likely To Name The ATAGS As Amogh |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2026/01/indian-army-likely-to-name-atags-as.html |access-date=2026-01-12}}</ref>

==Development==
[[File:ATAGS Howitzer.webm|left|thumb|Advanced towed artillery gun system (ATAGS)]]
The ATAGS project was started in 2013 by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to replace older guns in service in the [[Indian Army]] with a modern 155mm artillery gun.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=29 July 2010 |title=155-mm gun contract: DRDO enters the fray |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/155-mm-gun-contract-drdo-enters-the-fray-110072900042_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123180641/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/155-mm-gun-contract-drdo-enters-the-fray-110072900042_1.html |archive-date=23 November 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> DRDO laboratory [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) partnered with private players [[Bharat Forge]], Mahindra Defence Naval System, [[Tata Power SED]] and public sector unit [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India]] for this purpose.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2018 |title=ATAGS to be ready for user trial by early 2017: DRDO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/atags-to-be-ready-for-user-trial-by-early-2017-drdo/articleshow/53214335.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105071627/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/atags-to-be-ready-for-user-trial-by-early-2017-drdo/articleshow/53214335.cms |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=13 April 2020 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

With ARDE as the nodal laboratory, development is being assisted by [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] (IRDE), [[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] (VRDE), [[Proof and Experimental Establishment]] (PXE), [[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics]] (CAIR), and [[Defence Electronics Application Laboratory|Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory]] (DEAL).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Sushant |title=Explained: What is ATAGS, the indigenous howitzer used in Independence Day 21-gun salute? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-atags-indigenous-howitzier-i-day-21-gun-salute-8090428/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815073019/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-atags-indigenous-howitzier-i-day-21-gun-salute-8090428/ |archive-date=15 August 2022 |location=Pune}}</ref> It was part of the Development cum Production Partner programme (DCPP) of DRDO.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2021|title=DRDO opens up missile production partnership for Indian private sector|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-opens-up-missile-production-partnership-for-indian-private-sector/articleshow/81928553.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-06|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406075147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-opens-up-missile-production-partnership-for-indian-private-sector/articleshow/81928553.cms |archive-date=6 April 2021 }}</ref>

The development of the gun took about 4 years and is expected to be complete by March 2017. The delay in completion of the project was attributed to realization of ordnance and recoil system and supply issue with manufacturing of sub-systems. The gun is expected to start user trials in 2017 and production is expected to start in 2019.<ref name="OFB">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Danvir |date=13 March 2016 |title=Dhanush 155mm Artillery Gun: A "Make in India" Marvel |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dhanush-155mm-artillery-gun-a-make-in-india-marvel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925005101/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dhanush-155mm-artillery-gun-a-make-in-india-marvel/ |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=20 July 2016 |website=Indian Defence Review}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=DRDO Embarked Major Success in Advanced Artillery Gun System |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:147091 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210175823/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:147091 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=Government of India Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Projects of DRDO |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:154330 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210175853/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:154330 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=26 January 2017 |publisher=Government of India Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |date=15 July 2016 |title=India Successfully Tests New Advanced Artillery Gun System |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/india-successfully-tests-new-advanced-artillery-gun-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211182137/https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/india-successfully-tests-new-advanced-artillery-gun-system/ |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=26 January 2017 |newspaper=The Diplomat}}</ref>

It was first publicly showcased at 68th [[Republic Day Parade|Republic Day parade]] on 26 January 2017. Both the prototypes of TASL and KSSL was part of the parade.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite news |date=25 January 2017 |title=Make in India: DRDO takes pride in ATAGS, to be showcased at Republic Day parade |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-drdo-takes-pride-in-atags-to-be-showcased-at-republic-day-parade-2295956 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429182642/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-drdo-takes-pride-in-atags-to-be-showcased-at-republic-day-parade-2295956 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |work=DNA India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO's Advance Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) being displayed at Rajpath during the 68th Republic Day parade in New Delhi - Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/events/india-celebrates-its-68th-republic-day/articleshow/56794899.cms |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> For the first time, an indigenously developed howitzer gun, the ATAGS was included in the 21-gun salute alongside [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|the British origin 25-pounder]] as part of the [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|76th Independence day celebrations]]. Two howitzer were included in the battery that fired the 21 gun salute.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vats |first1=Anushka |title=Explained: ATAGS, The Made-In-India Howitzer Used For 21-Gun Salute On Independence Day 2022 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/explained-atags-the-madeinindia-howitzer-used-for-21gun-salute-on-independence-day2022-10047503 |access-date=16 August 2022 |date=15 August 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815095221/https://english.jagran.com/india/explained-atags-the-madeinindia-howitzer-used-for-21gun-salute-on-independence-day2022-10047503 |archive-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> ATAGS is being fast-tracked by Indian Army for induction as of 27 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=27 September 2022 |title=China threat in mind, Army to order another 100 K9 Vajra howitzers from L&T, more to follow |url=https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-to-order-another-100-k9-vajra-howitzers-from-lt-more-to-follow/1144787/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412025125/https://theprint.in/defence/china-threat-in-mind-army-to-order-another-100-k9-vajra-howitzers-from-lt-more-to-follow/1144787/ |archive-date=12 April 2023 |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=ThePrint}}</ref>

=== Trials ===
The ATAGS has undergone several trials since 2016.
*'''14 July 2016''': DRDO conducted the proof firing of armament for the 155/52 calibre advanced towed artillery gun system. The test was successful. The prototypes P1 and P2 of KSSL and TASL was tested in [[Proof and Experimental Establishment]] (PXE), [[Balasore]]. The two prototypes were followed by P3 and P4 after clearance.<ref name="Express">{{cite news |date=14 July 2016 |title=DRDO's 155 mm x 52 calibre advanced towed artillery gun test fired successfully |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/drdos-155-mm-x-52-calibre-advanced-towed-artillery-gun-test-fired-successfully/317065/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604202419/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/drdos-155-mm-x-52-calibre-advanced-towed-artillery-gun-test-fired-successfully/317065/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=15 July 2016 |publisher=Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-14 |title=DRDO Embarked Major Success in Advanced Artillery Gun System |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147091 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=India's Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) |url=https://chanakyaforum.com/indias-advanced-towed-artillery-gun-system-atags/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Chanakya Forum |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''14 December 2016''': A fully integrated,155-millimeter artillery gun fired its first rounds of live ammunition at the Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE) in Balasore, [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ajai |first1=Shukla |date=15 December 2016 |title=Indian gun booms in world's biggest artillery programme |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-gun-booms-in-world-s-biggest-artillery-programme-116121401202_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240117025043/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-gun-booms-in-world-s-biggest-artillery-programme-116121401202_1.html |archive-date=17 January 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
*'''24 August – 7 September 2017''': ATAGS underwent summer/desert trials in [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Field Firing Range]] (PFFR).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=7 February 2018 |title=Army to get 40 artillery guns made by DRDO |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/army-to-get-40-artillery-guns-made-by-drdo/540085.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206120017/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/army-to-get-40-artillery-guns-made-by-drdo-540085 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> During the trials, it broke the then world record for 155 mm/52 calibre gun by firing the round to a distance of 47.2 kilometres. It again registered a maximum distance of 48.074 kilometres with high explosive–base bleed (HE–BB) ammunition, surpassing the maximum ranges fired by any artillery gun system in this category.<ref name="gunsalute" /><ref name="recordinrange" />
*'''March 2018''': ATAGS successfully completed winter trials in Sikkim at an altitude of {{convert|11000|ft}} and a temperature of −20 °C. The mobility of the gun was favourable at the high altitudes. The manufacturing of first lot of 40 guns was to start soon.<ref name=":2" /> At heights of more than {{convert|13000|ft}}, ATAGS participated in extended firing exercises with only the backup battery.<ref name=":7" />
*'''20 May – 5 June 2019''': ATAGS underwent User Assisted Technical Trials (UATT) at Pokhran's PFFR with assistance from scientists of [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|ARDE]] and army officers of [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Corps of Artillery]]. The gun achieved all objectives of the trials and hit targets at a range of 45 kilometres. This was the last of developmental trials and the gun was being prepared for user trials and was expectred to be delivered by early September in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=office_zzam |date=2019-05-27 |title=India conducts firing trials of ATAGS howitzer in Rajasthan |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/2019/india-conducts-firing-trials-of-atags-howitzer-in-rajasthan |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-13 |title=Advanced artillery gun to be ready for user trial by September |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/advanced-artillery-gun-to-be-ready-for-user-trial-by-sept/articleshow/69763049.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*'''September 2020''': The user trials of the gun was underway in Pokhran Field Firing Range (PFFR) when one of the gun suffered a major setback with a barrel burst injuring four personnel. Investigations are on to ascertain and solve the problem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan M |first=Anantha |date=16 February 2020 |title=Youngsters can power India into a defence technology leader |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/14/youngsters-india-defence-technology-satheessh-reddy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217103017/https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/14/youngsters-india-defence-technology-satheessh-reddy.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref name="drawingboard">{{cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=26 September 2020 |title=indigenous artillery gun may go back to drawing board after barrel burst |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-artillery-gun-may-go-back-to-drawing-board/articleshow/78324260.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020111150/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-artillery-gun-may-go-back-to-drawing-board/articleshow/78324260.cms |archive-date=20 October 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> During the 2020 trial, the KSSL variant ATAGS fired 130+ rounds successfully and TASL-variant ATAGS fired 99 rounds successfully. It was during the firing of the 100th round (5th round of burst firing) of the TASL gun in which the accident occurred.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Lt. Gen. J P |date=1 October 2020 |title=ATAGS- A forward step towards Atamnirbharta in defence |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/atags-a-forward-step-towards-atamnirbharta-in-defence/2095691/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428221703/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-atags-a-forward-step-towards-atamnirbharta-in-defence-2095691/ |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref> In November 2020, after an investigation the gun was cleared for further trials.<ref name=":4" />
*'''February 2021''': ATAGS successfully completed another rounds of winter trials at high altitude conditions in Sikkim.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-05-02 |title=Indigenous towed artillery guns complete firing trials, paving way for induction into Army |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indigenous-towed-artillery-guns-complete-firing-trials-paving-way-for-induction-into-army/articleshow/91270076.cms |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mobility of the gun was a major aspect in the trials. During the trials, the KSSL ATAGS was moved to the northernmost operational point of North Sikkim at Lukrep up to an altiude of {{convert|15500|ft}}. The gun covered a distance of {{convert|341|km|abbr=on}} in around 10 days negotiating terrains with steep gradient and [[hairpin bends]] with ease without needing to unhook the gun from the tower. Mobility of the gun was tested for a distance of {{convert|526|km|abbr=on}}. Bharat Forge and Tata guns had the same performance factors. Further desert trials were expected in June.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2021-05-31 |title=DRDO will begin trials of Made-in-India towed artillery in June but Army still has 'concerns' |url=https://theprint.in/defence/drdo-will-begin-trials-of-made-in-india-towed-artillery-in-june-but-army-still-has-concerns/668417/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''26 April – 2 May 2022''': The ATAGS successfully completed a week-long validation trials in Pokhran Field Firing Range (PFFR), paving way for induction into Army.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-03 |title=Trials conducted successfully for towed artillery guns ATAGS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/defence/story/trials-conducted-successfully-for-towed-artillery-guns-atags-1944684-2022-05-02 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-05-03 |title=Indigenous artillery gun passes validation trials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-artillery-gun-passes-validation-trials/article65378688.ece |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*'''Mid-2024''': Armenia conducted several successful tests of the 6 units of ATAGS that have been delivered at various locations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Armenia begins process to purchase 84 additional units of ATAGS artillery systems - IDRW |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/1201444 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=ARMENPRESS Armenian News Agency |language=en}}</ref>

=== Production ===
[[Armenian Ground Forces]] ordered 6 ATAGS from [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems]] (KSSL) by August 2023. The guns were manufactured in KSSL's facility in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-11-14 |title=Artillery to rocket launchers — Armenia turns to India to beef up defence against Azerbaijan |url=https://theprint.in/defence/artillery-to-rocket-launchers-armenia-turns-to-india-to-beef-up-defence-against-azerbaijan/1215570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124031445/https://theprint.in/defence/artillery-to-rocket-launchers-armenia-turns-to-india-to-beef-up-defence-against-azerbaijan/1215570/ |archive-date=2022-11-24 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> They were delivered to Armenia by the end of 2023. As of October 2024, they intend to purchase additional 84 units after successful trials at different locations.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{cite news |last1=Nazaretyan |first1=Hovhannes |date=April 12, 2024 |title=Untangling Armenia's Indian Arms Procurement |url=https://evnreport.com/politics/untangling-armenias-indian-arms-procurement/ |quote= |agency=[[EVN Report]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=office_zzam |date=2024-03-07 |title=Armenia to purchase 90 Indian 155mm Advanced Towed Artillery Gun Syste |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2024/armenia-to-purchase-84-indian-155mm-advanced-towed-artillery-gun-systems |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Post completion of trials of ATAGS in 2022, reports suggested that an initial order, split between TASL and Bharat Forge, for 150 guns would be placed at a cost of {{INRConvert|3365|c|lk=on|year=2022}} after releasing an [[RFP]].<ref name=":3" />

In March 2023, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]] received a proposal worth over $1 Billion from the Indian Army for the purchase of 307 ATAGS.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-02 |title=Indian Army to buy 307 ATAGS howitzers for deployment along China, Pak border |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/020323/indian-army-to-buy-307-atags-howitzers-for-deployment-along-china-pak.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The order will be split at a ratio of 60:40 ratio. [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems]] (KSSL) has emerged to be the lowest bidder followed by [[Tata Advanced Systems]] (TASL). However, TASL needs to meet the price bid of KSSL to receive the 40% order share.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-11-05 |title=Bharat Forge, Tata likely to get DRDO-made towed guns deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-forge-tata-likely-to-get-drdo-made-towed-guns-deal/articleshow/114956159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It was reported on 19 November 2024, Bharat Forge, the parent company of KSSL, is participating in price negotiations with the Ministry of Defence for the ATAGS contract.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-11-19 |title=Bharat Forge & defence ministry start contract negotiations for ATAGS. The journey so far |url=https://theprint.in/defence/bharat-forge-defence-ministry-start-contract-negotiations-for-atags-the-journey-so-far/2363625/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The deal, worth {{INRConvert|8500|c|lk=|year=2025}}, was to be signed by 31 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-13 |title=India eyes mega defence deals worth Rs 1.5 lakh crore before March 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-eyes-mega-defence-deals-worth-rs-1-5-lakh-crore-before-march-31/articleshow/117182178.cms |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 20 March 2025, it was reported that the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) has cleared the procurement of 307 ATAGS and 327 [[6×6]] gun towing vehicles to arm 15 artillery regiments at an estimated cost of around {{INRConvert|6900|c|lk=|year=2025}}.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-07-07 |title=Army’s first regiment of long-range ATAGS artillery guns to be ready by February 2027 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/07/armys-first-regiment-of-long-range-atags-artillery-guns-to-be-ready-by-february-2027 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The contract is expected to be signed next week. Following this, further orders could be placed later under the [[Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-03-20 |title=CCS clears mega deal for big indigenous artillery guns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ccs-clears-mega-deal-for-big-indigenous-artillery-guns/articleshow/119234281.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was also reported that KSSL will manufacture 60% of the ATAGS order due to being the lowest bidder and TASL will manufacture the remaining 40%.<ref name=":8" /> The contract was signed on 26 March. The guns will replace outdated 105 mm and 130 mm guns of the Army. Over 65% of the gun's components are indigenous which includes major subsystems such as the barrel, muzzle brake, breech mechanism, firing and recoil system, and ammunition handling mechanism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-26 |title=Make in India hits the mark! MoD seals ₹6,900 crore deal with Bharat Forge & Tata for India's next-gen ATAGS artillery |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/make-in-india-hits-the-mark-mod-seals-6900-crore-deal-with-bharat-forge-tata-for-indias-next-gen-atags-artillery/articleshow/119539335.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-26 |title=Defence ministry inks mega Rs 6,900 crore deal for indigenous heavy-duty artillery guns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/defence-ministry-inks-mega-rs-6900-crore-deal-for-indigenous-heavy-duty-artillery-guns/articleshow/119542878.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As of July 2025, the first gun system was ready for its product model test while the first regiment of ATAGS is to be raised by February 2027.<ref name=":10" /> The project has been termed as "an exemplary Mission Mode success" by the ARDE Director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-07-10 |title=India's advanced artillery gun system exemplary mission mode success: Defence Ministry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-advanced-artillery-gun-system-exemplary-mission-mode-success-defence-ministry/article69794626.ece |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Design ==
[[File:ATAGS Republic day Parade.jpg|thumb|ATAGS at Republic day Parade 2026.]]
The gun consists of a barrel, breech mechanism, [[muzzle brake]] and recoil mechanism to fire 155 mm calibre ammunition with a firing range of 48 km. It has an all-electric drive to ensure reliability and minimum maintenance over a long period of time. It has advanced features like high mobility, quick deployment, [[Auxiliary power unit|auxiliary power mode]], advanced communication system, automatic command and control system with night capability in direct-fire mode.<ref name=":0" /> The gun has a six round magazine instead of a standard three round magazine.<ref name="recordinrange" /> The gun is two tons lighter than guns in the same category and is designed to provide better accuracy and range. It can fire six rounds in 30 seconds and is capable of firing five successive rounds in short duration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Sohini |date=2025-02-11 |title=Aero India 2025: DRDO unveils 155 mm ramjet projectile |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/aero-india-2025-drdo-unveils-155-mm-ramjet-projectile |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref>

It is compatible with [[Command and control|C3I]] systems like Artillery Combat Command and Control System (ACCCS) called Shakti for technical fire control, fire planning, deployment management, operational logistics management of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2016 |title=Year End Review – 2016 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:156049 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210175849/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:156049 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=Government of India Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dighe |first=Sandip |date=26 January 2017 |title=ARDE's gun set to be on display at parade today – Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ardes-gun-set-to-be-on-display-at-parade-today/articleshow/56789390.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428214443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ardes-gun-set-to-be-on-display-at-parade-today/articleshow/56789390.cms |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=26 January 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> ATAGS has auto loading and positioning system, auto laying system, muzzle velocity radar, safety interlocks and redundancy systems.The gun can fire up to Zone 7 bi-modular charge system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=2022-10-19 |title=Defexpo 2022: DRDO unveils indigenous ATAGS |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/defexpo-2022-drdo-unveils-indigenous-atags |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref>

The gun is towed by [[Ashok Leyland FAT|Ashok Leyland FAT 6×6]] truck and can change over from towing mode to firing mode within 2 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Stephen W. |date=2022-11-02 |title=Indian Army ATAGS Howitzer Fielding |url=https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2022/11/indian-army-atags-howitzer-fielding/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Asian Military Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The ATAGS artillery gun features [[shoot-and-scoot]] capability and can be deployed to fire a shell within just 90 seconds.<ref name=":10" /> It takes 2.5 minutes during the day and 3 minutes at night for the complete system to be prepared for action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KSSL – Artillery Business |url=https://www.kssl.in/our-business-artillery |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited}}</ref>

=== Ammunition ===

==== Ramjet-Propelled Artillery Shell ====
{{Excerpt|Munitions India#Ramjet-Propelled Artillery Shell }}

==== Smart Artillery Shell ====
{{Excerpt|Munitions India#155 mm Smart Artillery Shell}}

==Mounted Gun System (MGS) ==
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Mounted Gun System (MGS)
| image =
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| type = Truck-mounted [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled howitzer]]
| service =
| wars = 
| designer = [[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] (Project Director: Bharat Kushwaha)<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />
| number = 1 [[technology demonstrator]]
| spec_label =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| action =
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged = yes
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery = yes
| is_missile = 
| used_by = [[Indian Army]] (planned)
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems]] <br />[[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 2022
| variants = 
| weight = {{convert|30|t}}
| part_length =
| crew = 
| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber = [[155 mm]]/52 calibre
| barrels =
| rate = * '''Burst:''' 3+ rounds in 30 sec <br />
* '''Intense:''' 12 rounds in 3 min
* '''Sustained:''' 42 rounds in 60 min
| velocity =
| range = 45 km<ref>{{cite web |title=Mounted Gun System (155mm/52 Cal) |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/mounted-gun-system-155mm52-cal |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
| max_range = * High Explosive Extended Range Full Bore (ERFB BT) – 35 km,
* High Explosive Extended Range Full Bore [[Base bleed|Base Bleed]] (ERFB BB) – 45 km
* Ramjet Propelled Shell – 78 km (under development)<ref name="X">{{cite news |title=IIT-M Brochure on Next-gen Ramjet-powered 155mm artillery shells for Indian Army |url=https://x.com/defence_in/status/1477361483164135427}}</ref><ref name="thenewsmill.com">{{cite news |last1=Sadham |first1=Vinay |title=What is smart ammunition? IIT Madras, Munitions India Limited to develop smart ammunition |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2024/02/what-is-smart-ammunition-iit-madras-munitions-india-limited-to-develop-smart-ammunition/ |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=thenewsmill.com |date=7 February 2024}}</ref>
| feed =
| sights = 
| breech =
| recoil =
| is_vehicle = yes
| speed =
| elevation = 0°/+72°
| traverse =
| ref = <ref name="FI MGS"/><ref name="Janes MGS"/>
}}

The [[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] developed the first mounted gun system [[technology demonstrator]] of India with [[shoot-and-scoot]] capability.<ref name=":10" /> It is a truck-mounted [[Self-propelled artillery|self propelled artillery]] variant with ATAGS mounted on an [[8×8]] High Mobility Vehicle (HMV) developed by [[BEML|Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] (BEML). The overall system weighs 30 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=19 October 2022 |title=MGS, Light Tank, WhaP: DRDO presents 3 'Make in India' successes at DefExpo |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mgs-light-tank-whap-drdo-presents-3-make-in-india-successes-at-defexpo-122101901283_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019160919/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mgs-light-tank-whap-drdo-presents-3-make-in-india-successes-at-defexpo-122101901283_1.html |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> The technology demonstrator was revealed in DefExpo 2022.<ref name="FI MGS">{{Cite web |title=Indigenously made truck-mounted heavy artillery gun will meet long pending requirement |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/shoot-and-scoot/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Janes MGS">{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=1 December 2022 |title=DRDO tests mounted gun system |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-tests-mounted-gun-system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402115225/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-tests-mounted-gun-system |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=Janes}}</ref>

As part of this project, DRDO has developed technology related to ammunition handling cranes, stabilizers, armoured cabins, carrier vehicles, on-board power sources, and integrated small electronic controllers. MGS can operate in both desert and mountainous environments and has high mobility in terms of gradient, side slope, trench crossing, and cross-country capacity.<ref name=":11">{{cite news |title=DRDO Mounted Gun System to boost Indian Army's firepower |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/drdo-mounted-gun-system-to-boost-indian-armys-firepower20250707222902/ |access-date=7 July 2025 |publisher=ANI |date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

The official technical features of the gun includes: – <ref name="FI MGS" /><ref name="Janes MGS" />

* Has an all-up weight of 30 tonnes.
* Has a maximum range of 35 to 45 km depending on the ammunition.
* Features an elevation range of 0° to +72°.
* Each unit of MGS can carry 24 rounds of ammunition along with enough Bi-Modular Charge System (BMCS).
* The system can be transitioned from drive mode to fire mode in 80 seconds and back to drive mode from fire mode in 85 seconds.
* It can operate in the temperature range of −4 °C to +45 °C.
* It has a chamber volume of 25 litres which can be later upgraded in need.
* Features an all-electric drive and also includes a manual override system.
* Includes auto gun alignment and positioning system, [[fire-control system]] (FCS), and ammunition handling system.

The MGS system has undergone mobility and performance trials along with standalone firing trials of the armoured cabin in [[Integrated Test Range|Balasore]] and [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran]].<ref name="Janes MGS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> Trials for the variant is expected to be concluded by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Indian Army accelerates artillery modernisation with indigenous systems |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-artillery-modernisation-indigenous-systems-pinaka-rockets-k9-vajra-advanced-artillery-guns-2664259-2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 7 June 2025, [[VRDE]] officially transferred the technology of the Mounted Gun System to [[Bharat Forge]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-08 |title=DRDO transfers technologies of nine systems to 10 industries |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2134995 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The Army has a projected requirement of 300 in the first phase, with the numbers expected to rise to 700–800 in future. As of July 2025, DRDO is reportedly indigenising the remaining components of the MGS.<ref name=":10" /> Additionally, the Indian Army has also written to VRDE — the nodal development agency — to make the technology demonstrator available for extensive user trials in variable terrain and weather conditions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-07 |title=Army to test locally made gun that shoots and scoots in 85 seconds |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-to-test-locally-made-gun-that-shoots-and-scoots-in-85-seconds-101751889020033.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Users==
{{Maplink|frame = yes|text=ATAGS operators as of 2023

|id=Q399 |type=shape|fill=#0000FF|stroke-width=0|title=Armenia


}}

=== Current users ===

* '''{{flag|Armenia}}'''
** {{Army|Armenia}} – 6 ordered and delivered in 2023 by [[Bharat Forge]]. Another 84 units planned (deal worth US$155 million).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
*'''{{flag|India}}'''
** {{Army|IND}} – 307 on order. As of February 2026 18 unit have been delivered with the first two regiments in the process of being raised by March 2026. ATAGS made debut at 2026 Republic Day Parade.<ref name=":9" /> Bharat Forge will supply 184 units.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Arjun Dev |date=2026-01-28 |title=World’s smallest 155 x 52 mm Mounted Gun System |url=https://chakranewz.com/critical-technologies/world-rsquo-s-smallest-155-x-52-mm-mounted-gun-system |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=chakranewz |language=en}}</ref>
* Unknown European country - 18 units delivered in 2024 by Bharat Forge.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-02 |title=Bharat Forge says it exported 100 guns to Europe, other markets last year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-forge-says-it-exported-100-guns-to-europe-other-markets-last-year/articleshow/119915005.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Manu |date=2025-08-20 |title=Bharat Forge Bets Big on Defence: How Baba Kalyani is powering India's military |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/bharat-forge-bets-big-on-defence-how-baba-kalyani-is-powering-indias-military-ambitions/96630/1 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Potential users ===

* '''{{Flag|Philippines}}'''
** {{Army|PHI}} – Offered by India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orpiano |first=Pitz |title=Philippine Army's Interest in Getting Indian ATAGS 155mm Towed Howitzer |url=https://www.pitzdefanalysis.net/2024/04/philippine-armys-interest-in-getting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241105105112/https://www.pitzdefanalysis.net/2024/04/philippine-armys-interest-in-getting.html |archive-date=2024-11-05 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=pitzdefanalysis.net}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of equipment of the Indian Army]]

* Other towed artillery systems in use in different armies:
** {{annotated link|M777 howitzer}}
** {{annotated link|Haubits FH77}}
** {{annotated link|FH70}}
** {{annotated link|152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B}}
** {{annotated link|Soltam M-71}}
** {{annotated link|KH179}}
** {{annotated link|SLWH Pegasus}}
** {{annotated link|AH4 howitzer}}
** {{annotated link|Panter howitzer}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

[[Category:Howitzers]]
[[Category:Artillery of India]]
[[Category:155 mm artillery]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Laljit Singh Bhullar

2026-04-07T22:23:04Z

Freelaw67: stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Laljit Singh Bhullar
| image = [[File:Laljit Singh Bhullar.jpg|Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Mann ministry|Ex Cabinet Minister for Transport]], [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br>[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
| subterm = '''Chief Minister'''
| suboffice = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| term_start = 19 March 2022
| term_end = 21 March 2026
| constituency =
| predecessor =
| office1 = [[Mann ministry|Cabinet Minister for Hospitality]], [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| governor1 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br>[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
| subterm1 = '''Chief Minister'''
| suboffice1 = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 2022
| term_end1 = 21 March 2026
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 10 March 2022
| term_end2 = 
| constituency2 = [[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| order3 = 
| office3 = 
| term_start3 = 
| term_end3 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
| preceded2 = [[Harminder Singh Gill]]
}}
'''Laljit Singh Bhullar''' is an Indian politician and the Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly representing [[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="Playing 20 March 2022">{{cite news |title=The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann's cabinet ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhullar worked as volunteer in Aam Aadmi party. He defeated four-time SAD MLA Adesh Partap Singh Kairon and one-time Congress MLA Harminder Singh Gill in the 2022 election.<ref name="Tribune News 3 April 2022">{{cite news |title=Restoring bus service top priority: Laljit Singh Bhullar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/restoring-bus-service-top-priority-laljit-singh-bhullar-383036 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=3 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 6,52,90,500 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 63,78,000 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laljit Singh Bhullar(AAP):Constituency- PATTI(TARN TARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=182 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
Bhullar was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. He represented the [[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He took oath as a cabinet minister along with nine other MLAs on 19 March at Guru Nanak Dev auditorium of [[Raj Bhavan, Punjab|Punjab Raj Bhavan]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Tribune 18 March 2022">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ten Punjab ministers to take oath on Saturday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318092034/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 25K 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=25,000 Government Jobs For Punjab: New Chief Minister's 1st Decision |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319125442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight ministers including Bhullar who took oath were greenhorn (first term) MLAs.<ref name="CabinetOath 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=In Mann's first list of Cabinet ministers, 8 greenhorn MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064250/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a cabinet minister in the [[Mann ministry]], Bhullar was given the charge of two departments of the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]]:<ref name="Tribune News 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab portfolios announced; CM Mann keeps Home and Vigilance, Cheema gets Finance, Singla Health, Harbhajan Power |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-portfolios-announced-cheema-gets-finance-and-revenue-harbhajan-eto-power-dr-baljit-women-welfare-and-child-development-379489 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
# Department of Transport
# Department of Hospitality

==Controversy over casteist remark==
During an election rally in [[Patti, Punjab|Patti]] ([[Tarn Taran district]]) in April 2024, while campaigning for the Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha seat, Laljit Singh Bhullar reportedly made derogatory remarks targeting the Ramgarhia and Suniyar communities, using a term, '''Ghuli gharh''', perceived as deeply offensive. He also took a swipe at former Congress MLA Harminder Singh Gill, making caste-related insinuations.<ref>{{cite news |title='Unsavoury remarks' may land AAP Khadoor Sahib candidate Laljit Singh Bhullar in trouble |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/unsavoury-remarks-may-land-aap-nominee-bhullar-in-trouble-614676/ |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bhullar's caste slur: Pb CEO reports to ECI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bhullars-caste-slur-pb-ceo-reports-to-eci/articleshow/109636950.cms |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

Despite the apology, [[Ramgarhia|Ramgarhia community]] organizations remained unsatisfied. The All [[Vishwakarma]] [[Ramgarhia/Dhiman]] Foundation demanded Bhullar's removal from the cabinet and called for a boycott of AAP candidates across Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amritsar: Ramgarhia outfit calls for boycott of AAP candidates |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/ramgarhia-outfit-calls-for-boycott-of-aap-candidates-621261 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport minister==
In June 2022, CM [[Bhagwant Mann]] announced [[Volvo bus]] service between [[IGI Airport]] and different Punjab cities of the state. The tariff charged by the PRTC and PEPSU buses for the Airport was announced at half the rates being charged by the private bus operators. Mann said that this service would break the monopoly of a few families in bus business with political links.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab govt bus service to Delhi International Airport soon |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/chandigarh/punjab-govt-bus-service-delhi-international-airport-soon-1503065199.html |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Punjab CM Bhagwant Mann aims to break monopoly of private bus operators; announces to ply buses to Delhi airport from June 15 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-cm-bhagwant-mann-to-make-big-announcement-at-2pm-today-402720 |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Transport]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Animal Husbandry, Fisheries & Dairy Development]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Hospitality/]]
|years=March–May 2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bhagwant Mann]]}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Patti, Punjab
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhullar, Laljit Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mann ministry]]
[[Category:Transport ministers of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

D. Vijayaraj

2026-04-04T04:21:24Z

Freelaw67: Adding first data initial version

{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Former legislative member of Tamil Nadu assembly}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. Vijayaraj
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|2|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1971
| predecessor1 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| successor1 = [[P. U. Shanmugam ]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Bus Owner
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''D. Vijayaraj''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from [[Tiruvannamalai]] town in [[Tiruvannamalai district]]. He studied at Tiruvannamalai Municipal High School. Belonging to the Indian National Congress party, he contested in the [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] elections from the [[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai constituency]] and won, becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly” Who's Who 1967. Madras-9: Madras Legislative Assembly Department. December 1968. p. 263.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvannamalai<ref>{{cite web | title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results in 1967 | url=https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Vijayaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,153 |percentage=49.39 |change=-0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. U. Shanmugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,968 |percentage=45.26 |change=-2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,134 |percentage=5.35 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,185 |percentage=4.12 |change= 1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,255 |percentage=84.43 |change= 10.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,545 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gounder, D. Vijayaraj}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvannamalai district]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

B. V. R. Subrahmanyam

2026-03-31T04:34:01Z

Freelaw67: Added a stub from scratch.

{{Short description|Former Chief Executive Officer of NITI Aayog}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B. V. R Subrahmanyam
| main_width =
| country = [[India]]
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|09|06}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| order1 = Commerce Secretary to Government of India
| district =
| occupation = [[IAS officer]] (Retd.)
| office = 4th [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] of [[NITI Aayog]]
| term_start = 1 March 2023
| term_end = 28 February 2026
| predecessor = [[Parameswaran Iyer]]
| successor = Nidhi Chhibber<ref>{{Cite web |date= 24 February 2026|title= No further extension to NITI CEO BVR Subrahmanyam, IAS officer Nidhi Chhibber assigned additional charge|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/niti-ceo-bvr-subrahmanyam-ias-officer-nidhi-chhibber-10549614/ |access-date= 26 February 2026|website= [[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
| predecessor1 = [[Anup Wadhawan]]
| successor1 = Sunil Barthwal
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 20 June 2018
| term_start1 = 30 June 2021
| term_end1 = 30 September 2022
| education = [[Delhi Technological University]], [[London Business School]]
| office3 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary (Home), Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start3 = March 2015
| term_end3 = 20 June 2018
| office4 = Prime Minister's Office (PMO)
| term_start4 = March 2012
| term_end4 = March 2015
| office2 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_end2 = 28 May 2021
| successor2 = Arun Kumar Mehta
| predecessor2 = Bharat Bhushan Vyas
}}
'''B. V. R. Subramaniyam''' (born 6 September 1962) is a retired 1988-batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] cadre who served as the [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] of [[NITI Aayog]] from 2023 to 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 24 February 2026|title= No further extension to NITI CEO BVR Subrahmanyam, IAS officer Nidhi Chhibber assigned additional charge|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/niti-ceo-bvr-subrahmanyam-ias-officer-nidhi-chhibber-10549614/ |access-date= 26 February 2026|website= [[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> Before that he served as secretary in the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce & Industry]], Chief Secretary-Jammu & Kashmir, Principal Secretary-Government of Chhattisgarh, and has also held the positions in [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister’s Office]] serving under both [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Narendra Modi]]. He has been instrumental in containing insurgency in Chhattisgarh in the 2010s.

==Education==
B. V. R. Subrahmanyam hails from the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] degree in [[Mechanical Engineering]] from [[Delhi Technological University]] in 1983.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ghose|first=Debobrat|date=2018-06-20|title=BVR Subrahmanyam could be J&K's chief secretary: IAS officer's experience in dealing with insurgency makes him ideal choice|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bvr-subrahmanyam-could-be-jks-chief-secretary-ias-officers-experience-in-dealing-with-insurgency-makes-him-ideal-choice-4553451.html|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Firstpost}}</ref> He also has a management degree from [[London Business School]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He is a 1987-batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
and has worked in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|PMO]] between 2004–2008 and March 2012–March 2015, serving under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Narendra Modi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2018-06-20|title=Senior Chhattisgarh cadre bureaucrat B.V.R. Subrahmanyam posted to J&K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-chhattisgarh-bureaucrat-bvr-subrahmanyam-posted-to-jk/article24208787.ece|access-date=2020-08-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In between his PMO stints he worked with the [[World Bank]]. In 2015 he was shifted to Chhattisgarh where he was a principal secretary followed by Additional Chief Secretary (Home).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-20|agency=PTI|title=BVR Subrahmanyam appointed new J&K chief secretary, BB Vyas adviser to Governor|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200618/bvr-subrahmanyam-new-jk-chief-secretary-bb-vyas-adviser-to-governor.html|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He also held additional charges of jail and transport during his tenure there.<ref name=":0" /> Subrahmanyam was appointed by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] as the Chief Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir in place of B. B. Vyas on 20 June 2018 following the collapse of the PDP-BJP coalition government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=10 August 2020|title=Jammu & Kashmir was run like a Ponzi scheme: Chief Secretary|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/jammu-kashmir-was-run-like-a-ponzi-scheme-chief-secretary/634867|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Times Now News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Additional Chief Secretary (Home), Chhattisgarh ===
In March 2015 B. V. R. Subrahmanyam was shifted to [[Chhattisgarh]]. Chhattisgarh chief minister [[Raman Singh]] had personally requested Prime Minister Manmohan to shift Subrahmanyam to Chhattisgarh. Initially he was a principal secretary followed by Additional Chief Secretary (Home) with additional charges of jail and transport.<ref name=":0" /> Subrahmanyam is known for his role in conflict zone administration in the state. He pushed the coordination and cooperation between the central security forces and the state police. This, along with his on-field approach, and a change in defensive tactics to offensive strategies, has been effective in countering the Maoist insurgency in the region. He also coordinated the construction of fast tracked roads, which are considered an import factor in dealing with the Maoists.<ref name=":0" />

=== Chief Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir ===
In August 2020, B. V. R. Subrahmanyam, while speaking to some journalists, had said that "J&K was a 'broken state' — the governance was broken badly, there was no system, no rules, and decay began a long time ago. Not a single soul had cried over detention of political and separatist leaders in August last year, when Centre scrapped J&K’s status".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wani|first=Fayaz|date=9 August 2020|title=Jammu & Kashmir chief secretary BVR Subrahmanyam draws flak for 'broken state' remark|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/09/jammu--kashmir-chief-secretary-bvr-subrahmanyam-draws-flak-for-broken-state-remark-2180964.html|access-date=2020-08-14|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Bharti|date=8 August 2020|title=Development in J&K is 'work in progress': Chief secretary B V R Subrahmanyam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/development-in-jk-is-work-in-progress-jk-chief-secretary-b-v-r-subrahmanyam/articleshow/77426609.cms|access-date=2020-08-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He drew a lot of flak for this from politicians in Kashmir, including the [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] who asked the Chief Secretary to remain "apolitical".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Masood|first=Bashaarat|date=2020-08-09|title=Speak within pay and grade: J&K parties after Chief Secy remarks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/speak-within-pay-and-grade-jk-parties-after-chief-secy-remarks/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Under Subrahmanyam, the first year of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir oversaw the funding of 2,273 infrastructure projects worth Rs 5,979 crore, which had been pending for the past 5–10 years, were sanctioned and 506 completed.<ref name=":2" />

=== CEO of NITI Aayog===
Subramanyam serves as the CEO of [[NITI Aayog]], the policy think tank of the [[Government of India]]. In his role, he has been instrumental in shaping various initiatives and policies to drive India's growth and development.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news|date=2023-02-25|title=BVR Subrahmanyam takes charge as NITI Aayog's Chief Executive Officer|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bvr-subrahmanyam-takes-charge-as-niti-aayog-s-chief-executive-officer-123022500701_1.html|access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref> One significant program he unveiled is the "Growth Hub" initiative, aimed at tapping the economic potential of 20 Indian cities to drive urban growth. This program is designed to foster collaboration between cities, enhance competitiveness, and promote sustainable [[urban development]]. Subramanyam's leadership at NITI Aayog reflects a commitment to innovative governance and strategic planning, aligning with the broader goals of the [[Indian government]] to achieve inclusive growth and [[sustainable development]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-19|title=Plan to set up growth hub programmes for 20 cities: Niti Aayog CEO Subrahmanyam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/niti-aayog-ceo-unveils-growth-hub-programme-for-20-indian-cities-to-tap-economic-potential-and-drive-urban-growth-101689761220674.html|access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>

===G20 meetings===
Subramanyam, as the CEO of [[NITI Aayog]], played a significant role in the discussions related to the G20 meetings, focusing on green and sustainable growth for the [[global economy]]. Subramanyam's involvement in these discussions underscores his role in shaping India's stance on global economic and [[environmental issues]], contributing to the India's active participation in international forums like the [[G20]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-27|title=NITI Aayog to convene two-day G20 Conference on Green and Sustainable Growth Agenda for Global Economy tomorrow|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=New-Delhi%3A-NITI-Aayog-to-convene-two-day-G20-Conference-on-Green-and-Sustainable-Growth-Agenda-for-Global-Economy-tomorrow&id=465044|access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subrahmanyam, BVR}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Advisor to Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Alumni of London Business School]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:NITI Aayog members]]

Amaha

2026-03-30T08:59:08Z

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{{notability|1=Companies|date=March 2026}}
{{orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian mental health organization}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Amaha
| logo =
| image =
| image_caption =
| former_name =
| type = [[Private limited company|Private Limited]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| foundation = 2016
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| industry = [[Health care]]
| area_served = India
| founder = Amit Malik, [[Neha Kirpal]]
| key_people =
| services =
| num_employees =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}'''Amaha''' previously ('''InnerHour''') is an Indian [[mental health]] organization, founded in 2016 by [[psychiatrist]] and healthcare entrepreneur, Amit Malik.<ref name="Print">{{cite web |last1=Baruah |first1=Antara |title=Bengaluru is leading India's mental health revolution. VCs say it’s the next big field |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/bengaluru-is-leading-indias-mental-health-revolution-vcs-say-its-the-next-big-field/2675784 |website=ThePrint.in |publisher=[[ThePrint]] |date=1 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mental health low on priority list, therapy deemed expensive |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Oct/12/mental-health-low-on-priority-list-therapy-deemed-expensive-2623114.html |website=The New Indian Express |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |date=12 October 2023}}</ref> It is a chain of [[mental health]] centers all across India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Drapers arrives in India to find the next unicorn |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/meet-the-drapers-arrives-in-india-to-find-the-next-unicorn/articleshow/125245319.cms |website=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

==History==
Amaha was founded in 2016 by psychiatrist and healthcare entrepreneur Amit Malik as the mental health organisation InnerHour, before later rebranding under its current name.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amaha: Helping Businesses Build Healthier & Engaged Workforces With Datadriven Insights & Solutions |url=https://www.asiabusinessoutlook.com/services-and-consulting/vendor/amaha-helping-businesses-build-healthier-and-engaged-workforces-with-datadriven-insights-and-solutions-cid-132.html |website=www.asiabusinessoutlook.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Building Culturally Relevant Mental Health Care In India |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/building-culturally-relevant-mental-health-care-in-india-9611602.html |website=News18.com |publisher=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref> In 2019, social entrepreneur and global mental health ambassador [[Neha Kirpal]] joined as co-founder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neha Kirpal |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/neha-kirpal |website=www.weforum.org |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> In 2022, Amaha acquired and partnered with Children First, a Delhi NCR–based child and adolescent mental health institute established in 2008 that has supported more than 12,000 families,<ref name="Print" /> and in May 2023 it opened its first three in-person clinics in [[Bengaluru]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amaha launches first 3 mental health centres in Delhi NCR, Mumbai & Bengaluru |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/amaha-launches-first-3-mental-health-centres-in-delhi-ncr-mumbai-bengaluru-3554898.html |website=Oneindia |language=en |date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The organisation's expansion has been supported by corporate collaborations and external funding, including an October 2023 partnership with [[HRG Group|Harbinger Group]] to promote mental health support<ref>{{cite web |title=Harbinger partners with Amaha to Advocate Mental Health Support |url=https://www.indiapharmaoutlook.com/news/harbinger-partners-with-amaha-to-advocate-mental-health-support-nwid-1509.html |website=www.indiapharmaoutlook.com |language=en}}</ref> and a US$6 million funding round in January 2024 led by Fireside Ventures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fireside Ventures invests in mental health startup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/fireside-ventures-invests-in-mental-health-startup/articleshow/106734244.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 January 2024}}</ref> Overall, Amaha has partnered with more than one hundred companies to provide mental health services to their employees.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarkar |first1=Brinda |last2=Basu |first2=Sreeradha |title=Mental health platforms expect to grow big on corp tie-ups |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mental-health-platforms-expect-to-grow-big-on-corp-tie-ups/articleshow/103034453.cms |website=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mental health firms grow, but therapist shortage a hurdle |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/healthcare-mental-health-firms-grow-but-therapist-shortage-a-hurdle-3376198 |website=ww.financialexpress.com}}</ref>

In 2025, Amaha partnered with Archish IVF Centre to provide patient support and mental-health services,<ref>{{cite web |title=Archish Fertility & IVF partners with Amaha Health for patient support and mental wellbeing |url=https://www.indianpharmapost.com/healthcare/archish-fertility-ivf-partners-with-amaha-health-for-patient-support-and-mental-wellbeing-17303 |website=Indianpharmapost.com}}</ref> collaborated with [[Air India]] to offer free and confidential services to airline employees,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mental Health Support: Air India launches Amaha App for employees and their families - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/aviation/air-india-launches-amaha-app-for-employees-their-families-mental-health-support-19649974.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |date=6 August 2025}}</ref> and opened its first super-specialty in-patient mental health hospital in Bengaluru, which was inaugurated by [[Karnataka]] health minister [[Dinesh Gundu Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Health Minister Dinesh Gundu Rao inaugurates mental health hospital Amaha in Bengaluru |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/102/26477/karnataka-health-minister-dinesh-gundu-rao-inaugurates-mental-health-hospital-amaha-in-bengaluru.html |website=www.biospectrumindia.com |publisher=[[BioSpectrum]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Mental health organisations in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Maharashtra]]

Abdur Rouf Choudhury

2026-03-29T06:11:31Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
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{{More citations needed|date=June 2009}}
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{{infobox person
|name=Abdur Rouf Choudhury
|birth_date={{birth date|1929|3|1}}
|birth_place=Mukimpur, Nabiganj, [[Habiganj District]], [[Assam Province]], [[British India]]
|death_date=1996
|occupation=Writer
}}

'''Abdur Rouf Choudhury''' (1 March 1929 – 1996) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] writer.

==Early life==
Choudhury was born on 1 March 1929, in [[Nabiganj Upazila|Mukimpur, Nabiganj]], [[Habiganj District]], Bangladesh (then part of [[Assam]]) where his father Azhar Choudhury, a land owner, and his mother Nazmun Nesa Choudhury, a house wife resided.

==Contributions==
In his contributions to [[Bengali literature]], the writer and philosopher Choudhury depicted a transparent portrait of the modern Bengali's life abroad. He was a scholar of science, with great intellectual abilities and eloquent in both pen and speech. He had a remarkable openness to modern [[Western culture|Western]] knowledge as well as [[Eastern world|Eastern]] knowledge. Choudhury made a lasting contribution to Bengali literature with his novels, travelogue, essays, and his introspective autobiographical and [[Epistolary novel|epistolary]] works.<ref name="Sharak 1, Dhaka, 1998">Sharak 1, Dhaka, 1998.</ref>

His novels and short stories were often set against an emergent urban background, but more commonly in cities outside Bangladesh such as London, [[Bedford]], Calcutta, Karachi and [[Kohat]]; where the majority of immigrant Bengali resided. Choudhury created his characters from highly diverse backgrounds and developed themes that revolved around the twists and turns of events, the conflicts and contradictions prevailing in the social processes. His characters embraced a new change; death of an old social values which were based on the ideas of corruptions, religious, political, economical; and the rise of the self-freedom, birth of a new society, these immediately preceded the social processes of the present day and hence are vital to identifying and understanding contemporary problems.<ref name="autogenerated1999">Jibani Granthamala: A Series of Literary biographies, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, Feb 1999.</ref>

It is essential to analyses Choudhury's writings in the light of the social scenario from 60s-90s, when deprivation and degradation were taken for granted in Bangladesh, London and India-Pakistan which were known by some and unknown by others. These realities some times were dedicated and made indelible in the name of religious sermons and social sanctions. Thus his main task was to focus readers' attention, by giving a frame-by-frame picture of the helplessness and inhuman predicament of the victims of injustice.<ref name="autogenerated2003">LIVING IN A FARAWAY LAND, Junaidul Haque, Dhaka, 2003.</ref>

In '''[[Porodeshe Porobashi]]''' (Life on Distant Shores), Chowdhury has not only discovered London, where he stayed with fellow Sylhetis, but also discovered his own homeland. When you are far away, when you are detached from your object of love, your inner eye gets working and you discovery the truth. This discovery is ugly from a close look but is beautiful and lovable when seen from a distance. Most of us who stay in our homeland fail to take a close look at it. But the novelist succeeds in discovering his own land while staying overseas and thinking of it and loving it. Reality and nostalgia get mixed with each other to form a perfect image of the writer's homeland in his mind. '''Porodeshe Porobashi''' is a quality work of art by any standard. The writer is a powerful narrator and uses wit and humour quite deftly. He is a skilful user of words. The writer depends on autobiographical elements and has a philosophical outlook. He clearly understood the psyche of Bangladeshis staying abroad. He dips deep into the human mind, as he has written elsewhere about the book, the writer mixes reality with the light and shade of truth. Thus it is a true picture of common life. It is lively and hat at all dull, neither a travelogue nor a memoir, it is a novel with lively characters, a touching story of human suffering and a story of the eternal lonely man.<ref name="autogenerated2003"/>

The wide canvas of words and tales of this artist brought out the plight of women in the male-dominated set-up of society. Over and above the Islamic-based code of beliefs of the society; male-domination society pushed woman into complete subjugation, making them property for the use of men, because of such a 'life-style's set-up, economical and social oppression was principally faced by women. This drove women to utter frustration and desperation. Choudhury portrayed women, their plight, and their helplessness in the face of this male-dominated society. On the other hand, he wrote about their sense of humanitarian values, their love, sorrows, their deep longing for a life as normal and beautiful as free women.<ref name="autogenerated1999"/>

In the wake of the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which surged up all over Bangladesh, was recounted in his writing '''Ekti Jatike Hotay''' (Legacy of a Nation). Choudhury believed that in today's world men no longer wanted to keep themselves constricted within the sphere of a specified duty.<ref name="autogenerated1999"/>

In Choudhury's time, in a modern society with priest as its advocate and protector, religion lost all its progressivism. It went so far that religion became bogged down in rituals, superstitions and bigotry, while its proponents stank of greed, corruption, even debauchery: even the so-called mullahs could not keep themselves free from this downfall. Almost half the characters in his novels '''Sampan Crass''' (St. Pancras) and '''Aniketon''' represented the mainstay of the decadent society, while the other half, were absorbed with the emerging thoughts, ideals and values of the new society - humanist and secular in content.<ref>Sharak 2, Dhaka, 1998.</ref>

Choudhury's most vividly depicted the unity of Bengal and the articulation of Bengali nationalism in his novel '''Natun Diganta''' (New Horizon) vol. 1, 2, 3. This is the largest novel of Choudhury. Based mainly on the political activities and the political leaders of Pakistan, of the Indian Subcontinent in board sense, the novel covers the span from 1968 to the Liberation War of Bangladesh (1971). The novel begins with no other character than that of Bhutto and gradually reveals his true nature. The readers will also get a vivid picture of greater "Undivided Bengal", changes in the social structure and the creation of a socialist state. The author's own experiences of tension, imagination and dreams combined to produce a multi-faceted novel.<ref>The Daily Star, 8 July 2005.</ref>

In Choudhury's short-stories, the writing portrays the changes in village life over time. He often portrays the London life of people from [[Sylhet]]. His writing handles a lot of characters and a wide range of time. He emphasises the physical state of human existence, and strengthening one's body and soul.<ref name="autogenerated1999"/>

He was an understanding revolutionary in his own right, ploughing alone a firm held furrow. He carried on his revolution through revealing revelations of all surviving social practices and norms. Unlike many others of his stature, Choudhury as a man, towers far above Choudhury as a writer, though he carved out a place for himself amongst the galaxy of contemporary novelists.<ref name="Sharak 1, Dhaka, 1998"/>

==Works==

'''Novels'''
* Nuton Diganta (New Horizon), vol 1, 1992.
* Shampan Cross (St. Pancras), 1993.
* Nuton Diganta (New Horizon), vol 2, 1994.
* Porodeshe Porpashi (Life on Distant Shores), Dhaka 2003.
* Nuton Diganta Samagra (New Horizon), Vol 1, 2, 3, Dhaka, 2005.
* Aniketan, Dhaka 2007.
* Nam Mucha Jai Na, Dhaka, 1989.

'''A Collection of Short-Stories'''
* Golpo-samvar, Dhaka, 1995 and Dhaka, 2012.
* Bideshi Bristi, Dhaka, 2001.
* Golpa-salpa, Dhaka, 2005.
* Golpa-bhuban, Dhaka, 2012.

'''Essays'''
* Ekti Jatike Hotya, Dhaka, 2003.
* Mohan Ekushe (1947-1952), Dhaka, 2007.
* Shayattoshason, shadhikar o shadhinota, 1947-1971 (History of Bangladesh), Dhaka, 2009.
* 1971 (History of Bangladesh), Vol I, Dhaka, 2012.
* 1971 (History of Bangladesh), Vol II, Dhaka, 2013.
* Smrite Ekattur, 2000.
* Rabindra and Nazrul, Dhaka, 2000.
* Nazruler Sangeet Jagat, Dhaka, 2000.
* Rabindrer Sangeet Jagat, Dhaka, 2000.
* Joge Joge Bangladesh (History of Bengal), Dhaka, 2003.
* Mohan Ekushe, Dhaka, 2008.
* Islamer Nabi, Dhaka, 1990.
* Bible and Mohammed, Dhaka, 1991.
* Dhormer Nirjash (Final words on Religion), Dhaka, 2000.
* Mohammed (Prophet of Islam), Dhaka, 2004.
* Je Kotha Bola Jai Na, Dhaka, 2007.

'''A Collection of poem'''
* 1971, London 1971.

==Chronology==
*1934, entered 'Khanjanpur' Primary School.
*1936, entered 'Sherpur' English School at class three.
*1938, entered 'Shadhuhati' Middle English School and in 1939 sat for M.E. final exam and received first division.
*1940, completed F.E final and received first division.
*Mid 1943, his father Azhar Choudhury died.
*Late 1943, entered 'Habiganj Brindabon' College. Completed his IA in 1945 and BA in 1947.
*Late 1947, left college to work in [[Silchor]]. Started work in a shop as a bookkeeper.
*1948, left Silchor and started teaching at 'Aaushkandi' High School.
*1949, joined [[Pakistan Air Force]].
*1950, sent to [[Kawrangi Creek]] for one year further training.
*1951, married Shirin Choudhury.
*1955-56, was an external candidate of [[University of Dhaka]], reg no P-64.
*End of 1956, went for a journey by ship with his wife to [[Calcutta]], [[Colombo]] and [[Karachi]]. Later moved to Kuhat with his wife.
*1961, applied to come to Great Britain for Further Training as a [[Pakistan Air Force]]'s Serviceman.
*1962, first came to Bedford to work for Royal Aircraft Establishment, [[Ministry of Aviation]].
*1963, founded the [[Bedford]] [[Pakistan]] Association and became the General Secretary. Started writing 'A name cannot be deleted', on Islamic [[apologetics]].
*1964, became the member of Bedford constituency Labour Party. Started writing 'Bible and Mohammed', another research book to defend Islam.
*1965, started making regular donations to Pakistan Relief Fund. Started writing 'Final words on [[Religion]]', another research book to combat Muslims misinterpretation of Islam.
*1966, became a member of the Election Commission of the National Federation of Pakistan Association of Great Britain. Left Ministry of Aviation and returned to Bangladesh.
*1968, started writing on reform policy of the Madrassaha Education of [[Pakistan]]. The President of Pakistan appreciated Choudhury's reform policy and wrote '...attempts are being made to reform Madrassaha education...the process of the change has to be gradual' [a letter written to Pakistan's Education Minister, 1968]. Returned to England and joined Illist Automation, [[St Albans]]. Lived there for several years. Founded St Albans Pakistan Association, and was the first President of the Association. Started writing 'Jesus', a research book.
*1971, founded the Bangladesh Action Committee, St Albans, and sent regular donations to Bangladesh Aid Committee and the Bangladesh Fund. He received much correspondence from the Head of the Mission of the People's republic of Bangladesh (Calcutta and London), and the High Commissioner (Calcutta), [[Shirley Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby|Shirley Williams]] MP, [[Nigel Fisher]] MC MP, [[Mervyn Pike]] MP, [[Victor Goodhew]] MP, [[Peter Shore]] MP and many others.
*1971, joined ''[[Janomot]]'', a Bengali Newspaper, as a regular columnist and expressed his own frustration in written outbursts against the Pakistan's attack on Bangladesh. These writings were later incorporated in his book 'Blood Legacy of a Nation'.
*1972, 18 February, received a letter from the Prime Minister [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] after returning to Bangladesh.
*1972, visited Moscow. Started writing essays on conflicts and contradictions prevailing in the social processes of the Bengali society. Later a few of these have been included in the collection of eassys.
*1972, joined The Post Office and moved to London.
*1974, founded Mukimpur Primary School.
*1979, started writing his autobiography, 'My life'. End of the same year he lost his mother Nazmun Nesa Choudhury.
*1983, Shirin Choudhury moved to Britain with their third and fourth children. Started rewriting 'New Horizon', his first novel.
*1987, founded the [[Kings Cross, London|King's Cross]] Mosque and Islamic Centre and became the chair. Started writing 'St Pancras', his second novel.
*1988, started translating 'Prophet of Islam' by K S R Rao.
*1989, retired from The Post Office and returned with his wife to Bangladesh.
*1989-1996, wrote and published many of his work.
*1990, founded Habiganj Islamic Orphans School and became Treasurer of Islamic Foundation, Habiganj.
*1993, received Life Membership of [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]], Dhaka.
*1993, founder and Vice President of Habiganj Shahitya Parishod. Patron of Khela Ghor, Payra, Shet Payra, Shurja Shiri, Pithua Girls' School and Mukimpur Madrasha.
*1994, founder and President of literary society 'Sangjojan', Habiganj.
*1995, received Book Award.
*1996, 23 February collapsed at the Literary Society's lecture, died at [[Red Cross]] Building, Habiganj at 11.30am.

[Source: Jibani Granthamala: A Series of Literary biographies, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, Feb 1991.]

==Smrity Award==
Following Bengali writers and free-thinkers received Drouhee Kotha-shahitayk Abdur Rouf Choudhury ‘Smrity Award’ :
* [[Partho Sharati Choudhury]] (Poetry, 1997)
* [[Shamshuzaman Khan]] (Folklore, 1998)
* [[Razia Khan]] (Novel, 1999)
* [[Shah Abdul Karim]] (Music [[Baul]], 2000)
* [[Farid Gazi]] (Bangladesh Independence War, 2001)
* [[Shirajul Islam Choudhury]] (Philosophy, 2002)
* [[Hasan Azizul Huq]] (Literature, 2003)
* [[Barun Ray]] (Politics, 2004)

==Comments and reviews==
* Abdul Mannan Syed, New Horizon: A new direction for Bengali novels, 2004.
* Biplob Maji, A new style for the world of Bengali novels, Amritalok:106, 2006.
* Ketoki Dyson, Life on Distant Shores by A R Choudhury, Feb 2005.
* Syed Mojurul Islam, New Horizan for Bengali, Feb 2005.
* Shirajul Islam Choudhury, A R Choudhury's works, 2001.
* Hasan Azizul Huq, A free-thinker, 2003.
* Selina Hussain, Women in Choudhury's writings, 1997.
* Shamshuzaman Khan, Folk culture in Choudhury's works, 1998.
* Jibani Granthamala: A Series of Literary biographies, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, Feb 1999.
* Biletey Bish Shotoker Bangla Kobi, Rabbani Choudhury, [[Agamee Prakashani]], Dhaka, Feb 2000.
* Silver Jubilee Commemorative Volume of Bangladesh Independence, The committee to celebrate the silver jubilee of Bangladesh Independence, London, 1997.
* Brihattar Syleter Itihas (History of Greater Sylhet) Vol.1, Brihattar Sylheter Itihas Pranayan Parished, November 1997.
* Shoto Bochorer Sangbadikota, Sylhet Itihas Pranayan Parished, Jan 1998.
* Habiganj Porikroma, Habiganj Etihash Pronoyan Parished, Bangladesh, October 1994.
* Protayo, Shahitya Porishad, 1993.
* Habiganj-er Muslim Manosh, Habiganj.
* Habiganj-er Shahitoyang, Nandalal Sharma, Jhalabad Lokashahitya Porishad, Bangladesh, December 1992.
* Aajo Onek Rohoshya, London, 1997.
* Sharak 1 (Dhaka, 1997), Sharak 2 (Dhaka, 1998), Sharak 3, (Dhaka, 1999).

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Abdur Rouf}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nabiganj Upazila]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:Brindaban Government College alumni]]

Abhira dynasty

2026-03-28T15:22:32Z

Freelaw67: further adjust article after review for clarity

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Third-century dynasty in India}}
{{other uses|Abhira (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name =
| conventional_long_name =
| status =
| status_text =
| era = Early Classical
| year_start = 203<ref name="Thosar">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>
| year_end = 315 or 370<ref name="Thosar"/>
| event_end = Supplanted by the [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikutakas]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| capital = [[Anjaneri]], [[Thalner]], [[Prakasha|Prakashe]], [[Bhamer Dhule|Bhamer]], [[Asirgarh Fort|Asirgarh]]
| religion = {{plainlist|
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Buddhism]]
*[[Jainism]]
}}
| p1 = Satavahana dynasty{{!}}Satavahanas
| p2 = Kshatrapas
| p3 = Andhra Ikshvaku{{!}}Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri
| s1 = Traikutaka dynasty{{!}}Traikutakas
| s2 = Vakataka dynasty{{!}}Vakatakas
| s3 = Kshatrapas
| s4 = Kadamba dynasty{{!}}Kadambas
| image_map = {{South Asia in 350 CE|right|{{center|The Abhiras and main South Asian polities circa 350 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=25, 145 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207024910/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|93|136|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|32px]]}}}}
| image_map_caption =
| common_languages = [[Apabhraṃśa]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Maharashtri Prakrit|Prakrit]]
| today = India
}}
The '''Abhira dynasty''' was a dynasty that ruled over the western [[Deccan]], where it perhaps succeeded the [[Satavahana dynasty]]. From 203 to roughly 270 or 370, this dynasty formed a vast kingdom. The Abhiras had an extensive empire comprising modern-day [[Maharashtra]], [[Konkan]], [[Gujarat]] and parts of southern [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwFIAAAAMAAJ |title=Numismatic Digest |date=1985 |publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay. |pages=74 |language=en |quote=The Ābhīras had an extensive empire comprising Maharashtra, Konkan, Gujarat and some part of South Madhya Pradesh.}}</ref> Some scholars regard the Abhiras as a great almost an imperial power in the third century A.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1wuEAAAQBAJ |title=Ancient India |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0435-7 |pages=380 |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==
Though often referenced in ancient Indian literature, the origin of the Abhiras is obscure. According to the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Abhira tribe|Abhiras]] lived near the seashore and on the bank of the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]], a river near [[Prabhas Patan|Somnath]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-374-0 |pages=113 |language=en |quote=According to the Mahabharata (Sabha. 31), the Abhiras lived near the seashore and on the bank of the Sarasvati, a river near Somanāth in Gujarāt.}}</ref>
The ''[[Mahabhashya|Mahābhashya]]'' of [[Patañjali]] simply mentions them as a tribe distinct from the [[Shudra]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR7jAAAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress |date=1959 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Puranic]] texts associate the Abhiras with [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]]. According to Balkrishna Gokhale, the Abhiras have been well-known since epic times as a martial tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokhale |first=Balkrishna Govind |author-link=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Samudra Gupta: Life and Times |date=1962 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |page=18 |language=en}}</ref> The Bhagavata calls the Abhiras, "Saurashtra" and "Avantya" rulers (Saurashtra-Āvanty Ābhīrāḥ), and the Vishnu treats the Abhiras as occupying the Surashtra and [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]] provinces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayaswal |first1=K. P. |title=History of India 150 AD to 350 AD |date=1933 |publisher=Motilal Barnasi Das Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot |location=Lahore |quote=The Bhagavata calls the Abhiras, 'Saurashtra' and 'Avantya' rulers (Saurashtra-Āvanty Ābhīrāḥ), and the Vishnu treats the Abhiras as occupying the Surashtra and Avanti provinces. |pages=144–149 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277041/page/n169/mode/2up?q=%22Bhagavata+calls+the+Abhiras%22 |chapter=The submission of the Frontier Rulers and the Hindu Republics, their Puranic descriptions and the submission of Further India |quote-page=148}}</ref>

The Puranas claim that the imperial Abhiras were the successors of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]]. They were called Andhra-Vratyas and mentioned as the successors of the line of [[Simuka]].<ref name=abhira>{{cite book|last1=Pargiter|first1=F. E.|title=The Purana Text of the Dynasties of the Kali Age|date=2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=9781115375603|pages=IV,24, 18}}</ref> Some of them entered the military service of the [[Western Satraps]] (Sakas), and helped them in conquest of new territories.<ref name="Thosar"/> By 181 A.D, the Abhiras had gained considerable influence at the Kshatrapa court. Some of them were even serving as generals.<ref name="imperial">{{cite book |author1=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120805927 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&dq=Rishabhdatta&pg=PA58 |language=en }}</ref>

The Gunda inscription dated Saka year 103 (181 CE) refers to Abhira Rudrabhuti as the ''[[senapati]]'' (commander-in-chief) of the [[Western Satrap|Saka]] satrap (ruler) [[Rudrasimha]].<ref name="Thosar"/><ref name="early 1974"/>{{rp|128}}<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780195099843 |pages=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |language=en}}|2={{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Susan Verma |last2=Ray |first2=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, second century BCE–8th century CE |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317193746 |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |language=en}}|3={{cite book |last1=Damsteegt |first1=Th |title=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit: Its Rise, Spread, Characteristics and Relationship to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit |date=1978 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004057258 |page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA201 |language=en}}|4={{cite book |last1=Vogel |first1=Jean Ph |title=India antiqua |date=1947 |publisher=Brill Archive |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA299 |language=en}}</ref> The inscription also gives a detailed genealogy of the kings up to Rudrasimha:<ref name="EI">{{cite book |last1=Banerji |first1=Rakhaldas |last2= Sukthankar |first2= Vishnu S. |editor1= F. W. Thomas |editor2=H. Krishna Sastri |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=16 |date=1921 |page=233 |chapter=No. 17 — Three Kshatrapa Inscriptions |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56664/2015.56664.Epigraphia-Indica-Vol16#page/n273}}}}</ref>

{{blockquote
|[[File:Gunda inscription of Rudrasimha Saka year 103.jpg|thumb|left|Gunda inscription of Rudrasimha, Saka year 103.]]"Hail ! On the [auspicious] fifth [[tithi]] of the bright fortnight of [[Vaisakha]] during the auspicious period of the constellation of [[Rohini (nakshatra)|Rohini]], in the year one hundred and three — 100 3 — (during the reign) of the king, the [[Kshatrapa]] Lord Rudrasiha (Rudrasimha), the son of the king, the Maha-Kshatrapa Lord [[Rudradaman I|Rudradaman]] (and) son’s son of the king, the Kshatrapa Lord [[Jayadaman]], (and) grandson's son of the king, the Maha-Kshatrapa Lord [[Chashtana]], the well was caused to be dug and embanked by the general ([[senapati]]) Rudrabuthi, the son of the general (senapati) Bapaka, the Abhira, at the village (grama) of Rasopadra, for the welfare and comfort of all living beings."|Epigraphia Indica XVI, [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56664/2015.56664.Epigraphia-Indica-Vol16#page/n273 p. 233]}}

The inscription refers to Rudrasimha as simply a ''ksatrapa'', ignoring the existence of any ''mahaksatrapa''. According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, this indicates that the Abhira general was the ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of the state, though not assuming any higher title. The inscription states Abhira Rudrabhuti as the son of the general Bapaka.<ref name="early 1974"/> The Abhira dynasty was probably related Abhira Rudrabhuti.<ref name="Thosar"/><ref name="early 1974"/>

According to Prof Bhagwan Singh Suryavanshi, the Abhiras settled in southwestern [[Rajasthan]] and northeastern [[Sindh]] in the first century B.C. This region was called [[Abiria]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx3jAAAAMAAJ |title=Realm and Region in Traditional India |date=1977 |publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia |isbn=978-0-916994-12-9 |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref> Archaeologist and scholar [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji]] (1839–1888) believed that the Abhiras probably came by sea from [[Sindh]], conquered the western coast, and made Trikuta in [[Aparanta]] their capital. Abhira Mahakshtrapa Isvaradatta was their leader. He probably attacked and gained a victory over the Kshatrapas. Indarji further states that the Abhira Mahakshtrapa Isvaradatta was the founder of the [[Traikutaka dynasty]]{{snd}}<nowiki>known later as the Kalachuri or the Chedi era{snd}}originating probably in the establishment of his power in the Konkan, with Traikuta as his capital. Under Rudrasena, son of Viradaman the Kṣhatrapas, the Western Satraps appear to have re-established their sovereignty by driving out the Traikutakas who, thus dispossessed, retired to </nowiki>[[Central India]] and assumed the name of [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya]] or [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri]]. On the final destruction of the Kshatrapa rule, the Traikutakas apparently regained Traikutaka about which time [[Dharasena (ruler)|Dharasena]] (A.D. 456) succeeded to the throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mirashi |first=Vasudev Vishnu |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53719 |title=Inscriptions Of The Kalachuri-Chedi Era |volume=iv, part I |date=1955 |publisher=Government Epigraphist For India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mirashi Vasudev Vishnu. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53719 |title=Inscriptions Of The Kalachuri-chedi Era Vol-iv Part-i (1955) |date=1955 |publisher=Government Epigraphist For India.}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Abhira in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|upright|"Ābhīra" in later [[Brahmi script]] in the [[Allahabad Pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]].<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=6–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
The history of the Abhiras is shrouded in much obscurity.<ref name="Thosar"/> The Abhira dynasty was founded by [[Ishwarsena]]. The branch came to power after the demise of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] in the [[Nashik|Nasik]] region of [[Maharashtra]], with the help and consent of the Western Satraps (Sakas). They were known as ''Gavali rajas'' indicating that they were cowherds by profession before becoming kings.<ref name="Thosar"/> Ten Abhira kings ruled in the [[Maharashtra]] region of the [[Deccan]], whose names have not been mentioned in the [[Puranas]].<ref name="Thosar"/>
An Abhira king is known to have sent an embassy to the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] ''[[Shahanshah]]'' of [[Persia]], [[Narseh]], to congratulate him on his victory against [[Bahram III]].<ref name="Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India">{{cite book |last1=Singh Nijjar |first1=Bakhshish |title=Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788126909087 |pages=434 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&dq=Abhira+dynasty&pg=PA171}}</ref><ref name="Thosar"/>

During the time of the [[Gupta Empire]], the Indian emperor [[Samudragupta]] recorded Abhira as a "frontier kingdom" which paid an annual tribute. This was recorded by Samudragupta's [[Allahabad Pillar inscription]], which states the following in lines 22–23.

{{blockquote|"Samudragupta, whose formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of Samataṭa, [[Ḍavāka]], [[Kamarupa|Kāmarūpa]], [[Nepala|Nēpāla]], and [[Kartṛipura]], and, by the [[Malavas|Mālavas]], [[Arjunayanas|Ārjunāyanas]], [[Yaudheyas|Yaudhēyas]], [[Mādrakas]], Ābhīras, Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other nations."|Lines 22–23 of the [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] ({{reign|{{circa|350–375 CE}}}}).<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=6–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up}}</ref>}}

The duration of the Abhira rule is uncertain, with most of the [[Puranas]] giving it as sixty-seven years, while the [[Vayu Purana]] gives it as one hundred and sixty-seven years.<ref name="Thosar"/><ref name="MR Majumdar 136"/> According to V.V Mirashi, the following were the feudatories of the Abhiras:<ref name="early 1974"/>{{rp|128–130}}
* The [[Maharajas of Valkha]]
* Isvararata
* The kings of [[Mahishmati]]
* The [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikutakas]]

The Abhiras spoke [[Apabhraṃśa]], and seem to have patronised [[Sanskrit]]. The Nasik cave inscription of [[Ishwarsena|Isvarsena]] is written mostly in [[Sanskrit]]. Several guilds flourished in their kingdom, in which people invested large amounts for making endowments. This indicates peace, order and security in the kingdom of the Abhiras.<ref name="MR Majumdar 136">{{cite web |last1=Majumdar |first1=M R |title=Chronology of Gujarat |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006799/136 |publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda}}</ref>

[[Patanjali]] in his ''[[Mahabhashya]]'' mentioned the Abhira kings. Abhira chieftains served as [[general]]s to the [[Saka]] rulers. In the second century A.D., an Ahir Chief Isvaradatta became the ''Mahakshatrapa'' (Supreme King). The Abhira played a key role in causing downfall of [[Satvahana]]s in third century A.D.<ref name="Gaṅgā Rām Garg">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&dq=ahir+ruler+chief&pg=PA113 | title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg | date=1992 | pages=114 | isbn=9788170223740}}</ref>

===Saka Satakarni===
Another king claiming to be a son of Mathari besides Abhira Ishwarsena is Sakasena. He is identified with Saka Satakarni, whose coins have been found over [[Andhra Pradesh]] and is taken to be a [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana king]] and successor of [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]]. However, K.Gopalchari thinks that Sakasena was an Abhira king. Reasons:
* The name of Sakasena or Saka Satakarni does not occur in the Puranic genealogies of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] kings. He claimed to be th son of Mathari, the wife of Abhira Sivadatta, as indicated by his epithet ''Mathariputra''.<ref name="Thosar"/>
* The traditional title of ''Siri'' which is found on most coins and inscriptions of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] is significantly absent in the case of this ruler.<ref name="Thosar"/>
* Considering the dynastic rivalry between the Saka [[Kshatrapas]], the naming of a Satavahana prince with its main content as ''Saka'' is very unnatural and unlikely.<ref name="Thosar"/>
* The Abhiras were earlier in the service of the Saka rulers of Ujjaini, and in those days, feudatory chiefs used to name their sons after the names of their overlords. The name of Sakasena was probably a result of this practice. The suffix of ''Sena'' in his name also suggests that he was an Abhira king and related to Ishwarsena.<ref name="Thosar"/>

So this concludes that Ishwarsena's predecessor was his elder brother Sakasena, and Ishwarsena ascended the throne after his death.<ref name="Thosar"/>

Sakasena was probably the first great Abhira king. His inscriptions from the [[Konkan]] and coins from [[Andhra Pradesh]] suggest that he ruled over a large portion of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana Empire]].<ref name="Thosar"/>

===Abhira Ishwarsena===
Ishwarsena was the first independent Abhira king. He was the son of Abhira Sivadatta and his wife Mathari.<ref name="Thosar"/> Ashvini Agrawal thinks he was a general in the service of [[Rudrasimha I]] who deposed his master in 188 A.D and ascended the throne. Ashvini Agrawal further says that Rudrasimha I soon deposed him and regained the throne in 190 A.D.<ref name="imperial"/> He (Ishwarsena) started an era which later became known as the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri-Chedi era]]. His descendants ruled for nine generations.<ref name="Arun Kumar Sharma">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDluAAAAMAAJ&q=Ishwarsena | title=Heritage of Tansa Valley | publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan | author=Arun Kumar Sharma | year=2004 | pages=33, 92 | isbn=9788180900297}}</ref> Ishwarsena's coins are dated only in the first and second years of his reign and are found in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and Southern [[Rajputana]].<ref name="India. Dept. of Archaeology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mB4LAQAAMAAJ&q=abhiras+of+rajputana | title=Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Part 1 | publisher=Government Epigraphist for India Original from the University of Michigan | author=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi| year=1955 | pages=xxx}}</ref>

The [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikuta]] rule of Aparanta or Konkan begins in A.D. 248 (Traikuta era) exactly the time of Ishwarsena's rule, hence Traikutas are identified with the Abhira dynasty.<ref name="abhiras">{{cite book|last1=Mookerji|first1=Radhakumud|title=The gupta empire|date=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=9788120804401|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA26 |access-date=19 July 2016|language=en|page=26}}</ref>

The [[Abhiras]] began to rule in Southern and western [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] from the second half of the 10th century A.D their capital was vamanshtali, modern vanthali nine miles west of [[Junagadh]]. They became very powerful during the reign of [[Graharipu]] who defeated the Saindhavas and the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA344 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |language=en|page=344}}</ref>

==Territory==
The Abhiras ruled western Maharashtra which included [[Nasik]] and its adjoining areas,<ref name="early 1974">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA129| title= Some Early Dynasties of South India| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass| location= New Delhi |chapter=Chapter IX: Western Dynasties | date= 1974 | first= Sudhakar |last=Chattopadhyaya| pages=126–134 |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1}}</ref>{{rp|124}} Aparanta, [[Lata (region)|Lata]], [[Ashmaka]],<ref name="Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yScbAAAAIAAJ&q=Ishwarsena | title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Sholapur Gazetteer of India Volume 24 of Maharashtra State Gazetteers, Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept | publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State | author=Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept | year=1977 | pages=40}}</ref><ref name="gazet">{{cite book |series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12393/page/n87/mode/1up |volume=I (part I) |date=1896 |title=History of Gujarát |chapter= V: Early Gujarát |first1=Bhagvánlál |last1=Indraji|first2=A. M. T. |last2=Jackson |editor1= W. H. Crowe |editor2=((Bombay Gazetteer Committee)) |page=53|publisher=The Government Central Press,Bombay }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNA2AQAAMAAJ&q=Rudrasimha+ahir Alternative link{{snd}}via Google Books] {{free access}}</ref> and [[Khandesh]]<ref>{{cite book | title= Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography |volume=1 | publisher= Cosmo Publications | first= Subodh |last=Kapoor | pages=2| isbn= 9788177552980 | date= 2002 }}</ref> Their core territory included [[Nashik|Nasik]] and the adjoining areas.<ref name="early 1974"/>{{rp|124}}<ref name="5 Post Maurya Dynasties (In South India)">{{cite web |title=5 Post Maurya Dynasties (In South India) |url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/mauryas/5-post-maurya-dynasties-in-southern-india/5718 |website=History discussion |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> The Abhira territory also may have consisted of [[Malwa]], which they gradually seized from the [[Kshatrapas]].<ref name="Madhya pradesh">{{cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=V. S. |last2=Shrivastav |first2=P. N. |last3=Verma |first3=Rajendra |title=Rajgarh By Madhya Pradesh (India) |date=1996 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyMLAQAAIAAJ&q=Abhira+dynasty}}</ref>

==Decline==
After the death of Abhira Vashishthiputra Vasusena, the Abhiras probably lost their sovereign and paramount status.<ref name="Thosar"/> The Abhiras lost most of their domains to the rising [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakatakas]] (north) and the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] (south-west).<ref name="Hawkins">{{cite book |last1=Mitchiner |first1=Michael |title=The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650 |date=1978 |publisher=Hawkins Publications |isbn=9780904173161 |pages=634 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ&q=Abhira+dynasty}}</ref> The Abhiras were finally supplanted by their feudatories, the [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikutakas]]. But still many petty Abhira chieftains and kings continued to rule until the fourth century, roughly till 370 AD, in the [[Vidarbha]] and [[Khandesh]] region. They continued to rule, but without sovereignty, until they came into conflict with the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba king]] [[Mayurasharma|Mayurasarman]] and were defeated.<ref name="Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India"/><ref name="Thosar"/>

==Descendants==

According to the historian Yaaminey Mubayi, several such dynasties, like the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakutas]] and later the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna Yadavas]] trace their origin to [[Abhira people|Abhiras]], which highlights the integration of politically strong pastoral groups into Brahmanical caste order.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mubayi |first=Yaaminey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p159EAAAQBAJ&dq=Abhira+pastoralists+clans&pg=PT19 |title=Water and Historic Settlements: The Making of a Cultural Landscape |date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64163-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[History of Nashik]]
*[[Abhira era]]
*[[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]
*[[Abhira people|Abhira]]
*[[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last= Banerjee |first=Biswanath |year=1999 |title=Shudraka |series=Makers of Indian Literature |publisher=Sahitya Academy |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-260-0697-8}}

[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 4th century]]

Marvel Cinematic Universe

2026-03-24T13:36:09Z

Freelaw67: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|American superhero media franchise}}
{{Redirect|MCU}}
{{For outline|Outline of the Marvel Cinematic Universe}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=July 2024}}
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{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| title = {{noitalic|Marvel Cinematic Universe}}
| alt = The "Marvel" logo with a white glow. The words "Cinematic" and "Universe" are underneath in all caps with shades of grey and borders on a black background
| image = Marvel Cinematic Universe logo.png
| caption = Marvel Cinematic Universe [[intertitle]] from ''Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe'' (2014)
| creator = [[Marvel Studios]]
| origin = ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' (2008)
| owner = [[The Walt Disney Company]]
| years = 2008–present
| based_on = [[Marvel Comics]]
| books = [[<includeonly>Marvel Cinematic Universe</includeonly>#Books|Marvel Cinematic Universe books]]
| novels = [[<includeonly>Marvel Cinematic Universe</includeonly>#Literary material|Marvel Cinematic Universe literary material]]
| comics = [[Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics]]
| films = [[Marvel Cinematic Universe films]]
| shorts = [[Marvel One-Shots]]
| tv_series = [[Marvel Cinematic Universe television series]]
| web_series = [[<includeonly>Marvel Cinematic Universe</includeonly>#Digital series|Marvel Cinematic Universe digital series]]
| animated_series = [[Marvel Studios Animation#Production library|Marvel Studios Animation series]]
| tv_specials = [[Marvel Studios Special Presentations]]
| tv_shorts = ''[[I Am Groot]]''
| musicals = ''[[Rogers: The Musical]]''
| video_games = [[<includeonly>Marvel Cinematic Universe</includeonly>#Video game tie-ins|Marvel Cinematic Universe video game tie-ins]]
| music = [[Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe]]
| attractions = [[Avengers Campus]]
| otherlabel1 = Starring
| otherdata1 = [[Lists of Marvel Cinematic Universe cast members|Marvel Cinematic Universe cast members]]
| otherlabel2 = In-universe elements
| otherdata2 = {{Flatlist|
* [[Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe|Characters]]
* [[Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe|Features]]
* [[Species of the Marvel Cinematic Universe|Species]]
* [[Teams and organizations of the Marvel Cinematic Universe|Teams and organizations]]
* [[Marvel Cinematic Universe timeline|Timeline]]
* [[Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Multiverse]]
}}
| website = {{Plainlist|
* [https://www.marvel.com/movies Movies] on ''[[Marvel.com]]''
* [https://www.marvel.com/tv-shows TV shows] on ''Marvel.com''
}}
}}
{{Marvel Cinematic Universe Phases|tv=y|tv_specials=y}}
The '''Marvel Cinematic Universe''' ('''MCU''') is an American [[media franchise]] and [[shared universe]] centered on [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films|a series]] of [[superhero film]]s produced by [[Marvel Studios]]. The films are based on characters from [[American comic book]]s published by [[Marvel Comics]]. The franchise also includes [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series|several television series]], short films, digital series, and literature. The shared universe, much like the original [[Marvel Universe]] in comic books, was established by [[Crossover (fiction)|crossing over]] common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.

Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called "Phases", with the first three phases collectively known as "The Infinity Saga" and the following three phases as "The Multiverse Saga". The first MCU film, ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' (2008), began [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One|Phase One]], which culminated in the 2012 crossover film ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''. [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two|Phase Two]] began with ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' (2013) and concluded with ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]'' (2015), while [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three|Phase Three]] began with ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016) and concluded with ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019). ''[[Black Widow (2021 film)|Black Widow]]'' (2021) is the first film in [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four|Phase Four]], which concluded with ''[[Black Panther: Wakanda Forever]]'' (2022), while [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five|Phase Five]] began with ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania]]'' (2023) and concluded with ''[[Thunderbolts*]]'' (2025). [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six|Phase Six]] began with ''[[The Fantastic Four: First Steps]]'' (2025) and will conclude with ''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]'' (2027).

[[Marvel Television]] expanded the universe to network television with ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.]]'' on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] in 2013 before further expanding to [[streaming television]] on [[Netflix]] and [[Hulu]] and to [[cable television]] on [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]. They also produced the digital series ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot]]'' (2016). Marvel Studios began producing its own television series for the streaming service [[Disney+]], starting with ''[[WandaVision]]'' in 2021, marking the beginning of Phase Four. That phase also saw the studio expand to television specials, known as [[Marvel Studios Special Presentations]], starting with ''[[Werewolf by Night (TV special)|Werewolf by Night]]'' (2022). The MCU includes [[Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics|various tie-in comics]] published by Marvel Comics, a series of direct-to-video short films called [[Marvel One-Shots]] from 2011 to 2014, and [[viral marketing]] campaigns for some films featuring the faux news programs ''[[WHIH Newsfront]]'' (2015–16) and ''[[The Daily Bugle (web series)|The Daily Bugle]]'' (2019–2022).

