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Prithiraj Rava

2026-05-07T02:54:15Z

FredrickGreig: Started

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prithiraj Rava
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 21 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Tezpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| predecessor = [[Brindaban Goswami]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1959}}
| father = [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]]
| party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician, Ex Civil Servant.
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prithiraj Rava''' (born 1959) is a politician and film actor from [[Assam]].<ref name="Prithiraj_rava">[https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=168 prithiraj rabha]. Myneta.info. Retrieved on 25 june,2022.</ref> He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ndtv.in/elections/assam/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2021/prithiraj-rava-03073-10|title=Prithiraj Rava|work=NDTV|date=|access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref>
He is the son of [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]], an artist of Assam.<ref name="Rava">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/bishnu-ravas-son-hopes-to-ride-on-fathers-goodwill-to-win-tezpur-for-agp/articleshow/81463204.cms Bishnu Rava’s son hopes to ride on father’s goodwill to win Tezpur for AGP]. Timesofindia.com. Retrieved on 25 june 2022.</ref> He starred in the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] films ''Srimanta'' ''Sankardeva'' (2010), ''Ahetuk'', ''Lakhimi'' and ''[[Firingoti]]''.<ref name="Rava2">[https://www.magicalassam.com/2014/11/assamese-film-ahetuk-bani-das-gunjan-bhardwaj.html Ahetuk]. Magicalassam.com. Retrieved on 25 june 2022.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10093796}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rava, Prithiraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Assam]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}
{{India-film-actor-1950s-stub}}

Howrah–Jamalpur Kavi Guru Express

2026-05-06T14:38:20Z

FredrickGreig: Put up basic pg needs work.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah – Jamalpur Kavi Guru Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]], [[Kavi Guru Express]]
| first = 13 November 2011<ref>{{Cite web | title=Howrah-Bolpur Kavi Guru Express Train Timetable Chart {{!}} Bolpur-Shantiniketan-Howrah Train - Kolkata Bengal Information | url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2011/11/howrah-bolpur-kavi-guru-express-train.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906154158/http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2011/11/howrah-bolpur-kavi-guru-express-train.html | access-date=2026-02-14 | archive-date=2014-09-06}}</ref>
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 18
| end = {{stnlnk|Jamalpur Junction}} (JMP)
| distance = {{convert|451|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair Car, AC 3 Tier, Chair Car, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = No
| trainnumber = 13015 / 13016
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|51.57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 13015 / 13016 '''Howrah – Jamalpur Kavi Guru Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train of the [[Kavi Guru Express|Kavi Guru]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jamalpur Junction}} via [[Rampurhat Junction]] and [[Bhagalpur Junction]] in India. It previously ran between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur(Shantiniketan)]], but later it was extended to run to [[Jamalpur Junction railway station|Jamalpur]].

It operates as train number 13015 from Howrah Junction to Jamalpur and as train number 13016 in the reverse direction, serving the state of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]].

==Coaches==

The 13015 / 13016 Howrah–Jamalpur Junction Kavi Guru Express had 1 AC chair car, 3 2nd seating chair car, 8 General Unreserved and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]] [http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2011/11/howrah-bolpur-kavi-guru-express-train.html]{{dead link|date=November 2025}}. Now from 2024, This Kavi Guru Express has 1 3AC, 1 AC CC, 1 SL, 3 2nd Seating Chair Car, 5 General Unreserved Coach and 2 SLR Coaches.

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 13015 / 13016 Howrah–Jamalpur Junction Kavi Guru Express covers the distance of {{convert|398|km|0|abbr=on}} in 11 hours 15 mins (51.57 km/h) in both directions.

As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does include a Superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 13015 / 13016 Howrah–Jamalpur Junction Kavi Guru Express runs from Howrah via {{stnlnk|Bandel}}, {{stnlnk|Bardhaman}}, {{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}, [[Sainthia Junction]], {{stnlnk|Rampurhat}}, {{stnlnk|Dumka}}, [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station|Bhagalpur]] to Jamalpur Junction.

==Traction==

Earlier ago [[WDM-3D]] used to run this train. An [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] locomotive hauls the train for its entire journey.

==Operation==

* 13015 Howrah–Jamalpur Junction Kavi Guru Express runs from Howrah on a daily basis reaching Jamalpur Junction the same day.
* 13016 Jamalpur Junction–Howrah Kavi Guru Express runs from Jamalpur Junction on a daily basis reaching Howrah the same day.

==Rake sharing==
It shares its rake with 13017/18 [[Ganadevata Express]] and 12347/48 [[Sahid Express]].