The franchise has been commercially successful, becoming one of the [[highest-grossing media franchises]] of all time, and it has received generally positive reviews from critics. However, many of the Multiverse Saga projects performed below expectations and struggled compared to those of the Infinity Saga. The studio has attributed this to the increased amount of content produced after the 2019 film ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'', and as of 2024, began decreasing its content output. The MCU has inspired other film and television studios to attempt similar shared universes and has also inspired several themed attractions, an art exhibit, television specials, literary material, multiple tie-in video games, and commercials.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Development ==
=== Marvel Studios films and series ===
==== The Infinity Saga films ====
By 2005, [[Marvel Entertainment]] was planning to produce its own films independently and distribute them through [[Paramount Pictures]].<ref name="Variety2005" /> Previously, Marvel had [[co-production (filmmaking)|co-produced]] [[Marvel Studios#Formation of Marvel Studios and licensing films (1996–2004)|several superhero films]] based on [[Marvel Comics]] with [[Columbia Pictures]], [[New Line Cinema]], [[20th Century Fox]], and others.<ref name="Variety2006" /> Marvel made relatively little profit from these licensing deals and wanted to get more money out of its films while maintaining artistic control of the projects and distribution.<ref name="June2007NYTimes" /> [[Avi Arad]], head of Marvel Entertainment's film division known as [[Marvel Films]], was pleased with director [[Sam Raimi]]'s [[Spider-Man (2002 film series)|''Spider-Man'' film trilogy]] (2002–2007) at [[Sony Pictures]] and Columbia but was less enthused with some of the other films. Arad decided to form [[Marvel Studios]], Hollywood's first major [[independent film]] studio since [[DreamWorks Pictures]] was founded in 1994. [[Kevin Feige]], Arad's second-in-command,<ref name="BloombergPg3" /> realized that unlike [[Spider-Man]], [[Blade (character)|Blade]], and the [[X-Men]] which were respectively licensed to Sony, New Line, and Fox, Marvel owned the rights to the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] team. Feige, a self-described "fanboy", envisioned combining these characters in a [[shared universe]] similar to the one created by [[Stan Lee]] and [[Jack Kirby]] for Marvel Comics in the 1960s.<ref name="BostonApril2012" />

{{Quote box|width=33%|align=left|quote="It's never been done before and that's kind of the spirit everybody's taking it in. The other filmmakers aren't used to getting actors from other movies that other filmmakers have cast, certain plot lines that are connected or certain locations that are connected, but I think... everyone was on board for it and thinks that it's fun. Primarily because we've always remained consistent saying that the movie that we are making comes first. All of the connective tissue, all of that stuff is fun and is going to be very important if you want it to be. If the fans want to look further and find connections, then they're there. There are a few big ones obviously, that hopefully the mainstream audience will [be] able to follow as well. But... the reason that all the filmmakers are on board is that their movies need to stand on their own. They need to have a fresh vision, a unique tone, and the fact that they can interconnect if you want to follow those breadcrumbs is a bonus."|source=—Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige on constructing a shared film universe<ref name="FeigeQuote" />}}
To raise capital, the studio secured funding from a seven-year, $525 million revolving credit facility with [[Merrill Lynch]].<ref name="June2007NYTimes" /> Marvel planned to release individual films for their main characters and then merge them in a [[Crossover (fiction)|crossover]] film;<ref name="CinematicalCrossover" /> Arad, who resigned in 2006, doubted this strategy would work. He insisted that his reputation helped secure the initial financing.<ref name="BloombergPg3" /><ref name="DailyMarsMay2014" /> In 2007, Feige was named studio chief. To preserve its artistic integrity, Marvel Studios formed a creative committee of six people familiar with its comic book lore: Feige, Marvel Studios co-president [[Louis D'Esposito]], Marvel Comics' president of publishing [[Dan Buckley]], Marvel Entertainment's chief creative officer [[Joe Quesada]], comic book writer [[Brian Michael Bendis]], and Marvel Entertainment president [[Alan Fine (executive)|Alan Fine]], who oversaw the committee.<ref name="BloombergPg3" /> Feige initially referred to the shared narrative [[Continuity (fiction)|continuity]] of the films as the "Marvel Cinema Universe",<ref name="FeigeCinemaUniverse" /> but later used the term "Marvel Cinematic Universe".<ref name="FeigeCinematicUniverse" /> Since the franchise expanded to other media, some have used this phrase to only refer to the feature films.<ref name="MCUFilmsOnly" />

The MCU films are released in groups called "Phases", beginning with [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One|Phase One]] and [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two|Phase Two]].<ref name="DailyDotPhases" /><ref name="DigitalSpyPhases" /> In December 2009, [[the Walt Disney Company]] purchased Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion. Disney said future Marvel Studios films would be distributed by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|its own studio]] once the prior deal with Paramount expired.<ref name="DisneyMarvel" /><ref name="DisneyMarvel2" /> The films of [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three|Phase Three]] were announced at a special press event in October 2014.<ref name="Oct2014Event" /> By September 2015, Marvel Studios was integrated into [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]]. Feige was reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman [[Alan F. Horn]] instead of Marvel Entertainment CEO [[Isaac Perlmutter]],<ref name="MarvelDisneyAug2015" /> and the creative committee began having only "nominal" input on the films. They continued to consult on [[Marvel Television]] productions, which remained under Perlmutter's control.<ref name="CreativeCommitteeEnd" /><ref name="CreativeCommittee2" /> All key film decisions moving forward were to be made by Feige, D'Esposito, and executive vice president [[Victoria Alonso]].<ref name="CreativeCommitteeEnd" /> The studio went on to establish the [[Marvel Studios Parliament]], a "brain trust" of long-time executives at the company who help to elevate each other's projects where possible.<ref name="Parliament" /> In November 2017, Feige said ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019) would provide a definitive conclusion to the films thus far and begin a new period for the franchise.<ref name="VanityFairNov2017" /> He later said Phase Three would conclude "[[The Infinity Saga]]".<ref name="FFHInfinitySaga" />

==== The Multiverse Saga films and series ====
Disney reportedly began developing a Marvel-based television series for its new streaming service [[Disney+]] by November 2017.<ref name="DisneyStreaming" /> In July 2018, Feige said discussions had begun with Disney regarding any potential involvement Marvel Studios could have with the streaming service, which he felt was important for the wider company.<ref name="FeigeStreamingServiceJul2018" /> In September 2018, Marvel Studios was reported to be developing several limited series centered on "second-tier" characters from the MCU films who had not and were unlikely to headline their own films. Each series was expected to be six to eight episodes and would be produced by Marvel Studios rather than Marvel Television, with Feige taking a "hands-on role" in each series' development.<ref name="Disney+SeriesSep2018" /> Feige said these series would "tell stories... that we wouldn't be able to tell in a theatrical experience—a longer-form narrative".<ref name="FeigeStreamingTHRNov2018" /> He added that being asked by Disney to create these series "energized everyone creatively" within Marvel Studios, since they "could play in a new medium and throw the rules out the window in terms of structure and format".<ref name="EWWVNov2020CoverStory" /> [[Television specials]] from the studio are marketed as "[[Marvel Studios Special Presentations]]".<ref name="MarvelStudiosSpecialPresentation" /><ref name="GotGHSMSSP" /> ''[[The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special]]'' (2022), a Special Presentation, was the first project Marvel Studios began planning for Disney+.<ref name="GotGHSFirstContent" />

[[File:Kevin Feige (48462887397) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|alt=Kevin Feige speaking at the 2019 San Diego Comic-Con International|Kevin Feige helped conceive a shared media universe of Marvel properties<ref name="BloombergPg3" />]]
In July 2019, Feige announced the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four|Phase Four]] slate at [[San Diego Comic-Con]], consisting of films and, for the first time, television event series on Disney+.<ref name="THRPhase4SDCC" /> The Phase Four slate includes ''[[What If...? (TV series)|What If...?]]'', the first animated series from Marvel Studios, and by July 2021 the studio was creating an "animation branch and mini studio",<ref name="AnimationBranch" /> known as [[Marvel Studios Animation]],<ref name="MarvelStudiosAnimationName" /> to focus on more animated content beyond ''What If...?''.<ref name="AnimationBranch" /> Alonso said Marvel had around 31 projects in various stages of development by September 2021.<ref name="Alonso31Projects" /> In April 2022, Feige said he and Marvel Studios were on a creative retreat to plan and discuss the MCU films for the following 10 years.<ref name="FeigeRetreatApr2022" /> That July, Feige announced some of the films and series for [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five|Phase Five]] and [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six|Phase Six]] at San Diego Comic-Con, revealing that the second three Phases were collectively known as "[[The Multiverse Saga]]".<ref name="SDCC2022" /> After the "creative experience" of ending Phase Three and "The Infinity Saga" with ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018) and ''Avengers: Endgame'', and the expansion in the number of projects being produced by the studio in a short amount of time, Marvel Studios decided to move away from having an Avengers crossover film at the end of each Phase and instead decided to have a crossover culmination at the end of "The Multiverse Saga" with the planned film ''[[Avengers: The Kang Dynasty]]'' and ''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]'' (2027).<ref name="FeigeAvengersPhase6" /> The studio was excited to explore [[Kang the Conqueror (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Kang the Conqueror]] as an overarching villain of the Multiverse Saga after [[Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thanos]] in the Infinity Saga, because Kang was a different villain in part because he has multiple variants from different timelines within the multiverse.<ref name="FeigeFeb2023" /> The studio did not initially plan to build the next saga around Kang, and made that decision after seeing actor [[Jonathan Majors]]'s performance in the [[Loki season 1|first season]] of the Disney+ series ''[[Loki (TV series)|Loki]]'' (2021), as well as [[dailies]] from the filming of ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania]]'' (2023).<ref name="RobinsonKangFocus" /> After Majors was [[Jonathan Majors#2023 assault|found guilty of assault and harassment amidst legal issues]] in December 2023, he was fired by Disney and Marvel Studios. At that time, Marvel was internally referring to ''The Kang Dynasty'' as ''Avengers 5'';<ref name="MajorsFiredTHR" /> by early 2024, Marvel had decided to drop the Kang storyline and began searching for a new antagonist for the saga.<ref name="WSJMay2025"/>

Alonso was fired from her role at Marvel Studios in March 2023 for serving as a producer on the [[Amazon Studios]] film ''[[Argentina, 1985]]'' (2022), in breach of a 2018 agreement between Alonso and Disney that prohibited her from working for a competing studio. The decision was made by a group that included [[Disney Entertainment]] co-chairman Alan Bergman and Disney's human resources and legal departments.<ref name="AlonsoFiringTHRReason" /><ref name="AlonsoFired" /> Alonso reportedly did not seek permission to work on the film and was asked by Disney to stop working on it or promoting it. The situation was deemed serious enough that Disney requested a new agreement be signed. The company consistently reminded her of this while she continued to promote the film following its September 2022 premiere, ultimately leading to her firing.<ref name="AlonsoFiringTHRReason" /> Alonso's lawyers refuted these claims, saying Disney was aware of, and agreed to, Alonso's work on ''Argentina, 1985'' and Alonso had been "silenced [and] was terminated when she refused to do something she believed was reprehensible";<ref name="AlonsoFiringVarietyReason" /> this was reported to be a disagreement with a Disney executive over the censoring of [[LGBT symbols|gay pride elements]] in ''Quantumania'' so the film could be released in Kuwait in compliance with [[LGBT rights in Kuwait|the country's restrictive anti-LGBTQ laws]].<ref name="AlonsoFiringDeadlineReason" /><ref name="AlonsoKuwaitTHR" /> A Disney spokesperson reiterated that Alonso was fired due to "an indisputable breach of contract and a direct violation of company policy" among other factors.<ref name="AlonsoFiringVarietyReason" /> Disney and Alonso reached a multi-million dollar compensation settlement in April.<ref name="AlonsoSettlement" />

Disney CEO [[Bob Iger]] said in July 2023 that the company would be reducing the amount of Marvel content created moving forward, admitting that Marvel Studios' expansion into Disney+ series and more films had "diluted focus and attention" after several underachieving films at the box office.<ref name="IgerJul2023" /><ref name="IgerJul2023Variety" /> He clarified their plans in May 2024, saying Disney would now release two, or at most three, Marvel films and two Marvel series a year. This was a decrease from up to four films and around four series being released in some recent years. The company was reducing output and focusing on quality across all its divisions, but Iger felt the change was especially needed for Marvel.<ref name="IgerContentOutputMay2024" /> Feige and D'Esposito said 2023 had been a particularly difficult year for the studio but they had learned their lesson on trying to make too much content at once. They added that no longer being "on top" of the box office allowed them to be underdogs again, as they had been when starting work on Phase One, and they would be "coming back strong" with the hope of surprising audiences and exceeding expectations.<ref name="FeigeD'EspositoEmpireMay2024" /> Feige expected the studio to begin releasing two films and three series per year after 2025, when they were planning to release three films and six series that had been in development for a long time and were ready to be released.<ref name="FeigeReleaseExpectationOct2024" /> In May 2025, Iger called ''Thunderbolts*'' the "first and best example" of Marvel Studios refocusing efforts.<ref name="IgerMay2025" /> In July, Feige said the studio had reduced the budgets of their 2024 and 2025 films to be a third lower than those for 2022 and 2023.<ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025THR" />

In 2024, Marvel Studios introduced their "Marvel Animation" and "Marvel Television" banners for their animated and live-action series, respectively. This was done, along with the previously established [[Marvel Spotlight (banner)|Marvel Spotlight]] banner, to help indicate to audiences that they did not have to watch all of the studio's projects to understand the overall story and could choose which storylines and characters under these banners to follow.<ref name="WinderbaumBannersMay2024" /> At San Diego Comic-Con 2024, the fifth ''Avengers'' film was retitled ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'' (2026), with [[Robert Downey Jr.]] cast as the Multiverse Saga's new antagonist [[Victor von Doom (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Victor von Doom / Doctor Doom]] (after previously portraying the superhero [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man]] in the MCU from 2008 to 2019) for both ''Doomsday'' and ''Secret Wars''.<ref name="SDCC2024Avengers" /> Following several critical and financial failures, the studio began testing its films through test screenings organized by the National Research Group (NRG). The studio previously relied on "friends-and-family" test screenings at [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California]], to help maintain secrecy. Feige said the NRG tests yielded results similar to their own.<ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025Deadline2" /> By July 2025, [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]'s [[Mephisto (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Mephisto]] was being viewed as the next "prominent" villain of the MCU.<ref name="CohenMephistoWorkout" /><ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025TotalFilm" />

===== Integration of mutant characters and the X-Men =====
In December 2017, [[Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney|Disney agreed to acquire assets]] from [[21st Century Fox]],<ref name="FoxDisneyPressRelease" /> and finalized the transaction on March 19, 2019.<ref name="DisneyFoxDealClose" /> This saw the return of the film rights for [[Deadpool]], the X-Men, and the [[Fantastic Four]] to Marvel Studios,<ref name="FoxDisneyPressRelease" /> although Feige explained that despite the acquisition being completed in 2019, access and integration of these characters and concepts were unavailable "for a very long time" because of corporate acquisition laws.<ref name="DPWEWCoverJun2024" /> Some of the first elements to be integrated into the MCU following the acquisition were the organization [[S.W.O.R.D. (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|S.W.O.R.D.]] in the Disney+ series ''[[WandaVision]]'' (2021) and the fictional country [[Madripoor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Madripoor]] in the series ''[[The Falcon and the Winter Soldier]]'' (2021).<ref name="FoxElements" /><ref name="Madripoor" /> Additionally, [[Patrick Stewart]] appeared as Professor [[Charles Xavier (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Charles Xavier]] in the film ''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]'' (2022), portraying a different version of the character that he previously played in Fox's [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' film series]],<ref name="StewartMoM" /> while [[Kamala Khan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Kamala Khan]] was revealed to have a genetic mutation in ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]'',<ref name="MsMarvelMutation" /> with star [[Iman Vellani]] confirming that she is the first [[Mutant (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|mutant]] (a term related to the X-Men) in the MCU.<ref name="VellaniMutantConfirm" /> [[Namor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Namor]] is also revealed to be a mutant in the film ''[[Black Panther: Wakanda Forever]]'' (2022), as he is in the comics.<ref name="EmpireHuerta" /><ref name="FeigeFeb2023" /> [[Kelsey Grammer]] appears as [[Beast (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Dr. Hank McCoy / Beast]] in ''[[The Marvels]]'' (2023), reprising the role from the ''X-Men'' films. The film also introduces the mutant [[Binary (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Binary]], an alternate version of [[Maria Rambeau]], portrayed by [[Lashana Lynch]].<ref name="GrammerMarvels" /><ref name="GrammerMarvels2" />

Feige called ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]'' (2024) the true start to Marvel Studios' exploration and use of the Fox characters,<ref name="DPWEWCoverJun2024" /> and said every project after it would be part of the MCU's "Mutant era".<ref name="FeigeMutantEra" /> Some of the films between ''Deadpool & Wolverine'' and ''Secret Wars'' featured additional X-Men characters, with Feige saying the story of ''Secret Wars'' would lead into a "new age of mutants" and the X-Men being introduced to the MCU.<ref name="FeigeNov2024" /> ''Doomsday'' sees additional ''X-Men'' film series actors reprising their roles, including [[Ian McKellen]] as [[Magneto (film character)|Erik Lensherr / Magneto]], [[Alan Cumming]] as [[Nightcrawler (character)|Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler]], [[Rebecca Romijn]] as [[Mystique (film character)|Raven Darkhölme / Mystique]], and [[James Marsden]] as [[Cyclops (Marvel Comics)|Scott Summers / Cyclops]]. Stewart and Grammer also reprise their roles in the film.<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast" /> Feige reportedly has a 10-year plan for the X-Men in the MCU.<ref name="WSJMay2025" />

===== Next saga =====
In July 2025, Feige said Marvel Studios was "already well into development" on the three phases of their next saga following the conclusion of the Multiverse Saga with ''Secret Wars''. He said Phase Seven would be "directly impacted" by the films of Phase Six.<ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025TotalFilm" />

=== Marvel Television series ===
[[File:Jeph Loeb San Diego Comic Con 2019.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Jeph Loeb led Marvel Television and served as executive producer of every television series on ABC, Netflix, Hulu, and Freeform]]
Marvel Television was launched in June 2010 with [[Jeph Loeb]] as head,<ref name="TVLaunch" /> and had entered into discussions with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] to create a show set in the MCU by July 2012;<ref name="July2012TVshow" /> the network went on to release ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.]]'', ''[[Agent Carter (TV series)|Agent Carter]]'',<ref name="AtwellAgentCarterTV" /> and ''[[Inhumans (TV series)|Inhumans]]''. The latter was a co-production with [[IMAX Corporation]].<ref name="InhumansAnnouncement" /><ref name="InhumansAnnouncement2" /><ref name="InhumansNoThe" /> In November 2013, Disney was set to provide [[Netflix]] with the live-action series ''[[Daredevil (TV series)|Daredevil]]'', ''[[Jessica Jones (TV series)|Jessica Jones]]'', ''[[Luke Cage (TV series)|Luke Cage]]'', and ''[[Iron Fist (TV series)|Iron Fist]]'', building up to the crossover miniseries ''[[The Defenders (miniseries)|The Defenders]]''.<ref name="DeadlineTVNov2013" /> In April 2016, Netflix ordered ''[[The Punisher (TV series)|The Punisher]]'', a spin-off of ''Daredevil''.<ref name="PunisherEWApr2016" /> By February 2019, Netflix had canceled all of its Marvel series.<ref name="JJPunisherCanceled" /> In April 2016, the Disney-owned [[Cable television|cable]] network [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]] announced ''[[Cloak & Dagger (TV series)|Cloak & Dagger]]''.<ref name="CloakandDaggerApr2016" /> In May 2017, Marvel announced that ''[[Runaways (TV series)|Runaways]]'' had received a series order from [[Hulu]].<ref name="RunawaysSeriesOrder" /> In May 2019, Marvel announced that ''[[Helstrom (TV series)|Helstrom]]'' had been greenlit for Hulu.<ref name="HuluGRH" />

In October 2019, further corporate restructuring saw Feige named Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment, with Marvel Television becoming part of Marvel Studios and executives of Marvel Television reporting to Feige.<ref name="Oct2019Restructure" /> In December 2019, Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios, with Marvel Studios taking over production of the remaining series and no further series expected to be developed by Marvel Television.<ref name="MarvelTVFolded" /> In January 2021, Feige said "never say never" to potentially reviving the Netflix series, but noted that Marvel Studios was focused on their new Disney+ series.<ref name="DeadlineFeigeJan2021" /> In May 2022, Marvel Studios was revealed to be developing a new ''Daredevil'' series for Disney+,<ref name="DaredevilCormanOrd" /> which was announced in July as ''[[Daredevil: Born Again]]''.<ref name="SDCC2022" />

=== Expansion to other media ===
In 2008, the first [[Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics|comic book to tie into the MCU]] was released.<ref name="FirstComic" /> Quesada explained that these comics would be set within the continuity of the films, but were not intended to be direct adaptations. Rather, they would explore "something that happened off screen" or flesh out something briefly mentioned. Feige was involved with the creation of the comics, with the film's screenwriters sometimes as well.<ref name="QuesadaComicBooks" /> Marvel Comics worked with [[Brad Winderbaum]], [[Jeremy Latcham]], and Will Corona Pilgrim at Marvel Studios to decide which concepts would be carried over from the Marvel Comics Universe to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, what to show in the tie-in comics, and what to leave for the films.<ref name="IM2comics" /> Marvel later clarified which of the tie-in comics are considered canonical MCU stories, with the rest being merely inspired by the MCU "where we get to show off all the characters from the film in costume and in comic form".<ref name="PilgrimCanon2015" />

In August 2011, Marvel announced a series of [[direct-to-video]] [[short film]]s called [[Marvel One-Shots]].<ref name="OneShotsAnnouncement" /> The name was derived from the label used by Marvel Comics for their [[One-shot (comics)|one-shot comics]].<ref name="AssemblingAUniverse" /> Winderbaum said the shorts were "a fun way to experiment with new characters and ideas" and to expand the MCU.<ref name="OneShotsAnnouncement" /> Each short was designed to be a self-contained story that provided more backstory for characters or events introduced in the films.<ref name="ShortsDescription" />

In March 2015, Marvel's vice president of animation development and production, [[Cort Lane]], said animated tie-ins to the MCU were "in the works".<ref name="LaneECCC2015" /> That July, Marvel Studios partnered with [[Google]] to produce the faux news program ''[[WHIH Newsfront|WHIH Newsfront with Christine Everhart]]'', a series of in-universe [[YouTube]] videos serving as the center of a [[viral marketing]] campaign to promote the films and universe.<ref name="WHIHPromo" /> In December 2016, a six-part web series, ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot]]'', debuted on [[ABC.com]]. It follows [[Elena Rodriguez|Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez]] on a secret mission, shortly before the start of ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.''{{'s}} [[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4|fourth season]], with [[Natalia Cordova-Buckley]] reprising her role from the series.<ref name="Slingshot" /> In September 2019, Sony created a real version of the fictional ''[[The Daily Bugle (web series)|The Daily Bugle]]'' website as part of a viral marketing campaign to promote the home media release of ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019). Inspired by real-world "conspiracy-pushing" websites such as [[Alex Jones]]'s ''[[InfoWars]]'', the website features [[J. K. Simmons]] reprising his role as [[J. Jonah Jameson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|J. Jonah Jameson]] in a video where he speaks out against Spider-Man before asking viewers to "like and subscribe".<ref name="DailyBugle" /><ref name="DailyBugle2" /> In December 2020, Marvel Studios announced ''[[I Am Groot]]'', a series of [[photorealistic]] animated shorts starring [[Baby Groot (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Baby Groot]] for Disney+.<ref name="IAmGroot" /><ref name="DisneyInvestorDayVerge" /><ref name="IAmGrootPhotoreal" />

=== Business practices ===
[[File:Joss Whedon by Gage Skidmore 7.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|[[Joss Whedon]] was a significant contributor to the MCU's Phase Two: he offered creative insight to all of the films; launched the first MCU television series, ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.''; and wrote and directed the crossover film ''Avengers: Age of Ultron''.]]
In November 2016, Feige explained that the studio would often put together a "lookbook" of influences from the comics and art by Marvel's visual development department, to create a visual template for a project. These are put together at company retreats, which the studio holds approximately every 18 months to plan out future projects and develop the phases of the MCU. However, these lookbooks are not always shown to directors, with Marvel sometimes preferring to let the director offer their own ideas first.<ref name="FeigeRetreats" /> When choosing a director for a project, Marvel Studios looks for filmmakers to hire who can guide a film.<ref name="FastCompany" /> Some of their choices for directors have been considered "out-of-left-field" based on those directors' previous work. On this, Feige remarked that "you don't have to have directed a big, giant visual-effects movie to do a big, giant visual-effects movie for us. You just have to have done something singularly sort of awesome."<ref name="ChooseDirector" />

The studio ensures directors are open to the idea of the shared universe and are willing to include connective material, such as [[Kenneth Branagh]] and [[Joe Johnston]] needing to include scenes that set-up ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012) in their respective Phase One films ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' and ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' (both 2011).<ref name="BostonApril2012" /> Marvel Studios usually has a big idea they would like to explore or build to in a project, such as [[Hydra (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Hydra]] infiltrating [[S.H.I.E.L.D. (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|S.H.I.E.L.D.]] in ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' (2014), but they leave it up to the filmmakers to interpret and "improv a little bit" to get that point.<ref name="RussosCrave" /> After these ideas have been developed, the creative team then begins exploring ideas from other future projects to see how to make any larger universe connections.<ref name="RussosDirectingProcess" /> For many of their early films, Feige was closely involved during a film's development before allowing filming to be overseen by lower-level studio executives. Feige would then become involved again during editing, when films could be entirely rewritten or reworked.<ref name="WSJMay2025" /> Feige described the company's approach as "plus-ing at every turn", where they are always trying to improve a project and include new suggestions rather than sticking to a set script. Feige said they would not start a film without a full script, but he was never satisfied with their scripts or finished films and always felt they could do better.<ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025THR" />

In August 2012, Marvel signed ''The Avengers'' and ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' (2015) director [[Joss Whedon]] to an exclusive contract through June 2015 for film and television. With the deal, Whedon contributed creatively to all of the Phase Two films and also developed ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'', the first television series set in the MCU.<ref name="WhedonConsultDeal" /> In April 2017, ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' (2014) and ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]'' (2017) writer and director [[James Gunn]] revealed that he would be working with Marvel to help plan future stories for the [[Guardians of the Galaxy (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Guardians of the Galaxy]] characters and the wider "Marvel Cosmic Universe",<ref name="GunnVol3Confirm" /> although Gunn became the co-CEO of [[DC Studios]] in November 2022 and signed a four-year deal to work exclusively on [[DC Comics]]-based projects.<ref name="GunnSafranDCStudios" /> For Phase Three, there was a large amount of collaboration between the filmmakers of the individual character films and the filmmakers of the crossover films ''Avengers: Infinity War'' and ''Avengers: Endgame'', which were directed by the [[Russo brothers]] and written by [[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely]]. This was to ensure their storytelling aligned for the Infinity Saga's culmination.<ref name="RussosWritersPhase3" />

Marvel Studios began contracting their actors for multiple films, including signing actor [[Samuel L. Jackson]] to a then-unprecedented nine-film contract.<ref name="THRFeb2009" /> Feige said the studio had all actors sign contracts for multiple films, with the normal number being for three or more, while the nine or twelve-film deals were rare.<ref name="FeigeContracts" /> The actors' contracts also feature clauses that allow Marvel to use up to three minutes of an actor's performance from one film in another, which Marvel describes as "bridging material".<ref name="CreativeCommittee2" /> By the start of Phase Four, Marvel Studios was no longer contracting actors for a large number of projects, with deal lengths varying for each actor and project. Feige said the studio was looking for actors who were excited to join the franchise and appear in multiple projects without being locked into contractual obligations. He also noted that they were starting to include theme park attractions in actors' deals.<ref name="ActorContractsJuly2021" /> By December 2020, because of the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema#Exhibitors|impact COVID-19 had on theaters]] and film studios shifting away from theatrical releases, Marvel Studios began exploring updated contracts for actors, writers, directors, and producers to receive adjusted compensation in the event a film had to debut on Disney+ instead of in theaters. ''[[TheWrap]]'' reported that the new contracts would likely only apply to films about to enter production.<ref name="WrapNewContractsDec2020" />

For Marvel Television, Loeb said he and his executives were involved in all aspects of production: "whether it's being in the writers' room, editing, on set, casting—every step of the production goes through the Marvel team to tell the best story that we can". He said the studio was able to work on so many series across different networks and platforms because all they needed was one person working on each series to help "guide the process".<ref name="LoebJul2017" /> When developing the crossover miniseries ''The Defenders'', showrunner Marco Ramirez consulted with the creators of all the individual Marvel Netflix series, having them read each of the scripts for ''The Defenders'' and provide insight into individual characters' worlds.<ref name="RamirezEWJan2017" /> Actors appearing in Marvel Television series, such as [[Charlie Cox]] (who portrayed [[Matt Murdock (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Matt Murdock / Daredevil]] in ''Daredevil'') and [[Adrianne Palicki]] ([[Bobbi Morse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird]] in ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.''), were contractually obliged to appear in a Marvel Studios film if asked.<ref name="CoxFilms" /><ref name="PalickiFilms" /><ref name="PalickiFilms2" /> In December 2021, Feige confirmed that Cox would reprise the role of Daredevil in Marvel Studios MCU productions,<ref name="CoxMarvelStudios" /> with Cox first reprising the role in the film ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021). Additionally, [[Vincent D'Onofrio]] first reprised his role as [[Wilson Fisk (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wilson Fisk / Kingpin]] from ''Daredevil'' in the Disney+ series ''[[Hawkeye (miniseries)|Hawkeye]]'' (2021).<ref name="D'OnofrioCoxReprise" />

== Feature films ==
{{Main list|List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films}}
Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called "Phases",<ref name="DailyDotPhases" /><ref name="DigitalSpyPhases" /> with three phases making up a "Saga".<ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025TotalFilm" />

=== The Infinity Saga ===
{{Further|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two|label 2=Phase Two|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three|label 3=Phase Three}}
The first three phases are collectively known as "The Infinity Saga".<ref name="FFHInfinitySaga" /> [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One|Phase One]] consists of ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' (2008), ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' (2008), ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' (2010), ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' (2011), and ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' (2011), and concludes with the [[fictional crossover|crossover]] film ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012). [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two|Phase Two]] comprises ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' (2013), ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' (2013), ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' (2014), ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' (2014), ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' (2015), and ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]'' (2015). ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016) is the first film of [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three|Phase Three]], and is followed by ''[[Doctor Strange (2016 film)|Doctor Strange]]'' (2016), ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]'' (2017), ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017), ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' (2017), ''[[Black Panther (film)|Black Panther]]'' (2018), ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018), ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp]]'' (2018), ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]'' (2019), ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019), and ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019).<ref name="DigitalSpyPhases" />

=== The Multiverse Saga ===
{{Further|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five|label 2=Phase Five|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six|label 3=Phase Six}}
The second three phases are collectively known as "The Multiverse Saga", and include television series on [[Disney+]].<ref name="SDCC2022" /> [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four|Phase Four]] includes ''[[Black Widow (2021 film)|Black Widow]]'' (2021), ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]'' (2021), ''[[Eternals (film)|Eternals]]'' (2021), ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021), ''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]'' (2022), ''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]'' (2022), and ''[[Black Panther: Wakanda Forever]]'' (2022). [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five|Phase Five]] includes ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania]]'' (2023), ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3]]'' (2023), ''[[The Marvels]]'' (2023), ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]'' (2024), ''[[Captain America: Brave New World]]'' (2025), and ''[[Thunderbolts*]]'' (2025). [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six|Phase Six]] includes ''[[The Fantastic Four: First Steps]]'' (2025), ''[[Spider-Man: Brand New Day]]'' (2026), ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'' (2026), and ''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]'' (2027).<ref name="DigitalSpyPhases" />

== Television series and specials ==
{{Main list|List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series}}

=== Marvel Television series ===
{{Further|Marvel's ABC television series|Marvel's Netflix television series|Marvel's young adult television series|Adventure into Fear (franchise)}}
[[Marvel Television]] produced multiple television series set in the MCU across broadcast, streaming, and cable. Its [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] series included ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.]]'' (2013–2020), ''[[Agent Carter (TV series)|Agent Carter]]'' (2015–2016), and ''[[Inhumans (TV series)|Inhumans]]'' (2017); its [[Netflix]] series included ''[[Daredevil (TV series)|Daredevil]]'' (2015–2018), ''[[Jessica Jones (TV series)|Jessica Jones]]'' (2015–2019), ''[[Luke Cage (TV series)|Luke Cage]]'' (2016–2018), ''[[Iron Fist (TV series)|Iron Fist]]'' (2017–2018), the crossover miniseries ''[[The Defenders (miniseries)|The Defenders]]'' (2017), and ''[[The Punisher (TV series)|The Punisher]]'' (2017–2019); its young adult series included ''[[Runaways (TV series)|Runaways]]'' (2017–2019) streaming on [[Hulu]] and ''[[Cloak & Dagger (TV series)|Cloak & Dagger]]'' (2018–2019) airing on [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]; and the Hulu series ''[[Helstrom (TV series)|Helstrom]]'' (2020) was originally intended to be the start of a planned "Adventure into Fear" franchise,<ref name="LoebAug2019" /> but was ultimately "not tied to the MCU", according to showrunner [[Paul Zbyszewski]].<ref name="HelstromNoMCU" />

=== Marvel Studios series ===
{{Further|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four#Television series|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five#Television series|l2=Phase Five § Television series|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six#Television series|l3=Phase Six § Television series|Marvel Studios Special Presentations}}
Beginning with Phase Four, television series were included as part of the Phases in addition to their feature films. Each series is released on Disney+. Phase Four includes the series ''[[WandaVision]]'' (2021), ''[[The Falcon and the Winter Soldier]]'' (2021), the [[Loki season 1|first season]] of ''[[Loki (TV series)|Loki]]'' (2021), the [[What If...? season 1|first season]] of the animated series ''[[What If...? (TV series)|What If...?]]'' (2021), ''[[Hawkeye (miniseries)|Hawkeye]]'' (2021), ''[[Moon Knight (miniseries)|Moon Knight]]'' (2022), ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]'' (2022), and ''[[She-Hulk: Attorney at Law]]'' (2022). The television specials ''[[Werewolf by Night (TV special)|Werewolf by Night]]'' (2022) and ''[[The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special]]'' (2022) are also included in the phase. Phase Five includes ''[[Secret Invasion (miniseries)|Secret Invasion]]'' (2023), the [[Loki season 2|second season]] of ''Loki'' (2023), the [[What If...? season 2|second]] and [[What If...? season 3|third seasons]] of ''What If...?'' (2023–24), ''[[Echo (miniseries)|Echo]]'' (2024), ''[[Agatha All Along]]'' (2024), the [[Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 1|first season]] of the animated series ''[[Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man]]'' (2025), the [[Daredevil: Born Again season 1|first season]] of ''[[Daredevil: Born Again]]'' (2025), and ''[[Ironheart (miniseries)|Ironheart]]'' (2025). Phase Six includes the animated miniseries ''[[Eyes of Wakanda]]'' (2025) and ''[[Marvel Zombies (miniseries)|Marvel Zombies]]'' (2025), the first season of ''[[Wonder Man (TV series)|Wonder Man]]'' (2026), the [[Daredevil: Born Again season 2|second]] and [[Daredevil: Born Again season 3|third seasons]] of ''Daredevil: Born Again'' (2026–27), ''[[VisionQuest]]'' (2026), and the [[Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man season 2|second season]] of ''Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man''.<ref name="DigitalSpyPhases" /><ref name="DDBAS3Release" /><ref name="TotalFilmPhaseSix" /> ''[[The Punisher: One Last Kill]]'' (2026) is also expected to be released during the phase.<ref name="TotalFilmPhaseSix" />

== Short films ==
=== Marvel One-Shots ===
{{Main|Marvel One-Shots|Team Thor{{!}}''Team Thor''}}
[[Marvel One-Shots]] are a series of [[direct-to-video]] [[short film]]s that are included as special features in the MCU films' [[Blu-ray]] and [[digital distribution]] releases. The films included ''[[The Consultant (film)|The Consultant]]'' (2011), ''[[A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer]]'' (2011),<ref name="OneShotsAnnouncement" /> ''[[Item 47]]'' (2012),<ref name="Item47" /> ''[[Agent Carter (film)|Agent Carter]]'' (2013),<ref name="CBRCarter" /> and ''[[All Hail the King]]'' (2014).<ref name="AHTK" />

Following the One-Shots becoming available on Disney+ in January 2022, Marvel classified the ''[[Team Thor]]'' [[mockumentary]] shorts as One-Shots.<ref name="OneShotsD+Release" /><ref name="TeamThorOneShots" /><ref name="TeamThorOneShotsD+Tweet" /> ''Team Thor'' is a series of direct-to-video mockumentary short films that were released from 2016 to 2018, consisting of ''Team Thor'', ''Team Thor: Part 2'', and ''Team Darryl'', all written and directed by [[Taika Waititi]].<ref name="TeamThor" /><ref name="TeamThorPart2" /><ref name="TeamDarryl" />

=== ''I Am Groot'' ===
{{Main|I Am Groot{{!}}''I Am Groot''}}
''I Am Groot'' is a series of [[photorealistic]] animated short films for Disney+ starring [[Baby Groot (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Baby Groot]] going on adventures with new and unusual characters.<ref name="IAmGroot" /><ref name="DisneyInvestorDayVerge" /><ref name="IAmGrootPhotoreal" /> [[Vin Diesel]] reprises his role, with five shorts releasing on August 10, 2022.<ref name="IAmGrootRelease" /> A second season with five additional shorts was released on September 6, 2023.<ref name="IAmGrootS2Release" />

== Other media ==
=== Digital series ===
''[[WHIH Newsfront]]'' (2015–16) is an in-universe current affairs show that serves as a [[viral marketing]] campaign for some of the MCU films, created in partnership with Google for [[YouTube]].<ref name="WHIHPromo" /> The campaign is an extension of the fictional news network [[WHIH World News]], which is seen reporting on major events in many MCU films and television series.<ref name="WHIHWorldNews" /> [[Leslie Bibb]] reprises her role as [[Christine Everhart (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Christine Everhart]] from the ''Iron Man'' films.<ref name="WHIHPromo" />

''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot]]'' (2016) is one of several [[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. web series|''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' web series]] created for [[ABC.com]] and produced by Marvel Television that is a supplement to ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'', with the main cast reprising their roles.<ref name="Slingshot" />

The first two seasons of ''[[The Daily Bugle (web series)|The Daily Bugle]]'' (2019–2022) are an in-universe current affairs show serving as a viral marketing campaign for the films ''Spider-Man: Far From Home'' and ''Spider-Man: No Way Home'', with the videos released on YouTube and [[TikTok]]. It is based on the fictional sensationalist news outlet [[TheDailyBugle.net|of the same name]] that appears in the MCU—itself based on the fictional newspaper agency [[Daily Bugle|of the same name]] appearing in several [[Marvel Comics]] publications. [[J. K. Simmons]] and [[Angourie Rice]] reprise their roles as [[J. Jonah Jameson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|J. Jonah Jameson]] and [[Betty Brant (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Betty Brant]] from the ''Spider-Man'' films.<ref name="DailyBugleTikTok" />

=== Comic books ===
{{Main|Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics}}
Multiple [[Limited series (comics)|limited series]] or [[One-shot (comics)|one-shot]] comic books that tie into the MCU films and television series have been published by Marvel Comics. They are intended to tell additional stories about existing characters or to make connections between MCU projects, without necessarily expanding the universe or introducing new concepts or characters.<ref name="IM2comics" /><ref name="TieInComics2" />

=== Books ===
{{For-text|books written about the MCU|{{section link||Literary material}} below}}
''The Wakanda Files: A Technological Exploration of the Avengers and Beyond'' is "a collection of papers, articles, blueprints, and notes amassed throughout history by Wakanda's War Dogs" at the request of [[Shuri (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Shuri]]. It is organized by areas of study and covers the technological advancements throughout the MCU. The book, which exists within the universe, was written by Troy Benjamin and published by Epic Ink and Quarto Publishing Group. ''The Wakanda Files'' has content printed with UV ink that can be viewed with Kimoyo bead–shaped UV lights included with the book. It was released on October 20, 2020.<ref name="WakandaFiles" />

''[[Look Out for the Little Guy]]'', the fictional memoir written by [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang]] as seen in ''Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania'', was released by [[Disney Publishing Worldwide|Hyperion Avenue]] on September 5, 2023. It was created alongside Marvel Studios and the ''Quantumania'' filmmakers,<ref name="LookOutForTheLittleGuy" /> and was written by [[Rob Kutner]],<ref name="LoftLGAuthors" /> featuring "over 20 short pieces exploring different aspects of Scott's experiences" as a father and Avenger.<ref name="LookOutForTheLittleGuy" /> ''Quantumania'' writer [[Jeff Loveness]] wrote the material from the memoir that was featured in the film.<ref name="LoftLGAuthors" />

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe}}
Various composers have created the [[Film score|film and television scores]] of the MCU films, television series, One-Shots, Special Presentations, and other related projects of the MCU, primarily released by Marvel Studios's record label [[Marvel Music (record label)|Marvel Music]]. Original songs have also been created specifically for use in the franchise, while [[Brian Tyler]] and [[Michael Giacchino]] have both scored [[fanfares]] for the Marvel Studios [[production logo]].<ref name="FanfareTyler" /><ref name="FanfareGiacchino" />

== Fictional universe ==
=== Timeline ===
{{Main|Marvel Cinematic Universe timeline}}
The fictional timeline of the MCU includes the feature films, television series, television specials, short films, and the ''I Am Groot'' shorts from Marvel Studios and Marvel Television's Netflix series. While the early films of Phase One and Phase Two of the franchise followed each other in the timeline similar to their release order, Phase Three saw many of the films overlapping with each other in the timeline, while also introducing the first prequel property, ''Captain Marvel''. The Phase Three film ''Avengers: Endgame'' featured characters traveling into the past and introduced a five-year time jump, with many subsequent releases in Phase Four and Phase Five set after ''Endgame''{{'}}s events in the timeline. The television series ''Loki'' and ''What If...?'' were the first properties to occur outside of the main timeline and explore alternative timelines and universes.

There have been numerous attempts by Marvel Studios and others to codify the events of the MCU, which have been subject to perceived [[continuity errors]], resulting in Marvel Studios releasing an official timeline book in 2023 for their first four phases that were designated as part of their "[[Sacred Timeline]]". This book did not feature projects produced by other companies, such as Marvel Television's series, which were all loosely connected to the films; however, it was noted that all of these outside projects were part of the larger Marvel canon. In early 2024, Marvel Studios formally integrated Marvel Television's group of Netflix series into its Disney+ timeline.

As of the Phase Five television series ''Daredevil: Born Again'' and the film ''Thunderbolts*'', the "present day" in the MCU is 2027.<ref name="DDBATimeline2" /><ref name="ThunderboltsTimeline" /> The following covers and discusses MCU media released by Marvel Studios and the Netflix series by Marvel Television. ''Loki'' and ''What If...?'' are excluded from the diagram because they occur outside of the main timeline. ''Werewolf by Night'' is also excluded, given that the special explicitly does not indicate where it takes place in the MCU. Disney+'s timeline order places the first seasons of ''Loki'' and ''What If...?'' between ''Avengers: Endgame'' and ''WandaVision'', their second seasons after ''The Marvels'', and ''Werewolf by Night'' after ''Thor: Love and Thunder''; ''Werewolf by Night'' is also placed here in ''[[The Marvel Cinematic Universe: An Official Timeline]]''.
{{:Marvel Cinematic Universe timeline}}

=== Multiverse ===
{{Main|Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)}}
The ''[[Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A to Z]]'', Vol. 5, published in 2008, originally designated the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Earth-199999 within the [[Continuity (fiction)|continuity]] of Marvel's comic [[Multiverse (Marvel Comics)|multiverse]], a collection of fictional alternate universes, although, this designation was rarely used officially outside of the source material.<ref name="Earth-199999" /> The television series ''Loki'' and ''What If...?'' were the first to explore the concept of the multiverse within the MCU,<ref name="LokiTimeline" /><ref name="WhatIfTimeline" /> as well as the film ''Spider-Man: No Way Home'', which connected the MCU to other [[Spider-Man in film|Spider-Man film franchises]] by featuring characters from [[Sam Raimi]]'s [[Spider-Man (2002 film series)|''Spider-Man'' trilogy]] (2002–2007), [[Marc Webb]]'s [[The Amazing Spider-Man (film series)|''The Amazing Spider-Man'' films]] (2012–14), and [[Sony's Spider-Man Universe]] (SSU).<ref name="NWHSMTASM" /><ref name="PostCreditsVenom" /> The SSU film ''[[Venom: Let There Be Carnage]]'' (2021) briefly featured the main universe of the MCU as well.<ref name="PostCreditsVenom" /> In ''Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness'', the main universe of MCU events was designated as [[Earth-616 (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Earth-616]] (a designation first referenced in ''Spider-Man: Far From Home''), sharing the name of the [[Earth-616|main Marvel Comics universe]], while another universe was designated as [[Earth-838]].<ref name="MoMUniverses" /> Sony's animated film ''[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]'' (2023) references the events of ''No Way Home'', citing the MCU's primary reality as Earth-199999.<ref name="AcrossTheSpiderVerse199999" /> [[20th Century Fox]]'s [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' film series]] (2000–2020) is designated as Earth-10005 in ''Deadpool & Wolverine''.<ref name="DPWYearEarth" /> That film features several actors reprising their roles from the ''X-Men'' film series along with characters from Fox's films ''[[Daredevil (film)|Daredevil]]'' (2003) and its [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] ''[[Elektra (2005 film)|Elektra]]'' (2005), ''[[Fantastic Four (2005 film)|Fantastic Four]]'' (2005) and its sequel ''[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]'' (2007), and [[New Line Cinema]]'s [[Blade (franchise)|''Blade'' film trilogy]] (1994–2004).<ref name="DPWVoidCameos" /><ref name="DPWEWCameos" /> Phases Four, Five, and Six comprise "[[The Multiverse Saga]]".<ref name="SDCC2022" />

With the release of ''The Marvel Cinematic Universe: An Official Timeline'' in October 2023, Feige wrote in its [[foreword]] that Marvel Studios only considered, at that time, projects developed by them in their first four phases as part of their "[[Sacred Timeline]]", but acknowledged the history of [[List of films based on Marvel Comics publications|other Marvel films]] and [[List of television series based on Marvel Comics publications|television series]] that would exist in the larger multiverse and said they were "canonical to Marvel".<ref name="FeigeTimelineBookQuote" /> In January 2024, Winderbaum acknowledged that Marvel Studios had previously been "a little bit cagey" about what was part of their Sacred Timeline, noting how there had been the corporate divide between what Marvel Studios created and what Marvel Television created. He continued that as time had passed, Marvel Studios began to see "how well integrated the [Marvel Television] stories are" and personally felt confident in saying Marvel Television's ''Daredevil'' was part of the Sacred Timeline.<ref name="WinderbaumScreenRantJan2024" />

== Recurring cast and characters ==
<section begin="Cast" />{{Further-text| [[Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe|Characters]] ([[Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe: A–L|A–L]]; [[Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe: M–Z|M–Z]]), [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors|Film cast members]] ([[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors (The Infinity Saga)|The Infinity Saga]]), television series cast ([[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors (Marvel Studios)|Marvel Studios]] and [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors (Marvel Television)|Marvel Television]]), [[Marvel Studios Special Presentations#Cast and characters|Special Presentation cast members]], [[Marvel One-Shots#Cast and characters|One-Shot cast members]], [[WHIH Newsfront#Cast and characters|WHIH Newsfront cast members]], [[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot#Cast and characters|Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot cast members]], and [[The Daily Bugle (web series)#Cast and characters|The Daily Bugle cast members]]}}
{{MCU cast indicator |appeared=at least three MCU films/series and received main billing credit in at least two franchises |media=media |P |V}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 99%;"
|+ {{sronly|Recurring cast members and characters in the Marvel Cinematic Universe}}
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" | Character
! scope="col" style="width: 16.8%;" | Feature films
! scope="col" style="width: 16.8%;" | Television series and specials
! scope="col" style="width: 16.8%;" | Short films
! scope="col" style="width: 16.8%;" | Digital series
! scope="col" style="width: 16.8%;" | Animation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ayo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ayo]]
| colspan="2" | [[Florence Kasumba]]<ref name="KasumbaRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Damshenas |first=Sam |date=July 28, 2022 |title=Michaela Coel confirmed to play iconic queer hero in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever |url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/michaela-coel-confirmed-to-play-iconic-queer-hero-in-black-panther-wakanda-forever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803164601/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/michaela-coel-confirmed-to-play-iconic-queer-hero-in-black-panther-wakanda-forever/ |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Gay Times]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner<br />{{small|Hulk}}]]
| [[Edward Norton]]<ref name="NortonFerrignoHulk">{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Ryan |date=June 19, 2021 |title=Lou Ferrigno Takes (Not So Subtle) Shot at MCU |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lou-ferrigno-hulk-takes-shot-marvel-cinematic-universe-1234970743/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619014824/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lou-ferrigno-hulk-takes-shot-marvel-cinematic-universe-1234970743/ |archive-date=June 19, 2021 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><br />[[Lou Ferrigno]]{{ref|voice|V}}<ref name="NortonFerrignoHulk" /><hr />[[Mark Ruffalo]]<ref name="RuffaloRecurring" />
| colspan="2" | Mark Ruffalo<ref name="RuffaloRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Kai |date=August 17, 2025 |title=The Hulk's MCU Return Can End A Ridiculous 13-Year Streak |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/hulk-return-spider-man-brand-new-day-bruce-banner-13-year-mcu-streak-avengers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823135358/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/hulk-return-spider-man-brand-new-day-bruce-banner-13-year-mcu-streak-avengers/ |archive-date=August 23, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref><ref name="TeamThorCast">{{Cite web |last=Carbone |first=Gina |date=April 12, 2019 |title=Yes! Chris Hemsworth Is Down For A Team Thor TV Show With Darryl |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2470213/yes-chris-hemsworth-is-down-for-a-team-thor-tv-show-with-darryl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602073542/https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2470213/yes-chris-hemsworth-is-down-for-a-team-thor-tv-show-with-darryl |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref>
| {{cEmpty}}
| Mark Ruffalo<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast">{{Cite magazine |last=Bucksbaum |first=Sydney |date=September 8, 2021 |title=All the MCU actors who voice their characters in Marvel's ''What If...?''—and every recast role |url=https://ew.com/tv/marvels-what-if-voice-cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328214944/https://ew.com/tv/marvels-what-if-voice-cast/ |archive-date=March 28, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2025 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bucky Barnes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bucky Barnes<br />{{small|Winter Soldier / White Wolf}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Sebastian Stan]]<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast">{{Cite web |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Marvel Unveils 'Avengers: Doomsday' Cast with MCU Mainstays and 'X-Men', 'Fantastic Four' Stars |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-doomsday-cast-announced-1236172556/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326205542/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-doomsday-cast-announced-1236172556/ |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 26, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Sebastian Stan<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Clint Barton<br />{{small|Hawkeye / Ronin}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Jeremy Renner]]<ref name="RennerRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=July 29, 2025 |title=Jeremy Renner is ready to return as Hawkeye in the MCU after snowplow incident: 'I'm sure we'll do Season 2' |url=https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/jeremy-renner-hawkeye-season-2-body-getting-ready-exclusive/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730092432/https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/jeremy-renner-hawkeye-season-2-body-getting-ready-exclusive/ |archive-date=July 30, 2025 |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Jeremy Renner<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Laura Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Laura Barton]]
| colspan="2" | [[Linda Cardellini]]<ref name="CardelliniRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Theil |first=Michele |date=October 14, 2021 |title=Marvel's Hawkeye trailer confirms MCU character's return |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a37963901/marvel-hawkeye-trailer-laura-barton-return/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118015343/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a37963901/marvel-hawkeye-trailer-laura-barton-return/ |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Yelena Belova (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Yelena Belova]]
| colspan="2" | [[Florence Pugh]]<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast" />
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Florence Pugh<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Kai |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Every MCU Recast In Marvel Zombies (& All 18 Who Return) |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/every-mcu-recast-in-marvel-zombies-all-18-who-return/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926071712/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/every-mcu-recast-in-marvel-zombies-all-18-who-return/ |archive-date=September 26, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Kate Bishop]]
| colspan="2" | [[Hailee Steinfeld]]<ref name="SteinfeldRecurring">{{Cite magazine |last=Stainforth |first=Nick |date=August 31, 2025 |title=Marvel fans are shocked that one of the most exciting new MCU characters has only had two appearances |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/marvel-movies/marvel-fans-are-shocked-that-one-of-the-most-exciting-new-mcu-characters-has-only-had-two-appearances/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831110924/https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/marvel-movies/marvel-fans-are-shocked-that-one-of-the-most-exciting-new-mcu-characters-has-only-had-two-appearances/ |archive-date=August 31, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |magazine=[[Total Film]] |publisher=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Hailee Steinfeld<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Emil Blonsky (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Emil Blonsky<br/ >{{small|Abomination}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Tim Roth]]<ref name="RothRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Rosie |date=October 13, 2022 |title=Abomination's final She-Hulk scene makes Marvel's least loved film weirdly relevant |url=https://www.polygon.com/23381028/she-hulks-post-credits-abomination-incredible-hulk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030195133/https://www.polygon.com/23381028/she-hulks-post-credits-abomination-incredible-hulk |archive-date=October 30, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Luke Cage (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Luke Cage]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Mike Colter]]<ref name="NetflixRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Leite |first=Marcelo |date=March 16, 2022 |title=Daredevil & All Marvel Crossovers: Every Character In Multiple Shows |url=https://screenrant.com/daredevil-marvel-netflix-defenders-shows-characters-crossovers-connections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705113309/https://screenrant.com/daredevil-marvel-netflix-defenders-shows-characters-crossovers-connections/ |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peggy Carter]]
| colspan="3" | [[Hayley Atwell]]<ref name="AtwellRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Cripe |first=Michael |date=December 13, 2024 |title=Avengers: Doomsday Will Feature Hayley Atwell as Agent Carter – Report |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/avengers-doomsday-will-feature-hayley-atwell-as-agent-carter-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220042519/https://www.ign.com/articles/avengers-doomsday-will-feature-hayley-atwell-as-agent-carter-report |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
| {{cEmpty}}
| Hayley Atwell<ref name="AtwellRecurring" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sharon Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Sharon Carter<br />{{small|Agent 13 / Power Broker}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Emily VanCamp]]<ref name="VanCampRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Olivia |date=April 27, 2021 |title='The Falcon and the Winter Soldier' star Emily VanCamp says the big reveal about her character 'made perfect sense' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/falcon-and-the-winter-soldier-emily-vancamp-sharon-carter-reaction-2021-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417005525/https://www.businessinsider.com/falcon-and-the-winter-soldier-emily-vancamp-sharon-carter-reaction-2021-4 |archive-date=April 17, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Emily VanCamp<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Frank Castle (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Frank Castle<br />{{small|Punisher}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Jon Bernthal]]<ref name="BernthalRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=June 20, 2025 |title=Jon Bernthal Joins Tom Holland in 'Spider-Man: Brand New Day' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/spider-man-brand-new-day-jon-bernthal-1236296073/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620224954/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/spider-man-brand-new-day-jon-bernthal-1236296073/ |archive-date=June 20, 2025 |access-date=June 20, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[P. Cleary]]
| colspan="2" | [[Arian Moayed]]<ref name="MoayedRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=July 17, 2025 |title=Arian Moayed Reprising As Agent Cleary In Marvel Television's 'Wonder Man' |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/wonder-man-arian-moayed-reprising-agent-cleary-1236460963/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717162032/https://deadline.com/2025/07/wonder-man-arian-moayed-reprising-agent-cleary-1236460963/ |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=January 28, 2026 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Phil Coulson]]
| colspan="5" | [[Clark Gregg]]<ref name="GreggRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Laverde |first=Jake |date=August 10, 2020 |title=Agents of SHIELD's Agent Coulson Has One Last Message for His Fans |url=https://gamerant.com/agent-coulson-message-for-fans-agents-of-shield/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125054906/https://gamerant.com/agent-coulson-message-for-fans-agents-of-shield/ |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Game Rant]]}}</ref><ref name="SlingshotCast">{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2016 |title=Watch Marvel's Agents of SHIELD: Slingshot in Full! |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/794811-watch-marvels-agents-of-shield-slingshot-in-full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215155957/https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/794811-watch-marvels-agents-of-shield-slingshot-in-full |archive-date=December 15, 2016 |access-date=December 14, 2016 |website=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref><ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Carol Danvers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Carol Danvers<br />{{small|Captain Marvel}}]]
| colspan="2" |[[Brie Larson]]<ref name="LarsonRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Sarkisian |first=Jacob |date=September 12, 2022 |title=Brie Larson addresses MCU future after The Marvels |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a41168451/brie-larson-marvel-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005000244/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a41168451/brie-larson-marvel-future/ |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Alexandra Daniels<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Drax (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Drax the Destroyer]]
| colspan="2" | [[Dave Bautista]]<ref name="BautistaRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Abhishek |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Shirtless Drax Scenes Are a Big Reason Why Dave Bautista Is Retiring from the MCU |url=https://movieweb.com/guardians-of-the-galaxy-why-dave-bautista-retiring/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926235216/https://movieweb.com/guardians-of-the-galaxy-why-dave-bautista-retiring/ |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Fred Tatasciore]]<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hope van Dyne|Hope van Dyne<br />{{small|Wasp}}]]
| [[Evangeline Lilly]]<ref name="LillyRecurring">{{Cite magazine |last=Travis |first=Emlyn |date=June 4, 2024 |title=Evangeline Lilly is 'stepping away' from acting: 'This is where I belong' |url=https://ew.com/evangeline-lilly-is-stepping-away-from-acting-8657877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604163202/https://ew.com/evangeline-lilly-is-stepping-away-from-acting-8657877 |archive-date=June 4, 2024 |access-date=June 4, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Evangeline Lilly<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Wilson Fisk (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wilson Fisk<br />{{small|Kingpin}}]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Vincent D'Onofrio]]<ref name="D'OnofrioRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Sam |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Daredevil: Born Again's Vincent D'Onofrio shares strange Kingpin tease |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a41067045/daredevil-born-again-vincent-donofrio-kingpin-tease/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926143130/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a41067045/daredevil-born-again-vincent-donofrio-kingpin-tease/ |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Valentina Allegra de Fontaine (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Valentina Allegra de Fontaine]]
| colspan="2" | [[Julia Louis-Dreyfus]]<ref name="LouisDreyfusRecurring">{{Cite magazine |last=Dockterman |first=Eliana |date=November 11, 2022 |title=How a Major Reveal About Valentina in ''Wakanda Forever'' Sets Up ''The Thunderbolts'' |url=https://time.com/6230414/black-panther-wakanda-forever-valentina-thunderbolts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124082131/https://time.com/6230414/black-panther-wakanda-forever-valentina-thunderbolts/ |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nick Fury (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Nick Fury]]
| colspan="2" | [[Samuel L. Jackson]]<ref name="JacksonRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=September 25, 2020 |title=Samuel L. Jackson to Play Nick Fury in New Marvel Disney Plus Series (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/nick-fury-series-samuel-l-jackson-disney-plus-1234782313/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925180006/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/nick-fury-series-samuel-l-jackson-disney-plus-1234782313/ |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |access-date=September 25, 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Samuel L. Jackson<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gamora (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Gamora]]
| [[Zoë Saldaña]]<ref name="SaldañaRecurring">{{Cite web |last=West |first=Amy |date=February 15, 2022 |title=Zoe Saldaña teases Guardians of the Galaxy 3's emotional story |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a39089168/zoe-saldana-guardians-of-the-galaxy-3-emotional/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202214604/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a39089168/zoe-saldana-guardians-of-the-galaxy-3-emotional/ |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Cynthia McWilliams]]<ref name="WhatIfS109Cast">{{Cite web |last1=Ortiz |first1=Andi |last2=Chitwood |first2=Adam |date=October 6, 2021 |title=Here's the Full Voice Cast for 'Marvel's What If...?' Episode 9 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/marvel-what-if-episode-9-voice-cast-list/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006174154/https://www.thewrap.com/marvel-what-if-episode-9-voice-cast-list/ |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ben Grimm (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ben Grimm<br />{{small|The Thing}}]]
| [[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]]<ref name="FantasticFourRecurring">{{Cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |last2=D'Alessandro |first2=Anthony |date=July 28, 2024 |title='The Fantastic Four: First Steps' Unveiled As Official Title Of Marvel Pic; Core Four Will Appear In Next Two 'Avengers' Movies – Comic-Con |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/the-fantastic-four-first-steps-marvel-comic-con-1236021939/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728023326/https://deadline.com/2024/07/the-fantastic-four-first-steps-marvel-comic-con-1236021939/ |archive-date=July 28, 2024 |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Groot (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Groot]]
| colspan="3" | [[Vin Diesel]]{{ref|voice|V}}<ref name="DieselRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Dick |first=Jeremy |date=June 5, 2022 |title=I Am Groot Poster Reveals August Premiere Date |url=https://movieweb.com/i-am-groot-poster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605183947/https://movieweb.com/i-am-groot-poster/ |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |access-date=June 5, 2022 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>
| {{cEmpty}}
| Fred Tatasciore<ref name="WhatIfS2Cast">{{Cite web |last=Nolan |first=Liam |date=January 3, 2024 |title=All Major Actors & Voice Cast List for What If... Season 2 |url=https://www.escapistmagazine.com/all-major-actors-voice-cast-list-for-what-if-season-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222181402/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/all-major-actors-voice-cast-list-for-what-if-season-2/ |archive-date=December 22, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Justin Hammer (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Justin Hammer]]
| [[Sam Rockwell]]<ref name="RockwellRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Hein |first=Michael |date=July 22, 2025 |title=Marvel Star Sam Rockwell Addresses His 11-Year Absence From the MCU |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/marvel-sam-rockwell-addresses-11-year-absence-from-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723040047/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/marvel-sam-rockwell-addresses-11-year-absence-from-mcu/ |archive-date=July 23, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>
| {{cEmpty}}
| Sam Rockwell<ref name="RockwellRecurring" />
| {{cEmpty}}
| Sam Rockwell<ref name="RockwellRecurring" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Agatha Harkness (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Agatha Harkness]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Kathryn Hahn]]<ref name="HahnRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=October 7, 2021 |title=Kathryn Hahn To Headline 'WandaVision' Spinoff In Works At Disney+ As Part Of Marvel Deal |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/kathryn-hahn-wandavision-spinoff-disney-plus-deal-marvel-1234851541/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007215036/https://deadline.com/2021/10/kathryn-hahn-wandavision-spinoff-disney-plus-deal-marvel-1234851541/ |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |access-date=October 7, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Kathryn Hahn<ref name="WhatIfS3Cast">{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Andi |date=December 22, 2024 |title='What If...?' Season 3 Cast and Character Guide: Who Returns to the MCU and Who's New? |url=https://www.thewrap.com/what-if-season-3-voice-cast-characters-episode-list/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101041122/https://www.thewrap.com/what-if-season-3-voice-cast-characters-episode-list/ |archive-date=January 1, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Heimdall (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Heimdall]]
| [[Idris Elba]]<ref name="ElbaRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Nolan |first=Liam |date=August 19, 2022 |title=Idris Elba Suggests Heimdall May Return to the MCU |url=https://www.cbr.com/idris-elba-heimdall-may-return-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004190600/https://www.cbr.com/idris-elba-heimdall-may-return-mcu/ |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Idris Elba<ref name="WhatIfS2Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Maria Hill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Maria Hill]]
| colspan="2" | [[Cobie Smulders]]<ref name="SmuldersRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=June 24, 2023 |title='Secret Invasion' Star Cobie Smulders Is Shocked That the Series Premiere's Ending Didn't Leak |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/secret-invasion-cobie-smulders-maria-hill-fate-1235523229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630003814/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/secret-invasion-cobie-smulders-maria-hill-fate-1235523229/ |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |access-date=July 8, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Cobie Smulders<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Happy Hogan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Happy Hogan]]
| [[Jon Favreau]]<ref name="FavreauRecurring">{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2023 |title=Jon Favreau receives star on Hollywood Walk of Fame |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/jon-favreau-receives-star-on-hollywood-walk-of-fame/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217153239/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/jon-favreau-receives-star-on-hollywood-walk-of-fame/ |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Jon Favreau<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[J.A.R.V.I.S.]]<br />[[Edwin Jarvis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Edwin Jarvis]]
| [[Paul Bettany]]<ref name="BettanyRecurring" /><br />[[James D'Arcy]]<ref name="D'ArcyEndgame">{{Cite web |last=Baysinger |first=Tim |date=April 26, 2019 |title=It's Finally All Connected: How ''Avengers: Endgame'' Finally Acknowledged the MCU's TV Universe |url=https://www.thewrap.com/avengers-endgame-mcu-tv-agent-carter-edwin-jarvis/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427002019/https://www.thewrap.com/avengers-endgame-mcu-tv-agent-carter-edwin-jarvis/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>
| James D'Arcy<ref name="D'ArcyEndgame" /><ref name="VisionNYCC2025">{{Cite web |last=Shammah |first=William |date=October 11, 2025 |title=NYCC 2025: Marvel Television's 'VisionQuest' Concludes the Trilogy That Started with 'WandaVision' |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-television-visionquest-concludes-wandavision-trilogy-new-york-comic-con-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012015939/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-television-visionquest-concludes-wandavision-trilogy-new-york-comic-con-2025 |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=October 12, 2025 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| James D'Arcy<ref name="WhatIfS3Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Jessica Jones (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jessica Jones]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Krysten Ritter]]<ref name="RitterRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=May 13, 2025 |title=Krysten Ritter Officially Returning as Jessica Jones for 'Daredevil: Born Again' Season 2 |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/krysten-ritter-jessica-jones-return-marvel-1236396594/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513211611/https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/krysten-ritter-jessica-jones-return-marvel-1236396594/ |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |access-date=May 13, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kamala Khan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Kamala Khan<br />{{small|Ms. Marvel}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Iman Vellani]]<ref name="VellaniRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Polo |first=Susana |date=March 1, 2024 |title=Ms. Marvel star Iman Vellani has 'been assured' by Marvel she'll return to the MCU |url=https://www.polygon.com/24087888/iman-vellani-ms-marvel-young-avengers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301215646/https://www.polygon.com/24087888/iman-vellani-ms-marvel-young-avengers/ |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Iman Vellani<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Yusuf Khan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Yusuf Khan]]
| colspan="2" | [[Mohan Kapur]]<ref name="KapurRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Andi |date=March 25, 2025 |title='Daredevil: Born Again' Just Properly Crossed Over With the MCU — Here's How |url=https://www.thewrap.com/daredevil-born-again-episode-5-cameo-bank-manager-ms-marvel-explained/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326020514/https://www.thewrap.com/daredevil-born-again-episode-5-cameo-bank-manager-ms-marvel-explained/ |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Misty Knight (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Misty Knight]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Simone Missick]]<ref name="NetflixRecurring" />
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Korath the Pursuer (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Korath]]
| [[Djimon Hounsou]]<ref name="HounsouRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Schaeffer |first=Sandy |date=December 14, 2021 |title=Guardians Of The Galaxy Villain Djimon Hounsou Would Like To Return To The MCU |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/706868/guardians-of-the-galaxy-villain-djimon-hounsou-would-like-to-return-to-the-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523111111/https://www.slashfilm.com/706868/guardians-of-the-galaxy-villain-djimon-hounsou-would-like-to-return-to-the-mcu/ |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Djimon Hounsou<ref name="HounsouRecurring" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang<br />{{small|Ant-Man}}]]
| [[Paul Rudd]]<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast" />
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" | Paul Rudd<ref name="WHIHEasterEggs">{{Cite web |last1=Fischer |first1=Russ |last2=Sciretta |first2=Peter |date=July 16, 2015 |title='Ant-Man' Viral: Interviews With Scott Lang and Pym Technologies CEO Darren Cross |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/538684/ant-man-viral-backstory/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824082336/https://www.slashfilm.com/538684/ant-man-viral-backstory/ |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref><ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Darcy Lewis]]
| colspan="2" | [[Kat Dennings]]<ref name="DenningsSkarsgårdRecurring">{{Cite magazine |last=Dockterman |first=Eliana |date=July 8, 2022 |title=All the Cameos in ''Thor: Love and Thunder'' |url=https://time.com/6193989/thor-love-and-thunder-cameos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221230218/https://time.com/6193989/thor-love-and-thunder-cameos/ |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Kat Dennings<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Loki (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Loki]]
| colspan="2" | [[Tom Hiddleston]]<ref name="HiddlestonRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=Sean |date=June 9, 2021 |title=What to know about Loki's timeline before the Disney Plus series |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/what-to-know-about-lokis-timeline-before-the-disney-plus-series/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118122019/https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/what-to-know-about-lokis-timeline-before-the-disney-plus-series/ |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Tom Hiddleston<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mantis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Mantis]]
| colspan="2" | [[Pom Klementieff]]<ref name="KlementieffRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Adshead |first=Travis |date=November 25, 2022 |title=James Gunn Shares Behind the Scenes Image of Pom Klementieff in 'Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special' |url=https://collider.com/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-pom-klementieff-image/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125055546/https://collider.com/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-pom-klementieff-image/ |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wanda Maximoff<br />{{small|Scarlet Witch}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Elizabeth Olsen]]<ref name="OlsenRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Aurthur |first=Kate |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Marvel Boss Kevin Feige Teases Elizabeth Olsen's MCU Return: 'Anything's Possible in the Multiverse' |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/elizabeth-olsen-wanda-return-marvel-alive-marvel-kevin-feige-1235384359/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028233716/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/elizabeth-olsen-wanda-return-marvel-alive-marvel-kevin-feige-1235384359/ |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Elizabeth Olsen<ref name="WhatIfS2Cast" /><ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[M'Baku (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|M'Baku]]
| [[Winston Duke]]<ref name="DukeRecurring">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |date=July 13, 2017 |title=How Black Panther solves the problem of M'Baku |url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/07/13/black-panther-mbaku-man-ape-issue/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715110041/http://ew.com/movies/2017/07/13/black-panther-mbaku-man-ape-issue/ |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |access-date=March 26, 2025 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Matt Murdock (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Matt Murdock<br />{{small|Daredevil}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Charlie Cox]]<ref name="D'OnofrioCoxReprise">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=December 18, 2021 |title=Spider-Man: No Way Home cameo hints at a major Marvel comeback |url=https://ew.com/movies/spider-man-no-way-home-marvel-cameo-spoilers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218181507/https://ew.com/movies/spider-man-no-way-home-marvel-cameo-spoilers/ |archive-date=December 18, 2021 |access-date=December 18, 2021 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Charlie Cox<ref name="YFNSMCast">{{Cite web |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=January 27, 2025 |title=Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man: Everything to Know About the Marvel Studios Series |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/your-friendly-neighborhood-spider-man-release-date-time-schedule-how-to-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201150128/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/your-friendly-neighborhood-spider-man-release-date-time-schedule-how-to-watch/ |archive-date=February 1, 2025 |access-date=February 12, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nebula (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Nebula]]
| colspan="2" | [[Karen Gillan]]<ref name="GillanRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Abbate |first=Jake |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Karen Gillan Celebrates Her Last Day on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 |url=https://www.superherohype.com/movies/514047-karen-gillan-celebrates-her-last-day-on-guardians-of-the-galaxy-vol-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208123324/https://www.superherohype.com/movies/514047-karen-gillan-celebrates-her-last-day-on-guardians-of-the-galaxy-vol-3 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[SuperHeroHype]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Karen Gillan<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Foggy Nelson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Foggy Nelson]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Elden Henson]]<ref name="NetflixRecurring" />
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Okoye (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Okoye]]
| [[Danai Gurira]]<ref name="GuriraRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Black Panther 2: Danai Gurira Confirms Return as Okoye |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/07/26/marvel-black-panther-2-danai-gurira-confirms-return-okoye/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726074054/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/07/26/marvel-black-panther-2-danai-gurira-confirms-return-okoye/ |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Danai Gurira<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" /><hr />Kenna Ramsey<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Karen Page (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Karen Page]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Deborah Ann Woll]]<ref name="NetflixRecurring" />
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[May Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|May Parker]]
| [[Marisa Tomei]]<ref name="TomeiRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Mallenbaum |first=Carly |date=April 13, 2016 |title='Captain America: Civil War' premiere: 5 things we learned |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/04/13/captain-america-civil-war-premiere/82970758/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415223849/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/04/13/captain-america-civil-war-premiere/82970758/ |archive-date=April 15, 2016 |access-date=January 29, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Kari Wahlgren]]<ref name="YFNSMCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Parker<br />{{small|Spider-Man}}]]
| [[Tom Holland]]<ref name="HollandRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Fashingbauer Cooper |first=Gael |date=February 15, 2023 |title=Tom Holland Will Return as Spider-Man, Kevin Feige Says |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/tom-holland-will-return-as-spider-man-kevin-feige-says/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217025354/https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/tom-holland-will-return-as-spider-man-kevin-feige-says/ |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Tom Holland<ref name="HollandDailyBugle">{{Cite web |last=Dominguez |first=Noah |date=December 24, 2021 |title=Spider-Man Sits Down for Tense Daily Bugle Interview in New No Way Home Video |url=https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-no-way-home-daily-bugle-betty-brant-interview-tiktok/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225215313/https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-no-way-home-daily-bugle-betty-brant-interview-tiktok/ |archive-date=December 25, 2021 |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>
| Hudson Thames<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pepper Potts (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Pepper Potts]]
| [[Gwyneth Paltrow]]<ref name="PaltrowRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Stolworthy |first=Jacob |date=August 10, 2019 |title=Gwyneth Paltrow had no idea Avengers: Endgame co-star Samuel L Jackson was in MCU, Marvel boss reveals |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/gwyneth-paltrow-samuel-l-jackson-nick-fury-avengers-endgame-spiderman-pepper-potts-a9051041.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727144259/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/gwyneth-paltrow-samuel-l-jackson-nick-fury-avengers-endgame-spiderman-pepper-potts-a9051041.html |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Beth Hoyt<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hank Pym (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Hank Pym]]
| [[Michael Douglas]]<ref name="DouglasRecurring">{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Michael Douglas reveals 'fantastic way' he wanted Hank Pym to die in ''Ant-Man'' sequel |url=https://ew.com/michael-douglas-reveals-how-he-wants-hank-pym-death-scene-ant-man-8634184 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416225400/https://ew.com/michael-douglas-reveals-how-he-wants-hank-pym-death-scene-ant-man-8634184 |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |access-date=April 16, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Michael Douglas<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Quill<br />{{small|Star-Lord}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Chris Pratt]]<ref name="PrattRecurring">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Joe |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Thor: Love and Thunder Cast – Who's Back and New Characters |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/thor-love-and-thunder-cast-new-characters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204052338/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/thor-love-and-thunder-cast-new-characters/ |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[Den of Geek]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Brian T. Delaney]]<ref name="WhatIfS109Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Monica Rambeau (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Monica Rambeau]]
| Akira Akbar<ref name="ParrisRecurring" /><hr />[[Teyonah Parris]]<ref name="ParrisRecurring">{{Cite magazine |last=Hiatt |first=Brian |date=November 12, 2023 |title='The Marvels' Star Teyonah Parris Cried When She Learned She Was an MCU Superhero |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/the-marvels-teyonah-parris-interview-monica-rambeau-mcu-wandavision-1234876027/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113011624/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/the-marvels-teyonah-parris-interview-monica-rambeau-mcu-wandavision-1234876027/ |archive-date=November 13, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>
| Teyonah Parris<ref name="ParrisRecurring" />
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Teyonah Parris<ref name="WhatIfS3Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ramonda (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ramonda]]
| [[Angela Bassett]]<ref name="BassettRecurring">{{Cite web |last1=Vary |first1=Adam B. |last2=Murphy |first2=Kim |date=January 10, 2023 |title=Angela Bassett Wins Golden Globe for 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever' as First Actor to Earn Major Award for Marvel Movie |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/angela-bassett-wins-golden-globe-black-panther-wakanda-forever-1235483430/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111015440/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/angela-bassett-wins-golden-globe-black-panther-wakanda-forever-1235483430/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Angela Bassett<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Danny Rand (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Danny Rand<br />{{small|Iron Fist}}]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Finn Jones]]<ref name="NetflixRecurring" />
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[James Rhodes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|James Rhodes<br />{{small|War Machine / Iron Patriot}}]]
| [[Terrence Howard]]<ref name="HowardIM">{{Cite web |last=McMillan |first=Graeme |date=November 15, 2013 |title=Terrence Howard Accuses Robert Downey Jr. of 'Iron Man' Sabotage |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/terrence-howard-accuses-robert-downey-656521/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327071353/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/terrence-howard-accuses-robert-downey-656521/ |archive-date=March 27, 2022 |access-date=May 29, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><hr />[[Don Cheadle]]<ref name="CheadleRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Secret Invasion Finale Strongly Hints at for How Long Rhodey Has Been a Skrull |url=https://tvline.com/recaps/secret-invasion-finale-rhodey-skrull-since-captain-america-civil-war-1235019190/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726200331/https://tvline.com/recaps/secret-invasion-finale-rhodey-skrull-since-captain-america-civil-war-1235019190/ |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=[[TVLine]]}}</ref>
| Don Cheadle<ref name="CheadleRecurring" />
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Don Cheadle<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Reed Richards (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Reed Richards<br />{{small|Mister Fantastic}}]]
| [[Pedro Pascal]]<ref name="FantasticFourRecurring" />
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rocket (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Rocket]]
| colspan="3" | [[Bradley Cooper]]{{ref|voice|V}}<ref name="BCooperRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=Maxance |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Bradley Cooper Returning As Rocket Before Guardians of the Galaxy 3 |url=https://screenrant.com/rocket-racoon-bradley-cooper-return-i-am-groot-show/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205192859/https://screenrant.com/rocket-racoon-bradley-cooper-return-i-am-groot-show/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Steve Rogers<br />{{small|Captain America}}]]
| [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]]<ref name="EvansRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Carson |first=Lexi |date=December 23, 2025 |title=Chris Evans Returns as Steve Rogers (and Is Now a Dad) in First Official 'Avengers: Doomsday' Trailer |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/chris-evans-returns-avengers-doomsday-trailer-1236454382/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223202641/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/chris-evans-returns-avengers-doomsday-trailer-1236454382/ |archive-date=December 23, 2025 |access-date=December 23, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Josh Keaton]]<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Natasha Romanoff<br />{{small|Black Widow}}]]
| [[Scarlett Johansson]]<ref name="JohannsonRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Emlyn |date=July 9, 2021 |title=Scarlett Johansson's 'Black Widow' Story Is Right On Time, Even If It Took A Decade |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/8rmusm/black-widow-scarlett-johansson-interview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205192858/https://www.mtv.com/news/8rmusm/black-widow-scarlett-johansson-interview |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Lake Bell]]<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Everett K. Ross (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Everett K. Ross]]
| colspan="2" | [[Martin Freeman]]<ref name="FreemanRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Black Panther Star Martin Freeman Returns in Marvel's Secret Invasion |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/black-panther-star-martin-freeman-agent-everett-ross-return-marvel-secret-invasion-samuel-l-jackson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312210958/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/black-panther-star-martin-freeman-agent-everett-ross-return-marvel-secret-invasion-samuel-l-jackson/ |archive-date=March 12, 2022 |access-date=September 11, 2022 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Thaddeus Ross (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thaddeus Ross<br />{{small|Red Hulk}}]]
| [[William Hurt]]<ref name="HurtRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Zogbi |first=Emily |date=March 13, 2022 |title=William Hurt – the MCU's Thunderbolt Ross – Dies at 71 |url=https://www.cbr.com/william-hurt-mcu-thunderbolt-ross-obituary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313221459/https://www.cbr.com/william-hurt-mcu-thunderbolt-ross-obituary/ |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2023 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref><hr />[[Harrison Ford]]<ref name="FordRoss">{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=October 17, 2022 |title=Harrison Ford Joining 'Captain America 4' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/harrison-ford-joining-captain-america-4-marvel-1235241621/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017163352/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/harrison-ford-joining-captain-america-4-marvel-1235241621/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Michael Patrick McGill|Mike McGill]]<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" /><hr />[[Travis Willingham]]<ref name="YFNSMCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Erik Selvig]]
| [[Stellan Skarsgård]]<ref name="DenningsSkarsgårdRecurring" />
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Alexei Shostakov (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Alexei Shostakov<br />{{small|Red Guardian}}]]
| [[David Harbour]]<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast" />
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| David Harbour<ref name="WhatIfS3Cast" /><ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shuri (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Shuri<br />{{small|Black Panther}}]]
| [[Letitia Wright]]<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast" />
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Ozioma Akagha]]<ref name="WhatIfS109Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Trevor Slattery]]
| colspan="3" | [[Ben Kingsley]]<ref name="KingsleyRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Ben Kingsley to Reprise Trevor Slattery Role in Marvel Studios' Wonder Man Series at Disney+ (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/ben-kingsley-trevor-slattery-wonder-man-marvel-disney-plus-1235338010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830180920/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/ben-kingsley-trevor-slattery-wonder-man-marvel-disney-plus-1235338010/ |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |access-date=August 30, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Howard Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Howard Stark]]
| Gerard Sanders{{ref|photo|P}}<ref name="HowardStarkRecurring" /><hr />[[John Slattery]]<ref name="HowardStarkRecurring" /><hr />[[Dominic Cooper]]<ref name="HowardStarkRecurring" />
| colspan="2" | Dominic Cooper<ref name="HowardStarkRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Kai |date=September 26, 2025 |title=Everyone Missed This Avengers: Age of Ultron Trick That Explained 1 Major MCU Recast |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/everyone-missed-avengers-age-of-ultron-trick-explained-major-mcu-recast-howard-stark-john-slattery-dominic-cooper/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008204453/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/everyone-missed-avengers-age-of-ultron-trick-explained-major-mcu-recast-howard-stark-john-slattery-dominic-cooper/ |archive-date=October 8, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>
| {{cEmpty}}
| Dominic Cooper<ref name="HowardStarkRecurring" /><hr />John Slattery<ref name="HowardStarkRecurring" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark<br />{{small|Iron Man}}]]
| [[Robert Downey Jr.]]<ref name="DowneyInfinitySaga">{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Marvel reboots ''Avengers'' with Robert Downey Jr. as Dr. Doom |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/hollywood/marvel-reboots-avengers-with-robert-downey-jr-as-dr-doom-1503326337.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730165320/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/hollywood/marvel-reboots-avengers-with-robert-downey-jr-as-dr-doom-1503326337.html |archive-date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=August 4, 2024 |website=[[Austin American-Statesman]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| [[Mick Wingert]]<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ava Starr|Ava Starr<br />{{small|Ghost}}]]
| [[Hannah John-Kamen]]<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast" />
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Johnny Storm (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Johnny Storm<br />{{small|Human Torch}}]]
| [[Joseph Quinn]]<ref name="FantasticFourRecurring" />
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sue Storm (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Susan Storm<br />{{small|Invisible Woman}}]]
| [[Vanessa Kirby]]<ref name="FantasticFourRecurring" />
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Stephen Strange (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Dr. Stephen Strange]]
| [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]<ref name="CumberbatchRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Olivia |date=May 7, 2022 |title=Benedict Cumberbatch says it's 'mortifying' acting out Doctor Strange's magic movements: 'I don't find it funny anymore' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/benedict-cumberbatch-acting-out-magic-movements-hands-mortifying-2022-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222051509/https://www.businessinsider.com/benedict-cumberbatch-acting-out-magic-movements-hands-mortifying-2022-5 |archive-date=February 22, 2026 |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Benedict Cumberbatch<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" /><hr />[[Robin Atkin Downes]]<ref name="YFNSMCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Talos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Talos]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ben Mendelsohn]]<ref name="MendelsohnRecurring">{{Cite web |last1=Trenholm |first1=Richard |last2=Keane |first2=Sean |date=September 11, 2022 |title='Secret Invasion' Trailer Brings Back Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/secret-invasion-trailer-brings-back-samuel-l-jackson-as-nick-fury/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922103601/https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/secret-invasion-trailer-brings-back-samuel-l-jackson-as-nick-fury/ |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[T'Challa (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|T'Challa<br />{{small|Black Panther}}]]
| [[Chadwick Boseman]]<ref name="BosemanRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Whitten |first=Sarah |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Marvel didn't recast Chadwick Boseman in 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever' — and it was the right move |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/18/this-is-why-marvel-didnt-recast-chadwick-boseman-in-wakanda-forever.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211220930/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/18/this-is-why-marvel-didnt-recast-chadwick-boseman-in-wakanda-forever.html |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Chadwick Boseman<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Claire Temple (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Claire Temple]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Rosario Dawson]]<ref name="NetflixRecurring" />
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thor]]
| [[Chris Hemsworth]]<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast" />
| {{cEmpty}}
| Chris Hemsworth<ref name="TeamThorCast" />
| {{cEmpty}}
| Chris Hemsworth<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" /><hr />Greg Furman<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Joaquin Torres (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Joaquin Torres<br />{{small|Falcon}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Danny Ramirez]]<ref name="RamirezRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Cannito |first=Nicholas |date=September 10, 2022 |title=Captain America 4 Introduces a New Falcon to the MCU |url=https://www.cbr.com/captain-america-4-danny-ramirez-falcon-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912233516/https://www.cbr.com/captain-america-4-danny-ramirez-falcon-mcu/ |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=March 26, 2025 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ultron (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ultron]]
| [[James Spader]]<ref name="SpaderRecurring">{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |last2=Couch |first2=Aaron |date=August 23, 2024 |title=James Spader Returning as Ultron for Marvel's Vision Series |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-sets-james-spader-ultron-vision-quest-1235982271/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823171948/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-sets-james-spader-ultron-vision-quest-1235982271/ |archive-date=August 23, 2024 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><hr />[[Ross Marquand]]{{ref|voice|V}}<ref name="MarquandVC">{{Cite web |last=Erdmann |first=Kevin |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Doctor Strange In The Multiverse Of Madness Easter Eggs & MCU References |url=https://screenrant.com/doctor-strange-multiverse-madness-easter-eggs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506234822/https://screenrant.com/doctor-strange-multiverse-madness-easter-eggs/ |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>
| James Spader<ref name="SpaderRecurring" />
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Ross Marquand<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Valkyrie (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Valkyrie]]
| [[Tessa Thompson]]<ref name="ValkyrieRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Bacon |first=Jess |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Thor: Love and Thunder's Tessa Thompson explains Valkyrie's big change |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a40442183/thor-love-thunder-tessa-thompson-valkyrie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709175320/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a40442183/thor-love-thunder-tessa-thompson-valkyrie/ |archive-date=July 9, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Tessa Thompson<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Vision]]
| colspan="2" | [[Paul Bettany]]<ref name="BettanyRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Jasper |first=Gavin |date=January 16, 2021 |title=Marvel's WandaVision: Vision's Avengers and MCU History Recap |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/marvel-wandavision-vision-avengers-and-mcu-history-recap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121045540/https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/marvel-wandavision-vision-avengers-and-mcu-history-recap/ |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=[[Den of Geek]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Paul Bettany<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[John Walker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|John Walker<br />{{small|Captain America / U.S. Agent}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Wyatt Russell]]<ref name="DoomsdayXMenCast" />
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Wyatt Russell<ref name="WhatIfS3Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Riri Williams (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Riri Williams<br />{{small|Ironheart}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Dominique Thorne]]<ref name="ThorneRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=August 19, 2021 |title=Dominique Thorne's Riri Williams to Debut in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (Exclusive) |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/black-panther-riri-williams-ironheart-mcu-debut-dominique-thorne/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819195244/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/black-panther-riri-williams-ironheart-mcu-debut-dominique-thorne/ |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=August 19, 2021 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Dominique Thorne<ref name="WhatIfS3Cast" /><ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Sam Wilson<br />{{small|Falcon / Captain America}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[Anthony Mackie]]<ref name="MackieRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Langmann |first=Brady |date=January 30, 2025 |title=Anthony Mackie Is Captain America Now. How About That? |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a63544860/anthony-mackie-captain-america-brave-new-world-interview-2025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130164044/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a63544860/anthony-mackie-captain-america-brave-new-world-interview-2025/ |archive-date=January 30, 2025 |access-date=January 30, 2025 |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Anthony Mackie<ref name="WhatIfS3Cast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Colleen Wing (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Colleen Wing]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Jessica Henwick]]<ref name="NetflixRecurring" />
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wong]]
| colspan="2" | [[Benedict Wong]]<ref name="WongRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Odman |first=Sydney |date=September 14, 2022 |title='She-Hulk' Actor Benedict Wong Talks Living in the "Wong Cinematic Universe" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/she-hulk-benedict-wong-talks-wong-cinematic-universe-1235220121/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117212305/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/she-hulk-benedict-wong-talks-wong-cinematic-universe-1235220121/ |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Benedict Wong<ref name="WhatIfS1Cast" /><hr />[[David Chen]]<ref name="ChenWhatIfS3">{{Cite web |last=Flook |first=Ray |date=December 25, 2024 |title=What If...? S03E05 Sneak Peek: The Vision vs. Ironheart & Dora Milaje |url=https://bleedingcool.com/tv/what-if-s03e05-sneak-peek-the-vision-vs-ironheart-dora-milaje/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108140659/https://bleedingcool.com/tv/what-if-s03e05-sneak-peek-the-vision-vs-ironheart-dora-milaje/ |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=[[Bleeding Cool]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Jimmy Woo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jimmy Woo]]
| colspan="2" | [[Randall Park]]<ref name="ParkRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Newby |first=Richard |date=February 18, 2023 |title=7 ''Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania'' Easter Eggs |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/02/7-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-easter-eggs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219164608/https://www.vulture.com/2023/02/7-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-easter-eggs.html |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Randall Park<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shang-Chi (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Xu Shang-Chi]]
| [[Simu Liu]]<ref name="LiuRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Speakman |first=Kimberly |date=January 4, 2026 |title=Simu Liu Teases Role in Avengers: Secret Wars and Shares What's Next for Shang-Chi (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/simu-liu-teases-role-avengers-secret-wars-shang-chi-2-exclusive-11834138 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104230341/https://people.com/simu-liu-teases-role-avengers-secret-wars-shang-chi-2-exclusive-11834138 |archive-date=January 4, 2026 |access-date=February 24, 2026 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| Simu Liu<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Helmut Zemo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Helmut Zemo]]
| colspan="2" | [[Daniel Brühl]]<ref name="BrühlRecurring">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=March 17, 2021 |title=The Falcon And The Winter Soldier Will Feature Baron Zemo's Origin Story (Exclusive) |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/the-falcon-winter-soldier-baron-zemo-villain-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318045334/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/the-falcon-winter-soldier-baron-zemo-villain-story/ |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |access-date=January 29, 2026 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| Rama Vallury<ref name="MarvelZombiesCast" />
|}<section end="Cast" />

Additionally, Paul Bettany was the first actor to portray two main characters within the universe, voicing Tony Stark's [[artificial intelligence]] J.A.R.V.I.S. and portraying Vision.<ref name="BettanyRoles" /><ref name="BettanyRecurring" /> James D'Arcy was the first actor to reprise their role as a character introduced in an MCU television series in an MCU film, portraying Edwin Jarvis—the human inspiration for J.A.R.V.I.S.—in the series ''[[Agent Carter (TV series)|Agent Carter]]'' (2015–16) and ''Avengers: Endgame''.<ref name="D'ArcyEndgame" /> [[J. K. Simmons]] became the first actor to reprise a non-MCU role in the MCU when he appeared as [[J. Jonah Jameson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|J. Jonah Jameson]] (a role he played in Sam Raimi's ''Spider-Man'' trilogy from 2002 to 2007) in ''Spider-Man: Far From Home''.<ref name="SimmonsFFH" />

Prior to his death in 2018, Stan Lee, the creator or co-creator of many of the characters adapted in the MCU, made cameo appearances in [[The Watchers' Informant|all of the feature films and television series]] except ''Inhumans''. In ''Iron Fist'', it is revealed his on-set photograph cameo in the Marvel Netflix series is as [[NYPD]] Captain [[Irving Forbush]].<ref name="LeeForbush" /> His cameo in ''Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2'' sees Lee appearing as an informant to the [[Watcher (comics)|Watchers]], discussing previous adventures that include Lee's cameos in other MCU films; he specifically mentions his time as a [[FedEx]] delivery man, referring to Lee's cameo in ''Captain America: Civil War''.<ref name="LeeCameo3" /> This acknowledged the fan theory that Lee may be portraying the same character in all his cameos,<ref name="LeeCameo2" /> with writer and director James Gunn noting that commentators believed Lee was portraying the character [[Uatu the Watcher]] and "that all of these cameos are part of him being a [[Watcher (comics)|Watcher]]. So, Stan Lee as a guy who is working for the Watchers was something that I thought was fun for the MCU."<ref name="LeeCameo3" /><ref name="LeeCameo2" /> Feige added that Lee "clearly exists, you know, above and apart from the reality of all the films. So the notion that he could be sitting there on a cosmic pit stop during the jump gate sequence in ''Guardians''...really says, so wait a minute, he's this same character who's popped up in all these films?"<ref name="LeeCameo" /> Following Lee's death, Marvel Studios chose not to create any new Lee cameos in future projects.<ref name="StanLeeCameoPolicy" /> [[NY1]] news anchor [[Pat Kiernan]] has also appeared in multiple MCU films and television series as himself.<ref name="Kiernan" />

== Reception ==
{{Main|Reception of the Marvel Cinematic Universe}}
Early on, the shared universe element of the Marvel Cinematic Universe was criticized by some journalists. Around the release of ''The Avengers'' in 2012, Jim Vorel of ''[[Herald & Review]]'' called the Marvel Cinematic Universe "complicated" and "impressive", but said, "As more and more heroes get their own film adaptations, the overall universe becomes increasingly confusing."<ref name="Herald&Review" /> Kofi Outlaw of ''Screen Rant'' stated that while ''The Avengers'' was a success, "Marvel Studios still has room to improve their approach to building a shared movie universe".<ref name="ScreenRant_2013-06-27" /> Some reviewers criticized the fact that the desire to create a shared universe led to films that did not hold as well on their own. In his review of ''Thor: The Dark World'', ''[[Forbes]]'' critic Scott Mendelson likened the MCU to "a glorified television series", with ''The Dark World'' being a "'stand-alone' episode that contains little long-range mythology".<ref name="ForbesMCUReception" /> Collider's Matt Goldberg considered that while ''Iron Man 2'', ''Thor'' and ''Captain America: The First Avenger'' were quality productions, "they have never really been their own movies", feeling that the plot detours to S.H.I.E.L.D. or lead-ups to ''The Avengers'' dragged down the films' narratives.<ref name="ColliderMCUReception" />