==See also==

* [[Kavi Guru Express]]
* 12949/50 [[Porbandar–Santragachi Kavi Guru Express]]
* 13027/28 [[Howrah–Azimganj Kavi Guru Express]]
* 19709/10 [[Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite web| title=Speech of Mamata Banerjee introducing the Railway Budget 2011-12 | url=http://media2.intoday.in/businesstoday/images/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304035503/http://media2.intoday.in:80/businesstoday/images/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf | archive-date=2011-03-04}}
* {{Cite web | title=Howrah-Bolpur Kavi Guru Express Train Timetable Chart {{!}} Bolpur-Shantiniketan-Howrah Train - Kolkata Bengal Information | url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2011/11/howrah-bolpur-kavi-guru-express-train.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906154158/http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2011/11/howrah-bolpur-kavi-guru-express-train.html | access-date=2026-02-14 | archive-date=2014-09-06}}
* {{Cite web | title=HWH WDM-3A powering Bolpur Kaviguru Express sprints past Gangpur - YouTube | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9Vb-pxS3rc | access-date=2026-02-14 | website=www.youtube.com}}
* {{Cite web | title=Special trains to commemorate Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda birth anniversaries - The Hindu | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/special-trains-to-commemorate-rabindranath-tagore-swami-vivekananda-birth-anniversaries/article1489454.ece | access-date=2026-02-14 | website=www.thehindu.com}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=5 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=5 April 2014}}

{{Kavi Guru Express}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Bolpur Kaviguru Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Kavi Guru Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

Dhubri Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T19:13:21Z

FredrickGreig: added a details

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhubri
| mla = [[Baby Begum]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = [[Asom Sonmilito Morcha]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 8
| map_image = Dhubri Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
}}
'''Dhubri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Dhubri forms a part of the [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Dhubri Assembly constituency==

Following are details on Dhubri Assembly constituency:
*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Dhubri district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency.
* Area Includes: Dhubri Municipal Board, Birsing Jarua Dev. Block(Part), Gauripur Dev. Block(Part), Rupshi Dev. Block(Part)

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Following is the list of past members representing Dhubri Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" | Tamijuddin Prodhani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Md. Umaruddin
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| S. A. Ali
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="3" | Md. Umaruddin
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Mosiruddin Sheikh
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Dhruba Kumar Sen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | Nazibul Umar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Rasul Hoque]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Jahan Uddin (politician)|Jahan Uddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Najrul Hoque]]
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Baby Begum]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhubri}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Baby Begum]]|votes=118,362|percentage=53.64|change=+44.00}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Nazrul Hoque|votes=49,701|percentage=22.52|change=-47.72}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Uttam Prasad|votes=49,654|percentage=22.50|change=-3.63}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India (A)|candidate=Omar Ali Sk.|votes=970|percentage=0.44|change=''N/A''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Shahana Aktar|votes=577|percentage=0.26|change=''N/A''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,386|percentage=0.63|change=+0.02}}

{{Election box majority||votes=68,661|percentage=31.12|change=-12.99}}

{{Election box turnout||votes=220,650|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhubri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Najrul Hoque]]|votes=123,913|percentage=70.24|change=+30.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dr. Debamoy Sanyal|votes=46,100|percentage=26.13|change=+4.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rasul Hoque|votes=2,126|percentage=1.21|change=-1.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Assam Jatiya Parishad|candidate=Azad Ali Sheikh|votes=1,704|percentage=0.97|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,069|percentage=0.61|change=-0.09}}
{{Election box majority||votes=77,813|percentage=44.11|change=+28.26}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=176,423|percentage=89.97|change=+1.88}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors = 196,081}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner = All India United Democratic Front|swing =}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhubri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Jahan Uddin (politician)|Jahan Uddin]]
|votes = 53,937
|percentage = 43.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nazibul Umar
|votes = 46,455
|percentage = 37.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Debamoy Sanyal
|votes = 18,301
|percentage = 14.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Abu Adil Md. Enamul Haque
|votes = 2,948
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Faizul Haque
|votes = 1,475
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Roushon Zamir Alfaruque
|votes = 1,339
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Kazi Jamiruddin Ahmed
|votes = 686
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,482
|percentage = 5.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,25,141
|percentage = 81.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,52,899
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.02|89.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Dhubri]]
[[Category:Dhubri district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Antão de Noronha

2026-05-04T07:13:00Z

FredrickGreig: Done

{{Short description | Portuguese Viceroy of India in the 16th century}}
{{Distinguish|António José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of Terceira}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Antão de Noronha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Antão de Noronha (Archaeological Survey of India, Goa).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| order1 = 25th
| office1 = Viceroy of Portuguese India
| term_start1 = 3 September 1564
| term_end1 = September 1568
| monarch1 = [[Sebastian I of Portugal]]
| predecessor1 = [[João de Mendonça]]
| successor1 = [[Luís de Ataíde, 3rd Count of Atouguia|Luís de Ataíde]]
| order2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| party =
| other_party = 
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt = 
| nickname =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =
| military_blank2 =
| military_data2 =
| military_blank3 =
| military_data3 =
| military_blank4 =
| military_data4 =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5 =
}}