The metaphor of the MCU as "the world's biggest TV show" was discussed again, after the release of ''Captain America: Civil War'', by [[Emily St. James]] of ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'', who felt that film in particular highlighted Marvel's success with the model, saying, "Viewed in complete isolation, the plot of ''Captain America: Civil War'' makes little to no sense ... [but] when you think about where [Captain America] has been in earlier Marvel films ... his leeriness about being subject to oversight makes a lot more sense." St. James continued that when thinking about the MCU as a television series, many "common criticisms people tend to level at it take on a new context" such as complaints that the films are formulaic, lack "visual spark", or "shoehorn in story elements" that "are necessary to set up future films", all characteristics that "are fairly typical on television, where a director's influence is much lower than that of the showrunner", in this case, Feige. Comparing the films to the series ''Game of Thrones'' specifically, St. James noted that each solo film checks "in on various characters and their individual side stories, before bringing everyone together in the finale (or, rather, an Avengers film)", with ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' being equivalent to the character [[Daenerys Targaryen]]—"both separated by long distances from everybody else". She noted that this format was an extension of early "TV-like" film franchises such as ''[[Star Wars]]'', as well as the format of the comics upon which the films are based. "I say all of this not to suggest that film franchises resembling TV series is necessarily a good trend", St. James concluded, "For as much as I generally enjoy the Marvel movies, I'm disheartened by the possibility that their particular form might take over the film industry ... But I also don't think it's the end of the world if Marvel continues on ... there's a reason TV has stolen so much of the cultural conversation over the past few decades. There's something legitimately exciting about the way the medium tells stories when it's good, and if nothing else, Marvel's success shows the film world could learn from that."<ref name="VoxCivilWarTV" />

Following the conclusion of season one of ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'', Mary McNamara at the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' praised the connections between that series and the films, stating that "never before has television been literally married to film, charged with filling in the back story and creating the connective tissue of an ongoing film franchise ... [''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.''] is now not only a very good show in its own right, it's part of Marvel's multiplatform city-state. It faces a future of perpetual re-invention, and that puts it in the exhilarating first car of television's roller-coaster ride toward possible world domination."<ref name="LATimesSHIELDReview" /> Terri Schwartz of Zap2it agreed with this sentiment, stating that "the fact that [''Captain America: The Winter Soldier''] so influenced the show is game-changing in terms of how the mediums of film and television can be interwoven", though "the fault there seems to be that ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' had to bide time until ''The Winter Soldier''{{'s}} release", which led to much criticism.<ref name="Zap2itSHIELDReview" />

In January 2015, Michael Doran of [[Newsarama]] and Graeme McMillian of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' had a "point-counterpoint" debate in response to the first ''Ant-Man'' trailer. Doran stated, "Marvel has raised the bar {{em|sooo}} high that as opposed to just allowing another film to finish under the [MCU] bar, we're all overly and perhaps even eager to overreact to the first thing that doesn't clear it". McMillian responded, "at this point, Marvel's brand is such that I'm not sure it can offer up something like [the trailer] {{em|without}} it seeming like a crushing disappointment ... part of Marvel's brand is that it {{em|doesn't}} offer the kind of run-of-the-mill superhero movie that you're talking about, that it's ... at least different enough to tweak and play with the genre somehow ... The fact that there's such upset about this trailer being ... well, okay ... suggests to me that the audience {{em|is}} expecting something to knock their socks off." Doran concluded, "That does seem to be the point here—the expectations fans now have for everything Marvel Studios ... [and] Marvel {{em|is}} going to eventually falter."<ref name="NewsaramaDiscussionJan2015" />

After seeing the portrayal of [[Darren Cross (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Yellowjacket]] in ''Ant-Man'', the antagonist of the film, McMillian noted,
{{Blockquote|It's hardly a secret that Marvel Studios has a bit of a problem when it comes to offering up exciting characters for their heroes to fight against ... [their] villains generally fall into one of two camps. There's the Unstoppable Monster ... or there's the Professional White Guy in a Suit with an Ego ... No matter which of the groups the above villains fall into, they share one common purpose: {{em|evil}}. The motivations for evil likely differ—although, invariably, they fall under the umbrella of 'misguided belief in a greater good that doesn't exist'—but that really doesn't matter, because without fail, there will be so little time in the movie to actually properly explore those motivations, meaning that to all intents and purposes, the villain is being evil for reasons of plot necessity and little else ... The strange thing about this is that Marvel's comic books offer a number of wonderful, colorful bad guys who could step outside the above parameters and offer an alternative to the formulaic villains audiences have gotten used to (and arguably bored with) ... In future movies, we can only hope [they are] treated in such a way that their freak flags are allowed to fly free.<ref name="THRVillians" />}}

Following the release of ''Jessica Jones'', David Priest at ''[[CNET]]'' wrote about how the series rescues "Marvel from itself ... ''Jessica Jones'' takes big steps forward in terms of theme, craft and diversity. It's a good story first, and a superhero show second. And for the first time, the MCU seems like it matters. Our culture needs stories like this. Here's hoping Marvel keeps them coming."<ref name="CNETJJ" /> For Paul Tassi and Erik Kain of ''Forbes'', watching the series made them question the MCU, with Kain feeling that the "morally complex, violent, dark world of ''Jessica Jones'' has no place in the MCU ... right now, the MCU is holding back shows like ''Jessica Jones'' and ''Daredevil'', while those shows are contributing absolutely nothing to the MCU."<ref name="KainForbesJJ" /> Tassi went so far as to wonder what "the point of the Marvel Cinematic Universe" is, lamenting the lack of major crossovers in the franchise since the ''Winter Soldier'' reveal on ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'', and saying that ''Jessica Jones'' is "so far removed from the world of ''The Avengers'', it might as well not be in the same universe at all ... [I] really don't understand the point of [the MCU] if they're going to keep everything within it separated off in these little boxes".<ref name="TassiForbesJJ" /> Conversely, Eric Francisco of Inverse called ''Jessica Jones''{{'s}} lack of overt connections to the MCU "the show's chief advantage. Besides demonstrating how physically wide open the MCU's scope really is, ''Jessica Jones'' also proves the MCU's thematic durability."<ref name="InverseJJ" />

In April 2016, Marvel Studios revealed that [[Alfre Woodard]] would appear in ''Captain America: Civil War'', having already been cast as [[Mariah Dillard (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Mariah Dillard]] in ''Luke Cage'' the previous year.<ref name="WoodardSC" /> This "raised hopes that Marvel could be uniting its film and Netflix universes",<ref name="WoodardIGN" /> with "one of the first and strongest connections" between the two.<ref name="WoodardSC" /> ''Civil War'' writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely revealed that Woodard would instead be portraying [[Miriam Sharpe (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Miriam Sharpe]] in the film, explaining that she had been cast on the suggestion of Robert Downey Jr., and they had not learned of her casting in ''Luke Cage'' until afterwards.<ref name="WoodardSC" /> This was not the first instance of actors being cast in multiple roles in the MCU, but this casting was called more "significant", and seen by many as a "disappointing" indication of "the growing divide" and "lack of more satisfying cooperation" between Marvel Studios and Marvel Television following the September 2015 corporate reshuffling of Marvel Entertainment.<ref name="WoodardSC" /><ref name="WoodardSF" />

Speaking to the 1990s setting of ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]'', "the MCU's first full period piece since [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One|Phase One]]'s ''Captain America: The First Avenger'' in 2011", Richard Newby of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' felt the return of younger versions of some characters introduced and killed in earlier films "open[ed] up the MCU in a whole new way and broaden[ed] the franchise's mantra of 'it's all connected{{'"}}. Speaking specifically to [[Clark Gregg]]'s appearance as Agent Phil Coulson in the film, Newby noted the appearance "doesn't exactly mend fences between Marvel's film and TV divisions, [but] it does strengthen the connective tissue and the sense that these characters still matter in the grand scheme of Marvel's film plans". He also hoped that continuity from ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' would be maintained in ''Captain Marvel'', especially since Coulson has dealt with the Kree in the series. Newby also added that shifting to different time periods would help Marvel Studios "sustain this cinematic universe for the next 10 years" by allowing them to repeat some of the genres previously used, as they could then feel "fresh" and have "different rules and different restraints", as well as allow them to build upon material established in the television series such as ''Agent Carter''. He concluded, {{Blockquote|Marvel Studios has an entire sandbox to play in, but, for necessary reasons, has largely chosen to remain in a small corner in order to ground audiences in these concepts. Now that the basis has been laid, the opportunity for exploration in both film and television lies ahead, with ''Captain Marvel'' leading the way. Wherever Marvel Studios plans to take the MCU in the future, it's refreshing to know that its past is expansive and filled with infinite possibilities.<ref name="THRMar2018CaptainMarvel" />}}

Likewise, in his review of ''Avengers: Endgame'', [[Joe Morgenstern]] of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' acknowledged the unique achievement that the Marvel Cinematic Universe had accomplished:
{{Blockquote|These are difficult times for big-screen entertainment. As the medium declines and TV grows ascendant, authentic spectacles—as opposed to lavish embellishments of smallish ideas—threaten to become a thing of the fabled past. All the more reason, then, to cherish what Marvel has achieved, even though befuddling stumbles have occurred along the way. The studio has kept the faith by smartening up most of its films, not dumbing them down, by banking on, and raking in profits from, the audience's appetite for surprise, its capacity for complexity. When the final battle comes at the end of ''Avengers: Endgame'', it's inevitably unwieldy—every Marvel character you can think of from the past decade shows up for one more assault on cosmic evil—but thrilling all the same, and followed by a delicate [[wikt:coda|coda]]. So many stories. So many adventures. So much to sort out before the next cycle starts.<ref name="MorgensternEndgame" />}}

Many famous filmmakers expressed different views both on the success and quality of MCU. In October 2019, filmmaker [[Martin Scorsese]] openly criticized Marvel films in an interview and during a [[David Lean]] lecture in London, later expanded in an [[op-ed]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'', asserting that these films are not cinema, but are instead the equivalent of theme park rides that lack "mystery, revelation or genuine emotional danger".<ref name="ScorseseNotCinema" /><ref name="ScorseseNYTimes" /><ref name="ScorseseTalks" /> He also stated that such films are corporation products that have been "market-researched, audience-tested, vetted, modified, revetted and remodified until they're ready for consumption", and that the invasion of such "theme park" films in theaters crowded out films by other directors.<ref name="ScorseseIndieWire" /> Scorsese's remarks were dismissed by directors of MCU films such as Joss Whedon and James Gunn,<ref name="ScorseseNotCinema" /> while they were defended by [[Francis Ford Coppola]], who described the potential effect of Marvel films in the film industry as "despicable".<ref name="CoppolaResponse" /> In September 2021, director [[Denis Villeneuve]] noted that Marvel films "are nothing more than a 'cut and paste' of others" that have "turned us into zombies a bit".<ref name="VilleneuveSep2021" /> In February 2022, director [[Roland Emmerich]] felt large blockbuster films such as the MCU and ''Star Wars'' films were "ruining our industry a little", since "nobody does anything original anymore".<ref name="EmmerichFeb2022" /> Conversely, [[George Miller (filmmaker)|George Miller]] stated, "To me, it's all cinema. I don't think you can ghettoize it and say, oh this is cinema or that is cinema. It applies to all the arts, to literature, the performing arts, painting and music, in all its form. It's such a broad spectrum, a wide range and to say that anyone is more significant or more important than the other, is missing the point. It's one big mosaic and each bit of work fits into it."<ref name="MillerResponse" />

Marvel's American audience was studied by [[Morning Consult]] in 2021, which found that 9% of Marvel's fan base is [[Generation Z]], 64% of fans are [[White people|White]] adults, and 42% of fans live in [[suburb]]an areas.<ref name="AudienceBreakdown" /> In 2023, critics began describing the volume of interconnected storylines as a "homework assignment".<ref name="Homework" />

== Cultural impact ==
=== Other studios ===
After the release of ''The Avengers'' in May 2012, Tom Russo of ''[[Boston.com]]'' noted that aside from the occasional "novelty" such as ''[[Alien vs. Predator (film)|Alien vs. Predator]]'' (2004), the idea of a shared universe was virtually unheard of in Hollywood.<ref name="BostonApril2012" /> Since that time, the shared universe model created by Marvel Studios has begun to be replicated by other film studios that held rights to other comic book characters. In April 2014, Tuna Amobi, a media analyst for [[Standard & Poor's]] Equity Research Services, stated that over the previous three to five years, Hollywood studios had begun planning "megafranchises" for years to come, rather than working on one blockbuster at a time. Amobi added, "A lot of these superhero characters were just being left there to gather dust. Disney has proved that this [approach and genre] can be a gold mine."<ref name="ASM2EW" /> With more studios now "playing the megafranchise game", Doug Creutz, media analyst for [[Cowen and Company]], feels the allure will eventually die for audiences: "If Marvel's going to make two or three films a year, and Warner Brothers is going to do at least a film every year, and Sony's going to do a film every year, and Fox [is] going to do a film every year, can everyone do well in that scenario? I'm not sure they can."<ref name="ASM2EW" />

In March 2018, Patrick Shanley of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' opined that "the key differences between a regular franchise, such as ''[[The Fast and the Furious]]'' or [[Pitch Perfect (film series)|''Pitch Perfect'' films]], and a shared universe is the amount of planning and interweaving that goes into each individual film. Its all too easy to make a film that exists solely for the purpose of setting up future installments and expanding a world, rather than a film that stands on its own merits while deftly hinting or winking at its place in the larger mythos. In that, the MCU has flourished." He felt that ''Iron Man'' "itself was aimed at being an enjoyable stand-alone experience, not as an overall advertisement for 17 subsequent movies. That mentality has persisted through most of the MCU films over the past decade, which is all the more impressive as its roster of heroes now exceeds the two-dozen mark."<ref name="THRMarch2018SharedUniverses" />

==== DC Entertainment, Warner Bros. Pictures, and DC Studios ====
{{Main|DC Extended Universe|Arrowverse|DC Universe (franchise)}}
In October 2012, following its legal victory over [[Joe Shuster]]'s estate for the rights to [[Superman]], [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] announced that it planned to move ahead with its long-awaited [[Justice League]] [[Justice League in other media#Film|film]], uniting such [[DC Comics]] superheroes as [[Batman]], Superman, and [[Wonder Woman]]. The company was expected to take the opposite approach to Marvel, releasing individual films for the characters after they have appeared in a [[team-up]] film.<ref name="LATimesOct2012" /> The release of ''[[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]]'' in 2013 was intended to be the start of a new shared universe for DC, "laying the groundwork for the future slate of films based on DC Comics".<ref name="ManofSteel" /> In 2014, Warner Bros. announced that slate of films, similarly to Disney and Marvel claiming dates for films years in advance.<ref name="DCUntitledFilms" /> That year, DC chief creative officer [[Geoff Johns]] stated that the television series ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]'' and ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'' were set in a separate universe from the new film one,<ref name="DCSeparateUniverses" /> later clarifying that "We look at it as the [[multiverse]]. We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it's about allowing everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a vision and you really want to let the visions shine through ... It's just a different approach [from Marvel's]."<ref name="DCMultiverse" />

Discussing the apparent failure of the cinematic universe's first team-up film, ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' (2016), to establish a successful equivalent to the MCU, Emily St. James noted that where the MCU has a television-like "showrunner" in Feige, "the visionary behind Marvel's entire slate", the DCEU has director [[Zack Snyder]], whose DC films "seemingly start from the assumption that people have come not to see an individual story but a long series of teases for other ones. It's like he knows what he needs to do but can't focus on the task at hand. TV certainly isn't immune to that problem, but shows that get caught up in high-concept premises and big-picture thinking before doing the necessary legwork to establish characters and their relationships tend to be canceled."<ref name="VoxCivilWarTV" /> Subsequently, in May 2016, Warner Bros. gave oversight of the DCEU to Johns and executive Jon Berg in an attempt to "unify the disparate elements of the DC movies" and emulate Marvel's success. The two were made producers on the ''Justice League'' films, on top of Johns' involvement in several "solo" films, such as the post-production process of ''[[Suicide Squad (2016 film)|Suicide Squad]]'' (2016) or the writing process of a standalone Batman film.<ref name="DCEUShakeUp" /> After the successful release of ''[[Wonder Woman (2017 film)|Wonder Woman]]'' in June 2017, DC decided to begin deemphasizing the shared nature of their films, with DC Entertainment president [[Diane Nelson (businesswoman)|Diane Nelson]] stating, "Our intention, certainly, moving forward is using the continuity to help make sure nothing is diverging in a way that doesn't make sense, but there's no insistence upon an overall story line or interconnectivity in that universe... Moving forward, you'll see the DC movie universe being a universe, but one that comes from the heart of the filmmaker who's creating them." Additionally, DC began focusing on films "completely separate from everything else, set entirely outside" the DCEU as part of a new label, with [[Joker (2019 film)|the first film]] centered on the [[Joker (character)|Joker]].<ref name="VultureDCFilmsSep2017" /> Following the commercial failure of ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' (2017), which ended the DCEU approach spearheaded by Snyder, Warner Bros. executives reportedly reached out to Feige to have him lead the development of DC films but the talks "fizzled".<ref name="WSJDCUniverseJul2025" />

In August 2022, [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] CEO [[David Zaslav]] announced a 10-year plan for the DC Extended Universe similar to the one that Horn and Iger employed with Feige for the MCU,<ref name="DCEU10YearPlan" /> with James Gunn and [[Peter Safran]] appointed in October 2022 to serve as the co-chairmen and co-CEOs of the newly formed [[DC Studios]] to develop a new shared universe, the [[DC Universe (franchise)|DC Universe]],<ref name="GunnSafranDCStudios" /> the first content for which was announced in January 2023.<ref name="DCStudiosSlate" /> By July 2024, both Feige and Gunn had expressed interest in one day creating a crossover between the two franchises, though both noted it was not something actively being discussed or considered.<ref name="FeigeGunnMarvelDCCrossover2024" /> Gunn revealed following the [[Full Nelson|second-season finale]] of ''[[Peacemaker (TV series)|Peacemaker]]'' in October 2025, that he had wanted to show [[Wade Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wade Wilson / Deadpool]] behind one of the alternate universe doors in the [[Pocket universe|Quantum Unfolding Chamber]] and had reached out to Deadpool actor [[Ryan Reynolds]] about it, who was interested in appearing. However, Gunn noted there would have been "some pretty, pretty big [legal] hoops" to go through to accomplish this, and ultimately moved on from the idea.<ref name="PlannedDeadpoolPeacemakerCameo" />

==== 20th Century Fox ====
{{Main|X-Men (film series)|Fantastic Four in film}}
In November 2012, 20th Century Fox announced plans to create its own shared universe of Marvel properties it held the rights to, including the Fantastic Four and X-Men, with the hiring of [[Mark Millar]] as supervising producer. Millar said, "Fox are thinking, 'We're sitting on some really awesome things here. There is another side of the Marvel Universe. Let's try and get some cohesiveness going.' So they brought me in to oversee that really. To meet with the writers and directors to suggest new ways we could take this stuff and new properties that could spin out of it."<ref name="SlashFilmNov2012" /> ''[[X-Men: Days of Future Past]]'', released in 2014, was Fox's first step towards expanding their stable of Marvel properties and creating this universe,<ref name="IGNFoxSony" /> ahead of the release of a [[Fantastic Four (2015 film)|''Fantastic Four'' reboot film]] the next year.<ref name="FantasticFour" /> In May 2014, ''Days of Future Past'' and ''Fantastic Four'' screenwriter [[Simon Kinberg]] stated that the latter film would not take place in the same universe as the ''X-Men'' films, explaining that "none of the ''X-Men'' movies have acknowledged the notion of a sort of superhero team—the Fantastic Four. And the Fantastic Four acquire powers, so for them to live in a world where mutants are prevalent is kind of complicated, because you're like, 'Oh, you're just a mutant.' Like, 'What's so fantastic about you?' ... they live in discrete universes."<ref name="FantasticFour" /> In July 2015, ''X-Men'' director [[Bryan Singer]] said that there was still potential for a crossover between the ''X-Men'' and ''Fantastic Four'' franchises, if reactions to ''Fantastic Four'' and ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' (2016) warranted it.<ref name="SingerCrossover" />

Feeling that Singer's efforts in ''Apocalypse'' to establish a larger world, similar to the MCU, did not meet the standards established by Marvel, St. James noted that unlike Feige's ability to serve as "pseudo-showrunner", Singer is instead "steeped in film and the way movie stories have always been told", so "when it comes time to have ''Apocalypse'' dovetail with story threads from the earlier ''[[X-Men: First Class]]''", which was directed by [[Matthew Vaughn]], "both Singer's direction and Simon Kinberg's script rely on hackneyed devices and clumsy storytelling", indicating a lack of "the kind of big-picture thinking this sort of mega franchise requires".<ref name="VoxCivilWarTV" /> In his review of ''[[Dark Phoenix (film)|Dark Phoenix]]'', Joe Morgenstern of ''The Wall Street Journal'' characterized the entire X-Men film series as being a "notoriously erratic franchise".<ref name="MorgensternDarkPhoenix" /> In March 2019, the film rights of Deadpool, the X-Men characters, and the Fantastic Four characters returned to Marvel Studios following the [[acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney]].<ref name="FoxDisneyPressRelease" /><ref name="DisneyFoxDealClose" />

==== Sony Pictures ====
{{Main|Spider-Man in film|Sony's Spider-Man Universe}}
{{See also|List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films#Connections with other Spider-Man franchises}}
In November 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment co-chairman [[Amy Pascal]] announced that the studio intended to expand their universe created within director [[Marc Webb]]'s [[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film series)|''The Amazing Spider-Man'' films]] (2012–14), with spin-off adventures for supporting characters, in an attempt to replicate Marvel and Disney's model.<ref name="IGNFoxSony" /> The next month, Sony announced [[Venom (character)|Venom]] and [[Sinister Six]] films, both set in the ''Amazing Spider-Man'' universe. With this announcement, ''[[IGN]]'' stated that the spin-offs are "the latest example of what we can refer to as "the ''Avengers'' effect" in Hollywood, as studios work to build interlocking movie universes."<ref name="VenomSinisterSixIGN" /> Sony chose not to replicate the Marvel Studios model of introducing individual characters first before bringing them together in a team-up film, instead making the Spider-Man adversaries the stars of future films.<ref name="ASM2EW" /> In February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that the ''Spider-Man'' franchise would be retooled, with a new film co-produced by Feige and Pascal being released in July 2017, and the character being integrated into the MCU. Sony Pictures would continue to finance, distribute, own, and have final creative control of the ''Spider-Man'' films.<ref name="SpideyMCU" /> With this announcement, sequels to ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'' (2014) were canceled,<ref name="VarietySpidey" /> and by November 2015 the Venom and Sinister Six films, as well as spin-offs based on female characters in the Spider-Man universe, were no longer moving forward.<ref name="VarietySpidey" /><ref name="SpideySpinoffs" /> By March 2016, the Venom film had itself been retooled, to start its own franchise unrelated to the MCU Spider-Man.<ref name="VenomMar2016" /> A year later, Sony officially announced the Venom film to be in development, for an October 5, 2018, release,<ref name="VenomMar2017" /> along with a film centered on the characters [[Silver Sable]] and [[Black Cat (Marvel Comics)|Black Cat]] known as ''[[Silver & Black (unproduced film)|Silver & Black]]''.<ref name="SilverSableBlackCat" /> Both projects were not intended to be a part of the MCU nor spin-offs to ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'', but rather part of an intended separate shared universe known as the [[Sony's Spider-Man Universe]] (SSU).<ref name="SilverSableBlackCat" /><ref name="VenomNotMCU" /><ref name="SSU" /> The [[mid-credits scene]] of ''[[Venom: Let There Be Carnage]]'' (2021) hinted at [[Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)|Eddie Brock / Venom]] joining the MCU,<ref name="LetThereBeCarnagePostCreditsScene" /> which was confirmed with the release of ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' (2021) through an uncredited [[cameo appearance]] in its mid-credits scene.<ref name="PostCreditsVenom" /> ''Spider-Man: No Way Home'' also featured the [[Spider-Man in film|Spider-Man iterations]] from [[Sam Raimi]] and Webb's ''Spider-Man'' films, respectively reprised by [[Tobey Maguire]] and [[Andrew Garfield]].<ref name="MaguireGarfieldSpiderManReprise" />

After Sony canceled its shared universe plans and began sharing the Spider-Man character with Marvel Studios, multiple critics discussed its failure to replicate the MCU. Scott Meslow of ''[[The Week]]'' noted the perceived flaws of the first ''Amazing Spider-Man'' film, outside of its lead performances, and how the sequel "doubles down on all the missteps of the original while adding a few of its own. ...We now have a textbook example of how not to reboot a superhero franchise, and if Sony and Marvel are wise, they'll take virtually all those lessons to heart as they chart Spider-Man's next course."<ref name="ASMWeek" /> Scott Mendelson noted that ''The Amazing Spider-Man 2'' "was sold as less a sequel to ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' than a backdoor pilot for ''Spider-Man vs. the Sinister Six''. ...Had Sony stuck with the original plan of a scaled-down superhero franchise, one that really was rooted in romantic drama, they would have at least stuck out in a crowded field of superhero franchises. When every superhero film is now going bigger, ''Amazing Spider-Man'' could have distinguished itself by going small and intimate." This would have saved Sony "a boatload of money", and potentially reversed the film's relative financial failure.<ref name="ASMForbes" />

=== Academia ===
In September 2014, the [[University of Baltimore]] announced a course beginning in the 2015 [[academic term|spring semester]] revolving around the Marvel Cinematic Universe, to be taught by Arnold T. Blumberg. "Media Genres: Media Marvels" examines "how Marvel's series of interconnected films and television shows, plus related media and comic book sources and [[Joseph Campbell]]'s [[monomyth|monomyth of the 'hero's journey']], offer important insights into modern culture" as well as Marvel's efforts "to establish a viable universe of plotlines, characters, and backstories."<ref name="UBaltCourse" /><ref name="UBaltCourse2" />

== Outside media ==
=== Avengers Campus ===
{{Main|Avengers Campus}}
After the acquisition by Disney in 2009, Marvel films began to be marketed at the [[Innoventions (Disneyland)|Innoventions]] attraction in [[Tomorrowland (Disney Parks)|Tomorrowland]] at [[Disneyland]]. For ''Iron Man 3'', the exhibit, entitled "Iron Man Tech Presented by Stark Industries", featured the same armor display that was shown at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con, with the Marks I-VII and the new Mark XLII. In addition, there was a simulator game, titled "Become Iron Man", that used [[Kinect]]-like technology to allow the viewer to be encased in an animated Mark XLII armor and take part in a series of "tests", in which you fire repulsor rays and fly through Tony Stark's workshop. The game was guided by J.A.R.V.I.S., who is voiced again by Paul Bettany. The exhibit also had smaller displays that included helmets and chest pieces from the earlier films and the gauntlet and boot from an action sequence in ''Iron Man 3''.<ref name="IM3Disneyland" /> The exhibit for ''Thor: The Dark World'' was called "Thor: Treasures of Asgard", and featured displays of [[Asgard (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Asgardian]] relics and transports guests to [[Odin (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Odin]]'s throne room, where they were greeted by Thor.<ref name="ThorTDWDisneyland" /> ''Captain America: The Winter Soldier''{{'s}} exhibit, "Captain America: The Living Legend and Symbol of Courage", featured a meet and greet experience.<ref name="CapTWSDisneyland" />

From May to September 2017, Disneyland Resort featured the "Summer of Heroes", which features members of the Guardians and Avengers appearing throughout the Disneyland Resort. Additionally, the Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Dance Off event was featured, which involved [[Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Quill / Star-Lord]] blasting music from his boombox, along with the Avengers Training Initiative, a limited experience where [[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Black Widow]] and [[Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Hawkeye]] "assemble a group of young recruits to see if they have what it takes to be an Avenger." Marvel-related food and merchandise was also available throughout [[Hollywood Land]] at [[Disney California Adventure]] during the "Summer of Heroes".<ref name="GotGBreakoutOpening" />

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced three new Marvel-themed areas inspired by the MCU to Disney California Adventure, [[Walt Disney Studios Paris]], and [[Hong Kong Disneyland]]. The developments were designed by [[Walt Disney Imagineering]] in collaboration with Marvel Studios and Marvel Themed Entertainment.<ref name="VarietyDisneyParks" /> As was established with [[Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!|''Guardians of the Galaxy'' – Mission: Breakout!]], Avengers Campus exists in its own theme park universe that is inspired by the MCU.<ref name="GotGBreakoutMCUConnection" /><ref name="AvengersCampusMultiverse" /> Being in the MCU multiverse, Avengers Campus has a shared history with the MCU proper, with a few notable exceptions being [[the Blip]] from ''Avengers: Infinity War'' did not occur, and some characters who died, such as Tony Stark, are still alive.<ref name="AvengersCampusMultiverse" />

==== Hong Kong Disneyland ====
In October 2013, the [[Iron Man Experience]] attraction was announced for Hong Kong Disneyland.<ref name="IronManExperience" /> It is set in the [[Tomorrowland (Disney Parks)|Tomorrowland]] section of the park,<ref name="IMExpDS" /> with the area built to look like a new Stark Expo created by Tony Stark after the 2010 one, as seen in ''Iron Man 2'',<ref name="IMExpStarkExpo" /> with various exhibit halls that include the Mark III armor from the films.<ref name="IMExpDS" /><ref name="IMExpMKIII" /> The area also has Iron Man and Marvel-themed merchandise items and memorabilia, plus an interactive game where guests can have the chance to try on Iron Man's armor.<ref name="IMExpReleaseDate" /> Iron Man Experience sees guests assist Iron Man in defeating Hydra throughout Hong Kong,<ref name="IMExpDS" /> and opened on January 11, 2017.<ref name="IMExpReleaseDate" />

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to Hong Kong Disneyland and a new attraction where guests team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp, to join Iron Man Experience.<ref name="VarietyDisneyParks" /><ref name="DisneyParksMar2018" /> Inspired by ''Ant-Man and the Wasp'',<ref name="AMWaspRide" /> [[Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle!]] is an enclosed interactive dark ride that sees guests use laser-powered weapons to team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp to defeat [[Arnim Zola (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Arnim Zola]] and his army of Hydra swarm bots.<ref name="AMWaspRide" /><ref name="AMWaspRideName" /> Ant Man and the Wasp: Nano Battle! replaces the [[Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters]] ride,<ref name="AMWaspRide" /> and opened on March 31, 2019.<ref name="AMWaspRideOpen" />

==== Disney California Adventure ====
By San Diego Comic-Con 2016, the [[The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror|Tower of Terror]] at Disney California Adventure was set to be replaced by a new attraction, ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' – Mission: Breakout!. [[Chris Pratt]], [[Zoë Saldaña]], [[Dave Bautista]] and [[Benicio del Toro]] all filmed exclusive footage for the attraction, reprising their roles as [[Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Quill / Star-Lord]], [[Gamora (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Gamora]], [[Drax (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Drax]] and [[Collector (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Taneleer Tivan / The Collector]], respectively.<ref name="GotGBreakout" /><ref name="GotGBreakout2" /> James Gunn, director of ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' and its sequel, directed footage for the attraction and consulted on all aspects of it.<ref name="GotGBreakoutGunn" /> ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' – Mission: Breakout! sees visitors assisting Rocket in rescuing the other Guardians from the Collector's fortress, while the attraction features randomized events throughout the experience and music inspired by the ''[[Awesome Mix Vol. 1]]'' soundtrack. The attraction opened on May 27, 2017.<ref name="GotGBreakoutOpening" />

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU at Disney California Adventure, anchored by Mission: Breakout!, that features characters from the MCU, such as Iron Man and Spider-Man, joining the Guardians of the Galaxy in a "completely immersive superhero universe". The area replaced "[[A Bug's Land]]", which closed in mid-2018 to begin construction of the Marvel area.<ref name="VarietyDisneyParks" /><ref name="DisneyParksMar2018" /> [[Tom Holland]] reprises his role as [[Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]] in the attraction [[Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure]], in which Parker has set up W.E.B. (the Worldwide Engineers Brigade) to inspire a new generation to use technology to save the world. Riders are recruited by Spider-Man into the initiative to stop his malfunctioning Spider-Bots.<ref name="HollandWebSlingers" /> Web Slingers was directed by ''Spider-Man'' director Jon Watts along with Brett Strong, and was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects by [[Framestore]].<ref name="WaittWebSlingers" /> A one-act version of ''[[Rogers: The Musical]]'' premiered at the [[Hyperion Theater]] on June 30, 2023, and ran for a limited time until August 31.<ref name="RogersMusicalDCA" />

==== Walt Disney Studios Park ====
In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to [[Disneyland Paris]]' Walt Disney Studios Park. The area includes a reimagined attraction where riders team up with Iron Man and other Avengers on a "hyper-kinetic adventure" on July 20, 2022.<ref name="VarietyDisneyParks" /><ref name="DisneyParisJuly2022" /> The park also hosted the "Summer of Super Heroes" live-action stage show from June–September 2018.<ref name="VarietyDisneyParks" /><ref name="DisneyParksMar2018" />

=== Disney cruises ===
{{Main|Disney Wish|Disney Treasure}}
In July 2021, the immersive family dining experience "'''Avengers: Quantum Encounter'''" at the Worlds of Marvel restaurant on the ''Disney Wish'' cruise ship was announced, which debuted when the cruise began voyages on July 14, 2022.<ref name="DisneyWish" /><ref name="DisneyWishDelay" /> The experience takes place during dinner with interactive elements and a full CGI recreation of the ''Wish''{{'s}} upper decks.<ref name="QuantumEncounterPolygon" /> [[Paul Rudd]], [[Evangeline Lilly]], [[Anthony Mackie]], [[Brie Larson]], [[Kerry Condon]], and [[Iman Vellani]] reprised their MCU roles,<ref name="QuantumEncounter" /><ref name="VellaniQuantumEncounter" /> while [[Ross Marquand]] voiced [[Ultron (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ultron]] after previously doing so in ''[[What If...? (TV series)|What If...?]]'', in which he replaced [[James Spader]].<ref name="QuantumEncounter" /> [[Chris Waitt]] directed Rudd and Lilly's content, which was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects by Framestore.<ref name="WaittQuantumEncounter" /><ref name="WaittWebsite" /> ''The Marvels'' director [[Nia DaCosta]] filmed Vellani and Larson's content in London ahead of principal photography for the film.<ref name="DaCostaQuantumEncounter" />

In September 2023, the ''Wish''{{'}}s [[sister ship]] the ''[[Disney Treasure]]'' was announced to also include the Worlds of Marvel restaurant with two nights of distinct shows and menus, featuring an appearance by Spider-Man. The Marvel Super Hero Academy is also included on the cruise, where young kids can train to be superheroes with Spider-Man, Black Panther, and Ant-Man. These were available on the ''Treasure'' when it began voyages on December 21, 2024.<ref name="DisneyTreasure" />

=== Other live attractions ===
==== ''Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.'' ====
In May 2014, the ''Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.'' (Scientific Training and Tactical Intelligence Operative Network) exhibit opened at the [[Discovery Times Square]] center. The exhibit features replica set pieces and props from the films, mixed with interactive technology and information, crafted through a partnership with [[NASA]] and other scientists. [[Titus Welliver]] also provides a "debrief" to visitors, reprising his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent [[Felix Blake]]. Created by Victory Hill Exhibits, ''Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.'' cost $7.5 million to create,<ref name="AvengersSTATIONDailyNews" /><ref name="AvengersSTATIONEW" /> and ran through early September 2015.<ref name="AvengersSTATIONClosing" />

The exhibit also opened in [[South Korea]] at the [[War Memorial of Korea]] in April 2015,<ref name="STATIONKorea" /><ref name="STATIONLasVegas" /> in Paris, France, at [[Esplanade de La Défense (Paris Métro)|Esplanade de La Défense]] a year later, and in Las Vegas at the [[Treasure Island Hotel and Casino]] in June 2016.<ref name="STATIONLasVegas" /> The Las Vegas version of the exhibit featured updated character details and corresponding science to incorporate the Marvel films that were released since the original exhibit in New York. Additionally, the Las Vegas version features Cobie Smulders reprising her role as Maria Hill to "debrief" visitors, replacing Welliver.<ref name="STATIONLasVegas2" />

==== GOMA exhibit ====
An art exhibit, titled ''Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe'', was displayed exclusively at the [[Queensland Gallery of Modern Art]] (GOMA) in Brisbane, Australia, in 2017. The exhibit, which included "300 plus objects, films, costumes, drawings and other ephemera", featured content "from the collection of Marvel Studios and Marvel Entertainment and private collections" with "significant focus [given] to the creative artists who translate the drawn narrative to the screen through production design and storyboarding, costume and prop design, and special effects and post-production". ''Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe'' was also extended to GOMA's Australian Cinémathèque with a retrospective of the MCU films.<ref name="GOMA" /><ref name="GOMASMH" />

==== ''Avengers: Damage Control'' ====
In October 2019, Marvel Studios and [[ILMxLAB]] announced the [[virtual reality]] experience ''Avengers: Damage Control''. The experience was available for a limited time starting in mid-October 2019 at select [[The Void (virtual reality)|Void VR]] locations. ''Avengers: Damage Control'' sees players taking control of one of Shuri's Emergency Response Suits–which combine Wakandan and Stark Industries technologies–to defeat a threat alongside Doctor Strange, Ant-Man, and the Wasp. [[Letitia Wright]], [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], [[Paul Rudd]], and [[Evangeline Lilly]] all reprise their MCU roles,<ref name="VRDamageControl" /> while Ross Marquand voices Ultron, replacing James Spader.<ref name="MarquandDC" /> The experience was extended to the end of 2019.<ref name="VRDamageControlExtended" />

=== Marvel Studios' Infinity Saga Concert Experience ===
In May 2024, the Marvel Studios' Infinity Saga Concert Experience was announced by Disney Concerts, Marvel Studios, and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]], to premiere on August 30 and 31, 2024, at the [[Hollywood Bowl]]. The concert, conducted by the Philharmonic's Music and Artistic director [[Gustavo Dudamel]], features the Philharmonic performing a "specially created score" of music from the Infinity Saga films, such as ''The Avengers'' theme and "[[Avengers assemble scene#Music|Portals]]" from ''Avengers: Endgame'', live to picture.<ref name="ConcertExperience" /> The first half of the concert focused on individual characters from the films, while the second half centered on ''Avengers: Infinity War'' and ''Avengers: Endgame''. A "post-credits scene" saw the Philharmonic play [[Michael Giacchino]]'s theme from ''[[The Fantastic Four: First Steps]]'' (2025).<ref name="ConcertExperienceTour" /> The performance also used [[projection mapping]] on the proscenium of the Hollywood Bowl while audiences members wore [[PixMob]] light-up wrist bands.<ref name="ConcertExperience" /><ref name="ConcertExperienceTour2" /> The concert is set to go on tour globally in 2025.<ref name="ConcertExperienceTour" /><ref name="ConcertExperienceTour2" />

=== Live-action specials ===
==== ''Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe'' (2014) ====
On March 18, 2014, ABC aired a one-hour [[television special]] titled ''Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe'', which documented the history of Marvel Studios and the development of the Marvel Cinematic Universe and included exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes footage from all of the films, One-Shots, and ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'', and sneak peeks of ''Avengers: Age of Ultron'', ''Captain America: The Winter Soldier'', ''Guardians of the Galaxy'', unaired episodes of ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'',<ref name="TVSpecial" /> and ''Ant-Man''.<ref name="TVSpecialAntMan" /> Brian Lowry of ''Variety'' felt the special, "contains a pretty interesting business and creative story. While it might all make sense in hindsight, there was appreciable audacity in Marvel's plan to release five loosely connected movies from the same hero-filled world, beginning with the cinematically unproven ''Iron Man'' and culminating with superhero team ''The Avengers''. As such, this fast-moving hour qualifies as more than just a cut-and-paste job from electronic press kits, although there's an element of that, certainly."<ref name="VarietySpecialReview" /> The special was released on September 9, 2014, on the home media for ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' season 1.<ref name="SHIELDS1HomeMedia" />

==== ''Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!'' (2014) ====
In September 2014, ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' executive producer Jeffrey Bell stated that to meet production demands and avoid having to air repeat episodes, ABC would likely air a Marvel special in place of a regular installment at some point during the first ten episodes of ''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.''{{'s}} second season.<ref name="BellSep2014" /> In October, the special was revealed to be ''Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!'', which was hosted by [[Emily VanCamp]], who portrays [[Sharon Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Agent 13]] in ''Captain America: The Winter Soldier'', and aired on November 4, 2014.<ref name="PulptoPop" /> The special features behind the scenes footage from ''Avengers: Age of Ultron'' and ''Ant-Man'', as well as footage from the ''Agent Carter'' television series previously screened at [[New York Comic Con]].<ref name="IGNSpecial2Review" /> Brian Lowry of ''Variety'' felt an hour for the special did not "do the topic justice" adding, "For anyone who has seen more than one Marvel movie but would shrug perplexedly at the mention of Jack Kirby or [[Steve Ditko]], ''Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp To Pop!'' should probably be required viewing. Fun, fast-paced and encompassing many of the company's highlights along with a few lowlights, it's a solid primer on Marvel's history, while weaving in inevitable self-promotion and synergistic plugs."<ref name="VarietySpecial2Review" /> Eric Goldman of IGN also wished the special had been longer, adding, "Understandably, the more you already know about Marvel, the less you'll be surprised by ''Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!'', but it's important to remember who this special is really made for – a mainstream audience who have embraced the Marvel characters, via the hugely successful movies, in a way no one could have imagined."<ref name="IGNSpecial2Review" />

==== ''Marvel Studios: Expanding the Universe'' (2019) ====
The special ''Expanding the Universe'' was released on Disney+ on November 12, 2019. It features a look at the original MCU TV series for Disney+, with interviews and concept art.<ref name="ExpandingTheUniverse" />

==== Bilibili New Year's Gala (2020) ====
A Marvel-themed orchestra performance of an extended version of [[Brian Tyler]]'s Marvel Studios theme and [[Alan Silvestri]]'s theme from ''The Avengers'' took place during China's Bilibili New Year's Gala on December 31, 2020, to promote the 2021 Marvel Studios film releases.<ref name="BilibiliPerformance" /><ref name="BilibiliPerformance2" />

==== ''Marvel Studios' 2021 Disney+ Day Special'' (2021) ====
A special titled ''Marvel Studios' 2021 Disney+ Day Special'', which looked at the future of the MCU on Disney+, was released on the service on November 12, 2021, as part of its "[[Disney+ Day]]" celebration.<ref name="Disney+DaySpecial" /><ref name="Disney+Day" />

=== Documentary series ===
==== ''Marvel Studios: Legends'' (2021–present) ====
{{Main|Marvel Studios: Legends{{!}}''Marvel Studios: Legends''}}
Announced in December 2020, this series examines individual heroes, villains, moments, and objects from the Marvel Cinematic Universe and how they connect, in anticipation of the upcoming stories that will feature them in Phase Four.<ref name="Legends" /><ref name="LokiLegends" /> ''Marvel Studios: Legends'' premiered on Disney+ on January 8, 2021, with the release of the first two episodes.<ref name="Legends" /> Additional episodes were released ahead of a character and objects' appearances in Disney+ series and films.<ref name="Legends" /><ref name="BWLegendsLokiAssembled" />

==== ''Marvel Studios: Assembled'' (2021–present) ====
{{Main|Marvel Studios: Assembled{{!}}''Marvel Studios: Assembled''}}
Announced in February 2021, each special of the documentary series goes behind the scenes of the making of the MCU films and television series with cast members and additional creatives. ''Marvel Studios: Assembled'' premiered on Disney+ on March 12, 2021, with the release of the first special, followed by additional specials.<ref name="Assembled" />

==== ''Voices Rising: The Music of Wakanda Forever'' (2023) ====
{{further|Black Panther: Wakanda Forever#Music{{!}}''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever'' § Music}}
''Voices Rising: The Music of Wakanda Forever'' is a three-part documentary series detailing the creation process of ''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''{{'s}} soundtrack. It premiered on Disney+ on February 28, 2023.<ref name="VoicesRisingMarvel" /> The documentary series was originally scheduled to be removed from Disney+ on May 26, 2023, as part of Disney's efforts to reduce content costs, but ultimately was decided to remain on the service at that time.<ref name="DocsPlannedD+Removal" />

==== ''MPower'' (2023) ====
In June 2021, Marvel Studios released a casting call for fans of "Marvel's strong women" to be a part of an unscripted Disney+ documentary series showcasing the women who create the MCU in front of and behind the camera, including actors and creatives, and the fans who applied to participate in the series.<ref name="SuperWomenCasting" /> The series was titled ''MPower'' by February 2023 and premiered in its entirety on March 8, 2023,<ref name="MPower" /> consisting of four episodes titled "The Women of Black Panther", "Captain Marvel", "Scarlet Witch", and "Gamora",<ref name="MPowerComicBookDetails" /> which were directed by Quinn Wilson and used [[archival footage]] and animation.<ref name="MPowerComicBookDetails" /><ref name="MPowerMarvelDetails" /> Its release coincided with [[International Women's Day]].<ref name="MPowerSRBWInsult" /> Several MCU actresses were interviewed to discuss what makes their characters compelling to audiences, including [[Danai Gurira]], [[Lupita Nyong'o]], [[Florence Kasumba]], and Letitia Wright; Brie Larson, Iman Vellani, and [[Teyonah Parris]]; [[Elizabeth Olsen]], [[Kathryn Hahn]], and [[Kat Dennings]]; and Zoë Saldaña,<ref name="MPowerComicBookDetails" /> who executive produced the series alongside Victoria Alonso. Saldaña said the series was a tribute to the representation and empowerment of women with the intent to "ignite meaningful conversations and drive real change towards a more equal and inclusive world."<ref name="MPowerComicBookDetails" /><ref name="MPowerMarvelInterview" /><ref name="MPowerMarvelDetails" /> Other creatives who were interviewed for episodes include Marvel Studios executive [[Trinh Tran]], ''Black Panther'' costume designer [[Ruth E. Carter]], production designer [[Hannah Beachler]], and editor [[Debbie Berman]].<ref name="MPower/FilmDetails" /> The documentary series was originally scheduled to be removed from Disney+ on May 26, 2023, as part of Disney's efforts to reduce content costs, but ultimately was decided to remain on the service at that time.<ref name="DocsPlannedD+Removal" /> The series was produced by [[Herzog & Co.]], Saldaña's production company [[Cinestar Pictures]], and [[Just Entertainment]].<ref name="MPowerMarvelDetails" /><ref name="MPowerMarvelInterview" />

Aaron Perine at ''[[ComicBook.com]]'' believed that the series would have "something for all fans to enjoy" with each character's entry because of the fan appreciation,<ref name="MPowerComicBookDetails" /> while BJ Conagelo of ''[[/Film]]'' stated it was "fantastic to see a thoughtful and in-depth spotlight" of the work by diverse groups of women in the MCU, and found it was "equally as impressive" how much the series analyzed their impact as a "sincere assessment" of the importance of the stories beyond [[gender representation]].<ref name="MPower/FilmDetails" /> Philip Watson at ''CGMagazine'' said that while the series seemed focused on "add[ing] depth" to the backstories of the females behind Marvel, a secondary focus was to honor the title and empower women, quoting Kasumba: "You could watch it and think 'people that look like me, we can be Super Heroes too{{' "}}.<ref name="MPowerCGMagazineDetails" /> Kai Young of ''Screen Rant'' felt that the series' exclusion of an episode focused on [[Scarlett Johansson]]'s MCU character Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow was another "insult against" the character as she was "pivotal to the MCU", and had wanted such an episode to focus on developing Romanoff as an individual beyond her relationships with male characters and alongside her family.<ref name="MPowerSRBWInsult" />

=== Literary material ===
In September 2015, Marvel announced the ''Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe'', named as a nod to the ''[[Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe]]''. Each guidebook is compiled by Mike O'Sullivan and the ''Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe'' team, with cover art from [[Mike del Mundo]] and Pascal Campion, and features facts about the MCU films, film-to-comic comparisons, and production stills. The guidebooks released each month from October 2015 to January 2016 were ''Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Iron Man'', ''Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Incredible Hulk / Marvel's Iron Man 2'',<ref name="Guidebook" /> ''Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Thor'',<ref name="GuidebookThor" /> and ''Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Captain America: The First Avenger''.<ref name="GuidebookCapTFA" />

In November 2018, Marvel and [[Titan Publishing Group]] released ''Marvel Studios: The First Ten Years'' to celebrate the first ten years of the MCU. It features cast interviews, in-depth sections on each film, and an Easter egg guide.<ref name="TitanFirstTenYears" /> In October 2021, a two-volume book ''The Story of Marvel Studios: The Making of the Marvel Cinematic Universe'' was released, written by Tara Bennett and Paul Terry. This collection features a look at the evolution of Marvel Studios, personal stories from the 23-film "Infinity Saga", and interviews with cast and crew members.<ref name="MakingOfMCU" />

In April 2023, [[W. W. Norton & Company]] announced ''MCU: The Reign of Marvel Studios'' by Joanna Robinson, Dave Gonzales, and [[Gavin Edwards (writer)|Gavin Edwards]],<ref name="MCUReignOfMarvelStudios" /> for release on October 10, 2023.<ref name="MCUReign/Film" /> The book presents an unauthorized look at "the rise and uncertain reign of the MCU, analyzing Marvel Studios' place as a major player in Hollywood and global pop culture" from Marvel Studios' inception, through events in early 2023, conducted through numerous interviews with those closely associated with the MCU. Norton approached the writers in 2019 to work on a book centered on the MCU. Robinson explained that the book was originally meant to be an oral history, until Disney was no longer enthused about the book's publication despite initially being open to it, and told current employees and former stars not to talk to the writers. The writers were able to supplement the interviews they were able to get with those from "cultural critics and comics experts" in addition to years of research. Robinson added that because of the long work put into the book, it was able to cover the studio's expansion to television on Disney+, as well as "this current state of what I like to call a 'wobble' in Marvel's long reign", and provide "a lot of answers about how we got here". Additionally, the book was not deterred by the then-recent firings of Alonso and Marvel Entertainment CEO [[Ike Perlmutter]], needing only "a few cosmetic tweaks to weave the whole story together" with Robinson explaining those firings "actually reinforced our sense that we really had captured the story of Marvel in both its triumphs and its stumbling blocks".<ref name="MCUReignOfMarvelStudios" /> Robinson was able to interview many of the subjects while Gonazles did the majority of the book's research, with Edwards compiling it all to give the book a "flow".<ref name="MCUReign/Film" />

In February 2024, [[Abrams Books]] announced ''Marvel Studios: The Art of Ryan Meinerding'', written by Bennett and Terry. The book includes over 500 of Meinerding's illustrations, from work-in-progress to completed pieces, along with interview material in which Meinerding discusses his process and his work in Marvel Studios' visual development department. It was released on October 1, 2024.<ref name="MeinerdingBook" />

=== Video game tie-ins ===
<section begin="Games" />{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left" style="width: 99%;"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Video games of the Marvel Cinematic Universe}}
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | U.S. release date
! scope="col" | Publisher
! scope="col" | Developer
! scope="col" | Platforms
|-<section begin="Phase1" />
! scope="row" | ''[[Iron Man (video game)|Iron Man]]''
| {{Start date|2008|5|2}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Sega]]<ref name="IMVGIGN">{{Cite web |last=Geddes |first=Ryan |date=March 20, 2008 |title=Iron Man Film Cast To Voice Game |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/20/iron-man-film-cast-to-voice-game |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802084413/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/20/iron-man-film-cast-to-voice-game |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name="TIHVGVoices" /><ref name="IM2VGReleaseDate" />
| [[Secret Level, Inc.|Secret Level]]<ref name="IMVGPolygon" />{{hr}}[[Artificial Mind and Movement]]<ref name="IMVGPolygon">{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2013 |title=Iron Man |url=https://www.polygon.com/game/iron-man/10274 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802001228/https://www.polygon.com/game/iron-man/10274 |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>{{hr}}[[Hands-On Mobile]]<ref name="IMVGMobile">{{Cite web |last= |date=April 30, 2008 |title=Hands-On Mobile And Marvel Entertainment Bring Iron Man To Mobile |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/04/30/hands-on-mobile-and-marvel-entertainment-bring-iron-man-to-mobile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403054934/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/04/30/hands-on-mobile-and-marvel-entertainment-bring-iron-man-to-mobile |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
| [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]]{{hr}}[[PlayStation 2]], [[Wii]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Nintendo DS]], and [[PlayStation Portable]]{{hr}}Various mobile devices
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Incredible Hulk (2008 video game)|The Incredible Hulk]]''
| {{Start date|2008|6|5}}
| [[Edge of Reality]]<ref name="TIHVGGamesRadar">{{Cite web |last=Provo |first=Frank |date=June 11, 2008 |title=The Incredible Hulk Review |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/the-incredible-hulk-15/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802040551/https://www.gamesradar.com/the-incredible-hulk-15/ |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref><ref name="TIHVGVoices">{{Cite web |last=Burg |first=Dustin |date=April 9, 2008 |title=The Incredible Hulk features incredible voice talent |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/04/09/the-incredible-hulk-features-incredible-voice-talent/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000650/https://www.engadget.com/2008/04/09/the-incredible-hulk-features-incredible-voice-talent/ |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[Engadget]]}}</ref>{{hr}}[[Amaze Entertainment]]<ref name="TIHVGDS">{{Cite web |title=The Incredible Hulk Nintendo DS |url=https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/lGywkCVxX_VkO8-68xtGvs83M61bEnQW |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234213/https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/lGywkCVxX_VkO8-68xtGvs83M61bEnQW |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |publisher=[[Nintendo]]}}</ref>{{hr}}Hands-On Mobile<ref name="TIHVGMobile">{{Cite web |last= |date=June 13, 2008 |title=The Incredible Hulk Smashes onto Mobile Phone Worldwide |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/13/the-incredible-hulk-smashes-onto-mobile-phones-worldwide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000932/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/06/13/the-incredible-hulk-smashes-onto-mobile-phones-worldwide |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
| PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, and Wii{{hr}}Nintendo DS ([[The Incredible Hulk (Nintendo DS video game)|version]]){{hr}}Various mobile devices
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Iron Man 2 (video game)|Iron Man 2]]''
| rowspan="2" | {{Start date|2010|5|4}}
| [[Sega Studios San Francisco]]<ref name="IM2VGReleaseDate">{{Cite magazine |title=Iron Man 2 |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/iron_man_2/b/ps3/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509224948/https://gameinformer.com/games/iron_man_2/b/ps3/default.aspx |archive-date=May 9, 2010 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |magazine=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref>{{hr}}[[High Voltage Software]]<ref name="IM2VGHighVoltage">{{Cite web |last=Devries |first=Jack |date=May 21, 2010 |title=Iron Man 2 Review (Wii) |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/05/22/iron-man-2-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104194312/https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/05/22/iron-man-2-review |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>{{hr}}[[Griptonite Games]]<ref name="IM2VGGriptonite">{{Cite web |title=Iron Man 2 |url=https://www.ign.com/games/iron-man-2/nds-14319905 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701051835/https://www.ign.com/games/iron-man-2/nds-14319905 |archive-date=July 1, 2012 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
| PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360{{hr}}Wii and PlayStation Portable{{hr}}Nintendo DS
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Gameloft]]<ref name="IM2VGiPad">{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Levi |date=May 10, 2010 |title=Iron Man 2 iPad Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/05/10/iron-man-2-ipad-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127010118/https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/05/10/iron-man-2-ipad-review |archive-date=January 27, 2013 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name="IM2VGBlackBerry">{{Cite web |title=Iron Man 2 – Release Details |url=https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/blackberry/609285-iron-man-2/data |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407173229/https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/blackberry/609285-iron-man-2/data |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[GameFAQS]] |publisher=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | [[iOS]] and [[BlackBerry]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thor: God of Thunder]]''
| {{Start date|2011|5|3}}
| rowspan="2" | Sega<ref name="GodofThunder">{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2012 |title=Thor: God of Thunder |url=https://www.polygon.com/game/thor-god-of-thunder/5248 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826112354/https://www.polygon.com/game/thor-god-of-thunder/5248 |archive-date=August 26, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref><ref name="SuperSoldier">{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Captain America: Super Soldier |url=https://www.polygon.com/game/captain-america-super-soldier/1468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234430/https://www.polygon.com/game/captain-america-super-soldier/1468 |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>
| [[Liquid Entertainment]]{{hr}}Red Fly Studio{{hr}}[[WayForward Technologies]]
| PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360{{hr}}Wii and [[Nintendo 3DS]]{{hr}}Nintendo DS
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Captain America: Super Soldier]]''
| {{Start date|2011|7|19}}
| [[Next Level Games]]{{hr}}High Voltage Software{{hr}}Graphite Games
| PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360{{hr}}Wii and Nintendo 3DS{{hr}}Nintendo DS
|-
! scope="row" id="The Avengers: The Mobile Game" | ''The Avengers: The Mobile Game''
| {{Start date|2012|5|2}}
| colspan="2" | Gameloft<ref name="TheAvengersGame">{{Cite web |last=Nouch |first=James |date=May 15, 2012 |title=The Avengers |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/040942/the-avengers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930150902/https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/040942/the-avengers/ |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |access-date=June 28, 2020 |website=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref>
| iOS, [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and Blackberry<section end="Phase1" />
|-<section begin="Phase2" />
! scope="row" | ''[[Iron Man 3: The Official Game]]''
| {{Start date|2013|4|25}}
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" | [[Gameloft]]<ref name="IM3VG">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Justin |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Iron Man 3 – The Official Game Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/30/iron-man-3-the-official-game-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501222135/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/30/iron-man-3-the-official-game-review |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><ref name="ThorTDWVG">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Thor: The Dark World – The Official Game |url=https://www.polygon.com/game/thor-the-dark-world-the-official-game/15639 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806022323/https://www.polygon.com/game/thor-the-dark-world-the-official-game/15639 |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref><ref name="CapTWSVGIGN">{{Cite web |title=Captain America: The Winter Soldier – The Official Game |url=https://www.ign.com/games/captain-america-the-winter-soldier-the-official-game/iphone-20012653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310095140/https://www.ign.com/games/captain-america-the-winter-soldier-the-official-game/iphone-20012653 |archive-date=March 10, 2014 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
|-
! scope="row" id="Thor: The Dark World – The Official Game" | ''Thor: The Dark World – The Official Game''
| {{Start date|2013|10|31}}
|-
! scope="row" id="Captain America: The Winter Soldier – The Official Game" | ''Captain America: The Winter Soldier – The Official Game''
| {{Start date|2014|3|27}}
| iOS, Android, and [[Windows Phone]]<section end="Phase2" />
|-<section begin="LEGOMarvelAvengers" />
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Lego Marvel's Avengers]]''
| {{Start date|2016|1|26}}
| [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment|Warner Bros. Interactive<br />Entertainment]]<ref name="LegoGame2">{{Cite magazine |last=Dornbush |first=Jonathon |date=October 12, 2015 |title=Lego Marvel's Avengers to include Phase 2, Agent Carter, more content |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/12/lego-marvels-avengers-nycc-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129180135/https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/12/lego-marvels-avengers-nycc-trailer |archive-date=November 29, 2015 |access-date=December 14, 2015 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[TT Games]]
| [[PlayStation 4]], [[Xbox One]], [[Microsoft Windows]],<br />[[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Wii U]], [[Nintendo 3DS]], and [[PlayStation Vita]]
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | {{Start date|2016|3|10}}
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Feral Interactive]]<ref name="LEGOMarvelAvengers">{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2016 |title=LEGO Marvel's Avengers: A brand new action-packed, Super Hero adventure out now for Mac! |url=https://www.feralinteractive.com/en/news/577/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402100423/https://www.feralinteractive.com/en/news/577/ |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |publisher=[[Feral Interactive]]}}</ref>
| [[macOS]]<section end="LEGOMarvelAvengers" />
|-<section begin="Phase3" />
! scope="row" id="Spider-Man: Homecoming – Virtual Reality Experience" | ''Spider-Man: Homecoming – Virtual Reality Experience''
| {{Start date|2017|6|30}}
| rowspan="2" | Sony Pictures<br />Virtual Reality<ref name="SM:HVR">{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2017 |title=Sony Pictures Virtual Reality Launches 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Experience |url=https://www.sonypictures.com/corp/press_releases/2017/06_17/061617_spidermanhomecomingvr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623175946/https://www.sonypictures.com/corp/press_releases/2017/06_17/061617_spidermanhomecomingvr.html |archive-date=June 23, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2020 |publisher=[[Sony Pictures]]}}</ref><ref name="SM:FFHVR">{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Sony Pictures Launches Spider-Man: Far From Home, Virtual Reality |url=https://www.sonypictures.com/corp/press_releases/2019/0701/sonypictureslaunchesspidermantmfarfromhomevirtualreality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702062637/https://www.sonypictures.com/corp/press_releases/2019/0701/sonypictureslaunchesspidermantmfarfromhomevirtualreality |archive-date=July 2, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2020 |publisher=[[Sony Pictures]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | CreateVR
| rowspan="2" | [[PlayStation VR]], [[HTC Vive]], and [[Oculus Rift]]
|-
! scope="row" id="Spider-Man: Far From Home – Virtual Reality Experience" | ''Spider-Man: Far From Home – Virtual Reality Experience''
| {{Start date|2019|6|25}}<section end="Phase3" />
|-<section begin="WhatIfImmersive" />
! scope="row" | ''[[What If...? – An Immersive Story]]''
| {{Start date|2024|5|30}}
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| [[ILM Immersive]]<ref name="ImmersiveStoryAnnounce">{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2024 |title=Marvel Studios and ILM Immersive Announce 'What If...? – An Immersive Story' Coming Exclusively to Apple Vision Pro |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/marvel-studios-ilm-immersive-what-if-an-immersive-story-apple-vision-pro-exclusive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508171424/https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/marvel-studios-ilm-immersive-what-if-an-immersive-story-apple-vision-pro-exclusive |archive-date=May 8, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>
| [[Apple Vision Pro]]<ref name="ImmersiveStoryTrailer">{{Cite web |last=Ankers-Range |first=Adele |date=May 22, 2024 |title=Marvel's ''What If...? – An Immersive Story'' for Apple Vision Pro Gets Release Date and Trailer |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/marvel-what-if-an-immersive-story-apple-vision-pro-release-date-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522194048/https://www.ign.com/articles/marvel-what-if-an-immersive-story-apple-vision-pro-release-date-trailer |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref><section end="WhatIfImmersive" />
|}<section end="Games" />

=== ''A Mini Marvel'' ===
In February 2016, a commercial for [[Coca-Cola]] mini cans aired during [[Super Bowl 50]]. ''A Mini Marvel'' was created by [[Wieden+Kennedy]] for Coca-Cola through a partnership with Marvel, and was directed by the Russo brothers.<ref name="SuperBowl50Coke" /><ref name="SuperBowl50Coke2" /> In the ad, Ant-Man (voiced by Paul Rudd, reprising his role) and the Hulk first fight, and then bond, over a Coke mini can.<ref name="SuperBowl50Coke" /> [[Luma Pictures]] provided visual effects for the spot, having worked previously with the two characters in MCU films. For the Hulk, Luma redefined its previous muscular system and simulation process to create and render the character, while Ant-Man received new motion capture.<ref name="SuperBowl50Coke2" /> The Super Bowl campaign extended to "limited-edition Coke mini cans [six packs] that are emblazoned with images of Marvel characters, including Hulk, Ant-Man, Black Widow, [Falcon, Iron Man] and Captain America." Consumers had the opportunity to purchase the cans by finding hidden clues in the commercial, though "if the program goes well, Coke will consider making the cans available in stores."<ref name="SuperBowl50Coke" /> The ad had the third most social media activity of all the film-related trailers that aired during the game,<ref name="DeadlineCoke" /> and was nominated for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Commercial at the [[15th Visual Effects Society Awards]].<ref name="MiniMarvelVESA" />

=== ''The Good, the Bart, and the Loki'' ===
{{Main|The Good, the Bart, and the Loki}}
In June 2021, ''[[The Simpsons]]'' short film ''The Good, the Bart, and the Loki'' was announced, which was released alongside "[[Journey into Mystery (Loki)|Journey into Mystery]]", the fifth episode of ''Loki'' on Disney+. The short sees Loki teaming up with [[Bart Simpson]] in a crossover that pays homage to the heroes and villains of the MCU. Hiddleston reprises his role as Loki in the short.<ref name="SimpsonsShort" />

== See also ==
* [[Marvel Universe]] – original Marvel Comics shared universe
** [[Ultimate Marvel]] – Marvel Comics imprint similar to the MCU
* ''[[Marvel Animated Features]]'' – series of animated films originated by Marvel Studios
* [[Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=





<ref name="FeigeQuote">{{Cite web |last=Philbrick |first=Jami |date=April 26, 2010 |title=Kevin Fiege Talks Iron Man 2, The Avengers and More |url=https://www.movieweb.com/news/exclusive-kevin-fiege-talks-iron-man-2-the-avengers-and-more |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930073757/https://www.movieweb.com/news/exclusive-kevin-fiege-talks-iron-man-2-the-avengers-and-more |archive-date=September 30, 2012 |access-date=May 10, 2010 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Variety2005">{{Cite web |last1=Fritz |first1=Ben |last2=Harris |first2=Dana |date=April 27, 2005 |title=Paramount pacts for Marvel pix |url=https://variety.com/2005/film/news/paramount-pacts-for-marvel-pix-1117921812/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308094751/https://variety.com/2005/film/news/paramount-pacts-for-marvel-pix-1117921812/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |access-date=February 12, 2014 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Variety2006">{{Cite journal |last=Benezra |first=Karen |date=July 8, 1996 |title=Marvel wants to be a movie mogul |journal=[[MediaWeek]] |publisher=[[Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen|VNU eMedia, Inc]] |volume=6 |issue=28}}</ref>

<ref name="June2007NYTimes">{{Cite news |last=Waxman |first=Sharon |date=June 18, 2007 |title=Marvel Wants to Flex Its Own Heroic Muscles as a Moviemaker |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/18/business/media/18marvel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221141815/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/18/business/media/18marvel.html?_r=0 |archive-date=December 21, 2013 |access-date=February 1, 2009 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/18/business/media/18marvel.html?pagewanted=2 2]}}</ref>

<ref name="BloombergPg3">{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Devin |date=April 3, 2014 |title=The Pow! Bang! Bam! Plan to Save Marvel, Starring B-List Heroes |url=https://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-03/kevin-feige-marvels-superhero-at-running-movie-franchises |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403155911/https://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-03/kevin-feige-marvels-superhero-at-running-movie-franchises |archive-date=April 3, 2014 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DailyMarsMay2014">{{Cite web |last=Guedj |first=Philippe |date=May 2, 2014 |title=Avi Arad : 'J'ai pardonné à Kevin Feige, il suivait des ordres' (Exclu Daily Mars) |url=https://www.dailymars.net/avi-arad-jai-pardonne-a-kevin-feige-il-suivait-des-ordres-exclu-daily-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723230757/https://www.dailymars.net/avi-arad-jai-pardonne-a-kevin-feige-il-suivait-des-ordres-exclu-daily-mars/ |archive-date=July 23, 2015 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |website=Daily Mars}}</ref>

<ref name="CinematicalCrossover">{{Cite web |last=Beall |first=Mark |date=September 14, 2006 |title=Marvel Avengers Update |url=https://www.cinematical.com/2006/09/14/marvel-avengers-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914070019/https://www.cinematical.com/2006/09/14/marvel-avengers-update/ |archive-date=September 14, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2010 |website=Cinematical}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeCinemaUniverse">{{Cite web |last=Orange |first=B. Alan |date=June 5, 2009 |title=Marvel's Kevin Feige on the Future of The Avengers, Thor, Ant Man, Doctor Strange, and Captain America! |url=https://www.movieweb.com/news/NE9YdebdOtt9cb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926115158/https://www.movieweb.com/news/marvels-kevin-feige-on-the-future-of-the-avengers-thor-ant-man-doctor-strange-and-captain-america |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=October 19, 2010 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeCinematicUniverse">{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Edward |date=April 25, 2010 |title=Exclusive: Marvel Studios Production Head Kevin Feige |url=https://www.superherohype.com/features/articles/100681-exclusive-marvel-studios-production-head-kevin-feige |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403200404/https://www.superherohype.com/features/articles/100681-exclusive-marvel-studios-production-head-kevin-feige |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |website=[[SuperHeroHype]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BostonApril2012">{{Cite web |last=Russo |first=Tom |date=April 25, 2012 |title=Super Group |url=https://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2012/04/29/the_avengers_collects_all_your_favorite_marvel_characters_in_one_handy_wannabe_blockbustersuper_groupthe_avengers_assembles_all_your_favorite_marvel_characters_in_one_handy_wannabe_blockbuster/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028215218/http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2012/04/29/the_avengers_collects_all_your_favorite_marvel_characters_in_one_handy_wannabe_blockbustersuper_groupthe_avengers_assembles_all_your_favorite_marvel_characters_in_one_handy_wannabe_blockbuster/?page=2 |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |website=[[Boston.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Oct2014Event">{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=Lucas |date=October 28, 2014 |title=Marvel Announces Black Panther, Captain Marvel, Inhumans, Avengers: Infinity War Films, Cap & Thor 3 Subtitles |url=https://www.newsarama.com/22573-marvel-announces-black-panther-captain-marvel-inhumans-avengers-infinity-war-films-cap-thor-3-subtitles.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028211803/https://www.newsarama.com/22573-marvel-announces-black-panther-captain-marvel-inhumans-avengers-infinity-war-films-cap-thor-3-subtitles.html |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |website=[[Newsarama]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarvelDisneyAug2015">{{Cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Kim |last2=Belloni |first2=Matthew |date=August 31, 2015 |title=Marvel Shake-Up: Film Chief Kevin Feige Breaks Free of CEO Ike Perlmutter (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/marvel-shake-up-film-chief-819205 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903181746/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/marvel-shake-up-film-chief-819205 |archive-date=September 3, 2015 |access-date=August 31, 2015 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CreativeCommitteeEnd">{{Cite web |last=Faraci |first=Drew |date=September 2, 2015 |title=The Marvel Creative Committee Is Over |url=https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2015/09/02/the-marvel-creative-committee-is-over |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905181726/https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2015/09/02/the-marvel-creative-committee-is-over |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |website=[[Birth. Movies. Death.]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CreativeCommittee2">{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |last2=Masters |first2=Kim |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Marvel's Civil War: Why Kevin Feige Demanded Emancipation from CEO Ike Perlmutter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/marvels-civil-war-why-kevin-820147 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904225510/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/marvels-civil-war-why-kevin-820147 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |access-date=September 3, 2015 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VanityFairNov2017">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Joanna |date=November 27, 2017 |title=Secrets of the Marvel Universe |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/11/marvel-cover-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130084113/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/11/marvel-cover-story |archive-date=November 30, 2017 |access-date=November 30, 2017 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MCUFilmsOnly">{{Cite web |last=Foutch |first=Haleigh |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Marvel's Netflix Heroes Were Considered for 'Infinity War', Confirm Russo Brothers |url=https://collider.com/avengers-infinity-war-netflix-marvel-characters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109110856/https://collider.com/avengers-infinity-war-netflix-marvel-characters |archive-date=January 9, 2019 |access-date=January 12, 2019 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>



<ref name="DisneyFoxDealClose">{{Cite web |last=Szalai |first=Georg |date=March 19, 2019 |title=Disney Closes $71.3 Billion Fox Deal, Creating Global Content Powerhouse |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-closes-fox-deal-creating-global-content-powerhouse-1174498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321011513/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-closes-fox-deal-creating-global-content-powerhouse-1174498 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRPhase4SDCC">{{Cite web |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=July 20, 2019 |title=Marvel Unveils Post-'Endgame' Slate with 'Eternals', 'Shang-Chi' and Multiple Sequels |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/marvel-unveils-post-avengers-endgame-plans-at-comic-con-1225869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721025858/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/marvel-unveils-post-avengers-endgame-plans-at-comic-con-1225869 |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=July 20, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Oct2019Restructure">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=October 15, 2019 |title=Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige Adds Marvel Chief Creative Officer Title; He'll Oversee All Creative & Story Initiatives |url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/kevin-feige-marvel-studios-president-adds-chief-creative-officer-marvel-title-oversees-all-creative-1202760382/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016142804/https://deadline.com/2019/10/kevin-feige-marvel-studios-president-adds-chief-creative-officer-marvel-title-oversees-all-creative-1202760382/ |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |access-date=October 15, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyInvestorDayVerge">{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Jay |last2=Gartenberg |first2=Chaim |last3=Alexander |first3=Julia |date=December 10, 2020 |title=Here are all the new Marvel, Star Wars, and other projects Disney announced at its investor day |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/10/22167976/disney-investor-day-2020-biggest-announcements-plus-marvel-star-wars-pixar-animation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211081613/https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/10/22167976/disney-investor-day-2020-biggest-announcements-plus-marvel-star-wars-pixar-animation |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2020 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FoxElements">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Brett |date=March 19, 2021 |title='Falcon and Winter Soldier' Easter Eggs: 5 Things You May Have Missed in Episode 1 |url=https://decider.com/2021/03/19/falcon-and-winter-soldier-episode-1-easter-eggs-new-world-order/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319222446/https://decider.com/2021/03/19/falcon-and-winter-soldier-episode-1-easter-eggs-new-world-order/ |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=[[Decider (website)|Decider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Madripoor">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=April 2, 2021 |title=The Falcon and the Winter Soldier shows how Marvel is weaving X-Men elements into the MCU |url=https://ew.com/tv/the-falcon-and-the-winter-soldier-episode-3-madripoor-x-men/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404205142/https://ew.com/tv/the-falcon-and-the-winter-soldier-episode-3-madripoor-x-men/ |archive-date=April 4, 2021 |access-date=April 4, 2021 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AnimationBranch">{{Cite web |last=Shanfeld |first=Ethan |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Marvel's Victoria Alonso Teases 'Mini Studio' for Animation and Discusses Representation in Superhero Stories at NALIP Summit |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/marvel-victoria-alonso-new-series-representation-1235023739/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720195617/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/marvel-victoria-alonso-new-series-representation-1235023739/ |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Alonso31Projects">{{Cite web |last=Graff |first=Nicholas |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Marvel Studios Has 31 Projects In Development Confirms Executive |url=https://screenrant.com/marvel-studios-mcu-upcoming-projects-development/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929204941/https://screenrant.com/marvel-studios-mcu-upcoming-projects-development/ |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |access-date=April 10, 2023 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeRetreatApr2022">{{Cite web |last1=Gardner |first1=Chris |last2=Giardina |first2=Carolyn |last3=McClintock |first3=Pamela |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Disney Debuts First Look at David O. Russell's Star-Packed Film, 'Lightyear' and 'Doctor Strange' at CinemaCon |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/disney-debuts-first-look-david-o-russell-movie-lightyear-doctor-strange-cinemacon-1235131216/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428212554/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/disney-debuts-first-look-david-o-russell-movie-lightyear-doctor-strange-cinemacon-1235131216/ |archive-date=April 28, 2022 |access-date=April 28, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="StewartMoM">{{Cite web |last=Garbutt |first=Emily |date=May 5, 2022 |title=The Illuminati members in Doctor Strange 2, listed and explained |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/illuminati-doctor-strange-2-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505133231/https://www.gamesradar.com/illuminati-doctor-strange-2-list/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |access-date=May 5, 2022 |website=[[Total Film]] |publisher=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MsMarvelMutation">{{Cite web |last=Kleinman |first=Jake |date=July 13, 2022 |title=Ms. Marvel Ending Explained: Is Kamala Khan a [Spoilers]? |url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/ms-marvel-ending-explained-kamala-khan-mutant-x-men |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713170914/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/ms-marvel-ending-explained-kamala-khan-mutant-x-men |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VellaniMutantConfirm">{{Cite web |last=Brail |first=Nathaniel |date=July 14, 2022 |title=Ms. Marvel Star Breaks Silence Since Mutant Reveal |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/ms-marvel-star-breaks-silence-since-mutant-reveal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715023304/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/ms-marvel-star-breaks-silence-since-mutant-reveal/ |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyStreaming">{{Cite web |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=November 9, 2017 |title=New 'Star Wars' Trilogy in Works With Rian Johnson, TV Series Also Coming to Disney Streaming Service |url=https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/star-wars-tv-series-disney-streaming-service-1202611408/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224752/https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/star-wars-tv-series-disney-streaming-service-1202611408/ |archive-date=November 10, 2017 |access-date=November 10, 2017 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeStreamingServiceJul2018">{{Cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Kevin Feige Explains How They Planned 'Ant-Man and The Wasp' Alongside 'Infinity War,' the Disney Streaming Service and More [Interview] |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/kevin-feige-interview-ant-man-and-the-wasp/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024722/https://www.slashfilm.com/kevin-feige-interview-ant-man-and-the-wasp/2/ |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2018 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Disney+SeriesSep2018">{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Loki, Scarlet Witch, Other Marvel Heroes to Get Own TV Series on Disney Streaming Service (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/loki-scarlet-witch-tv-series-marvel-disney-streaming-service-1202947551/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920012300/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/loki-scarlet-witch-tv-series-marvel-disney-streaming-service-1202947551/ |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |access-date=September 18, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeStreamingTHRNov2018">{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=November 2, 2018 |title='I'm Not Going to Get You a Bear Playing a Tambourine': The Producer Roundtable |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/2018-hollywood-reporter-producer-roundtable-1156131 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105061836/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/2018-hollywood-reporter-producer-roundtable-1156131 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EWWVNov2020CoverStory">{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Honey, I'm Chrome: Marvel prepares to take over TV with WandaVision |url=https://ew.com/tv/wandavision-marvel-cover-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110144657/https://ew.com/tv/wandavision-marvel-cover-story/ |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SDCC2022">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=July 23, 2022 |title=Marvel Studios' Phases 5 and 6: Everything We Learned at Comic-Con About the Multiverse Saga |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/marvel-studios-phase-5-phase-6-multiverse-saga-comic-con-1235323893/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724165117/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/marvel-studios-phase-5-phase-6-multiverse-saga-comic-con-1235323893/ |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeAvengersPhase6">{{Cite web |last=Lovett |first=Jamie |date=July 24, 2022 |title=Comic-Con 2022: Marvel's Kevin Feige Reveals Biggest Lessons Learned from Phase Four (Exclusive) |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/marvel-kevin-feige-biggest-lessons-mcu-phase-four-comic-con-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724233452/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/marvel-kevin-feige-biggest-lessons-mcu-phase-four-comic-con-2022/ |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2022 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarvelStudiosSpecialPresentation">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Joe |date=September 10, 2022 |title=Marvel's Werewolf by Night Trailer: Man-Thing, Elsa Bloodstone, and More Hidden MCU Details |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/marvel-werewolf-by-night-trailer-man-thing-elsa-bloodstone-hidden-mcu-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912001754/https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/marvel-werewolf-by-night-trailer-man-thing-elsa-bloodstone-hidden-mcu-details/ |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=September 12, 2022 |website=[[Den of Geek]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GotGHSMSSP">{{Cite web |last=Lovett |first=Jamie |date=September 14, 2022 |title=James Gunn Confirms Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Is a Marvel Studios Special Presentation |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-james-gunn-marvel-special-presentation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914154432/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-james-gunn-marvel-special-presentation/ |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GotGHSFirstContent">{{Cite web |last=Graves |first=Sabina |date=November 18, 2022 |title=The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special Was the First Marvel Studios Project Created for Disney+ |url=https://gizmodo.com/marvel-studios-guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-1849802143 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119072119/https://gizmodo.com/marvel-studios-guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-1849802143 |archive-date=November 19, 2022 |access-date=November 19, 2022 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarvelStudiosAnimationName">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Chris |date=January 13, 2023 |title=Inside the VFX Union Brewing in Hollywood |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/01/inside-the-vfx-union-brewing-in-hollywood.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125155224/https://www.vulture.com/2023/01/inside-the-vfx-union-brewing-in-hollywood.html |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |quote=Alonso heads up Marvel's dedicated "mini-studio," Marvel Studios Animation, which is behind such shows as ''What If ...?'' [...] and the summer 2022 series of Vin Diesel–voiced original shorts, ''I Am Groot''.}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeFeb2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=February 14, 2023 |title=Kevin Feige opens up about Phase 5, Kang, and the future of the MCU |url=https://ew.com/movies/kevin-feige-marvel-phase-5-exclusive-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214190623/https://ew.com/movies/kevin-feige-marvel-phase-5-exclusive-interview/ |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EmpireHuerta">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Namor Is 'A Dream Antagonist' For Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, Says Ryan Coogler – Exclusive Image |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/namor-is-a-dream-antagonist-for-black-panther-wakanda-forever-says-ryan-coogler-exclusive-image/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926180809/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/namor-is-a-dream-antagonist-for-black-panther-wakanda-forever-says-ryan-coogler-exclusive-image/ |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AlonsoFired">{{Cite web |last1=Donnelly |first1=Matt |last2=Vary |first2=Adam B. |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Inside Victoria Alonso's Shocking Exit From Marvel Studios |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/victoria-alonso-marvel-exit-kevin-feige-1235561995/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042551/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/victoria-alonso-marvel-exit-kevin-feige-1235561995/ |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AlonsoFiringTHRReason">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Inside the Firing of Victoria Alonso: Her Oscar-Nominated Movie 'Argentina, 1985' at Center of Exit (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvels-victoria-alonso-fired-argentina-1985-1235360231/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324210720/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvels-victoria-alonso-fired-argentina-1985-1235360231/ |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |access-date=March 24, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AlonsoFiringVarietyReason">{{Cite web |last1=Vary |first1=Adam B. |last2=Donnelly |first2=Matt |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Victoria Alonso Attorney Blasts 'Ridiculous' Claim She Was Fired Over 'Argentina, 1985,' Says Executive Was 'Silenced' by Disney (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/victoria-alonso-fired-marvel-argentina-1985-1235564419/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326170955/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/victoria-alonso-fired-marvel-argentina-1985-1235564419/ |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AlonsoFiringDeadlineReason">{{Cite web |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |last2=D'Alessandro |first2=Anthony |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Victoria Alonso Weighing Legal Action Against Disney, Marvel Over Sudden Firing; "Serious Consequences" Promises Lawyer Patty Glaser As Mouse House Points At "Indisputable Breach of Contract" |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/disney-lawsuit-threat-victoria-alonso-firing-marvel-patty-glaser-1235309916/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326165917/https://deadline.com/2023/03/disney-lawsuit-threat-victoria-alonso-firing-marvel-patty-glaser-1235309916/ |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AlonsoKuwaitTHR">{{Cite web |last1=McClintock |first1=Pamela |last2=Couch |first2=Aaron |date=March 28, 2023 |title=Victoria Alonso Clashed With Marvel Over Blurring Gay Pride References in 'Ant-Man 3' for Kuwait (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvels-victoria-alonso-clashed-with-disney-gay-censorship-1235362567/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329070631/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvels-victoria-alonso-clashed-with-disney-gay-censorship-1235362567/ |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AlonsoSettlement">{{Cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |last2=Patten |first2=Dominic |date=April 20, 2023 |title=Disney Settles With Former Marvel Exec Victoria Alonso Over Sudden Firing |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/disney-marvel-victoria-alonso-settlement-1235333060/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420214424/https://deadline.com/2023/04/disney-marvel-victoria-alonso-settlement-1235333060/ |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RobinsonKangFocus">{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Christopher |date=May 22, 2023 |title=Marvel Reportedly 'Changed All Their Plans' Due to Jonathan Majors' Performance in 'Loki' |url=https://collider.com/mcu-jonathan-majors-joanna-robinson-comments/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523152004/https://collider.com/mcu-jonathan-majors-joanna-robinson-comments/ |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IgerJul2023">{{Cite web |last=Rizzo |first=Lillian |date=July 13, 2023 |title=Disney pulling back on making Marvel, Star Wars content, Iger says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/disney-cuts-back-on-marvel-star-wars-content.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713230558/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/disney-cuts-back-on-marvel-star-wars-content.html |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IgerJul2023Variety">{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=July 13, 2023 |title=Marvel 'Diluted' Audience's 'Focus and Attention' by Making So Many Disney+ TV Shows, Says Bob Iger |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/marvel-flops-too-many-disney-tv-shows-bob-iger-1235669262/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713204332/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/marvel-flops-too-many-disney-tv-shows-bob-iger-1235669262/ |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MajorsFiredTHR">{{Cite web |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=December 18, 2023 |title=Marvel Drops Jonathan Majors After Assault, Harassment Verdict |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvel-drops-jonathan-majors-as-kang-1235391129/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218224940/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvel-drops-jonathan-majors-as-kang-1235391129/ |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IgerContentOutputMay2024">{{Cite web |last=Maas |first=Jennifer |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Marvel Will Release No More Than Three Movies and Two Shows Per Year, Bob Iger Says |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/marvel-tv-shows-movies-reduced-bob-iger-disney-1235994149/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507145349/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/marvel-tv-shows-movies-reduced-bob-iger-disney-1235994149/ |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |access-date=May 7, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeD'EspositoEmpireMay2024">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Marvel's Louis D'Esposito Reflects On 'Rough Time' At The Studio: 'We're Coming Back Strong' – Exclusive |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/marvel-louis-desposito-rough-time-studio-coming-back-strong-exclusive/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507184729/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/marvel-louis-desposito-rough-time-studio-coming-back-strong-exclusive/ |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Parliament">{{Cite web |last=Eisenberg |first=Eric |date=November 9, 2022 |title=What Is The Marvel Studios Parliament? Producer Nate Moore Explains The Role Of Marvel's Behind-The-Scenes Group |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/what-is-the-marvel-studios-parliament-producer-nate-moore-explains-the-role-of-marvels-behind-the-scenes-group |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110002238/https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/what-is-the-marvel-studios-parliament-producer-nate-moore-explains-the-role-of-marvels-behind-the-scenes-group |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyMarvel">{{Cite web |last=Vejvoda |first=Jim |date=August 31, 2009 |title=The Disney/Marvel Deal: What It Means for Movies |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/101/1019890p1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812011247/http://movies.ign.com/articles/101/1019890p1.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |access-date=May 23, 2012 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyMarvel2">{{Cite web |last1=Fixmer |first1=Andy |last2=Rabil |first2=Sarah |date=September 1, 2009 |title=Disney's Marvel Buy Traps Hollywood in Spider-Man Web (Update2) |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aU_kuPju0Ngo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110181250/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aU_kuPju0Ngo |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |access-date=May 23, 2012 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WinderbaumBannersMay2024">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=May 21, 2024 |title=Why Marvel Is Rebranding Its Television Shows to Eliminate the 'Pressure' to 'Watch Absolutely Everything' |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/marvel-television-animation-rebrand-1236011244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521175836/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/marvel-television-animation-rebrand-1236011244/ |archive-date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DPWEWCoverJun2024">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=July 2, 2024 |title=How the cameo-stacked Deadpool & Wolverine carves out a new future for Marvel's mutants |url=https://ew.com/deadpool-and-wolverine-cover-story-cameos-future-marvel-mutants-ryan-reynolds-hugh-jackman-8672079 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702214009/https://ew.com/deadpool-and-wolverine-cover-story-cameos-future-marvel-mutants-ryan-reynolds-hugh-jackman-8672079 |archive-date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=July 2, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeMutantEra">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Rodrigo |date=July 20, 2024 |title=Kevin Feige: "Of Course" All Marvel Films Won't Be R-Rated & Says "The Mutant Era" Comes Next |url=https://theplaylist.net/kevin-feige-of-course-all-marvel-films-wont-be-r-rated-says-the-mutant-era-comes-next-20240720/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722222018/https://theplaylist.net/kevin-feige-of-course-all-marvel-films-wont-be-r-rated-says-the-mutant-era-comes-next-20240720/ |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=The Playlist}}</ref>

<ref name="SDCC2024Avengers">{{Cite web |last1=Vary |first1=Adam B. |last2=Woerner |first2=Meredith |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Marvel Announces 'Avengers: Doomsday' and 'Avengers: Secret Wars' Directed by the Russo Brothers |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/avengers-secret-wars-doomsday-russo-brothers-return-1235879783/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729073232/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/avengers-secret-wars-doomsday-russo-brothers-return-1235879783/ |archive-date=July 29, 2024 |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeReleaseExpectationOct2024">{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Chris |date=November 10, 2024 |title=How Many MCU Projects Can We Expect Per Year? Kevin Feige Reveals New Release Plans |url=https://collider.com/mcu-release-schedule-update-kevin-feige/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111223503/https://collider.com/mcu-release-schedule-update-kevin-feige/ |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeNov2024">{{Cite web |last=Merican |first=Sara |date=November 20, 2024 |title=Marvel Boss Kevin Feige On 'Fantastic Four' Wrap Date, 'X-Men' & "Goosebumps" Moment Filming 'Deadpool & Wolverine' — Disney APAC Showcase |url=https://deadline.com/2024/11/marvel-kevin-feige-fantastic-four-deadpool-wolverine-asia-1236182022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120112416/https://deadline.com/2024/11/marvel-kevin-feige-fantastic-four-deadpool-wolverine-asia-1236182022/ |archive-date=November 20, 2024 |access-date=November 20, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GrammerMarvels">{{Cite magazine |last=Goodman |first=William |date=November 8, 2023 |title=The 'Marvels' Post-Credits Scene Spins the MCU in a Whole New Direction. Let's Start Freaking Out Right Now |url=https://www.gq.com/story/the-marvels-post-credits-scene-spins-the-mcu-in-a-whole-new-direction-lets-start-freaking-out-right-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108200413/https://www.gq.com/story/the-marvels-post-credits-scene-spins-the-mcu-in-a-whole-new-direction-lets-start-freaking-out-right-now |archive-date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=November 9, 2023 |magazine=[[GQ]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GrammerMarvels2">{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=November 10, 2023 |title=The Marvels ending and post-credits scene, explained |url=https://ew.com/movies/marvels-ending-post-credits-scene-explained/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111161439/https://ew.com/movies/marvels-ending-post-credits-scene-explained/ |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |access-date=November 11, 2023 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WSJMay2025">{{Cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Disney Wanted More From Marvel. Now It Wants Less. |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/movies/even-marvel-knows-its-movies-and-shows-need-to-be-better/ar-AA1E4RTf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226153333/https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/movies/even-marvel-knows-its-movies-and-shows-need-to-be-better/ar-AA1E4RTf |archive-date=February 26, 2026 |access-date=February 25, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |via=[[MSN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IgerMay2025">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=May 7, 2025 |title=Bob Iger Says 'Thunderbolts*' Is 'First and Best' Example of Marvel's New Movie Strategy: 'We Lost a Little Focus by Making Too Much' |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/bob-iger-thunderbolts-marvel-new-movie-strategy-1236389765/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507155458/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/bob-iger-thunderbolts-marvel-new-movie-strategy-1236389765/ |archive-date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=May 7, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025THR">{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |last2=McClintock |first2=Pamela |date=July 20, 2025 |title=Marvel's Kevin Feige Talks Scaling Back, Losing Kang and His Texts to James Gunn After 'Superman' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvels-kevin-feige-fantastic-four-superman-1236324127/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720191934/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvels-kevin-feige-fantastic-four-superman-1236324127/ |archive-date=July 20, 2025 |access-date=July 21, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025Deadline2">{{Cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |last2=Kroll |first2=Justin |date=July 20, 2025 |title=Kevin Feige On Fixing Superhero Fatigue & How James Gunn Gave Marvel Props For 'Superman' |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/marvel-superman-kevin-feige-1236462997/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720231706/https://deadline.com/2025/07/marvel-superman-kevin-feige-1236462997/ |archive-date=July 20, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CohenMephistoWorkout">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr |date=July 23, 2025 |title=Sacha Baron Cohen's Pumped Transformation From Borat To Marvel's Mephisto: Photos |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/sacha-baron-cohen-mephisto-pumped-transformation-photos-1236465892/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727211344/https://deadline.com/2025/07/sacha-baron-cohen-mephisto-pumped-transformation-photos-1236465892/ |archive-date=July 27, 2025 |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeConferenceJul2025TotalFilm">{{Cite web |last=Tanswell |first=Adam |date=July 21, 2025 |title="We're already well into development of the next saga": Marvel boss Kevin Feige on Fantastic Four: First Steps, Phase 6 and the future of the MCU |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/marvel-movies/were-already-well-into-development-of-the-next-saga-marvel-boss-kevin-feige-on-fantastic-four-first-steps-phase-6-and-the-future-of-the-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820144924/https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/marvel-movies/were-already-well-into-development-of-the-next-saga-marvel-boss-kevin-feige-on-fantastic-four-first-steps-phase-6-and-the-future-of-the-mcu/ |archive-date=August 20, 2025 |access-date=September 17, 2025 |website=[[Total Film]] |publisher=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref>





<ref name="TVLaunch">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Natalie |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Marvel Entertainment Launches TV Division |url=https://deadline.com/2010/06/marvel-entertainment-launches-tv-division-50150/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109054138/https://deadline.com/2010/06/marvel-entertainment-launches-tv-division-50150/ |archive-date=January 9, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="July2012TVshow">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=July 27, 2012 |title=ABC And Marvel Eying 'Avengers'-Themed TV Series |url=https://deadline.com/2012/07/abc-marvel-avengers-themed-tv-series-308430/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906003916/https://www.deadline.com/2012/07/abc-marvel-avengers-themed-tv-series/ |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AtwellAgentCarterTV">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=January 17, 2014 |title=Marvel's 'Agent Carter': Hayley Atwell, Writers, Showrunners Confirmed for ABC Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvels-agent-carter-hayley-atwell-671839 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328061358/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvels-agent-carter-hayley-atwell-671839 |archive-date=March 28, 2014 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineTVNov2013">{{Cite web |last=Lieberman |first=David |date=November 7, 2013 |title=Disney To Provide Netflix With Four Series Based on Marvel Characters |url=https://deadline.com/2013/11/disney-netflix-marvel-series-629696/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414000453/https://www.deadline.com/2013/11/disney-netflix-marvel-series/ |archive-date=April 14, 2014 |access-date=November 7, 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CloakandDaggerApr2016">{{Cite web |last=Wagmeister |first=Elizabeth |date=April 7, 2016 |title=Freeform Greenlights Marvel Romance Superhero Series 'Cloak and Dagger' (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/marvel-cloak-and-dagger-freeform-series-1201747907/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407213750/https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/marvel-cloak-and-dagger-freeform-series-1201747907/ |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=April 7, 2016 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="InhumansAnnouncement">{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2016 |title='Marvel's The Inhumans' Coming To IMAX & ABC in 2017 |url=https://marvel.com/news/tv/26993/marvels_the_inhumans_coming_to_imax_abc_in_2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607010056/https://marvel.com/news/tv/26993/marvels_the_inhumans_coming_to_imax_abc_in_2017 |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=November 14, 2016 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="InhumansAnnouncement2">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=November 14, 2016 |title=Marvel, ABC Set 'The Inhumans' TV Series |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-abc-set-inhumans-tv-series-947296 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115135720/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-abc-set-inhumans-tv-series-947296 |archive-date=November 15, 2016 |access-date=November 14, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="InhumansNoThe">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=February 28, 2017 |title='Marvel's Inhumans': 'Hell on Wheels' Anson Mount To Star As Black Bolt in ABC Series |url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/marvels-inhumans-anson-mount-black-bolt-casting-abc-1202027526/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228204116/https://deadline.com/2017/02/marvels-inhumans-anson-mount-black-bolt-casting-abc-1202027526/ |archive-date=February 28, 2017 |access-date=February 28, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RunawaysSeriesOrder">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=May 3, 2017 |title=Marvel's 'Runaways,' From 'The O.C.' Creators, Ordered to Series at Hulu |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvels-runaways-oc-creators-ordered-series-at-hulu-999805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503172119/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvels-runaways-oc-creators-ordered-series-at-hulu-999805 |archive-date=May 3, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="JJPunisherCanceled">{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=February 18, 2019 |title='The Punisher' & 'Jessica Jones' Canceled By Netflix; Latter's 3rd Season Still To Air |url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/the-punisher-jessica-jones-canceled-netflix-marvel-krysten-ritter-jon-bernthal-1202535835/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219020100/https://deadline.com/2019/02/the-punisher-jessica-jones-canceled-netflix-marvel-krysten-ritter-jon-bernthal-1202535835/ |archive-date=February 19, 2019 |access-date=February 18, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineFeigeJan2021">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Marvel Boss Kevin Feige On 'Black Panther 2' Post Boseman, 'Black Widow' Release & Why Streaming Plans Won't Burn MCU At The B.O. |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/marvel-kevin-feige-interview-wandavision-black-panther-2-chadwick-boseman-black-widow-disney-1234670774/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021809/https://deadline.com/2021/01/marvel-kevin-feige-interview-wandavision-black-panther-2-chadwick-boseman-black-widow-disney-1234670774/ |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PunisherEWApr2016">{{Cite magazine |last=Hibberd |first=James |date=April 29, 2016 |title=Marvel's The Punisher spin-off ordered by Netflix |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/29/punisher-marvel-netflix |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502095757/https://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/29/punisher-marvel-netflix |archive-date=May 2, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2016 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HuluGRH">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Leslie |date=May 1, 2019 |title='Ghost Rider,' 'Helstrom' Marvel Live-Action Dramas a Go at Hulu |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/ghost-rider-helstrom-marvel-live-action-dramas-a-go-at-hulu-1206336 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503064432/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/ghost-rider-helstrom-marvel-live-action-dramas-a-go-at-hulu-1206336 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |access-date=May 1, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarvelTVFolded">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=December 8, 2019 |title=Marvel TV Division Folded Into Studio Unit, Layoffs Expected |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211034642/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/marvel-tv-division-folded-studio-unit-layoffs-expected-1261586 |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DaredevilCormanOrd">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=May 19, 2022 |title='Daredevil' Disney+ Series in the Works With Matt Corman, Chris Ord Set to Write (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/daredevil-disney-plus-series-matt-corman-chris-ord-1235272299/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519200841/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/daredevil-disney-plus-series-matt-corman-chris-ord-1235272299/ |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>



<ref name="ChooseDirector">{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Gina |date=January 10, 2014 |title='Captain America': Chris Evans fights evil, and the present, in 'Winter Soldier' |url=https://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/captain-america-chris-evans-back-in-action-for-winter-soldier/#/7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110222355/https://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/captain-america-chris-evans-back-in-action-for-winter-soldier/ |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |access-date=January 10, 2014 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRFeb2009">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=February 25, 2009 |title=Jackson's Fury in flurry of Marvel films |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jacksons-fury-flurry-marvel-films-79882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124111926/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jacksons-fury-flurry-marvel-films-79882 |archive-date=January 24, 2014 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeContracts">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Spencer |date=July 26, 2014 |title=Comic-Con Interview: Kevin Feige Talks The Future of the Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://www.superherohype.com/news/310635-comic-con-interview-kevin-feige-talks-the-future-of-the-marvel-cinematic-universe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730081535/https://www.superherohype.com/news/310635-comic-con-interview-kevin-feige-talks-the-future-of-the-marvel-cinematic-universe |archive-date=July 30, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |website=[[SuperHeroHype]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WhedonConsultDeal">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Russ |date=August 8, 2012 |title=Marvel Has Joss Whedon on Contract Through 2015 |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/marvel-statement-joss-whedons-exclusive-contract-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027030419/https://www.slashfilm.com/marvel-statement-joss-whedons-exclusive-contract-2015/ |archive-date=October 27, 2014 |access-date=August 7, 2014 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RussosCrave">{{Cite web |last=Bibbiani |first=William |date=September 9, 2014 |title=The Russo Brothers on Captain America 2 & Captain America 3 |url=https://www.craveonline.com/film/interviews/756911-russo-brothers-captain-america-2-captain-america-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913111640/https://www.craveonline.com/film/interviews/756911-russo-brothers-captain-america-2-captain-america-3 |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |website=[[CraveOnline]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CoxFilms">{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2015 |title=Dardevil's Charlie Cox About His New-Found Love of Comic Books. |url=https://close-upfilm.com/2015/04/daredevils-charlie-cox-about-his-new-found-love-of-comic-books/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428062737/https://close-upfilm.com/2015/04/daredevils-charlie-cox-about-his-new-found-love-of-comic-books |archive-date=April 28, 2015 |access-date=April 28, 2015 |website=Close-Up Film}}</ref>

<ref name="PalickiFilms">{{Cite web |last=Tilly |first=Chris |date=October 1, 2014 |title=Adrianne Palicki Says Mockingbird Joining The Avengers Has Been Discussed |url=https://ign.com/articles/2014/10/01/adrianne-palicki-says-mockingbird-joining-the-avengers-has-been-discussed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003105356/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/01/adrianne-palicki-says-mockingbird-joining-the-avengers-has-been-discussed |archive-date=October 3, 2014 |access-date=October 2, 2014 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RussosDirectingProcess">{{Cite web |last=Foutch |first=Haleigh |date=April 30, 2016 |title=The Russo Brothers on What It Takes to Land a Marvel Directing Gig |url=https://collider.com/russo-brothers-captain-america-civil-war-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502111551/https://collider.com/russo-brothers-captain-america-civil-war-interview/ |archive-date=May 2, 2016 |access-date=May 1, 2016 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RussosWritersPhase3">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=April 11, 2016 |title=Avengers: Infinity War Parts 1 and 2 Will Be Very Different Movies |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/avengers-infinity-war-parts-1-and-2-will-be-very-diffe-1770201271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413022923/https://io9.gizmodo.com/avengers-infinity-war-parts-1-and-2-will-be-very-diffe-1770201271 |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |access-date=April 12, 2016 |website=[[io9]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeRetreats">{{Cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |date=November 4, 2016 |title=Kevin Feige on How a Marvel Movie Like 'Doctor Strange' Is Developed, & Why Time Travel Won't Ruin the MCU |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/marvel-development-process/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105094924/https://www.slashfilm.com/marvel-development-process/2/ |archive-date=November 5, 2016 |access-date=November 5, 2016 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GunnVol3Confirm">{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=April 17, 2017 |title='Guardians of the Galaxy 3': James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/guardians-galaxy-3-james-gunn-returning-write-direct-994662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082717/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/guardians-galaxy-3-james-gunn-returning-write-direct-994662 |archive-date=April 18, 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LoebJul2017">{{Cite web |last=Holloway |first=Daniel |date=July 19, 2017 |title=Marvel Television's Jeph Loeb Talks Studio's Rise, Importance of Netflix's 'Daredevil' |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/jeph-loeb-marvel-television-daredevil-defenders-1202499032/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723065348/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/jeph-loeb-marvel-television-daredevil-defenders-1202499032/ |archive-date=July 23, 2017 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FastCompany">{{Cite web |last=Laporte |first=Nicole |date=February 21, 2018 |title=The Marvel Studios Mind-Set For Making Hit After Hit |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40525480/the-marvel-studios-mind-set-for-making-hit-after-hit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223031227/https://www.fastcompany.com/40525480/the-marvel-studios-mind-set-for-making-hit-after-hit |archive-date=February 23, 2018 |access-date=February 24, 2018 |website=[[Fast Company]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WrapNewContractsDec2020">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Marvel Is Exploring New Talent Deals in Case Films End Up Going to Disney+ (Exclusive) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/marvel-studios-talent-deals-disney-exclusive/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216001549/https://www.thewrap.com/marvel-studios-talent-deals-disney-exclusive/ |archive-date=December 16, 2020 |access-date=December 16, 2020 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ActorContractsJuly2021">{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=July 7, 2021 |title=Kevin Feige and 'Black Widow' Team on Straddling Marvel's Past and Future |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/black-widow-movie-kevin-feige-scarlett-johansson-1234978262/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708080520/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/black-widow-movie-kevin-feige-scarlett-johansson-1234978262/ |archive-date=July 8, 2021 |access-date=July 8, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RamirezEWJan2017">{{Cite magazine |last=Li |first=Shirley |date=January 13, 2017 |title=The Defenders EP talks juggling four heroes – and the 'crisis' that unites them |url=https://ew.com/tv/2017/01/13/defenders-marco-ramirez-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114000228/https://ew.com/tv/2017/01/13/defenders-marco-ramirez-interview/ |archive-date=January 14, 2017 |access-date=January 13, 2017 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CoxMarvelStudios">{{Cite web |last=O'Connell |first=Sean |date=December 5, 2021 |title=Kevin Feige Confirms Daredevil Casting In The MCU And Fans Will Be Pumped |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/kevin-feige-confirms-daredevil-casting-in-the-mcu-and-fans-will-be-pumped |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206043852/https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/kevin-feige-confirms-daredevil-casting-in-the-mcu-and-fans-will-be-pumped |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PalickiFilms2">{{Cite web |last=Katunga |first=Faith |date=April 29, 2025 |title=Agents of SHIELD Star Confirms Talks to Appear In MCU Movies (& It Should Happen) |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agents-of-shield-adrianne-palicki-marvel-mcu-movie-talks-confirmed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430013340/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agents-of-shield-adrianne-palicki-marvel-mcu-movie-talks-confirmed/ |archive-date=April 30, 2025 |access-date=May 1, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="QuesadaComicBooks">{{Cite web |last=Wigler |first=Josh |date=November 1, 2010 |title=Joe Quesada Outlines Plans For 'Marvel Cinematic Universe' Comics With Movie Creators |url=https://splashpage.mtv.com/2010/11/01/joe-quesada-marvel-movies-comics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026123851/https://splashpage.mtv.com/2010/11/01/joe-quesada-marvel-movies-comics/ |archive-date=October 26, 2014 |access-date=November 1, 2010 |publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ShortsDescription">{{Cite web |last=Graser |first=Marc |date=July 23, 2013 |title=How Marvel is Turning to Short Films to Sell More DVDs, Blu-rays |url=https://variety.com/2013/biz/news/how-marvel-is-turning-to-short-films-to-sell-more-dvds-blu-rays-1200566759/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614050530/https://variety.com/2013/biz/news/how-marvel-is-turning-to-short-films-to-sell-more-dvds-blu-rays-1200566759/ |archive-date=June 14, 2014 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LaneECCC2015">{{Cite web |last=Marston |first=George |date=March 29, 2015 |title=ECCC 2015: Marvel Talks About Animated 'Avengers Disassembled' And Possible MCU Tie-Ins |url=https://www.newsarama.com/23958-eccc-2015-marvel-animation-presents.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402052229/https://www.newsarama.com/23958-eccc-2015-marvel-animation-presents.html |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=April 4, 2015 |website=[[Newsarama]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AssemblingAUniverse">{{Cite AV media |title=Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe |publisher=[[Disney–ABC Domestic Television|ABC Home Entertainment]] |year=2014 |via=[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1#Home media|''Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: The Complete First Season'' Home media, bonus material]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PilgrimCanon2015">{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=David |date=February 25, 2015 |title=Exploring Untold Tales of the Marvel Cinematic Universe in Comics Form |url=https://www.comicbookresources.com/article/corona-pilgrim-explores-untold-tales-of-the-mcu-with-ant-man-prelude-avengers-operation-hydra |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227144511/https://www.comicbookresources.com/article/corona-pilgrim-explores-untold-tales-of-the-mcu-with-ant-man-prelude-avengers-operation-hydra |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |access-date=February 28, 2015 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IM2comics">{{Cite web |last=Strom |first=Marc |date=May 17, 2010 |title=Iron Man 2: Comic Tie-ins Expand Story! |url=https://marvel.com/news/comics/2010/5/11/12458/iron_man_2_comic_tie-ins_expand_story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051517/https://marvel.com/news/comics/2010/5/11/12458/iron_man_2_comic_tie-ins_expand_story#ixzz35MXu2uIa |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |access-date=June 22, 2014 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FirstComic">{{Cite web |last=Tobin |first=Paul |date=October 20, 2008 |title=Paul Tobin on Iron Man: Fast Friends |url=https://www.newsarama.com/1332-paul-tobin-on-iron-man-fast-friends.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012170424/https://www.newsarama.com/1332-paul-tobin-on-iron-man-fast-friends.html |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=May 3, 2013 |website=[[Newsarama]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DailyBugle">{{Cite web |last=Jaworski |first=Michelle |date=September 26, 2019 |title=The Daily Bugle's website from 'Spider-Man: Far From Home' is now real |url=https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/spider-man-j-jonah-jameson-daily-bugle-website/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928230354/https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/spider-man-j-jonah-jameson-daily-bugle-website/ |archive-date=September 28, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DailyBugle2">{{Cite web |last=Welk |first=Brian |date=September 26, 2019 |title=JK Simmons' J Jonah Jameson Labels Spider-Man a 'Miscreant' on New Daily Bugle Website (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/jk-simmons-j-jonah-jameson-labels-spider-man-a-miscreant-on-new-daily-bugle-website-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928230511/https://www.thewrap.com/jk-simmons-j-jonah-jameson-labels-spider-man-a-miscreant-on-new-daily-bugle-website-video/ |archive-date=September 28, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2019 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>



<ref name="DailyDotPhases">{{Cite web |last=Jaworski |first=Michelle |date=August 15, 2018 |title=This is what the Marvel Cinematic Universe phases look like |url=https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/marvel-phases-mcu-timeline/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228054422/https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/marvel-phases-mcu-timeline/ |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FFHInfinitySaga">{{Cite web |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |date=June 24, 2019 |title=Kevin Feige Confirms Spider-Man: Far From Home Is the Conclusion to Marvel's Infinity Saga |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/06/24/spider-man-far-from-home-infinity-saga-ending-marvel-kevin-feige/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626035532/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/06/24/spider-man-far-from-home-infinity-saga-ending-marvel-kevin-feige/ |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |access-date=June 25, 2019 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DigitalSpyPhases">{{Cite web |last1=Sandwell |first1=Ian |last2=Longridge |first2=Chris |date=July 24, 2025 |title=Marvel's 'Phases' explained: What is Phase 6? What happened in Phase 3? |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a871567/marvel-phase-4-3-2-1-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926195903/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a871567/marvel-phase-4-3-2-1-mcu/ |archive-date=September 26, 2025 |access-date=September 30, 2025 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>



<ref name="LoebAug2019">{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=August 12, 2019 |title=Marvel TV Boss Jeph Loeb On Secret ABC Series, Disney+, 'Legion' End, More Crossovers, 'Ghost Rider' & Hulu Plans |url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/marvel-jeph-loeb-interview-disney-legion-netflix-runaways-ghost-rider-howard-the-duck-hulu-1202666578/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812231407/https://deadline.com/2019/08/marvel-jeph-loeb-interview-disney-legion-netflix-runaways-ghost-rider-howard-the-duck-hulu-1202666578/ |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |access-date=August 13, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HelstromNoMCU">{{Cite web |last=Barnhardt |first=Andrew |date=October 18, 2020 |title=Here's How Helstrom Connects to Marvel World |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/helstrom-is-it-connected-to-the-marvel-cinematic-universe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018083610/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/helstrom-is-it-connected-to-the-marvel-cinematic-universe/ |archive-date=October 18, 2020 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="DDBAS3Release">{{Cite web |last=Rastogi |first=Apoorv |date=September 26, 2025 |title=Fan-Favorite Marvel Series Will Return Every March |url=https://www.superherohype.com/news/630641-marvel-daredevil-born-again-mcu-march-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926130731/https://www.superherohype.com/news/630641-marvel-daredevil-born-again-mcu-march-release-date |archive-date=September 26, 2025 |access-date=September 30, 2025 |website=[[SuperHeroHype]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TotalFilmPhaseSix">{{Cite magazine |last=Edwards |first=Molly |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Marvel Phase 6 release dates, news, leaks, rumors, and more |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/marvel-phase-6-movies-shows/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220092940/https://www.gamesradar.com/marvel-phase-6-movies-shows/ |archive-date=February 20, 2026 |access-date=February 26, 2026 |magazine=[[Total Film]] |publisher=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref>





<ref name="OneShotsD+Release">{{Cite web |last=Zogbi |first=Emily |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Disney+'s MCU Hub Adds Every Marvel One-Shot |url=https://www.cbr.com/disney-plus-mcu-marvel-one-shots-all/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122033538/https://www.cbr.com/disney-plus-mcu-marvel-one-shots-all/ |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2022 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TeamThorOneShots">{{Cite web |last=Perine |first=Aaron |date=January 21, 2022 |title=5 Marvel One-Shots Just Got Added to Disney+ |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/disney-plus-5-marvel-one-shots-added/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121165303/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/disney-plus-5-marvel-one-shots-added/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2022 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TeamThorOneShotsD+Tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1484526194653466624 |user=disneyplus |title=Go for the Gold(blum) 🌟 New episodes of #TheWorldAccordingToJeffGoldblum, a new chapter of #TheBookofBobaFett, and Marvel Studios' One-Shot shorts are now streaming on #DisneyPlus! |author=[[Disney+]] |date=January 21, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121170617/https://twitter.com/disneyplus/status/1484526194653466624 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TeamThor">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=August 28, 2016 |title=Captain America Civil War: 'Team Thor' video shows what thunder god was up to |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/08/28/captain-america-civil-war-marvel-team-thor-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141433/https://ew.com/article/2016/08/28/captain-america-civil-war-marvel-team-thor-video/ |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=June 8, 2021 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TeamThorPart2">{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=February 14, 2017 |title='Thor' Mockumentary Gets the Sequel Darryl Deserves |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/thor-mockumentary-part-2-darryl-returns-chris-hemsworth-976025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609230919/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/thor-mockumentary-part-2-darryl-returns-chris-hemsworth-976025/ |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TeamDarryl">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Thor's Pal Darryl Is Back for the Ragnarok Blu-ray With a New Roommate You'll Love |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/thors-pal-darryl-is-back-for-the-ragnarok-blu-ray-with-1821959568 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117020309/https://io9.gizmodo.com/thors-pal-darryl-is-back-for-the-ragnarok-blu-ray-with-1821959568 |archive-date=January 17, 2019 |access-date=November 23, 2020 |website=[[io9]]}}</ref>



<ref name="IAmGroot">{{Cite web |last=Anderton |first=Ethan |date=December 10, 2020 |title='Guardians of the Galaxy' is Getting a Live-Action Holiday Special in 2022 Before Vol. 3 Arrives in 2023 |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-arrives-in-2022-before-vol-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211034407/https://www.slashfilm.com/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-arrives-in-2022-before-vol-3/ |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |access-date=December 10, 2020 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IAmGrootPhotoreal">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Marvel Studios Planning 'Multiple' New Animated Series Following Debut of 'What If...?' |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/marvel-what-if-animation-dave-bautista-1235039699/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811233135/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/marvel-what-if-animation-dave-bautista-1235039699/ |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IAmGrootRelease">{{Cite web |last=Lerner |first=Jessica |date=June 6, 2022 |title=Disney+ Adds I Am Groot to Summer Lineup |url=https://www.adweek.com/lostremote/disney-add-i-am-groot-summer-lineup/62146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606204803/https://www.adweek.com/lostremote/disney-add-i-am-groot-summer-lineup/62146 |archive-date=June 6, 2022 |access-date=June 6, 2022 |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IAmGrootS2Release">{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2023 |title='I Am Groot': First Trailer for Season 2 Reveals New Mischief |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/i-am-groot-season-2-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806181410/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/i-am-groot-season-2-trailer |archive-date=August 6, 2023 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="WHIHPromo">{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Brian |date=July 2, 2015 |title=Ant-Man Viral Video Brings Back an Iron Man Character |url=https://movieweb.com/ant-man-movie-leslie-bibb-christine-everhart/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703211206/https://movieweb.com/ant-man-movie-leslie-bibb-christine-everhart/ |archive-date=July 3, 2015 |access-date=February 25, 2026 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WHIHWorldNews">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Alanna |date=July 19, 2015 |title=WHiH Newsfront is a Real Marvel Cinematic Universe News Channel |url=https://www.geekchicelite.com/whih-newsfront-is-a-real-marvel-cinematic-universe-news-channel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420100842/https://www.geekchicelite.com/whih-newsfront-is-a-real-marvel-cinematic-universe-news-channel/ |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2016 |website=Geek Chic Elite}}</ref>

<ref name="Slingshot">{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Kevin |date=December 7, 2016 |title='Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Sets 'Slingshot' Digital Series for December Hiatus |url=https://screencrush.com/agents-of-shield-slingshot-digital-series/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207151928/https://screencrush.com/agents-of-shield-slingshot-digital-series/ |archive-date=December 7, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2016 |website=[[ScreenCrush]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DailyBugleTikTok">{{Cite web |last=Al-Heeti |first=Abrar |date=November 24, 2021 |title=Spider-Man: No Way Home joins TikTok with an account for The Daily Bugle |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/spider-man-no-way-home-joins-tiktok-with-an-account-for-the-daily-bugle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125005720/https://www.cnet.com/news/spider-man-no-way-home-joins-tiktok-with-an-account-for-the-daily-bugle/ |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=November 24, 2021 |publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref>



<ref name="TieInComics2">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Captain America Movie Tie-In Debuts Sunday |url=https://marvel.com/news/movies/15104/captain_america_movie_tie-in_debuts_sunday |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212225156/https://marvel.com/news/movies/15104/captain_america_movie_tie-in_debuts_sunday |archive-date=February 12, 2015 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="WakandaFiles">{{Cite web |last=Dinh |first=Christine |date=September 24, 2020 |title=Unlock Shuri's Knowledge of the Avengers and Beyond |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/unlock-shuris-knowledge-wakanda-files |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925015957/https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/unlock-shuris-knowledge-wakanda-files |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |access-date=September 24, 2020 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LookOutForTheLittleGuy">{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Rachel |date=February 2, 2023 |title=Scott Lang Announces New Memoir 'Look Out for The Little Guy' Coming this Fall |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/movies/scott-lang-memoir-look-out-for-the-little-guy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202181405/https://www.marvel.com/articles/movies/scott-lang-memoir-look-out-for-the-little-guy |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LoftLGAuthors">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=February 24, 2023 |title='Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' Writer Jeff Loveness Talks Deleted Hope Story, Jennifer Coolidge's Potential Role and 'Avengers: The Kang Dynasty' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-deleted-scene-avengers-1235333106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224183739/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-deleted-scene-avengers-1235333106/ |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>



<ref name="FanfareTyler">{{Cite web |last=Strom |first=Marc |date=November 12, 2013 |title=Introducing the New Marvel Studios Logo |url=https://marvel.com/news/story/21508/introducing_the_new_marvel_studios_logo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113054759/https://marvel.com/news/story/21508/introducing_the_new_marvel_studios_logo |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |access-date=November 12, 2013 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FanfareGiacchino">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |date=July 24, 2016 |title=Watch: Marvel Studios Debuts New Logo with Fanfare by Michael Giacchino |url=https://collider.com/marvel-studios-new-logo-fanfare-michael-giacchino/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725145310/https://collider.com/marvel-studios-new-logo-fanfare-michael-giacchino/ |archive-date=July 25, 2016 |access-date=July 30, 2016 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>



<ref name="LokiTimeline">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=James |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Where Loki Fits Into The MCU Timeline |url=https://screenrant.com/loki-mcu-timeline-set-place-when-after-endgame/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610012012/https://screenrant.com/loki-mcu-timeline-set-place-when-after-endgame/ |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2021 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WhatIfTimeline">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 1, 2021 |title='What If...?' Actor Jeffrey Wright On Chadwick Boseman's Final "Mythic" Turn As T'Challa In MCU |url=https://deadline.com/2021/08/chadwick-boseman-what-if-jeffrey-wright-creators-disney-series-1234807268/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801202517/https://deadline.com/2021/08/chadwick-boseman-what-if-jeffrey-wright-creators-disney-series-1234807268/ |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Earth-199999">{{Cite web |last=Kleinman |first=Jake |date=May 5, 2022 |title=The Marvel Multiverse Explained: Earth-616 vs. Earth-838 vs. Earth-199999 |url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/marvel-earth-616-earth-838-doctor-strange-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511134852/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/marvel-earth-616-earth-838-doctor-strange-2 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2022 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MoMUniverses">{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Bradley |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Why that number in Doctor Strange 2 got cheers in the cinema |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/616-doctor-strange-2-universe-meaning/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505140024/https://www.gamesradar.com/616-doctor-strange-2-universe-meaning/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |access-date=May 5, 2022 |website=[[Total Film]] |publisher=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NWHSMTASM">{{Cite web |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=December 13, 2021 |title='Spider-Man: No Way Home' Review: Tom Holland Cleans Out the Cobwebs of Sprawling Franchise With Multiverse Super-Battle |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/spider-man-no-way-home-review-tom-holland-1235132550/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214115857/https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/spider-man-no-way-home-review-tom-holland-1235132550/ |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AcrossTheSpiderVerse199999">{{Cite web |last=Gvozden |first=Dan |date=June 4, 2023 |title=The Definitive List of 'Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse' Easter Eggs |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/spider-man-across-the-spider-verse-easter-eggs-list-1235506838/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605002218/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/spider-man-across-the-spider-verse-easter-eggs-list-1235506838/ |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeTimelineBookQuote">{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Dais |date=October 23, 2023 |title=Kevin Feige Just Shattered MCU TV Canon |url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/kevin-feige-marvel-tv-sacred-timeline-defenders-agents-of-shield-canon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030140345/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/kevin-feige-marvel-tv-sacred-timeline-defenders-agents-of-shield-canon |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WinderbaumScreenRantJan2024">{{Cite web |last=Deckelmeier |first=Joe |date=January 3, 2024 |title=Echo Interview: Brad Winderbaum On Wilson Fisk's Importance & The Marvel Spotlight Banner |url=https://screenrant.com/echo-show-producer-brad-winderbaum-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103174654/https://screenrant.com/echo-show-producer-brad-winderbaum-interview/ |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 3, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DPWVoidCameos">{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Eric |date=July 25, 2024 |title=Deadpool & Wolverine's Cameos In The Void Are Epic And Weird |url=https://nerdist.com/article/deadpool-and-wolverine-marvel-cameos-the-void/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726154420/https://nerdist.com/article/deadpool-and-wolverine-marvel-cameos-the-void/ |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=[[Nerdist]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DPWEWCameos">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=July 26, 2024 |title=All the big Deadpool & Wolverine cameos |url=https://ew.com/deadpool-and-wolverine-cameos-8681113 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727101537/https://ew.com/deadpool-and-wolverine-cameos-8681113 |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |access-date=July 29, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>



<ref name="BettanyRoles">{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=February 6, 2014 |title=Paul Bettany to Play the Vision in Marvel's 'Avengers: Age of Ultron' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/paul-bettany-to-play-the-vision-in-marvels-avengers-age-of-ultron-1201090635/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207225607/https://variety.com/2014/film/news/paul-bettany-to-play-the-vision-in-marvels-avengers-age-of-ultron-1201090635/ |archive-date=February 7, 2014 |access-date=February 7, 2014 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SimmonsFFH">{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=Phil |date=July 3, 2019 |title=Yes, That Was Who You Thought It Was at the End of 'Spider-Man: Far From Home' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/that-was-who-you-thought-it-was-at-the-end-of-spider-man-far-from-home-jonah-jameson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604010926/https://www.thewrap.com/yes-that-was-who-you-thought-it-was-at-the-mid-credits-end-spider-man-far-from-home-j-jonah-jameson/ |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=July 4, 2019 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Kiernan">{{Cite web |last=Elvy |first=Craig |date=September 30, 2019 |title=The One Person Who Connects The MCU & Marvel Netflix Together |url=https://screenrant.com/marvel-netflix-mcu-connection-pat-kiernan-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001125310/https://screenrant.com/marvel-netflix-mcu-connection-pat-kiernan-news/ |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2020 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LeeCameo">{{Cite web |last=Leadbeater |first=Alex |date=April 27, 2017 |title=Kevin Feige Endorses Stan Lee MCU Cameo Fan Theory |url=https://screenrant.com/stan-lee-mcu-cameo-theory-marvel-kevin-feige/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142545/https://screenrant.com/stan-lee-mcu-cameo-theory-marvel-kevin-feige/ |archive-date=April 28, 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LeeCameo2">{{Cite web |last=Lovett |first=Jamie |date=May 14, 2017 |title=Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Nearly Included A Deadpool Movie Reference |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2017/05/14/guardians-of-the-galaxy-deadpool/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516164321/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2017/05/14/guardians-of-the-galaxy-deadpool/ |archive-date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 15, 2017 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LeeCameo3">{{Cite web |last=Libbey |first=Dirk |date=May 15, 2017 |title=The Mistake James Gunn Admits He Left in Guardians of the Galaxy 2 |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1659149/the-mistake-james-gunn-admits-he-left-in-guardians-of-the-galaxy-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515180437/https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1659149/the-mistake-james-gunn-admits-he-left-in-guardians-of-the-galaxy-2 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LeeForbush">{{Cite web |last=Commandeur |first=Jordan |date=March 25, 2017 |title=Iron Fist: 15 Easter Eggs And References |url=https://www.cbr.com/iron-fist-easter-eggs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230209/https://www.cbr.com/iron-fist-easter-eggs/ |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |access-date=March 26, 2017 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="StanLeeCameoPolicy">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=July 7, 2021 |title=How 'The Simpsons' Used 'Loki' to Invade the Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/the-simpsons-loki-marvel-al-jean-1235013092/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707180231/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/the-simpsons-loki-marvel-al-jean-1235013092/ |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |access-date=July 8, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Herald&Review">{{Cite web |last=Fritz |first=Ben |date=May 7, 2012 |title=The Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://herald-review.com/blogs/decaturade/the-marvel-cinematic-universe/article_c4753676-98a7-11e1-a484-001a4bcf887a.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106212004/https://herald-review.com/blogs/decaturade/the-marvel-cinematic-universe/article_c4753676-98a7-11e1-a484-001a4bcf887a.html |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |website=[[Herald & Review]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRant_2013-06-27">{{Cite web |last=Outlaw |first=Kofi |date=June 6, 2012 |title=Marvel's 'Avengers' Movie Universe: Was it Worth It? |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-marvel-movies-discussion-kofi-170312/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051956/https://screenrant.com/avengers-marvel-movies-discussion-kofi-170312/ |archive-date=May 24, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ForbesMCUReception">{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |date=October 31, 2013 |title=Review: 'Thor: The Dark World' Is Flimsy But Functional |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/10/31/review-thor-the-dark-world-is-flimsy-but-functional/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104021155/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/10/31/review-thor-the-dark-world-is-flimsy-but-functional/ |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderMCUReception">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Editorial: What Did Marvel Disassemble to Make The Avengers? |url=https://collider.com/avengers-assembly-criticism-iron-man-thor-captain-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403080051/https://collider.com/avengers-assembly-criticism-iron-man-thor-captain-america/ |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimesSHIELDReview">{{Cite web |last=McNamara |first=Mary |date=May 13, 2014 |title='Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' is a true television marvel |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-critics-notebook-agents-of-shield-20140513-column.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920055348/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-critics-notebook-agents-of-shield-20140513-column.html |archive-date=September 20, 2014 |access-date=September 19, 2014 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zap2itSHIELDReview">{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Terri |date=May 2, 2014 |title='Marvel's Agents of SHIELD' shaped up to be an incredible show |url=https://www.zap2it.com/blogs/marvels_agents_of_shield_shaped_up_to_be_an_incredible_show-2014-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017080248/https://www.zap2it.com/blogs/marvels_agents_of_shield_shaped_up_to_be_an_incredible_show-2014-05 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |access-date=September 19, 2014 |website=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NewsaramaDiscussionJan2015">{{Cite web |last1=Doran |first1=Michael |last2=McMillian |first2=Graeme |date=January 7, 2015 |title=Ant-Man Teaser Trailer Point – Counterpoint: A Misstep or An Overreaction? |url=https://www.newsarama.com/23164-ant-man-teaser-trailer-point-counterpoint-a-misstep-or-an-overreaction.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111014216/https://www.newsarama.com/23164-ant-man-teaser-trailer-point-counterpoint-a-misstep-or-an-overreaction.html |archive-date=January 11, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2015 |website=[[Newsarama]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRVillians">{{Cite web |last=McMillian |first=Graeme |date=July 18, 2015 |title=Bring on the Bad Guys: Marvel Needs Better Villains Than 'Ant-Man's' Yellowjacket |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/bring-bad-guys-marvel-needs-809686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719061518/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/bring-bad-guys-marvel-needs-809686 |archive-date=July 19, 2015 |access-date=July 18, 2015 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CNETJJ">{{Cite web |last=Priest |first=David |date=December 12, 2015 |title=How 'Jessica Jones' is rescuing Marvel from itself |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/how-jessica-jones-is-rescuing-marvel-from-itself/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111134233/https://www.cnet.com/news/how-jessica-jones-is-rescuing-marvel-from-itself/ |archive-date=January 11, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KainForbesJJ">{{Cite web |last=Kain |first=Erik |date=December 30, 2015 |title='Jessica Jones' Shouldn't Be Part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe To Begin With |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2015/12/30/jessica-jones-shouldnt-be-part-of-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-to-begin-with/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101212311/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2015/12/30/jessica-jones-shouldnt-be-part-of-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-to-begin-with/ |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TassiForbesJJ">{{Cite web |last=Tassi |first=Paul |date=November 22, 2015 |title='Jessica Jones' Makes Me Question The Point of the Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/11/22/jessica-jones-makes-me-question-the-point-of-the-marvel-cinematic-universe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125192702/https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/11/22/jessica-jones-makes-me-question-the-point-of-the-marvel-cinematic-universe/ |archive-date=January 25, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

<ref name="InverseJJ">{{Cite web |last=Francisco |first=Eric |date=January 5, 2016 |title='Jessica Jones' Doesn't Need Season Two |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/9828-jessica-jones-doesn-t-need-season-two |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125100651/https://www.inverse.com/article/9828-jessica-jones-doesn-t-need-season-two |archive-date=January 25, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2016 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WoodardSC">{{Cite web |last=Sampson |first=Mike |date=April 5, 2016 |title=Here's Who Alfre Woodard Plays in 'Captain America: Civil War' |url=https://screencrush.com/captain-america-civil-war-alfre-woodard/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413051117/https://screencrush.com/captain-america-civil-war-alfre-woodard/ |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |website=[[ScreenCrush]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WoodardSF">{{Cite web |last=Anderton |first=Ethan |date=April 6, 2016 |title=Alfre Woodard Has a Role in 'Captain America: Civil War' But It's Not Tied to 'Luke Cage' |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/alfre-woodard-in-captain-america-civil-war/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411042712/https://www.slashfilm.com/alfre-woodard-in-captain-america-civil-war/ |archive-date=April 11, 2016 |access-date=April 11, 2016 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WoodardIGN">{{Cite web |last=Erfanian |first=Sasha |date=April 6, 2016 |title=Alfre Woodard's Captain America: Civil War Character is Different Than Her Luke Cage Role |url=https://ign.com/articles/2016/04/06/alfre-woodards-captain-america-civil-war-character-is-different-than-her-luke-cage-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407130427/https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/04/06/alfre-woodards-captain-america-civil-war-character-is-different-than-her-luke-cage-role |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=April 11, 2016 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VoxCivilWarTV">{{Cite web |last=St. James |first=Emily |author-link=Emily St. James |date=May 12, 2016 |title=How Marvel films like Captain America: Civil War became the world's biggest TV show |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/5/12/11654248/captain-america-civil-war-batman-v-superman-marvel-tv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513110806/https://www.vox.com/2016/5/12/11654248/captain-america-civil-war-batman-v-superman-marvel-tv |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |access-date=May 14, 2016 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRMar2018CaptainMarvel">{{Cite web |last=Newby |first=Richard |date=March 27, 2018 |title='Captain Marvel' Looks to the Past to Ensure Marvel's Future |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/captain-marvel-brilliance-casting-old-characters-1097786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401150204/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/captain-marvel-brilliance-casting-old-characters-1097786 |archive-date=April 1, 2018 |access-date=April 1, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MorgensternEndgame">{{Cite journal |last=Morgenstern |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Morgenstern |date=April 25, 2019 |title='Avengers: Endgame' Review: A Marvelous Wrap |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/avengers-endgame-review-a-marvelous-wrap-11556124677 |url-status=live |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603163507/https://www.wsj.com/articles/avengers-endgame-review-a-marvelous-wrap-11556124677 |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |access-date=June 3, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="ScorseseNotCinema">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Breanna |date=October 4, 2019 |title=Martin Scorsese Compares Marvel Movies to Theme Parks: 'That's Not Cinema' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/martin-scorsese-marvel-theme-parks-1203360075/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005131135/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/martin-scorsese-marvel-theme-parks-1203360075/ |archive-date=October 5, 2019 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ScorseseNYTimes">{{Cite web |last=Scorsese |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Scorsese |date=November 4, 2019 |title=Martin Scorsese: I Said Marvel Movies Aren't Cinema. Let Me Explain. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/opinion/martin-scorsese-marvel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105211513/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/opinion/martin-scorsese-marvel.html |archive-date=November 5, 2019 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ScorseseTalks">{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=October 13, 2019 |title=Martin Scorsese talks 'theme park films', Netflix trade-off, de-ageing concerns |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/martin-scorsese-talks-theme-park-films-netflix-trade-off-de-ageing-concerns/5143800.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022053125/https://www.screendaily.com/news/martin-scorsese-talks-theme-park-films-netflix-trade-off-de-ageing-concerns/5143800.article |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |website=[[Screen Daily]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ScorseseIndieWire">{{Cite web |last=Lattanzio |first=Ryan |date=November 4, 2019 |title=Martin Scorsese Defends Marvel Comments in New York Times Op-Ed: These Films Have No Mystery or Risk |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/11/martin-scorsese-marvel-new-york-times-essay-1202187295/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105134005/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/11/martin-scorsese-marvel-new-york-times-essay-1202187295/ |archive-date=November 5, 2019 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CoppolaResponse">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=October 29, 2019 |title=Turns Out The Most Despicable Thing About Francis Coppola's Superhero Movie Comments Was The Faulty Translation |url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/francis-coppola-superhero-comments-walked-back-robert-evans-martin-scorsese-1202770932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029171532/https://deadline.com/2019/10/francis-coppola-superhero-comments-walked-back-robert-evans-martin-scorsese-1202770932/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MillerResponse">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=December 6, 2019 |title=George Miller On March Start Date For Next Film, More 'Mad Max', Defending Superheroes As Cinema & The Search For Depth That Makes Movies Like 'Fury Road' Unforgettable' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/george-miller-mad-max-fury-road-sequel-superhero-movie-debate-start-date-three-thousand-years-of-longing-interview-1202802441/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206233957/https://deadline.com/2019/12/george-miller-mad-max-fury-road-sequel-superhero-movie-debate-start-date-three-thousand-years-of-longing-interview-1202802441/ |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |access-date=December 22, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EmmerichFeb2022">{{Cite web |last=Crow |first=David |date=February 2, 2022 |title=Roland Emmerich: Marvel and Star Wars Are 'Ruining Our Industry' |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/roland-emmerich-marvel-star-wars-ruining-our-industry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203205135/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/roland-emmerich-marvel-star-wars-ruining-our-industry/ |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=[[Den of Geek]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VilleneuveSep2021">{{Cite web |last=Lattanzio |first=Ryan |date=September 16, 2021 |title=Denis Villeneuve Says 'Cut and Paste' Marvel Movies Have 'Turned Us Into Zombies' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/09/denis-villeneuve-marvel-movies-zombies-1234665235/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922231653/https://www.indiewire.com/2021/09/denis-villeneuve-marvel-movies-zombies-1234665235/ |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AudienceBreakdown">{{Cite web |last1=Meyers |first1=Alyssa |last2=Shevenock |first2=Sarah |date=December 6, 2021 |title=Is Gen Z Too Cool for Marvel? Just 9% of Marvel Fans Identify as Part of the Generation |url=https://morningconsult.com/2021/12/06/is-gen-z-too-cool-for-marvel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216140829/https://morningconsult.com/2021/12/06/is-gen-z-too-cool-for-marvel/ |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |access-date=May 4, 2022 |website=[[Morning Consult]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Homework">Attributed to multiple references:
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* {{Cite news |last=Salazar |first=Savannah |date=November 6, 2023 |title=Echo Will Introduce 'Marvel Spotlight' to Help Ease Your Canon Malaise |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/11/marvel-spotlight-banner.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107163520/https://www.vulture.com/2023/11/marvel-spotlight-banner.html |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Rivera |first=Joshua |date=November 6, 2023 |title=Marvel quietly admits there's too much MCU homework |url=https://www.polygon.com/23948889/marvel-spotlight-mcu-echo-standalone-too-many-movies-man |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107163520/https://www.polygon.com/23948889/marvel-spotlight-mcu-echo-standalone-too-many-movies-man |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>



<ref name="LATimesOct2012">{{Cite web |last=Fritz |first=Ben |date=October 29, 2012 |title='Justice League' aims for summer 2015 after Superman victory |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-xpm-2012-oct-18-la-et-ct-justice-league-superman-20121018-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001005624/https://www.slashfilm.com/captain-america-the-winter-soldier-takes-place-two-years-after-the-avengers/ |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=November 22, 2013 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ManofSteel">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=April 11, 2013 |title='Man of Steel' will open door for more DC Comics superhero movies – Exclusive |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2013/04/11/man-of-steel-dc-comics-superhero-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410171723/https://www.ew.com/article/2013/04/11/man-of-steel-dc-comics-superhero-movies |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |access-date=April 5, 2016 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DCSeparateUniverses">{{Cite web |last=Cornet |first=Roth |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Batman V Superman: Dawn Of Justice – Geoff Johns: 'No DC Movie/TV Crossover' |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/18/batman-v-superman-dawn-of-justice-geoff-johns-no-dc-movietv-crossover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720043725/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/18/batman-v-superman-dawn-of-justice-geoff-johns-no-dc-movietv-crossover |archive-date=July 20, 2014 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DCUntitledFilms">{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2014 |title='Batman V. Superman' Moves Release Date Again As Warner Bros Sets Its DC Game Plan |url=https://deadline.com/2014/08/batman-v-superman-new-release-date-warner-bros-dc-815462/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810040157/https://www.deadline.com/2014/08/batman-v-superman-new-release-date-warner-bros-dc/ |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |access-date=August 6, 2014 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SlashFilmNov2012">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Russ |date=November 9, 2012 |title=Mark Millar Discusses His Role in Creating a Cohesive Marvel Universe For Fox |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/mark-millar-discusses-his-role-in-creating-a-cohesive-marvel-universe-for-fox/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811005734/https://www.slashfilm.com/mark-millar-discusses-his-role-in-creating-a-cohesive-marvel-universe-for-fox/ |archive-date=August 11, 2013 |access-date=November 22, 2013 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IGNFoxSony">{{Cite web |last=Collura |first=Scott |date=November 21, 2013 |title=Sony Chief Hints That the Spider-Man Movies Will Be Getting New Heroes and Villains |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/11/21/sony-chief-hints-that-the-spider-man-movies-will-be-getting-new-heroes-and-villains |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121212355/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/11/21/sony-chief-hints-that-the-spider-man-movies-will-be-getting-new-heroes-and-villains |archive-date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=November 22, 2013 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VenomSinisterSixIGN">{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Eric |date=December 13, 2013 |title=The Amazing Spider-Man Spinoffs Venom and The Sinister Six Announced by Sony |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/12/13/the-amazing-spider-man-spinoffs-venom-and-the-sinister-six-announced-by-sony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214073033/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/12/13/the-amazing-spider-man-spinoffs-venom-and-the-sinister-six-announced-by-sony |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=December 14, 2013 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ASM2EW">{{Cite magazine |last=Vilkomerson |first=Sara |date=April 8, 2014 |title=Inside 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' – And Sony's strategy to supersize its franchise |url=https://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/04/08/amazing-spider-man-2-sony-magazine/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410050758/https://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/04/08/amazing-spider-man-2-sony-magazine/ |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |access-date=April 10, 2014 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SpideyMCU">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2015 |title=Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios into The Amazing World of Spider-Man |url=https://marvel.com/news/movies/24062/sony_pictures_entertainment_brings_marvel_studios_into_the_amazing_world_of_spider-man |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210173923/https://marvel.com/news/movies/24062/sony_pictures_entertainment_brings_marvel_studios_into_the_amazing_world_of_spider-man |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2015 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietySpidey">{{Cite web |last1=Graser |first1=Marc |last2=Lang |first2=Brent |date=February 10, 2015 |title=Spider-Man: How Sony, Marvel Will Benefit from Unique Deal (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/details-spider-man-appear-in-sony-and-marvel-movies-1201429039/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212012405/https://variety.com/2015/film/news/details-spider-man-appear-in-sony-and-marvel-movies-1201429039/ |archive-date=February 12, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2015 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FantasticFour">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Mike |date=May 12, 2014 |title='Fantastic Four' Writer-Producer Simon Kinberg on Shared Universes and the Challenges of an Origin Story |url=https://screencrush.com/fantastic-four-x-men/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325090407/https://screencrush.com/fantastic-four-x-men/ |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |access-date=April 13, 2016 |website=[[ScreenCrush]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DCMultiverse">{{Cite web |last=Wieselman |first=Jarett |date=October 23, 2014 |title=The Man at the Center of DC's TV Multiverse |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jarettwieselman/the-man-at-the-center-of-dcs-tv-multiverse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031105613/https://www.buzzfeed.com/jarettwieselman/the-man-at-the-center-of-dcs-tv-multiverse |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |access-date=October 30, 2014 |website=[[BuzzFeed]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SingerCrossover">{{Cite web |last=Falk |first=Ben |date=July 23, 2015 |title=Bryan Singer Hints at 'X-Men'/'Fantastic Four' Crossover (Exclusive) |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/bryan-singer-hints-at-x-menfantastic-four-124855361602.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725030124/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/bryan-singer-hints-at-x-menfantastic-four-124855361602.html |archive-date=July 25, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2015 |website=[[Yahoo! Movies]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SpideySpinoffs">{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Sneider |date=November 10, 2015 |title=17 Movies Shaken by Sony Hack, From 'The Interview' to 'Spectre' to 'Steve Jobs' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/17-movies-shaken-sony-hack-interview-spectre-steve-jobs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123080241/https://www.thewrap.com/17-movies-shaken-sony-hack-interview-spectre-steve-jobs/ |archive-date=January 23, 2016 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VenomMar2016">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=March 4, 2016 |title='Spider-Man' Spinoff 'Venom' Revived at Sony (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/spider-man-spinoff-venom-revived-872844 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307004753/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/spider-man-spinoff-venom-revived-872844 |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |access-date=March 6, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ASMWeek">{{Cite web |last=Meslow |first=Scott |date=February 11, 2015 |title=When franchises fail: Saying goodbye to the not-so-Amazing Spider-Man |url=https://theweek.com/articles/538652/when-franchises-fail-saying-goodbye-notsoamazing-spiderman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514071553/https://theweek.com/articles/538652/when-franchises-fail-saying-goodbye-notsoamazing-spiderman |archive-date=May 14, 2016 |access-date=May 14, 2016 |website=[[The Week]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ASMForbes">{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |date=May 13, 2014 |title=The Price Sony Paid For Rebooting 'Spider-Man' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/05/13/the-price-sony-paid-for-rebooting-spider-man/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508060028/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/05/13/the-price-sony-paid-for-rebooting-spider-man/ |archive-date=May 8, 2016 |access-date=May 14, 2016 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DCEUShakeUp">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=May 17, 2016 |title='Batman v. Superman' Fallout: Warner Bros. Shakes Up Executive Roles (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/batman-v-superman-fallout-warner-895174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519102622/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/batman-v-superman-fallout-warner-895174 |archive-date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=May 18, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VenomMar2017">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=March 16, 2017 |title='Spider-Man' Spinoff 'Venom' Gets a Release Date |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/spider-man-spin-venom-gets-a-release-date-986880 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329032507/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/spider-man-spin-venom-gets-a-release-date-986880 |archive-date=March 29, 2017 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SilverSableBlackCat">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=March 22, 2017 |title='Spider-Man' Spinoff: 'Thor' Writer Tackling Silver Sable, Black Cat Movie (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/spider-man-spinoff-thor-writer-tackling-silver-sable-black-cat-movie-988065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324222800/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/spider-man-spinoff-thor-writer-tackling-silver-sable-black-cat-movie-988065 |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VenomNotMCU">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Erik |date=March 28, 2017 |title=Exclusive Interview: 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Director Jon Watts On Easter Eggs, Iron Man, John Hughes And More |url=https://www.fandango.com/movie-news/exclusive-interview-spider-man-homecoming-director-jon-watts-on-easter-eggs-iron-man-john-hughes-and-more-752086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328230145/https://www.fandango.com/movie-news/exclusive-interview-spider-man-homecoming-director-jon-watts-on-easter-eggs-iron-man-john-hughes-and-more-752086 |archive-date=March 28, 2017 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |website=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VultureDCFilmsSep2017">{{Cite web |last=Riesman |first=Abraham |date=September 29, 2017 |title=DC Rethinks Its Universe |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/09/dc-wonder-woman-movie-strategy-universe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001025110/https://www.vulture.com/2017/09/dc-wonder-woman-movie-strategy-universe.html |archive-date=October 1, 2017 |access-date=September 29, 2017 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FoxDisneyPressRelease">{{Cite press release |title=The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., After Spinoff of Certain Businesses, For $52.4 Billion in Stock |date=December 14, 2017 |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]] |url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/walt-disney-company-acquire-twenty-first-century-fox-inc-spinoff-certain-businesses-52-4-billion-stock-2/ |access-date=December 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214141817/https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/walt-disney-company-acquire-twenty-first-century-fox-inc-spinoff-certain-businesses-52-4-billion-stock-2/ |archive-date=December 14, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="THRMarch2018SharedUniverses">{{Cite web |last=Shanley |first=Patrick |date=March 29, 2018 |title=Can Anyone Besides Marvel Make a Cinematic Universe Work? |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/marvel-cinematic-universe-why-is-it-one-works-1096504 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401053317/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/marvel-cinematic-universe-why-is-it-one-works-1096504 |archive-date=April 1, 2018 |access-date=April 1, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MorgensternDarkPhoenix">{{Cite journal |last=Morgenstern |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Morgenstern |date=June 6, 2019 |title='Dark Phoenix' Review: Taking Flight, Then Crashing and Burning |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dark-phoenix-review-taking-flight-then-crashing-and-burning-11559848050 |url-status=live |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |volume=273 |issue=132 |pages=A11 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607033111/https://www.wsj.com/articles/dark-phoenix-review-taking-flight-then-crashing-and-burning-11559848050 |archive-date=June 7, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="SSU">{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Brendan |date=August 24, 2021 |title=Sony's Spider-Man Universe Is Official Title For Non-MCU Marvel Movies |url=https://screenrant.com/spider-man-universe-sony-movie-franchise-official-title/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824133726/https://screenrant.com/spider-man-universe-sony-movie-franchise-official-title/ |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LetThereBeCarnagePostCreditsScene">{{Cite web |last=Britt |first=Ryan |date=October 1, 2021 |title=Unpacking the ''Venom: Let There Be Carnage'' Post-Credits Scene |url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/venom-2-let-there-be-carnage-post-credits-scene-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001234918/https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/venom-2-let-there-be-carnage-post-credits-scene-explained.html |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DCEU10YearPlan">{{Cite web |last=Massoto |first=Erik |date=August 5, 2022 |title=New Warner Bros. CEO David Zaslav Announces 10-Year Plan For DC Movies |url=https://collider.com/dc-movies-10-year-plan-warner-bros-ceo-david-zaslav-comments/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805154913/https://collider.com/dc-movies-10-year-plan-warner-bros-ceo-david-zaslav-comments/ |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |access-date=August 5, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PostCreditsVenom">{{Cite web |last=Sandwell |first=Ian |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Spider-Man: No Way Home credits scene explained |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a38512270/spider-man-no-way-home-venom-eddie-brock-explained-credits-scene/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216051600/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a38512270/spider-man-no-way-home-venom-eddie-brock-explained-credits-scene/ |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MaguireGarfieldSpiderManReprise">{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=December 29, 2021 |title=How ''Spider-Man: No Way Home'' Was "Shaped" by Its Secret Stars |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/spider-man-no-way-home-andrew-garfield-tobey-maguire-1235068153/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230001218/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/spider-man-no-way-home-andrew-garfield-tobey-maguire-1235068153/ |archive-date=December 30, 2021 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GunnSafranDCStudios">{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |last2=Couch |first2=Aaron |date=October 25, 2022 |title=DC Shocker: James Gunn, Peter Safran to Lead Film, TV and Animation Division (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/dc-movies-james-gunn-peter-safran-to-lead-film-tv-division-1235248438/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025211041/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/dc-movies-james-gunn-peter-safran-to-lead-film-tv-division-1235248438/ |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |access-date=October 25, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DCStudiosSlate">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=January 31, 2023 |title=DC Slate Unveiled: New Batman, Supergirl Movies, a Green Lantern TV Show, and More from James Gunn, Peter Safran |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/james-gunn-unveils-dc-slate-batman-superman-1235314176/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131171111/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/james-gunn-unveils-dc-slate-batman-superman-1235314176/ |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=January 31, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WSJDCUniverseJul2025">{{Cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |date=July 10, 2025 |title=Saving a Studio? This Looks Like a Job for Superman! |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/saving-a-studio-this-looks-like-a-job-for-superman/ar-AA1InhTo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225192500/https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/saving-a-studio-this-looks-like-a-job-for-superman/ar-AA1InhTo |archive-date=February 25, 2026 |access-date=July 11, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |via=[[MSN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeGunnMarvelDCCrossover2024">{{Cite web |last=Outlaw |first=Kofi |date=July 24, 2024 |title=Kevin Feige Comments on Marvel/DC Crossover: "Never Say Never" |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/marvel-vs-dc-mcu-dcu-crossover-event-plans-kevin-feige/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917155250/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/marvel-vs-dc-mcu-dcu-crossover-event-plans-kevin-feige/ |archive-date=September 17, 2025 |access-date=October 10, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PlannedDeadpoolPeacemakerCameo">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=October 10, 2025 |title=James Gunn Explains How the 'Peacemaker' Finale Changes the DCU Forever, Why Deadpool Almost Made a Cameo and Not Having Plans for Season 3 |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/peacemaker-finale-james-gunn-salvation-checkmate-deadpool-cameo-1236545270/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010152358/https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/peacemaker-finale-james-gunn-salvation-checkmate-deadpool-cameo-1236545270/ |archive-date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=October 10, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>



<ref name="UBaltCourse">{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2014 |title=First-of-Its-Kind Course to Examine 'Universe' of Cinematic Storytelling, Perspectives in Ongoing Marvel Films |url=https://www.ubalt.edu/news/news-releases.cfm?id=2086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923114404/https://www.ubalt.edu/news/news-releases.cfm?id=2086 |archive-date=September 23, 2014 |access-date=September 20, 2014 |website=[[University of Baltimore]]}}</ref>

<ref name="UBaltCourse2">{{Cite magazine |last=Linshi |first=Jack |date=September 24, 2014 |title=University of Baltimore to Offer Course on Marvel Movies |url=https://time.com/3423783/marvel-movies-course-university-of-baltimore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516122700/https://time.com/3423783/marvel-movies-course-university-of-baltimore/ |archive-date=May 16, 2018 |access-date=May 30, 2018 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>



<ref name="TVSpecial">{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe TV Special Premieres March 18 on ABC |url=https://marvel.com/news/tv/2014/2/27/22035/marvel_studios_assembling_a_universe_tv_special_premieres_march_18_on_abc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228110110/https://marvel.com/news/tv/2014/2/27/22035/marvel_studios_assembling_a_universe_tv_special_premieres_march_18_on_abc |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |access-date=February 27, 2014 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TVSpecialAntMan">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=March 18, 2014 |title='Avengers: Age of Ultron': Marvel reveals new Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver concept art |url=https://ew.com/article/2014/03/18/avengers-age-of-ultron-marvel-reveals-new-scarlet-witch-and-quicksilver-concept-art/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224151738/https://ew.com/article/2014/03/18/avengers-age-of-ultron-marvel-reveals-new-scarlet-witch-and-quicksilver-concept-art/ |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=June 9, 2021 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietySpecialReview">{{Cite web |last=Lowry |first=Brian |date=March 16, 2014 |title=TV Review: 'Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe' |url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/reviews/tv-review-marvel-studios-assembling-a-universe-1201131868/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319080517/https://variety.com/2014/tv/reviews/tv-review-marvel-studios-assembling-a-universe-1201131868/ |archive-date=March 19, 2014 |access-date=March 18, 2014 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SHIELDS1HomeMedia">{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Matt |date=May 30, 2014 |title=Marvel's Agents of SHIELD Blu-ray And DVD Details |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/30/marvels-agents-of-shield-blu-ray-and-dvd-details |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531144217/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/30/marvels-agents-of-shield-blu-ray-and-dvd-details |archive-date=May 31, 2014 |access-date=May 30, 2014 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>



<ref name="BellSep2014">{{Cite web |last=Connelly |first=Brendon |date=September 11, 2014 |title=Exclusive! Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Showrunner Talks Interconnection With Avengers: Age Of Ultron, Agent Carter, & Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://comicbook.com/2014/09/11/exclusive-agents-of-s-h-i-e-l-d-s-showrunner-jeffrey-bell/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915003747/https://comicbook.com/2014/09/11/exclusive-agents-of-s-h-i-e-l-d-s-showrunner-jeffrey-bell/ |archive-date=September 15, 2014 |access-date=September 14, 2014 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PulptoPop">{{Cite web |last=Cavanaugh |first=Patrick |date=October 9, 2014 |title=Marvel to Celebrate 75 Years With 1-Hour Primetime Special on ABC |url=https://marvel.com/news/tv/23433/marvel_to_celebrate_75_years_with_1-hour_primetime_special_on_abc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011133027/https://marvel.com/news/tv/23433/marvel_to_celebrate_75_years_with_1-hour_primetime_special_on_abc |archive-date=October 11, 2014 |access-date=October 9, 2014 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietySpecial2Review">{{Cite web |last=Lowry |first=Brian |date=November 4, 2014 |title=TV Review: 'Marvel, 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!' |url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/reviews/tv-review-marvel-75-years-from-pulp-to-pop-1201346145/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104232919/https://variety.com/interstitial/ |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |access-date=November 4, 2014 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IGNSpecial2Review">{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Eric |date=November 4, 2014 |title=Looking Back at How The Marvel Age Began |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/04/marvel-75-years-from-pulp-to-pop-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105040748/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/04/marvel-75-years-from-pulp-to-pop-review |archive-date=November 5, 2014 |access-date=November 4, 2014 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>



<ref name="ExpandingTheUniverse">{{Cite web |last=Gelman |first=Samuel |date=November 11, 2019 |title=Expanding the Universe: Disney+ Offering New Look at Marvel Original Series |url=https://www.cbr.com/expanding-the-universe-disney-marvel-original-series/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112012313/https://www.cbr.com/expanding-the-universe-disney-marvel-original-series/ |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2019 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>



<ref name="BilibiliPerformance">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=December 23, 2020 |title=Marvel Studios Announces New Year's 2021 Musical Show |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/marvel-studios-musical-channel-new-years-special/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224004925/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/marvel-studios-musical-channel-new-years-special/ |archive-date=December 24, 2020 |access-date=December 24, 2020 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BilibiliPerformance2">{{Cite web |last=Marnell |first=Blair |date=December 31, 2020 |title=Watch Marvel Studios' New Year's Eve Musical Medley |url=https://www.superherohype.com/movies/491214-watch-marvel-studios-new-years-eve-musical-medley |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101082334/https://www.superherohype.com/movies/491214-watch-marvel-studios-new-years-eve-musical-medley |archive-date=January 1, 2021 |access-date=January 10, 2021 |website=[[SuperHeroHype]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Disney+DaySpecial">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=September 21, 2021 |title='Shang-Chi' Heading Into Homes On November 12, Which Bob Chapek Announces As "Disney+ Day"; Here's Lineup Of Content |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/shang-chi-disney-day-bob-chapek-theatrical-exhibition-1234841512/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921200605/https://deadline.com/2021/09/shang-chi-disney-day-bob-chapek-theatrical-exhibition-1234841512/ |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |access-date=September 21, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Disney+Day">{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=November 8, 2021 |title=Disney Plus Priced at $1.99 for First Month as Part of Company-Wide 'Disney Plus Day' Promotions |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/disney-plus-day-2021-price-discount-1235106404/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108183553/https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/disney-plus-day-2021-price-discount-1235106404/ |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Legends">{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Rachel |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Marvel Studios Announces New Series Debuting Exclusively on Disney+ |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-studios-legends-new-series-disney-plus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215151931/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-studios-legends-new-series-disney-plus |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |access-date=December 15, 2020 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LokiLegends">{{Cite web |last=Dela Paz |first=Maggie |date=May 18, 2021 |title=Disney+ June 2021 Schedule: Movies and TV Titles Revealed |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/news/1174328-disney-june-2021-schedule-movies-and-tv-titles-revealed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518172426/https://www.comingsoon.net/tv/news/1174328-disney-june-2021-schedule-movies-and-tv-titles-revealed |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |access-date=May 18, 2021 |website=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BWLegendsLokiAssembled">{{Cite web |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |date=June 16, 2021 |title=Disney+: Every Movie and TV Show Arriving in July 2021 |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/disney-plus-july-2021-movies-tv-new-originals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616191848/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/disney-plus-july-2021-movies-tv-new-originals/ |archive-date=June 16, 2021 |access-date=June 16, 2021 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Assembled">{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Rachel |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Marvel Studios Announces Assembled, a Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Making of the Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-studios-assembled-behind-the-scenes-mcu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216155303/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-studios-assembled-behind-the-scenes-mcu |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="VoicesRisingMarvel">{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2023 |title=Now Streaming on Disney+: 'Voices Rising: The Music of Wakanda Forever' |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/now-streaming-on-disney-voices-rising-the-music-of-wakanda-forever |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228190212/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/now-streaming-on-disney-voices-rising-the-music-of-wakanda-forever |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DocsPlannedD+Removal">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Disney Removes Dozens Of Series From Disney+ & Hulu, Including 'Big Shot', 'Willow', 'Y' & 'Dollface' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/disney-remove-series-streaming-disney-plus-hulu-big-shot-willow-y-dollface-turner-hooch-pistol-1235372512/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521163859/https://deadline.com/2023/05/disney-remove-series-streaming-disney-plus-hulu-big-shot-willow-y-dollface-turner-hooch-pistol-1235372512/ |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>



<ref name="SuperWomenCasting">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2021 |title=Marvel Studios Casting Call: Super Women of the MCU |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-studios-casting-call-super-women-of-the-mcu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611000938/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/marvel-studios-casting-call-super-women-of-the-mcu |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |access-date=June 10, 2021 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MPower">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2023 |title=Everything New You Can Stream on Disney+ in March 2023 |url=https://d23.com/everything-new-you-can-stream-on-disney-in-march-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219022645/https://d23.com/everything-new-you-can-stream-on-disney-in-march-2023/ |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |website=[[D23 (Disney)|D23]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MPowerComicBookDetails">{{Cite web |last=Perine |first=Aaron |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Marvel Releases MPower Disney+ Documentary Series Trailer |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/marvel-mpower-disney-plus-documentary-trailer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308165513/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/marvel-mpower-disney-plus-documentary-trailer/ |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MPowerMarvelDetails">{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Original Series 'MPower' is Now Streaming on Disney+ |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/mpower-now-streaming-disney-plus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308145145/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/mpower-now-streaming-disney-plus |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MPower/FilmDetails">{{Cite web |last=Conagelo |first=BJ |date=March 8, 2023 |title=The Women Of The MCU Deserve Your Attention In MPower, Now On Disney+ |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1221976/the-women-of-the-mcu-deserve-your-attention-in-mpower-now-on-disney/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308220716/https://www.slashfilm.com/1221976/the-women-of-the-mcu-deserve-your-attention-in-mpower-now-on-disney/ |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MPowerCGMagazineDetails">{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Philip |date=March 8, 2023 |title=MPower A New Disney+ Series Debuts Today, Highlighting The Mightiest Women In Marvel |url=https://www.cgmagonline.com/news/mpower-debuts-today-on-disney/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311110156/https://www.cgmagonline.com/news/mpower-debuts-today-on-disney/ |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=CGMagazine}}</ref>

<ref name="MPowerMarvelInterview">{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Rachel |date=March 16, 2023 |title=MPower: Mariel and Cisely Saldaña Talk Their Behind-the-Scenes Work on the Series |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/mpower-mariel-cisely-saldana-behind-the-scenes-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318182945/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/mpower-mariel-cisely-saldana-behind-the-scenes-interview |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MPowerSRBWInsult">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Kai |date=March 16, 2023 |title=The MCU's Latest Streaming Series Is An Insult To An Original Avenger |url=https://screenrant.com/mcu-mpower-insult-black-widow-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318183126/https://screenrant.com/mcu-mpower-insult-black-widow-legacy/ |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>



<ref name="IM3Disneyland">{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Eric |date=April 12, 2013 |title=Disneyland Introduces Their First Marvel Exhibit with Iron Man Tech |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/13/disneyland-introduces-their-first-marvel-exhibit-with-iron-man-tech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220132855/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/13/disneyland-introduces-their-first-marvel-exhibit-with-iron-man-tech |archive-date=February 20, 2014 |access-date=April 13, 2013 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ThorTDWDisneyland">{{Cite web |last=Lesnick |first=Silas |date=October 25, 2013 |title=CS Explores Disneyland's Thor: The Dark World Attraction, Treasures of Asgard |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=110668 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203170006/https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=110668 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=October 26, 2013 |website=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CapTWSDisneyland">{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Shawn |date=February 10, 2014 |title=Captain America Arrives at Disneyland Park in Anaheim March 7 |url=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2014/02/captain-america-arrives-at-disneyland-park-in-anaheim-march-7/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715024302/https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2014/02/captain-america-arrives-at-disneyland-park-in-anaheim-march-7/ |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |access-date=February 10, 2014 |website=[[Disney Parks|Disney Parks Blog]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GOMA">{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2016 |title='Marvel: Creating The Cinematic Universe' Comes To GOMA |url=https://blog.qagoma.qld.gov.au/marvel-creating-the-cinematic-universe-comes-to-goma/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223608/https://blog.qagoma.qld.gov.au/marvel-creating-the-cinematic-universe-comes-to-goma/ |archive-date=November 5, 2016 |access-date=November 5, 2016 |publisher=[[Queensland Gallery of Modern Art]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GOMASMH">{{Cite web |last=Stafford |first=Andrew |date=May 16, 2017 |title=Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe at GOMA sets the superheroes among us |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/marvel-creating-the-cinematic-universe-at-goma-sets-the-superheroes-among-us-20170522-gwa1cc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318180534/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/marvel-creating-the-cinematic-universe-at-goma-sets-the-superheroes-among-us-20170522-gwa1cc.html |archive-date=March 18, 2024 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VRDamageControl">{{Cite web |last=Whitbrook |first=James |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Test Out Shuri's Latest Gadgets in ILM's New Marvel VR Experience, Avengers: Damage Control |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/test-out-shuris-latest-gadgets-in-ilms-new-marvel-vr-ex-1838741351 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003174402/https://io9.gizmodo.com/test-out-shuris-latest-gadgets-in-ilms-new-marvel-vr-ex-1838741351 |archive-date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=October 3, 2019 |website=[[io9]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VRDamageControlExtended">{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Rachel |date=November 18, 2019 |title='Avengers: Damage Control' Extended: Team Up to Fight Alongside Earth's Mightiest Heroes |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/avengers-damage-control-extended-dates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118233833/https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/avengers-damage-control-extended-dates |archive-date=November 18, 2019 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarquandDC">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=October 15, 2019 |title=Avengers: Damage Control Recasts James Spader's Ultron |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-damage-control-recasts-james-spaders-ultron/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302032936/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-damage-control-recasts-james-spaders-ultron/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=October 28, 2021 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="AvengersSTATIONEW">{{Cite magazine |last=Towers |first=Andrea |date=May 30, 2014 |title=Marvel's 'Avengers' S.T.A.T.I.O.N. exhibit: We took the tour (and chatted with Stan Lee) |url=https://popwatch.ew.com/2014/05/30/the-avengers-exhibit-new-york/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022103551/https://popwatch.ew.com/2014/05/30/the-avengers-exhibit-new-york/ |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |access-date=September 20, 2014 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AvengersSTATIONClosing">{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Craig |date=October 6, 2015 |title=10 Essential Exhibits at Marvel's Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. |url=https://www.newyork.com/articles/attractions/10-essential-exhibits-at-marvels-avengers-s-t-a-t-i-o-n-86371/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327025217/https://www.newyork.com/articles/attractions/10-essential-exhibits-at-marvels-avengers-s-t-a-t-i-o-n-86371/ |archive-date=March 27, 2015 |access-date=August 24, 2015 |website=NewYork.com}}</ref>

<ref name="STATIONKorea">{{Cite web |last=Hyo-won |first=Lee |date=April 17, 2015 |title=South Korea Hypes Up for 'Avengers: Age of Ultron' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-korea-hypes-up-avengers-789522 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006091553/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-korea-hypes-up-avengers-789522 |archive-date=October 6, 2016 |access-date=June 25, 2016 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="STATIONLasVegas">{{Cite web |last=Victory Hill Exhibitions |date=June 25, 2016 |title=Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. Immersive Attraction Opens in Las Vegas |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/avengers-t-t-o-n-140000262.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813205257/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/avengers-t-t-o-n-140000262.html |archive-date=August 13, 2016 |access-date=June 25, 2016 |publisher=[[Yahoo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="STATIONLasVegas2">{{Cite web |last=Ouellette |first=Jennifer |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Explore the Science of The Avengers with This Sneak Peek into a New Vegas Exhibit |url=https://gizmodo.com/explore-the-science-of-the-avengers-with-this-sneak-pee-1782300625 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626140933/https://gizmodo.com/explore-the-science-of-the-avengers-with-this-sneak-pee-1782300625 |archive-date=June 26, 2016 |access-date=June 25, 2016 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AvengersSTATIONDailyNews">{{Cite web |last=Sacks |first=Ethan |date=May 25, 2014 |title=Exclusive: Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N exhibit fan-tastic blend of props, high-tech |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/exclusive-avengers-s-t-t-o-n-exhibit-fan-tastic-article-1.1804244 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925104435/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/exclusive-avengers-s-t-t-o-n-exhibit-fan-tastic-article-1.1804244 |archive-date=September 25, 2014 |access-date=September 20, 2014 |website=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |location=New York}}</ref>



<ref name="DisneyParksMar2018">{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=Erin |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Avengers and Other Super Heroes to Assemble in New Themed Areas at Disneyland Resort, Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland |url=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2018/03/avengers-and-other-super-heroes-to-assemble-in-new-themed-areas-at-disneyland-resort-disneyland-paris-and-hong-kong-disneyland/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063239/https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2018/03/avengers-and-other-super-heroes-to-assemble-in-new-themed-areas-at-disneyland-resort-disneyland-paris-and-hong-kong-disneyland/ |archive-date=March 21, 2018 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |website=[[Disney Parks|Disney Parks Blog]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyDisneyParks">{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Marvel-Themed Lands Coming to Three Disney Parks |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/marvel-land-disneyland-california-paris-hong-kong-1202731764/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322210056/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/marvel-land-disneyland-california-paris-hong-kong-1202731764/ |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AvengersCampusMultiverse">{{Cite web |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=April 3, 2020 |title=Avengers Campus: Thanos Snap Never Happened in Disney Parks Version of the Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-campus-thanos-snap-never-happened-disney-parks-version-marvel-cinematic-universe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119212547/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-campus-thanos-snap-never-happened-disney-parks-version-marvel-cinematic-universe/ |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |access-date=February 14, 2021 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyParisJuly2022">{{Cite web |last=Perine |first=Aaron |date=November 20, 2021 |title=Disney Announces New Avengers Campus Opening Date |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/disney-new-avengers-campus-opening-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120153316/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/disney-new-avengers-campus-opening-date/ |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="GotGBreakout">{{Cite web |last=Ching |first=Albert |date=July 23, 2016 |title=SDCC: Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets |url=https://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-marvel-studios-reveals-latest-phase-3-secrets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725143033/https://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-marvel-studios-reveals-latest-phase-3-secrets |archive-date=July 25, 2016 |access-date=July 24, 2016 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GotGBreakout2">{{Cite web |last=Marston |first=George |date=July 23, 2016 |title=Star-Lord's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail |url=https://www.newsarama.com/30349-star-lord-s-father-confirmed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053349/https://www.newsarama.com/30349-star-lord-s-father-confirmed.html |archive-date=July 24, 2016 |access-date=July 24, 2016 |website=[[Newsarama]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GotGBreakoutGunn">{{Cite web |last=Dolloff |first=Matt |date=May 28, 2017 |title=James Gunn Reflects on Guardians of the Galaxy: Mission Breakout Experience |url=https://screenrant.com/james-gunn-guardians-galaxy-mission-breakout-ride-experience/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531044332/https://screenrant.com/james-gunn-guardians-galaxy-mission-breakout-ride-experience/ |archive-date=May 31, 2017 |access-date=July 5, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GotGBreakoutOpening">{{Cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Tracy |last2=Martens |first2=Todd |date=February 15, 2017 |title=Disney sets opening date for Guardians of the Galaxy attraction at California Adventure |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-disney-guardians-galaxy-ride-california-adventure-20170215-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217022208/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-disney-guardians-galaxy-ride-california-adventure-20170215-story.html |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GotGBreakoutMCUConnection">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=May 25, 2017 |title=The New Guardians of the Galaxy Ride Exists in Its Own Unique Marvel Universe |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-new-guardians-of-the-galaxy-ride-exists-in-its-own-1795437971 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528101348/https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-new-guardians-of-the-galaxy-ride-exists-in-its-own-1795437971 |archive-date=May 28, 2017 |access-date=May 29, 2017 |website=[[io9]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HollandWebSlingers">{{Cite web |last=Whitbrook |first=James |date=January 19, 2021 |title=Watch Tom Holland Thwip Around Disneyland's New Spider-Man Ride |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/watch-tom-holland-thwip-around-disneylands-new-spider-m-1846086546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120020338/https://io9.gizmodo.com/watch-tom-holland-thwip-around-disneylands-new-spider-m-1846086546 |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |website=[[io9]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WaittWebSlingers">{{Cite web |title=Chris Waitt Portfolio – Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure |url=https://www.chriswaitt.com/portfolio/web-slingers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408225703/https://www.chriswaitt.com/portfolio/web-slingers |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=ChrisWaitt.com}}</ref>

<ref name="RogersMusicalDCA">{{Cite web |last=Graves |first=Sabina |date=June 20, 2023 |title=Get in Line for Marvel Studios' Rogers: The Musical at Disney Parks |url=https://gizmodo.com/rogers-the-musical-disney-parks-marvel-studios-mcu-dca-1850557616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621084210/https://gizmodo.com/rogers-the-musical-disney-parks-marvel-studios-mcu-dca-1850557616 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>



<ref name="IronManExperience">{{Cite web |last=Chu |first=Karen |date=October 8, 2013 |title=Hong Kong Disneyland to Open 'Iron Man' Experience in 2016 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hong-kong-disneyland-open-iron-644562 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322082418/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hong-kong-disneyland-open-iron-644562 |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IMExpDS">{{Cite web |last=Read-Dominguez |first=Jennifer |date=January 16, 2017 |title=First look: Iron Man Experience opens in Disneyland Hong Kong – complete with Iron Girls |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/iron-man/news/a819131/first-look-iron-man-experience-disneyland-hong-kong-marvel-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322084948/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/iron-man/news/a819131/first-look-iron-man-experience-disneyland-hong-kong-marvel-ride/ |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IMExpStarkExpo">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=November 8, 2018 |title=A Look Inside of Hong Kong Disney's Iron Man Experience Ride |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2016/11/08/a-look-inside-of-hong-kong-disneys-iron-man-experience-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325044219/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2016/11/08/a-look-inside-of-hong-kong-disneys-iron-man-experience-ride |archive-date=March 25, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IMExpMKIII">{{Cite web |title=Iron Man Experience – Presented by AIA |url=https://www.hongkongdisneyland.com/attractions/iron-man-experience/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081939/https://www.hongkongdisneyland.com/attractions/iron-man-experience/ |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=[[Hong Kong Disneyland]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IMExpReleaseDate">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Thomas |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Opening Date Set for Iron Man Experience, Hong Kong Disneyland's Marvel-Themed Ride |url=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/11/opening-date-set-for-iron-man-experience-hong-kong-disneylands-marvel-themed-ride/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802125338/https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/11/opening-date-set-for-iron-man-experience-hong-kong-disneylands-marvel-themed-ride/ |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=[[Disney Parks|Disney Parks Blog]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AMWaspRide">{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joel |date=February 14, 2018 |title=Disney unveils new Ant-Man and the Wasp ride images |url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/02/14/hong-kong-disneyland-ant-man-and-the-wasp-ride-images/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130731/https://ew.com/movies/2018/02/14/hong-kong-disneyland-ant-man-and-the-wasp-ride-images/ |archive-date=March 21, 2018 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AMWaspRideName">{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=July 25, 2018 |title='Ant-Man and the Wasp' Theme Park Ride Heads to Hong Kong Disneyland |url=https://variety.com/2018/biz/asia/ant-man-and-the-wasp-nano-battle-hong-kong-disneyland-1202883832/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234141/https://variety.com/2018/biz/asia/ant-man-and-the-wasp-nano-battle-hong-kong-disneyland-1202883832/ |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |access-date=July 26, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AMWaspRideOpen">{{Cite news |date=January 8, 2019 |title=Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! set to open on March 31, 2019 |url=https://news-en.hongkongdisneyland.com/PressReleases/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?AssetId=e8f6d4b7-847d-4797-99a7-9f1a970c05a7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104094408/http://news-en.hongkongdisneyland.com/PressReleases/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?AssetId=e8f6d4b7-847d-4797-99a7-9f1a970c05a7 |archive-date=November 4, 2019 |access-date=January 8, 2019 |publisher=[[Hong Kong Disneyland]]}}</ref>



<ref name="DisneyWish">{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Rachel |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Science and Cuisine Collide with 'Avengers: Quantum Encounter' Dining Experience Aboard the Disney Wish |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/avengers-quantum-encounter-dining-experience-disney-wish |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708151056/https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/avengers-quantum-encounter-dining-experience-disney-wish |archive-date=July 8, 2021 |access-date=July 8, 2021 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyWishDelay">{{Cite web |last=Tribou |first=Richard |date=February 3, 2022 |title=Disney Cruise Line delays debut of Disney Wish at Port Canaveral |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/tourism/os-bz-disney-cruise-line-disney-wish-delay-20220203-zzuva27445ea7h6ksmrjueqy4q-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217194427/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/tourism/os-bz-disney-cruise-line-disney-wish-delay-20220203-zzuva27445ea7h6ksmrjueqy4q-story.html |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[Orlando Sentinel]]}}</ref>

<ref name="QuantumEncounter">{{Cite web |last=Sternberg |first=Sabrina |date=October 26, 2021 |title=Brie Larson, Paul Rudd, Anthony Mackie and More to Star in Marvel Dining Adventure on Disney Wish Cruise Ship |url=https://collider.com/brie-larson-paul-rudd-anthony-mackie-avengers-quantum-encounter-disney-wish/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026230737/https://collider.com/brie-larson-paul-rudd-anthony-mackie-avengers-quantum-encounter-disney-wish/ |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="QuantumEncounterPolygon">{{Cite web |last=Goslin |first=Austen |date=October 26, 2021 |title=Disney made a new Avengers show but you'll have to take a cruise to see it |url=https://www.polygon.com/22746704/disney-wish-avengers-quantom-encounter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026202421/https://www.polygon.com/22746704/disney-wish-avengers-quantom-encounter |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |access-date=October 28, 2021 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WaittQuantumEncounter">{{Cite web |last=Jirak |first=Jamie |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Ant-Man Star Paul Rudd Appears in New Photo for Avengers: Quantum Encounter |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/ant-man-star-paul-rudd-appears-in-new-photo-for-avengers-quantum-encounter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408225051/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/ant-man-star-paul-rudd-appears-in-new-photo-for-avengers-quantum-encounter/ |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WaittWebsite">{{Cite web |title=Chris Waitt Portfolio – Avengers: Quantum Encounter |url=https://www.chriswaitt.com/portfolio/avengers-quantum-encounter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408225339/https://www.chriswaitt.com/portfolio/avengers-quantum-encounter |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=ChrisWaitt.com}}</ref>

<ref name="VellaniQuantumEncounter">{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Rachel |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Ms. Marvel Boards the Disney Wish and Joins 'Avengers: Quantum Encounter' |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/ms-marvel-disney-wish-avengers-quantum-encounter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616162609/https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/ms-marvel-disney-wish-avengers-quantum-encounter |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |access-date=June 16, 2022 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DaCostaQuantumEncounter">{{Cite web |last=Libbey |first=Dirk |date=July 2, 2022 |title=The Marvels' Director Actually Teamed Up With Brie Larson For A Disney Project Ahead Of Her MCU Debut |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/the-marvels-director-actually-teamed-up-with-brie-larson-for-a-disney-project-ahead-of-her-mcu-debut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224647/https://www.cinemablend.com/interviews/the-marvels-director-actually-teamed-up-with-brie-larson-for-a-disney-project-ahead-of-her-mcu-debut |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyTreasure">{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2023 |title=Disney Treasure Sets Sail with Worlds of Marvel Restaurant |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/disney-cruise-line-treasure-worlds-of-marvel-restaurant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916141326/https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/disney-cruise-line-treasure-worlds-of-marvel-restaurant |archive-date=September 16, 2023 |access-date=September 17, 2023 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="SimpsonsShort">{{Cite web |last=Ferme |first=Antonio |date=June 30, 2021 |title=Loki and Bart Simpson Team Up in Marvel-'Simpsons' Crossover Short on Disney Plus |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/loki-simpsons-marvel-disney-plus-1235008558/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630180725/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/loki-simpsons-marvel-disney-plus-1235008558/ |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |access-date=June 30, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Guidebook">{{Cite web |last=Cowen |first=Trace William |date=September 9, 2015 |title=Earn a PhD in Marvel With the Official 'Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe' Series |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/09/marvel-announces-guidebook-to-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911224555/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/09/marvel-announces-guidebook-to-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-series |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |access-date=September 9, 2015 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GuidebookThor">{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2015 |title=Preview: Guidebook To The Marvel Cinematic Universe – Marvel's Thor #1 |url=https://www.comicbookresources.com/comic-previews/guidebook-to-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-marvels-thor-1-marvel-comics-2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202005909/https://www.comicbookresources.com/comic-previews/guidebook-to-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-marvels-thor-1-marvel-comics-2015 |archive-date=February 2, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2016 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GuidebookCapTFA">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2016 |title=Preview: Guidebook To The Marvel Cinematic Universe – Marvel's Captain America: The First Avenger #1 |url=https://www.comicbookresources.com/comic-previews/guidebook-marvel-cinematic-universe-marvels-captain-america-first-avenger-1-marvel-comics-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080027/https://www.comicbookresources.com/comic-previews/guidebook-marvel-cinematic-universe-marvels-captain-america-first-avenger-1-marvel-comics-2016 |archive-date=January 26, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2016 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TitanFirstTenYears">{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Matthew |date=November 6, 2018 |title=Marvel Studios' Kevin Feige Talks 'The First Ten Years' In New Collectors Hardcover |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2018/11/06/marvel-studios-first-ten-years-collectors-hardcover-excerpt-kevi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116163901/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2018/11/06/marvel-studios-first-ten-years-collectors-hardcover-excerpt-kevi/ |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |access-date=November 24, 2018 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MakingOfMCU">{{Cite web |last=Dinh |first=Christine |date=May 17, 2021 |title=The Definitive Story of How Marvel Studios Created the Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/movies/marvel-studios-making-of-marvel-cinematic-universe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518023327/https://www.marvel.com/articles/movies/marvel-studios-making-of-marvel-cinematic-universe |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |access-date=May 18, 2021 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MCUReignOfMarvelStudios">{{Cite magazine |last=Lenker |first=Maureen Lee |date=April 26, 2023 |title=MCU: The Reign of Marvel Studios takes you behind the scenes of the Marvel Cinematic Universe — see the cover |url=https://ew.com/books/mcu-the-reign-of-marvel-book-cover-reveal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426171344/https://ew.com/books/mcu-the-reign-of-marvel-book-cover-reveal/ |archive-date=April 26, 2023 |access-date=April 26, 2023 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MCUReign/Film">{{Cite web |last=Pearson |first=Ben |date=September 18, 2023 |title=MCU Authors On Crafting The Definitive Marvel Studios History And How The MCU Can Bounce Back [Exclusive Interview] |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1342506/mcu-authors-marvel-studios-history-exclusive-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115931/https://www.slashfilm.com/1342506/mcu-authors-marvel-studios-history-exclusive-interview/ |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2023 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MeinerdingBook">{{Cite web |last=Perine |first=Aaron |date=February 16, 2024 |title=Marvel Studios Announces MCU Concept Art Book |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/marvel-studios-mcu-concept-art-book-kevin-feige/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217172300/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/marvel-studios-mcu-concept-art-book-kevin-feige/ |archive-date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=February 19, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>