[[Dom (honorific)|D.]] '''Antão de Noronha'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=D. Antão de Noronha |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$d.-antao-de-noronha |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=Infopédia}}</ref> was appointed in 1564 under [[Sebastian of Portugal]] as viceroy of India. Previously, he served at [[Ceuta]] in the 1540s and had been captaining at [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]] in the 1550s. He was the illegitimate son of João de Noronha and nephew of viceroy Afonso de Noronha (1550–1554). Antão de Noronha was also the [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroy]] of [[Portuguese India]] between 3 September 1564 and September 1568. He captured [[Mangalore]] and built a fort there in 1568.<ref name="Varghese2008">{{cite book|last=Varghese|first=Alexander P.|title=India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution to the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&pg=PA404|year=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0903-2|page=404}}</ref> He died in 1569 on board in his voyage back to Portugal.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

Vila-Santa, Nuno, "O Vice-Reinado de D. Antão de Noronha (1564–1568) no contexto da crise do Estado da Índia de 1565–1575", Anais de História de Além-Mar, vol. XI, Lisboa/Ponta Delgada, 2010, pp. 63–101.
[https://www.academia.edu/13649866/_O_Vice_Reinado_de_D_Ant%C3%A3o_de_Noronha_1564_1568_no_contexto_da_crise_do_Estado_da_%C3%8Dndia_de_1565_1575_Anais_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Al%C3%A9m_Mar_vol_XI_Lisboa_Ponta_Delgada_2010_pp_63_101]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Diogo de Melo Coutinho]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Captain-majors of Portuguese Ceylon|Captain-majors of Portuguese Ceylon]]|years=1572-1575}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fernando de Albuquerque]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[João de Mendonça]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Portuguese India|Viceroy of India]]|years=1564-1568}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Luís de Ataíde]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Captain-majors of Ceilão}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noronha, Antao de}}
[[Category:History of Mangalore]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:Christianity in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Captain-majors of Ceilão]]

{{Portugal-bio-stub}}

Supriya Aron

2026-05-01T14:51:39Z

FredrickGreig:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Supriya Aron
| image =
| alt =
| office1 = [[Mayor]] of [[Bareilly]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Mayor Supriya Aron filed nomination in Bareilly Are in the election field on SP ticket from Cantt assembly seat said-It is necessary to stop BJP |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/baheri/news/former-mayor-supriya-aron-filed-nomination-in-bareilly-are-in-the-election-field-on-sp-ticket-from-cantt-assembly-seat-said-it-is-necessary-to-stop-bjp-129341535.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| birth_date = 17 March 1960
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = [[Praveen Singh Aron]]
| alma_mater = [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan's Mehta Vidyalaya|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
| profession = Politician
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Supriya Aron''' is an Indian social worker, politician, former mayor of [[Bareilly]], Uttar Pradesh, India, and a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="personal1">{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1087 |title=Supriya Aron(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- BAREILLY CANTT.(BAREILLY) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |website=MyNeta.Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Supriya Aron Bareilly Cantt. Election Result 2022, UP vidhan sabha Chunav Supriya Aron Result 2022 in hindi |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/candidates/supriya-aron-bareilly-cantt-151900 |publisher=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]]}}</ref> She is the wife of [[Praveen Singh Aron]], a Former Member of the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="personal2">{{cite web |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-supriya-aron-former-congress-candidate-joins-samajwadi-party-ahead-of-up-polls/ |title=Who Is Supriya Aron? Former Congress Candidate Joins Samajwadi Party Ahead Of UP Polls |publisher=[[SheThePeople]]}}</ref>

== Education ==

Supriya Aron did a master of arts from Maharaj Singh Degree College, [[Saharanpur]].<ref name="personal1" /> She holds a Diploma in Journalism from [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan's Mehta Vidyalaya|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], New Delhi, India.<ref name="personal1" />

== Career ==

Supriya Aron started her career with [[Indian National Congress]] along with his husband, [[Praveen Singh Aron]].<ref name="personal2" /> In 2006, she contested for the post of Mayor in [[Bareilly]] on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket and won.<ref name="personal2" />

Supriya was one of the 50 women candidates [[Indian National Congress]] announced as a part of its "Ladki Hoon, Lad Sakti Hoon" campaign.<ref name="personal2" />

In January 2022, just before the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] election, Supriya Aron left [[Indian National Congress]] and joined [[Samajwadi Party]] along with her husband, [[Praveen Singh Aron]].<ref name="personal2" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Congress leaders Praveen Singh, Supriya Aron join Samajwadi Party |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/congress-leaders-praveen-singh-supriya-aron-join-samajwadi-party-122012300238_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Congress leaders Praveen Singh, Supriya Aron join Samajwadi Party |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/congress-leaders-praveen-singh-supriya-aron-join-samajwadi-party20220123105906/ |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |date=23 January 2022}}</ref>

In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Supriya represented [[Samajwadi Party]] as a candidate from the [[Bareilly Cantonment Assembly constituency|Bareilly Cantonment constituency]] and lost to [[Sanjeev Agarwal]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 9389 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/supriya-aron-sp-2022-bareilly-cantt-118-uttar-pradesh |title=Supriya Aron-सुप्रिया अरोन Sp Candidate Bareilly Cantt. Election Result 2022 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/supriya-aron-bareilly-cantt-candidate-s24a125c04/ |title=Supriya Aron: undefined Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |publisher=[[News18 India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=supriya aron Pravin Singh Aron joined samajwadi party: सुप्रिया एरन पति समेत सपा में शामिल कांग्रेस को झटका |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/supriya-aron-congress-candidate-bareilly-cantt-joined-samajwadi-party-up-elections-2022/articleshow/89063810.cms |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=22 January 2022 |author=आलोक भदौरिया |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Congress leaders Praveen Singh, Supriya Aron join Samajwadi Party|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-leaders-praveen-singh-supriya-aron-join-samajwadi-party/articleshow/89070689.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cong Ex-mp, Wife Join Sp, To Contest From Bareilly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cong-ex-mp-wife-join-sp-to-contest-from-bareilly/articleshow/89067156.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 January 2022 |author=Pervez Siddiqui}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bareilly-cantonment-election-result-2022-live-updates-supriya-aron-samajwadi-party-sanjeev-agarwal-bjp-mohammad-islam-ansari-congress-winning-candidate/2455202/ |title=Bareilly Cantonment Election Result 2022 Live Updates, Supriya Aron Samajwadi Party vs Sanjeev Agarwal BJP Election Result 2022 Live Updates |date=10 March 2022 |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Samajwadi Party]]
*[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Bareilly Cantonment Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aron, Supriya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Arun Cherukavil

2026-04-30T19:40:24Z

FredrickGreig: Stub

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Cherukavil
| image =
| caption =
| native_name_lang = അരുൺ ചെറുകാവിൽ
| other_names = Arun Cherukavil
| birth_date = {{birth date and age text|2 March 1981}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m3db.com/arun-0|title = അരുൺ}}</ref>
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Film actor
| years_active = 2000–present
| notable_works = ''[[4 the People]]''
}}