<ref name="SuperBowl50Coke">{{Cite web |last=Schultz |first=E.J. |date=February 7, 2016 |title=The Strategy Behind Coke's Marvel Super Bowl Ad |url=https://adage.com/article/special-report-super-bowl/coke-s-marvel-super-bowl-ad/302574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209014736/https://adage.com/article/special-report-super-bowl/coke-s-marvel-super-bowl-ad/302574/ |archive-date=February 9, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=[[Advertising Age]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SuperBowl50Coke2">{{Cite web |title=A Mini Marvel |url=https://www.lumapictures.com/portfolio/a-mini-marvel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408204648/https://www.lumapictures.com/portfolio/a-mini-marvel/ |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |publisher=[[Luma Pictures]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineCoke">{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Anita |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Super Bowl: 'Bourne' Explodes On Social Media But Isn't The 'Captain' |url=https://deadline.com/2016/02/superbowl-2016-social-media-activity-movie-ads-jason-bourne-captain-america-civil-war-1201699258/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211091400/https://deadline.com/2016/02/superbowl-2016-social-media-activity-movie-ads-jason-bourne-captain-america-civil-war-1201699258/ |archive-date=February 11, 2016 |access-date=February 9, 2016 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MiniMarvelVESA">{{Cite web |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=February 7, 2017 |title=''The Jungle Book'' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2017-visual-effects-society-winners-ves-society-honors-winners-complete-list-966478/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208072404/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2017-visual-effects-society-winners-ves-society-honors-winners-complete-list-966478/ |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=October 6, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>



<ref name="ConcertExperience">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2024 |title='Marvel Studios' Infinity Saga Concert Experience' Premieres at the Hollywood Bowl |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/marvel-studios-infinity-saga-concert-experience-hollywood-bowl-tickets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822131920/https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/marvel-studios-infinity-saga-concert-experience-hollywood-bowl-tickets |archive-date=August 22, 2024 |access-date=August 29, 2024 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ConcertExperienceTour">{{Cite web |last=Roe |first=Mike |date=August 31, 2024 |title='The Fantastic Four: First Steps' Score Debuts as Hollywood Bowl Post-Credits Scene {{!}} Video |url=https://www.thewrap.com/fantastic-four-first-steps-score-theme-hollywood-bowl-marvel-concert/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831230711/https://www.thewrap.com/fantastic-four-first-steps-score-theme-hollywood-bowl-marvel-concert/ |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=September 2, 2024 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ConcertExperienceTour2">{{Cite web |last=Drum |first=Nicole |date=August 31, 2024 |title=Fantastic Four: First Steps Score Debuts at Infinity Saga Concert Experience |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/fantastic-four-first-steps-score-debuts-at-infinity-saga-concert-experience/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902013515/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/fantastic-four-first-steps-score-debuts-at-infinity-saga-concert-experience/ |archive-date=September 2, 2024 |access-date=September 3, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Schulman |first=Michael |date=June 5, 2023 |title=How the Marvel Cinematic Universe Swallowed Hollywood |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/12/how-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-swallowed-hollywood |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605133656/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/12/how-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-swallowed-hollywood |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Sandwell |first=Ian |date=November 5, 2025 |title=MCU in order: How to watch Marvel movies in chronological and release order |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a825774/marvel-cinematic-universe-in-chronological-order/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114160854/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a825774/marvel-cinematic-universe-in-chronological-order/ |archive-date=November 14, 2025 |access-date=November 14, 2025 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|name=Movies}} on ''[[Marvel.com]]''
* [https://www.marvel.com/tv-shows TV shows] on ''Marvel.com''
* {{MCU Wiki}}
* {{Marveldatabase}}

{{Marvel Cinematic Universe}}
{{Marvel Multiverse}}
{{Disney franchises}}
{{Portal bar|2000s|2010s|2020s|Film|Television|United States|Speculative fiction|Disney|Comics}}
[[Category:Marvel Cinematic Universe| ]]
[[Category:Continuity (fiction)]]
[[Category:Fictional universes]]
[[Category:Film series based on Marvel Comics]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics dimensions|Cinematic Universe]]
[[Category:Marvel Entertainment franchises]]
[[Category:Media franchises introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Shared universes]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Studios (division) franchises]]

Zarna Garg

2026-03-16T05:37:50Z

Freelaw67: creating basic stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian-American comedian}}
{{Infobox comedian
|name = Zarna Garg
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|2|15}}
|birth_place = [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse = Shalabh Garg
|children = 3
|education = [[University of Akron]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Case Western Reserve University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}
'''Zarna Garg''' (born February 15, 1975)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music-stage/2023/10/09/zarna-garg-comedian/|title=Meet Zarna Garg: Immigrant Indian mother whose comedy has captivated the US audience for daring and an unflattering portrayal of the stereotype of Indian aunty maladjusted in America.

|first=Sonali|last=Kokra|date=October 9, 2023|website=The National}}</ref> is an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]] and screenwriter. [[CNBC]] said she is "the zany, outspoken voice of the Indian American woman."<ref name="cnbc">{{Cite web|title=Zarna Garg: the zany, outspoken voice of the Indian-American woman|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/zarna-garg-the-zany-outspoken-voice-of-the-indian-american-woman-5082001.htm|access-date=2021-06-01|website=cnbctv18.com|date=18 January 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> She is also a [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] bestselling author.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - Books - May 18, 2025 - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2025/05/18/hardcover-nonfiction/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[India]], Zarna lived in [[Mumbai]] as a teenager. Her mother died of hepatitis when Zarna was 14.<ref name="nit">{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Ela |title=She calls herself 'The Funny Brown Mom': comedian Zarna Garg | work = News India Times |date=6 October 2020 |url= https://www.newsindiatimes.com/she-calls-herself-the-funny-brown-mom-comedian-zarna-garg/ |access-date= 2023-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her father demanded that she get married the day after her mother died. Rather than have an [[arranged marriage]], she moved out of the house and stayed with friends and family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Power |first=T. |date=July 18, 2025 |title=Zarna Garg treats comedy as a business, not an art form |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/q/zarna-garg-treats-comedy-as-a-business-not-an-art-form-1.7588280 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=CBC}}</ref> Eventually, she emigrated to the United States to live with her sister in [[Akron, Ohio]].<ref name="cnbc" /><ref name="harpers">{{cite news |last1=Kelsch |first1=Carl |title= Zarna Garg's New Stand-Up Special Is a Family Affair |url= https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/a43858065/zarna-garg-standup-special/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |publisher= | work= [[Harpers Bazaar]] |date=12 May 2023}}</ref>

She earned a bachelor's degree in finance from the [[University of Akron]], and a [[Juris Doctor]] degree from the [[Case Western Reserve University School of Law]] in [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Swarnendu |title=All About Zarna Garg|url= https://www.seema.com/all-about-zarna-garg-the-standup-comedian/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |publisher= | work = Seema.com |date=29 March 2022}}</ref> After being a stay-at-home mother for 16 years, she was encouraged by her children to try stand-up comedy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1= Sean |title= 'Zarna Garg: One In A Billion' On Prime Video, An Indian Immigrant Mom Releases Her Debut Comedy Special |url=https://decider.com/2023/05/16/zarna-garg-one-in-a-billion-amazon-prime-video-review/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |publisher= | website= Decider.com |date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
Garg first performed at an open mic in a basement under a [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican restaurant]] in [[New York City]] in 2018,<ref name="harpers"/><ref>{{cite podcast|url=https://lemonademedia.com/podcast/laughing-through-the-breakdown-with-zarna-garg|title=Laughing Through the Breakdown with Zarna Garg|date=May 7, 2025|access-date=September 8, 2025}}</ref> and her first official stand-up show was in February 2019 at [[Carolines on Broadway]] in [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown Manhattan, New York]].<ref name="nit"/> Her debut romantic comedy screenplay ''Rearranged'' won the Best Comedy Screenplay Award at the 2019 [[Austin Film Festival]] in [[Austin, Texas]], and was also a 2019 [[Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting|Academy Nicholl Fellowships]] Semi-Finalist.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ramos|first1=Dino-Ray|date=2020-02-18|title=Sanjay Sharma's Marginal Mediaworks Sets South Asian Rom-Com 'Rearranged' From Zarna Garg|url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/sanjay-sharma-marginal-mediaworks-zarna-garg-milan-chakraborty-south-asian-indian-diversity-inclusion-representation-1202862360/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, Garg won [[Kevin Hart]]'s comedy competition on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]], ''Lyft Comics''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Which Comedian Will Win This Head-to-Head Undercover Challenge? {{!}} LYFT COMICS (Eps. 1)| date=30 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eh5NHwDuk5k|language=en|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In the same year, she won the Ladies of Laughter Award in the Newcomer Winner category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladies of Laughter® |url=https://www.ladiesoflaughter.org/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Ladies of Laughter® |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022 she was highlighted as "one of the gutsiest women comedians in America" in ''Gutsy'' on [[Apple TV (streaming service)|Apple TV]], hosted by [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Chelsea Clinton]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Gutsy' Apple TV Plus Review: Stream It Or Skip It? |date=9 September 2022 |url=https://decider.com/2022/09/09/gutsy-apple-tv-plus-review/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="deadline">{{cite news |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |title=Zarna Garg Lands First Comedy Special, Gets May Premiere Date On Prime Video |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/zarna-garg-comedy-special-premiere-date-amazon-1235319061/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |publisher=Deadline |date=6 April 2023}}</ref> She appeared on ''[[Tamron Hall (talk show)|Tamron Hall]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Comedian Zarna Garg Went From Being a Stay-At-Home Mom to a Social Media Star | date=16 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXUA8MRas70 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-21}}</ref> ''[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Episode dated 7 January 2023|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt25135324/?ref_=nm_rvi_tt_i_2|access-date=2023-01-24|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[This American Life]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-17 |title=Comedy Duo |url=https://www.thisamericanlife.org/779/ends-of-the-earth/act-two-4 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=This American Life}}</ref> to discuss how her daughter Zoya inspired her to start her stand up comedy career. Zarna Garg made a second appearance on ''This American Life'' with her husband, Shalabh. She was named one of "Variety's 10 Comics to Watch for 2023."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derschowitz |first=Jenelle Riley,Paul Plunkett,Charna Flam,Nick Clement,Courtney Howard,Jessica |date=2023-07-19 |title=Zarna Garg, Leanne Morgan, Brian Simpson Among Variety's 10 Comics to Watch for 2023 |url=https://variety.com/lists/varietys-10-comics-to-watch-2023/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

Her first comedy special, ''Zarna Garg: One in a Billion'', was released on [[Prime Video]] on May 16, 2023. It was filmed in September 2022 at the [[Gramercy Theatre]] in Manhattan.<ref name="deadline"/> "Quick set-ups, rapid-fire punchlines... Zarna has the kind of presence that powers network sitcoms," said Jason Zinoman of ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Five Stand-Up Specials for the Long Holiday Weekend|url=}}</ref> In June 2023, Garg joined Kamala Harris and others to welcome Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to Washington.<ref>https://www.tiktok.com/@zarnagarg/video/7248279600579513646</ref> In August 2023, Garg launched ''The Zarna Garg Family Podcast,'' exploring a variety of both everyday and traditionally "off limits" topics with her husband and kids.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDvCRal5sgg |title=The Zarna Garg Show {{!}} Ep. 1: The Sex Talk |date=2023-08-01 |last=Zarna Garg |access-date=2026-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The podcast currently receives around 40,000 YouTube views per episode.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u587nBbbmEo |title=The Zarna Garg Family Podcast {{!}} Episode 115: Dealing With Heartbreak |date=2026-02-09 |last=Zarna Garg |access-date=2026-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

From 2023 to 2025 Garg opened for [[Tina Fey]] and [[Amy Poehler]]'s ''Restless Leg Tour.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Sarah |date=2025-05-29 |title=Zarna Garg Went From Stay-at-Home Mom to Stand-Up Comedian |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/29/style/zarna-garg-comedian-book.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In January 2024, Garg made her ''Tonight Show'' debut, followed by her ''Late Night'' debut in May.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJyLhFRSDX8 |title=Zarna Garg Stand-Up: Immigrating to the U.S., The Bachelor {{!}} The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon |date=2024-01-12 |last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon |access-date=2026-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoWnuE-2CdA |title=Zarna Garg Debuts Her "It's Never Too Late to Take the MCAT" Poem |date=2024-05-01 |last=Late Night with Seth Meyers |access-date=2026-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In October 2024, the Garg family celebrated Diwali with President Biden in the White House, which Zarna Garg described as "such an honor."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IG9VYEhCJg |title=The Zarna Garg Family Podcast {{!}} Ep. 48 Diwali at the White House |date=2024-10-30 |last=Zarna Garg |access-date=2026-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Garg's follow up special, ''Practical People Win'', debuted at #2 on [[Hulu]] on July 18, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2024-11-07 |title=Zarna Garg Sets Stand-Up Special With Hulu |url=https://deadline.com/2024/11/zarna-garg-stand-up-special-set-hulu-1236170079/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahay |first=Alisha |date=July 18, 2025 |title=Zarna Garg's Auntie Bit Is Authentic As Hell — And We Can't Get Enough Of It |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/zarna-garg-hulu-practical-people-win_n_687a5896e4b00f995df52c7b}}</ref> Garg's memoir ''This American Woman'' was released on April 29, 2025 and is a New York Times bestseller.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - Books - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2025/05/18/hardcover-nonfiction/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Garg starred in ''[[A Nice Indian Boy]]'' as the mother of the Gavaskar family. The film premiered at the [[South by Southwest|SXSW]] film festival<ref>{{Citation |title=South by Southwest|url=}}</ref> to positive reviews and is a ''New York Times'' Critic's Pick.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Azzopardi |first=Chris |date=2025-04-03 |title='A Nice Indian Boy' Review: Meet-Cute at a Hindu Temple |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/03/movies/a-nice-indian-boy-review.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In August 2025 Garg was awarded one of the inaugural Instagram Ring Awards for Creativity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing Instagram Rings: A New Award Celebrating Creativity |url=https://creators.instagram.com/blog/introducing-instagram-rings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210030841/https://creators.instagram.com/blog/introducing-instagram-rings |archive-date=2026-02-10 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Instagram for Creators |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Her upcoming sitcom ''Zarna'' is in development at CBS with Kevin Hart and Mindy Kaling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2024-09-18 |title=Zarna Garg Multi-Cam Comedy From Darlene Hunt, Mindy Kaling & Kevin Hart In Works At CBS |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/zarna-garg-cbs-darlene-hunt-mindy-kaling-amp-kevin-hart-1236092437/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Garg participated in the 2025 [[Saudi Arabia]]'s [[Riyadh Comedy Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=Who's who at the Riyadh Comedy Festival |url=https://arab.news/5vdpq |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> an event which [[Human Rights Watch]] characterized as an attempt by the Saudi government to [[Whitewashing (communications)|whitewash]] its [[human rights abuses]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Hershal |date=2025-09-26 |title='Two Weeks of Laughter in the Desert' |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/riyadh-comedy-festival-saudi-arabia-whos-going.html |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Vulture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Saudi Arabia: Riyadh Comedy Festival Whitewashes Abuses {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/23/saudi-arabia-riyadh-comedy-festival-whitewashes-abuses |access-date=2025-09-29 |language=en}}</ref> She is one of three women to agree to participate in the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Entertainment Authority {{!}} Riyadh Comedy Festival Kicks Off with a Lineup of the World's Biggest Stars |url=https://www.gea.gov.sa/en/media-center/news/riyadh-comedy-festival-kicks/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=www.gea.gov.sa}}</ref> Garg has stated that her comedy specials are most watched in the Middle East out of all regions, and that she feels an obligation to represent and perform for "brown women" there.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Zarna |title=This American woman: a one-in-a-billion memoir |date=2025 |publisher=Ballantine |isbn=978-0-593-97502-2 |edition=First |location=New York}}</ref>

Garg is currently performing her next stand-up hour, ''Million Dollar Excuses'', on tour in the U.S. and internationally.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQNJfOfCLAw |title=Zarna Garg Brings Her Wit And Real‑Life Stories To 'Million Dollar Excuses' Tour {{!}} The View |date=2026-02-13 |last=The View |access-date=2026-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1998, Zarna and Shalabh Garg were married in the U.S. They met on an online platform. They have three children and live in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Ally |last1=Mauch |date=November 11, 2021 |title=Comedian Zarna Garg Jokes About 'Trashing' Her Family: 'It Comes Easily to Me' |url=https://people.com/tv/comedian-zarna-garg-jokes-about-trashing-her-family/|access-date=2021-12-19 |website=People |language=en}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Garg has praised [[Usha Vance]], the wife of U.S. vice president [[JD Vance]], describing her speech at the Republican National Convention in July 2024 as "brilliant" and calling her "Vance's Michelle Obama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Penley |first=Taylor |date=2024-07-21 |title=Comedian Zarna Garg praises Usha Vance as husband JD's 'secret superpower': 'You can't deny' this about her |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/comedian-zarna-garg-praises-usha-vance-husband-jds-secret-superpower-cant-deny-her |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> She has also spoken out against the [[Immigration policy of the Biden administration|immigration policies of the Biden administration]].<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/video/6385863883112</ref><ref>https://www.foxnews.com/media/comedian-zarna-garg-praises-usha-vance-husband-jds-secret-superpower-cant-deny-her</ref><ref>https://www.foxnews.com/media/indian-american-comedian-explains-why-trump-appeals-some-members-community.print</ref><ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/news/the-surprising-symbol-usha-vance-has-become/vi-AA1RvG0U</ref>

Garg cheered on Kamala Harris's candidacy after President Biden endorsed her in July 2024, saying, "Go, Indian ladies!" referring to Usha Vance and Kamala Harris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/C9sdwQ5y5Sq/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Garg described Harris as "absolutely ready," "extremely eloquent," "extremely elegant," and a "brilliant woman", and that Kamala's presence in the White House has "forever changed" American life and stretched the imagination of millions of Indian American women.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_NN6axrshc |title="Indian Aunties Rule, Uncles Please Sit Down" {{!}} Zarna Garg On Kamala Harris, Usha Vance {{!}} Joe Biden |date=2024-07-22 |last=Mojo Story |access-date=2026-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> When asked whom she likes better (Usha Vance or Kamala Harris), Zarna said she would be "very happy and very comfortable" if Kamala ends up running America, but that she was bursting with pride to see Usha Vance in the public eye as well.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_NN6axrshc |title="Indian Aunties Rule, Uncles Please Sit Down" {{!}} Zarna Garg On Kamala Harris, Usha Vance {{!}} Joe Biden |date=2024-07-22 |last=Mojo Story |access-date=2026-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2021
|''To the Letter''
|Asha
|Voice, short film
|-
|2023
|''Zarna Garg: One in a Billion Amazon''
|Self
|Also writer
|-
|2023
|''The Zarna Garg Show: Family Podcast''
|Self
|Producer
|-
|2024
|''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]''
|Self
|Guest
|-
|2024
|''[[A Nice Indian Boy]]''
| Megha Gavaskar
|Actress
|-
|2025
|''Zarna Garg: Practical People Win''
|Self
|Also writer
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.zarnagarg.com}}
* {{IMDb name|11010103}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Zarna}}
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American screenwriters]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:Women stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from New York City]]
[[Category:American comedians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:University of Akron alumni]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]

Rajsamand

2026-03-15T17:51:47Z

Freelaw67: made some page w/ refs.

{{About|the municipality in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Rajsamand district}}
{{Short description|City in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Rajsamand Lake.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of [[Rajsamand lake]] in Rajsamand (RJ)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.07|N|73.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Rana Raj Singh]]
| named_for = [[Rana Raj Singh]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 547
| population_total = 67,798
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India: Search Details|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=107608|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042426/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=107608|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|archive-date=September 24, 2015|access-date=May 10, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = RJ-30
| website = {{URL|rajsamand.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajsamand''' is a city, located in [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand Mewar district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The city is named for [[Rajsamand Lake]], an artificial lake created in the 17th century by [[Rana Raj Singh]] Rajsamand Udaipur of [[Mewar]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Rajsamand District]].

==Geography==
Rajsamand is located at {{Coord|25.07|N|73.88|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Rajsamand.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045424/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Rajsamand.html|title=Rajsamand, India Page|archive-date=11 March 2007|access-date=11 March 2017|website=fallingrain.com|url-status=live}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 547 metres (1794 ft).

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Rajsamand
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|84.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|9.54}}
}}
Total population of the Rajsamand district is 987,024 (493,459 male and 493,565 female). This district has a male to female ratio of nearly 1:1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajsamand.nic.in/about_rajsamand.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919035635/http://rajsamand.nic.in/about_rajsamand.htm|title=About Rajsamand|url-status=dead|access-date=19 September 2014|archive-date=19 September 2014|publisher=Rajsamand District Administration via [[National Informatics Centre]]}}</ref> Rajsamand has an average literacy rate of 67%, male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 57%. In Rajsamand, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Economy==
Although most of the economy of Rajasthan is based on agriculture, this part of the state is rich in mineral resources. The area is one of the prime Indian suppliers of [[marble]], [[granite]] and other valuable varieties of stone. The Dariba,Sindesar khurd and Zawar mines are the principal Indian sources of ores for [[zinc]], [[silver]], [[manganese]], etc. The majority of the population is engaged in organised and unorganised mining-related works. Others are engaged in tyre and tobacco factories.

== Places of interest ==
Located at about {{cvt|62|km}} away from the city of [[Udaipur]] (the city of lakes), Rajsamand is surrounded by the wide ranges of Aravali. It houses Rajsamand Lake.

* [[Rajsamand Lake]]
* Dwarkadhish Temple
* [[Shrinathji Temple]], Nathdwara
* [[Jaipur]]
* [[Chittorgarh]]
* [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]
* [[Jaisalmer]]
* [[Ranuja]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000819003110/http://www.rajsamanddistrict.com/ Rajsamand District Hindi Website]}}
* [http://rajsamand.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/rajsamand/en/home.html Official Website]

{{Rajsamand district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajsamand district]]

{{Rajasthan-stub}}

Muntassir Mamoon

2026-03-15T02:34:06Z

Freelaw67: cleanup article also and updated info

{{Short description|Bangladeshi writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{infobox person
| name = Muntasir Mamoon
| native_name = মুনতাসীর মামুন
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Muntassir Mamun.JPG
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}}
| alma_mater = [[Dhaka University]]
| education = PhD
| awards = [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]]<br />[[Ekushey Padak]]
| occupation = author, researcher, translator
| spouse = Fatema Mamoon
}}
'''Muntasir Mamoon''' (born 1951) his full name is '''Muntasir Uddin Khan Mamun''', he is a Bangladeshi writer, historian, scholar, [[secularist]], translator, and professor at [[University of Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Azad |first1=Abid |title=Jamaat building militant network in South Asia |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/crime/2014/oct/17/%E2%80%98jamaat-building-militant-network-south-asia%E2%80%99 |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LIFE TERM Not enough |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=268061 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shahriar Kabir's book on war crimes launched |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/shahriar-kabirs-book-on-war-crimes-launched-10163 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=V-Day with a difference |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/v-day-with-a-difference/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> He was awarded [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] and [[Ekushey Padak]] by the [[government of Bangladesh]].

==Early life and education==
Mamoon was born in 1951. He earned his M.A. and Ph.D. degree from the Department of History of the [[University of Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Muntassir Mamoon gets Bangiya Sahitya Parishad award |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/muntassir-mamoon-gets-bangiya-sahitya-parishad-award-105562 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Mamoon mainly worked on the historical city of [[Dhaka]]. He wrote several books about this city, took part in movements to protect Dhaka. Among his historical works on 1971 is his ''Sei Sob Pakistani'', in which many interviews with leading Pakistanis was published. Most of them were the leading Pakistani characters during the liberation war of Bangladesh.

In 2009, Mamoon and General KM Safiullah filed a petition with the Bangladesh High Court asking it to direct the government to maintain the historic locations at [[Suhrawardy Udyan]] and all over Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-07-07 |title=HC verdict today |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-95979 |access-date=2023-01-09 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Justices [[A. B. M. Khairul Haque]] and [[Md. Mamtaz Uddin Ahmed]] of the High Court Division issued a verdict in favor of the petitioners asking the government to preserve historical sites.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-07-08 |title=Preserve war memorials, historic sites |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-96086 |access-date=2023-01-09 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He is the vice president of Ekatturer Ghatak Dalal Nirmul Committee, advocacy group for the trial of War Criminals of [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shahriar Kabir finds recent city polls among fairest in history |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/shahriar-kabir-finds-recent-city-polls-among-fairest-history-80390 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2012, Mamoon appeared as a prosecution witness at International Crimes Tribunal-1 which was engaged by the Bangladesh Government to try the war criminals of 1971. In his witness's account, Mamoon said that members of the [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Peace Committee]] used to advise Pakistani military leaders about where and how to strike the freedom fighters of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2012 |title=Peace Committee got support from Pakistan govt: Prof Muntassir tells war crimes tribunal |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=240977 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref>

Mamoon is the Bangabandhu chair at the [[University of Chittagong]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abul Hasnat's Kabitasamagra launched |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/185802/abul-hasnats-kabitasamagra-launched |access-date=2023-01-09 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref> He is the chairman of the trustee board of 1971: Genocide and Torture Archive and Museum in Khulna.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Genocide museum celebrates founding anniv with sculpture exhibition |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/171070/genocide-museum-celebrates-founding-anniv-with-sculpture-exhibition |access-date=2023-01-09 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref> He received criticism for endorsing anti-Islamic activities referenced in [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]]'s open letter named ''[[An Open Letter from Shah Ahmad Shafi to the Government and the Public]]'' related to the [[2013 Shahbag protests|Shahbag protests]] in 2013.<ref name=":WP">{{Cite book |title=[[White Paper: 2000 Days of Fundamentalist and Communal Violence in Bangladesh]] |publisher=Public Commission to Investigate Fundamentalist and Communal Terrorism |year=2022 |location=Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 |page=52 |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Gazi MH Tamim]], a lawyer of [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Supreme Court]] filed genocide charges against him at the International Crimes Tribunal over the police raid on [[2013 Shapla Square protests]] of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]] on 20 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hasina, 18 others face 'genocide' complaint at ICT over Shapla Chattar killings |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/7c244794f54a |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Shapla Chattar ‘genocide’ complaint filed at ICT against Hasina |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]]
* [[Ekushey Padak]], 2010<ref>{{cite news |title=15 named for Ekushey Padak—2010 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=126674 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
* Lekhak Shibir Puroskar
* Agrani Bank Award
* Dr. Hilali Gold Medal
* President's Award, 1963
* Mercantile Bank Gold Medal

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mukto-mona.com/bengali_heritage/boishakh1412/tracking_back_celebration.htm Tracing back the celebration by Muntassir Mamoon]. Excerpt from the book ''The Festivals of Bangladesh''.
* [http://www.boi-mela.com/Booklist.asp?author=172 Author: Muntassir Mamoon, Ekushey Boi Mela: List of Books].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamoon, Muntasir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi historians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bangla Academy Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi historians]]
[[Category:Chittagong College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chandpur District]]

Swadhyaya Movement

2026-03-13T03:27:04Z

Freelaw67: Improved article clarity and structure

{{See also|Svādhyāya}}{{Short description|Religious movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
The '''Swadhyaya Movement''' or '''Swadhyaya Parivara''' started in the mid 20th-century in the western states of [[India]], particularly [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=pankajshah/> Founded by [[Pandurang Shastri Athavale]] (1920-2003), the movement emphasizes self-study (S''wadhyaya''), selfless devotion (''[[Bhakti]]'') and application of Indian scriptures such as the ''[[Upanishads]]'' and ''[[Bhagavad gita|Bhagavad Gita]]'' for spiritual, social and economic liberation.<ref name=pankajshah/><ref name=fisher>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytOHbLdtSY4C&pg=PA109|title= Swadhyay Movement in Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths|author= Mary Pat Fisher|publisher= I.B.Tauris|year= 1996|isbn=1-86064-148-2|page= 109}}</ref>

The movement focuses on the Upanishadic ''[[mahāvākyas]]'' (great teachings) related with Vedic belief that God is within oneself, every human being, all living beings and all of God's creation. It encourages voluntary self-study, self-knowledge, community discourses and action with a responsibility to God in oneself and others.<ref name="Giri2009p1"/> Its temples typically highlight the deities Yogeshwara [[Krishna]], [[Parvati]], [[Ganesha]] and [[Shiva]] in a ''Vriksha Mandir'' ("temple of trees") setting. The sun is considered a deity, [[Surya]]. Prayers are performed in the [[Smarta tradition|Smarta tradition's]] [[Panchayatana puja]] format, attributed to [[Adi Shankara]].<ref name="Kirsch2016p91">{{cite book|author=Thomas G. Kirsch|title=Permutations of Order: Religion and Law as Contested Sovereignties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrooDAAAQBAJ |year=2016| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08215-6|pages=91–92}}</ref> Community members participate in ''Bhavabhakti'' (emotional devotion to the divine), ''Krutibhakti'' (actional devotion by voluntary service to the divine in all of God's creation), and ''Bhaktipheri'' (devotional travel to meet, work and help the well-being of community partners).<ref name="Giri2009p1"/> The movement members treat all men and women in the organization as a ''Parivara'' (family).<ref name="Giri2009p1">{{cite book|author=Ananta Kumar Giri|title=Self-development and Social Transformations?: The Vision and Practice of the Self-study Mobilization of Swadhyaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG8jj2Xt8-cC |year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1198-7|pages=1–14}}</ref>

== History ==
Pandurang Shastri Athavale was born in a Maharashtrian Brahmin family in colonial India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas G. Kirsch|title=Permutations of Order: Religion and Law as Contested Sovereignties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrooDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08215-6|pages=90–92}}</ref> In the 1920s, while he was in his early twenties, Athavale began to deliver discourses on the ''Bhagavad Gita'' in Mumbai, India. He argued that both the liberal welfare-centric approach and socialism were incapable of bridging the gap between the rich and the needy. He rejected charity handouts, arguing that this creates a dependent relationship, attacks human dignity, and robs the recipient's sense of self-worth. He sought another way for liberating oneself spiritually, economically, and socially. He believed that the foundation and values for such a search were in the ancient texts of Hinduism. He began preaching these principles from Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita in his community, particularly in the downtrodden segments of society he called ''Agri, Bagri, and Sagri''.<ref name="Giri2009p1"/><ref name="DalmiaMalinar2003">{{cite book|author=[[Gita Dharampal-Frick]]|editor=[[Vasudha Dalmia]]|others=Angelika Malinar and Martin Christof|title=Charisma and Canon: Essays on the Religious History of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCatPAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566620-5|pages=274–287}}</ref> This initiative began Athavale's Swadhyaya movement in 1958. His followers call him "Dada" (older brother).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shabdkosh.com |title=dada meaning in Marathi {{!}} dada translation in Marathi |url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/english-marathi/dada/dada-meaning-in-marathi |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=SHABDKOSH |language=en}}</ref>

The movement refuses any support or assistance from the state or non-governmental organizations (NGOs), relying entirely on the volunteer activity of its members. It has between 50,000 and 100,000 centres ("kendra" locations) and between 6 and 20 million followers in India, Portugal, USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Middle East.<ref name=fisher/><ref name=pankajshah>{{cite book|title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism|chapter=Swadhyaya Movement and Pandurang Shastri Athavale|editor1=Knut A. Jacobsen|editor2= Helene Basu|editor3= Angelika Malinar|editor4= Vasudha Narayanan|author=Pankaj Shah|year=2016|doi=10.1163/2212-5019_beh_COM_9000000274}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In standard Classical Sanskrit, ''svādhyāyaḥ'' (Devanāgarī: स्वाध्याय:) means study (''adhyāya'') of the self (''sva''), i.e., self study, or self-development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=1277|title=MW Cologne Scan|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> For Athavale and the Pariwar (family), [[Svādhyāya|Swadhyay]] is interpreted as fostering a habit of self-introspection, analyzing one's own self in order to improve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Unterberger |first1=Betty Miller |last2=Sharma |first2=Rekha R. |date=1990 |title=Shri Pandurang Vaijnath Athavale Shastri and the Swadhyaya Movement in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45193247 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=116–132 |jstor=45193247 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref> The understanding of an in-dwelling God imbibed into Swadhyayees (practitioners of Swadhyay) by Athavale is said to motivate them towards true expression of devotion (Bhakti).

== Theology ==
The Swadhyay Movement is founded on the concept of an "Indwelling God" within everything. Thus, within the Swadhyay theology, everything is divine. This belief in the indwelling divine is extended to trees, water, earth, and animals.<ref name=":1" /> The teachers in the Swadhyay Parivar assert that it is not a sect, a cult, a creed, a tradition, an institution, an organization, or even an organized religion. It is believed to be an attitude of the mind. It does not require any membership or vows. It is not initiated to be an agitation or a revolution. Swadhyay is independent of caste, religion, nationality, color, education, and one's status in society. Swadhyay is about individual transformation through spiritual awareness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swadhayaya: A Family of Millions |url=http://thedayusa.org/#intro |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=thedayusa.org}}</ref> Swadhyay is the right perspective or vision, which enables one to understand deeper aspects of spirituality and devotion. The basic fundamental thought that Swadhyay emphasizes is the concept of an indwelling God. ‘God dwells within’ i.e, ‘God exists within me and within everyone else’. All are children of the Divine. Hence, Swadhyay establishes the Divine Brotherhood under the Fatherhood of God i.e. ‘the other is not ‘other’, but he is my divine brother.’ The concept of the traditional family is extended to the Divine Family which is understood as a natural extension of the concept of an indwelling God. The very understanding that God resides within me makes me divine and worthy of respect. It also inspires the view that God or divinity is everywhere, present in all living things, and therefore all should be treated with respect and devotion. Thus, the concept of an indwelling God motivates people to care for the welfare of others.

== Places of Worship ==

=== Tree-Temples ===

The first tree-temple or ''vrksha mandir'' of the Swadhyay Movement was planted in July 1979 in Kalavad village in Gujarat. This tree-temple of 6,000 trees was cultivated on barren and rocky land.<ref name=":1" /> In July 1993, a "Madhava Vrnda" was created in multiple locations, in which more than 7 million saplings were nurtured over 100 days. Currently, members of Swadhyay have planted at least two dozen tree-temples across Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. Villagers nurture and visit the tree temples as a spiritual practice.<ref name=":1" />

Athavale coined phrases such as "Vrksa main Vasudeva" (God in trees) and "Paudhe main Prabhu" (God in plants). Athavale taught his followers that trees could teach humans ethical qualities. Pankaj Jain writes: <blockquote>''Trees develop a fixed bonding with the land. Trees are forever connected with the land that supports them. They grow at one place and provide shelter to others. They are stable and withstand all natural phenomena such as thunderstorms, cold winters, and hot summers with courage and patience. Athavale compared the Hindu god Śiva, who drank poison so that other gods could get nectar, with the trees which intake carbon dioxide so that others can get oxygen. Athavale also preached that the trees provide fruits even to those who throw stones; they provide roots and herbs for medicines, leaves and flowers for sacred rituals, fruits for physical strength, timber for construction, and shelter for travelers.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Pankaj |date=2009-01-01 |title=Dharmic Ecology: Perspectives from the Swadhyaya Practitioners |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/wo/13/3/article-p305_4.xml |journal=Worldviews |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=305–320 |doi=10.1163/136352409X12535203555795 |issn=1363-5247|url-access=subscription }}</ref></blockquote>Consequently, the practice of cultivating "tree-temples" has grown in the Swadhyay Movement as a place of worship and ecological importance.

=== Hut-Temples ===
Hut-temples or ''amrutalayam'' are said to be one of the first experiments of Athavale. The hut-temples were established as a place for villagers to gather regardless of socioeconomic status. They are built with materials such as straw, reeds, and leaves. Because they are built collectively by practitioners within a village, for the village, it is understood as the collective property of the village. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unterberger |first=Betty Miller |last2=Sharma |first2=Rekha R. |date=1990 |title=Shri Pandurang Vaijnath Athavale Shastri and the Swadhyaya Movement in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45193247 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=116–132 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=09ens2qGXZUC&pg=PA1&dq=Swadhyay+Movement&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0Uy2QrT7N6od45sWGP7Y0tw8-HsA Swadhyaya: A Movement Experience in India - August 2003] ''Visions of Development: Faith-based Initiatives'', by Wendy Tyndale. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. {{ISBN|0-7546-5623-3}}. ''Page 1''.
* ''Self-Development and Social Transformations?: The Vision and Practice of the Self-Study Mobilization of Swadhyaya'', by Ananta Kumar Giri. Lexington Books. 2008. {{ISBN|0-7391-1198-1}}.
* ''Role of the swadhyaya parivar in socioeconomic changes among the tribals of Khedasan: A case study'', by Vimal P Shah. Gujarat Institute of Development Research, 1998. {{ISBN|81-85820-53-8}}.
* ''Vital Connections: Self, Society, God : Perspectives on Swadhyaya'', by Raj Krishan Srivastava. 1998; Weatherhill, {{ISBN|0-8348-0408-5}}.
* "Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities: Sustenance and Sustainability", by [[Pankaj Jain]]. 2011; Ashgate, {{ISBN|978-1-4094-0591-7}}.

{{Hindu reform movements}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Movement, Swadhyaya}}
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:Smarta tradition]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bombay State]]

List of Amar Chitra Katha comics

2026-03-12T02:43:59Z

Freelaw67: updated

{{short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
This is a list of titles in the [[India]]n '''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]''' [[comic book]] series published by [[India Book House]]. The series was started by Anant Pai in 1967, and is continued by Amar Chitra Katha Ltd. today. The publication years listed are for the earliest verifiable edition or reprint for which an ISBN or other catalog listing is available. Subsequent reprintings may have later years listed. Some titles have also been published in Indian languages.

ACK Junior is a separate series of comics and chapter books with similar titles and themes but which adopt a visual and storytelling style appropriate for very young children. Those issues are not considered to be part of the main ACK catalog. For slightly older children, Amar Chitra Katha has collaborated with [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins India]] to release [[chapter book]] versions of some of their most popular specials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=harperbroadcast |date=2023-03-03 |title=Most Loved Amar Chitra Katha Stories as Chapter Books - |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/books/childrens-books/most-loved-amar-chitra-katha-stories/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India Books, Novels, Authors and Reviews}}</ref>

Starting in September 2025, the company started releasing audio book versions of their comics in partnership with [[Audible (service)|Audible]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amar Chitra Katha stories now available as audiobooks on Audible|url=https://theprint.in/india/amar-chitra-katha-stories-now-available-as-audiobooks-on-audible/2704743/|website=ThePrint|date=2025-07-28|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US|last=PTI}}</ref> The initial release included 111 of the most popular issues recorded in English and Hindi, and focused on collections like The Ramayana, Mahabharata, Mahadeva, Jataka Tales, Panchatantra, and Hitopadesha. Releases in Marathi, Bengali, Telugu and Tamil are scheduled for 2026.

Several issues and specials have been published in partnership with government, military, charitable, and corporate institutions. Some of these are for internal circulation only, and are not available for sale to the general public. The company also releases special volumes and box sets containing collections of comic strips featuring characters from [[Tinkle]] magazine.

Two major fires have resulted in the loss of materials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=Amar Chitra Katha: Iconic Indian comic publisher loses precious drawings in fire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crklrex4823o |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1994, a fire at the offices of India Book House destroyed the artwork for several unreleased issues. On October 1 2025, a fire broke out at the Amar Chitra Katha archives. The original illustrations and other archival material of the first 200 Amar Chitra Katha issues and many Tinkle Issues were destroyed. However, these had already been digitized.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=When a fire raged through Amar Chitra Katha warehouse, destroying hand-drawn sketches from iconic Krishna edition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/lost-in-a-warehouse-blaze-amar-chitra-kathas-hand-drawn-sketches-from-iconic-krishna-edition-10315267/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== List of Individual Issues ==
As of 2025, at least 506 individual issues have been published (496 of them in English). The numbering scheme has been revamped multiple times.<ref name="ACK3in1">{{cite web |title=ACK 3 in 1 & Special Issues |url=https://sites.google.com/site/amarchitrakathawiki/ack-3-in-1-and-special-issues |accessdate=7 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="ACK5in1">{{cite web |title=ACK 5 in 1 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/amarchitrakathawiki/ack-5-in-1 |accessdate=7 December 2011}}</ref>

* 436 issues were released between 1967 and 1991 (426 in English). After 1991, most issues were re-released under a new numbering scheme starting at 501. No new issues were released until 1998, when issue 679 became the first new issue to be released in 7 years.
* From 1998 to 2009, very few new issues were released, and certain old issues from both Amar Chitra Katha and other marques published by India Book House like Chaturang Katha and Adarsh Chitra Katha received re-releases numbered DG451 to DG476.
* From 2010 to 2014, regular publication of new issues resumed. Since then, new issues have been released sporadically. From 1998 to 2025, 68 new titles have been published.
* There are cases of multiple issues having the same catalog number or the same issue being re-released with a new title and catalog number. Certain numbers are missing from the catalog. Both new issues and reprints of numbered issues sometimes lack numbering.

The table below shows the numbering as part of both the old and new series.<ref name="JohnList">{{cite web |title=Amar Chitra Katha Title List |url=http://www.silkqin.com/13pers/acklist.htm |accessdate=7 December 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|+'''Individual Issues'''
|-
! scope="col" |'''Old Series Number'''
! scope="col" |'''New Series Number'''
! scope="col" |'''Title'''
!'''Subtitle'''
!'''Notes'''
! scope="col" |'''Year'''
|-
|1
| rowspan="10" style="background: red; color: white" |NA
|[[Jack and the Beanstalk|Jack & The Bean Stalk]]
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="10" |{{ref|A|A}}
| rowspan="10" |1967
|-
|2
|[[Cinderella]]
|-
|3
|[[Little Red Riding Hood]]
|-
|4
|[[Aladdin|Aladdin & His Lamp]]
|-
|5
|[[The Magic Fountain]]
|-
|6
|[[The Three Little Pigs]]
|-
|7
|[[Sleeping Beauty|The Sleeping Beauty]]
|-
|8
|[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|The Wizard of Oz]]
|-
|9
|[[Pinocchio]]
|-
|10
|[[Snow White|Snow White & Seven Dwarfs]]
|-
| 11||501|| [[Krishna]]
|Retold from the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagawat Purana]]
| rowspan="30" | ||1969
|-
| 12||530|| [[Shakuntala]]
|The Forgotten Wife|| rowspan="4" |1970
|-
| 13||626|| The [[Pandava]] Princes
|[[Pandu]]'s Five Brave Sons
|-
| 14||511|| [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]]
|The Perfect Wife
|-
| 15||504|| [[Rama]]
|Retold from The [[Ramayana]]
|-
| 16||507|| [[Nala]] [[Damayanti]]
|The Steadfast Lovers|| rowspan="10" |1971
|-
| 17||577|| [[Harishchandra]]
|The King Who Chose Rags Over Riches
|-
| 18||503|| The Sons of [[Rama]]
|Luv and Kush - The Invincible Twins
|-
| 19||502|| [[Hanuman]]
|The Epitome of Devotion and Courage
|-
| 20||582|| [[Mahabharata]]
|The Great Epic of India
|-
| 21||508|| [[Chanakya]]
|The Kingmaker
|-
| 22||510|| [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]
|He Lit The Path
|-
| 23||564|| [[Shivaji]]
|The Great [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]
|-
| 24||563|| [[Pratap Singh, Maharana of Mewar|Rana Pratap]]
|He Fought For Freedom
|-
| 25||604|| [[Prithviraj III|Prithviraj Chauhan]]
|A Legend of Valour and Chivalry
|-
| 26||531|| [[Karna]]
| Brave, Generous, Ill-Fated Prince|| rowspan="11" |1972
|-
| 27||661|| [[Kacha (Mahabharata)|Kacha]] & [[Devyani|Devayani]]
|Star-Crossed Lovers
|-
| 28||568|| [[Chandragupta II|Vikramaditya]]
|Courage and Honour Win the Day
|-
| 29||506|| [[Shiva]] [[Parvati]]
|A Story of Divine Love
|-
| 30||674|| [[Vasavadatta]]
|The Princess Who Captivated a True [[Kshatriya]]
|-
| 31||532|| [[Sudama]]
|The Power of True Friendship
|-
| 32||588|| [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
|The Tenth [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]
|-
| 33||627|| [[Harsha]]
|A Gallant King of [[Kannauj|Kanauj]]
|-
| 34||534|| [[Bhishma|Bheeshma]]
|Selflessness Personified
|-
| 35||533|| [[Abhimanyu]]
|Star-Crossed Prince
|-
| 36||535|| [[Mirabai]]
|She Gave Her Heart to Krishna
|-
| 37||536|| [[Ashoka]]
| The Warrior Who Spoke of Peace|| rowspan="12" |1973
|-
| 38||537|| [[Prahlad]]
|A Tale of Devotion from the Bhagawat Purana
|-
| 39||540||style = "background: gray; color: white"| The Jackal & the War Drum
|[[Panchatantra]] Stories of Courage and Curiosity
|-
| 40||682|| [[Tanaji Malusare|Tanaji]]
|The Maratha Lion
|-
| 41|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG451|| [[Maharaja Chhatrasal|Chhatrasal]]
|A Story of Courage and Valour
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 42||764|| [[Parashurama]]
|Sixth [[Dashavatara|Incarnation]] of [[Vishnu]]
| rowspan="36" |
|-
| 43||734|| [[Banda Bahadur]]
|A Valiant [[Sikhs|Sikh]] Warrior
|-
| 44||605|| [[Rani Padmini|Padmini]]
|A Tale of Love and Honour
|-
| 45||543|| style = "background: gray; color: white"|Monkey Stories
|[[Jataka]] Tales of Wile and Wisdom
|-
| 46||769|| [[Valmiki]]
|The Author of the Ramayana
|-
| 47||590|| [[Guru Nanak Dev|Guru Nanak]]
|The Founding Guru of [[Sikhism]]
|-
| 48|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA|| [[Tarabai]]
|The Valorous Queen of [[Rajasthan]]
|-
| 49||726|| [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Ranjit Singh]]
| The Lion of [[Punjab]]|| rowspan="24" |1974
|-
| 50||698|| [[Ram Shastri]]
|Crusader For Justice and Truth
|-
| 51||539|| [[Rani Lakshmibai|Rani of Jhansi]]
|The Flame of Freedom
|-
| 52||629|| [[Ulupi|Uloopi]]
|The [[Nāga|Naga]] Princess Who Fell In Love With Arjuna
|-
| 53||729|| [[Baji Rao I]]
|The Warrior [[Peshwa]]
|-
| 54||685|| [[Chand Bibi]]
|The Fearless Queen
|-
| 55||623|| [[Kabir]]
|He Spoke of Tolerance and Mercy
|-
| 56||746|| [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah]]
|Able Statesman, Brave Warrior
|-
| 57||565|| [[Drona]]
|Valiant Archer, Supreme Teacher
|-
| 58||566|| [[Surya]]
|How the Sun God Was Tamed
|-
| 59||612|| [[Urvasi|Urvashi]]
|The [[Apsara]] Who Fell In Love With a King
|-
| 60||656|| [[Adi Shankara]]
|A Light In the Darkness
|-
| 61||592|| [[Ghatotkacha]]
|The Chivalrous [[Rakshasa|Demon]]
|-
| 62||551|| [[Tulsidas]]
|The Poet Who Wrote the [[Ramcharitmanas|Ram Charit Manas]]
|-
| 63||759|| [[Sukanya]]
|The Princess Who Married A Sage
|-
| 64||739|| [[Durgadas Rathore|Durgadas]]
|The Loyal [[Kingdom of Marwar|Courtier]]
|-
| 65||663|| [[Aniruddha]]
|Beloved Grandson of Krishna
|-
| 66||738|| [[Zoroaster|Zarathushtra]]
|God's Messenger From Ancient [[Iran|Persia]]
|-
| 67||541|| [[Ravana|The Lord of Lanka]]
|The Rise and Fall of a [[Rakshasa|Demon]] King
|-
| 68|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| [[Tukaram]]
|Famous Poet-Saint of [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 69||763|| [[Agastya]]
|Renowned Among the [[Saptarshi]]
|-
| 70||657|| [[Mricchakatika|Vasantasena]]
|A Dancer and Her Most Precious Jewel
|-
| 71||567|| [[Indra]] & [[Sachi Devi|Shachi]]
|The Lord of Heaven and His Devoted Wife
|-
| 72||542|| [[Draupadi]]
|The Dusky Firebrand
|-
| 73||758|| [[Subhadra]]
| Beloved Sister of Krishna and Balarama|| rowspan="24" |1975
|-
| 74||773|| [[Ahilyabai Holkar]]
|Saint-Queen of [[Malwa]]
|-
| 75||552|| [[Tansen]]
|The Musical Gem
|-
| 76||810|| [[Nanda (Buddhist nun)|Sundari]]
|The Girl Who Became A Warrior
|-
| 77||544|| [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
|[[Indian National Army|Born to Lead]]
|-
| 78|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| [[Kathasaritsagara|Shridatta]]
|Retold from the [[Kathasaritsagara]]
|{{ref|J|J}}
|-
| 79||555|| Deer Stories
|[[Jataka]] Tales of Gentle Wisdom
| rowspan="53" |
|-
| 80||599|| [[Viswamitra|Vishwamitra]]
|The King Who Became an Ascetic
|-
| 81||591|| [[Syamantaka|The Syamantaka Gem]]
|The Sun God's Precious Ornament
|-
| 82||594|| [[Mahavira]]
|The Warrior of [[Jainism|Non-Violence]]
|-
| 83||598|| [[Vikramaditya#The legend of Vikramaditya|Vikramaditya's Throne]]
|A Special Seat For a Special Monarch
|-
| 84||705|| [[Bappa Rawal]]
|A Great [[Rajput]] Hero
|-
| 85||673|| [[Ayyappan]]
|The Lord of [[Sabarimala Temple|Shabarimala]]
|-
| 86||655|| [[Ananda Math]]
|A Patriotic Novel by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra]]
|-
| 87||559||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Birbal]] the Just
|Tales About Birbal
|-
| 88||515|| [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]]
|The Divine Beauty
|-
| 89||509|| [[Ganesha]]
|The Remover of All Obstacles
|-
| 90||631|| [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
|The Miracle Messenger of Love
|-
| 91||556|| style = "background: gray; color: white"|Choice of Friends
|Tales from the [[Hitopadesha]]
|-
| 92||706|| [[Sakshigopal Temple|Sakshi Gopal]]
|His Love Wrought a Miracle
|-
| 93||666|| [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]]
|Her Love Conquers All
|-
| 94|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| [[Narsinh Mehta]]
|Poet-Saint of [[Gujarat]]
|-
| 95||779|| [[Jasma Devi|Jasma of the Odes]]
|A Famous Legend of Gujarat
|-
| 96||811|| [[Vir Singh (writer)|Sharan Kaur]]
|The Selfless Spy
|-
| 97||697|| [[Chandrahasa]]
| Faith Cannot Be Vanquished|| rowspan="23" |1976
|-
| 98|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA|| [[Vithoba#Pundalik|Pundalik & Sakhu]]
|Two Famous Saints of Maharashtra
|-
| 99||823|| [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay#Bibliography|Raj Singh]]
|A Historical Romance by Bankim Chandra
|-
| 100||768|| [[Purushottama Deva|Purushottam Dev & Padmavati]]
|Their Ally Was [[Jagannath|Jagannatha]]
|-
| 101||546|| [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]
|The Downfall of an Arrogant King
|-
| 102|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| [[Nagananda]]
|An Adaptation of Harsha's Famous Sanskrit Play
|-
| 103||569|| [[Malavikagnimitra|Malavika]]
|A Play by [[Kalidasa]]
|-
| 104||606|| [[Durgavati|Rani Durgavati]]
|The Brave and Wise Queen
|-
| 105||570|| [[Dasaratha|Dasharatha]]
|The Story of Rama's Father
|-
| 106||630|| [[Rana Sanga]]
|The Valiant Warrior-King
|-
| 107||760|| [[Pradyumna]]
|Son of Krishna
|-
| 108||632|| [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Vidyasagar]]
|Scholar and Social Reformer of [[Bengal]]
|-
| 109||753|| [[Thacholi Othenan|Tachcholi Othenan]]
|A Legendary Hero of [[Kerala]]
|-
| 110||725|| [[Razia Sultana|Sultana Razia]]
|[[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Empress of India]]
|-
| 111||550|| [[Dakshayani|Sati]] & [[Shiva]]
|Perfection Rewarded
|-
| 112||516|| [[Krishna]] & [[Rukmini]]
|A Love That Will Not Be Denied
|-
| 113||596|| [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoja]]
|A Patron of the Arts and Literature
|-
| 114||694|| [[Guru Teg Bahadur|Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
|The Gentle Sikh Warrior
|-
| 115||762|| [[Parikshita|Pareekshit]]
|Son of [[Abhimanyu]]
|-
| 116||814|| [[Kadambari]]
|An Adaptation of [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa|Banabhatta's]] Sanskrit Classic
|-
| 117||571|| [[Dhruva]] & [[Ashtavakra]]
|They Reached For the Skies
|-
| 118||664|| [[Kushavati|King Kusha]]
|A Jataka Story About Inner Beauty
|-
| 119||727|| [[Rajaraja Chola I|Raja Raja Chola]]
|[[Chola Empire|Destined For Greatness]]
|-
| 120||624|| [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati|Dayananda]]
| His Strength Was His Virtue|| rowspan="31" |1977
|-
| 121||815|| [[Dwarkanath Madhav Pitale|Veer Dhaval]]
|An Adaptation of [[Dwarkanath Madhav Pitale|Nath Madhav's]] Famous Novel
|-
| 122||572|| [[Ancestors of Rama]]
|[[Solar dynasty|A Noble Inheritance]]
|-
| 123||790|| [[Eknath|Ekanath]]
|[[Advaita Vedanta|Poet-Saint and Social Activist]]
|-
| 124||812|| [[Bhai Vir Singh|Satwant Kaur]]
|The Tale of an Unlikely Friendship
|-
| 125||621|| [[Udayana]]
|Love Overcomes All Odds
|-
| 126||554||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Elephant Stories
|[[Jataka]] Tales of Nobility
|-
| 127||505|| [[Bhagavad Gita|The Gita]]
|The Song of Eternal Wisdom
|-
| 128||692|| [[Hamir, Maharana of Mewar|Veer Hammir]]
|The Noble Warrior
|-
| 129|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| [[Bhavabhuti|Malati and Madhava]]
|The Famous Sanskrit Play by [[Bhavabhuti]]
|-
| 130||547|| [[Garuda]]
|Vishnu's Divine Mount
|-
| 131||545||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Birbal]] the Wise
|The Adventures of Akbar's Favorite Minister
|-
| 132|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG452|| [[Ranakadevi|Ranak Devi]]
|The Story of a Great Queen of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 133||633|| style = "background: gray; color: white"|Tales of [[Tenali Ramakrishna|Maryada Rama]]
|The Fairest Judge of All
| rowspan="11" |
|-
| 134||757|| [[Babur]]
|The Founder of the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal Dynasty]]
|-
| 135||659|| [[Devi Chaudhurani|Devi Choudhurani]]
|The Bandit Queen
|-
| 136||548|| [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|India's Gentle Torch-Bearer
|-
| 137||613|| [[Surdas|Soordas]]
|The Blind Bard
|-
| 138||562||style = "background: gray; color: white"| The Brahmin & the Goat
|Tales from the [[Panchatantra]]
|-
| 139|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| [[Markandeya Purana|Prince Hritadhwaja]]
|Retold from the [[Markandeya Purana]]
|-
| 140||789|| [[Humayun]]
|The Second Great Mughal
|-
| 141||761|| [[Pradyumna|Prabhavati]]
|The [[Asura]] Princess
|-
| 142||686|| [[Chandrasekhar Azad|Chandra Shekhar Azad]]
|[[Indian independence movement|Freedom Was His Mission]]
|-
| 143||607||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Anvar-i-Suhayli|A Bag of Gold Coins]]
|Ancient Tales of Wisdom and Adventure
|-
| 144|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG453|| [[Purandara Dasa]]
|The Father of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Music]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 145||766|| [[Harivamsa|Bhanumati]]
|Granddaughter of Krishna
| rowspan="37" |
|-
| 146||517|| [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]]
|[[Daśanāmi Sampradaya|He Kindled the Spirit of Modern India]]
|-
| 147||518|| [[Krishna]] & [[Jarasandha]]
|Krishna Outsmarts His Fierce Adversary
|-
| 148||701|| [[Nur Jehan|Noor Jahan]]
|The Light of the World
|-
| 149||519|| [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]]
|The Island of [[Shiva]]
|-
| 150||520||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Tales of [[Narada]]
|Tales of Devotion and Rivalry
|-
| 151||636|| [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishnadeva Raya]]
| The Illustrious King of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]]|| rowspan="31" |1978
|-
| 152||557||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Birbal]] the Witty
|Tales About Birbal
|-
| 153||579|| [[Madhvacharya]]
|A [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] Saint-Philosopher
|-
| 154||634|| [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|[[Maurya Empire|The Determined Prince]]
|-
| 155||723|| [[Dnyaneshwar|Jnaneshwar]]
|Founder of the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti Movement]] In Maharashtra
|-
| 156||724|| [[Bagha Jatin]]
|The Tiger Revolutionary
|-
| 157||822|| [[Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai|Manonmani]]
|An Adaptation of [[Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai|Sundaram Pillai's Manonmaniyam]]
|-
| 158||521|| [[Angulimala]]
|The Bandit Who Took Refuge in [[The Buddha|Buddha]]
|-
| 159||622||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Velanati Chodas#History|The Tiger & the Woodpecker]]
|Animal Tales From a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Classic
|-
| 160||512||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Tales of [[Vishnu]]
|The Gentle God
|-
| 161||635|| [[Amrapali]] and [[Upagupta]]
|Chosen By Buddha
|-
| 162||637|| [[Yayati]]
|Retold From the [[Mahabharata]]
|-
| 163||560||style = "background: gray; color: white"| How the Jackal Ate the Elephant
|Tales from the [[Panchatantra]]
|-
| 164||549||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Tales of [[Shiva]]
|The Mighty Lord of [[Kailasha|Kailasa]]
|-
| 165||638|| [[Shalivahana|King Shalivahana]]
|[[Satavahana dynasty|The Man Who Started an Era]]
|-
| 166||748|| [[Kittur Chennamma|The Rani of Kittur]]
|The Defiant Queen
|-
| 167||522|| [[Krishna]] & [[Narakasura]]
|Confidence Versus Arrogance
|-
| 168||677|| [[Mahavira|The Magic Grove]]
|A Jain Tale About Destiny
|-
| 169||684|| [[Lachit Borphukan|Lachit Barphukan]]
|[[Ahom kingdom|Legendary Commander of Assam]]
|-
| 170||755|| [[Indra]] & [[Vritra]]
|The Demon Who Terrorised the Gods
|-
| 171||681|| [[Amar Singh Rathore|Amar Singh Rathor]]
|[[Rathore dynasty|Of Rajput Pride and Honour]]
|-
| 172||639|| [[Krishna]] & the [[Pundra Kingdom|False Vasudeva]]
|Pride Meets Its Doom
|-
| 173||794|| [[Kayamkulam Kochunni|Kochunni]]
|The Highwayman With a Heart
|-
| 174||703|| Tales of [[Yudhishthira]]
|Justice for the [[Pandava]]
|-
| 175||774|| [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]
|[[Sikh Empire|The Gallant General]]
|-
| 176||514||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Tales of [[Durga]]
|Tales of the Mother Goddess
|-
| 177||589|| [[Krishna]] & [[Shishupala]]
|He Was Forgiven a Hundred Times
|-
| 178||523|| [[Tenali Ramakrishna|Raman of Tenali]]
|The Birbal of the South
|-
| 179||640|| [[King Porus|Paurava]] and [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]
|[[Battle of the Hydaspes|Battle of the Giants]]
|-
| 180||524||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Indra]] & [[Shibi (king)|Shibi]]
|Tales of the Wise Lord of Heaven
|-
| 181||791|| [[Guru Hargobind|Guru Har Gobind]]
|Soldier-Saint of the Sikhs
|-
| 182|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG454|| [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|The Battle for Srinagar]]
| A Heroic Story From [[Partition of India|1947]]
|{{ref|G|G}}|| rowspan="23" |1979
|-
| 183||676|| [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]]
|[[Kingdom of Mewar|The Pillar of Rajput Pride]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| 184||652||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Aruni]] and [[Glossary of Hinduism terms#U|Uttanka]]
|Tales of Devotion and Reward
|-
| 185||620||style = "background: gray; color: white"| How Friends are Parted
|Tales From the [[Hitopadesha]]
|-
| 186|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG455|| style="background: gray; color: white" | [[Valluvar|Tiruppan]] and [[Kanaka Dasa|Kanakadasa]]
|Two Tales of Devotion
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 187||741|| [[Tipu Sultan]]
|The Tiger of [[Mysore]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| 188||611|| [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]]
|He Dared to Fight
|-
| 189||785|| [[Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)|Thugsen]]
|A Folk Tale From Maharashtra
|-
| 190|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG456{{ref|G|G}}|| [[Kannappa Nayanar|Kannappa]]
|The Devotee Who Offered His Eyes to Lord Shiva
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 191||796|| The King in a Parrot's Body
|A Jain Tale
| rowspan="31" |
|-
| 192|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA|| [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I|Ranadhira]]
|The Valorous King of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
|-
| 193||720|| [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay#Bibliography|Kapala Kundala]]
|The Fearless Child of the Forest
|-
| 194||641|| [[Sister Nivedita|Gopal & the Cowherd]]
|A Delightful Bengali Folktale
|-
| 195||553||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Jackal Stories
|[[Jataka]] Tales of the Sly and the Shrewd
|-
| 196||781|| [[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|Hothal]]
|The Story of a [[Apsara|Celestial Dancer]]
|-
| 197||784||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|The Rainbow Prince]]
|Folk Tales From [[Bengal]]
|-
| 198||525||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Tales of [[Arjuna]]
|The Exploits of an Exceptional Warrior
|-
| 199||719|| [[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|Chandralalat]]
|The Boy With the Moon On His Forehead
|-
| 200||603|| [[Akbar]]
|A Visionary Monarch
|-
| 201||702||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Nachiketa]]
|A Collection of Stories from the [[Upanishads]]
|-
| 202||600||[[Kalidasa]]
|Master Poet and Dramatist
|-
| 203||653||[[Jayadratha]]
|Retold From the Mahabharata
|-
| 204||642||[[Shah Jahan]]
|Emperor, Soldier, and Master Builder
|-
| 205||643||[[Ratnavali]]
| A Royal Prophecy is Happily Fulfilled|| rowspan="24" |1980
|-
| 206||693||[[Jayaprakash Narayan]]
|[[Bihar Movement|A Soldier For Justice]]
|-
| 207||526||[[Mahiravana]]
|A Magician Outwitted
|-
| 208|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA||[[Jayadeva]]
|Author of the Famous [[Gita Govinda|Gita-Govinda]]
|-
| 209||644|| [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]
|A Mother Blinded By Love
|-
| 210||558||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Birbal]] the Clever
|Tales About Birbal
|-
| 211||711|| [[Jainism|The Celestial Necklace]]
|How a Promise Must Be Kept
|-
| 212||718||[[Basaveshwara]]
|[[Bhakti movement|The Revolutionary Social Reformer]]
|-
| 213||749||[[Velu Thampi Dalawa|Velu Thampi]]
|The Courageous Diwan of [[Travancore]]
|-
| 214||527||[[Bhima|Bheema]] & [[Hanuman]]
|The Sons of [[Vayu]], The Wind God
|-
| 215||687||[[Panna Dai|Panna]] & [[Hadi Rani]]
|Of Loyalty, Honour, and Love
|-
| 216||750||[[Abbakka|Rani Abbakka]]
|The Queen Who Knew No Fear
|-
| 217||817||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|Sukhu & Dukhu]]
|Folk Tales From Bengal
|-
| 218||574||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Magic Chant
|Lessons In Living from the [[Jataka]] Tales
|-
| 219||645||[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokamanya Tilak]]
|[[Lal Bal Pal|Firebrand Nationalist]]
|-
| 220||528||[[Kumbhakarna]]
|The Sleeping Giant
|-
| 221||658||[[Jahangir]]
|The Gentle Mughal
|-
| 222|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG457||[[Samarth Ramdas]]
|Shivaji's [[Bhakti yoga|Spiritual Guide]]
|{{ref|G|G}}{{ref|J|J}}
|-
| 223||717|| [[Narasimhagupta|Baladitya]] & [[Yasodharman|Yashodharma]]
|Bane of the [[Huna people|Hunas]]
| rowspan="4" |
|-
| 224||619||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Nandivishala
|[[Jataka]] Tales - Wit and Wisdom From Buddhist Lore
|-
| 225||601||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Tales of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]]
|The Saint of [[Shirdi]]
|-
| 226||581||[[Tenali Ramakrishna|Raman]] the Matchless Wit
|The Adventures of a Unique [[Jester|Court Jester]]
|-
| 227|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG458{{ref|G|G}}||[[Sadhu Vaswani]]
|Sage of Modern India
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 228||618||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Birbal]] to the Rescue
|The Master Psychologist
| rowspan="28" |
|-
| 229||742||[[Srimanta Sankardeva|Shankar Dev]]
| [[Ekasarana Dharma|Preaching the Religion of Love]]|| rowspan="28" |1981
|-
| 230||765||[[Hemu]]
|[[Sur Empire|Brilliant Strategist, Shrewd Statesman]]
|-
| 231||683||[[Bahubali]]
|He Gave Up His [[Solar dynasty|Empire]] To Learn The Truth
|-
| 232||788||[[Dara Shikoh|Dara Shukoh]] & [[Aurangzeb]]
|The Tale of Two Brothers and an Empire
|-
| 233||585||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Dullard
|Tales from the [[Panchatantra]]
|-
| 234||608||[[Bhagat Singh]]
|The Cheerful Young Martyr
|-
| 235||716||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Jainism|The Adventures of Agad Datta]]
|[[Jainism|Jain]] Tales of Long Ago
|-
| 236|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA||[[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Bahman Shah]]
|
|-
| 237||584||[[Gopal Bhar|Gopal the Jester]]
|The Brilliant Bengali Wit
|-
| 238||609||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Friends & Foes
|Animal Tales from the [[Mahabharata]]
|-
| 239||795||[[Harihara I|Hakka]] & [[Bukka]]
|Founders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar Empire]]
|-
| 240||782||[[Jainism|Sahasramalla]]
|Trickster and Thief - A Jain Tale
|-
| 241||787||[[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]]
|Iron Man of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]]
|-
| 242||561||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Crows & Owls
|Tales from the [[Panchatantra]]
|-
| 243||715||[[Ramanuja]]
|A Great [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] Saint
|-
| 244||593||The [[Pandava]]s in Hiding
|Outwitting a Wily Enemy
|-
| 245|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| [[Tyagaraja|Tyagaraj]]
|Poet-Saint and Social Activist
|-
| 246||575||The Giant & the Dwarf
|A [[Jataka]] Tale of Wit and Wisdom
|-
| 247||586||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Stories of Wisdom
|Right Thinking From the [[Jataka]] Tales
|-
| 248||775||[[Bhai Bidhi Chand Chhina|Bidhi Chand]]
|The Honourable Thief
|-
| 249||662||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Learned Pandit
|Tales told by [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]]
|-
| 250||770||[[Sambhaji]]
|Valiant Son of Shivaji
|-
| 251||651||[[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|The Adventures of Baddu & Chhotu]]
|Who Is the Smarter One
|-
| 252||529||[[Murugan|Kartikeya]]
|A Son of Shiva
|-
| 253||670||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Golden Mongoose
|Tales of Duty From the [[Mahabharata]]
|-
| 254||513||[[Hanuman]] to the Rescue
|Hanuman Brings The [[Sanjivani (Hinduism)|Sanjeevani]]
|-
| 255||808||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|The Mystery of the Missing Gifts]]
|Folk Tales From [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 256|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG459||[[Sakhi Sarwar]]
|A Folk Tale From Punjab
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 257||714||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Jataka|The Queen's Necklace]]
| A Collection of Jataka Tales
| rowspan="8" | || rowspan="20" |1982
|-
| 258||809||[[Chandrashekhara Kambara|The Secret of the Talking Bird]]
|A Folk Tale From [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 259||804||[[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|The Miraculous Conch]]
|A Game of [[Chess]]
|-
| 260||595||[[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]]
|The Saint of [[Dakshineswar]]
|-
| 261||713||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Constanzo Beschi|The Fool's Disciples]]
|Tales of Sense and Nonsense
|-
| 262||721||[[Rash Behari Bose]]
|Independent India Was His Lifelong Dream
|-
| 263||743||[[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|The Prince & the Magician]]
|The Strange Adventures of a Young Prince
|-
| 264||617||The Hidden Treasure
|[[Jataka]] Tales - Wisdom Wins a War
|-
| 265|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG460||[[Rama Deva Raya|Echamma the Brave]]
|A Historical Tale From the South
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 266||803||[[Kathasaritsagara|Manduka]]
|The Accidental Astrologer
| rowspan="15" |
|-
| 267||646||style = "background: gray; color: white"| The Pandit & the Milkmaid
|Tales told by [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]]
|-
| 268||597||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Tales of [[Shivaji]]
|The Legendary Maratha Warrior-King
|-
| 269||576||The Mouse Merchant
|A [[Jataka]] Tale
|-
| 270||707|| The Tiger-Eater
|Brain Beats Brawn
|-
| 271||647||[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|The Gentle Warrior
|-
| 272||802||[[Bharatendu Harishchandra|Andher Nagari]]
|The City of Darkness
|-
| 273||538|| [[Ocean of milk|The Churning of the Ocean]]
|Vishnu Saves Creation
|-
| 274||578|| [[Jainism|Kesari, The Flying Thief]]
|Tales of Enlightenment
|-
| 275||708|| [[Subramanya Bharathi|Subramania Bharati]]
|The Tamil Voice of Freedom
|-
| 276||772||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Pig and the Dog
|Animal Tales from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
| 277||616||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Tales of Misers
| A Collection of [[Jataka]] Tales|| rowspan="24" |1983
|-
| 278||688||[[Bimbisara]]
|Model King of [[Magadha]]
|-
| 279||573||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Bird Stories
|[[Jataka]] Tales of Brain Versus Brawn
|-
| 280||820|| [[Tamil history from Sangam literature|Kumanan]]
|The King Who Loved Poetry
|-
| 281|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG461|| [[Viswamitra#Harishchandra's Sacrifice|Shunahshepa]]
|Retold From The [[Aitareya Brahmana]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 282|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| [[Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu|The Taming of Gulla]]
|Retold from a [[Kannada]] Classic
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| 283||709|| [[Jagannatha|Jagannatha of Puri]]
|[[Puri|Dreamt By a King, Sculpted By the Gods]]
|-
| 284||777||[[Albert Einstein]]
|He Never Stopped Questioning
|-
| 285|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG462||[[Sati Joymati|Joymati]]
|A Tale From [[Assam]]
| rowspan="2" |{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 286|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG463||Thanedar Hasan Askari
|The Police Officer Who Never Knew Fear
|-
| 287||771||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|The Pious Cat]]
|Animal Tales From Rajasthan
| rowspan="17" |
|-
| 288||667|| [[Folklore of India#Folktales of India|Bikal the Terrible]]
|The Tale of a Frightened Tiger
|-
| 289||816||[[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar|The Elusive Kaka]]
|Adapted From the [[Kakana Kote]], a Kannada Classic
|-
| 290||628|| [[Ramana Maharshi]]
|The Gentle Saint Of [[Tiruvannamalai]]
|-
| 291||797||The Prophecy
|A Buddhist Tale from [[Tibet]]
|-
| 292||744||[[Chokhamela|Chokha Mela]]
|The Boy Who Heard God
|-
| 293||752|| [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Beni Madho and Pir Ali]]
|Heroes of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857]]
|-
| 294||824||[[Durgeshnandini|Durgesh Nandini]]
|A Story by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
|-
| 295||740||[[Guru Arjan Dev|Guru Arjan]]
|The Man Who Knew No Fear
|-
| 296|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA||[[Pranami Sampraday|Mahamati Prannath]]
|Founder of the [[Pranami Sampradaya|Pranami]] Sect
|-
| 297||798|| The Lost Prince
|A Tale of Treachery
|-
| 298|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA|| [[Vithoba|Damaji Pant and Narhari]]
|Two Devotees of Panduranga
|-
| 299||799||The Silent Teacher
|The Prince Who Could Not Speak
|-
| 300||696|| [[History of Delhi|The Historic City Of Delhi]]
|A Tale of Power and Passion
|-
| 301||689|| [[Tripura (mythology)|Tripura]]
| The Three Impregnable Cities of [[Mayasura|Maya]]|| rowspan="24" |1984
|-
| 302||776|| [[Dhola Maru|Dhola & Maru]]
|A Romance From Rajasthan
|-
| 303|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA||[[Senapati Bapat]]
|The Story of a Freedom Fighter
|-
| 304|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG465||[[Dwarkanath Kotnis|Dr. Kotnis]] in China
|The Selfless Physician
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 305||610||[[Ravana]] Humbled
|An Arrogant King Finds New Friends
|
|-
| 306|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG466||[[Yellapragada Subbarow|Y. Subba Row]]
|The Story of a Scientist
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 307||783||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Bridegroom's Ring
|Two Tales From [[Garhwal kingdom|Garhwal]]
| rowspan="10" |
|-
| 308||712|| [[Andhaka]]
|The Dark Lord Who Saw Light
|-
| 309||678||[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Veer Savarkar]]
|He Fought For Human Dignity and Freedom
|-
| 310|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Allahabad Pillar|The True Conqueror]]
|[[Samudragupta]]
|-
| 311||751||[[Kunwar Singh]]
|His Age Was No Bar To His Passion For Freedom
|-
| 312||654||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Tales of [[Balarama]]
|Valiant Brother of Krishna
|-
| 313||818|| [[Vishnuvardhana|Shantala]]
|The Queen Who Loved Peace
|-
| 314||668||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Acrobat
|A Collection of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] Tales
|-
| 315||805||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Golden Sand
|Folk Tales From [[Nepal]]
|-
| 316||767||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The [[Parijaat tree, Kintoor|Parijata Tree]]
|Other Tales of Krishna
|-
| 317|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG467||[[Rajatarangini|Annapati Suyya]]
|Retold From [[Kalhana|Kalhana's]] [[Rajatarangini]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 318||671|| The Cowherd of Alawi
|Gentle Lessons From Buddha
| rowspan="8" |
|-
| 319||669||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Ashwini Kumaras|Ashwini Kumars]]
|Tales of Devotion From the [[Vedas]]
|-
| 320|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Rajatarangini|Chandrapeeda]]
|Other Tales of [[Kashmir]]
|-
| 321||807||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Sufi|The Green Demon]]
|A Collection of [[Sufism|Sufi]] Tales
|-
| 322||730||Shrenik
|[[Jainism|Jain]] Tales of Astuteness and Insight
|-
| 323||648|| [[Samudragupta|Samudra Gupta]]
|[[Gupta Empire|The Lute-Playing Conquerer]]
|-
| 324||695|| [[Nahusha]]
|He Became the King of Heaven
|-
| 325||699||[[Jagdish Chandra Bose|Jagadis Chandra Bose]]
| The Scientist Who Befriended Plants and Metals|| rowspan="23" |1985
|-
| 326|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI|| style="background: gray; color: white" |Tales of [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]
|A Poet-Saint of [[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{ref|J|J}}
|-
| 327||745||[[Kuru Kingdom#References of Kuru Kingdom in epic Mahabharata|Tapati]]
|Daughter of the [[Surya|Sun God]]
|
|-
| 328|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG469|| style="background: gray; color: white" |Rajbala
|Stories From [[Sindh]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|- id="329"
| 329|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata (comics)|Mahabharata]] 1
|[[Vyasa|Veda Vyasa]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 330||754|| [[Vaddaradhane|Vidyut Chora]]
|A Jain Tale
|
|-
| 331|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 2
|[[Bhishma|Bheeshma]]'s Vow
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 332||587||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Birbal]] the Genius
|Wit and Wisdom at Akbar's Court
|
|-
| 333|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 3
|The Advent of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] Princes
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 334||675|| [[Mangal Pandey]]
|[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|He Fired the First Shot]]
|
|-
| 335|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 4
|The [[Pandava]]s at [[Hastinapura]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 336||710||style = "background: gray; color: white"| The Fearless Boy
|Buddhist Tales of the [[Moksha|Path to Happiness]]
|
|-
| 337|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 5
|Enter [[Drona]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 338||690||The Legend Of [[Lalitaditya]]
|[[Karkota dynasty|The Warrior-Poet of Kashmir]]
|
|-
| 339|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 6
|Enter [[Karna]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 340|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Zen|The Making of a Swordsman]]
|[[Zen]] Tales from [[Japan]]
|
|-
| 341|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 7
|The Conspiracy
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 342||625||style = "background: gray; color: white"| [[Jataka|Battle of Wits]]
|Tales of the [[Bodhisattva]] Aushadha Kumar
|
|-
| 343|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 8
|The Escape
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 344||728||[[Chittaranjan Das|Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]]
|He Sacrificed His All For the Country
|
|-
| 345|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 9
|The Birth of [[Ghatotkacha]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 346||813||[[Marthandavarma (novel)#Comics|Maarthaanda Varma]]
|A Romantic Legend From [[Kerala]]
|
|-
| 347|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 10
|The [[Pandava]]s at [[Ekachakra|Ekachakrapura]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|- id="348"
| 348||SI|| [[Indian independence movement|The March to Freedom 1]]
| The Birth of the [[Indian National Congress]]
| || rowspan="24" |1986
|-
| 349|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 11
|Enter [[Draupadi]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 350|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG470||[[Raidas|Guru Ravidas]]
|A Story of Compassion and Generosity
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 351|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 12
|[[Draupadi]]'s [[Swayamvara]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 352||821||[[Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram|The Adventures of Pratapan]]
|An Adaptation of the First Tamil Novel
|
|-
| 353|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 13
|The [[Pandava]]s Recalled to Hastinapura
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 354||747||[[Vasco da Gama|Sea Route to India]]
|In Quest of the Ultimate Destination
|
|-
| 355|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 14
|[[Arjuna]]'s 12-Year-Long Exile
|{{ref|H|H}}
|- id="356"
| 356||786|| [[Indian independence movement|The March to Freedom 2]]
|A Nation Awakes
|
|-
| 357|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 15
|A Hall for [[Yudhishthira]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 358||704||[[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre|Jallianwala Bagh]]
|Massacre of the Innocents
|
|-
| 359|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 16
|The [[Pandava]]s Conquer the World
|{{ref|H|H}}
|- id="360"
| 360||SI|| [[Indian independence movement|The March to Freedom 3]]
|The Saga of Indian Revolutionaries
|
|-
| 361|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 17
|[[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya|Rajsooya Yajna]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 362||672|| [[Jataka|The Priceless Gem]]
|A Jataka Tale - Adventures of a [[Bodhisattva]] at Court
|
|-
| 363|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 18
|[[Indraprastha]] Lost
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 364||855||[[Khudiram Bose]]
|
|
|-
| 365|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 19
|The [[Pandava]]s in the Forest
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 366|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG471|| style="background: gray; color: white" | [[Kathasaritasagara|Patali Putra]]
|Tales from the [[Kathasaritsagara]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 367|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 20
|[[Arjuna]]'s Quest for Weapons
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 368|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG472|| style="background: gray; color: white" |[[Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram|The Nawab's Diwan]]
|Other Tamil Tales
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 369|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 21
|[[Arjuna]] in [[Arjuna#Urvashi.27s curse|Indraloka]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 370|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Gingee Fort|Raja Desing]]
|Legendary Hero of Tamil Nadu
|{{ref|J|J}}
|-
| 371|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 22
|The Reunion
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 372||583||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Greedy Mother-in-Law
| [[Panchatantra]] Tales That Counsel and Caution
| || rowspan="24" |1987
|-
| 373|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 23
|[[Duryodhana]] Humbled
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 374|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Kathasaritasagara|Hamsavali]]
|Pictorial Classics For Young and Old
|
|-
| 375|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 24
|The Twelfth Year
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 376|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG474||[[Lilan Chanesar|Lila & Chanesar]]
|A Legend From [[Sindh]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 377|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 25
|The [[Pandava]]s at [[Virata]]'s Place
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 378|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Kathasaritasagara|Shringabuja]]
|Tales from the Kathasaritsagara
|
|-
| 379|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 26
|Panic in the [[Kaurava]] Camp
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 380|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Baital Pachisi|Padmavati]]
|A Tale from [[Vetala Panchavimshati]]
|{{ref|J|J}}
|-
| 381|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 27
|[[Sanjaya]]'s Mission
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 382||733||[[Ghanshyam Das Birla]]
|[[Birla family|A Builder of Modern India]]
|
|-
| 383|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 28
|[[Duryodhana]] Refuses to Yield
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 384||722||[[Megasthenes]]
|Ambassador, Traveler, and Observer
|
|-
| 385|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 29
|[[Krishna]]'s Peace Mission
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 386||680|| [[Faxian|Fa Hien]]
|The Fearless Monk
|
|-
| 387|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 30
|The War Begins
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 388|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA||[[Kathasaritasagara|Sundarasena]]
|Tales from the Kathasaritsagara
|
|-
| 389|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 31
|[[Bhishma|Bheeshma]] in Command
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 390||691|| [[Xuanzang|Hiuen Tsang]]
|A Buddhist Pilgrim From [[China]]
|
|-
| 391|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 32
|The Fall of [[Bhishma|Bheeshma]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 392||649||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Tales from the [[Upanishads]]
|Tales of Peace and Wisdom
|
|-
| 393|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 33
|[[Drona]]'s Vow
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 394|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG475||[[Pulakeshin II|Pulakeshi II]]
|The King Who Defeated Emperor [[Harsha]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 395|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 34
|The Slaying of [[Abhimanyu]]
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 396||731|| [[Ellora Caves]]
| The Glory of the [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakootas]]
| || rowspan="13" |1988
|-
| 397|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 35
|[[Arjuna]] Fulfils His Vow
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 398||793||[[Keladi Chennamma|Chennamma of Keladi]]
|The Queen Who Defied [[Aurangzeb|Aurangazeb]]
|
|-
| 399|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 36
|The Battle at Midnight
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 400||665|| [[Jataka|The Deadly Feast]]
|Jataka Tales - Wisdom Conquers All
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| 401||660|| [[Ajatashatru]]
|A Son's Story of Sorrow and Success
|-
| 402|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS|| [[Mahabharata]] 37
|[[Karna]] in Command
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 403||792||[[Narayana Guru]]
|[[Kerala reformation movement|He Believed in One Human Race]]
|
|-
| 404|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS|| [[Mahabharata]] 38
|The Kurus Routed
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 405||819||[[Civaka Cintamani|Prince Jivaka]]
|From the Epic Tamil Poem, [[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi|Jivaka Chintamani]]
|
|-
| 406|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS|| [[Mahabharata]] 39
|After the War
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 407|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Kohinoor]]
|
|
|-
| 408|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS|| [[Mahabharata]] 40
|[[Yudhishthira]]'s Coronation
| rowspan="2" |{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 409|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 41
| The [[Ashvamedha|Ashwamedha Yajna]]|| rowspan="12" |1989
|-
| 410||780||Kanwal and Kehar
|A Romantic Tale From Gujarat
|
|- id="411"
| 411|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Mahabharata]] 42
|The Celestial Reunion
|{{ref|H|H}}
|-
| 412||756||[[Roopmati]]
|[[Malwa|The Tragic Story of a Rajput Princess]]
|
|- id="413"
| 413|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 1
|The Darling of [[Gokul]]
|{{ref|I|I}}
|- id="414"
| 414||650||[[Mahatma Gandhi]] 1
|The Early Days
|
|-
| 415|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 2
|The Subduer of [[Kaliya]]
|{{ref|I|I}}
|- id="416"
| 416|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Mahatma Gandhi]] 2
|The Father of the Nation
|
|-
| 417|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 3
|The Upholder of [[Govardhan hill|Govardhan]]
|{{ref|I|I}}
|-
| 418|| style="background: blue; color: white" |DG476||[[French Revolution|The French Revolution]]
|[[Democracy|Of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity]]
|{{ref|G|G}}
|-
| 419|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 4
|Victory over [[Kamsa]]
|{{ref|I|I}}
|-
| 420||580||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Inimitable [[Birbal]]
|Friend, Philosopher, and Guide to Akbar
|
|-
| 421|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 5
| The Lord of [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]]
|{{ref|I|I}}|| rowspan="12" |1990
|- id="lp"
| 422|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA||[[Louis Pasteur]]
|
|
|-
| 423|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 6
|The Enchanter
|{{ref|I|I}}
|-
| 424||806||[[Kathasaritasagara|The Clever Dancer]]
|A Battle of Wits
|
|-
| 425|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 7
|The Victorious
|{{ref|I|I}}
|-
| 426||614||style = "background: gray; color: white"|True Friends
|[[Jataka]] Tales of Good Conduct
|
|-
| 427|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 8
|An Ally of the [[Pandava]]s
|{{ref|I|I}}
|- id="nb"
| 428|| style="background: red; color: white" |NA||[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]
|
|
|- id="429"
| 429|| style="background: green; color: white" |BS||[[Bhagawat Purana]] 9
|The Saviour
|{{ref|I|I}}
|- id="430"
| 430||style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Indus Valley Civilization|An Exciting Find]]
|
| rowspan="7" |
|-
| 431||615||style = "background: gray; color: white"| Stories of Courage
|[[Jataka]] Tales of Valour and Victory
|- id="432"
| 432||style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||The [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] Adventure
|The Route to the Roots
|-
| 433||602||style = "background: gray; color: white"| The Quick Witted [[Birbal]]
| || rowspan="4" |1991
|-
| 434|| style="background: purple; color: white" |SI||[[Kathasaritasagara|The Chosen Bridegroom]]
|Tales from the Kathasaritsagara
|-
| 435||778||[[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] & [[Marie Curie]]
|They Shared a Passion for Science
|-
| 436||700|| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|The Early Days
|-
| rowspan="51" style="background: red; color: white" | NA||679||[[Swami Pranavananda]]
| [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha|He Symbolised the Strength of Spirituality]]
|{{ref|F|F}}{{ref|K|K}}||1998
|-
|732||[[Swami Chinmayananda]]
| [[Chinmaya Mission|Modern Life Meets Ancient Wisdom]]
| {{ref|K|K}}||2001
|- id="jrd"
|735||[[JRD Tata]]
| The Quiet Conquerer
|{{ref|K|K}}||2004
|- id="kc"
|736||[[Kalpana Chawla]]
| [[STS-87|The First Indian Woman In Space]]
| || rowspan="2" |2005
|-
|737||[[Jamsetji Tata]]
|The Man Who Saw Tomorrow
|{{ref|K|K}}
|-
|800||[[Mother Teresa]]
| Little Acts of Love
| || rowspan="3" |2010
|-
|801
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Ganesha|Tales of Ganesha]]
|
|{{ref|B|B}}
|-
|825||[[Surjya Sen]]
|[[Chittagong armoury raid|The Chittagong Uprising]]
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|826||Heroes of [[Hampi]]
| The Mythology of [[Kishkindha]]|| rowspan="7" |2011
|-
|827||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Tales of [[Indra]]
|Lord of Thunder
|-
|828||[[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]]
|The Lord of [[Tirumala]]
|-
|829||[[Vaishno Devi]]
|Goddess of the Hills
|-
|830|| style="background: gray; color: white" | [[Ganesha]] And The [[Chandra|Moon]]
|
|{{ref|B|B}}
|-
|831||[[Tenzing Norgay]]
|[[1953 British Mount Everest expedition|On Top of the World]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|832||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Brahma Purana|Stories Of Creation]]
|From the [[Brahma Purana]]
|-
|833||[[Konark Sun Temple|Konark]]
| Temple to the Sun|| rowspan="10" |2012
|-
|834||[[Anant Pai]]
|[[Amar Chitra Katha|Master Storyteller]]
|{{ref|K|K}}
|-
|835||[[Salim Ali]]
|The Bird Man of India
|{{ref|K|K}}
|-
|836||[[Thanjavur]]
|City of [[Brihadisvara Temple|Brihadeeswara]]
| rowspan="11" |
|-
|837||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[The Blue Umbrella]]
|Stories by [[Ruskin Bond]]
|-
|838||[[Jim Corbett]]
|Friend of the Wild
|-
|839||[[Kubera]]
|The Lord of Wealth
|-
|840||style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Saraswati]]
|Stories of the Goddess of Wisdom
|-
|841||[[M S Subbulakshmi]]
|Queen of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Music]]
|-
|842||[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]
|Man of Mathematics
|-
|843||style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Unhappy Tiger
| Stories from the [[Hitopadesha]]|| rowspan="3" |2013
|-
|844||[[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]]
|A Saga of Revenge
|-
|845||[[Verghese Kurien]]
|[[White revolution (India)|The Man With the Billion Litre Idea]]
|-
|846||style = "background: gray; color: white"|Two Oxen
| Stories by [[Premchand|Munshi Premchand]]||2014
|-
| rowspan="2" |847
|[[Jagjivan Ram]]
|[[Social justice|Crusader for Social Justice]]
|{{ref|D|D}}{{ref|F|F}}{{ref|K|K}}
|2017
|-
|[[Paramahansa Yogananda|Paramahamsa Yogananda]]
| [[Self-Realization Fellowship|A Saint for East and West]]
|{{ref|D|D}}{{ref|K|K}}||2018
|-
|848||[[Vikram Sarabhai]]
|Pioneering [[ISRO|India's Space Programme]]
| {{ref|C|C}}||2020
|-
| rowspan="2" |849||[[Manik Prabhu]]
| [[Advaita Vedanta|A Rare Spiritual Gem]]
| rowspan="2" |{{ref|E|E}}|| rowspan="3" |2021
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|A Couple of Misers
|Stories from Around India
|-
|850||[[Tata family|Meherbai Tata]]
|Champion of Women's Causes
|{{ref|F|F}}{{ref|K|K}}
|-
|852
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|The Gentle Warrior
|
| rowspan="2" |2022
|-
|854||[[Ardeshir Godrej|Ardeshir]] and [[Pirojsha Godrej]]
|Pioneers of Progress
| rowspan="2" |{{ref|K|K}}
|-
|856||[[Naval Godrej]]
| Pioneer of Progress|| rowspan="4" |2023
|-
|857|| style="background: gray; color: white" |Young Heroes of India
|
| rowspan="2" |{{ref|C|C}}
|-
|858||[[National Museum of India|A Day at the Museum]]
|
|-
|859
|[[Dorabji Tata]]
|Industrialist, Philanthropist, Sportsman
|{{ref|F|F}}
|-
|860
|[[Apollo Hospitals|The Apollo Story]]
|A Saga of Comfort and Healing
|{{ref|K|K}}
| rowspan="6" |2024
|-
|861
|[[Ambuja Cements|The Ambuja Story]]
|Cementing a Legacy
|{{ref|K|K}}
|-
|862
|[[Savitribai Phule|Savitribai]] & [[Jyotirao Phule]]
|[[Satyashodhak Samaj|Fighting Oppression With Education]]
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|870
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Celestial Beings
|Yakshas, Gandharvas, Apsaras
|-
|878
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Lakshmi]]
|The Goddess of Good Fortune
|-
|880
|[[U._V._Swaminatha_Iyer|U.Ve.Sa]]
|Saviour of Ancient Tamil Literature
|-
|881
|[[Hindu temple|Ancient Temples of India]]
|A Pilgrimage to Sacred Shrines
|{{ref|C|C}}
| rowspan="4" |2025
|-
|882
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Legend of Lohasura
|Seven Stories from Tribal Mythology
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|884
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|Song of the Divine
|-
|886
|[[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]]
|Weaving the Nation's Future
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Key'''
!'''Note'''
!'''Description'''
|-
| style="background: red; color: white" |'''NA'''
|Not Available in that series
|-
| style="background: green; color: white" |'''BS'''
|Published as part of a Box Set<ref name="ACK3in1" /><ref name="ACK5in1" />
|-
| style="background: purple; color: white" |'''SI'''
|Published as part of a Special Issue or compilation<ref name="JohnListSpecialNote">{{cite web |title=March to Freedom Series |url=http://www.silkqin.com/13pers/acklist.htm#f20 |accessdate=7 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: blue; color: white" |'''DG'''
|Digital re-release of a print comic
|-
| style="background: gray; color: white" |'''Title'''
|Short story collection
|-
|{{note|A|A}}
|Western fairy tales published only in Indian languages like Kannada, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam
|-
|{{note|B|B}}
|Issue 801 - Tales Of Ganesha was later released as 830 - Ganesha and the Moon<ref name="ACKList">{{cite web |title=ACK Blog List |url=http://blog.amarchitrakatha.com/product-catalogue/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506232923/http://blog.amarchitrakatha.com/product-catalogue/ |archivedate=6 May 2012 |accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
|{{note|C|C}}
|Collaboration with government agencies like the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] and [[ISRO]]
|-
|{{note|D|D}}
|Jagjivan Ram and Paramhamsa Yogananda both have the catalog number 847
|-
|{{note|E|E}}
|Manik Prabhu and A Couple of Misers both have the catalog number 849
|-
|{{note|F|F}}
|For internal distribution only. Not available for sale to the general public. Issue 679 was later released digitally<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Pranavananda |url=https://digital.amarchitrakatha.com/id006959024/Swami-Pranavananda |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Swami Pranavananda |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{note|G|G}}
|Rereleases of issues previously released by other marques published by India Book House like Chaturang Katha and Adarsh Chitra Katha
|-
|{{note|H|H}}
|Currently available only as part of the Mahabharata box set
|-
|{{note|I|I}}
|Currently available only as part of the Bhagawat - The Krishna Avatar box set
|-
|{{note|J|J}}
|Released in [[monochrome]] in The Lost Collection special
|-
|{{note|K|K}}
|Collaboration with a corporation or charitable entity
|}