'''Arun Cherukavil''', mononymously known as '''Arun''', is an [[Indian cinema|Indian]] actor who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film industry. He made his film debut in 2000's with the role of Sooraj, one of the students, in [[Mohanlal]] starrer ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life is Beautiful]]''. After several years, He made his comeback to the [[Film industry|film field]] in 2004 with [[Jayaraj]] directed ''[[4 the People]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ബൂലോകം|date=21 April 2020|title='ഫോർ ദി പീപ്പിൾ'- മലയാളത്തിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ ലക്ഷണമൊത്ത ന്യൂ ജനറേഷൻ സിനിമ|url=https://boolokam.com/sunil-waynz-write-about-for-the-people-movie/269879|access-date=13 July 2021|website=Boolokam|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Arun is a native of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district. He completed his higher education from [[St. Paul's College, Kalamassery]].Later he chose to be an actor and moved to the film field.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Career ==
Arun made his film debut in ''2000'' with [[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|''Life Is Beautiful'']], directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]. In this film, he played the role of a teenage plus two student. After a gap of four years, he returned with ''[[4 the People]]''. He also had notable roles in the films ''Quotation'' and [[Amrutham (film)|''Amritham'']] released in the same year. Later, he acted in various roles as protagonist, antagonist and supporting characters. Arun, who was not active in film in the meantime, has recently made a comeback, starring in films such as [[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations|''Honey Bee 2'']], [[Under World|''Underworld'']], ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving License]]'' and [[Anjaam Pathiraa|''Anjaam Pathira'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=സിനിമ തന്ന ഭാഗ്യങ്ങളും നഷ്ടങ്ങളും: അരുണുമായി ദീർഘസംഭാഷണം|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/interview/malayalam-actor-arun-long-interview-342443/|access-date=13 July 2021|website=Indian Express Malayalam|date=7 March 2020 |language=ml-IN}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2000
|''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life is Beautiful]]''
|Sooraj Kishore
|Debut Film
|-
|2002
|''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku|Yathrakkarude Shraddhakku]]''
|Singer
|in the song "Vattayila Panthalittu"
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004
|''[[4 the People]]''
|Aravind Sebastian
|
|-
|''[[Ee Snehatheerathu]]''
|Murugan
|
|-
|''Quotation''
|Durga
|
|-
|[[Amrutham (film)|''Amrutham'']]
|Dineshan
|
|-
|2005
|''[[By the People (2005 film)|By the People]]''
|Aravind Sebastian
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
|''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]''
|Salim Saheb
|
|-
|''[[Nottam]]''
|Eby George
|
|-
|''Kalabham''
|Venkidi
|
|-
|''[[Pathaaka]]''
|Anwar
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
|''Best Friends''
|Sajan
|
|-
|''[[Ottakkayyan]]''
|Mr. A
|
|-
|[[November Rain (2007 film)|''November Rain'']]
|Sathya
|
|-
|[[Nasrani (film)|''Nasrani'']]
|Benny Paul
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''[[Of the People]]''
|Aravind Sebastian
|
|-
|''Anthipponvettam''
|Jeevan
|
|-
|''[[Thirakkatha]]''
|Narendran
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009
|''[[Black Dalia]]''
|Vivek Aravindakshan
|
|-
| ''Anamika'' || Lewis ||
|-
| ''[[Boomi Malayalam]]'' || Rahul ||
|-
|''[[Parayan Marannathu]]''
|Manikandan
|
|-
|''[[Madhya Venal]]''
|Praveen
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|''Pokkiri Raja'']]
|Varun
|
|-
|''[[Mummy & Me]]''
|Freddy
|
|-
|''[[Yugapurushan]]''
|Kochuthampuran
|
|-
|''[[Chaverpada]]''
|Abhimanyu
|
|-
|2011
|''Bhagavathipuram''
|Viswanathan
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2012
|''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]''
|Unnamed Role
|
|-
|[[Hero (2012 film)|''Hero'']]
|Gowtham Menon
|
|-
|''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]''
|Satheesan a.k.a. Sagar
|
|-
|''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]''
|Bank Robber
|
|-
|''[[Veendum Kannur]]''
|Hassan Kutty MLA
|
|-
|''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]''
|Rajayogi Sukhdev
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2013
|''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]''
|Plumber Niyaz
|
|-
|''[[August Club]]''
|Kishore
|
|-
|[[Hotel California (2013 film)|''Hotel California'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Buddy (2013 film)|''Buddy'']]
|Biju Pattambi
|
|-
|[[David & Goliath (2013 film)|''David & Goliath'']]
|Sunny's Friend
|
|-
|[[D Company (film)|''D Company'']]
|News Reporter Venu
|in the Segment "''Gangs of Vadakkumnaathan"''
|-
|''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]''
|Roy
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|[[1983 (film)|''1983'']]
|Manjula's Husband
|
|-
|''[[Angry Babies in Love]]''
|Deepak
|
|-
|[[Apothecary (film)|''Apothecary'']]
|Dr. Raheem
|
|-
|[[The Dolphins (film)|''The Dolphins'']]
|Salim Raj aka Saloottan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|[[Onnum Onnum Moonu (film)|''Onnum Onnum Moonu'']]
|Vivek
|
|-
|''Ente Cinema''
|Film Artist
|
|-
|[[Anarkali (2015 film)|''Anarkali'']]
|Rajeev
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honey Bee 2: 10 reasons you should not miss this Bhavana movie|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/10-reasons-you-should-not-miss-this-movie-honey-bee-2|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref>
|Vineeth
|
|-
|''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|''[[Puthan Panam]]''
|Artist
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' || Manu Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || Anwar ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[Ilayaraja (film)|Ilayaraja]]'' || Thirumeni ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyam Paranja Viswasikkuvo]]'' || Geetha's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Under World]]'' || Pulleppally Sadashivan ||
|-
| ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'' || Film Director ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' || Fr. Bennett Franco ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]'' || C.I. Bernad ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Sundari Gardens]]'' || Ajith ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Hello Mummy]]'' || Fr. Francis ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Ronth]]'' || [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Jacob ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-15 |title=Roshan Mathew and Dileesh Pothan's Ronth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/15/roshan-mathew-and-dileesh-pothans-ronth-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dheeran (2025 film)|Dheeran]]'' || Suhail ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Dheeran movie review: Rajesh Madhavan’s film teleports us to the ‘80s and ‘90s, for all the wrong reasons |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dheeran-movie-review-a-trip-to-the-80s-and-90s-you-didnt-ask-for-10105251/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| Unmadham}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Kunchacko Boban-Lijomol Jose film titled Unmadham, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/25/kunchacko-boban-lijomol-jose-film-titled-unmadham-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Instagram|aruncherukavilactor}}
* {{Facebook|Arun Cherukavil}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gurdas Nangal

2026-04-30T00:42:09Z

FredrickGreig: added new entry

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

'''Gurdas Nangal'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdas Nangal · Punjab 143520, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gurdas+Nangal,+Punjab+143520/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x391b92d6f7803727:0x220968a73205332d?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi39uD6w-r8AhVN8HMBHcpyBjMQ8gF6BAgUEAI |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> is located in [[Gurdaspur]] tehsil in [[Gurdaspur district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdas Nangal {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Gurdas-Nangal/Village |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=geoiq.io }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is 6 km from the district [[Headquarters|headquarter]] Gurdaspur. Gurdas Nangal is also a [[Gram panchayat]]. Total population of this village 3,417, out of which 1,767 are males and 1,650 are females.

[[Postal Index Number|Pin Code]] of this village is 143520.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GURDAS NANGAL Pin Code - 143520, Gurdaspur All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search GURDASPUR Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/punjab/gurdaspur/gurdas-nangal-pincode-143520.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==Education==
The list of major [[educational institutions]] in Gurdas Nangal is given below.<ref>https://schools.org.in/punjab/gurdaspur/gurdaspur/gurdasnanagal</ref><ref>https://www.veethi.com/schools-in-india/gurdas-nangal-schools-41913.htm</ref>

*Baba Ajay Singh Khalsa College<ref>http://babaajaysinghcollege.org/</ref>
*Government Senior Secondary School, Gurdas Nangal<ref>https://schools.org.in/gurdaspur/03010105803/gsss-gurdasnangal.html</ref>
*Baba Ajay Singh Khalsa Public School<ref>https://school.careers360.com/schools/baba-ajay-singh-khalsa-public-school-gurdas-nangal-gurdaspur</ref>
*Government High School, Gurdas Nangal<ref>https://www.veethi.com/schools-in-india/ghs-gurdasnangal-detail-1157144.htm</ref>
*Government Primary School, Gurdas Nangal<ref>https://www.veethi.com/schools-in-india/gps-gurdasnangal-b-detail-1157145.htm</ref><ref>https://www.veethi.com/schools-in-india/gps-gurdasnangal-g-detail-1157146.htm</ref>
*New Ligh Public School<ref>https://www.veethi.com/schools-in-india/new-ligh-public-school-gurdasnangal-detail-1157147.htm</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|32|00|07|N|75|20|47|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Muscular Hinduism