== List of Special Issues ==
The first 3 specials in the 100XX series are extra-long issues with fresh content. The rest are compilations of 3 existing issues.<ref name="JohnList" /> 5-in-1 specials are numbered 10XX, and Timeless 10 compilations use a different numbering scheme. Subsequently, Amar Chitra Katha abandoned the numbering scheme for their special issues, and they may be either fresh content or compilations.<ref name="ACKList" />

'''NA''' indicates that the special issue is fresh content, not a compilation of previously released individual issues
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''3-in-1 specials'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Title'''
!'''Year'''
!'''Included Issues'''
|-
|10001
|[[Ramayana|Valmiki's Ramayana]]
|1978
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|10002
|[[Dashavatara|Dashavatar]]
|1978
|-
|10003
|[[Jesus Christ]]
|1980
|-
|10004
|Tales from the [[Panchatantra]]
|2008
|How the Jackal Ate the Elephant, The Jackal and the War Drum, The Brahmin and the Goat
|-
|10005
|Tales from the [[Jataka tales|Jatakas]]
|1999
|Elephant Stories, Monkey Stories, Deer Stories
|-
|10006
|Tales of [[Hanuman]]
|1994
|Hanuman, Hanuman to the Rescue, Bheema and Hanuman
|-
|10007
|Tales of [[Birbal]]
|1999
|Birbal the Wise, Birbal the Clever, Birbal to the Rescue
|-
|10008
|More Tales of Birbal
|1999
|Birbal the Genius, Birbal the Witty, Birbal the Just
|-
|10009
|Tales of [[Krishna]]
|1999
|Krishna and Rukmini, Krishna, The Syamantaka Gem
|-
|10010
|Great Plays of [[Kalidasa]]
|1999
|Urvashi, Shakuntala, Malavika
|-
|10011
|Great [[Sanskrit]] Plays
|1999
|Ratnavali, Udayana, Vasantsena
|-
|10012
|Great Indian Emperors
|1999
|Ashoka, Samudra Gupta, Harsha
|-
|10013
|[[Vishnu]] the Saviour
|1997
|Dhruva and Ashtavakra, Tales of Vishnu, Tales of Narada
|-
|10014
|[[List of Ranas of Mewar|Ranas of Mewar]]
|1999
|Rana Kumbha, Rana Pratap, Rana Sangha
|-
|10015
|Tales from the [[Hitopadesha]]
|1999
|Choice of Friends, How Friends are Parted, A Bag of Gold Coins
|-
|10016
|Matchless Wits
|1999
|Gopal the Jester, Raman of Tenali, Raman and the Matchless Wit
|-
|10017
|More Tales from the Jatakas
|2000
|Deadly Feast, Hidden Treasure, Battle of Wits
|-
|10018
|Adventures of Krishna
|2000
|Krishna and Narakasura, Krishna and Jarasandha, Krishna and the False Vaasudeva
|-
|10019
|Tales of the Mother Goddess
|2000
|Tales of Durga, Sati and Shiva, Shiva Parvati
|-
|10020
|Vishnu to the Rescue
|2000
|Garuda, Prahlad, The Churning of the Ocean
|-
|10021
|More Tales From The Panchatantra
|2000
|Crows and Owls, The Dullard, The Greedy Mother-in-law
|-
|10022
|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] Tales
|2000
|Buddha, Angulimala, Amrapali and Upagupta
|-
|10023
|More Buddhist Tales
|2000
|King Kusha, Vasavadatta, The Acrobat
|-
|10024
|The Sons of [[Shiva]]
|2000
|Ayyapan, Ganesha, Kartikeya
|-
|10025
|Tales told by [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]]
|2000
|Gopal and the Cowherd, The Pandit and the Milkmaid, The Learned Pandit
|-
|10026
|Further Stories From The Jatakas
|2008
|Nandivishala, The Deadly Feast, The Battle of Wits, True Friends, The Hidden Treasure
|-
|10027
|The Sons of the [[Pandava|Pandavas]]
|2008
|Abhimanyu, Ghatotkach, Uloopi
|-
|10028
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]] Classics
|2008
|Anand Math, Devi Choudhurani, Kapala Kundala
|-
|10029
|[[Sikh gurus|The Three Gurus]]
|1999
|Guru Nanak, Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Gobind Singh
|-
|10030
|Funny Folk Tales
|2008
|The Adventures of Baddu and Chhotu, Bikal the Terrible, The Tiger-Eater
|-
|10031
|Yet More Tales From The Jatakas
|2001
|Nandivishala, Jackal Stories, Bird Stories
|-
|10032
|The Great Hindi Poets
|2001
|Tulsidas, Soordas, Mirabai
|-
|10033
|[[Shivaji]] - The Great [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]
|2001
|Shivaji, Tales of Shivaji, Tanaji
|-
|10034
|Tales of Love and Devotion
|2011
|Harishchandra, Savitri, Kannagi
|-
|10035
|Travellers to India
|2009
|Megasthenes, Fa Hien, Hiuen Tsang
|-
|10036
|Tales of Devotion
|2011
|Chokha Mela, Mirabai, Shankar Dev
|-
|10037
|Architects of Modern India
|2011
|Jamsetji Tata, GD Birla, JRD Tata
|-
|10038
|Heroes to be Remembered
|2010
|Paurava and Alexander, Baladitya and Yashodharma, Hemu
|-
|10039
|Animal Tales of India
|2011
|The Pious Cat, The Pig and the Dog, Friends and Foes
|-
|10040
|Maratha Bravehearts
|2010
|Sambhaji, Baji Rao 1, Ahilyabai Holkar
|-
|10041
|Valiant [[Sikhs]]
|2010
|Ranjit Singh, Hari Singh Nalwa, Bidhi Chand
|-
|10042
|Tales from the Desert
|2010
|Hothal, Dhola and Maru, Kanwal and Kehar
|-
|10043
|Famous Scientists
|2010
|Jagdis Chandra Bose, Albert Einstein, Marie and Pierre Curie
|-
|10044
|The Prophecy and Other Stories
|2010
|The Prophecy, The Lost Prince, The Silent Teacher
|-
|10045
|The Green Demon and Other Stories
|2013
|The Green Demon, The Secret of the Talking Bird, The Mystery of the Missing Gifts
|-
|10046
|Tales of Valour
|2010
|Satwant Kaur, Sundari, Sharan Kaur
|-
|10047
|Tales from Bengal
|2010
|Chandralalat, Adventures of Baddu and Chhotu, Sukhu and Dukhu
|-
|10048
|Famous Queens
|2011
|Rani Abbaka, Shantala, Chand Bibi
|-
|10049
|Young Revolutionaries
|2011
|Surja Sen, Bhagat Singh, Bagh Jatin
|-
|10050
|[[Mughal Empire|The Mughal Court]]
|2011
|Noor Jahan, Kohinoor, Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb
|-
|10051
|Tales from the [[Puranas]]
|2011
|Surya, The Syamantaka Gem, Prince Hritadhwaja
|-
|10052
|Stories in Stone
|2011
|Elephanta, Ellora Caves, The Historic City of Delhi
|-
|10053
|Champions of Change
|2012
|Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Rabindranath Tagore
|-
|10054
|Clever Ministers
|2012
|Chanakya, Velu Thampi, Baji Rao I
|-
|10055
|Powerful [[Rishi|Rishis]]
|2012
|Vishwamitra, Agastya, Parashurama
|-
|10056
|Temples of India
|2012
|Tirupati, Vaishno Devi, Konark
|-
|10057
|Poet Saints of India
|2012
|Tukaram, Tyagaraja, Narsinh Mehta
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''5-In-1 Specials'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Title'''
!'''Year'''
!'''Included Issues'''
|-
|1001
|Stories of Krishna
|2008
|Krishna, Krishna and Rukmini, The Symantaka Gem, Krishna and Jarasandha, Krishna and Narakasura
|-
|1002
|Stories of Birbal
|2008
|Birbal the Clever, Birbal the Genius, Birbal the Wise, Birbal to the Rescue, the Inimitable Birbal
|-
|1003
|Stories from the Jatakas
|2021
|Bird Stories, Monkey Stories, Deer Stories, Elephant Stories, Jackal Stories
|-
|1004
|Stories from the Panchatantra
|2008
|The Jackal and the War Drum, The Brahmin and the Goat, Crows and Owls, How the Jackal Ate the Elephant, The Dullard
|-
|1005
|Stories of [[Rama]]
|2004
|Ancestors of Rama, Dasharatha, Rama, Hanuman, The Sons of Rama
|-
|1006
|Tales of Humour
|2008
|Raman of Tenali, Raman the Matchless Wit, Birbal the Just, Birbal the Witty, Gopal the Jester
|-
|1007
|More Stories from the Jatakas
|2008
|The Mouse Merchant, The Giant and the Dwarf, The Magic Chant, The Priceless Gem, Tales of Misers
|-
|1008
|Stories of Shiva
|1972
|Sati and Shiva, Shiva Parvati, Tales of Shiva, Ganesha, Kartikeya
|-
|1009
|Devotees of Vishnu
|1998
|The Churning of the Ocean, Tales of Vishnu, Tales of Narada, Prahlad, Dhruva and Ashtavakra
|-
|1010
|Heroes from the [[Mahabharata]]
|2008
|Bheeshma, Drona, Tales of Arjuna, Karna, Abhimanyu
|-
|1011
|Stories from [[Indian classical drama|Sanskrit Drama]]
|2008
|Shakuntala, Urvashi, Udayana, Vasantasena, Ratnavali
|-
|1012
|Great Rulers of India
|2008
|Krishnadeva Raya, Ashoka, Chandragupta Maurya, Samudra Gupta, Harsha
|-
|1013
|Brave [[Rajput|Rajputs]]
|1972
|Prithviraj Chauhan, Rana Kumbha, Rana Sanga, Rana Pratap, Rani Durgavati
|-
|1014
|Ancient Tales of Wit and Wisdom
|2008
|A Bag of Gold Coins, Choice of Friends, How Friends are Parted, The Tiger and the Woodpecker, Friends and Foes
|-
|1015
|Further Stories from the Jatakas
|2008
|Nandivishala, The Deadly Feast, The Battle of Wits, True Friends, The Hidden Treasure
|-
|1016
|Stories from the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagwat]]
|2008
|Krishna and the False Vasudeva, Sudama, Aniruddha, Krishna and Shishupala, Tales of Balarama
|-
|1017
|Buddhist Stories
|2008
|Buddha, King Kusha, Angulimala, Amrapali, The Acrobat and Other Buddhist Tales
|-
|1018
|Stories from The Mahabharata
|2003
|Indra and Shibi, Nala Damayanti, Kacha and Devayani, Indra and Shachi, Savitri
|-
|1019
|Great [[Freedom fighters of India|Freedom Fighters]]
|2008
|Lokamanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, Veer Savarkar, Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh
|-
|1020
|Brave Women of India
|2008
|Rani of Jhansi, The Rani of Kittur, Rani Abbakka, Sultana Razia, Kalpana Chawla
|-
|1021
|Famous Sikh Gurus
|2009
|Guru Nanak, Guru Arjan, Guru Har Gobind, Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Gobind Singh
|-
|1022
|Tales of Revolutionaries
|2011
|Chandra Shekhar Azad, Bagha Jatin, Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das, Rash Behari Bose, A Nation Awakens
|-
|1023
|[[Jainism|Jain]] Stories
|2011
|Vidyut Chora, The Magic Grove, The Adventures of Agad Datta, Sahasramalla, The King in a Parrot's Body
|-
|1024
|Regional Folk Tales of India
|2011
|Sakshi Gopal, Jasma of the Odes, The Bridegroom's Ring, Thugsen, The Rainbow Prince
|-
|1025
|Stories about Freedom Fighters
|2011
|Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, Jayaprakash Narayan, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Jawaharlal Nehru
|-
|1026
|Tales of Giants and Demons
|2011
|The Lord of Lanka, Ravana Humbled, Mahiravana, Kumbhakarna, Ghatotkacha
|-
|1027
|Poets and Thinkers
|2011
|Kabir, Mirabai, Ekanath, Soordas, Narayana Guru
|-
|1028
|Bravehearts of the South
|2011
|Tachcholi Othenan, Chenamma of Keladi, Kochunni, Hakka and Bukka, Rani Abbakka
|-
|1029
|[[Andher Nagari]] and Other Stories
|2011
|Andher Nagari, Manduka, The Miraculous Conch, The Golden Sand, The Clever Dancer
|-
|1030
|Warriors for Freedom
|2011
|The Rani of Kittur, Rani of Jhansi, Tipu Sultan, Velu Thampi, Kunwar Singh
|-
|1031
|The Great [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]
|2011
|Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan
|-
|1032
|Tamil Classics
|2010
|Prince Jivaka, Kannagi, Kumanan, The Adventures of Pratapan, Manonmani
|-
|1033
|Classics by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
|2011
|Kapala Kundala, Raj Singh, Devi Choudhurani, Ananda Math, Durgesh Nandini
|-
|1034
|The [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] Clan
|2008
|Gandhari, Tales of Yudhishtira, Draupadi, Jayadratha, Pareekshit
|-
|1035
|Stories from the [[Kathasaritsagara|Kathasaritasagara]]
|2011
|The Chosen Bridegroom, Hamsavali, Shridatta, Shringabhuja, Pataliputra
|-
|1036
|[[Kādambarī|Kadambari]] & Other Ancient Classics
|2012
|Kadambari, Nagananda, Malati and Madhava, Malavika, Raja Bhoja
|-
|1037
|The Fearless Boy & Other Buddhist Stories
|2012
|The Fearless Boy, The Cowherd of Alawi, The True Conqueror, The Lost Prince, The Making of a Swordsman
|-
|1038
|Ancient Kings of India
|2012
|Bimbisara, Ajatashatru, King Shalivahana, Vikramaditya, The Legend of Lalitaditya
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Collected Specials'''
!'''Set Title'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Issue Title'''
!'''Included Issues'''
!'''Year'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Mahabharata'''
|1
|The Kuru Princes of Hastinapura
|Veda Vyasa, Bheeshma's Vow, The Advent of the Kuru Princes, The Pandavas at Hastinapura, Enter Drona, Enter Karna, The Conspiracy, The Escape, The Birth of Ghatotkacha, The Pandavas at Ekachakra, Enter Draupadi, Draupadi's Swayamvara, The Pandavas Recalled to Hastinapura, Arjuna's 12-Year-Long Exile
| rowspan="3" |2006
| rowspan="3" |Compilations of 42 Mahabharata issues
Also released as a box set
|-
|2
|The Pandavas in Exile
|A Hall for Yudhishthira, The Pandavas Conquer the World, Yudhishthira's Rajsooya Yajna, Indraprastha Lost, The Pandavas in the Forest, Arjuna's Quest for Weapons, Arjuna in Indraloka, The Reunion, Duryodhana Humbled, The Twelfth Year, The Pandavas at Virata's Place, Panic in the Kaurava Camp, Sanjaya's Mission, Duryodhana Refuses to Yield
|-
|3
|On the Battlefield of [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukshetra]]
|Krishna's Peace Mission, The War Begins, Bheeshma in Command, The Fall of Bheeshma, Drona's Vow, The Slaying of Abhimanyu, Arjuna Fulfils His Vow, The Battle at Midnight, Karna in Command, The Kurus Routed, After the War, Yudhishthira's Coronation, The Ashwamedha Yajna, The Celestial Reunion
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''Tulsidas' Ramayana'''
|1
|The Childhood Days of Ram
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |2007
| rowspan="5" |Also released as a box set
|-
|2
|Ram in Exile
|-
|3
|The Abduction of Sita
|-
|4
|In Search of Sita
|-
|5
|Ram the Victorious
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''Legendary Rulers of India'''
|1
|Brave Queens
|Sultana Razia, Rani of Jhansi, Rani Abbakka
| rowspan="5" |2010
| rowspan="5" |Also released as a box set
|-
|2
|Warrior Kings
|Shivaji, Tipu Sultan, Rana Pratap
|-
|3
|Conquerors
|Raja Raja Chola, The Legend of Lalitaditya
|-
|4
|Visionary Kings
|Ranjit Singh, Shah Jahan, Ashoka
|-
|5
|Administrators
|Akbar, Ahilya Bai Holkar, Krishnadeva Raya
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''Valmiki's Ramayana'''
|1
|[[Balakanda|Bala Kand]]
| rowspan="6" |
|2013
| rowspan="6" |Also released as a box set
Vol. 6 includes [[Ramayana#Uttara Kand|Uttara Kand]]
|-
|2
|[[Ramayana#Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa|Ayodhya Kand]]
|2014
|-
|3
|[[Ramayana#Araṇya Kāṇḍa|Aranya Kand]]
|2016
|-
|4
|[[Ramayana#Kiṣkindhā Kāṇda|Kishkindha Kand]]
| rowspan="3" |2018
|-
|5
|[[Ramayana#Sundara Kāṇḍa|Sundara Kand]]
|-
|6
|[[Ramayana#Yuddha Kāṇḍa|Yuddha Kand]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Tales from the Puranas'''
|1
|Volume 1
|Bheema and Hanuman, Hanuman, Tales of Marayada Rama
| rowspan="3" |2016
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|2
|Volume 2
|The Gita, Krishna, Krishna and Jarasandha
|-
|3
|Volume 3
|Shivs Parvati, Ganesha, Karttikeya
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''Mahadeva'''
|1
|In the Beginning
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |2020
| rowspan="6" |Also released as a box set
|-
|2
|Shiva and Shakti
|-
|3
|Kartikeya and Ganesha
|-
|4
|The [[Jyotirlinga|Jyotirlingas]]
|-
|5
|Shiva the Saviour
|-
|6
|[[Moksha]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''The Naval Journey of India'''
|1
|Millennia of Sea Travels
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |2020
| rowspan="3" |Also released as a box set
Collaboration with the [[Indian Navy]]
|-
|2
|Tacking to the Blue Waters
|-
|3
|Tales of Glory
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Valiant Women of India'''
|1
|Volume 1
|Aruna Asif Ali
| rowspan="4" |2021
| rowspan="4" |Also released as a special
|-
|2
|Volume 2
|Jhalkari Bai, Durgabai Deshmukh
|-
|3
|Volume 3
|Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Kankalata Barua
|-
|4
|Volume 4
|Sarojini Naidu, Usha Mehta
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Tales of Birbal'''
|1
|Volume 1
|The Inimitable Birbal, Birbal the Wise, Birbal the Genius
| rowspan="2" |2021
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|2
|Volume 2
|Birbal the Just, Birbal the Witty, Birbal to the Rescue
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Professor Ayushman'''
|1
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Ayurveda
| rowspan="4" |
|2021
| rowspan="4" |Collaboration with the [[Ministry of Ayush]]
|-
|2
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Fighting COVID
|2022
|-
|3
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Ayushman Returns
|2022
|-
|4
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Yoga Special
|2024
|-
|'''Stories from the Mahabharata'''
|1
|Hidden Gems
|Savitri, Nala Damayanti, Uloopi, Sukanya, Friends and Foes
|2022
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Jain and Buddhist Stories'''
|1
|Volume 1
|Kesari the Flying Thief, The Celestial Necklace, The Adventures of Agad Datta, Amrapali, The Prophecy, The Lost Prince
| rowspan="2" |2022
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|2
|Volume 2
|Shrenik, Sahasramalla, The Silent Teacher, The Acrobat, The Cowherd of Alawi, The Fearless Boy
|-
|'''Makers of Modern India'''
|1
|Volume 1
|Sardar Patel, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Anasuya Sarabhai, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Rukhmabai
|2023
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |'''Mann Ki Baat'''
|1
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 01
| rowspan="12" |
| rowspan="8" |2023
| rowspan="12" |Stories from the [[Mann Ki Baat]] radio programme
Collaboration with the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]
|-
|2
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 02
|-
|3
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 03
|-
|4
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 04
|-
|5
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 05
|-
|6
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 06
|-
|7
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 07
|-
|8
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 08
|-
|9
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 09
| rowspan="4" |2024
|-
|10
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 10
|-
|11
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 11
|-
|12
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Mann Ki Baat Vol. 12
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''The Consumers' Journey'''
|1
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Toy Trouble
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |2025
| rowspan="2" |Collaboration with the [[Department of Consumer Affairs (India)|Department of Consumer Affairs]] and [[Tinkle]]
|-
|2
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Review the Reviews
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Timeless 10 Editions'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Title'''
!'''Year'''
!'''Included Issues'''
|-
|T10-1
|'''Call of the Flute'''
|2023
|Krishna, Mirabai, Krishna And Rukmini, Krishna And Narakasura, Sudama, Krishna And The False Vasudeva, Tales Of Balarama, The Gita, Krishna And Jarasandha, Krishna And Shishupala
|-
|T10-2
|'''Epic Stories'''
|2023
|The Pandava Princes, Karna, Agastya, Parashurama, Drona, Harishchandra, Kumbhakarna, Tales of Yudhishthira, The Golden Mongoose, Savitri
|-
|T10-3
|'''History Collection'''
|2010
|Hiuen Tsang, Shah Jahan, Raja Raja Chola, Ashoka, Rani of Jhansi, The Legend of Lalit Aditya, Rana Sanga, Akbar, Bajirao I, The Historic City of Delhi
|-
|T10-4
|'''The World of [[Ganesha]]'''
|2011
|Ganesha, Shiva Parvati, Andhaka, Tripura, Elephanta, Sati and Shiva, Tales of Shiva, Ganesha and The Moon, Nahusha, Kartikeya
|-
|T10-5
|'''Jataka Collection'''
|2012
|Monkey Stories, Elephant Stories, Deer Stories, The Jackal And The War Drum, The Mouse Merchant, Stories Of Wisdom, Shrenik, The Hidden Treasure, The Pious Cat, The Pig and the Dog, Friends and Foes
|-
|T10-6
|'''Famous Wits of India'''
|2012
|Birbal the Genius, Gopal the Jester, Birbal the Just, Birbal the Clever, The Inimitable Birbal, Birbal the Witty, Birbal to the Rescue, Raman the Matchless Wit, Raman of Tenali, Birbal the Wise
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|+'''Other Special Issues'''
|-
! scope="col" |'''Title'''
! scope="col" |'''Year'''
! scope="col" |'''Included Issues'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Astronomy and Space
|1983
|
|17 stories of [[Moon|The Moon]] (Our Strange Neighbor), The Race to the Moon, [[Sun|The Sun]], [[Solar System|Our Solar System]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Asteroid|Asteroids]], [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]], [[Neptune]], [[Pluto]], [[Meteor|Meteors]] and [[Meteorite|Meteorites]], [[Comet|Comets]], [[Halley's Comet|Comet Halley]], [[Black hole|Black Holes]], The Saga of [[Spacecraft|Spaceships]], and The Saga of [[ISRO|Indian Spaceships]]
|-
|[[Indian independence movement|The Story Of The Freedom Struggle]] || 1997 ||The Birth of the Indian National Congress, A Nation Awakes, The Saga of Indian Revolutionaries, The Early Days, The Father of the Nation
|Rearranged pages from The March to Freedom (3 issues) and Mahatma Gandhi (2 issues)
Released as Bumper Issue 10

Sponsored by [[Kokuyo Camlin|Camlin]]
|-
|[[Bhagawat Purana|Bhagawat - The Krishna Avatar]] || 2000 ||The Darling of Gokul, The Subduer of Kaliya, The Upholder of Govardhan, Victory Over Kamsa, The Lord of Dwaraka, The Enchanter, The Victorious, An Ally of the Pandavas, The Saviour
|9 odd numbered issues from [[#413|413]] to [[#429|429]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Divine Beings|| 2004 ||
|6 stories of [[Jatayu]], Nandi, Shyama and Sabala, [[Airavata]], and Gandaberunda and Sharabha
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] || 2009 ||Mahatma Gandhi - The Early Days, Mahatma Gandhi - The Father of the Nation
|2 issues
|-
|Devotees and Demons || 2010 ||Hanuman, Ghatotkacha, Garuda, Sudama, The Lord Of Lanka, Jagannatha Of Puri, Mahiravana, Kaccha And Devyani, Vishwamitra, Dhruva And Ashtavakra, Tripura
|11 issues
|-
|Ancient Kings of India
| rowspan="4" |2012
|Bimbisara, Ajatashatru, King Shalivahana, Vikramaditya, The Legend of Lalitaditya
|5 issues
|-
|Temples of India
|Tirupati, Vaishno Devi, Konark
|3 issues
|-
|[[Indus Valley Civilization|The Indus Valley Adventure]] ||An Exciting Find, The Indus Valley Adventure
|2 issues
|-
|Sons of Rama - The Graphic Novel
|
|Based on the movie
|-
|[[Dhyan Chand]] || 2013 ||
|
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Param Vir Chakra]]|| 2015 ||
|21 stories of Indian Military personnel who have been awarded The [[Param Vir Chakra]], the highest military decoration in India.
Collaboration with the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Leave it to [[Birbal]]|| rowspan="3" | 2016 || rowspan="3" |
|19 stories collected from individual issues
|-
| [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat]]
|Collaboration with the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Saptarshi]] - The Seven Supreme Sages
|9 Stories of [[Atri]] and [[Anasuya]], [[Vasishtha]] and Arundhati, [[Kashyapa]], [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]], [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] and [[Ahalya]], [[Jamadagni]] and [[Renuka]], and [[Bharadvaja|Bharadwaja]]
|-
|[[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]]
|2017
|
|
|-
|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|APJ Abdul Kalam]]
| rowspan="3" |2018
| rowspan="3" |
|
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Bharat Ke Veer]] - Alive in Our Hearts
|Stories of [[Central Armed Police Forces|CAPF]] personnel martyred in the line of duty
Collaboration with the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] to aid fundraising for the Bharat ke Veer fund
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Shakti|Shakti - Tales of the Mother Goddess]]
|7 stories of [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapoorna]], [[Devi Kanya Kumari|Kanyakumari]], [[Meenakshi]], Brahmari, Mahi, [[Shashthi|Shashti]], and [[Mookambika]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Legend and Lore - Regional Folktales of India
| rowspan="7" |2019
| rowspan="5" |
|18 stories
|-
|[[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]]
|Collaboration with the [[Art of Living Foundation|Art Of Living Foundation]]
|-
|[[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy|Narasimha Reddy]]
|
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Rama's Ring
|9 stories from alternate versions of the Ramayana
|-
|[[Tata Group|The Tata Story]]
|Collaboration with [[Tata Sons]].
For internal circulation only. Not available for sale to the general public.
|-
|The Devi Collection
|Ganga, Vaishno Devi, Saraswati, Shakti - Tales of the Mother Goddess, Tales of Durga
|4 issues and 1 special issue
|-
|Tales of Temple Towns
|Jagannatha of Puri, Konark, Thanjavur, Tirupati, Vaishno Devi
|5 issues
Collaboration with [[The Times Group]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Women Path-Breakers
| rowspan="7" |2020
| rowspan="2" |
|7 stories of [[Pandita Ramabai]], [[Muthulakshmi Reddy]], [[Anandi Gopal Joshi|Anandibai Joshi]], [[Rukhmabai]], [[Anasuya Sarabhai]], [[Janaki Ammal]], and [[Anna Mani]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|Indo-Pak War Heroes: 1947 - 48]]
|First five stories from the [[Param Vir Chakra]] special about [[Somnath Sharma]], [[Karam Singh]], [[Rama Raghoba Rane]], [[Jadunath Singh]], and [[Piru Singh|Piru Singh Shekhawat]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Annoying Ant and Other Stories from Around India
|
|4 stories about The Annoying Ant, The Ghost that Got Away, Ali's Donkey, and God Provides
Only Published in digital form as of October 2025
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Battlefront - Heroes of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 War]]
|
|Includes stories 12 to 15 from the Param Vir Chakra special about [[Albert Ekka]], [[Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon|Nirmaljit Singh Sekhon]], [[Arun Khetarpal|Arun Khetrapal]], and [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya|Hoshiar Singh]]
|-
|Stories by Uncle Pai
|Krishna, The Gita, Savitri, Rama, The Sons of Rama, Hanuman
|6 issues
|-
|Demons vs Devas
|Krishna and Narakasura, Indra and Vritra, The Lord of Lanka
|3 issues
|-
|Touring India
|The Historic City of Delhi, Konark, Ellora, Thanjavur, Heroes of Hampi
|5 issues
|-
| style="background: gray; color: white" |River Stories
| rowspan="24" |2021
| rowspan="3" |
|3 stories of [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Narmada River|Narmada]], and [[Thamirabarani River|Tamraparni]].
Only published in digital form as of October 2025
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Valiant Women of India
|7 stories of [[Jhalkari Bai]], [[Kanaklata Barua]], [[Aruna Asaf Ali]], [[Usha Mehta]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh]], [[Sarojini Naidu]] and [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]].
|-
|The Last Days of The Mughal Empire
|Only Published in digital form as of October 2025
|-
|Stories from [[Karnataka]]
|The Elusive Kaka, The Taming of Gulla, The Secret of the Talking Bird, The Sound of Music, A Couple of Misers
|5 issues
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Ranchen the Stone Lion and Other Stories
| rowspan="2" |
|4 stories of Ranchen and the Stone Lion, The Goddess Who Came Down to Earth, The Valley of Ancestors, and Buying a Song
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Spirits of Henasku and other Stories
|5 stories including The Spirits of Henasku, The Extraordinary Boy, Devchar and the Mother-in-Law, The Mouse's Share, and Clever Narayani
|-
|Sages and [[Apsara|Apsaras]]
|Agastya, Vishwamitra, Urvashi, Hothal
|4 issues
|-
|Stories from [[Kerala]]
|Narayana Guru, Tachcholi Othenan, Kochunni, Velu Thampi, Maarthaanda Varma
|5 issues
|-
|Icons of Tamil Nadu
|Subramania Bharati, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Muthulakshmi Reddy, M.S. Subbulakshmi, Tiruppan
|5 issues
|-
|The Lost Collection
|Tales of Avvaiyaar, Shridatta, Samarth Ramdas, Raja Desing, Padmavati
|5 issues
Covers are in full color, all panels are [[monochrome]] only
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Ocean Stories
|
|6 stories of Saraswati and [[Vadavagni]], Churning of the Ocean, [[Matsya|Matsya Avatar]], [[Varaha|Varaha Avatar]], [[Hanuman]] to the Rescue, and Mahi
Rearranged pages from existing titles
|-
|Famous Stories from Great Storytellers
|Andher Nagari, Maarthaananda Varma, Satwant Kaur, Veer Dhaval, The Elusive Kaka
|5 issues
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Uncle Pai's Folktale Collection
| rowspan="2" |
|16 stories of Greedy Gubbanna, The Demon Who Came to Work, The Treasure Hunt, Chandralekha, The Tiger's Tale, Oh and Eh, He Counted Before Eating, Why Crabs Have Flat Bodies, The Foolish Frog King, The Lion, the Jackal, and the Donkey, The Bird Who Shed Golden Droppings, The Wheel Bearer, The Camel Who Was Beguiled By His Companion, Dharmabuddhi and Papabuddhi, and A Game of Chess
Collaboration with Tinkle
|-
| style="background: gray; color: white" |Heroes of the Freedom Struggle
|2 stories of [[Kasturba Gandhi]] and [[Sucheta Kripalani]]
|-
|Stories of Vishnu
|Tales of Vishnu, Garuda, Krishna, Krishna and Rukmini, The Syamantaka Gem
|5 issues
|-
|Saints of Maharashtra and Gujarat
|Narsinh Mehta, Tales of Sai Baba, Tukaram, Ekanath, Chokhamela
|5 issues
|-
|Great Thinkers of India
|Adi Shankara, Ramana Maharshi, Sri Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, Manik Prabhu
|5 issues
|-
|Heroes of Bengal
|Surjya Sen, Subhas Chandra Bose, Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das, Rash Behari Bose
|4 issues
|-
| style="background: gray; color: white" |Ekadanta - Tales of Ganapati
|
|9 stories of Remover of Obstacles, Kartikeya's Anger, Ganesha and the Moon, Ganesha and Ravana, Ganesha Releases Kaveri, Ganesha and Gana, The Legend of Shami and Mandar, Veda Vyasa, Eight Avatars of Ganesha
|-
|Pioneers in Industry
|Ghanshyam Das Birla, Jamsetji Tata, Anant Pai, Verghese Kurein
|4 issues
|-
|Stories from Punjab
|Ranjit Singh, Hari Singh Nalwa, Sakhi Sarwar, The Tiger Eater
|4 issues
|-
| style="background: gray; color: white" |Operation Vijay
|
|Last four stories from the Param Vir Chakra special about [[Manoj Kumar Pandey]], [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]], [[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Sanjay Kumar]], and [[Vikram Batra]]
|-
|Musical Maestros
|Mirabai, M. S. Subbulakshmi
|2 issues
|-
|Great People from the Puranas
|Nala Damayanti, Dhruva and Ashtavakra, Prahlad, King Harishchandra
|4 issues
|-
| style="background: gray; color: white" |Buying A Song And Other Stories
| rowspan="16" |2022
|
|Stories from Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Nagaland, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, the Andaman Islands, and Bhutan
|-
|Princesses and Queens
|Amba, Subhadra, Uloopi, Draupadi, Gandhari
|5 issues
|-
|Stories from the Stage
|Ratnavali, Manonmani, Malati and Madhava, Malavika, Vasantasena, Udayana
|6 issues
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Kanikonna and Other Stories
| rowspan="6" |
|Folk tales from India and [[Bhutan]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Divine Rivers
|11 stories about [[Ganges]], [[Yamuna]], [[Saraswati River|Saraswati]], [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Narmada River|Narmada]], [[Kaveri]], [[Tamaraparani|Tamraparni]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]], [[Beas River|Beas]], and [[Sutlej]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Women in Power
|Stories of 15 women from the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], including [[Begum Aizaz Rasul|Begum Qudsia]], [[Ammu Swaminathan]], [[Leela Roy]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Annie Mascarene]], [[Purnima Banerjee|Purnima Banerji]], [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta]], [[Sucheta Kripalani]], [[Kamal Chaudhry|Kamala Chaudhri]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh]], [[Renuka Ray]], [[Amrit Kaur|Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], [[Dakshayani Velayudhan]], and [[Malati Choudhury|Malati Chaudhuri]]
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Invisible Monster
|6 stories from [[Kalto language|Nahali]] folklore including The Invisible Monster, Smelly Lily, The Crocodile and the Fox, The Careless Children, An Unlikely Trade, and More Crabs for Aati
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|The Lazy Crow
|7 stories from [[Khandeshi language|Ahirani]] folklore including The Lazy Crow, Of Rats and Hares, Kanu and Gopala, The Bull and the Leopard, The Sculptor, The Thorny Test, and The Fox in the Well
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|The King's Cook and the Fox
|7 stories from [[Siddi]] folklore including The King's Cook and the Fox, Worm and the Lazy Pigeon, The Perfect Partners, The Silly Sons-in-Law, It All Started With A Rat, The Greedy Medicine Woman, and No Worm For Pigeon
|-
|Krishna's Descendants
|Aniruddha, Pradyumna, Prabhavati, Bhanumati
|4 issues
|-
|The [[Ramakrishna]] Collection
|Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda, The Learned Pandit, The Pandit and the Milkmaid
|4 issues
|-
|Royals of [[Rajasthan]]
|Bappa Rawal, Rana Kumbha, Prithviraj Chauhan, Padmini
|4 issues
|-
|Scholars of Science
|Jagadis Chandra Bose, Anna Mani, APJ Abdul Kalam, Janaki Ammal, Vikram Sarabhai
|5 issues
|-
|Tales of Victory
|Tales of Durga, Krishna and Narakasura, Rama, The Lord of Lanka
|4 issues
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|India's Women - Unsung Heroes
|
|20 stories about [[Abbakka Chowta|Rani Abbakka]], [[Velu Nachiyar]], [[Jhalkaribai|Jhalkari Bai]], [[Matangini Hazra]], [[Gulab Kaur]], [[Chakali Ilamma]], [[Padmaja Naidu]], [[Bishni Devi Shah]], [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]], [[Durgawati Devi]], [[Sucheta Kripalani]], [[Accamma Cherian]], [[Aruna Asaf Ali|Aruna Asif Ali]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh]], [[Rani Gaidinliu]], [[Usha Mehta]], [[Parbati Giri]], [[Tarkeshwari Sinha]], Snehlata Varma, and Tileswari Baruah
Collaboration with the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]
|-
|Learned Greats
|Rabindranath Tagore, Jagadis Chandra Bose, Swami Vivekananda
|3 issues
|-
|[[Devi]] - Legends of the Mother Goddess
| rowspan="5" |2023
|Shakti - Tales of the Mother Goddess, Mahadeva Vol. 2 - Shiva and Shakti
|2 specials
|-
|Tribal Folklore of India
|The Invisible Monster, The Lazy Crow, The King's Cook and the Fox
|3 specials
|-
|Regional Legends
|Vikramaditya’s Throne, Fool’s Disciples, Thugsen, Lila and Chanesar
|4 issues
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Tribal Leaders of the Freedom Struggle
| rowspan="2" |
|20 stories about [[Tilka Majhi|Tilka Manjhi]], [[Thalakkal Chanthu]], [[Budhu Bhagat]], [[Tirot Sing]], [[Raghoji Bhangare|Raghojirao Bhangre]], [[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu]], Rendo Majhi, Chakra Bisoi, [[Nilamber and Pitamber|Nilambar and Pitambar]], [[Ramji Gond]], [[Telanga Kharia]], [[Tantia Bhil|Tantya Bhil]], [[Paona Brajabasi]], [[Birsa Munda]], Matmur Jamoh, [[Tana Bhagats|Tana Bhagat]], Malati Mem, [[Laxman Nayak|Laxman Naik]], Helen Lepcha, and Putalimaya Devi Poddar
|-
|style = "background: gray; color: white"|Devas - Stories of Vedic Deities
|10 stories about [[Agni]], [[Brihaspati]], [[Dattatreya]], [[Prithvi]], [[Pushan]], [[Rudra]], Soma, [[Varuna]], [[Vayu]], and [[Yama]]
|-
|The Story of [[IIT Madras]] - Journey to Global Eminence
| rowspan="2" |2024
|
|Collaboration with IIT Madras and [[Tinkle]]
|-
|The Naval Journey of India - Collector's Edition
|Millennia of Sea Travels, Tacking to the Blue Waters, Tales of Glory
|3 specials
Collaboration with the [[Indian Navy]]
|-
|[[Hanuman]] - The Eternal Devotee
| rowspan="3" |2025
|Hanuman, Hanuman to the Rescue, Bheema and Hanuman, Mahiravana, Sundara Kand
|4 issues and 1 special
|-
|[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|The First War of Indian Independence]]
|Mangal Pandey, Rani of Jhansi, The Rani of Kittur, Beni Madho and Pir Ali, Kunwar Singh
|5 issues
|-
|The Energy Superhero
|
|Collaboration with Tinkle and [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]
|}

== List of Box Sets ==
Amar Chitra Katha has released box sets with issues and specials related to a central theme or a specific epic story. In addition to the ones listed here, an annual Spotlight box is released with all the new issues of the past year.
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Box Sets'''
!'''Title'''
!'''Year'''
!'''Included Issues'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
|[[Mahabharata (comics)|Mahabharata]]
|1989
|Veda Vyasa, Bheeshma's Vow, The Advent of the Kuru Princes, The Pandavas at Hastinapura, Enter Drona, Enter Karna, The Conspiracy, The Escape, The Birth of Ghatotkacha, The Pandavas at Ekachakra, Enter Draupadi, Draupadi's Swayamvara, The Pandavas Recalled to Hastinapura, Arjuna's 12-Year-Long Exile, A Hall of Yudhishthira, The Pandavas Conquer the World, Yudhishthira's Rajsooya Yajna, Indraprastha Lost, The Pandavas in the Forest, Arjuna's Quest for Weapons, Arjuna in Indraloka, The Reunion, Duryodhana Humbled, The Twelfth Year, The Pandavas at Virata's Place, Panic in the Kaurava Camp, Sanjaya's Mission, Duryodhana Refuses to Yield, Krishna's Peace Mission, The War Begins, Bheeshma in Command, The Fall of Bheeshma, Drona's Vow, The Slaying of Abhimanyu, Arjuna Fulfils His Vow, The Battle at Midnight, Karna in Command, The Kurus Routed, After the War, Yudhishthira's Coronation, The Ashwamedha Yajna, The Celestial Reunion
|42 issues
|-
|[[Bhagawat Purana|Bhagawat - The Krishna Avatar]]
|2000
|The Darling of Gokul, The Subduer of Kaliya, The Upholder of Govardhan, Victory over Kamsa, The Lord of Dwaraka, The Enchanter, The Victorious, An Ally of the Pandavas, The Saviour
|9 issues
|-
|Makers of Modern India
|2003
|Adi Shankara, Guru Nanak, Tales of Sai Baba, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Vivekananda, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Soordas, Sri Ramakrishna, Subramania Bharati, Veer Savarkar, Subhas Chandra Bose, Rani of Jhansi, Bhagat Singh
|15 issues
|-
|Mahabharata
|2006
|The Kuru Princes of Hastinapura, The Pandavas in Exile, On the Battlefield of Kurukshetra
|3 specials
|-
|[[Ramcharitmanas|Tulsidas's Ramayana]]
|2007
|The Childhood Days of Ram, Ram in Exile, The Abduction of Sita, In Search of Sita, and Ram the Victorious
|5 specials
|-
|Comic Book Guide to India
| rowspan="2" |2008
|Akbar, Ashoka, Bhagat Singh, Birbal The Wise, Buddha, Elephanta, Ellora Caves, Ganesha, Guru Nanak, The Mouse Merchant, Kannagi, Krishna, Mahabharata, Mahatma Gandhi, The Brahmin & The Goat, Rabindranath Tagore, Rana Pratap, Rani Of Jhansi, Shakuntala, Shiva Parvati, Shivaji, Tales Of Durga, The Gita, The Historic City Of Delhi, Valmiki's Ramayana
|25 issues
|-
|Panchatantra, Hitopadesha and Jataka Tales
|The Jackal And The War Drum, Monkey Stories, Jackal Stories, Elephant Stories, Deer Stories, Choice Of Friends, How The Jackal Ate The Elephant, Crows And Owls, The Brahmin And The Goat, Bird Stories, The Magic Chant, The Giant And The Dwarf, The Mouse Merchant, The Greedy Mother-In-Law, The Dullard And Other Stories, Stories Of Wisdom, True Friends, Stories Of Courage, Tales Of Misers, The Hidden Treasure, Nandi Vishala, How Friends Are Parted, The Deadly Feast
|24 issues
|-
|Uncle Pai's Favourite 50
| rowspan="9" |2010
|Angulimala, Abhimanyu, Adventures Of Baddu And Chhotu, Akbar, Ashoka, Bhagat Singh, Birbal The Wise, Buddha, Chanakya, Ganesha, Ganga, Gopal And The Cowherd, Hanuman, Hanuman To The Rescue, Hitopadesha: Choice Of Friends, Jallianwala Bagh, Jataka Tales: Monkey Stories, Jataka Tales: The Giant And The Dwarf, Jataka Tales: The Mouse Merchant, Krishna, Kannagi: Based On Tamil Classic, Krishna And Rukmini, Kumbhakarna, Lokamanya Tilak, Mahiravana, Mirabai, Nala Damayanti, Panchatantra: The Brahmin And The Goat, Paurava And Alexander, Rabindranath Tagore, Ram Shastri, Rama, Rana Pratap, Rani Durgavati, Rani Of Jhansi, Savitri, Shakuntala, Shivaji, Sri. Ramakrishna, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sudama, The Sons Of Rama, The Gita, Tulsidas, Udayana, Urvashi, Vasantasena, Veer Savarkar, Vidyasagar, Vivekananda
|50 issues
|-
|Legendary Rulers of India
|Brave Queens, Warrior Kings, Conquerers, Visionary Kings, Administrators
|5 specials
|-
|Gods and Goddesses
|Ashini Kumars, Ayyappan, Churning of the Ocean, Ganesha, Indra and Shachi, Indra and Shibi, Karttikeya, Krishna, Krishna and Rukmini, Krishna and Shishupala, Krishna and Jarasandha, Parijata Tree, Parshurama, Tales of Balarama, Rama, Sati and Shiva, Shiva and Parvati, Surya, Syamantaka Gem, Tales of Durga, Tales of Shiva, Tales of Vishnu
|22 issues
|-
|Great Indian Classics
|Shakuntala, Malavika, Urvashi, Udayana, Ratnavali, Vasantasena, Nagananda, Bankim Chandra, Devi Choudhurani, Ananda Math, Raj Singh, Kapala Kundala, Kannagi, Manonmani, Prince Jivaka, Kumanan, Satwant Kaur, Veer Dhaval, The Elusive Kaka, The Taming of Gulla, The Legend of Marthanda Varma
|20 issues
|-
|The Best of Indian Wit and Wisdom
|The Adventures of Baddu and Chhottu, Birbal the Witty, Elephant stories, The Brahmin and the Goat, Choice of Friends, Raman the Matchless Wit, Kesari the Flying Thief, Birbal The Clever, Bikal The Terrible, The Mouse Merchant, Gopal The Jester, The Jackal and the War Drum, Friends and Foes, The learned Pandit, The Pious Cat and other Animal Stories
|15 issues
|-
|Leaders Collection
|Tanaji, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Lokamanya Tilak, Veer Savarkar, Hemu, Babur, Jawaharlal Nehru, Beni Madho and Pir Ali, Jamsetji Tata, Sultana Razia
|10 issues
|-
|The Essence of India
|Akbar, Ashoka, Bhagat Singh, Birbal the Wise, Buddha, Elephanta, Ellora Caves, Ganesha, Jagadis Chandra Bose, The Mouse Merchant, Krishna, Kannagi, Mahabharata, Rabindranath Tagore, Rana Pratap, Rani of Jhansi, Shakuntala, Shiva Parvati, Shivaji, Tales of Vishnu, The Brahmin and The Goat, The Gita, The Historic City of Delhi, Raman of Tenali, Valmiki’s Ramayana, Mahatma Gandhi
|24 issues and 2 specials
|-
|Block Buster 1
|Mother Teresa, Surjya Sen, Heroes Of Hampi, Tales Of Indra, Tirupati, Vaishno Devi, Ganesha And The Moon, Tenzing Norgay, Stories Of Creation, Konark, Anant Pai, Salim Ali, Tanjavur, The Blue Umbrella, Jim Corbett.
|15 issues
|-
|Bravehearts - People Who Fought For Freedom
|Banda Bahadur, Krishna Deva Raya, Bagha Jatin, Mangal Pandey, Paurava & Alexander, The Rani of Kittur, Sultana Razia, Bhagat Singh, Surjya Sen, Rani Abbakka, Rani of Jansi, Velu Thampi, Rani Durgavati, Subash Chandra Bose, Shivaji, Ranjit Singh, Rash Behari Bose, Jallianwalla Bagh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Lachit Barphukan, Chand Bibi, Amar Singh Rathor, Veer Savarkar
|23 issues
|-
|The Best Jataka Tales
| rowspan="3" |2012
|Nandivishala, Elephant Stories, Deer Stories, Bird Stories, The Magic Chant, The Giant and the Dwarf, The Mouse Merchant, Stories of Wisdom, True Friends, Stories of Courage, Tales of Misers, The Hidden Treasure, Monkey Stories, Battle of Wits, The Deadly Feast
|15 issues
Collaboration with [[Reader's Digest]]
|-
|The South India Collection
|Adi Shankara, Adventures of Agad Dutta, Ayyappan, Basaweshwara, Chand Bibi, Kannagi, Kartikeya, Kesari the Flying Thief, Krishnadeva Raya, Madhvacharya, Raja Raja Chola, Raman Of Tenali, Raman The Matchless Wit, Ramana Maharshi, Ramanuja, Shalivahana, Subramania Bharati, Swami Chinmayananda, Tales of Maryada Rama, The Celestial Necklace, The Fool's Disciples, The Magic Grove, The Prince and the Magician, The Tiger and The Woodpecker, Tipu Sultan
|25 issues
|-
|Timeless Ten Children's Bedtime Stories
|Krishna, Mirabai, Shakuntala, Vishnu to the Tescue, Ganesha, The Brahmin and the Goat, Rani of Jhansi, Prithviraj Chauhan, Shivaji, Valmiki’s Ramayana
|10 issues
|-
|Tales of Birbal and Other Stories
| rowspan="2" |2014
|Birbal the Just, Birbal the Wise, Birbal the Witty, Birbal the Clever, Birbal to the Rescue, Birbal the Genius, The Inimitable Birbal, The Quick-Witted Birbal, Raman of Tenali, Raman the Matchless Wit, Gopal the Jester
|10 issues
|-
|The Ultimate Collection
|The complete set of in-print issues
|315 issues and 10 specials
Also released as 3 boxes
|-
|Valmiki's Ramayana
|2017
|Bala Kand, Ayodhya Kand, Aranya Kand, Kishkindha Kand, Sundara Kand, Yuddha Kand
|6 specials
|-
|Mahadeva - Stories from the Shiva Purana
| rowspan="2" |2020
|In the Beginning, Shiva and Shakti, Kartikeya and Ganesha, The Jyotirlingas, Shiva the Saviour, Moksha
|6 specials
|-
|Classic Bundle
|Krishna, Tulsidas, Birbal to the Rescue, Subhas Chandra Bose, Bheeshma, Jallianwala Bagh, Kabir, Rana Pratap, Sati and Shiva, Ganga
|10 issues
|-
|The Complete Mythology Collection
| rowspan="3" |2022
| The Gita, Valmiki's Ramayana, The Mahabharata, Tales From The Puranas, Dashavatar, Narada, Vishwamitra, Surya, Indra, The Churning of the Ocean, Tales of Arjuna, Harishchandra, Draupadi, Yudhishthira, Karna, Abhimanyu, Bheema, Drona, Bheeshma, Ghatotkacha, Tales from the Upanishads, Nala Dhamayanthi, Ravana, Prahlad, Sudama, Uttanka, Aruni
|75 issues
|-
|Visionaries of India
|Verghese Kurein, Mother Teresa, Albert Einstein, Jawaharlal Nehru, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Jamsetji Tata, Sri Ramakrishna, Mirabai, Rabindranath Tagore, Narayan Guru, Subhas Chandra Bose, Ramana Maharshi, Adi Shankara, Mahavira, Ramanuja, Jagadis Chandra Bose, Tulsidas, Subramania Bharati, J. R. D. Tata, Chokha Mela, Tales of Sai Baba, Vidyasagar, Eknath, Jayaprakash Narayan
|25 Issues
|-
|Bravehearts of India
|Veer Savarkar, Jallianwala Bagh, Rani Abbakka, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ashoka, Baji Rao I, Shivaji, Rana Pratap, Ahilyabai Holkar, Chandragupta Maurya, Sultana Razia, Vikramaditya, Rani of Jhansi, Raja Raja Chola, Sher Shah, Tipu sultan, Ranjit Singh, Rana Kumbha, Akbar, The Legend of Lalitaditya, Rana Sanga, Bhagat Singh, Mangal Pandey, Tanaji, Rani Durgavati
|25 Issues
|-
|The Festival Collection
| rowspan="8" |2023
|Funny Folktales, Tales of Wit and Wisdom, Amazing Folktales from South Asia, Jataka Tales, Fabulous Fables from India.
|5 chapter books
|-
|Epics and Mythology of India / Itihaas Collection
|Gandhari, Vishwamitra, Tales of Balarama, Shiva Parvati, Ashwini Kumars, Indra and Shibi, The Pandavas in Hiding, Ganga, Kumbhakarna, Rama, Kartikeya, Tales of Shiva, Ganesha, Hanuman, Prahlad, Karna, Saraswati, Krishna and Rukmini, Konark, Tirupati, Tales of Arjuna, Tales of Durga, The Gita
|25 issues
|-
|Earth Pack
|Rana Pratap, Tales of Shivaji, Razia Sultana, Mangal Pandey, Rani of Jhansi, Krishnadeva Raya, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Tanaji, Shah Jahan, Sardar Patel
|10 issues
|-
|Wind Pack
|Hanuman, Hanuman to the Rescue, Bhima and Hanuman, Vikram Sarabhai, JRD Tata, Divine Beings, Garuda, Ghatotkacha
|8 issues
|-
|Fire Pack
|Chanakya, Kannagi, Konark, Surya, Draupadi, Subramania Bharati, APJ Abdul Kalam, Valiant Women, Karna, Subhas Chandra Bose
|10 issues
|-
|Water Pack
|Divine Rivers, Ganga, Saraswati, Churning of the Ocean, Sea Route to India, Millennia of Sea Travels, Tacking to the Blue Waters, Tales of Glory, The Blue Umbrella, Raja Raja Chola
|10 issues
|-
|Heart Pack
|Mirabai, Shakuntala, Urvashi, Sudama, Anant Pai, Mother Teresa, Buddha, Savitri and Aniruddha, Gopal and the Cowherd
|10 issues
|-
|The Grand Amar Chitra Katha Collection
|Buddhist Stories, Tales of Wit and Wisdom, Funny Folktales, Amazing Folktales from South Asia, Fascinating Stories from India, Unusual Fables from India, Jataka Tales, Fabulous Fables from India, Witty Minister Stories, Stories from the Panchatantra, Royal Fantasy Stories and Favourite Indian Folktales
|12 chapter books
|-
|Assorted Pack of 10/20/30
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Krishna, Tulsidas, Birbal to the Rescue, Subhas Chandra Bose, Bheeshma, Jallianwala Bagh, Kabir, Rana Pratap, Sati and Shiva, Ganga, Ashwini Kumars, Indra and Shibi, The Pandavas in Hiding, Mangal Pandey, Prahlad, Hanuman, Tales of Shiva, Ganesha, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, Tales of Revolutionaries, Param Vir Chakra
|10, 20, or 30 randomly selected issues
|-
|Spotlight 2024
|Celestial Beings, Lakshmi, Devas, Savitri Bai Phule & Jyotirao Phule
|4 issues
|-
|Assorted 5-in-1 Pack of 3/6
| rowspan="6" |2025
|Ancient Kings of India, Devotees of Vishnu, Famous Sikh Gurus, Stories About Freedom Fighters, Stories From Sanskrit Drama, Regional Folktales of India
|3 or 6 randomly selected 5-in-1 specials
|-
|Elements of Nature
|Earth Pack, Wind Pack, Fire Pack, Water Pack, Heart Pack
|5 box sets with 48 issues
|-
|Warriors and Legends of India
|Rani of Jhansi, Rana Pratap, Tales of Shivaji, Tipu Sultan, Ashoka, Prithviraj Chauhan, Vikramaditya, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Abhimanyu, Rani Durgavati
|10 issues
|-
|Fierce and Fearless Women of India
|Rani of Jhansi, Kannagi, Ahilyabai Holkar, Ganga, Tales of Durga, Padmini, Rani Abbakka, Sultana Razia, Rani Durgavati
|10 issues
|-
|Tales From Indian History
|Akbar, Babasaheb Ambedkar, The Revolt of 1857, Buddha, Harsha, Chandragupta Maurya, Vikramaditya, Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Shivaji
|10 issues
|-
|All-In-One Amar Chitra Katha Collection
|The complete set of in-print issues and specials
|350 issues and specials
|}

== Other Releases ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Other Releases'''
!'''Title'''
!'''Year'''
|-
|The Amar Chitra Katha Quiz Book Volume 1
|2022
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian comics|Amar Chitra Katha list]]

Cheruvathur railway station

2026-03-10T09:15:29Z

Freelaw67: edit

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{About|the railway station|the town|Cheruvathur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}{{Infobox station
| name = Cheruvathur
| type = [[Regional rail]], [[Light rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Cheruvathur]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.214579|75.154773|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Kerala
| elevation =
| line = [[Shoranur–Mangalore line]]
| other =
| structure = At–grade
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1904}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible = 
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CHV
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Palakkad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| annual passenger earnings =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Cheruvathur railway station''' is a [[railway station]] in [[Kasaragod District]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charvattur Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/charvattur-chv/1477 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It falls under the [[Palakkad railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]. The station code is CHV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charvattur (CHV) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/charvattur-chv |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

In March 2026, some development activities were taken up at the station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ജനകീയസമരം വിജയത്തിലേക്ക്; ചെറുവത്തൂർ റെയിൽവേ സ്റ്റേഷൻ റോ‍ഡിലെ അടിപ്പാത മാറ്റിസ്ഥാപിക്കും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kasargod/2026/03/09/cheruvathur-underpass-relocation.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=@manoramaonline |language=ml}}</ref>

==Important trains originating from Cheruvathur railway station==

The following trains starting or ending at Cheruvathur railway station:

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="background:#fff;"
|-
!scope="col"| Train name
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| Kannur-Cheruvathur Passenger
| Destination Only
|-
| Charvathur-Mangalore Central Passenger
| Origination Only
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kasaragod district}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Palakkad railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Cheruvathur area]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

Rajani (film)

2026-03-06T04:05:25Z

Freelaw67: added details to improve readability and updated info for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajani
| image = Rajani-2009.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Thriller Manju]]
| producer = [[Ramu (Film Producer)|Ramu]]
| writer = K. Ramnarayan (dialogues)
| story = Akula Siva
| based_on = ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' (2008)
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]<br />[[Aarti Chabria]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = R. Janardhan Babu
| editing = Govardhan
| studio = Ramu Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2009|09|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Rajani''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Thriller Manju]] and produced by Ramu for his banner Ramu Enterprises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/company/ramu-enterprises|title=Ramu Enterprises: Filmography (26) |publisher=Chitraloka |date=17 March 2009}}</ref> The movie is a remake of 2008 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/upendras-40-new-clothes/articleshow/22156021.cms|title=Upendra's 40 new clothes|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=24 April 2009}}</ref> The film features [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Aarti Chabria]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/upendra-stars-in-and-as-rajani-imagegallery-kannada-jgwnc1ejdiasi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106011518/http://www.sify.com/movies/upendra-stars-in-and-as-rajani-imagegallery-kannada-jgwnc1ejdiasi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2017|title=Upendra stars in and as Rajani|website=[[Sify]]|date=5 June 2009}}</ref> The film's [[film score|score]] and [[soundtrack]] is composed by [[Hamsalekha]].

The film released across Karnataka on 18 September 2009 coinciding Upendra's birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-kannada-flim-rajani/20090917.htm|title=Upendra's birthday gift to his fans|publisher=Rediff|date=17 September 2009}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is about Rajani ([[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]), who was once a software engineer but quits his job to give it to his friend and now is unemployed in Mysore. Sandhya ([[Aarti Chabria]]) is a girl from Bangalore who studies in college and comes to Mysore for her vacation to stay with her elder brother Bobby ([[Rangayana Raghu]]) and his wife ([[Chitra Shenoy]]). Rajani falls in love with Sandhya at first sight and starts chasing her to win her heart and enters the upper portion of their house as tenants with his brother Chandrashekar ([[Ramesh Bhat]]) and sister-in-law ([[Thulasi Shivamani]]). In the process, Rajani has a clash with local rowdy Lanka Raju ([[Kadhal Dhandapani]]). Mistaking him to be one Tapori, Sandhya hates him first but later realizes his true nature. She returns to Bangalore and lives with her older brother Sharath ([[Sharath Lohitashwa]]), a former builder and now a very powerful rowdy who is very possessive and protective about his sister. Rajani follows Sandhya to Bangalore and works his way into her house with Bobby's help, and finally, both of them confess their love. There, Rajani knows Sandhya's flashback and how she is being chased by the notorious and cruel Jakka ([[Mukul Dev]]), assisted by his uncle ([[Doddanna]]) for marriage. In the end, Sharath kills Jakka, and Rajani marries Sandhya.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Rajani
* [[Aarti Chabria]] as Sandhya
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Jagadish Karnath alias Jakka
* [[Doddanna]] as Paandu
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Lanka Raju
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as The person who lives in neighbouring Place of banglore
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Government Officer
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Bobby
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Sharath
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Bobby's wife
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as MRO Chandrashekhar
* [[Thulasi Shivamani]] as Chandrashekhar's wife
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Mandya Ramesh]]
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Advocate Sushil Kumar
* [[Kuri Prathap]]
* Killer Venkatesh
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The film's score and soundtrack is composed by [[Hamsalekha]]. The audio released under the [[Anand Audio]] label.

{{tracklist
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singers
| all_lyrics = Hamsalekha
| title1 = Dhan Dhan
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Nanditha]]
| title2 = Vottal Kannole
| extra2 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title3 = Barthiya Barthiya
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], Latha Hamsalekha
| title4 = Thiruboki
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[Malgudi Subha]]
| title5 = Pizza Priya Pizza
| extra5 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "The film is technically superior with good fights and song sequences. "Rajini" is a huge entertainer for Upendra fans. 'Rajini' a must-watch for Upendra fans".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Sep/19/rajini-87719.html|title=Rajini|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 September 2009}}</ref> BS Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Coming to music, it is refreshing to see that Hamsalekha has loosened up a bit. He blasts some ‘jhakaas’ music for the front-benchers while some sensitive listeners are bound to be amazed at the cheek of the lyrics in two songs (Thriller Manju aims to thrill, after all). This Rajani is one ‘fultoo’ entertainer".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/26065/rajani.html|title=Rajani|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=18 September 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Stunt master turned director Thriller Manju finally manages to direct a film worth watching. After two dozen original films and a copied logo for his production house, Ramu reverses the trend here. He gets an original logo done and remakes the Telugu film Krishna. And for all those producers calling for austerity measures, this film has an answer. There is a song in which Upendra goes after Aarati asking her to follow him to Nandi Hills and Basavanagudi. The song has been shot abroad".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/rajini-well-cooked/articleshow/22042615.cms|title=Rajini: Well cooked|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=17 September 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2009 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]

Kode Nagu

2026-03-03T21:45:14Z

Freelaw67: expanded content

{{short description|1974 film directed by K. S. Prakash Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kode Nagu
| image = Kode Nagu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
| producer = [[M. S. Reddy]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = [[T. R. Subba Rao]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sobhan Babu]]| [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]| [[Chandrakala]]| [[Jaggayya]]}}
| music = [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]
| editing = K. A. Marthand
| studio = Kowmudi Pictures
| distributor = Vijaya Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1974|3|15}}
| runtime = 154 minutes<ref name="Dharap" />
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kode Nagu''''' ({{translation|Young cobra}}; also spelt '''''Kode Naagu''''')<ref name="Dharap" /> is a 1974 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] and produced by [[M. S. Reddy]]. It is a remake of the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' (1972) which was based on three Kannada novels: ''Nagarahavu'', ''Ondu Gandu Eradu Hennu'' and ''Sarpa Mathsara'', all written by [[T. R. Subba Rao]]. The film stars [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Chandrakala]] and [[Jaggayya]]. It was released on 15 March 1974.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=August 2021}}
A [[Hindus|Hindu]] man and a [[Christians|Christian]] woman are in love. However, upon realising they cannot be united in matrimony due to caste and class barriers, commit suicide.

== Cast ==
* [[Sobhan Babu]]
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
* [[Chandrakala]]
* [[Jaggayya]]

== Production ==
''Kode Nagu'' is a remake of the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' (1972),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=179 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQLeCwAAQBAJ&q=%22Kode+Naagu%22&pg=PA225 |title=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and interpretations |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-64962-0 |editor-last=Kishore |editor-first=Vikrant |pages=225 |editor-last2=Sarwal |editor-first2=Amit |editor-last3=Patra |editor-first3=Parichay}}</ref> itself based on three Kannada novels: ''Nagarahavu'', ''Ondu Gandu Eradu Hennu'' and ''Sarpa Mathsara'', all written by [[T. R. Subba Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deepak |first=S N |date=15 July 2018 |title=Vishnuvardhan classic back in restored avatar |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-bengaluru/vishnuvardhan-classic-back-681407.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909074226/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-bengaluru/vishnuvardhan-classic-back-681407.html |archive-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> It was directed by [[K. S. Prakash Rao]], and produced by [[M. S. Reddy]] under Kowmudi Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2011 |title='Sahaja Kavi' Mallemala no more |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/amplsquoSahaja-Kaviamprsquo-Mallemala-no-more/articleshow/11076364.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180909081036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/amplsquoSahaja-Kaviamprsquo-Mallemala-no-more/articleshow/11076364.cms |archive-date=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Indiancine.ma" /> The dialogues were written by [[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]]. Cinematography was handled by K. S. Prasad, and the editing by K. A. Marthand.<ref name="Indiancine.ma" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1974 |title=Kode Nagu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kode-nagu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1360821898 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180909082843/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kode-nagu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1360821898 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |website=[[Apple Music]] |publisher=[[Saregama]]}}</ref> while the lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya and M. S. Reddy (under the name Mallemala).<ref name="Indiancine.ma" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sangamam Sangamam
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Idhe Chandragiri
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = Ghantasala
| length2 = 4:04
| title3 = Andaala Gadasarivaadu
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Naagupamu Paga
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = Ghantasala
| length4 = 2:52
| title5 = Naalo Kalisi Po
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = Ghantasala
| length5 = 4:51
| title6 = Katha Vinduva
| note6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 4:18
}}

== Release ==
''Kode Nagu'' was released on 15 March 1974,<ref name="Indiancine.ma" /> and was distributed by Vijaya Pictures.<ref name="Dharap" />

== See also ==
* ''[[Raja Nagam]]''
* ''[[Zehreela Insaan]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dharap">{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wU_AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Kode+Naagu%22 |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1974 |pages=74}}</ref>

<ref name="Indiancine.ma">{{Cite web |title=Kode Nagu |url=https://indiancine.ma/QIN/info |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230922140236/https://indiancine.ma/QIN/info|archive-date=22 September 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254500}}

[[Category:1974 romance films]]
[[Category:1974 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]

Chanakya (2019 film)

2026-03-03T17:42:33Z

Freelaw67: improved intro also and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|2019 Indian action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chanakya
| image = Chanakya Film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]
| producer = Rama Brahmam Sunkara
| screenplay = Thiru
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Abburi Ravi]]}}
}}
| story = Thiru
| starring = [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]<br/>[[Zareen Khan]]<br/>[[Mehreen Pirzada]]
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]<br>[[Sricharan Pakala]]<br>'''Score:'''<br>Sricharan Pakala
| cinematography = [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri Palanisamy]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = AK Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|10|04|ref1=}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|40 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-box-office-report-2019-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-810648|title=Tollywood Box office report - 2019: Highest grossing Telugu movies of the year|work=International Business Times|date=22 December 2019|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819160212/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-box-office-report-2019-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-810648|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Chanakya''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film|spy action thriller film]] directed by [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]] and produced by Rama Brahmam Sunkara under AK Entertainments banner. The film features [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Zareen Khan]] and [[Mehreen Pirzada]] in the lead roles, is marking Thiru's Telugu debut as director and Khan's acting debut in Telugu films, it also stars [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Rajesh Khattar]], [[Upen Patel]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], Raja Chembolu and [[Adarsh Balakrishna]] in the supporting roles. The film marks the second collaboration between Gopichand & Mehreen after [[Pantham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/gopichand-dons-a-spys-hat-for-his-upcoming-film-chanakya/articleshow/69713686.cms|title=Gopichand dons a spy's hat for his upcoming film Chanakya|website=Times of India|accessdate=9 September 2018|date=9 June 2019|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129215540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/gopichand-dons-a-spys-hat-for-his-upcoming-film-chanakya/articleshow/69713686.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chanakya-gopichand-mehreen-pirzadas-upcoming-telugu-spy-thriller-gets-a-title-and-logo-6780611.html|title=Chanakya: Gopichand, Mehreen Pirzada's upcoming Telugu spy thriller gets a title and logo|website=firstpost.com|date=9 June 2019|accessdate=9 September 2019|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701044458/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chanakya-gopichand-mehreen-pirzadas-upcoming-telugu-spy-thriller-gets-a-title-and-logo-6780611.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The music of the film is composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] and Sricharan Pakala.<ref name="newindianexpress" /><ref name="indiatoday" />

The film follows an undercover agent named Arjun, who races against time to rescue his teammates after they are kidnapped by a Pakistani terrorist named Sohail. Disavowed by his agency after his cover gets blown, he sets out on the rescue operation in Karachi. He enlists the help of another RAW agent Zubeida to accomplish the mission.

''Chanakya'' was released theatrically on Friday, 4 October 2019.

==Plot==
To catch Abdul Salim, the right hand of India's most wanted terrorist Ibrahim Qureshi, the RAW chief Kulkarni recruits agent Arjun and his team. Once Salim arrives at the spot, Arjun and his teammates eliminate all the guards and take Salim into their custody. Meanwhile, Arjun resumes his life as a banker named Ramakrishna and learns from Kulkarni that Salim will be shifted to prison as per the orders. Arjun warns him not to do so, fearing that there might be an attempt to rescue him. Nevertheless, Salim is dispatched in a police van accompanied by other vehicles. However, masked shooters from a chopper attack the cars and free Salim. Once he boards the chopper, the attackers are revealed to be Arjun and his teammates. Feeling Salim is not needed since his existence would be a threat to the nation's security, Arjun shoots him.

Later, when Arjun is on a date with his girlfriend Aishwarya, he is attacked by some goons, and a fight ensues, resulting in Arjun learning about the capture of his teammates. The kidnapper is none other than Sohail, the son of Ibrahim Qureshi. He challenges Arjun to come to Karachi and rescue his teammates, due to which Arjun seeks help from his agency but is disavowed due to his cover getting blown. He uses his resources to get himself into Pakistan, where he meets a RAW agent named Zubeida. Together, they plant CCTV cameras on Sohail's route to learn of his destination. Realizing that there is no signal whenever his vehicles pass, Arjun believes the traffic police commissioner to be getting information about Sohail's destination. Zubeida gets the commissioner engaged at a bar and helps Arjun digitally acquire the officer's fingerprints and voice activation to unlock his laptop. The officer learns of someone sneaking in and rushes back but in vain.

Arjun and Zubeida learn that Sohail is going to attend a function at a hotel and plan to kidnap him. When all their plans fail, Arjun shows up and manages to kidnap Sohail. However, at their secret location, Arjun and Zubeida realize that they have kidnapped Sohail's body double instead of Sohail himself. An enraged Arjun shoots him, and seeing Qureshi's henchmen coming for him, runs away, attacking them. In the ensuing chase, Arjun gets shot, while Ibrahim declares a manhunt for Arjun, who manages to hide and is eventually rescued by Zubeida. Sohail manages to retrieve the CCTV cameras set up by Zubeida and kills Arjun's friend on the camera. However, Arjun tells Zubeida to rewind the footage and learns that his friend had sent him a message through Morse code. They learn that Sohail is planning to flee Arjun's teammates and get the G8 Summit attacked so that they can frame India by showing the footage of Arjun and his teammates in Karachi. This would be seen as India's attempt to disgrace Pakistan, and India would, in turn, be disgraced. To stop this and continue Mission Chanakya, Arjun reunites with Kulkarni, who is then revealed to have told him to meet Zubeida. Using the information from other RAW agents in Karachi, Arjun manages to trace Sohail's location and beats him up. He then makes a deal with Ibrahim to arrive at the border with Arjun's teammates in exchange for Sohail's life. Once the deal is done, Ibrahim realizes that Arjun gave him Sohail's body double, who was not killed by the shooting and saved on time. With Sohail now in Indian custody, Ibrahim challenges to free him but is instead himself handed over to India. Arjun is congratulated by the RAW before he shoots the mole dead in front of his officers.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] as Arjun Srikar, an undercover RAW agent alias 'Bank' Ramakrishna, a bank officer
*[[Zareen Khan]] as Zubeida Khan, RAW Agent in Karachi
*[[Mehreen Pirzada]] as Aishwarya, the bank's most important customer, and Arjun's love interest
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Kulkarni, chief of RAW
*[[Rajesh Khattar]] as Ibrahim Qureshi, a Pakistan-based terrorist
*[[Upen Patel]] as Sohail Ibrahim Qureshi, Qureshi's son / Body Double
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Seenu, Bank Employee
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Central Home Minister
*[[Mir Sarwar]] as Abdul Salem, Qureshi's right-hand
*[[Adarsh Balakrishna]] as Aadi, Raw agent and Arjun's teammate
*Manush, RAW Agent and Arjun's teammate
*Raja Chembolu as Ravinder, RAW Agent and Arjun's teammate
*Swapnika as Aishwarya's friend
*Revathi as Ravinder's wife
*Karuna Bhushan as Aadi's wife
*[[Vineet Kumar]] as Karachi Transport Commissioner Mohammed Ali Khan
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Bank Manager
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Dr. Ali (Cameo)
*[[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Aazam Home Minister's PA, the mole from India
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] launched his 26th project titled ''Chanakya'' in February 2019 with Tamil director [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]], marking his Telugu debut as director and [[Mehreen Pirzada]] as leading lady. The filming began in the same month with shooting at [[Jaipur]].<ref name="telugusamayan">{{cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/hero-gopichand-upcoming-movie-titled-as-chanakya/articleshow/69715873.cms|title=Gopichand: పవర్ ఫుల్ టైటిల్‌తో గోపీచంద్ కొత్త సినిమా|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te|accessdate=9 September 2019|archive-date=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006104537/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/hero-gopichand-upcoming-movie-titled-as-chanakya/articleshow/69715873.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="telugufilmnagar">{{cite web|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2019/06/10/gopichand-26-movie-launched-the-name-chanakya/|title=#Gopichand 26 Movie Launched : Titled Chanakya|website=Telugu Film Nagar|first=Neelotpal|last=Mulugu|date=10 June 2019|accessdate=9 September 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702052654/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2019/06/10/gopichand-26-movie-launched-the-name-chanakya/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zareen Khan]] was cast to play a vital role in the film, marking her debut in Telugu films.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/aug/01/tollywood-hates-wasting-time-zareen-khan-on-telugu-debut-in-chanakya-2012202.html|title=Tollywood hates wasting time: Zareen Khan on Telugu debut in Chanakya|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802174805/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/aug/01/tollywood-hates-wasting-time-zareen-khan-on-telugu-debut-in-chanakya-2012202.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/zareen-khan-says-allu-arjun-is-her-favourite-dancer-in-tollywood-1546506-2019-06-11|title=Zareen Khan says Allu Arjun is her favourite dancer in Tollywood - Movies News|website=indiatoday.in|accessdate=9 September 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204130908/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/zareen-khan-says-allu-arjun-is-her-favourite-dancer-in-tollywood-1546506-2019-06-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chanakya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] and [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 September 2018
| recorded = hyderabad
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| year = 2019
| chronology = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| prev_title = [[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Kaalidas]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc =
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Evaru]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Chanakya
| year = 2021
| next_title = [[Operation Gold Fish]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
}}

The soundtrack composed by Vishal Chandrasekhar, Sricharan Pakala and lyrics by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ohh My Love
| length1 = 3:08
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada]], Poojan Kohli
| music1 = Sricharan Pakala

| title2 = Darling
| length2 = 3:45
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra2 = Harini
| music2 = Vishal Chandrasekhar

| title3 = Gulabhi
| length3 = 3:28
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| music3 = Vishal Chandrasekhar

| title4 = Hookah Bar-U
| length4 = 3:08
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = [[M. M. Manasi]]
| music4 = Vishal Chandrasekhar
}}

== Release ==
''Chanakya'' was theatrically released worldwide on 5 October 2019. The film was also dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] on television and [[YouTube]] by Wide Angle Media Pvt. Ltd. on 27 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RX4k1BQFS3c|title=Chanakya Full Movie (2020) New Released Hindi Dubbed Movie - Gopichand, Mehreen Pirzaada, Zareen Khan|website=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=27 March 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124020638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RX4k1BQFS3c|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was also dubbed in [[Malayalam]] as Agent Chanakya was released in 2020.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''[[The Hans India]]'' gave the 2.5 stars out of 5 stating, "'Chanakya' is a well-treated story that is presented in an interesting way".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/gopichands-chanakya-movie-review-rating-255-64341|title=Gopichand's Chanakya Movie Review & Rating {2.5/5}.|website=TheHansIndia|date=5 October 2019 }}</ref>

Neeshita Nyayapati writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the 2 stars out of 5, stating that "Chanakya is a meandering drama that seems confused about whether it wants to be a spy-thriller that takes itself way too seriously or a commercial drama that has a little bit of everything".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/chanakya/movie-review/71453342.cms|title=CHANAKYA MOVIE REVIEW.|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126105328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/chanakya/movie-review/71453342.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hemanth Kumar writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the 2 stars out of 5, stating, "When a spy drama is treated as a masala movie where characters openly challenge each other, you know it has landed in a quagmire. And we are sucked into it too".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chanakya-movie-review-gopichands-inconsequential-spy-thriller-wages-war-against-human-intelligence-7455941.html|title=Chanakya movie review: Gopichand's inconsequential spy thriller wages war against human intelligence.|website=Firstpost|date=5 October 2019|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208074811/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chanakya-movie-review-gopichands-inconsequential-spy-thriller-wages-war-against-human-intelligence-7455941.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=10944714}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sricharan Pakala]]

Aligarh (film)

2026-03-02T05:49:10Z

Freelaw67: add information as per guidelines based on references

{{Short description|2015 film by Hansal Mehta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aligarh
| image = AligarhFilmPoster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hansal Mehta]]
| producer = Sunil Lulla<br/>[[Shailesh R Singh]]<br/>[[Sandip Ssingh]]
| writer = [[Apurva Asrani]]
| screenplay = Apurva Asrani
| story = Apurva Asrani<br/>Ishani Banerjee
| based_on =
| starring = [[Manoj Bajpayee]]<br/>[[Rajkummar Rao]]<br/>[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| music = Karan Kulkarni
| cinematography = Satya Rai Nagpaul
| editing = Apurva Asrani
| released = {{Film date|2015|10|04|Busan|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |title=A Window on Asian Cinema |url=http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=19377&c_idx=274&sp_idx=&QueryStep=2 |website=Busan Internantional Film Festival |date=2015 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205054345/http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=19377&c_idx=274&sp_idx=&QueryStep=2 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|2016|02|26|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| studio = [[Eros International]]<br/>Karma Pictures
| distributor =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR|11 crore}}
| gross = {{INR|4.27 crore}}
}}

'''''Aligarh''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]] [[biographical|biographical drama]] film directed by [[Hansal Mehta]] and written by [[Apurva Asrani]]. It stars [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Rajkummar Rao]] in the lead roles.

The film had its world premiere at the 20th [[Busan International Film Festival]], receiving a standing ovation. The film was released worldwide on 26 February 2016 to critical acclaim. Bajpayee won critical acclaim and a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] for his portrayal of [[Ramchandra Siras]].

The biographical drama performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-26 |title=Aligarh |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aligarh/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2024-12-05 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207093122/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aligarh/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
[[Section 377]] of the [[Indian Penal Code]] criminalised sexual activities "against the order of nature," which included homosexual acts. On July 2, 2009, the [[Delhi High Court]] declared Section 377 unconstitutional, effectively decriminalising homosexuality.

On February 8, 2010, in [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh]], [[Ramchandra Siras|Dr. Shrinivas Ramchandra Siras]], an esteemed [[Marathi language]] professor at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], returned home at night in a rickshaw. Later, Siras and the rickshaw puller went to his apartment, where two TV journalists forcibly entered and filmed Siras engaging in a consensual act with the man. One journalist was armed with a stick, while the other carried a camera. This premeditated sting operation led to Siras's suspension, and the story made local headlines.

The case drew the attention of Deepak Sebastian, a Delhi-based journalist eager for a breakthrough story. With the support of his boss Nameeta, Deepak traveled to Aligarh to investigate. Meanwhile, protests erupted at the university over Siras's suspension. His colleague, Professor Sridharan, pressured him into writing a letter expressing embarrassment over the incident in hopes of retaining his position. Despite this, Siras faced widespread ostracism, denial of medical treatment, and eventual termination. The university also issued him a legal notice to vacate his residence within seven days, cutting off his electricity despite protests.

Deepak, disturbed by the blatant injustice, uncovered evidence suggesting Siras was the victim of a planned operation. Though initially reluctant, Siras eventually confided in Deepak, alleging that jealousy among colleagues motivated the smear campaign. He recounted how two individuals stormed his apartment armed with a camera and sticks, filmed him, and physically assaulted him, followed by four colleagues entering without permission.

Back in Delhi, gay rights activists [[Anjali Gopalan]] and Arvind Narayan offered legal support, confident after the Delhi High Court's Section 377 ruling. Siras was represented by Advocate [[Anand Grover]], a key figure in the earlier decriminalisation case. Forced to leave his university-provided housing, Siras moved to private accommodation.

Legal proceedings began in March 2010. The university presented the coerced letter of embarrassment as evidence, while Siras's colleagues refused further assistance. Deepak pursued leads, suspecting that Irfan, the rickshaw puller present that night, was part of the conspiracy. However, Siras expressed trust and affection for Irfan.

In court, the prosecution focused on framing Siras's consensual relationship as immoral and criminal. Despite this, Siras eventually won the case, and the court ordered his reinstatement. Deepak congratulated Siras, promising to celebrate together. Tragically, the next day, Siras was found dead in his apartment. Police discovered traces of poison in his blood but ruled out foul play.