2026-04-28T19:37:01Z

FredrickGreig: Creating basic details nd citations - done

{{Short description|Philosophy promoting Hindu physical fitness}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
'''Muscular Hinduism''' is a philosophy that advocates for [[Hindus]] to be physically strong. [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]] are considered to have been major early proponents in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Gautam |date=Summer 2015 |title=An 'infiltration' of time? Hindu Chauvinism and Bangladeshi migration in/to Kolkata, India |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1712852312 |language=English|journal=Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology|volume=6|issue=1 |pages=263–288|id={{ProQuest|1712852312}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khilnani |first=Sunil |date=2016-02-19 |title=Forgotten heroes – the true story of India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/19/india-history-retold-forgotten-individuals |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Madaio |first=James |date=June 2017 |title=Rethinking Neo-Vedānta: Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedānta1 |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=101 |doi=10.3390/rel8060101 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherma |first=Rita D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3ALEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |title=Swami Vivekananda: His Life, Legacy, and Liberative Ethics |date=2021-01-15 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-8605-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phanjoubam |first=Pradip |date=2024-02-09 |title=Drawing lines on terrain of the mind |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Feb/09/drawing-lines-on-terrain-of-the-mind |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Colonial era ===
The muscularisation of Hinduism in [[Uttar Pradesh]] began to occur in the early 20th century, when communal conflicts expanded and urban Hindus became more visible in performing armed displays as part of processions during their religious festivals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gooptu |first=Nandini |date=October 1997 |title=The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth-Century Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/urban-poor-and-militant-hinduism-in-early-twentiethcentury-uttar-pradesh/CDA680AD06D3411C1B8C1E716D5B141F |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=879–918 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00017194 |s2cid=146484298 |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Gita Press]], which has links to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), is one of the oldest publishers that has supported Muscular Hinduism since the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-08 |title=Caste and the battle for secularism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Caste-and-the-battle-for-secularism/article10363424.ece |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Muscular Hinduism has been partly inspired by fears of violence by Muslims towards Hindus, particularly towards Hindu women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=15 Hindu Victimhood and India's Muslim Minority |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/25382/chapter-abstract/192479970?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref> Muscular Hinduism was also inspired to an extent by Western influences such as [[Muscular Christianity]] on British ideas of religion, sport, and masculinity emerging in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Ian Christopher |date=2003 |title=Review of Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830190 |journal=Victorian Studies |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=532–534 |jstor=3830190 |issn=0042-5222}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Shame, Modesty, Identity: Lived Religion In Athletic Spaces |url=https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/44791 |publisher=Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa |date=2023-04-04 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Keelin |last=Pringnitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Namit |date=2013-01-15 |title=No saints or miracles |url=https://www.himalmag.com/archives/perry-anderson-indian-ideology-review |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The emergence of modern Hinduism: religion on the margins of colonialism |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2019012915/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> which were propounded in South Asia during [[British rule]]. Some influences in this direction also having come from the [[YMCA]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alter |first=Joseph S. |date=2004 |title=Indian Clubs and Colonialism: Hindu Masculinity and Muscular Christianity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879472 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=497–534 |doi=10.1017/S0010417504000258 |jstor=3879472 |s2cid=143633263 |issn=0010-4175|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Opposition to colonialism in general,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Press |first=Stanford University |title=Start reading Faithful Fighters {{!}} Kate Imy |url=https://www.sup.org/books/extra/?id=31378&i=Introduction.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.sup.org |date=10 December 2019 |isbn=978-1-5036-1074-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Parama |date=2014-05-01 |title=A dietetics of virile emergency |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539513002070 |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=44 |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2013.11.007 |issn=0277-5395|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and British stereotyping of Indian men as effeminate was also used as a rationale for Muscular Hinduism;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Abhik |last2=Hammers |first2=Michele L. |date=June 2014 |title=The Recuperation of Hindu Manhood: Echoes of the Past in Present Day Hindu Nationalism |journal=Comparative Literature: East & West |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=19–38 |doi=10.1080/25723618.2014.12015472 |issn=2572-3618|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=van der Veer |first=Peter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv128fp9s |title=Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain |date=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv128fp9s |jstor=j.ctv128fp9s |isbn=978-0-691-07478-8|s2cid=242274388 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cultural-entrenchment-of-Hindutva-%3A-local-and-forms-Berti-Jaoul/58e718782d383a3c74e83c656483992ef4a659c2 |last1=Berti |first1=D. |last2=Jaoul |first2=Nicolas |last3=Kanungo |first3=P. |date=2010 |title=Cultural entrenchment of Hindutva: local mediations and forms of convergence |s2cid=128700316 }}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] propounded Muscular Hinduism as a counter to muscularity as propounded by the British during his early life as a way of addressing his feelings of physical inferiority.<ref>[https://history.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/recounting-the-past/Spring%202017a.pdf#page=78 The Diet of Nonviolence: Fasting and the Meaning of Masculinity in Gandhian Philosophy] Chris Ruud</ref>
[[File:Davangere Wrestlers.jpg|left|thumb|170x170px|[[Kushti (wrestling)|Kushti]], an indigenous wrestling practice promoted by practitioners of Indian physical culture.]]
Muscular Hinduism promoted various sports alongside [[Indian physical culture|traditional Indian physical culture]] at a time when some practitioners of indigenous physical culture were opposed to the recently imported [[Western physical culture|British physical culture]] and were actively standardising Indian sports for usage in formal competition,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Strozier |first1=Charles B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oflQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |title=The Fundamentalist Mindset: Psychological Perspectives on Religion, Violence, and History |last2=Terman |first2=David M. |last3=Jones |first3=James W. |last4=Boyd |first4=Katherine A. |date=2010-04-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970202-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Macaloon |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSjcAAAAQBAJ |title=Muscular Christianity and the Colonial and Post-Colonial World |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-99792-4 |language=en}}</ref> with [[yoga]] in particular having been somewhat remolded into a tool of physical and martial strengthening.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alter |first=Joseph S. |date=August 2006 |title=Yoga at the Fin de Siècle: Muscular Christianity with a 'Hindu' Twist |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523360600673146 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |language=en |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=759–776 |doi=10.1080/09523360600673146 |s2cid=144740850 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Singleton |first=Mark |title=Yoga as Physical Culture I: Strength and Vigor |date=2010-02-01 |work=Yoga Body |pages=113–142 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395358.003.0007 |access-date=2024-02-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395358.003.0007 |isbn=978-0-19-539535-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> These physical culture practices were pursued in [[gymkhana]]s and [[akhada]]s.<ref>{{cite book |date=2013 |editor-last=Delap |editor-first=Lucy |editor2-last=Morgan |editor2-first=Sue |title=Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137281753 |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137281753|isbn=978-1-349-44828-9 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-colonial era ===
[[File:Yogi Adithyanath in Uttar Pradesh 2023.jpg|thumb|188x188px|[[Yogi Adityanath]] has become the face of Muscular Hinduism as the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":2" />]]
Muscular Hinduism is supported by the RSS as part of a broader project to remake India free from [[Islam in India|Islamic]] & [[Western culture|Western influences]] and further nation-building;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Sikata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F165bWv7goQC |title=Make Me a Man!: Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationalism in India |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8369-5 |language=en}}</ref> this effort takes place in part in opposition to Hindus of a less nationalistic character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reader |first=The MIT Press |date=2022-02-28 |title=The Rise of Hindu Nationalism |url=https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-rise-of-hindu-nationalism/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=The MIT Press Reader |language=en}}</ref> The RSS provides [[paramilitary]] training for its members.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Subramanian |first=Samanth |date=2022-10-10 |title=When the Hindu Right Came for Bollywood |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/17/when-the-hindu-right-came-for-bollywood |access-date=2024-02-17 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Major [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) politicians such as [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Yogi Adityanath]] have been associated with the promotion and execution of Muscular Hinduism at the governmental level.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Rageth |first1=Nina |title=Governing with a Lockdown Beard: The COVID-19 Crisis as a Laboratory for Narendra Modi's Hindutva |date=2023-09-28 |work=Rageth, Nina; Landau, David (2023). Governing with a Lockdown Beard: The COVID-19 Crisis as a Laboratory for Narendra Modi’s Hindutva. In: Copeman, Jacob; Longkumer, Arkotong; Duggal, Koonal. Gurus and Media. Sound, Image, Machine, Text and the Digital. London: UCL Press, 125-148. |pages=125–148 |editor-last=Copeman |editor-first=Jacob |url=https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/227242 |access-date=2024-02-17 |place=London |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-80008-556-5 |last2=Landau |first2=David |editor2-last=Longkumer |editor2-first=Arkotong |editor3-last=Duggal |editor3-first=Koonal}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rafiq |first=Arif |date=2019-08-14 |title=Hindu Nationalist Extremist Emerges as India's Most Favorite State Leader |url=https://globelynews.com/south-asia/yogi-adityanath-most-popular-leader-india/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Globely News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The muscularity of the narratives present in the [[Mahabharata]], which culminates in a brutal war fought for righteousness, have been propounded to a greater extent in the modern era.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kanjilal | first1=Sucheta | title=Muscular Mahabharatas: Masculinity and transnational Hindu identity | journal=Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies | date=December 2018 | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=18–39 | url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-1273d7d88d }}</ref>