A few years later, the Supreme Court reinstated Section 377, re-criminalising homosexuality in India.{{efn|Homosexuality was decriminalised again in 2018}}

{{notelist}}

==Cast==
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Professor [[Ramchandra Siras|Dr. Shrinivas Ramchandra Siras]]
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Journalist Deepu Sebastian
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Advocate [[Anand Grover]]
* [[Ishwak Singh]] as Arvind Narayan
* Nutan Surya as [[Anjali Gopalan]]
* Divya Unny as Reporter
* Suman Vaidya as Shadab Qureshi
* Devyansh Agnihotri (Child Artist)
* Saptrishi Ghosh as Assistant Lawyer
* [[Dilnaz Irani]] as Nameeta
* Sukhesh Arora as Tahir Islam
* Sumit Gulati as Tashi
* Sachin Parikh as Anuj
* Balaji Gauri as Nita Grewal
* K.R.Parmeshwar as Prof. Sridharan
* Prashant Kumar as Rickshaw wala

==Production==
Mehta said the planning for the film started in 2010, when a woman from Delhi sent him an email with an idea for a story based on the AMU incident, and his editor Asrani decided to choose it as his first film writing project.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Nidhi|date=28 October 2015|title=“The problem with actors? They're too disciplined,” says Hansal Mehta|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/hansal-mehta-aligarh-interview-manoj-bajpai-gq-india|access-date=6 October 2025|website=[[GQ India]]|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809073345/https://www.gqindia.com/content/hansal-mehta-aligarh-interview-manoj-bajpai-gq-india|url-status=live}}</ref> Though Rao and Bajpayee's characters interact face to face throughout the film, the real life Sebestian never met Siras, interacting with him only through phone conversations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthew|first=Suresh|date=27 February 2016|title=Here's the Journalist Who Tracked 'Aligarh' Professor Siras' Story|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/heres-the-journalist-who-tracked-aligarh-professor-siras-story |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] was Hansal Mehta's first choice for the role of Ramchandra Siras, before Manoj Bajpayee was cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Not Manoj Bajpayee, Hansal Mehta says he initially wanted to cast Govinda in Aligarh: 'I don't know what happened…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/not-manoj-bajpayee-hansal-mehta-reveals-he-wanted-to-cast-govinda-for-aligarh-i-dont-know-what-happened-8957108/ |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926113941/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/not-manoj-bajpayee-hansal-mehta-reveals-he-wanted-to-cast-govinda-for-aligarh-i-dont-know-what-happened-8957108/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was shot in various locations, including [[Allahabad]], [[Bareilly]], [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150423/entertainment-bollywood/article/hansal-mehta-wraps-his-next-project-aligarh|title=Hansal Mehta wraps up his next project 'Aligarh'|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=23 April 2015 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> Mehta could not shoot Aligarh on location at AMU due to resistance from local far-right groups, and hence much of the film was shot at Bareilly College, which while smaller, has the same sense of architecture as AMU.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jaimini|first=Bhawna|url=https://www.stirworld.com/think-books-and-movies-hansal-mehta-on-the-importance-of-ordinary-spatiality-in-filmmaking|title=Hansal Mehta on the importance of 'ordinary' spatiality in filmmaking|website=Stir World|date=1 August 2024|access-date=6 October 2025|archive-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805222903/https://www.stirworld.com/think-books-and-movies-hansal-mehta-on-the-importance-of-ordinary-spatiality-in-filmmaking|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bajpayee said in 2024 that making the film had a major impact on him, stating that it guided him to where he should take his career next, and that it improved him as a human being. He also said that he was not himself when doing the film, and that he felt Siras' spirit guiding him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-reflects-on-his-character-in-hansal-mehtas-aligarh-it-improved-me-as-a-human-being|title=Manoj Bajpayee Reflects On His Character In Hansal Mehta's 'Aligarh': It Improved Me As A Human Being|website=[[Outlook India|Outlook]]|date=28 February 2024|access-date=6 October 2025|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919063343/https://www.outlookindia.com/amp/story/art-entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-reflects-on-his-character-in-hansal-mehtas-aligarh-it-improved-me-as-a-human-being|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Aligarh'' had its European première at the 59th BFI [[London Film Festival]] on 10 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aligarh-gets-standing-ovation-in-busan-director-hansal-mehta-elated/ |title='Aligarh' gets standing ovation in Busan, director Hansal Mehta elated |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=28 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028181216/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aligarh-gets-standing-ovation-in-busan-director-hansal-mehta-elated/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The response was generally superlative and the film garnered excellent reviews. ''[[Screen International]]'' in its review called it a "A subtle, sensitive take on a controversial real-life court case involving the victimization of a gay college professor, Aligarh underscores the growing strength and diversity of Indian independent cinema".<ref>{{cite web |last=Halligan |first=Fionnuala |url=http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/aligarh-review/5095752.article |title='Aligarh': Review |website=[[Screen International]] |date=21 October 2015 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201095059/http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/aligarh-review/5095752.article |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[British Film Institute]], in its 'Whats On' review of ''Aligarh'' called it "Probably the best film yet on the [[Indian gay]] male experience, Hansal Mehta directs a riveting and nuanced tale that is as touching as it is powerful."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/lff/Online/default.asp?BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::permalink=aligarh&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013224458/https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/LFF/Online/default.asp?BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::permalink=aligarh&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::context_id= |url-status=dead |date=October 2015|archive-date=13 October 2015 |title=Aligarh |website=BFI London Film Festival |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> ''Aligarh'' had its India première in Mumbai at the 17th [[Mumbai Film Festival|Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]] on 30 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai film festival announces eclectic line-up|date=29 October 2015|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mumbai-film-festival-announces-eclectic-line-up/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606101546/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mumbai-film-festival-announces-eclectic-line-up/|url-status=live}}</ref> It also has the honour of being the only Indian film to open the festival since its inception. The response was once again overwhelming. Meenakshi Shedde, South Asia Consultant to the [[Berlin Film Festival]] and award-winning critic, had this to say about in her ''[[Mid-Day]]'' review: "''Aligarh'' is masterfully directed: it is that rare film that courageously stands for human rights, including those of homosexuals, yet offers a quiet, distilled perspective."<ref>{{cite web|last=Shedde|first=Meenakshi|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/a-different-marathi-manoos/16631184#sthash.mR5YYrvO.dpuf|title=A different 'Marathi manoos'|date=24 October 2015|website=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060600/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/a-different-marathi-manoos/16631184#sthash.mR5YYrvO.dpuf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gay rights activist and editor of ''Bombay Dost'' magazine, [[Ashok Row Kavi]], in his [[Firstpost]] review called ''Aligarh'' "a masterpiece of cinematic skills" and went on to say "What Mehta and writer Apurva Asrani have done is pluck out a commonplace professor in a commonplace university and weave a true life story into a tapestry of terrifying, compelling drama."<ref>{{cite web |last=Row Kavi |first=Ashok |url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/aligarh-what-this-compelling-drama-tells-us-about-our-approach-to-homosexuals-2493926.html |title=A masterpiece of cinematic skills, 'Aligarh' has a lot to say about the way we perceive homosexuals |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=4 November 2015 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174510/http://www.firstpost.com/living/aligarh-what-this-compelling-drama-tells-us-about-our-approach-to-homosexuals-2493926.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Columnist Aseem Chhabra in his [[Rediff]] review said "Aligarh is a very important film, a milestone in the history of Indian cinema that should start the much-needed conversation about how India treats a visible and yet often ignored minority group."<ref>{{cite web |last=Chabbra |first=Aseem |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/why-aligarh-is-a-very-important-film/20151105.htm |title=Why Aligarh is a very important film |website=[[Rediff]] |date=5 November 2015 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202070931/http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/why-aligarh-is-a-very-important-film/20151105.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Shubra Gupta of ''[[Indian Express]]'' gave it 3.5 stars, calling it "both timely and telling", stating that the writers came with a film with "authenticity and emotional heft" of a story all can relate to. She praises Bajpayee for his portrayal having a "bewildered fragility" with gentleness demanding "understanding and compassion."<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shubra|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aligarh-movie-review-three-and-half-stars-manoj-bajpyee-rajkummar-rao/|title=Aligarh movie review: Manoj Bajpayee gives a brilliant performance, quiet and affecting|date=26 February 2016|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 September 2025|archive-date=3 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503232819/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aligarh-movie-review-three-and-half-stars-manoj-bajpyee-rajkummar-rao/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave it 4.5 stars, finding the movie portrays "a portrait of loneliness" very rare in Indian cinema. He praises the performance of Bajpayee and Rao, stating that Bajpayee digs deep and makes himself seem inseparable from the agony and tragedy of Siras, with Rao proving to be ideal foil. He also praises Mehta focusing on his usual theme of "outsiders refusing to blend in", calling the movie "a human drama with universal resonance".<ref>{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|access-date=27 September 2025|date=26 February 2016|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/aligarh-movie-review-1238|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227050408/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/aligarh-movie-review-1238|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2016|title=Aligarh Movie Review|website= NDTV Movies}}</ref> Namrata Joshi of [[The Hindu]] praises the film, stating that it opts to "remain in a humane and heartfelt zone rather than being hard-hitting" and a "quietude, gentleness and sincerity of treatment." She also praises Bajpayee for his idiosyncratic portrayal of Siras- showing Siras and his beliefs about love and emotions in a very lingering manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/aligarh-an-autumn-of-loneliness/article8282914.ece|title=Aligarh: An autumn of loneliness|author=Namrata Joshi|author-link=Namrata Joshi|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 September 2016|access-date=27 September 2025|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127021759/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/aligarh-an-autumn-of-loneliness/article8282914.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="5%" | Year
! width="30%" | Award
! width="35%" | Category
! width="5%" | Recipient(s)
! width="5%" | Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|2016
|[[10th Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
|[[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actor|Best Actor]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/manoj-bajpayee-wins-best-actor-at-the-asia-pacific-screen-awards/articleshow/55614416.cms|title=Manoj Bajpayee wins best actor at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=25 November 2016|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jagran Film Festival]]
|Best Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/about/manoj-bajpayee/awards/|title=Manoj Bajpayee|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" |2017
|[[18th IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Rajkumar Rao]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=IIFA 2017: Awards return to US, New York hosted its 18th edition in July|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2017-awards-return-to-us-new-york-to-host-its-18th-edition-in-july-see-pic-4610792/|access-date=26 May 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=12 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[62nd Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mainstream-award-shows-need-to-be-more-credible-manoj-bajpayee-4477247/|title=Mainstream award shows need to be more credible: Manoj Bajpayee|date=16 January 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|last=Kameshwari|first=A.|access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Rajkumar Rao]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html|title=62nd Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations|website=[[Filmfare Awards]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=5 October 2025|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122217/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Cine Awards|17th Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-sultan-dominates-zee-cine-awards-2017-nominations-4551333/|title=Salman Khan’s Sultan dominates Zee Cine Awards 2017 nominations|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 October 2025|date=2 March 2017|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051642/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-sultan-dominates-zee-cine-awards-2017-nominations-4551333/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]
|[[Rajkumar Rao]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* ''[[Philadelphia (film)|Philadelphia]]'', a film about a gay man being terminated from his law firm and his fight for compensation
* [[Brokeback Mountain]], a tragic love story between two cowboys forced to hide their relationship due to societal pressures, set against the backdrop of the Wyoming wilderness.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt5121000}}
{{Hansal Mehta}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2015 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:2010s LGBTQ-related drama films]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:Aligarh]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University]]

Department of Agriculture (Tamil Nadu)

2026-03-02T03:04:41Z

Freelaw67: update page to improve readability and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Government agency
| agency_name = Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Department (Tamil Nadu)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1949
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Department
| chief1_name = Apoorva, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Agricultural Production Commissioner and Principal Secretary to Government
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/2 Agriculture Department]
| footnotes =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
}}

The '''Department of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare''' one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Objective ==
{{As of|2022}}, agriculture contributed to 13% of the state's [[Gross Domestic Product|GSDP]].<ref name="TNB">{{cite report|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/tamil-nadu-budget-analysis-2023-24|title=Tamil Nadu Budget analysis|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the state had 6.15 million hectares under cultivation.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22119|title=State-wise Pattern of Land Use - Gross Sown Area|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The department is responsible to ensure stable agricultural production, devise and implement methodologies to increase [[food production]] and ensure availability of raw materials for agro-based industries.<ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/2|title=Agriculture|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Sub-departments ==
The department has the following sub-departments:<ref name="Gov2">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/agri_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Department of Agriculture, policy note, 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
*Agricultural research, education and extension
*Agriculture
*Agriculture engineering
*Agriculture marketing and business department
*Horticulture and plantation crops department
*Organic certification department
*Seed certification department
*Sugar

The following agencies and undertakings are administered by the department:<ref name="Gov2"/>
*[[Tamil Nadu Horticulture Development Agency (TANHODA)]]:Maintenance of public gardens and implementation of various schemes like National Horticulture Mission, [[Drip Irrigation]], [[Precision Farming]] and National Bamboo Mission.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/agriculture/tanhoda.pdf|title= Functions and powers of the Agency:TANHODA|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
*[[Tamil Nadu Horticultural Producers Co-operative Enterprises Limited (TANHOPE)]]:Promotion of horticulture crops, marketing of Fruits and vegetables and processed produces.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/govt_schemes_services/pdf/2014/TANHOPE.pdf|title=Functions and powers of the Agency:TANHOPE|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
*Tamil Nadu Watershed Development Agency (TAWDEVA):Responsible for improvement of income of rural community in the watersheds by boosting crop productivity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnwatershed.proz.in/|title=Functions and powers of the Agency:TAWDEVA|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
*[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU)]]:Agricultural university located in [[Coimbatore]] and responsible for education and research on agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Agricultural Universities|url=https://icar.org.in/content/state-agricultural-universities-0|access-date=8 December 2021|publisher=ICAR}}</ref>
*[[Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing Board (TNSAMB)]]:Co-ordination of market committees, planning and implementation of programmes for the development of markets and market areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnsamb.gov.in/objectives.html|title=Functions And Powers of the Board:TNSAMB|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218134013/http://www.tnsamb.gov.in/objectives.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Ministers ==
*[[Veerapandy S. Arumugam]] (1990-91, 1996-2001, 2006-11)
*[[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]] (1991-96)
*[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]] (2011-12)
*[[S. Damodaran (politician)|S. Damodaran]] (2012-14)
*[[R. Vaithilingam]] (2014-16)
*[[R. Doraikannu]] (2017-20)
*[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]] (2021-present)

== See also ==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]
* [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/2 Official website of the Agriculture Department]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]

{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State agriculture departments in India|Tamil Nadu]]

Jharana Das

2026-02-19T22:28:05Z

Freelaw67: done

{{Short description|Indian actress (1945–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Jharana Das
| image = Jharana Das non-free.jpg
| birth_date = 1945
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|12|02|1945|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cuttack]], Odisha, India
| nationality = 
| known_for = Acting
| notable_works = {{hlist |class=nowraplinks |''[[Amada Bata]]'' |''[[Malajahna]]'' |''[[Sri Jagannath (film)|Sri Jagannath]]'' |''[[Adina Megha]]'' |''[[Abhinetri (1970 film)|Abhinetri]]'' }}
| awards = {{ubl |{{awd |year=1977 |Jaydev Puraskar Award}} |{{awd |year=2016 |Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra Award}}}}
| resting_place = Cuttack<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Veteran actress Jharana Das buried with full state honours in Cuttack |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=QIaLf5M7qwc |date=3 December 2022 |publisher=[[Odisha TV]] |access-date=14 June 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
}}

'''Jharana Das''' ({{Langx|or| ଝରଣା ଦାସ}}, 1945{{efn|name=birthdate|Most sources reported her age to be 77 and a 1945 birth date, but several reported that she was aged 82, though most of these did not include a date of birth making the ones that did the more likely source.}} – 2 December 2022) was an Indian [[Ollywood]] actress and journalist. She was known for her contributions to the [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia film industry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Veteran Odia film actor Jharana Das dies at 77, President Murmu remembers her 'outstanding contribution' to films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/veteran-odia-film-actor-jharana-das-dies-at-77-president-murmu-remembers-her-outstanding-contribution-to-films-101669976609399.html |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ToI-95953118">{{Cite web |first1=Hemanta |last1=Pradhan |date=3 December 2022 |title=Jharana Das, Doyen Of Odia Cinema, Passes Away At 82 {{!}} Bhubaneswar News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/jharana-das-doyen-of-odia-cinema-passes-away-at-82/articleshow/95953118.cms |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TimesNowNews-95939030">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Who is Jharana Das, the 'legendary actress' whose death President Droupadi Murmu condoled |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/who-is-jharana-das-the-legendary-actress-whose-death-president-droupadi-murmu-condoled-article-95939030 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Odia actress Jharana Das passes away at 82 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-odia-actress-jharana-das-passes-away-at-82-2304371-2022-12-02 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=India Today |date=2 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Jharana Das started her career in the 1960s as a child artist and announcer for [[All India Radio]], [[Cuttack]] where she produced creative content across drama, song and film.<ref name="TimesNowNews-95939030" /> She later also worked as an assistant station director of Doordarshan in Cuttack.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Veteran Odia Actor Jharana Das Dies At 77 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/veteran-odia-film-actress-jharana-das-dies-at-77-3571333 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

''[[Times Now]]'' stated that Das "chose a career in the movies at a time when not many chose to walk the path"<ref name="TimesNowNews-95939030" /> and reported that she had to deal with family opposition to follow her calling. Her brother, who was in the [[Indian Air Force]], convinced their family to allow Jharana to pursue her choice.<ref name="TimesNowNews-95939030" /> She had taken voice culture training in [[Kolkata]] which may have added a dimension to her performance in films.<ref name="TimesNowNews-95939030" />

When she switched to acting, she became well known for her performances in films such as ''[[Amadu Bata]]'', ''Bari'', ''[[Sri Jagannath (film)|Sri Jagannath]]'', ''[[Adina Megha]]'', and ''[[Abhinetri (1970 film)|Abhinetri]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title='Amada Bata' actress Jharana Das passes away at 82 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/amada-bata-actress-jharana-das-passes-away-at-82/articleshow/95933424.cms?from=mdr |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="ToI-95953118"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2 December 2022 |title=Veteran Odia film actress Jharana Das dies at 77 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/veteran-odia-film-actress-jharana-das-dies-at-77/article66213733.ece |access-date=6 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Other roles include ''[[Hisab Nikas]]'', ''Pujafula'',  ''[[Malajanha]]'', and ''Heera Nella'', for which she won many awards.<ref name=":6" /> Overall, she appeared in approximately 40 films as the female lead.<ref name="ToI-95953118" />

She was also credited for directing a biographical documentary film on [[Harekrushna Mahatab]], a freedom fighter and former chief minister.<ref name=":6" />

She was the winner of the Lifetime Contribution Award of Jaydev Puraskar in 1977 and a beneficiary of [[Guru Kelucharan Mahapatra|Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra]] Award for lifetime achievement in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Kelucharan Awards for 2016 announced |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/guru-kelucharan-awards-for-2016-announced.html |date=1 September 2016 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206193426/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/guru-kelucharan-awards-for-2016-announced.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She was also assistant station director of [[Doordarshan]] in Cuttack and a trained classical dancer.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Odia film actress Jharana Das dies at 77 – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2022/dec/02/veteran-odia-film-actress-jharana-das-dies-at-77-2524385.html |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=December 2022}}</ref><ref name="ToI-95935279">{{Cite news |date=2 December 2022 |first1=Hemanta |last1=Pradhan |title=Jharana Das Death News: Noted Odisha actress, singer Jharana Das passes away at 77 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-noted-actress-singer-jharana-das-passes-away/articleshow/95935279.cms |access-date=6 December 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Veteran Odia film actress Jharana Das dies at 77 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/veteran-odia-film-actress-jharana-das-dies-at-77-456920 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Tribune India News Service |language=en}}</ref>

Her husband was the cameraman on her film ''Malajanha''.<ref name="ToI-95935279" />

==Death==
Das died at her residence in Cuttack on 2 December 2022.<ref name=":5" /> Her death was recognised by the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Veteran Odia film actress Jharana Das dies at 77, CM Naveen Patnaik condoles death |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/veteran-odia-film-actress-jharana-das-dies-at-77-8301851/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Odisha Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] also expressed grief over the death of the actress and announced that her last rites will be performed with full state honours. Patnaik said in a statement {{Blockquote|Her impactful performance on stage and film will always be remembered. May her soul rest in peace and my condolence to the bereaved family<ref name=":6" /> }}Union Education Minister [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] also gave condolences over Das's death.<ref name=":6" />

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Jharana}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]

Green Line (Namma Metro)

2026-02-19T16:30:21Z

Freelaw67:

{{short description|Line of Bengaluru's Namma Metro}}
{{about|the metro line in Bengaluru|the railway segment in Bengaluru|Green Route}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 300
| name = Green Line
| other_name = {{hlist|North–South Corridor|Line 2|Madavara–Silk Institute Line}}
| native_name = ಹಸಿರು ಮಾರ್ಗ (Hasiru mārga)
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| color = {{rcr|Namma Metro|Green}}
| logo =
| logo_width = 150
| logo_alt =
| image = Green Line Namma Metro trainset.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = This trainset on standby at {{stl|Namma Metro|Banashankari}} metro station and heading towards {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}} metro station
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Namma Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| start = {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}}
| end = [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]]
| connectinglines = '''''Operational''''' (2):<br>{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}
<br>'''''Upcoming''''' (1):<br>{{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} <br>'''''Planned''''' (1):<br>{{rcb|Namma Metro|Inner Ring|croute}}
| stations = 32 (Operational)
| daily_ridership = 170,685
| ridership2 = 62.3 million (2018)<ref>{{cite news |title=Namma Metro surges ahead, clocks four-crore jump in annual ridership - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/namma-metro-surges-ahead-clocks-four-crore-jump-in-annual-ridership/articleshow/67631785.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 January 2019 |access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>
| open = {{start date and age|1 March 2014|df=yes}}
| lastextension = {{start date and age|07 November 2024|df=yes}}
| close =
| owner = Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
| character = Elevated and underground
| stock = BEML
| depot = Peenya<br>Anjanapura (Under Construction)
| linelength_km = 33.46
| tracklength =
| tracklength_km =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| speed_km/h = 40
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20150813004421/http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/index.html bmrc.co.in]
| map = {{BMR Green Line}}
| map_name = Green Line map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Green Line''' is a line on the [[Namma Metro]] [[Rapid transit|rail system]]. As of 2025, the line is {{cvt|33.46|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and connects [[Madavara metro station|Madavara]] in the northwest to [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]] in the south. The line connects the north western suburbs and neighbourhoods of Bengaluru, such as [[Madavara metro station|Madavara]], [[Jalahalli]], [[Peenya]], [[Yeshwanthpur]], [[Rajajinagar]] and [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru|Malleshwaram]] along Tumkur Road with the central hub of [[Majestic, Bangalore|Majestic]] and the southern residential areas of Bangalore such as [[Basavanagudi]], [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagara]], [[Banashankari]], [[Konanakunte]] and [[Thalaghattapura metro station|Thalaghattapura]] along Kanakapura Road. The Green Line is mostly elevated, with 29 elevated and 3 underground stations. There are two interchanges along the Green Line, One with the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] at [[Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic metro station|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Station, Majestic]] and the other with the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] at [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]].

==History==
Green Line sections were opened as indicated below.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro Network|url=http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/Network.htm|website=www.bmrc.co.in|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814222834/http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/Network.htm|archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Green}};" | <span style="color:WHITE;">'''History'''</span>
|-
! Phase
! Section
! Opening date
! colspan="2"|Terminals
! Length
! Stations
|-
| rowspan="6" |1||Reach 3 || rowspan="2" | 1 March 2014 ||[[Mantri Square Sampige Road metro station|Mantri Square Sampige Road]]||[[Yeshwanthpur metro station|Yeshwanthpur]] ||{{cvt|5.10|km|mi|abbr=on}}||7
|-
|Reach 3A ||[[Yeshwanthpur metro station|Yeshwanthpur]]||[[Peenya Industry]]||{{cvt|4.80|km|mi|abbr=on}}||3
|-
|Reach 3B || 1 May 2015 || [[Peenya Industry]]||[[Nagasandra metro station|Nagasandra]]||{{cvt|2.50|km|mi|abbr=on}}|| 3
|-
|UG 2 || rowspan="3" | 18 June 2017<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=All of Bangalore Metro Phase-1 will be up and running from June 18 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/jun/08/all-of-bangalore-metro-phase-1-will-be-up-and-running-from-june-18-1614155.html |access-date=2017-06-15 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>||[[Mantri Square Sampige Road metro station|Mantri Square Sampige Road]]||[[National College metro station|National College]]||{{cvt|4.0|km|2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=ReporterBengaluru|first1=Staff|title=BMRCL races to meet April 15 deadline|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bmrcl-races-to-meet-april-15-deadline/article17428832.ece|website=The Hindu|date=8 March 2017 |access-date=8 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>||3
|-
|Reach 4 || [[National College metro station|National College]]||[[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]]||{{cvt|4.10|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||5
|-
|Reach 4A ||[[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]]||[[Yelachenahalli metro station|Yelachenahalli]]|| {{cvt|3.90|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||3
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2||Reach 4B || 15 January 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro's 6 Km Yelachenahalli To Silk Institute Stretch Flagged-off |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/namma-metros-6-km-yelachenahalli-to-silk-institute-stretch-flagged-off-6347911.html |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>||[[Yelachenahalli metro station|Yelachenahalli]]|| [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]]||{{cvt|6.29|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="BM Phase II length" />||5
|-
|Reach 3C || 7 November 2024<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro's Green Line extension set to open on Nov 7 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-metros-green-line-extension-set-to-open-on-nov-7-3263488 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>||[[Nagasandra metro station|Nagasandra]]||[[Madavara metro station|Madavara]]||{{cvt|3.14|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="BM Phase II length">{{Cite web |title=Day before public launch, DK Shivakumar takes metro ride to Madavara |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/day-before-public-launch-dk-shivakumar-takes-metro-ride-to-madavara-3265346 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>||3
|-
! colspan="3" |Total||Madavara||Silk Institute||{{cvt|33.46|km|mi|abbr=on}}
!32
|}
[[File:NammaMetro-GreenLine-2025-08-18.jpg|left|frameless|863x863px]]

===Phase I===
Construction work on Reach 3 and 3A of Phase I of the Namma Metro began in 2009–10. The total cost of the project on this stretch was {{INR}}2,100 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Green-train-rolls-out-on-March-1/articleshow/30965848.cms |title=Green train rolls out on March 1 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 February 2014 |access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Work on the underground section commenced in May 2011. [[Tunnel boring machine|Tunnel boring machines]] named ''Kaveri,'' ''Krishna'' and ''Godavari'' were used for tunnel boring work for the Green Line.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rohith B R |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/285446/automation-helps-precise-work-metro.html |title=Automation helps precise work on metro tunnels |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=14 October 2012 |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Rohith B R |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/285209/metro-makes-steady-inroads.html |title=Metro makes steady inroads |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=13 October 2012 |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-smoother-passage-for-margarita/article3944879.ece |title=A smoother passage for Margarita |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=4 March 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/280683/tunnelling-along-north-south-corridor.html |title=Tunnelling along north-south corridor to begin soon |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=23 September 2012 |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121218/news-current-affairs/article/metro-rushes-meet-deadline |title=Metro rushes to meet deadline |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 December 2012 |access-date=4 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106033920/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121218/news-current-affairs/article/metro-rushes-meet-deadline |archive-date=6 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/313939/after-helen-margarita-its-krishna.html |title=After Helen, Margarita, it's Krishna and Kaveri |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> The first trial run on the Green Line was conducted on 8 August 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/labour-ministry-puts-bmrcl-on-notice-for-labour-law-violations/article5004284.ece |title=Labour Ministry puts BMRCL on notice for labour law violations |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 August 2013 |access-date=27 March 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Construction required 1.3 lakh tonnes of concrete, {{Convert|44500|t|lb}} of steel bars, and {{Cvt|190|km|1}} of high tension wires weighing {{Convert|2900|t|lb}}. A total of 395 piers, including station piers and portals, were constructed on the stretch. The tallest pier of the viaduct is a {{Convert|21|m|adj=on}} pier between [[Mahakavi Kuvempu Road metro station|Mahakavi Kuvempu Road]] and [[Srirampura metro station|Srirampura]] stations, opposite Gayatri Devi Park. There 353 spans on the stretch, the longest being the {{Convert|66|m|adj=on}} curved span over the railway track off Srirampura. The total roofing area of the 10 stations on the stretch was {{Convert|47000|m2}}.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|author=Anil Kumar Sastry |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/peenyasampige-road-metro-line-to-be-thrown-open-on-saturday/article5722354.ece |title=Peenya-Sampige Road metro line to be thrown open on Saturday |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 February 2014 |access-date=27 March 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=green line metro stations list|url=http://comodos.cz/blog/e734d4-green-line-metro-stations-list|access-date=2020-09-07|website=comodos.cz}}</ref>

The first section of Green Line was opened to public on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/cm-in-a-hurry-delays-namma-metro-launch/article5737303.ece |title=CM in a hurry, delays Namma Metro launch |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=27 March 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> BMRCL Managing Director Pradeep Singh Kharola stated that about 25,000 passengers traveled on the line on the opening day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/389661/25000-ride-green-line-metro.html |title=25,000 ride Green line Metro on 1st working day |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> In the first month of operations, 7.62 lakh people at an average of 24,605 people daily used the Green Line, generating a revenue of {{INRConvert|1.5|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/byappanahallimg-road-metro-stretch-more-popular/article5876934.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Tanu | last=Kulkarni | title=Byappanahalli-M.G. Road metro stretch more popular | date=5 April 2014}}</ref>

TBM ''Godavari'' began drilling the {{Convert|970|m|adj=on}} underground section between Sampige Road and Majestic stations in April 2014. ''Godavari'' broke down a few months later, and needed to have its cutter head replaced, due to contact with tough terrain including hard rock and boulders. The machine restarted work in September 2015 after importing the cutter head from Italy. ''Godavari'' completed drilling and emerged on the Majestic station end of the tunnel on 19 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Godavari sees light - Bangalore Mirror -|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Godavari-sees-light/articleshow/51899949.cms|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru: East-west corridor from Byappanahalli to Mysuru Road may open next week - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=20 April 2016 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bengaluru-east-west-corridor-from-byappanahalli-to-mysuru-road-may-open-next-week/articleshow/51905831.cms|access-date=10 April 2017|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Meanwhile, ''Kaveri'' and ''Krishna'' drilled the underground section between National College and Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station.

Construction of the underground section of Green Line required the use of 3,000 transit mixer loads of concrete. {{Cvt|1000|km}} of cable had to be laid.<ref>{{cite news|title=April deadline nears but trial runs yet to begin|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/april-deadline-nears-but-trial-runs-yet-to-begin/articleshow/57547938.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 March 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>

Trial runs on the elevated section between National College and Yelachenahalli began on 23 November 2016. Trials were conducted between National College and Jayanagara initially at a speed of {{Cvt|10|km/h}}, and then along the entire elevated section between National College and Yelachenahalli at a speed of {{Cvt|25|km/h|1}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru Metro to go underground on south side soon|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/mar/03/bengaluru-metro-to-go-underground-on-south-side-soon-1576992--2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201527/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/mar/03/bengaluru-metro-to-go-underground-on-south-side-soon-1576992--2.html|archive-date=3 March 2017|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> Trial runs began in the tunneled section on 30 March 2017.

Services at Sampige Road, Srirampura and Kuvempu Road stations were suspended between 13 and 22 March 2017 to allow authorities to conduct static and other tests and to link Sampige Road station with Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station. During the 10-day testing period, services operated only between Nagasandra and Rajajinagar stations. The BMTC introduced [[Rail replacement bus service|rail replacement bus services]] from Rajajinagara to Hosahalli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Part of Namma Metro Green Line to be shut for 10 days|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/600637/part-namma-metro-green-line.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Three metro stations on Green Line to be closed from Monday|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/three-metro-stations-on-green-line-to-be-closed-from-monday/article17444227.ece|website=The Hindu|date=10 March 2017 |access-date=11 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> Services between Sampige Road and Rajajinagara were suspended again for four days beginning 13 April 2017 to conduct trial runs on the underground section between Sampige Road and National College.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Metro suspended|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/metro-suspended/article17939916.ece|website=The Hindu|date=11 April 2017 |access-date=13 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sampige Road-Rajajinagar Metro shut for 4 days|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/605972/sampige-road-rajajinagar-metro-shut.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref> Trial runs were completed on 16 May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro trial runs to be over today|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/611772/metro-trial-runs-over-today.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref>

===Phase II===
{{Rapid transit OSM map|stroke-width=5|system_qid=Q17054000|single_line=y|stations=y|stations_qid=Q17054000|frame-width=200|frame-height=200|frame-align=right}}
Contract for construction of the 6.5 km Reach 4B from Yelachenahalli to Silk Institute was awarded to Nagarjuna Construction Co. The extension was estimated to cost {{INRConvert|508.86|c}}.<ref name="ET22">{{cite news|title=At Rs 247 crore, contract for Namma Metro purple line extension finalised|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/at-rs-247-crore-contract-for-namma-metro-purple-line-extension-finalised/articleshow/57386842.cms|website=The Economic Times|date=28 February 2017 |access-date=28 February 2017 |last1=Menezes |first1=Naveen }}</ref> Civil work on the extension began in October 2016<ref name="DC22" /> and was completed by 2020. Trial runs were conducted on 18–19 December 2020,<ref>{{cite web |title=CMRS Inspects Bangalore Metro Green Line's Anjanapura Extn |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/11/19/cmrs-inspects-bangalore-metro-green-lines-anjanapura-extn/ |website=The Metro Rail Guy |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> and the extension was opened on 14 January 2021,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lalitha |first1=S |title=First line of Bangalore Metro's Phase-2 flagged off |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/jan/14/first-line-of-bangalore-metros-phase-2-flagged-off-2250181.html |access-date=14 January 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 January 2021}}</ref> making it the first section of Phase II to start commercial operations.

In October 2016, BMRCL invited bids for the construction of viaduct and stations on the 3.031 km extension (Reach 3C) of the Green Line from Nagasandra to Madavara (previously named Bengaluru International Exhibition Centre).<ref name = "DC22">{{cite web|title=BMRCL invites bids for 3-km extension from Nagasandra.|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/575499/bmrcl-invites-bids-3-km.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Reach 3C was awarded to Simplex Infrastructure Limited in late February 2017. The contract specified a cost of {{INRConvert|247.41|c}} and a deadline for completion of 27 months.<ref name="ET22"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Metro to start work on third stretch of Phase-II|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/apr/10/metro-to-start-work-on-third-stretch-of-phase-ii-1591915.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 April 2017 |access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref> The start of construction on the extension was delayed by 4 months due to land acquisition issues concerning land near Jindal Aluminium Limited in Kirloskar Layout. The issues were resolved and construction began in June 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Work on BIEC Metro link begins as Jindal land acquired |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/629788/work-biec-metro-link-begins.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=8 October 2018 |language=en |date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Trial runs were conducted in August 2024 and it was opened on 7 November 2024.

After Phase II was completed, the line extended its stretch from Madavara in northwest to Silk Institute in the South. The length of the line increased to {{convert|34.46|km|mi}}. Commercial operations on the Nagasandra-Madavara stretch started from November 7, 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-05 |title=Extended Namma Metro Green Line operation launch likely on November 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/namma-metro-green-line-extended-operations-set-to-launch-on-november-6/articleshow/114990458.cms |access-date=2024-11-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=Bengaluru Metro might face delays as Green Line Extension trial run begins today {{!}} Check details |url=https://www.news9live.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-might-face-delays-as-green-line-extension-trial-run-begins-today-check-details-2645672 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naima |first=Kathija |date=2024-08-06 |title=Bengaluru Metro Green Line Extension Trials Begin |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-green-line-extension-begins-trial-runs/06082024/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=News Karnataka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-08-05 |title=Metro trial service on Nagasandra-Madavara route from Aug 6 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/bengaluru/metro-trial-service-on-nagasandra-madavara-route-from-aug-6-896944 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

There have been petitions to extend the line further south till the [[Art of Living Foundation|Art of Living International Centre]] in the outskirts of Bengaluru.

==Stations==
{{Main|List of Namma Metro stations}}

There are 32 stations on the Green Line. Each station has around 60 surveillance cameras. Passenger lifts and escalators are provided at all stations. The Line has an operational depot at [[Peenya metro station|Peenya]] and another under construction at [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]]

=== Interchanges ===
Passenger interchange facilities, connecting to other metro and railway lines, will be provided at the following stations:

* [[Peenya metro station|Peenya]] (connects to the [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]], which runs between [[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]] and [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]])
* [[Yeshwanthpur metro station|Yeshwanthpur]] (connects to the [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station]])
* [[Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic metro station|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic]] (connects to the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]], which runs between [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] and [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]], also connects to the [[Bengaluru City railway station]] and [[Kempegowda Bus Station]])

* [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]] (connects to the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]], which runs between [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]] and [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]])
* [[Jaya Prakash Nagar metro station|Jaya Prakash Nagar]] (connects to the [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]], which runs between [[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]] and [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]])

=== List of stations ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" colspan="8" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Green}};" | <span style="color:WHITE;">'''Green Line'''</span>
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station name
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Station type
! rowspan="2" |Platform type
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Kannada]]
|-
|1|| style="text-align:center;" |{{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}}||[[Madavara metro station|ಮಾದಾವರ]]
|7 November 2024
| ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|2|| style="text-align:center;" |{{stl|Namma Metro|Chikkabidarakallu}}||
[[Chikkabidarakallu metro station|ಚಿಕ್ಕಬಿದರಕಲ್ಲು]]
|7 November 2024 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|3|| style="text-align:center;" |{{stl|Namma Metro|Manjunath Nagar}}||[[Manjunath Nagar metro station|ಮಂಜುನಾಥನಗರ]]
|7 November 2024
| ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|4|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Nagasandra metro station|Nagasandra]]|| [[Nagasandra metro station|ನಾಗಸಂದ್ರ]]
| 1 May 2015 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|5|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dasarahalli metro station|Dasarahalli]]||[[Dasarahalli metro station|ದಾಸರಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
| 1 May 2015 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|6|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Jalahalli metro station|Jalahalli]]|| [[Jalahalli metro station|ಜಾಲಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
| 1 May 2015 ||{{rint|bus}} Basaveshwara Bus Station||Elevated
|Side
|-
|7|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Peenya Industry]]|| [[Peenya Industry metro station|ಪೀಣ್ಯ ಇಂಡಸ್ಟ್ರಿ]]
| 1 March 2014 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|8|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Peenya metro station|Peenya]]|| [[Peenya metro station|ಪೀಣ್ಯ]]
| 1 March 2014 ||{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} (''<small>Approved</small>'') ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|9|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Goraguntepalya metro station|Goraguntepalya]]|| [[Goraguntepalya metro station|ಗೊರಗುಂಟೆಪಾಳ್ಯ]]
| 1 March 2014 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|10|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Yeshwanthpur metro station|Yeshwanthpura]]|| [[Yeshwanthpur metro station|ಯಶವಂತಪುರ]]
| 1 March 2014 ||
{{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur Junction]]
||Elevated
|Side
|-
|11|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sandal Soap Factory]]|| [[Sandal Soap Factory metro station|ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್ ಸೋಪ್ ಫ್ಯಾಕ್ಟರಿ]]
| 1 March 2014 ||{{rint|bus}} Yeshwanthpura TTMC||Elevated
|Side
|-
|12|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mahalakshmi metro station|Mahalakshmi]]|| [[Mahalakshmi metro station|ಮಹಾಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ]]
| 1 March 2014 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|13|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rajajinagar metro station|Rajajinagara]]|| [[Rajajinagar metro station|ರಾಜಾಜಿನಗರ]]
| 1 March 2014 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|14|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mahakavi Kuvempu Road metro station|Mahakavi Kuvempu Road]]|| [[Mahakavi Kuvempu Road metro station|ಮಹಾಕವಿ ಕುವೆಂಪು ರಸ್ತೆ]]
| 1 March 2014 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|15|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Srirampura metro station|Srirampura]]|| [[Srirampura metro station|ಶ್ರೀರಾಮ್ ಪುರ]]
| 1 March 2014 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|16|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Mantri Square Sampige Road metro station|Mantri Square Sampige Road]]|| [[Mantri Square Sampige Road metro station|ಮಂತ್ರಿ ಸ್ಕ್ವೇರ್ ಸಂಪಿಗೆ ರಸ್ತೆ]]
| 1 March 2014 |1 March 2014
| ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|17|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic metro station|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic]]|| [[Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic metro station|ನಾಡಪ್ರಭು ಕೆಂಪೇಗೌಡ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ, ಮೆಜೆಸ್ಟಿಕ್]]
| 18 June 2017 ||{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}<br>{{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Bengaluru City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]]<br/>{{rint|bus}} [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]
|Underground
|{{Abbr|Island|Green Line under Namma Metro}} & {{Abbr|Side|Purple Line under Namma Metro}}
|-
|18|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Chickpete metro station|Chickpete]]|| [[Chickpete metro station|ಚಿಕ್ಕಪೇಟೆ]]
| 18 June 2017 || ||Underground
|Island
|-
|19|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Krishna Rajendra Market metro station|Krishna Rajendra Market]]|| [[Krishna Rajendra Market metro station|ಕೃಷ್ಣ ರಾಜೇಂದ್ರ ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ]]
| 18 June 2017 || ||Underground
|Island
|-
|20|| style="text-align:center;" |[[National College metro station|National College]]|| [[National College metro station|ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಕಾಲೇಜ್]]
| 18 June 2017 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|21|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lalbagh metro station|Lalbagh]]|| [[Lalbagh metro station|ಲಾಲ್ಬಾಗ್]]
| 18 June 2017 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|22|| style="text-align:center;" |[[South End Circle metro station|South End Circle]]|| [[South End Circle metro station|ಸೌತ್ ಎಂಡ್ ಸರ್ಕಲ್]]
| 18 June 2017 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|23|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Jayanagar metro station|Jayanagara]]|| [[Jayanagar metro station|ಜಯನಗರ]]
| 18 June 2017 ||{{rint|bus}} Jayanagara TTMC||Elevated
|Side
|-
|24|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]]|| [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ ರಸ್ತೆ]]
| 18 June 2017 ||{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}||Elevated
|Island & Side
|-
|25|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Banashankari metro station|Banashankari]]|| [[Banashankari metro station|ಬನಶಂಕರಿ]]
| 18 June 2017 ||{{rint|bus}} Banashankari TTMC||Elevated
|Side
|-
|26|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Jaya Prakash Nagar metro station|Jaya Prakash Nagar]]|| [[Jaya Prakash Nagar metro station|ಜಯಪ್ರಕಾಶ ನಗರ]]
| 18 June 2017 ||{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} ''<small>(Approved)</small>''||Elevated
|Side
|-
|27|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Yelachenahalli metro station|Yelachenahalli]]|| [[Yelachenahalli metro station|ಯಲಚೇನಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
| 18 June 2017 || ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|28|| style="text-align:center;" |{{stl|Namma Metro|Konanakunte Cross}}||[[Konanakunte Cross metro station|ಕೋಣನಕುಂಟೆ ಕ್ರಾಸ್]]
| 15 January 2021
| ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|29|| style="text-align:center;" |{{stl|Namma Metro|Doddakallasandra}}|| [[Doddakallasandra metro station|ದೊಡ್ಡಕಲ್ಲಸಂದ್ರ]]
| 15 January 2021
| ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|30|| style="text-align:center;" |{{stl|Namma Metro|Vajarahalli}}|| [[Vajarahalli metro station|ವಾಜರಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
| 15 January 2021
| ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|31|| style="text-align:center;" |[[Thalaghattapura metro station|Thalaghattapura]]|| [[Thalaghattapura metro station|ತಲಘಟ್ಟಪುರ]]
| 15 January 2021
| ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|32|| style="text-align:center;" |{{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}}|| [[Silk Institute metro station|ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ]]
| 15 January 2021
| ||Elevated
|Side
|}

==Infrastructure==
===Rolling stock===
BMRC procured 150 metro coaches for fifty 3-car train sets for Phase l of Namma Metro from [[BEML]]-[[Hyundai Rotem]] at a cost of Rs 1,672.50 crore (Rs 16.72 billion). Coaches were 20.8 metres (68 ft) long, 2.88 metres (9.4 ft) wide and 3.8 metres (12 ft) high. Each coach has a seating capacity of about 50 and standing capacity of approximately 306, making each train have a capacity of about 1000. Traction was through four 180 kW motors in each motor coach. The trains have a maximum speed of 80 km/h, axle load of 15 tonnes, and operate on 750 volt [[direct current]] with [[third rail]] power collection. The coaches are made of stainless steel and are fully air-conditioned, and contain longitudinal banks of seats, wide vestibules between coaches, non-skid and non-slip floor surfaces, four wide passenger access doors on each side, an automatic voice announcement system and electronic information and destination displays.

Initial operations on the Green Line began with twenty-one 3-coach trains. As loads increased with increasing ridership, all trains were converted to six coaches. Rolling stock on the Green Line are silver with a streak of bright green along its length.<ref name="thehindu3">{{cite news|author=Preeti Zachariah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/a-ride-through-the-clouds/article5826028.ece |title=A ride through the clouds |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 March 2014 |access-date=27 March 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Power===
Power is supplied to the Green Line from the Peenya sub-station of the [[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation|Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. (KPTCL)]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/green-line-namma-metro-services-disrupted-for-an-hour/article5880016.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Green Line Namma Metro services disrupted for an hour | date=6 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/397289/power-cut-disrupts-greenline-metro.html | location=Bangalore, India | work=Deccan Herald | title=Power cut disrupts Greenline metro services | date=7 April 2014}}</ref>

===Signaling===
In September 2009, a consortium led by [[Alstom]] Project India Limited was awarded a contract worth ₹563.4 crore (US$66.6 million) to supply control and signalling system for the first phase of the project. The consortium is led by Alstom and composed of Alstom Transport SA, [[Thales Group]] Portugal S A and [[Sumitomo Corporation]]. Alstom will provide the design, manufacture, supply, installing, testing and commissioning of the train control and signalling system and Thales will provide the design, installing, testing and commissioning of the telecommunication system for Phase I of the metro system. It includes the Urbalis 200 Automatic Train Control system which will ensure optimal safety, flexible operations and heightened passenger comfort.

The integrated control centre at [[Baiyappanahalli metro station|Baiyyappanahalli]] has direct communication with trains and stations, which are fitted with [[CCTV]] with visual and audio service information.

==Operations==
===Frequency and capacity===
Trains initially operated on the Green Line from 6 am to 11 pm. This was extended from 5 am to 11 pm from 1 December 2015. The frequency along the line was 15 minutes from 5 am to 8 am and 8 pm to 11 pm, and 10 minutes between 8 am and 8 pm.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-Services-Extended/2015/11/26/article3147404.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074749/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-Services-Extended/2015/11/26/article3147404.ece|archive-date=8 December 2015|publisher=newindianexpress.com|title=Metro Services Extended- The New Indian Express|access-date=10 April 2017}}</ref> Trains halt for 30 seconds at each station.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nair |first=Anisha |url=http://news.oneindia.in/bangalore/malleshwaram-peenya-metro-phase-ready-public-use-from-march-1-1404191.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305144539/http://news.oneindia.in/bangalore/malleshwaram-peenya-metro-phase-ready-public-use-from-march-1-1404191.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2014 |title=Malleshwaram-Peenya metro phase ready for public use from March 1 |publisher=News Oneindia |date=1 March 2014 |access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Each six-coach train has a capacity of 2,004 passengers.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

'''Fire Department.'''

Namma Metro has a dedicated fire team to take care of operations and maintenance of the firefighting system installed in metro stations. They conduct regular mock exercises and liaison with the state fire department for any assistance in case of a fire emergency.

==See also==
*[[Namma Metro]]
** [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]
** [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]
** [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]
** [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]
** [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]]
** [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|Grey Line]]
** [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]]
** [[Aqua Line (Namma Metro)|Inner Ring Line]]
* [[List of Namma Metro stations]]
* [[Rapid transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160419104545/http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/ Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]

{{Commons|Namma Metro}}

{{Namma Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Japan International Cooperation Agency]]

Indian Peace Keeping Force

2026-02-18T22:08:43Z

Freelaw67: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Military unit in the Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{distinguish|Indian Peace Commission}}
{{Main|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian Peace Keeping Force
| image = [[File:Stamp of India - 1990 - Colnect 164138 - Indian Peace Keeping Operation in Sri Lanka.jpeg]]
| caption =
| dates = July 1987 – March 1990
| country = {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} Sri Lanka
| allegiance = {{flagicon|India}} India
| branch = {{unbulleted list|[[Indian Army]]|[[Indian Navy]]|[[Indian Air Force]]}}
| role = {{unbulleted list|[[Peacekeeping]]|[[Counterinsurgency]]|[[Special operations]]}}
| size = 100,000 (peak)
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| battles = {{unbulleted list|[[Operation Pawan]]|[[Operation Viraat]]|[[Operation Trishul]]|[[Operation Checkmate (Sri Lanka)|Operation Checkmate]]}}
| decorations = {{unbulleted list|One [[Param Vir Chakra]]|Six [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s}}
| notable_commanders = [[Lieutenant General]] [[Depinder Singh]]<br>Major General [[Harkirat Singh (general)|Harkirat Singh]] ([[General Officer Commanding]])<br>Major General AM Malik <br>Lieutenant General S.C. Sardeshpande<br>Lieutenant General A.S. Kalkat
Cap.Shivkaran Alok Dubey(M.VrC)<br>Gp.Capt. M.P Premi [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], [[Indian Air Force|IAF]]
| identification_symbol =
| commanders =
| ceremonial_chief =
| commander =
}}

The '''Indian Peace Keeping Force''' ('''IPKF''') was the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] contingent performing a [[peacekeeping]] operation in [[Sri Lanka]] between 1987 and 1990. It was formed under the mandate of the 1987 [[Indo-Sri Lankan Accord]] that aimed to end the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] between [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups]] such as the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) and the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces|Sri Lankan military]].{{Ref|1}}

The main task of the IPKF was to disarm the different militant groups, not just the LTTE. It was to be quickly followed by the formation of an Interim Administrative Council. These were the tasks as per the terms of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, signed at the behest of Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. Given the escalation of the conflict in Sri Lanka, and with the pouring of refugees into India, Rajiv Gandhi took the decisive step to push this accord through. The IPKF was inducted into Sri Lanka on the request of Sri Lankan President [[J. R. Jayewardene]] under the terms of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.<ref name=Hennayake/>

The force was initially not expected to be involved in any significant combat by the [[Indian Armed Forces#Organization and command structure|Indian High Command]].<ref name=dixitrediff/> However, within a few months, the IPKF became embroiled in battle with the LTTE to enforce peace. The war erupted following the death of 17 LTTE prisoners, including two areas commanders in the custody of the [[Sri Lankan Army]], which the LTTE blamed the IPKF for allowing to happen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka |url=https://uthr.org/BP/volume2/AppendixII.htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=uthr.org}}</ref> Soon, these differences led to the LTTE attacking the Sinhalese, at which point the IPKF decided to disarm the LTTE militants, by force if required. In the two years it was in northern Sri Lanka, the IPKF launched a number of combat operations aimed at destroying the LTTE-led insurgency. It soon escalated into repeated skirmishes between the IPKF and LTTE. Numerous [[Jaffna hospital massacre|civilian massacres]] and [[#Sexual_violence|rapes]] were committed by the IPKF during the conflict.<ref name="uthr.org">University Teachers of Human Rights (Jaffna), The Broken Palmyra, chapter 5 – "NO MORE TEARS SISTER" THE EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN, War of October 1987 http://www.uthr.org/BP/volume2/Chapter5.htm</ref><ref name=CM>{{cite book | last=McDowell | first=Chris | title= A Tamil Asylum Diaspora: Sri Lankan Migration, Settlement and Politics in Switzerland (Studies in Forced Migration) | year=1996 | publisher= Berghahn Books |isbn=1-57181-917-7}} p.181</ref><ref name=UTHR>{{Cite document | last1 = Hoole | first1 = Ranjan | author1-link = Ranjan Hoole | last2 = Thiranagama | first2 = Ranjani | author2-link = Ranjani Thiranagama | title = The Broken Palmyra, the Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka, An Inside Account | publisher = The Sri Lanka Studies Institute | year = 1992 | id = ASIN: B000OGS3MW | pages = 265–71}}</ref> Numerous soldiers of IPKF were killed by LTTE.<ref name="burden"/>

The IPKF began withdrawing from Sri Lanka in 1989, on the orders of the newly elected Sri Lankan President [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] and following the election of the [[V. P. Singh]] government in India.<ref name=dixitrediff/> The last IPKF contingents left Sri Lanka in March 1990.

India's battle in Sri Lanka is often called 'India's Vietnam' by international media, by way of comparison to American military involvement in the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ozy.com/flashback/indias-vietnam-moment-the-ill-advised-war-that-ended-in-humiliation/81702|title=INDIA'S 'VIETNAM MOMENT': THE ILL-ADVISED WAR THAT ENDED IN HUMILIATION |website=ozy.com|date=15 December 2017|author=Charu Sudan Kasturi |access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indian-army-sri-lanka-ltte-liberation-tigers-of-tamil-eelam-jaffna-indian-peace-keeping-force-ipkf-in-fact-on-indian-military-decisions-of-today-shadow-of-a-pyrrhic-victory-yesterday-4887671/|title=On Indian military decisions of today, shadow of a pyrrhic victory yesterday|website=Indian Express|date=13 October 2017|author=Sushant Singh|access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref>

==Background==
{{See also|Operation Poomalai}}
Sri Lanka, from the early 1980s, was facing increasingly violent ethnic strife in the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]. The [[origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War]] can be traced to the [[Sri Lankan independence movement|independence of Sri Lanka]] in 1948, after the end of [[British Ceylon|British rule]]. At the time, a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] majority government was instituted. This government, which included the Tamil Congress, passed legislation deemed discriminatory by some against the [[Tamils of Sri Lanka|Tamil]] minority in Sri Lanka.

In the 1970s, two major Tamil [[List of political parties in Sri Lanka|parties]], the [[Tamil Congress]] and a split, the [[Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi|Federal Party]] united to form the [[Tamil United Liberation Front]] (TULF), a [[Separatism|separatist]] Tamil nationalist group that agitated for a separate state of [[Tamil Eelam]] in north and eastern Sri Lanka<ref name= GlobSec>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ltte.htm|title=Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), World Tamil Association (WTA), World Tamil Movement (WTM), Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils (FACT), Ellalan Force. GlobalSecurity.org|author=John Pike|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> that would grant the Tamils greater autonomy within the [[Federalism|federal]] structure.

However, the Sixth Amendment to the [[Constitution of Sri Lanka]], enacted in August 1983, classified all separatist movements as unconstitutional,<ref name=Hennayake>'''The Peace Accord and the Tamils in Sri Lanka.'''Hennayake S.K. Asian Survey, Vol. 29, No. 4. (Apr. 1989), pp. 401–415.</ref> Outside the TULF, Tamil factions advocating more militant courses of action soon emerged, and the ethnic divisions eventually led to violent civil war.<ref name= GlobSec/>

===Indian involvement and intervention===
Initially, under [[Indira Gandhi]]<ref name=Manshingh>'''India's search for power:Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy.1966–1982.''' Mansingh S. New Delhi:Sage 1984. p282</ref><ref name=rediffcomment>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/dec/01mitra.htm|title='''A commission, before it proceeded to draw up criminal proceedings against others, must recommend Indira Gandhi's posthumous prosecution''' Mitra A. Rediff on Net|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> the Indian Government sympathized with the Tamil insurrection in Sri Lanka because of the strong support for the Tamil cause within the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Emboldened by this support, supporters in Tamil Nadu provided a sanctuary for the separatists and helped the LTTE smuggle arms and ammunition into Sri Lanka, making them the strongest force on the island. In fact in 1982, the LTTE supremo Prabhakran was arrested by the police in Tamil Nadu, for a shoot-out with his rival Uma Maheswaran, in the middle of the city. Both of them were arrested and later released by the police. This activity was left unchecked as India's regional and domestic interests wanted to limit foreign intervention on what was deemed as an ethnic issue between the Tamils and the Sinhalese. To this end, the Indira Gandhi government sought to make it clear to Sri Lankan president [[Junius Richard Jayewardene]] that armed intervention in support of the Tamil movement was an option India would consider if diplomatic solutions should fail.<ref name=Haggerty>'''India's Regional Security Doctrine.'''
Hagerty D.T. Asian Survey, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Apr. 1991), pp. 351–363</ref>

The first round of civil violence flared in 1983 when the killing of [[Four Four Bravo|13 soldiers]] of the [[Sri Lanka Army]], sparked anti-Tamil [[pogrom]]s—the [[Black July]] riots—in which approximately 3000 Tamils were killed. The riots only aided in the deterioration of the ethnic relations. Militant factions, including the LTTE, at this time recruited in large numbers and continued building on popular Tamil dissent and stepped up the [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]]. By May 1985, the guerrillas were strong enough to launch an attack on [[Anuradhapura]], attacking the [[Sri Maha Bodhi|Bodhi Tree shrine]]–a sacred site for Buddhist Sinhalese–followed by a rampage through the town. At least 150 civilians died in the hour-long attack.

Rajiv Gandhi's government attempted to re-establish friendly relations with the various factions in Sri Lanka while maintaining diplomatic efforts to find a solution to the conflict as well as limiting overt aid to the Tamil militants.<ref name=Haggerty/><ref name=fo>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/india/raw/|title=Research and Analysis Wing. Fas.org|work=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=26 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422025807/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/india/raw/|archive-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

The Sri Lankan government, deducing a decline in support for the Tamil rebels from India, began rearming itself extensively for its anti-insurgent role with support from Pakistan, Israel, Singapore, and South Africa.<ref name=Haggerty/><ref name=Bobb>'''The Colombo Chill'''. Bobb D. ''[[India Today]]''. 31 March 1986. p. 95.</ref> In 1986, the campaign against the insurgency was stepped up. In 1987, retaliating against an increasingly bloody insurgent movement, the [[Vadamarachchi Operation]] (Operation Liberation) was launched against LTTE strongholds in Jaffna Peninsula. The operation involved nearly 10,000 troops, supported by [[Attack helicopter|helicopter gunships]] as well as [[ground-attack aircraft]].<ref name=Haggerty/> In June 1987, the Sri Lankan Army laid siege on the town of [[Jaffna]].<ref name=NYT>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIndia India Airlifts Aid to Tamil Rebels"], ''[[The New York Times]]''. 5 June 1987</ref> This resulted in large-scale civilian casualties and created a condition of [[humanitarian crisis]].<ref name=BS>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1987/Chapter02.html "Operation Poomalai – India Intervenes" Bharat-rakshak.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907053333/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1987/Chapter02.html |date=7 September 2006 }}</ref> India, which had a substantial Tamil population in [[South India]] faced the prospect of a Tamil backlash at home, called on the Sri Lankan government to halt the offensive in an attempt to negotiate a political settlement. However, the Indian efforts were unheeded. Added to this, in the growing involvement of Pakistani advisers, it was necessary for Indian interest to mount a show of force.<ref name=Haggerty/> Failing to negotiate an end to the crisis with Sri Lanka, India announced on 2 June 1987 that it wound send a convoy of unarmed ships to northern Sri Lanka to provide humanitarian assistance<ref name= NYT1>"Indians To Send convoy to Sri Lanka", ''[[The New York Times]]''. 2 June 1987</ref> but this was intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy and forced to turned back.<ref name=NYT2>"Indian Flotilla is turned back by Sri Lankan Naval Vessels," ''[[The New York Times]]''. 4 June 1987</ref>

Following the failure of the naval mission the decision was made by the Indian government to mount an airdrop of relief supplies in aid of the beleaguered civilians over the besieged city of [[Jaffna]]. On 4 June 1987, in a bid to provide relief, the [[Indian Air Force]] mounted [[Operation Poomalai]]. Five [[Antonov An-32]]s under [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]] cover flew over Jaffna to airdrop 25 tons of supplies, all the time keeping well within the range of Sri Lankan radar coverage. At the same time the Sri Lankan Ambassador to New Delhi, [[Bernard Tilakaratna]], was summoned to the Foreign Office to be informed by the [[Indian Foreign Minister|Minister of State, External Affairs]], [[K. Natwar Singh]], of the ongoing operation and also indicated that the operation was expected not to be hindered by the [[Sri Lankan Air Force]]. The ultimate aim of the operation was both to demonstrate the seriousness of the domestic Tamil concern for the civilian Tamil population and reaffirming the Indian option of active intervention to the Sri Lankan government.<ref name=BS/>

===Indo-Sri Lanka Accord===
{{Main|Indo-Sri Lanka Accord}}

Following [[Operation Poomalai]], faced with the possibility of an active Indian intervention and lacking any possible ally, the President, [[J. R. Jayewardene]], offered to hold talks with the Rajiv Gandhi government on future moves.<ref name=NYT/> The siege of Jaffna was soon lifted, followed by a round of negotiations that led to the signing of the [[Indo-Sri Lankan Accord]] on 29 July 1987<ref name=USDS>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm|title=Sri Lanka}}</ref> that brought a temporary truce. Crucially however, the negotiations did not include the LTTE as a party to the talks.

The signing of the [[Indo-Sri Lankan Accord]] on 29 July 1987<ref name=USDS/> brought a temporary truce to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]. Under the terms of the agreement,<ref name=iclq>{{cite web|url=http://iclq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/3/551.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616151154/http://iclq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/3/551.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2007 |title='''ETHNIC POLITICS AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM: THE INDO-SRI LANKAN ACCORD'''. Marasinghe M.L. Int Compa Law Q.Vol. 37. p551-587 |access-date=26 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name=atimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20021001211331/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=1 October 2002|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
[[Colombo]] agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, the Sri Lankan troops were withdrawn to their barracks in the north, the Tamil rebels were to disarm.<ref name=TamilNation>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/india/88saty.htm |title='''New Delhi & the Tamil Struggle. The Indo Sri Lanka Agreement'''. Satyendra N. Tamil Nation |access-date=26 November 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Mandate==
Amongst the provisions undersigned by the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was the commitment of Indian military assistance should this be requested for by the Sri Lankan Government, as well as the provision of an Indian Peace Keeping Force that would "guarantee and enforce the cessation of hostilities".<ref name=Haggerty/><ref name=iclq/> It was on these grounds, and on the request of President [[J. R. Jayewardene]], that Indian troops were inducted to Northern Sri Lanka. [[J N Dixit]], the then Indian ambassador to Colombo, in an interview to [[rediff.com]] in 2000 described that ostensibly, Jayawardene's decision to request Indian assistance came in the face of increasing civil riots and violence within the southern Sinhalese majority areas, including the capital [[Colombo]] that were initiated by the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] and the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] that necessitated the withdrawal of the Sri Lankan Army from the Tamil areas of northern Sri Lanka to maintain order.<ref name= dixitrediff>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/24lanka.htm|title='''J N Dixit''' (ex-Indian Ambassador to Colombo) speaking to Rediff.com|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref>

==Order of battle==
Originally a reinforced division with small naval and air elements, the IPKF at its peak deployed four divisions and nearly 80,000 men with one mountain (4th) and three Infantry Divisions (36th, [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54th]], 57th) as well as supporting arms and services. At the peak of its operational deployment, IPKF operations also included a large [[Indian Paramilitary Force]] and [[Special Forces of India|Indian Special Forces]] elements. Indeed, Sri Lanka was first theatre of active operation for the [[MARCOS|Indian Navy Commandos]]. The main deployment of the IPKF was in northern and eastern Sri Lanka. Upon its withdrawal from Sri Lanka the IPKF was renamed the [[XXI Corps (India)|21st Corps]] and was headquartered near [[Bhopal]] and became a [[quick reaction force]] for the Indian Army.

===Indian Army===
The first [[Indian Army]] troops to be deployed to Sri Lanka were a ten thousand strong force from the [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54th Infantry Division]] commanded by [[Major General]] [[Harkirat Singh (general)|Harkirat Singh]], which flew into [[Jaffna Airport|Palali Airbase]] from 30 July onwards.<ref name=rediffstory>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/may/22lanka.htm|title='''Sri Lanka- war without end, peace without hope.''' Colonel(retd) A A Athale|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> This was followed later by the 36th Infantry Division.

By 1987, the IPKF consisted of:<ref name=BS/>
* '''[[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]]'''
** 10th Battalion, [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
** [[65th Armoured Regiment (India)|65 Armoured Regiment]], equipped with [[T-72]] tanks.<ref name="65 Armd Regt APO Postal Cover">{{cite web|url=https://www.philamart.com/Listing/Details/3065177/65-Armoured-RegimentIndian-Army-Postal-Cover-APO|title=65 Armoured Regiment-Indian Army Postal Cover (APO)|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100919/https://www.philamart.com/Listing/Details/3065177/65-Armoured-RegimentIndian-Army-Postal-Cover-APO|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** 6th Battalion, [[Brigade of the Guards]]
** 91 Infantry Brigade
*** 5th Battalion, [[Madras Regiment]]
*** 8th Battalion, [[Mahar Regiment]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
** 76 Infantry Brigade
*** 12th Battalion, [[Garhwal Rifles]]
*** 2nd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
*** 25th Battalion, [[Rajput Regiment]]<ref name="Firstmech">{{cite web|url=https://frontierindia.com/first-born-mech-indian-army-15th-battalion-the-mechanised-infantry-regiment-in-op-pawan/|title=FIRST BORN MECH – Indian Army 15th Battalion, the Mechanised Infantry Regiment in Op Pawan|date=2022-08-02|access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref>
** 47 Infantry Brigade
*** 11th Battalion, Madras Regiment
*** 5th Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
*** 14th Battalion, [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
* '''36 Infantry Division'''{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}
** 115 Infantry Brigade
*** 5th Battalion, [[1 Gorkha Rifles]]
** 72 Infantry Brigade
*** 4th Battalion, [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]].
*** 13th Battalion, Sikh Light Infantry
** 41 Infantry Brigade
*** 5th Battalion, [[Rajputana Rifles]]
* '''57 Infantry Division'''
* '''[[4th Infantry Division (India)|4 Mountain Division]]'''
*'''Independent Units'''
** 340 Independent Infantry Brigade (Amphibious)
***1 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry (later part of 57 Inf Div)
***26 Punjab
***25 Madras
***3 Punjab
** 18 Infantry Brigade
*** 4th Battalion, [[Mahar Regiment]]
*** 12th Battalion, Grenadiers
** 5th Battalion, Parachute Regiment
** 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special forces)
** 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special forces)
** 13th Battalion, Brigade of the Guards
** 4th Battalion, Assam Regiment
** 15th Battalion Mechanised Infantry Regiment<ref name="Firstmech"/>
** 25th Battalion Mechanised Infantry Regiment
** [[17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (India)|17 Parachute Field Regiment]]
** 831 Light Regiment
** 3 Engineer Regiment
** 110 Engineer Regiment
** 511 Air Defence Missile Regiment

===Indian Air Force===
Soon after its intervention in Sri Lanka and especially after the confrontation with the LTTE, the IPKF received a substantial
commitment from the [[Indian Air Force]], mainly transport and helicopter squadrons under the command of Gp.Capt. M.P Premi, including:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Pushpindar01.html |title=The Indian Air Force in Sri Lanka |access-date=2007-12-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918231736/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Pushpindar01.html |archive-date=18 September 2007 }} The Indian Air Force in Sri Lanka</ref>
* No. 33 Squadron- [[Antonov An-32]]s
* No 109 and No. 119 Helicopter Units – [[Mil Mi-8]] helicopters.
* No. 125 HU – [[Mil Mi-24]]s.
* No. 664 AOP Squadron [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Chetak]] and [[Aérospatiale Alouette II|Cheetah]]

===Indian Navy===
The Indian Navy regularly rotated naval vessels through Sri Lanka waters, mostly smaller vessels such as patrol boats.
* [[Indian Naval Air Arm]]
** No. 321 Squadron of the [[Indian Navy]] – HAL Chetaks
** No. 310 Squadron of the Indian Navy – [[Breguet Alizé]]
* [[MARCOS (India)|MARCOS]] (also the Marine Commando Force or MCF) – Took part in [[Operation Pawan]] (Hindi, "wind") in 1987 and in the raid on an LTTE base at [[Gurunagar]]. MARCOS operators (including Lt Singh) boarded two Gemini rafts off the coast of Jaffna City and towed two wooden rafts of explosives into a channel leading to the city's Guru Nagar Jetty. Avoiding mines, eight men and two officers shifted to the wooden rafts and paddled to the jetty then fixed demolition charges to the jetty and LTTE speedboats. The commandos were detected but laid down suppressive fire and detonated the explosives before retreating to the Geminis without taking casualties. Two nights later, commandos swam back into the harbour amidst heavy patrolling by the LTTE to destroy the remaining speedboats. They were again detected and sustained minor injuries. These actions helped recapture Trincomalee and Jaffna harbours from the LTTE. For leading these actions, the 30-year-old Lieutenant Arvind Singh became the youngest officer to receive the [[Maha Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/arvind-singh|title=Arvind Singh MVC|access-date=2021-01-03}}</ref>

===Indian paramilitary forces===
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
* [[Indian Coast Guard]]

==Combat operations==
{{Main|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War}}

==Analysis==
===Casualties===
In December 1999, Defence Minister George Fernandes disclosed the IPKF had suffered 1,165 personnel killed in action with 3,009 others wounded.<ref name="burden">{{cite web|title=Economic Burden by Sending IPKF in Sri Lanka|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1999-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1999-12-15_300.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive|date=15 December 1999|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> The LTTE casualties are not known.

===Intelligence failures===
The Indian intelligence agencies failed to consistently provide accurate information to Indian forces. One example is the [[Jaffna football ground massacre]]. The LTTE's [[disinformation]] machinery leaked fake information to the Indian army that the LTTE leader [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]] was hiding in a building near the Jaffna university football ground.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} A major operational plan was chalked out by the Indian generals to capture him alive. The plan involved airdropping commandos on the ground, while tank formations would move to surround the area, to prevent anyone from the stadium and its surrounding buildings to escape.

However, when the plan was executed, the Indian troops came under heavy attack from hidden LTTE sharpshooters. the tanks moving on the ground were ensnared by anti-tank mines placed by the LTTE militants. This resulted in heavy losses for the Indian side.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} According to later accounts, the LTTE leader, Prabhakaran was not in the area at the time of the operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DF08Df01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020802170437/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DF08Df01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-08-02|title=Asia Times: India/Pakistan|website=atimes.com}}</ref>

The IPKF complained that accurate maps of the operational theaters were not made available to them by the various intelligence agencies.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

There was also a case where an agent of [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) was killed in an ambush set up by the IPKF. He had been acting on orders to carry out back channel diplomacy and peace talks with the [[LTTE]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

==Impact==
The IPKF mission while having gained tactical successes, did not succeed in its intended goals. The primary impact of the IPKF, has been that it shaped India's [[counterinsurgency]] techniques and military doctrine. The political fallout, the IPKF casualties, as well as the deterioration of international relations has shaped India's foreign policy towards the Sri Lankan conflict.

===Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi===
{{main|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}
The decision to send the IPKF in Sri Lanka was taken by then Prime Minister of India, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who held office until 1989. Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated at a rally at [[Sriperumbudur]] on 21 May 1991, while he was campaigning for re-election during the [[1991 Indian general election]], by a LTTE [[suicide bomber]] named [[Thenmuli Rajaratnam|Dhanu]].

===India's foreign policy===
The IPKF intervention in Sri Lanka is raised at times in Indian political discourse whenever the situation in Sri Lanka shows signs of deterioration or, more broadly, when other foreign nations, ought to have a role in promoting peace on the island nation. India has never been directly involved in the peace talks between the LTTE and Sri Lanka but has supported Norway's efforts. As a result, relations between India and Sri Lanka became extremely sour. No defence pact has been signed between India and Sri Lanka even though India reaffirmed its strong defence cooperation with Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|date=5 March 2021|title=India reaffirms defence ties at SLAF 70th year event|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-reaffirms-defence-ties-at-slaf-70th-year-event/article33999321.ece|access-date=11 June 2021|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==War crimes==
The IPKF role in the Sri Lankan conflict was criticised in both Sri Lanka and India. It perpetrated a number of [[human rights]] violations, including rapes and massacres of civilians. Several neutral organisations pointed out that the Indian Army acted with scant regard for civilian safety and violated human rights. This led to considerable outcry and public resentment within Sri Lanka as well as India, especially in [[Tamil Nadu]], where the IPKF was viewed as an invading and oppressing force.

Indian forces indulged in a number of civilian massacres, [[involuntary disappearances]] and rapes during their time in the [[Northeastern province of Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://nesohr.org/inception-sept2007/human-rights-reports/StatisticsOnCiviliansAffectedByWar.pdf|title= Statistics on civilians affected by war from 1974 – 2004|access-date= 2008-11-15|work= NESOHR|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090225211013/http://nesohr.org/inception-sept2007/human-rights-reports/StatisticsOnCiviliansAffectedByWar.pdf|archive-date= 25 February 2009|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=CM/> These include complicity in the incidents such as [[1989 Valvettithurai massacre|Valvettithurai massacre]] in which on
2, 3, and 4 August 1989 over 50 Tamils were massacred by the Indian Peace Keeping Force in [[Valvettiturai|Valvettithurai]], Jaffna. In addition to the killings over 100 homes, shops and other property were also burnt and destroyed.<ref>{{cite news | last = Sebastian | first = Rita | title = Massacre at Point Pedro | pages = 8–9 | work = The Indian Express | date = 24 August 1989 }}</ref>

Another notable incident was the [[Jaffna teaching hospital massacre]] on 22 October 1987. Following a confrontation with Tamil militants near the hospital, IPKF forces quickly entered the hospital premises and massacred over 70 civilians. These civilians included patients, two doctors, three nurses and a [[Pediatrics|paediatric]] consultant who were all in uniform. The hospital never completely recovered after this massacre.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gunaratna|first=Rohan |title= Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: The role of India's intelligence agencies
|publisher= South Asian Network on Conflict Research |year=1993 |isbn=955-95199-0-5 }} p.246</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Richardson|first=John |title= Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Terrorism and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars |publisher= International Centre for Ethnic Studies |year=2005 |isbn=955-580-094-4}} p.546</ref><ref name=Somasundaram1997>{{cite journal|author = Somasundaram, D.|year = 1997|title = Abandoning jaffna hospital: Ethical and moral dilemmas|journal = Medicine, Conflict and Survival|volume = 13|issue = 4|pages = 333–347|doi = 10.1080/13623699708409357}}</ref>

The IPKF was also accused of complicity in murder of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] civilians. The then Sri Lankan government accused the [[Madras Regiment]] posted in the [[Trincomalee]] district of complicity, although the Indian officials denied responsibility, they withdrew the Madras Regiment from Trincomalee district.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020427122344/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html|url-status= unfit|archive-date= 2002-04-27|title=Chapter 36: Indians rule the roost |access-date=2007-01-30 |work=Asian Times}}</ref>

===Sexual violence===

From October 1987, the IPKF commenced war on the [[LTTE]] in order to disarm them. During this conflict, the IPKF raped numerous Tamil women.<ref>Tamil Centre for Human Rights – Recorded figures of Arrests, Killings, Disappearances, Rapes, Displacements and Injuries to Tamils in the North East, Colombo and other regions (1956-2004) http://tchr.net/50_year_arrest_kill.htm</ref> One IPKF official excused these rapes by stating the following: "I agree that rape is a heinous crime. But my dear, all wars have them. There are psychological reasons for them such as battle fatigue."<ref name="uthr.org"/>

==== 1987 ====

* On 6 November 1987, at about 7:30am the IPKF committed a massacre of Tamil civilians in Jaffna to avenge the loss of their comrades. One witness saw both his two daughters being stripped naked below the waist by [[Hindi]] speaking soldiers. The girls were both crying and begging for mercy. The soldiers then separated their legs and shot them through their genitals, keeping the rifle barrel between the thighs. The witness closed his eyes and played dead during the shooting. He also heard the two daughters of another man also being shot through the genitals. 10 Tamil civilians were killed in total during this massacre, including infants.<ref>At the hands of the IPFK – savagery beyond belief – Tamil Times, April 1988, p11</ref>
* On 12 November 1987, at about 8am in [[Jaffna]], three IPKF soldiers gang raped a Tamil mother in her mid 30s in her own home. Her husband was working abroad at the time. They also stole her gold jewellery. The victim reported suffering from nightmares following the attack and was haunted by the soldiers' faces and voices. She could still remember their beady eyes. She visited a psychiatrist who gave her drugs to quieten her down.<ref name="uthr.org"/>
* The IPKF also raped a 13 year old Tamil girl from a middle-class family in a house that had once been a [[LTTE|Tiger]] camp. The family and child fled to Colombo after the rape.<ref name="uthr.org"/>
* On 16 November 1987, two IPKF soldiers raped a young Tamil girl in her home, after separating her from her parents. She bled after the rape and then jumped into the family well in desperation.<ref name="uthr.org"/>
* On 18 November 1987, between 2-3pm, two IPKF soldiers raped a widow (55) and a 22-year-old woman in a poor [[Catholic]] area of [[Jaffna]]. The younger girl was able to free herself after being raped, and ran down the road screaming. She cried out "they have spoilt me".<ref name="uthr.org"/>
* On 17 December 1987, Sepoy Karnail Singh of 14 Sikh light infantry of the IPKF faced dismissal and one year's imprisonment for raping a Tamil woman from the village of Idaikkurichy. Similar punishment was given to A. Mani, the barber of 93 Field Regiment for raping an unmarried woman near [[Kodikamam]] on 24 December 1987.<ref name="Sunday Observer 1989, p15">Kanwar Sandhu – IPKF men face court martial – charges include murder, rape, loot – Sunday Observer, Bombay, 18-24.12.88 – reproduced in Tamil Times, January 1989, p15</ref>
* On 19 December 1987, at 11:30am, two Tamil women were raped in [[Jaffna]] by the IPKF. The younger woman was aged 25. The two women were taken into two separate rooms and raped. The IPKF soldiers left once the neighbours arrived en masse to the house, alerted by the dogs barking fiercely.<ref name="uthr.org"/>
* On 23 December 1987, an educated 18 year old Tamil virgin from a poor labourer family was gang raped by two IPKF soldiers in succession. The previous day the soldiers had come and stolen chickens from their garden.<ref name="uthr.org"/>
* [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Banwari Lal and rifleman Gugan Ram of 18 Garhwal Rifles faced dismissal and 6 months' imprisonment each for trying to rape married women at Kaithadi on 25 December 1987.<ref name="Sunday Observer 1989, p15"/>
* In 1987, when Tamil journalist A. Lokeesan was six years old, he heard a Tamil woman screaming in a paddy field as she was being raped by [[IPKF]] soldiers.<ref>Frances Harrison (2012), Still Counting the Dead: Survivors of Sri Lanka's Hidden War, Portobello books, p.122</ref>
* Karunaharen, a 16-year old Tamil boy was stopped along with his sister by IPKF soldiers. His sister was then taken into a house by the soldiers, where he heard her scream. He ran to the window and witnessed her being raped and then killed by the IPKF soldiers. He ran back to his home in terror. His parents later bought him a ticket to Canada, fearing for this safety. On his way to Canada, he was stopped at Seattle, taken off the plane and put in a detention centre with a criminal gang from Seattle. The gang members then beat and gang raped him. A sympathetic prison guard then handed him over to a Tamil lawyer living in Seattle.<ref>Tamil Times, 15 April 2001 – Peace and suffering, p21</ref>

==== 1988 ====

* On 25 January 1988, the body of a 30 year old Tamil woman was found dead in a well. She had committed suicide after being raped by IPKF soldiers who had visited her house. The postmortem found clear evidence of rape, with lacerations to her vagina and bruises on the labia.<ref name="uthr.org"/>
* On 29 January 1988, at 12:10pm, a 22 year old Tamil student was raped by 4 IPKF soldiers behind the bushes, after they separated her from her semi-blind father near a temple in [[Jaffna]].<ref name="uthr.org"/>
* Havildar Badan Singh of the IPKF committed [[sodomy]] against 4 male activists of the LTTE during their detention at Jaffna fort in January–February 1988.<ref name="Sunday Observer 1989, p15"/>
* On 27 May 1988, two IPKF soldiers, Latur Lal and Babu Lal of 12 Grenadiers, were facing a year's imprisonment and dismissal from service for raping a married Tamil woman at [[Karaveddy]] during Operation Pawan.<ref name="Sunday Observer 1989, p15"/>
* On 15 November 1988, 6 members of the IPKF raped 7 Tamil women in Jaffna. The victims of rape were Mrs. Sushila Veerasingam, Miss Manjulu Nadarajah, Miss Mala Asaipillai, Miss Rani Subramaniam, Miss Rajani Subramaniam, Miss Thayalini Sundaram and Miss Syamala Rajaratnam.<ref>Action taken against 6 IPFK offenders – Tamil Times, January 1988, p3</ref>
* Amnesty International reported an increasing number of allegations that IPKF personnel had raped Tamil women. Several dozen Tamil women have testified on oath that they were raped by IPKF personnel, for example in Kondavil East in the north and in Sathurkodanan and Morakkadanchenai villages in the east.<ref>Amnesty International on human rights violations before and after the Indo-Sri Lanka accord – Tamil Times, June 1988, p6-7</ref>

==War memorial==
The Sri Lankan government had mooted the idea of a war memorial to those soldiers of the IPKF who lost their lives during the peacekeeping mission, in the early Nineties during [[Ranasinge Premadasa|President Premadasa]]'s rule. The memorial was finally constructed in [[Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte]] [https://www.google.com/maps?q=janakala+kendraya+battaramulla&hl=en&ll=6.890975,79.922643&spn=0.001371,0.002642&hq=janakala+kendraya&hnear=Battaramulla,+Sri+Jayawardenepura+Kotte,+Colombo,+Western+Province,+Sri+Lanka&t=h&z=19] on the outskirts of Colombo in 2008. The names of the 1200 soldiers who died are inscribed on black marble. The first official memorial service was held on 15 August 2010 when the Indian High Commissioner to Sri Lanka, Ashok Kantha, laid a wreath to honour the dead. The absence of a representative of the Sri Lankan government has been criticised by Indian ex-servicemen who had served in the conflict.<ref>{{aut|Patranobis, Sutirtho}}. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/At-IPKF-memorial-India-finally-pays-homage/Article1-587232.aspx ''At IPKF Memorial, India finally pays homage''.]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Hindustan Times'', 15 Aug 2010, Colombo. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</ref> Later in 2014, India constructed a war memorial at Bhopal to honour the IPKF.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-27 |title=Southern Command chief inaugurates IPKF war memorial |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Southern-Command-chief-inaugurates-IPKF-war-memorial/articleshow/31118906.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A renovated memorial for IPKF soldiers in Palaly, Jaffna, has been declared open in June 2015. The names of 33 who died in the operations in the Northern Province during 1987–1990 have been inscribed on a wall at the memorial site.<ref>"Renovated memorial for IPKF soldiers"http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/renovated-memorial-for-ipkf-soldiers/article7298952.ece</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{C|Foreign intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war}}
* [[Annai Poopathy]]
* [[Black July]]
* [[Thileepan|Hunger strike of LTC Thileepan]]
* [[India-Sri Lanka Accord]]
* [[Jaffna hospital massacre]]
* [[Jaffna University Helidrop]]
* [[Operation Pawan]]
* [[Operation Poomalai]]
* [[State terrorism in Sri Lanka]]
* [[1989 Valvettiturai massacre|Valvettiturai massacre (1989)]]
* {{C|Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan civil war topics}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes and Further reading===
* {{note|1}}Dixit, J. N. (2003) ''Assignment Colombo''. Vijitha Yapa Publications, Colombo, {{ISBN|955-8095-34-6}}
* {{note|2}}[[Adele Balasingham]]. (2003) ''The Will to Freedom – An Inside View of Tamil Resistance''. Fairmax Publishing Ltd, 2nd ed. {{ISBN|1-903679-03-6}}
* {{note|3}}Narayan Swamy, M. R. (2002) ''Tigers of Lanka: from Boys to Guerrillas''. Konark Publishers; 3rd ed. {{ISBN|81-220-0631-0}}
* {{note|6}}[http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=13203 18 anniversary of Jaffna hospital massacre] [[Tamilnet]].com report
* {{note|7}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20020427122344/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html Asian Time series on Indian -Pakistan involvement in Sri Lanka] by [[K.T.Rajasingham]]
* {{Note|8}}[https://archive.today/20021001211331/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY] Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord By [[K.T.Rajasingham]]

==External links==
* [http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/23lanka.htm India's VietNam]
* [https://archive.today/20120723133708/http://nesohr.org/human-rights-reports/StatisticsOnCiviliansAffectedByWar.pdf?PHPSESSID=8204ff9bfa58e205f71a95c3899f8835 Civilians Affected by War in Northeast Ceylon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050313035608/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1987/index.html The Indian Army in Sri Lanka 1987–1990]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051016003859/http://www.indianjawan.com/ Indian Jawan]- A Tribute to the Indian Soldier
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/24lanka.htm Overview of Mission]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050124105524/http://www.stormingmedia.us/40/4004/A400492.html Case Study in Operations Other Than War]
* [http://tamilnation.co/intframe/india/warcrimes/index.htm Tamil Nation on Rajiv Gandhi's War Crimes]

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force| ]]
[[Category:1980s in India]]
[[Category:1990 in India]]
[[Category:1987 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1988 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1989 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1990 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Foreign intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka relations]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Military history of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Phases of the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Tamil Eelam]]

Mohammed Shahid

2026-02-14T01:02:30Z

Freelaw67: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1960–2016)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{similar names|Mohammad Shahid (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Mohammed Shahid
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1960|04|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|07|20|1960|04|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| height =
| position = [[Field hockey#Positions|Forward]]
| clubs1 = Indian Railways
| years1 =
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = 1979–1989
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =167
| nationalgoals1 =66
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Olympic Games]] }} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold | [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]] | [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|Team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1982 Asian Games|1982 Delhi]] | [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]] | [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1982 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1982 Amstelveen]]|}}
}}

'''Mohammed Shahid''' (14 April 1960 – 20 July 2016) was an Indian [[field hockey]] forward. He is considered one of India's best to have played the game<ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Sundeep |title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html |accessdate=18 July 2016 |work=Firstpost |date=4 July 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was known for his dribbling skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammed Shahid Profile |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html |publisher=iloveindia |accessdate=31 August 2013 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013447/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/hockey/players/mohammed-shahid.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a member of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian team]] that won the gold medal at the [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Olympic Games]] in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html |title=Mohammed Shahid, the master dribbler who played hockey with a painter's brush – Firstpost |date=2016-07-20 |language=en-US |access-date=2016-07-20 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042539/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/mohammed-shahid-the-master-dribbler-who-played-hockey-with-a-painters-brush-2904572.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarded Arjuna Award in 1980–1981 and Padma Shri in 1986.<ref name="Misra 2016" />

==Career==
Shahid was born on 14 April 1960 in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Indian-hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-dies-aged-56/articleshow/53296836.cms |title=Indian hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid dies aged 56 – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 July 2016 |access-date=2016-07-20 |archive-date=22 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722215510/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Indian-hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-dies-aged-56/articleshow/53296836.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his first appearance for India in the junior team in 1979 at the [[Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]] in France. Shahid made his first senior team appearance the same year in a four-nation tournament in [[Kuala Lumpur]] under the captaincy of [[Vasudevan Baskaran]], after his inclusion in the team following his impressive performance in the Aga Khan Cup.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/ |title=Mohammed Shahid: The legend of dribble is no more |last= |first= |date=2016-07-20 |website=Indian Express |publisher= |access-date=2016-07-21 |archive-date=21 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721211720/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammed-shahid-the-legend-of-dribble-2925154/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his playing days, Shahid was known for his running ability, dribbling of the ball<ref name=":2" /> and push which was as fast as a hard hit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering and honouring the golden greats who made India proud |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/remembering-and-honouring-the-golden-greats-who-made-india-proud/article3566448.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 August 2012 |accessdate=31 August 2013 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414233132/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/remembering-and-honouring-the-golden-greats-who-made-india-proud/article3566448.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> His attacking partnership on the field with [[Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)|Zafar Iqbal]] was well known.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohammed Shahid: The genius of dribble |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahid-The-genius-of-dribble/articleshow/5623032.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 February 2010 |accessdate=31 August 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812221642/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahid-The-genius-of-dribble/articleshow/5623032.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><blockquote>"Zafar at left-out and Shahid at right-in positions penetrated the best of the defences around the world with their superb understanding and passing of the ball. Zafar also pointed [out] that Shahid was instrumental in the V. Baskaran-led India winning the gold medal at the 1980 Olympic Games. “Shahid played a crucial role for India in that Olympics, otherwise we would have been [facing] difficulty,” Zafar, who was part of that team, pointed [out]."<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>He was awarded the 'Best Forward player' at the [[1980 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1980 Champions Trophy]] in Karachi.<ref name=":1" /> He was a member of the team that won the gold at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow, silver at the [[1982 Asian Games]] and bronze at the [[1986 Asian Games]]. He also played in the World Cup in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1981–82, the [[1984 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles Olympic Games]] in 1984 and the Seoul Games in 1988.<ref name=":1" />

His skill and ability at the 1986 Seoul Asian Games earned him a place in the Asian All-Star team in 1986.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php |title=Mohammad Shahid – an Indian Hockey Star |publisher=asianwomenmagazine |accessdate=31 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819133846/http://www.asian-women-magazine.com/pakistan/hockey/mohammad-shahid-an-indian-hockey-star.php |archivedate=19 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He captained the Indian team during 1985–86.<ref name="India 2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/ |title=8 Things You Need To Know About Mohammed Shahid's Glorious Hockey Career |date=2016-07-20 |website=Huffington Post India |author=India |accessdate=2016-07-20 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001003/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/07/20/8-facts-about-mohammed-shahids-glorious-hockey-career/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He announced his retirement from international hockey in January 1989.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Philar|first1=Anand|title=Shahid — one of a kind|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890107&printsec=frontpage|accessdate=28 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=7 January 1989|archive-date=5 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505142034/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890107&printsec=frontpage|url-status=live}}</ref>

His biggest contribution to the game of field hockey was the 'half push- half hit'- a stroke he used to hit the ball using the same grip used to dribble the ball. With the left hand on top of the handle and the right half low down around the centre of the stick he used to essay this shot with a minimum back lift and slam the ball towards his partner-teammate to make an early and accurate pass. The same stroke was adapted by his successor [[Dhanraj Pillay]], who was an ardent fan of the maestro.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahids-death-a-great-loss-for-Indian-hockey-Sreejesh-Dhanraj/articleshow/53299885.cms |title=Mohammed Shahid's death 'a great loss' for Indian hockey: Sreejesh, Dhanraj – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 July 2016 |access-date=2016-07-21 |archive-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723050842/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Mohammed-Shahids-death-a-great-loss-for-Indian-hockey-Sreejesh-Dhanraj/articleshow/53299885.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shahid was the product of the Sports College Lucknow from where emerged a few other stars of the 1980s like [[Ravinder Pal Singh]], his teammate at the Moscow Olympics (1980), [[Rajinder Singh Rawat]] who played in goal in the Los Angeles Olympics (1984) and many others who went on to don the national colours at the junior and senior international level. The Sports College and Hostels were the brainchild of another famous star of the 1950s [[Kunwar Digvijay Singh]] "Babu".{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Later, he became a sports officer with the Indian Railways in Varanasi.<ref name=today>{{cite magazine |title=Lost and found: Thirty newsmakers from the pages of Indian history and where they are now: Cover Story |magazine=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060703-thirty-newsmakers-from-the-pages-of-indian-history-782869-2006-07-02 |date=July 3, 2006 |access-date=2013-12-16 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224095821/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/thirty-newsmakers-from-the-pages-of-indian-history/1/181091.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shahid had six brothers and three sisters (he was the youngest brother), and his father ran a small hotel in Ardali Bazar area of [[Varanasi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html |title=King of reverse flick, Mohammed Shahid (रिवर्स फ्लिक के बादशाह थे हाकी के जादूगर मोहम्मद शाहिद) |last= |first= |date= |website=www.jagran.com |publisher= |language=hi |access-date=2016-07-20 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419180328/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-shahid-was-colossus-of-reverse-flick-14351173.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He married Parvin in 1990, and had twins (son Saif and daughter Hina)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey/1/719387.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818093748/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey/1/719387.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2016 |title=Hockey legend Mohammed Shahid passes away at 56 |last= |first= |date= |website=India Today |publisher= |access-date=2016-07-21 }}</ref> from the marriage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 |title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Maestro |last= |first= |date= 20 July 2016|website=Outlook India |publisher= |access-date=2016-07-20 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729180759/http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mohammed-shahid-hockey-maestro/297074 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> in September 2025 , his house was demolished. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hockey legend Mohammed Shahid's house demolished in Varanasi, family protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/hockey-legend-mohammed-shahids-house-demolished-in-varanasi-family-protests/article70111919.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=30 September 2025 |language=en-IN |date=30 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Death ===
In June 2016, Shahid was admitted to Medanta hospital, [[Gurgaon]] when he was suffering from a serious liver disease.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/ |title=Hockey legend Mohammed Shahid passes away |last= |first= |date=2016-07-20 |website=Indian Express |publisher= |access-date=2016-07-21 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094832/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/mohammad-shahid-passes-away-2925098/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was airlifted from Varanasi to Gurgaon after ignoring a bout of jaundice. His condition continued to deteriorate with weakening liver and kidneys.<ref name=":2" /> He died on 20 July in Gurgaon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|title=Mohammed Shahid, Hockey Superstar of The Eighties, Dies Aged 56|last=NDTVSports|website=NDTVSports.com|access-date=2016-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802223323/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/260994-hockey-superstar-of-the-eighties-mohammed-shahid-dies|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> His burial was held in hometown Varanasi the next day.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-laid-to-rest/articleshow/53322506.cms |title=Hockey wizard Mohammed Shahid laid to rest – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 July 2016 |access-date=2016-07-22 |archive-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421123842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-wizard-Mohammed-Shahid-laid-to-rest/articleshow/53322506.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His burial was attended by officials, local politicians of the city and Olympians including Zafar Iqbal, Ashok Kumar, Sujit Kumar, RP Singh, Shaqil Ahmed and Sardar Singh.<ref name=":3" />

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Arjuna Award]] (1980–81)
* [[Padma Shri]] (1986) <ref name="Misra 2016">{{cite web |last=Misra |first=Sundeep |title=What ailing star Mohammed Shahid means to Indian hockey |website=Firstpost |date=2016-07-04 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html |accessdate=2016-07-20 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141531/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/what-ailing-star-mohammed-shahid-means-to-indian-hockey-2872158.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Best player [[1986 Men's Hockey World Cup]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
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{{India FH Squad 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1982 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1982 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 1984 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1986 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1988 Summer Olympics}}
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{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahid, Mohammed}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
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[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
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[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Athletes from Varanasi]]
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[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
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[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1986 Asian Games]]
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[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

Defence Institute of Advanced Technology

2026-02-12T12:30:51Z

Freelaw67:

{{Short description|Indian military engineering school}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Advert|date=October 2023}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
| image_name = Defence_Institute_of_Advanced_Technology.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Logo of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
| motto = {{native phrase|sa|शास्त्रेण श‌स्त्रं प्रकरेति रक्षाम्|italics=off}}
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date and age|1952||}}
| closed =
| type = [[Deemed to be University]]
| academic_affiliations = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| chancellor = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. B H V S Narayana Murthy
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]; [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]
| academic_staff = 67
| administrative_staff = 103
| students = 1,110({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2022 |url=https://diat.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/DEFENCE-INSTITUTE-OF-ADVANCED-TECHNOLOGY20250214-.pdf |publisher=DIAT Pune}}</ref>
| undergrad =
| postgrad = 437({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 166({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| other =
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|18|25|27|N|73|45|30|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus =
| former_names = Institute of Armament Studies (1952–1967)<br/>Institute of Armament Technology (1967–2006)
| free_label =
| free =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://www.diat.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Defence Institute of Advanced Technology''' ('''DIAT''') is the premier [[engineering]] training institute under the Department of Defence Research & Development, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], and [[Government of India]]. DIAT (DU) provides higher education to civilians and officers from Defence Research Organizations, [[IOFS]] ([[Indian Ordnance Factories]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2011|title=DIAT Newsletter|url=https://www.diat.ac.in/images/pdf/News%20Letter%20Vol%201%281%29%20Jan-Mar%202011.pdf|volume=1|pages=8|journal=Diat|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140429194547/https://www.diat.ac.in/images/pdf/News%20Letter%20Vol%201(1)%20Jan-Mar%202011.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-29}}</ref> Defence PSUs (like [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], [[Bharat Electronics]], [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]), ship building agencies (like [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], [[Cochin Shipyard|Cochin]] and [[Goa Shipyard]]s), [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]], armed forces of friendly countries (like Sri Lanka and Nigeria,), and other central and state governmental agencies.

India's [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] has placed DIAT in the Category 'A' Deemed University. DIAT is also accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] and [[National Board of Accreditation]]. Over the past years, researchers in DIAT have filed over 50 patent applications with the Indian Patent Office and published<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=%22Defence+Institute+of+Advanced+Technology%22&btnG=&oq=defence|title=Google Scholar|website=scholar.google.com|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> over 2000 papers in various journals of international repute.

== History ==

The Indian Armament Studies, later renamed as the Institute of Armament Technology (now Defence Institute of Advanced Technology - DIAT) was founded by [[Patrick Blackett]] (Nobel Laureate-Physics-1948) and [[Daulat Singh Kothari]] (Padma Bushan & Padma Vibhushan) in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2020|title=Kothari Daulat Singh - The Architect of Defence Science in India|url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/kothari-daulat-singh/|access-date=12 August 2020|website=Vigyan Prasar|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807063057/https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/kothari-daulat-singh/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Patrick Blackett, a Nobel Laureate<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1948/blackett/biographical/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> (Physics-1948) who was a military expert in the Royal British Navy<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patrick Blackett|url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/patrick-blackett|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Atomic Heritage Foundation|language=en}}</ref> was invited by [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawahar Lal Nehru]], the first Prime Minister of India to 'Indianize the military' during the 1950s. Blackett was awarded the Royal Medal by the [[Royal Society]] in 1940 and the American Medal for Merit in 1946. Patrick Blackett was head of the Physics department at [[Imperial College London]]. The current building of the Physics department at Imperial College is named the [[Blackett Laboratory]].

Daulat Singh Kothari (Padma Bushan & Padma Vibhushan), the Scientific Advisor to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] is an outstanding physicist and educationalist. He is considered to be the architect of defence science in India. He is the founder of most of the DRDO labs in India such as the Naval Dockyard Laboratory (later renamed Naval Chemical and Metallurgical Laboratory) in Mumbai, the Indian Naval Physical Laboratory in Kochi, the Centre for Fire Research in Delhi, the [[Solid State Physics Laboratory]] in Delhi, the [[Defence Food Research Laboratory]] in Mysore, the [[Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences]] in Chennai, the Directorate of Psychological Research in New Delhi, the [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]] in Hyderabad, the Scientific Evaluation Group in Delhi, and the [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory|Terminal Ballistic Research Laboratory]] in Chandigarh. Dr. D.S. Kothari has also played a crucial role in setting up [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] and [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]].

[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in his book, Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India wrote, “Dr. D.S. Kothari, a professor at Delhi University, was an outstanding physicist and astrophysicist. He is well known for ionisation of matter by pressure in cold compact object like planets. This theory is complementary to the epoch-making theory of thermal ionisation of his guru, Dr [[Meghnad Saha|Maghnad Saha]]. Dr. D.S. Kothari set a scientific tradition in Indian defence tasks when he became Scientific Advisor to Defence Minister in 1948. The first thing he did was to establish the Defence Science Centre to do research in electronic materials, nuclear medicine and ballistic science."

Dr. D.S. Kothari and Dr. P Blackett worked together at the [[Cavendish Laboratory]] in [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] under the guidance of [[Ernest Rutherford]], the father of nuclear physics.

In 1967, the Indian Armament Studies was renamed as the "Institute of Armament Technology" (IAT) and was moved to its present location in Girinagar, Pune. From the relatively narrow scope of Armament Studies in the 1950s, the role of the institute was considerably enlarged by the Defence R&D Council in 1964, and then again in 1981.

On the basis of accreditation by the [[All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE), [[Pune University]] recognised eight courses for the award of the ME degree in 1980. In the year 2000, the institute acquired the status of a Deemed University. IAT has been renamed as DIAT W.E.F. on 1 April 2006.

DIAT ranked 35th (under the university category) in the nation's first National Institutional Ranking Framework introduced by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] in 2016.

DIAT is supported by 52 laboratories belonging to the [[Defence Research & Development Organization]], Defence PSUs, and Indian Armed Forces to conduct collaborative research, as well as to validate and assess the various innovative technologies developed by its students and researchers.

== Founders & Guides of DIAT==

* Padma Vibhushan Dr [[Daulat Singh Kothari|D S Kothari]]: Scientific Advisor to [[Raksha Mantri]] (SA to RM) (1948–1961)
* Col. H. M. Paterson RMCS, Shivenham UK: The man behind 'Paterson Report' formed the Genesis of IAT
* Brig. L S Anand: 1st Director of Military Studies, IAS Kirkee Year 1952
* Prof. S Bhagavantam SA to RM, DG R&D (1961–1970)
* Dr. BD Nagchaudhuri SA to RM, DG R&D Secretary Def. R&D (1970–1974)
* Padma Bhushan Prof. MGK Menon FRS, SA to RM, DG R&D Secretary Def. R&D (1974–1978)
* Padma Vibhushan Dr. Raja Ramanna, SA to RM, DG R&D Secretary Def. R&D (1978–1982)
* Padma Vibhushan Dr. V S Arunachalam, SA to RM, DG R&D Secretary Def. R&D (1982–1992)
* '''Bharat Ratna Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, SA to RM, DG R&D Secretary Def. R&D (1992–1999)'''
* Padma Bhushan Dr. V K Aatre, SA to RM, DG R&D Secretary Def. R&D (1999–2004).

== Courses ==

DIAT has been imparting technical education in niche areas at PG (MTech) and PhD levels for over 60 years through various forms and capacities. Its facilities are spread over 496 acres, with its main focus being on the development of indigenous contemporary defence-related technologies.

To meet the training requirements of the Armed Forces, DIAT (DU) was bifurcated to form the [[Military Institute of Technology (MILIT)]] in Pune. This is an inter-service institution of the Integrated Defence Staff, an organisation responsible for fostering the coordination and enablement of prioritisation across the different branches of the Indian Armed Forces. MILIT trains officers from the three branches of the Indian Armed Forces, which are the Army, Navy, and Air Force, as well as, provides training for officers from friendly foreign countries for command and staff appointments. MILIT also conducts short term certificate courses (TTC, TSOC) for officers from the three branches.

Recently DIAT started an intensive certification program in the area of [[Cybersecurity]], Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning which lasts approximately 3 months. Participant entrance to this course is based on the DIAT Entrance Exam.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DRDO Invites Applications for a Certificate Course on Cybersecurity and Artificial intelligence.|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/drdo-offers-online-course-on-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-cyber-security-onlinecourse-diat-ac-in-7162281/}}</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = College
|NIRF_E_2024=63}}

The Defence Institute of Advanced Technology was ranked 63rd in the engineering category by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

== Collaborative research programs ==
DIAT has signed collaborative research programs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/diat-plans-to-make-pune-hub-of-quantum-technology-in-country-6141984/|title=DIAT plans to make Pune hub of quantum technology in country|date=2019-11-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> as well as faculty and student exchange programs with reputed universities and organizations worldwide like [[Cranfield University]] in the UK, the [[Naval Postgraduate School]] in the US, [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|Technion Israel]], [[Belarusian State University|Belarus State University]] in Belarus, [[Deakin University|Deakin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/diat-aussie-varsity-make-fabric-to-clean-up-oil-spills/articleshow/71571494.cms|title=DIAT, Aussie varsity make fabric to clean up oil spills |first=Sandip|last=Dighe|date=October 14, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> [[Deakin University|University]] in Australia, the [[University of Warwick]] in the UK, the Military Technical Academy in Vietnam,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/india-vietnam-sign-mou-for-cooperation-in-education-scientific-research20191126071218/|title=India, Vietnam sign MoU for cooperation in education, scientific research|website=ANI News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> [[Nanyang Technological University]] in Singapore, the [[National University of Singapore]], [[Dassault Aviation|Dassault]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/diat-dassault-set-to-train-workforce-for-rafale-unit-in-nagpur/articleshow/63192353.cms|title=DIAT, Dassault set to train workforce for Rafale unit in Nagpur |date=March 7, 208|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> [[Dassault Aviation|Aviation]] (Rafale) India Ltd, [[Boeing]] India Ltd. and more. It also has partnerships with numerous national universities and organizations like [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]], [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|DST]], [[IITs]], NITS, NIITS, IIIT, ATIRA, [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Raipur|CIPET]], state universities, and so on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/drdo-chief-hints-at-national-panel-for-collaborative-effort-in-quantum-tech/articleshow/72339651.cms|title=DRDO chief hints at national panel for collaborative effort in quantum tech|date=December 3, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref>

== Fight against coronavirus ==
To support the country's effort in containing the spread of the novel Corona pandemic, DIAT (DU) developed a cost-effective<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-30|title=Pune-based institute DIAT develops microwave steriliser to kill coronavirus|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pune-based-institute-diat-develops-microwave-steriliser-to-kill-coronavirus/story-ooTjT5ThyQAYPjZUWOb8LM.html|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> solution to disintegrate [[coronavirus]], named ‘Atulya'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=Pune-based Defence Institute Develops Microwave Steriliser That Can Disintegrate Coronavirus |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/pune-based-defence-institute-develops-microwave-steriliser-that-can-disintegrate-coronavirus-2600299.html |access-date=2020-08-12 |website=News18}}</ref> 'Atulya' is a microwave sterilizer which can be operated in portable or fixed installations and helps in disintegrating the virus by differential heating in the range of 56 to 60 degrees Celsius. 'Atulya'<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microwave steriliser to disintegrate novel Coronavirus developed|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1619643|access-date=2020-08-12|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> weighs around three kilograms and can be used for the sterilization of non-metallic objects. Depending on the size and shape of objects, sterilization times vary from 30 seconds to one minute. Professor K.P. Ray is the co-innovator with Maser Electronics Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATULYA Sterilizer to combat Covid-19 unveiled by Union Cabinet Minister Shri Nitin Gadkari|url=https://www.dqindia.com/atulya-sterilizer-to-combat-covid-19-unveiled-by-union-cabinet-minister-shri-nitin-gadkari/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=www.dqindia.com|date=11 August 2020 }}</ref>

On top of this, the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology also developed nanofibres of Ayurvedic based biodegradable face masks which acts as a pathogen neutraliser in resisting bacteria/virus, named “Pavitrapati”. The non-woven nano-fibre of this three-layered biodegradable mask contains a herbal extract invented by Prof Balasubramanian K. Professor & Dean, DIAT (DU), and is obtained from neem oil, turmeric, tulsi (holy basil), ajwain (carom seeds), black pepper, gum arabic, clove, sandalwood, and saffron. Following this, a Transfer of Technology [ToT] / NDA of this product was signed in June 2020 between DIAT and the Kolhapur-based textile company M/s. Siddheshwar Techtessile Pvt. Ltd. in Maharashtra for its actual mass level production. Through this, the company launched its first ever Ayurvedic based biodegradable face mask named “Pavitrapati” with around 10,000 masks being initially developed.

DIAT then transfers another ToT to M/s. Siddheshwar Techtessile Pvt. Ltd. in Maharashtra for the development of anti-microbial bodysuits in the name of “Aushada Tara”. With superior hydrophobic, breathing, anti-microbial, and comfort feeling properties, the fabric material of these bodysuits were approved for COVID-19 usage. It has also cleared splash resistant tests and has good repellent fluid properties, thereby allowing it to cater to the needs of medical hospitals, private companies, airlines and governmental agencies.

==Boarding==

Accommodation and mess facilities are available at the POINTS Hostel on a payment basis. More than 200 rooms are available for the accommodation of students in the DIAT (DU). The POINTS hostel building has a common lift in all buildings with covered parking for vehicles. Each room is equipped with a bathroom, telephone, geysers, WI-FI, and many more. Rooms are currently provided on a twin sharing basis and can accommodate up to four students.

On top of these facilities, there is also:

* A hostel (6 floors/100 rooms) exclusively for female students which can accommodate over 400 students
* A hostel exclusively for male students
* A hostel with 14 studio apartments for married students

Other than hostels, DIAT (DU) provides:

* Quarters (Type 1 to 6) for its employees and eligible married students
* Guest houses for visitors on campus

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.diat.ac.in/}}

{{DRDO Laboratories}}
{{Universities in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Pune]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Research and development in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Bombay State]]

Shivinder Mohan Singh

2026-02-11T07:26:14Z

Freelaw67: quick update

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivinder Mohan Singh
| image = Shivinder Singh in WEF ,2009.jpg
| alt = Shivinder Mohan Singh wearing a grey business suit, white shirt, red tie and turban, sitting in a chair with microphone to the right, looking at camera and appearing to speak to audience
| caption = Singh in 2009
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| criminal_charges = Criminal breach of trust
| criminal_penalty = House arrest
| spouse =
| children = 4
| relatives = [[Malvinder Mohan Singh]] (brother)<br />[[Bhai Mohan Singh]] (grandfather)
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St Stephen's College]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small><br />[[Duke University]] <small>([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])</small>
| occupation = Businessman
}}

'''Shivinder Mohan Singh''' is an Indian businessman and erstwhile billionaire with [[Fortis Healthcare]], [[Religare]], and [[Ranbaxy Laboratories]]. Singh was the non-executive vice chairman of [[Fortis Healthcare]]. He is currently under arrest for criminal breach of trust along with his brother [[Malvinder Mohan Singh]]. The two have many cases of fraud registered against them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malvinder-singh-shivinder-singh-ranbaxy-fortis-6064585/|title=Explained: The cases against Religare ex-promoters Malvinder Singh and Shivinder Singh|date=11 October 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en-IN|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/singh-brothers-3-others-get-4-day-custodial-interrogation-in-rfl-case/articleshow/71538887.cms|title=Ex-Ranbaxy promoters Malvinder, Shivinder Singh sent to police custody|date=11 October 2019|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> He was granted bail in June 2023 by the [[Delhi High Court]].

==Early life==
Singh is the son of Dr. Pravinder Singh, and grandson of [[Bhai Mohan Singh]], the founder of [[Ranbaxy Laboratories]],<ref>{{cite news|title=40 Years Ago... And now: Ranbaxy grew with liberal regimes, moving out of family control|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/40-years-ago-and-now-ranbaxy-grew-with-liberal-regimes-moving-out-of-family-control-114102101500_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|accessdate=17 December 2014|date=22 October 2014|last1=Bhandari|first1=Bhupesh}}</ref> since merged with Sun Pharmaceuticals Ltd (it was earlier a unit of the Japanese drug maker [[Daiichi Sankyo]]).

==Business career==
Singh and his brother [[Malvinder Mohan Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortis - In the pick of healthcare|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/fortis-among-the-most-promising-companies/1/18668.html|website=Business Today|date=17 September 2011 |accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref> inherited their family's 33.5% stake in Ranbaxy after the death of their father in 1999. In April 2015, they were the thirty-fifth richest Indians, with a net worth of $2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malvinder & Shivinder Singh on Forbes Lists|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/malvinder-shivinder-singh/|website=Forbes|accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref>

==Education==
Singh attended [[The Doon School]], and then graduated with a BA (hons.) in mathematics from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]; he holds an MBA with specialization in health sector management from the [[Fuqua School of Business]] of [[Duke University]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shivinder Mohan Singh|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25573198&symbol=11147129|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217123257/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25573198&symbol=11147129|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2014|website=Bloomberg|accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Singh lives in [[New Delhi]] with his wife Aditi S. Singh<ref>{{cite news |title=ET ILC members discuss possibility of integrated healthcare system in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/et-ilc-members-discuss-possibility-of-integrated-healthcare-system-in-india/articleshow/72431958.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 December 2019}}</ref> and their four sons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi |title=Shivinder Mohan Singh: The wellness mogul |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/shivinder-mohan-singh-the-wellness-mogul/articleshow/3456269.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 September 2008}}</ref> On 24 September, during the AGM of [[Fortis hospital|Fortis Hospitals]], Singh announced his resignation and handed control of the hospital chain to his brother.

==Arrest==
As of 1 November 2019, Singh, along with his brother, remained under arrest, as his judicial custody has been extended until 14 November 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=RFL scam: Court extends till November 14 judicial custody of ex-Fortis promoters Malvinder, Shivinder |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/rfl-scam-court-extends-till-november-14-judicial-custody-of-ex-fortis-promoters-malvinder-shivinder/articleshow/71836479.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=31 October 2019 |accessdate=1 November 2019}}</ref> On 12 December 2019, a Delhi court rejected his bail plea in a case related to alleged misappropriation of funds at Religare Finvest Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Court Rejects Bail Plea of Ex-Fortis Chief Shivinder Singh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-ex-fortis-chief-shivinder-singh-2147995 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=12 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ED Arrests Former Fortis Promoter Shivinder Singh in RFL Money Laundering Case |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/ed-arrests-former-fortis-promoter-shivinder-singh-in-rfl-money-laundering-case-2422499.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=12 December 2019}}</ref> He was granted bail in June 2023 by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite web | title=EOW's RFL case: HC grants bail to Malvinder Singh and three others | website=The Economic Times | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/eows-rfl-case-hc-grants-bail-to-malvinder-singh-and-three-others/articleshow/100708071.cms | access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shivinder Mohan}}
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Fuqua School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the health care industry]]
[[Category:Former billionaires]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Arunsinh Rana

2026-02-05T03:12:59Z

Freelaw67: Added first post from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Arunsinh Rana''' (born 1958)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana Arunsinh Ajitsinh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- VAGRA(BHARUCH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/gujarat2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=953 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a three time member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Vagra Assembly constituency in [[Bharuch district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=marathi |title=Gujarat vagra Election Results, Gujarat Elections 2022 Vote Counting LIVE |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/electionselections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-vagra-constituency-151.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rana is from [[Bharuch]], Gujarat. He is the son of Ajitsinh Rana. He studied Class 10 and passed the SSC examinations in 1975. He is a business man who owns and runs a dairy farm and a petrol pump and his wife is also into family business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunsinh Ajitsinh Rana(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- VAGRA(BHARUCH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3618 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rana won from [[Vagra Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 83,036 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Suleman Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 13,452 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06151.htm?ac=151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171018/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06151.htm?ac=151 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] beating Iqbal Patel of the Congress by a margin of 14,318 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vagra Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Arunsinh Ajitsinh Rana Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/vagra-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561889.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He retained the Vagra seat for the BJP in the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Patel Sulemanbhai Musabhai of the Congress by a margin of 2,628 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vagra Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Vagra constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/vagra-151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202214912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/vagra-151 |archive-date=2023-02-02 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-11 |title=Vagra assembly constituency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vagra-assembly-constituency/articleshow/95451128.cms |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Arunsinh}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bharuch district]]

Thonnurkara

2026-01-12T12:05:14Z

Freelaw67:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thonnurkara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6799
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 6XXXXX
| registration_plate = KL-
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Thonnurkara ''' is a village in [[Thrissur district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Thonnurkara had a population of 6799 with 3214 males and 3585 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thonnurkara Village Population - Talappilly - Thrissur, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627750-thonnurkara-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}
{{coord|10|41|N|76|19|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

Sanskrit cinema

2026-01-11T22:11:37Z

Freelaw67: corrected article further

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox cinema market
| name = Sanskrit cinema
| image = File:Indiafilm.svg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| screens = 
| screens_per_capita = 
| distributors = 
| produced_year =
| produced_ref = 
| produced_total =
| produced_fictional =
| produced_animated =
| produced_documentary =
| admissions_year =
| admissions_ref = 
| admissions_total =
| admissions_per_capita =
| admissions_national =
| box_office_year =
| box_office_ref = 
| box_office_total = 
| box_office_national = 
| footnotes =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Sanskrit cinema''' is the segment of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] dedicated to the production of [[Film|motion pictures]] in [[Sanskrit language]], with only 30 films made since 1983 and no separate industry for [[Sanskrit]] films.

==History==

The first Sanskrit film ever made was [[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]] in 1983 by [[G.V. Iyer]]. At the [[31st National Film Awards]], it won four awards, including [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]], [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] and [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]].<ref name="31staward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm31stNFAAward.aspx|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=[[India International Film Festival]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200555/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm31stNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114953/http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second film was [[Bhagavad Gita (film)|Bhagavad Gita]] in 1992, again by G.V. Iyer. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] at the 40th National awards for 1992. The next film made was in 2015, after a gap of 22 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsgram.com/sanskrit-cinema-a-creative-way-to-revive-sanskrit|title=Sanskrit Cinema: A creative way to revive Sanskrit|date=7 July 2015|publisher=www.newsgram.com|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001552/https://www.newsgram.com/sanskrit-cinema-a-creative-way-to-revive-sanskrit/|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 2015 to 2017, 4 Sanskrit films were made in [[Kerala]], India. [[Priyamanasam]] was the 3rd Sanskrit film and the first Sanskrit film from Kerala. The film won the award for 'Best Feature film in Sanskrit' at the 63rd National awards. The film was screened at the 46th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa in 2015. [[Ishti (film)|Ishti]] made in 2016 was the first Sanskrit film based on a social issue. The film was screened at the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa in 2016, in the panorama section.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffigoa.org/ishti-first-ever-sanskrit-film-based-social-issue/|title=Ishti is the first ever Sanskrit film based on a social issue|date=23 November 2016|publisher=iffigoa.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808073017/http://iffigoa.org/ishti-first-ever-sanskrit-film-based-social-issue/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/First-Sanskrit-social-movie-flays-Namboothiri-practices/articleshow/50624276.cms|title=First Sanskrit social movie flays Namboothiri practices|work=The Times of India|date=27 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524041321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/First-Sanskrit-social-movie-flays-Namboothiri-practices/articleshow/50624276.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Suryakantha]] is the fifth Sanskrit film and the third one made in Kerala. It is the first Sanskrit film on contemporary life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/apr/27/a-tale-told-in-sanskrit-1598090.html|title=A tale told in Sanskrit|work=The New Indian Express|date=27 April 2017 |access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909013602/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/apr/27/a-tale-told-in-sanskrit-1598090.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film won 'Special Jury award' in Kerala Film Critics Associations awards, 2017.

[[Anurakthi]] is the first Sanskrit 3D film with a song in the film picturised in 3D format. That also made Anurakthi the first Sanskrit film to have a song in it.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=14 May 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuwGjqb8TxU |title=Thava Chinthasu {{!}} Anurakthi {{!}} Sanskrit Movie SONG {{!}} Asokan.P.K{{!}} Vani Vashishth {{!}} Vijith Nambiar {{!}} |publisher=Manorama Music Songs |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921043843/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuwGjqb8TxU |archive-date=21 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was screened at the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/iffi/worlds-first-3d-sanskrit-film-screened-iffi|title=World's first 3D Sanskrit film screened at IFFI|publisher=DD News|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165500/http://ddnews.gov.in/iffi/worlds-first-3d-sanskrit-film-screened-iffi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/buzz/worlds-first-3d-sanskrit-film-anurakthi-screened-at-2017-iffi-goa-2674414/|title=World's First 3D Sanskrit Film Anurakthi Screened at 2017 IFFI Goa|publisher=India.com|date=25 November 2017|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111170120/http://www.india.com/buzz/worlds-first-3d-sanskrit-film-anurakthi-screened-at-2017-iffi-goa-2674414/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pratikriti is the first commercial film in Sanskrit.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=രാജൻ രാഘവൻ സംസ്കൃത ചിത്രത്തിൽ |url=https://www.pisharodysamajam.com/news/pratikriti-rajan-raghavan/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Pisharody Samajam |date=23 August 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704061302/https://www.pisharodysamajam.com/news/pratikriti-rajan-raghavan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This is written and directed by Dr. Nidheesh Gopi.<ref name="auto"/>

[[Punyakoti]] is the first animated film in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-punyakoti-indias-first-sanskrit-animation-film-82275?amp|title=The making of 'Punyakoti', India's first Sanskrit animation film|publisher=thenewsminute.com|date=20 August 2018|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221154411/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/making-punyakoti-indias-first-sanskrit-animation-film-82275?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Madhurasmitham]] World's First children's Sanskrit film. Directed by sureshgayathri 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/12/02/children-film-sanskrit-madhurasmitham-ksfdc.html|title=Children's film in Sanskrit -- a first; courtesy language buffs|website=OnManorama|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610124428/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/12/02/children-film-sanskrit-madhurasmitham-ksfdc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sgisfsy.com/about-sgisfsy/|title=About Sgisfsy | Madhurasmitham - Sgi Sanskrit Film Society (Sgisfsi)|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226071654/https://sgisfsy.com/about-sgisfsy/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madhurasmitham]] won the Travancore International Award for Best Film.

''Namo'' screened at IFFI in 2021 and its story resolve around friendship between [[Sudama]] and Sri Krishna.<ref name="NamoTOI">{{Cite news|title=Jayaram looks impressive as Kuchelan in the first look poster of 'Namo'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayaram-looks-impressive-as-kuchelan-in-the-first-look-poster-of-namo/articleshow/73189732.cms|access-date=16 January 2020|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2020 |language=en|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113143055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayaram-looks-impressive-as-kuchelan-in-the-first-look-poster-of-namo/articleshow/73189732.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==List of Sanskrit films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
!Notes
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[G.V. Iyer]]
| First Sanskrit feature film.<br/>Won 4 national awards, including ''Best Feature film''.
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Bhagavad Gita (film)|Bhagavad Gita]]''
| Won national awards for ''Best Feature film''.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Priyamanasam]]''
| Vinod Mankara
| Won national award for ''Best Feature film in Sanskrit''.<br/>Screened at the 46th edition of [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI).
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ishti (film)|Ishti]]''
| [[G. Prabha]]
| Opening film of the feature section of the Indian Panorama section at the 47th edition of IFFI.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Suryakantha]]''
| M. Surendran
| Won 'Special Jury award' at Kerala Film Critics Associations awards, 2017
|-
| ''[[Anurakthi]]''
| P. K. Ashokan
|First 3D Sanskrit film.<br/>First Sanskrit film with a song.<br/>Screened at the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI)
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Madhurasmitham]]''
| Suresh Gayathri
| World's First Children's Sanskrit Film<ref>Madhurasmitham Film 2020 August 3 imdb retrieved https://m.imdb.com/title/tt14227856/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610135329/https://m.imdb.com/title/tt14227856/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk |date=10 June 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Punyakoti]]''
| Ravi Shankar V
| First Sanskrit animation film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=Indira |title=How Punyakoti, Sanskrit's 1st animation film, got made |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/how-punyakoti-sanskrits-1st-animation-film-got-made/20200419.htm |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428062357/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/how-punyakoti-sanskrits-1st-animation-film-got-made/20200419.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Agochararnavah''
| Poornima R Iyer
| <ref>{{cite tweet |author=Poornima R Iyer |user=sankula |number=1297559102713761792 |date=23 August 2020 |title=New Sanskrit Movie Trailer 2020 "AGOCHARARNAVAH" Please Watch and Bless Us! 🙏 https://t.co/2QW7MGSoXy @blsanthosh @narendramodi @PrakashJavdekar |language=en |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824120237/https://twitter.com/sankula/status/1297559102713761792 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritott.com/movie/guest/detail/AGOCHARARNAVAH|title=AGOCHARARNAVAH|website=sanskritott.com|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720100809/https://sanskritott.com/movie/guest/detail/AGOCHARARNAVAH|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2021
| ''Pratikriti''
| Dr.Nidheesh Gopi
| First Commercial Sanskrit film, premiered on Firstshows OTT platform.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=25 March 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAYhRW7VWOo |title=Pratikritih Official Trailer {{!}}Nipin Unni {{!}}Prasad Mallissery {{!}}Dr.Nidheesh Gopi {{!}}Devlag Productions |publisher=samskritavaikhary |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804165502/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAYhRW7VWOo |archive-date=4 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=sandeep_ops |title=Pratikriti on Firstshows |url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/pratikriti/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Binged |language=en-US |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226071642/https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/pratikriti/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Namo''
| Vijeesh Mani
| Screened at [[51st International Film Festival of India]] Indian panorama section<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/west/-namo-shows-how-a-ruler-a-citizen-should-be-vijeesh-mani/2300362.html|title='Namo shows how a ruler & a citizen should be': Vijeesh Mani|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226071633/http://www.uniindia.com/news/west/-namo-shows-how-a-ruler-a-citizen-should-be-vijeesh-mani/2300362.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270919/namo-to-speak-sanskrit-soon.html|title=Namo to speak Sanskrit soon|first=priya|last=sreekumar|date=27 September 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203151813/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270919/namo-to-speak-sanskrit-soon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NamoTOI"/>
|-
|''Samasyah''
|Shibu Kumaranallur
|Environmental film, released on Neestream OTT.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neestream releases its first Sanskrit film 'Samasyah'|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/07/23/neestream-releases-first-sanskrit-film-samasyah.html|access-date=19 August 2021|website=OnManorama|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819075128/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/07/23/neestream-releases-first-sanskrit-film-samasyah.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanskrit film Samasyah released on NeeStream|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jul/23/30572|access-date=19 August 2021|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819075120/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jul/23/30572|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=പാരിസ്ഥിതിക അവബോധവുമായി സംസ്കൃത സിനിമ 'സമസ്യാഹ' ഒടിടി റിലീസ്|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/environment-awareness-sanskrit-movie-samasyah-ott-release/articleshow/84677994.cms|access-date=19 August 2021|website=malayalam.samayam.com|language=ml|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819075120/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/environment-awareness-sanskrit-movie-samasyah-ott-release/articleshow/84677994.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Shaakuntalam''
|Dushyant Shridhar
|A film based on story of Shakuntala and King Bharat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/shakuntalam/ET00336296|title=Watch Shakuntalam Movie Online | Buy Rent Shakuntalam On BMS Stream}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''Madhubhashitham''
|Suresh Gayathri
|Movie shot in 48 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making a move for Sanskrit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/nov/19/making-a-move-for-sanskrit-2385333.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411054511/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/nov/19/making-a-move-for-sanskrit-2385333.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-

|''[[Bhagavadajjukam (film)|Bhagavadajjukam]]''
|Yadu Vijayakrishnan
|Adaptation of the 7th century play of the same name. Selected for Indian Panorama at 52nd International Film Festival of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Panorama Announces Official Selection for 52nd IFFI, 2021|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1769681|access-date=14 November 2021|website=pib.gov.in|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226071702/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Ekachakram''
|K. Suchendra Prasad
|Based on the works of N. Ranganatha Sharma, produced by Voicing Silence, an international platform for meaningful cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Sanskrit movie has shows sold out in California and has Canada connection as well – HinduTimesCanada |url=https://hindutimescanada.ca/this-sanskrit-movie-has-shows-sold-out-in-california-and-has-canada-connection-as-well/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Taya (Sanskrit film)|Taya]]''
|G. Prabha
|Screened at various International Film festivals and national film festivals film festivals including Pune, Kolkata, Bangalore, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=14 June 2021 |title=G Prabha's second film in Sanskrit, 'Taya', focusses on the landmark trial of Thatri |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanskrit-film-taya-by-prabha-trial-of-thatri/article34811703.ece |access-date=30 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130044724/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanskrit-film-taya-by-prabha-trial-of-thatri/article34811703.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanskrit film runs housefull at KIFF |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/kiff-full-house-at-festival-for-sanskrit-film-taya-g-prabha/cid/1863488 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130044731/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/kiff-full-house-at-festival-for-sanskrit-film-taya-g-prabha/cid/1863488 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Dharmayodha''
|Sruthi Simon
|First Sanskrit film by a woman director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സംസ്കൃത ഭാഷയിലെ ആദ്യ വനിതാ സംവിധായികയുടെ ചിത്രം വരുന്നു: ധർമ്മയോദ്ധാ |trans-title=First woman director's film in Sanskrit comes: Dharma Yoddha... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/11/08/first-woman-directors-sanskrit-movie-dharm-yoddha.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=manoramaonline.com |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222094910/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/11/08/first-woman-directors-sanskrit-movie-dharm-yoddha.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-19 |title=സ്വപ്‌നത്തിലേക്കുള്ള യാത്ര |trans-title=Journey to the Dream |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/sundayspecial-1.8063525 |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222093401/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/sundayspecial-1.8063525 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Ekaki''
|Prasad Parappuram,
Fr John Puthuva, Ayyampuzha Harikumar
|First Sanskrit film with only one character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സംവിധാനം പൊലീസ്‌, വൈദികൻ, അധ്യാപകൻ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/district-news/-44954/ekaki-97091 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=അണിയറയിൽ വൈദികനും പോലീസ് ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥനും അധ്യാപകനും; ഏകാംഗ സംസ്കൃതസിനിമ ഒരുങ്ങി |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-1.10206032 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Sloka
|[[Janardhana Maharshi]]
|Sanskrit film with original story & music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Ragini Dwivedi Announces Her Debut Sanskrit Film 'Sloka' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/ragini-dwivedi-announces-her-debut-sanskrit-film-sloka-article-113119623 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of India}}
{{World cinema}}

[[Category:Cinema of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cinema of Kerala]]
[[Category:Cinema by language of India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Sanskrit revival]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language films|*]]

Alfred Evans (cricketer, born 1858)

2026-01-06T19:26:51Z

Freelaw67: improved lead also and added references

{{short description|English cricketer and educator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Alfred Evans
| image =
| country = England
| fullname = Alfred Henry Evans
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1858|6|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|3|26|1858|6|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Saunton]], [[Devon]], England
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast-medium
| role =
| family = {{ubl|[[John Evans (cricketer, born 1889)|John Evans]] (son)|[[Ralph Evans (cricketer)|Ralph Evans]] (son)|[[Dudley Evans]] (nephew)|[[William Evans (cricketer, born 1883)|William Evans]] (nephew)|[[Alfred Evans (cricketer, born 1884)|Alfred Evans]] (nephew)}}
| club1 = [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1878–1881}}
| club2 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|1882–1884}}
| club3 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|1882–1885}}
| club4 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]
| year4 = 1885
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 44
| runs1 = 908
| bat avg1 = 13.75
| 100s/50s1 = 0/3
| top score1 = 59[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 7,215
| wickets1 = 204
| bowl avg1 = 16.08
| fivefor1 = 20
| tenfor1 = 6
| best bowling1 = 9/59
| catches/stumpings1 = 45/–
| date = 14 February
| year = 2010
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/12521.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Alfred Henry Evans''' (14 June 1858 – 26 March 1934) was an English first-class [[cricket]]er and educator. Considered one of the best [[Fast bowling|fast bowlers]] in England at the time, Evans played in 44 first-class matches between 1878 and 1885, taking over 200 wickets. He would later became a schoolmaster at [[Winchester College]] and would found [[Horris Hill School]] in 1882, where he was headmaster until 1920.

==Early life and sport at Oxford University==
The third son of Deputy-Surgeon-General William Evans, formerly Inspector-General of Hospitals in [[Chennai|Madras]], where he was born in June 1858.<ref name="TIMES">{{cite news|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS320416379/TTDA?u=Bharatpedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=58c01f57|title=Dr. A. H. Evans|work=[[The Times]]|location=[[London]]|issue=46713|page=19|date=27 May 1934|access-date=18 February 2024|url-access=subscription|via=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]}}</ref> He was educated in England, firstly at [[Rossall School]],<ref name="ROSS">{{cite book|title=The Rossall School Register 1844–1905|first=Edward J.|last=Deane|publisher=Lee & Nightingale|year=1910|page=227|url=https://archive.org/stream/rossallregister00englgoog/rossallregister00englgoog_djvu.txt|language=en}}</ref> before moving to [[Clifton College]] in 1874, where he represented the college cricket team from 1875 to 1877.<ref name="CLIF">{{cite book|title=Clifton College Annals and Register|first=Frank|last=Borwick|date=1912|page=100|publisher=[[J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd]]|location=[[Bristol]]|url=https://archive.org/details/b28994553|language=en}}</ref>

From there, he matriculated to [[Oriel College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Alumni Oxonienses|date=1891|first=Joseph|last=Foster|publisher=Parker and Company|page=431|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Evans,_Alfred_Henry|language=en}}</ref> While at Oxford, Evans was a member of the [[Oxford University Cricket Club]]. It was for the club that he made his debut in [[first-class cricket]] against the [[Gentlemen of England]] at [[Christ Church Ground|Oxford]] in 1878. He played first-class cricket for Oxford until 1881, making eighteen appearances.<ref name="FCM">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/3/3535/f_Batting_by_Team.html|title=First-class matches played by Alfred Evans|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=18 February 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> For the cricket club as a right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium bowler]] who was described while playing for Oxford as "sometimes almost unplayable", he took 107 wickets at a [[bowling average]] of 15.21; he took a [[five wicket haul]] on thirteen occasions and took [[ten-wicket haul|ten wickets in a match]] on four.<ref name="FCBO">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/3/3535/f_Bowling_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Alfred Evans|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=18 February 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> As a batsman, he scored 348 runs at an [[batting average (cricket)|average]] of 11.22, with a highest score of 49.<ref name="FCB">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/3/3535/f_Batting_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Alfred Evans|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=18 February 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> For Oxford, he gained his [[Blue (university sport)#University of Oxford|blue]] by appearing in four [[The University Match (cricket)|University Matches]] against [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]], taking 36 wickets across these matches.<ref name="OBIT">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228179.html|title=Wisden – Obituaries in 1934|date=2 December 2005 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=18 February 2024}}</ref> His best figures of 7 for 74 came in the 1881 University Match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/2/2473.html|title=Oxford University v Cambridge University, University Match 1881|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=18 February 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It was in 1881 that Evans was elected [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of the cricket club;<ref name="BOOK">{{cite book|title=Fifty Years of Sport at Oxford, Cambridge and the Great Public Schools|first=Robert Henry|last=Lyttelton|author-link=Robert Lyttelton|publisher=W. Southwood|year=1913|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6xIAQAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> during his captaincy year, he was credited with Oxford's victory over Cambridge, having taken 13 wickets for 130 runs in The University Match.<ref name="TIMES"/>

While studying at Oxford, Evans was also associated with a number of other first-class cricket teams. He played for the Gentlemen in the [[Gentlemen v Players]] fixture on six occasions, once for the Gentlemen of England against the touring [[Australia national cricket team|Australians]] in 1878, once for [[I Zingari]] against [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] in 1879. In the same year for he also played for both the [[Gentlemen of the South]] against the [[Gentlemen of the North]], and an [[Rest of England cricket teams|England XI]] against [[Richard Daft]]'s personal team before it embarked on a tour of North America, whilst in 1881 he played for the Under 30s in the [[Over 30s v Under 30s]] fixture at [[Lord's]].<ref name="FCM"/> It was for the England XI that he was to take his career-best innings figures of 9 for 59.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hampshirecrickethistory.wordpress.com/2017/12/15/a-z-e4/|title=A–Z (E4)|website=www.hampshirecrickethistory.wordpress.com|date=15 December 2017 |accessdate=18 February 2024}}</ref>

He also played [[rugby union]] at Oxford for [[Oxford University RFC]], captaining the fifteen in the 1879–80 season. However, he resigned at Christmas following the postponement of a match against [[Cambridge University R.U.F.C.|Cambridge]] due to [[frost]].<ref name="BOOK"/><ref name="OBIT"/> Playing as a [[Rugby union positions#Half-backs|half-back]], he earned his rugby blue in 1877 and 1878 by playing in [[The Varsity Match|The Rugby Varsity Match]].<ref name="OBIT"/>

==Later cricket and teaching career==
After graduating from Oxford, he was appointed an assistant master at [[Winchester College]].<ref name="ROSS"/> In the summer break of 1882, Evans played for the MCC against the touring Australians and began playing [[county cricket]] for [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]], having qualified to play for Somerset through his childhood residence at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]. Two first-class appearances for Somerset in 1882 were followed by two matches for I Zingari against Yorkshire and the Australians.<ref name="FCM"/> He played for Somerset until 1884, making six first-class appearances for the county.<ref name="FCM"/> In his six matches for Somerset, he scored 212 runs and made his highest first-class score of 59 [[not out]] and took 26 wickets at a bowling average of exactly 22; he took two five wicket hauls, with best figures of 6 for 75.<ref name="FCB"/><ref name="FCBO"/>

With his teaching career at Winchester, Evans qualified to play for [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] through residency by 1885. He made three first-class appearances for Hampshire in 1885,<ref name="FCM"/> taking 10 wickets.<ref name="FCB"/> Later in the same season, he played in his final three first-class matches, all during the [[Scarborough Festival]]. These came for I Zingari, the Gentlemen, and the MCC.<ref name="FCM"/> Described as one of the best fast bowlers of his time by ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'',<ref name="OBIT"/> he took 204 wickets from 44 first-class matches at an average of 16.08, with 25 five wicket hauls and six ten-wicket hauls in a match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/alfred-evans-12521|title=Player profile: Alfred Evans|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>

Evans left Winchester in April 1888 and founded [[Horris Hill School]] at [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]],<ref name="ROSS"/> where he was [[Head teacher|headmaster]] until 1920. He quickly established the school as a beacon of academic and sporting excellence, with the future England captain [[Douglas Jardine]] being amongst the school's alumni.<ref>{{cite book|title=Never Surrender|first=Mark|last=Peel|publisher=Pitch Publishing Limited|location=[[Brighton]]|year=2021|page=24|isbn=9781785319990|language=en}}</ref> He died suddenly in March 1934 at [[Saunton|Saunton, Devon]], having been taken ill while playing [[golf]].<ref name="TIMES"/> He was married to Isabel Aimée du Boulay, daughter of the Winchester master J. T. Houssemayne Du Boulay. Their two sons, [[John Evans (cricketer, born 1889)|John]] and [[Ralph Evans (cricketer)|Ralph]], both played first-class cricket; John would play [[Test cricket]] for [[England cricket team|England]] in 1921. His nephews, [[Dudley Evans|Dudley]], [[William Evans (cricketer, born 1883)|William]], and [[Alfred Evans (cricketer, born 1884)|Alfred]], also played first-class cricket.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=12521}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Evans, Alfred}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]
[[Category:People educated at Rossall School]]
[[Category:People educated at Clifton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Oxford University cricketers]]
[[Category:Gentlemen cricketers]]
[[Category:Gentlemen of England cricketers]]
[[Category:Gentlemen of the South cricketers]]
[[Category:I Zingari cricketers]]
[[Category:Non-international England cricketers]]
[[Category:Over 30s v Under 30s cricketers]]
[[Category:Schoolteachers from Somerset]]
[[Category:Somerset cricketers]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Hampshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Founders of English schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Heads of schools in England]]
[[Category:Oxford University RFC players]]
[[Category:British sportspeople in British India]]

Gill Kalan

2025-12-30T01:19:15Z

Freelaw67:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gill Kalan
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rampura Phul|Rampura]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body =
| leader_party = Indian National Congress
| leader_title = Current Sarpanch 
| leader_name = Angrej Singh ( Teja )
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 220
| population_total = 4000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_demonym = 
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics2_title1 = Other
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151103
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 01651
| website ={{URL|http://www.indiamapia.com/Bathinda/gill_kalan.html}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gill Kalan''' is a village in Rampura Tehsil in [[Bathinda District]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] State, India. It is located 38 km east of District headquarters [[Bathinda]], 5 km from [[Rampura Phul|Rampura]] and 177 km from State capital [[Chandigarh]].

The Gill Kalan Pin code is 151103 and postal head office is Rampura Phul.

Burj Mansa (1 km), Chotian (4 km), Bugran (4 km), Pitho (4 km), Jethuke (4 km) are the nearby villages to Gill Kalan. Gill Kalan is surrounded by Phul Tehsil towards the north, Nathana Tehsil towards the west, Sehna Tehsil towards the north, and Maur Tehsil towards the south.

Rampura Phul, [[Maur Mandi|Maur]], [[Barnala]], and Bathinda are the nearby cities to Gill Kalan.

==Demographics==
[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the local language here.

==Transport==
Rampura Bus Stand is the very nearby bus stand to Gill kalan.

===By Rail===
Jethuke Railway Station, Rampura Phul Railway Station are the very nearby railway stations to Gill Kalan. However, [[Bathinda railway station|Bhatinda Jn Railway station]] is major railway station 38 km near to Gill Kalan.

==Education==

===Nearby colleges===

*Mata Sundri Girls College Dhade
Address : Dikh Road
*Jyoti B.ed. College
Address : Rampura Punjab

===Schools===
* PATH FINDER GLOBAL SCHOOL
ADDRESS : RAMPURA GILL KALAN ROAD (CONTACT NO. 99880-23888)
*GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL GILL KALAN
ADDRESS : GILL KALAN, TEHSIL RAMPURA ,BATHINDA,PUNJAB. PIN- 151103, P.O. RAMPURA PHUL

==Banks==
Bank: [[State Bank of India]]

==ATM==
ATM: [[State Bank of India]]

* Address: VPO Gill Kalan, Dist Bhatinda
* State: Punjab
* District: Bathinda
* Branch: Gill Kalan
* Contact: 01651-234043
* IFSC Code: SBIN0010750<ref>{{cite web |url=https://banksifsccode.org/state_bank_of_india/punjab/bhatinda/gill_kalan |title=State Bank Of India, Gill Kalan branch - IFSC, MICR Code, Address, Contact Details, etc. |accessdate=2020-10-05}}</ref> (used for RTGS, IMPS and NEFT transactions)
* Branch Code: Last six characters of IFSC Code represent Branch code.
* MICR Code: 151002171

==Religion==
[[Gurudwara]] Shri Patshahi Chhevin Sahib

Related to:-
[[Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji]]

Address
* Village Gilla Kalan
* District :- Bathinda
* State :- Punjab.
* Phone Number :-

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

===Gill Kalan Data===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="300px" | Particulars!!Total!!Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses||'''184'''||-||-
|-
| Population||'''3,880'''||2,024||1,856
|-
| Child (0-6)||'''411'''||223||188
|-
| Schedule Caste||'''1,443'''||755||688
|-
| Schedule Tribe||'''0'''||0||0
|-
| Literacy||'''61.49 %'''||66.85 %||55.70 %
|-
| Total Workers||'''1,819'''||1,186||633
|-
| Main Worker||'''1,299'''||0||0
|-
| Marginal Worker||'''520'''||270||250
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bathinda district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bathinda district]]

H. K. Kesavan

2025-12-08T01:30:12Z

Freelaw67:

{{Short description|Indian academic (1926–2014)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{indian name|Kesavan|Krishnaswamy}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = [[Hiremagalur]] Krishnaswamy Kesavan
| image = HKKesavan2002.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1926|6|14}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Mysore State (now [[Karnataka]]), India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2014|11|26|1926|6|14}}
| death_place = [[Waterloo, Ontario]], Canada
| field = [[Electrical engineering]]<br />[[Systems theory]]<br />[[Information theory]]
| alma_mater = [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]]<br />[[University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign]]<br />[[Michigan State University]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]]<br />[[University of Waterloo]]
| doctoral_advisor = Herman E. Koenig
| doctoral_students=
| known_for = [[Linear graph theory]], entropy optimization
| prizes =
}}
'''Hiremagalur Krishnaswamy Kesavan''', known as '''H. K. Kesavan''' (14 June 1926 – 26 November 2014), was an Indian professor in the Faculty of Engineering at the [[University of Waterloo]], Ontario, Canada.

==Early life and education==
H.K. Kesavan was born on 14 June 1926 in Bangalore, India, to a [[Hebbar Iyengar]] family.<ref name="IRE Transactions on Education 1961">[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4322205 ''IRE Transactions on Education''], Vol. 4, Issue 3, pub. Sept. 1961, p. 128 (visited 26 November 2014)</ref> He received his undergraduate degrees in science and engineering from the Central College and the Government Engineering College (now called [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]]) in [[Bangalore]]. He received his M.S. degree from the [[University of Illinois]] in 1956 and his Ph.D. from [[Michigan State University]] in 1959, both in electrical engineering. He was an instructor at Michigan State from 1956 to 1959, and assistant professor in 1959–1960.<ref name="IRE Transactions on Education 1961"/>

==Career==
===Early career, 1960-1963===
In 1960, he was appointed as associate professor at the [[University of Waterloo]],<ref name="IRE Transactions on Education 1961"/> eventually serving as chairman of the Electrical Engineering department. During this time, he also spent a year back at Michigan State where he finished co-authoring his first book, ''Analysis of Discrete Physical Systems'', co-authored with Herman Koenig and Yilmaz Tokad and published several years later.<ref>''Analysis of Discrete Physical Systems'', H. E. Koenig, H. K. Kesavan, and Y. Tokad, McGraw-Hill (1967)</ref>

===IIT Kanpur, 1964-1968===
For a period of five years, he returned to India to serve as the first chairman of Electrical Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] and concurrently as head of its nationally significant Computer Centre. He was also the first Dean of Research and Development at the IIT.<ref>See generally ''An Eye for Excellence: Fifty Innovative Years of IIT Kanpur'' by E. C. Subbarao, HarperCollins (2008). A picture of Prof. Kesavan giving a tour of the Computer Centre to Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on 17 September 1966 appears on p. 276.</ref>

===Waterloo, 1968-1991===
He returned to Waterloo to serve as the founding chairman of the Department of Systems Design engineering. He has published numerous technical papers and books on [[systems theory]], applications of [[linear graph theory]] and [[entropy]] optimization principles.

==Science and philosophy==
Kesavan maintained a lifelong interest in the philosophical aspects of science. His book, ''Science and Spirituality'' presents a global view of [[Vedic]] philosophy from the insights that science and spirituality provide.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==External links==
* [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/facts-and-arguments/lives-lived-hiremagalur-k-kesavan-88/article24486824/ H.K. Kesavan remembrance], ''The Globe and Mail'', 20 May 2015
* [http://sites.google.com/site/hkkesavan/hk-kesavan-publications Books and papers (up to 1992) by H.K. Kesavan]
* [http://www.hkkesavan.com Memorial website (contains extended biography)]
* [http://www.spiritualeducation.org/people/H.%20K.%20Kesavan H.K. Kesavan biography] from the Spiritual Heritage Education Network

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kesavan, H. K.}}
[[Category:University of Illinois alumni]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian engineering academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Waterloo]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Canada]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics]]

Anil Madhav Dave

2025-11-25T05:29:03Z

Freelaw67: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Minister of State]]<br> [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| image = Anil Dave.jpg
| term_start = 5 July 2016
| term_end = 18 May 2017
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| successor = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| office1 = [[Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = August 2009
| term_end1 = 18 May 2017
| constituency1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1956|07|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Badnagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|5|18|1956|7|6|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = Gujarati College, [[Indore]]
| profession = Environmentalist, politician
| religion =
}}

'''Anil Madhav Dave''' (6 July 1956 – 18 May 2017) was an Indian [[environmentalist]] and politician. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], he served as the [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] in the [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi ministry]] from July 2016 till the time of his death in May 2017.<ref>{{ citation |title=Environment Minister Anil Madhav Dave dead, he was 60| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/anil-madhav-dave-dead-environment-minister/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
===As environmentalist===
Passionate about the revival of the [[Narmada River]], Dave founded Narmada Samagra, an organization to work towards it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Banerjee|first1=Kritika|title=Anil Madhav Dave was passionate about Narmada river revival, often cycled to Parliament|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anil-madhav-dave-dead-environment-minister-narmada-revival-cycled-to-parliament-977756-2017-05-18|work=India Today|access-date=20 May 2017|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> In a 2015 interview, he claimed human activity to be responsible for floods of the Narmada, the water of which is stored in the trees and mountains of its bank that seeps into it forming the actual [[catchment area]]. He held the release of chemicals into the catchment area responsible for aiding [[climate change]] in the region, and added that, "Climate change, in near future, will reduce Narmada into a cricket pitch as the river will die due to irresponsible human activities."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=Ashok|title=Climate change will turn Narmada into a cricket pitch: Anil Dave|url=http://southasia.oneworld.net/newsmakers/climate-change-will-turn-narmada-into-a-cricket-pitch-anil-dave|publisher=southasia.oneworld.net|accessdate=20 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520130537/http://southasia.oneworld.net/newsmakers/climate-change-will-turn-narmada-into-a-cricket-pitch-anil-dave|archivedate=20 May 2017|date=9 January 2015}}</ref> He opposed big river projects and felt that those older than 20 years must go through social and economic audit to evaluate what was gained and lost from them.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sinha|first1=Amitabh|title=Meet new Environment Minister Anil Madhav Dave|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/left-right-in-between-meet-new-environment-minister-anil-madhav-dave-2902488/|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=20 May 2017|date=9 July 2016}}</ref> He advocated for natural farming against [[Genetically modified crops|use of genetically modified seeds]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Natural farming is always better: Dave|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/natural-farming-is-always-better-dave/346675/|work=The Financial Express|accessdate=20 May 2017|date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

===Political career===
Dave was a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]) since 2009.<ref name=ie0716>{{citation |title=Modi cabinet reshuffle: Anil Madhav Dave is a leader who comes with strong RSS roots |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/modi-cabinet-reshuffle-anil-madhav-dave-is-a-leader-who-comes-with-strong-rss-roots-2895142 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2115 |title=Detailed Profile: Shri Anil Madhav Dave |work=[[National Informatics Centre|NIC, New Delhi]], [[Government of India]] |date= 21 May 2015 }}</ref>

He was a member of various committees including the Committee on Water Resources and the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. He was also a member of the Parliamentary Forum on Global Warming and Climate Change from March 2010 to June 2010.<ref name=ie0716/>

He was appointed the [[Minister of State (India)|Minister of State]] (MoS) independent charge of [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] in the [[Modi Government]]'s cabinet expansion on 5 July 2016.<ref name=ie0716/>

On 15 August 2016, in the strongest statement of India's move towards an Asbestos-free country, Dave categorically stated "Since the use of [[asbestos]] is affecting human health, its usage should gradually be minimised and ended. As far as I know, its use is declining, but it must end".<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Will-look-for-alternatives-to-carcinogenic-asbestos-Mantri/articleshow/53703528.cms |title=Will look for alternatives to carcinogenic asbestos: Environment Minister |last=Mohani |first=Vishwa |date=15 August 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 May 2017 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dave was born on 6 July 1956 in the city of [[Badnagar]], in the [[Ujjain district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], to Pushpa Devi and Madhav Dave.<ref name="zoo">{{cite web|title=ANIL MADHAV DAVE|url=http://cza.nic.in/Honble_Min_CV_AMD.pdf|website=[[Central Zoo Authority of India]]|publisher=cza.nic.in|accessdate=18 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518045302/http://cza.nic.in/Honble_Min_CV_AMD.pdf|archivedate=18 May 2017}}</ref> He earned his master's degree in commerce from Gujarati College, [[Indore]], specializing in Rural Development and Management. He also began his political career during this time, taking part in the [[Bihar Movement|JP Movement]], and was elected the college president. He was also a cadet of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps']] Air Wing.<ref>{{cite web|title=ANIL MADHAV DAVE|url=http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/Honble_Min_CV_AMD-New.pdf|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|publisher=envfor.nic.in|accessdate=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622231958/http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/Honble_Min_CV_AMD-New.pdf|archive-date=22 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dave joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and identified himself as its "swayamsewak" (volunteer).

=== Death ===
Dave complained of uneasiness on the morning of 18 May 2017 at his residence in [[Safdarjung Road]], [[New Delhi]]. He was brought to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] at 8:45 a.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) in a state of [[cardiac arrest]]. Efforts to revive him failed and was pronounced dead at 9:45 a.m. (IST).<ref>{{cite news|title=Environment Minister Anil Dave passes away|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/environment-minister-anil-dave-passes-away/20170518.htm|accessdate=18 May 2017|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> He had been diagnosed with [[pneumonia]] early in 2017 and had not completely recovered.<ref>{{cite news|title=After Anil Dave's sudden death, Union Minister Harsh Vardhan to hold additional charges of Environment ministry|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/after-anil-daves-sudden-death-union-minister-harsh-vardhan-to-hold-additional-charges-of-environment-ministry/674539/|accessdate=18 May 2017|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|location=New Delhi|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> He was unmarried.<ref name="zoo"/> In a [[Will and testament|will]] written in July 2012, he had expressed a wish that his funeral be performed in accordance to [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic rituals]] and "if possible, cremation ... be performed on the banks of river Narmada at Bandrabhan where Nadi Mahotsav was organised". He had added, "If you want to cherish my memories, plant trees and save them. This would give me pleasure."<ref>{{cite news|title=Pall of gloom descends at Dave's home in MP; 2-day state mourning|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8714729_Pall-of-gloom-descends-at-Dave-s-home-in-MP--2-day-state.html|location=[[Bhopal]]|accessdate=18 May 2017|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> In accordance with his wishes, the funeral was carried out in Bandrabhan, on the banks of the River Narmada, in Madhya Pradesh's [[Narmadapuram district]] at 10 a.m. (IST) on 19 May with [[21-gun salute|full state honours]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Union minister Anil Dave cremated|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8717593_Union-minister-Anil-Dave-cremated.html|accessdate=19 May 2017|work=Press Trust of India|date=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dave's body brought to Bhopal, funeral tomorrow morning|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8716920_Dave-s-body-brought-to-Bhopal--funeral-tomorrow-morning.html|accessdate=19 May 2017|work=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Dave was the second minister in Modi cabinet to die, the first being [[Gopinath Munde]], former minister for rural development, who died in a car accident a week after his swearing-in ceremony.

==Publications==
* ''From [[Amarkantak]] to Amarkantak''<ref name=ie0716/>
* ''Beyond [[Copenhagen]]''<ref name=ie0716/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Prakash Javadekar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|years=5 July 2016 – 18 May 2017<br /> ''Minister of State with Independent charge''}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]}}
{{s-end}}

==External links==
* [http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2115 Anil Dave, Rajya Sabha Profile]

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dave, Anil}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ujjain]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Dhunki

2025-11-23T14:51:31Z

Freelaw67: brief add information for clarity and added references as per guidelines

{{short description|2019 Gujarati-language drama film}}
{{Distinguish|Dunki (disambiguation){{!}}Dunki}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhunki
| image = Dhunki poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Anish Shah
| producer = Kuldip Patel<br/>Jay Shah<br/>Anish Shah
| writer = Anish Shah<br/>Kuldip Patel
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pratik Gandhi]]
* [[Deeksha Joshi]]
* Vishal Shah
* [[Kaushambi Bhatt]]
}}
| music = Siddharth Bhavsar
| cinematography = Sreekumar Nair
| editing = Sreekumar Nair
| studio = November Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|7|26}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dhunki''''' ({{Translation|Trance}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] drama film directed by Anish Shah and produced by Kuldip Patel, Jay Shah, and Anish Shah himself under the banner of November Films. The film starring [[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Deeksha Joshi]], Vishal Shah, [[Kaushambi Bhatt]], revolves around two partners (played by Gandhi and Joshi), who face challenges to establish their [[startup company]]. It was released on 26 July 2019.<ref name="release">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/pratik-and-deekshas-next-film-is-titled-dhunki/articleshow/69800170.cms|title=Pratik and Deeksha's next film is titled Dhunki|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011134620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/pratik-and-deekshas-next-film-is-titled-dhunki/articleshow/69800170.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cast deeksha">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/deeksha-joshi-shares-the-motion-poster-of-her-upcoming-film-dhunki/articleshow/70039419.cms|title=Deeksha Joshi shares the motion poster of her upcoming film 'Dhunki'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708003433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/deeksha-joshi-shares-the-motion-poster-of-her-upcoming-film-dhunki/articleshow/70039419.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Nikunj ([[Pratik Gandhi]]) and Shreya ([[Deeksha Joshi]]) work for a software company where they are QA lead and an app developer respectively. Nikunj's career takes a turn for worse when during one of the presentations of a new app to client Mr. Shroff (Jaimini Pathak) it crashes. The entire blame is transferred to Nikunj but already being overworked he decides to quit the job. He tries to get a job at different companies in Ahmedabad but since they can't match the package he finds himself jobless. During one such interview visits, he has food outside and realizes he can do a better job of cooking. Since he likes cooking and finds it relaxing too, he decides to pursue his passion as a career.

As Nikunj progresses through his business he soon realizes he can't manage the orders through traditional methods. That’s when Shreya proposes he should build an app and Nikunj decides to have Shreya onboard to handle the technology and marketing side of things. As the startup grows, work hours become unmanageable causing trouble in maintaining the work-life balance for both the partners, especially for Shreya as she is about to marry a doctor who is skeptical about the startup idea. Nikunj and Shreya deal with challenges in finding the right investor, keeping the business afloat and while doing so also managing their personal life challenges. As they fail to find the investor, their startup has burnt through all the money and all of their staff has either left or has been relieved due to finances. The duo go to deliver an order who is a regular customer who turns out to be Mr. Shroff. He listens to their challenges and asks them to pitch their startup to him for venture capital.

==Cast==

*[[Pratik Gandhi]] as Nikunj
*[[Deeksha Joshi]] as Shreya
*Vishal Shah as Hardik
* [[Kaushambi Bhatt]] as Ankita
*Jaimini Pathak as Mr. Shroff
*Dipak Shekhar as Delivery boy

==Production==
The title of the film was suggested by lyricist, [[Niren Bhatt]].<ref name="release"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhunki
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2019|7|17}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:34
| label = November Films
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music for the film is composed by Siddharth Amit Bhavsar and lyrics are written by [[Niren Bhatt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/dhunki|title=Dhunki MP3 Songs Download|website=[[Gaana]]|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717163457/https://gaana.com/album/dhunki|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| total_length = 14:34
| headline = Track list
| all_music =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dhunki
| lyrics1 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| extra1 = {{nowrap|Siddharth Amit Bhavsar, Yashika Sikka}}
| length1 = 3:10
| title2 = Nazam Navi
| lyrics2 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| extra2 = {{nowrap|[[Jigardan Gadhavi]]}}
| length2 = 3:45
| title3 = Rasta Khovaaya
| lyrics3 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| extra3 = {{nowrap|Siddharth Amit Bhavsar}}
| length3 = 3:37
| title4 = Navu Aa Sapnu
| lyrics4 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| extra4 = {{nowrap|Soham Naik, Yashita Sharma}}
| length4 = 4:02
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 26 July 2019.<ref name="release"/> It released on streaming platform [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 25 August 2019.

==Reception==
The film received positive reviews. Abhimanyu Mishra writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed it positively saying, "Overall, the film is pleasing to watch. Brilliant performances, amazing direction and great music surely come together for an effort that’s praiseworthy. If you are a dreamer and want to follow what you desire, Dhunki is what you need." He rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/dhunki/movie-review/70396592.cms|title=Dhunki movie review|author=Abhimanyu Mishra|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810120935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/dhunki/movie-review/70396592.cms|url-status=live}} {{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'' reviewed positively, praised it for acting and details and rated it 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhunki Movie Review:એક સપનું પુરુ કરવાની સ્ટ્રગલ એટલે 'ધૂનકી'|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment/articles/gujarati-film-dhunki-movie-review-star-cast-prateek-gandhi--deeksha-joshi-vishal-shah-100930|work=[[Mid-Day]]|author=Bhavin Raval|date=27 July 2019|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727092721/https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment/articles/gujarati-film-dhunki-movie-review-star-cast-prateek-gandhi--deeksha-joshi-vishal-shah-100930|url-status=live}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref>

==Accolades==

[[Deeksha Joshi]] won Best Actress-Gujarati award at Critics Choice Film Awards 2020.

[[Kaushambi Bhatt]] won GIFA -Gujarati Iconic Film Award in Best Supporting Actress category.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Facebook}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]

National Space Science Symposium

2025-10-23T06:29:13Z

Freelaw67: data.

'''National Space Science Symposium''' is a biennial convention organized by [[ISRO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/vssc-to-host-national-space-science-symposium/article8202633.ece|title=VSSC to host national space science symposium|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/National-Space-Science-Symposium-begins-at-VSSC/articleshow/50925848.cms|title=National Space Science Symposium begins at VSSC - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref> The [[Academic conference|symposium]] is primarily for researchers working in the field of [[Atmospheric sciences|atmospheric]], [[Space science|space]] and [[Planetary science|planetary]] sciences, [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]], solar system bodies and their exploration.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:ISRO]]

Naga National Council

2025-10-22T04:53:07Z

Freelaw67: cleaned up references also and added references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox political party
| name =
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| colorcode = 
| leader =
| president =
| chairperson =
| secretary =
| general_secretary =
| first_secretary =
| secretary_general =
| presidium =
| governing_body =
| standing_committee =
| predecessor = Naga Hills District Tribal Council, Naga Club
| successor = [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]]
| spokesperson =
| founder =
| founded = {{start date|1946}}
| headquarters =
| ideology = [[Naga nationalism]], [[Separatism]]
| international =
| website =
| country =
}}
The '''Naga National Council''' ('''NNC''') was a political organization and a tribal government of [[Naga people]] in the erstwhile [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills district]] of [[Assam]] (present-day [[Nagaland]]) in [[Northeast India]]. It was active from the late 1940s to the early 1950s. It evolved out of the Naga Hills District Tribal Council, an organization established in 1945 by the Deputy Commissioner of the Naga Hills district. The group was reorganized to form NNC in 1946 at Sanis (in present-day [[Wokha district]]), with T. Aliba Imti Ao as the President, and other democratically elected Naga representatives as its members. The organisation consisted of modernist educated elites, who were also officials of the government in various capacities. They were edged out by the hardline Naga leader [[Zapu Phizo]] towards the end of 1949,{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|loc=p. 105: "The middle class youth which took over its leadership soon left the organisation to the extremist leadership of Phizo, who converted the Naga National Council into a central organisation of the 'traditional' authorities."}} who then took over the organisation
and turned it into a secessionist platform.

== Antecedents ==
In April 1945, the deputy commissioner of the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]], [[Charles Pawsey|C. R. Pawsey]], established the Naga Hills District Tribal Council as a forum of the various Naga groups in the district.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=73–74}} This body replaced an earlier organization called [[Naga Club]], and in February 1946, it was reorganized as a political organization called Naga National Council (NNC).{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=73–74}} NNC's objective was to work out the terms of relationship with the [[Government of India]] after the [[British India|British]] withdrawal.

== Organization ==
The president of the NNC was T. Aliba Imti Ao. He was the son of an Imtilepden{{What?|date=April 2025}} of Lonjang village, he was the first teacher amongst the Nagas and also served as a pastor. Imti Ao was a graduate from St. Edmund's College, Shillong and had been the secretary of the Hills Students' Federation, an affiliate of the [[All India Students Federation]] (AISF). The joint secretary of the NNC was [[T. Sakhrie]], an [[Angami people|Angami]].{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=150}}

NNC had two central councils, one each at [[Kohima]] and [[Mokokchung]]. Each central council was split into a number of tribal councils, which were further split into sub-tribal councils. Generally, a sub-tribal council was formed with five villages. Members were not elected, but chosen by the NNC leadership.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=149–150}}

The Kohima Central Council consisted of 12 members, of whom seven belonged to the [[Angami Naga|Angami]] tribe. It was presided over by a [[Liangmai Naga people|Liangmei]] school teacher of Kohima.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=150}}

The Mokokchung Central Council had 15 members, of whom five were [[Ao people|Ao]], four [[Sema (tribe)|Sema]], three [[Lotha Naga|Lotha]], two [[Sangtam Naga|Sangtam]], and one [[Chang Naga|Chang]]. The [[Konyak people|Konyak]]s had not attended the first meeting of the council, and were not represented. There was no representation from the unadministered area.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=150}}

== Demand for autonomy ==
In a memorandum presented to the British Government in June 1945, the NNC demanded an autonomous status for the Naga region.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

When the report of the [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]] was published, NNC passed a resolution on 19 June 1946 at [[Wokha]] in Mokokchung division.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=73–74}} It stated that it was against grouping of [[Assam]] in [[Bengal]], and wanted the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] to be included in an autonomous Assam in the independent India. It further emphasized local autonomy for the Naga Hills District, and a separate electorate for the Naga tribes.

In November 1946, [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], the Premier of Assam visited the district.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=74}} The Nagas respected the Assamese politicians like Gopinath Bordoloi and [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]], and showed cordiality to Bordoloi in November 1946.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=151–152}}

In February 1947, the NNC council passed a resolution at [[Kohima]]. As a result of this resolution, on 20 February 1947, it submitted a proposal for interim Government of Nagas, under a "Guardian Power" for a period of ten years. They didn't explicitly state who the "Guardian Power" should be (Government of India, the Provincial Government or His Majesty's Government).{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=74}}

In June 1947, Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] wrote to the Naga National Council (NNC) secretary, T. Sakhrie, saying that the Indian government is against the separate electorates, as they "limit and injure the small group by keeping it separated from rest of the nation."<ref name="Ranabir_Samaddar">{{cite book
| last = Samaddar
| first = Ranabir
| title = The Politics of Dialogue: Living Under the Geopolitical Histories of War and Peace
| publisher = Ashgate
| year = 2004
| oclc = 56466278
| isbn = 978-0-7546-3607-6
| pages = 171–173
}}</ref>

=== Talks with the Bordoloi subcommittee ===
In 1947, the Bordoloi subcommittee of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]{{efn|This subcommittee was tasked with recommending measures for the administration of the tribal areas of [[Northeast India]], in particular the "[[Excluded Area]]s" and "Partially Excluded Areas". Its members included the Khasi leader [[J. J. M. Nichols-Roy]] and Bodo leader [[Rupnath Brahma]].{{sfn|Choudhury, Northeast India|2023|pp=82–83}} The subcommittee eventually formulated the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].}} came to Kohima for discussions with the Naga leaders. The Kohima Central Council of NNC was reluctant to nominate a person for [[co-option]] to the Bordoloi subcommittee. The Bordoloi subcommittee was constituted with Mayangnokcha Ao as a member, but he did not accept the position. Hence, Aliba was taken in his place.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=151–152}}

When the subcommittee reached Kohima, NNC did not have a permanent president. The committee had received a list of organizations to be interviewed from the deputy commissioner Pawsey, but Pawsey himself was away. [[Kevichüsa Angami]], the senior extra assistant commissioner at Kohima, acted as the guardian angel of the NNC.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=150–151}}

The secretary of the subcommittee observed:{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=150–151}}
{{cquote|On the whole, the attitude of the NNC and the general atmosphere seemed to have taken an unpleasant turn, since the (Assam) Premier's visit (in November 1946). It was clearly perceived that the Council was now dominated by certain Angami leaders like Kevichüsa and Lungalang and the more reasonable elements were prevented from asserting themselves
(a) on account of the Naga system of not deciding matters by a majority but by a general agreement only, and
(b) by the threat of force which seemed to hold the NNC together.}}

The non-Naga groups of [[Dimapur]] were also presented before the subcommittee, and spoke against the NNC. The subcommittee did not visit the other subdivision, Mokokchung.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=151}} The Bordoloi report was vetoed by the Angami member, Kezehol, but accepted by the Sema member, Khetloushe. Khetloushe replaced Kezehol, when the latter resigned during the last meeting of the subcommittee.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=151}} The Bordoloi subcommittee concluded that "many of them (Naga leaders) were inclined to take moderate views on the lines of the original resolution passed at Wokha, but in view of the intransigence of certain other members, probably of the Angami group, they were prevented from doing so."{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=151–152}}

=== Nine-Points Agreement ===
Aliba Imti continued to strive for a settlement between the Government and the NNC members. As a result of his efforts, on 26 June 1947, Sir [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]], the Governor of Assam, reached a Nine-Points Agreement with the Naga leaders.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chadha
| first = Vivek
| title = Low Intensity Conflicts In India: An Analysis
| publisher = [[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]
| year = 2005
| oclc = 56356140
| isbn = 0-7619-3325-5
| page = 477
| chapter = Appendix M - 10 Year Akbar Hydari Agreement: June 1947
}}</ref> It was decided that the Nagas would be granted judicial, executive and legislative powers, as well as autonomy in land-related matters. There was a ten-year guarantee of these provisions at the end of which the Nagas could choose between extending the agreement or a new agreement. The Naga leaders were also promised unification of Naga territories from nearby districts into the Naga Hills District. However, the Constituent Assembly refused to ratify the Hydari accord.<ref name="Ranabir_Samaddar"/> The Naga leaders envisaged a sovereign state with India as a "Guardian Power" for ten years, while the Indian Constituent Assembly concluded that the Nine Points Agreement guaranteed only a "district autonomy within the Indian Constitution".

== Rise of Phizo and the secessionist ideology ==
Until 1949, the hardline Naga leader [[Angami Zapu Phizo]] did not have an important role in NNC. He led a separate organisation called People's Independence League, working towards a demand of independence.{{sfn|Choudhury, Northeast India|2023|pp=84–85}} He met the [[Assamese people|Assamese]], [[Garo people|Garos]], [[Khasi people|Khasis]], [[Lushai]]s, [[Galo tribe|Abors]], [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]]s and [[Meitei people|Meiteis]] leaders in an attempt to convince them to form independent countries of their own, instead of joining the Union of India. However, his efforts failed.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In July 1947, as Phizo had set out to take a delegation to Delhi to meet national leaders, the Deputy Commissioner Pawsey sent a telegram, via Governor Hydari, stating that they represent an "unimportant minority" and that they should be ignored.{{sfn|Choudhury, Northeast India|2023|p=84}} Perhaps the telegram arrived too late, the delegation did meet Gandhi and stated their intention to declare independence. According to one version, Gandhi is said to have replied, "I feel that Naga Hills is mine just as it is yours. But if you say that it is not mine, the matter must stop there... If you do not wish to join the Union of India nobody will force you to that."{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=153–154}}

The NNC secretary T. Sakhrie had expressed fears in a letter to Gandhi that the Indian government might use military force to occupy the Naga territory by force. Gandhi assured the Naga delegation that he would go to Kohima, and he would be "the first to be shot before any Naga is killed".<ref name="Ranabir_Samaddar"/>

=== Declaration of independence ===
On 14 August 1947, one day before India gained its independence, Phizo sent a telegram to United Nations and Delhi announcing his organisation's resolve to lead a free Naga nation. The telegram was intercepted by the district administration and never delivered.{{sfn|Choudhury, Northeast India|2023|pp=67, 84–85}}
On 15 August, Phizo declared the independence of Nagaland.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=154}} Scholar Shibani Chaube states that there is nothing to indicate that NNC as a party had anything to do with the declaration.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=154}}

The hardliners led by Phizo gradually increased their influence over the NNC. Phizo became the 4th NNC president in October–November 1949 after defeating Vizar Angami of Zakhama village by a margin of one vote; the vote was held in the absence of most of the other leaders.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=154}} Under his leadership, the NNC inclined towards seeking secession from India.

The Government of independent India continued the British policy of isolating the North-East. The Naga Hills District was placed in Part A tribal areas category, as an Autonomous District administered by the Government of Assam, with a limited representation in the Assam State Legislative Assembly and in the National Parliament. The Naga Tribal Area ([[Tuensang district|Tuensang]]) was placed in the Part B tribal areas category, which was administered by the Governor of Assam acting as Agent of the President of India.<ref name="integration_north_east">{{cite web
| last = Inoue | first = Kyoko
| title = Integration of the North East: the State Formation Process
| publisher = Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization
| url = http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Jrp/pdf/jrp_133_01.pdf
| access-date = 2008-03-20
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030212058/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Jrp/pdf/jrp_133_01.pdf  |archive-date = 2007-10-30}}</ref>

=== Plebiscite ===
In February 1950, the NNC declared that it would hold a referendum to decide the issue of Naga sovereignty. The Government of India condemned NNC as "the voice of the misguided", and rejected NNC's proposal. Nevertheless, NNC decided to conduct a plebiscite on 16 May 1951 and claimed that 99.9% of the Nagas wanted independence from India. Since it is not clear who actually participated in the plebiscite, the inflated percentage is doubtful.<ref>
{{cite web
| last = Jassal
| first = R. S.
| title= The Truth And Naga Issue
| url = http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/October2002/nagaissue31_1.htm
| access-date = 11 August 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041215190948/http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/October2002/nagaissue31_1.htm
| archive-date = 15 December 2004}}
</ref> Several of the Naga people inhabited the territory outside the region in which NNC was active. Also, the bulk of the educated Naga people worked outside the region, and the Indian Government had banned its employees from participating in the plebiscite. The Indian Government and the Government of Assam rejected the result.

Phizo met Nehru in December 1951 near Tezpur in Assam, in March 1952 at Delhi, and in July 1952 at Dibrugarh.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=154}} He was arrested in Burma for [[illegal entry]].

The first Indian general elections were held in 1952, which were boycotted by the separatist leaders.<ref name="Ranabir_Samaddar"/> The NNC vice-president, Imkongmeren Ao, submitted a memorandum to Nehru on 18 October 1952, complaining against killing of a Naga, and reminding him of Nagas' desire for independence.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=154}}

In 1953, a meeting was organized between the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the Burmese Prime Minister U Nu, to decide on borders between India and Burma. The separatist leaders termed the meeting as the process of dividing Naga territory between the two countries. Nehru and U Nu visited the Naga areas in India and Burma. On 30 March 1953, when they visited [[Kohima]], the deputy commissioner of the district disallowed the NNC delegation from meeting Nehru, apparently without Nehru's knowledge.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=154–155}} Consequently, Nehru's public meeting was boycotted by NNC and its sympathizers.

After NNC's decision to boycott the Government of India, many posters and letters threatening Government employees (especially the Nagas) appeared. As a result, the Government launched a widespread police action against the NNC. On 4 April 1953, the police raided the house of T. Sakhrie. On 7 April, guns were seized from several villages in raids. On 3 May, the Assam police and the Assam Rifles launched a massive raid on Khonoma, the village of Phizo. On 26 May 1953, the Assam Maintenance of Public Order (Autonomous Districts) was enacted and on 14 July, it was applied in the Naga Hills District.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=155}}

On 12 August 1953, the Naga tribal councils and the tribal courts were dissolved. A few days later, the Kohima Government School was temporarily closed after 19 students boycotted the Indian Independence Day celebrations on 15 August, and threatened to assault the teachers and students who joined the celebrations.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=155}}

Some days later, a goodwill mission of [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee|APCC]] led by its President Bimala Prasada Chaliha visited Naga Hills District. It was followed by another goodwill mission of the Assam Unit of the [[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP), led by its president, Hareswar Goswami. In return, Naga Goodwill mission led by Phizo's niece Rano M. Iralu (the President of Naga Women's Federation) visited Assam from 30 November to 15 December 1953.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|p=156}}

=== Decline ===
In September 1954, Phizo formed the "People's Sovereign Republic of Free Nagaland", with the support of Chang chiefs of Tuensang.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=156–157}} He reorganized the NNC setup, as the chances of a peaceful settlement declined. In 1955, the Angami leaders T. Sakhrie (who had served the secretary of NNC since its inception) and Zasokie broke off with Phizo at a meeting in the Khonoma village. Phizo got Sakhrie murdered in January 1956.{{sfn|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999|pp=156–157}} Other leaders who dissented with Phizo, such as [[John Bosco Jasokie|Jasokie]] and Silie, had to ask for refuge from the Indian Government.<ref name="Ranabir_Samaddar"/> Thus, the NNC virtually collapsed.

In January 1956, the Naga Hills District was declared a "Disturbed Area", putting it under the Indian Army's command. On 22 March 1956 Phizo formed the "Naga Central Government", which was later renamed to "Federal Government of Nagaland" (FGN) in 1959.<ref name="integration_north_east" /> The new organization had a military wing to encounter the Indian soldiers, who were accused of human rights violations by the separatists.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Phizo escaped to [[East Pakistan]] in December 1956, from where he went to [[London]].<ref name="integration_north_east"/>

The secessionist movement declined to a great extent after the formation of [[Nagaland]] as a new state of India in 1963, with the Naga leader [[P. Shilu Ao]] as its chief minister. Several Naga rebel groups continued the insurgency, but the scale of violence decreased considerably. On 11 November 1975, a 6-member delegation, which included Phizo's brother Kevi Yallay, signed the [[Shillong Accord of 1975|Shillong Peace Accord]] with the Government of India.<ref name="RV_2000">{{cite book |author=Reisang Vashum |title=Nagas' Rights to Self Determination: An Anthropological-historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiHhNkvrWvwC&pg=PA93 |year=2000 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-774-0 |pages=93–94 }}</ref>

NNC's Vice President [[Isak Chishi Swu]] and General Secretary [[Thuingaleng Muivah]] denounced the Accord, calling it a "complete sellout of the Naga rights".<ref name="RV_2000"/> On 21 November, Isak, Muivah, Lorho, Venuh, Moire and Pamrei officially condemned the Accord, dubbing its supporters as traitors. However, on 2 December, the FGN endorsed the Accord at a meeting held at Dihoma. Both the factions sought Phizo's views. But Phizo, who was in London, neither endorsed nor condemned the Accord.<ref name="ASAShimray_2005">{{cite book |author=A. S. Atai Shimray |title=Let Freedom Ring?: Story of Naga Nationalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQSV50-O5-IC&pg=PA103 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-61-3 |pages=103–104 }}</ref>

Subsequently, in 1980, a faction led by Isak, Muivah and SS Khaplang broke away from NNC to form the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN), which continued the secessionist activities.<ref>{{cite book |author=Professor Ranabir Samaddar |title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ON_DCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |date=28 May 2015 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4724-3493-7 |page=139 }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Chaube |first=Shibani Kinkar |title=Hill Politics in Northeast India |publisher=Orient Longman |orig-year=1973 |year=1999 |isbn=81-250-1695-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/hillpoliticsinno0000chau |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Chaube, Hill Politics in Northeast India|1999}}}}
* {{citation |first=Samrat |last=Choudhury |title=Northeast India: A Political History |publisher=Hurst |year=2023 |isbn=9781787389526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jerIEAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Choudhury, Northeast India|2023}}}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Political organizations established in 1945]]
[[Category:Naga nationalism]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]

2024 Mumbai stampede

2025-09-30T10:35:27Z

Freelaw67: starting post

#REDIRECT [[2024 Mumbai crowd crush]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sathaiyar

2025-09-23T06:41:59Z

Freelaw67: creating some pg more to come

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2016}}
{{one source|date=May 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Sathaiyar''' (Tamil:சாத்தையாறு) originates from [[sirumalai]] hills and flows southward and empties into Vaigai River. The basins covers an area of {{convert|819|km2|mi2}}. The total ayacut of the sub-basin is {{convert|4279.89|ha|acre}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iamwarm.gov.in/Environment/annexures.pdf |title=iamwarm |access-date=14 May 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226005848/http://www.iamwarm.gov.in/Environment/annexures.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Near [[Vadipatti]], [[Sathaiyar Dam]] has been constructed across this river for irrigation purpose.

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

{{Madurai-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Nandgaon

2025-07-15T14:28:38Z

Freelaw67: stub

'''Nandgaon''' may refer to:

* [[Nandgaon Khandeshwar]], town and a tehsil in Amravati subdivision, Maharashtra, India
* [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra]], a town in Nashik district of Maharashtra, India
** [[Nandgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]], one of the fifteen constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha
* [[Nandgaon, Mawal]], a village in Pune district of Maharashtra, India
* [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh]], a village in Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Rajnandgaon]], also known as Rajnandgaon or Nandgaon, a town in the,
**[[Rajnandgaon district]] in Chhattisgarh state of central India
**[[Nandgaon State]], a former princely state in central India
*[[Nandgaon, Jalgaon]]

{{disambig|geo}}

Rodrigues Home

2025-04-23T00:33:47Z

Freelaw67: made a stub from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = The Rodrigues Home
| image =
| caption =
| coordinates =
| location = [[Verna, Goa]], India
| building_type = [[Mansion]]
| status = Occupied
| known_for = Village folklore
}}

The '''Rodrigues Home''' is a [[mansion]] that is located in [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], in the Indian coastal state of [[Goa]]. The mansion has gained attention due to its association with numerous reported [[paranormal]] incidents. Described by ''[[The Times of India]]'' as "normal-looking," the mansion continues to be occupied by the [[Rodrigues (surname)|Rodrigues]] family.

==Folklore==
Hengul J Das and Shikha Gautam, affiliated with ''[[The Times of India]]'', have documented accounts from local residents regarding a peculiar belief surrounding the Rodrigues Home. According to these reports, the doors and windows of the house are said to exhibit an ability to open and close autonomously, while the lights within intermittently flicker. Furthermore, individuals have claimed that the cutlery within the house mysteriously moves without any discernible external cause. These reported phenomena have contributed to the house's reputation as a site imbued with an eerie and unsettling aura.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautam |first=Hengul J. Das and Shikha GautamHengul J. Das and Shikha |title=The spookiest places in Goa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-spookiest-places-in-goa/articleshow/48882018.cms |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228100132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-spookiest-places-in-goa/articleshow/48882018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

As per a report published by ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'', there have been documented instances of [[linens]] recurrently manifesting and disappearing within the household precisely at midnight, seemingly without any identifiable individual gaining entry to the premises.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning! Don't visit these 7 Haunted places in Goa |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/lifestyle/warning-dont-visit-these-7-haunted-places-in-goa |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026071428/https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/lifestyle/warning-dont-visit-these-7-haunted-places-in-goa |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fernando Monte da Silva, affiliated with ''The Goan Everyday'', has observed that the dwelling inhabited by the Rodrigues family stands as a testament to their fortitude. The collective sentiment within the village affirms that the incidents transpiring within the household are anything but commonplace, often evoking a sense of cinematic drama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeepers Creepers |url=http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Rec-Room/Jeepers-Creepers/01651.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021121810/http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Rec-Room/Jeepers-Creepers/01651.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In April 2021, the Rodrigues Home was described on episode 79 of the SYWK Podcast: Everything About Paranormal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=The Unknown Story of The Haunted Rodrigues Home in Goa {{!}} Goa Horror Series Part3 {{!}} EP79 |url=https://gaana.com/song/the-unknown-story-of-the-haunted-rodrigues-home-in-goa-goa-horror-series-part3-ep79 |access-date=2023-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015506/https://gaana.com/song/the-unknown-story-of-the-haunted-rodrigues-home-in-goa-goa-horror-series-part3-ep79 |archive-date=2023-10-23 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of reportedly haunted locations in India]]

==References==
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[[Category:Houses in Goa]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in India]]

Ajay Solanki

2025-02-28T14:35:42Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Ajay Solanki''' (born 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajay Solanki(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NAHAN(SIRMOUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=199 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Nahan Assembly constituency]] in [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur District]]. He won the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly election results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-8312715/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Congress wrests Himachal from BJP: Highlights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/himachal-pradesh/news/counting-of-votes-for-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-under-way-key-highlights/articleshow/96071841.cms |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Solanki is from [[Nahan]], Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh. He is the son of Madan Pal Singh. He passed Class 12 and later finished his B.A. first year in 1993 at Government College Kotshera, Shimla, but later discontinued his studies. His wife is a government teacher at Government Senior Secondary School, Nahan.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Solanki won from Nahan Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 35,291 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Rajeev Bindal]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 1,639 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nahan Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ajay Solanki Of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/nahan-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562081.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Nahan Election 2022 Final Results Live: Inc Candidate Ajay Solanki Wins From Nahan , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nahan-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-news-1568313 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners, seat-wise winning candidates of AAP, BJP, Congress |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/himachal-assembly-election-results-2022-full-list-winners-68-seat-wise-all-winning-candidates-name-himachal-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2545245.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to Rajeev Bindal of BJP by a narrow margin of 3,990 votes.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Sirmaur district]]

Kartikay

2025-02-08T11:59:13Z

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#REDIRECT [[Kartikeya]]

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