According to [[J. Sai Deepak]], muscular Hinduism can be viewed as a form of [[decoloniality]]. This perspective emphasizes the reclamation of Hindu identity and values in the face of historical colonial influences, advocating for a more assertive and confident expression of Hindu traditions and beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deepak |first=J Sai |title=India that is Bharat: Coloniality, Civilisation, Constitution |publisher=Bloomsbury India |year=2021 |isbn=978-9354352492}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=Bharat is moving away from colonial vestiges: J Sai Deepak on Central Vista project |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/bharat-is-moving-away-from-colonial-vestiges-j-sai-deepak-2293453-2022-11-04 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hindutva]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429466953-36/hindu-muscular-nationalism-sikata-banerjee Hindu muscular nationalism: Politicized Hinduism and manhood in India]

{{Hindu nationalism}}
{{Physical culture}}

[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Muscular religion|Hinduism]]

KK Vishnoi

2026-04-22T10:43:12Z

FredrickGreig: Put up some details from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Krishan Kumar (police officer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishan Kumar Vishnoi
| image = KK Vishnoi.jpg
| caption = K.K. Vishnoi
| office = [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Ashok Chandna]]
| governor = [[Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|
* Industry & Commerce
* Sports & Youth Affairs
* Skill, Employment & Entrepreneurship
* Policy Making
}}
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Hemaram Choudhary]]
| constituency1 = [[Gudha Malani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gudamalani]]
| office2 = [[State Secretary]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Rajasthan]]
| term_start2 = 2020
| term_end2 = 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|08|08}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]], Ajmer
| education = B.A. from Marwad College, Kuchaman City (2021)
| occupation = Politician
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Ladu Ram (father)
}}

'''Krishan Kumar "KK" Vishnoi''' (born 18 August 1976) is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) who is serving as a Minister of State in the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Profile – Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |url=https://raj.neva.gov.in/Member/Details/1782?AssemblyID=16 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=National eVidhan Application (NeVA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/news/kk-vishnoi-will-contest-elections-for-the-first-time-gets-ticket-from-gudamalani-132088645.html |title=केके विश्नोई पहली बार लड़ेंगे चुनाव, गुड़ामालानी से मिला टिकट |website=Bhaskar |language=hi |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> He represents the [[Gudha Malani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gudha Malani]] constituency in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="rajasthan.ndtv.in">{{Cite web |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/who-is-kk-vishnoi-new-agriculture-minister-of-rajasthan-is-already-the-minister-of-4-departments-6033191 |title=Who is KK Vishnoi? New Agriculture Minister of Rajasthan is already the minister of 4 departments |website=NDTV Rajasthan |language=hi |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Vishnoi obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marwad College, Kuchaman City, affiliated with [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]], Ajmer, in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=208 |title=Krishan Kumar Vishnoi – Candidate Affidavit |website=MyNeta.info |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
Vishnoi has been associated with the Bharatiya Janata Party in Rajasthan and served as the State Secretary of the party's Rajasthan unit from 2020 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rfc.rajasthan.gov.in/home/mla-detail/178/0 |title=Krishan Kumar Vishnoi – Rajasthan Government Profile |website=Rajasthan Government |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he contested the Gudha Malani seat as a BJP candidate. He was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly, defeating Congress candidate Sonaram Choudhary by a margin of 15,217 votes.<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/gudhamalani |title=Gudhamalani Election Result 2023 |website=Times of India |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/gudha-malani-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830525-2023-12-03 |title=Gudha Malani Election Result 2023 Live: बीजेपी के कृष्ण कुमार विश्नोई जीते |website=Aaj Tak |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/gudhamalani-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687332.html |title=Gudhamalani Election Result 2023 Live Updates: KK Vishnoi of BJP wins |website=News18 |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

===Minister===
Vishnoi was inducted into the [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry]] on 30 December 2023 as a Minister of State with independent charge of the departments of Industry & Commerce, Sports & Youth Affairs, Skill, Employment & Entrepreneurship, and Policy Making.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Cabinet: 22 MLAs sworn in as ministers in Bhajanlal Sharma govt |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/rajasthan-cabinet-22-mlas-sworn-in-as-ministers-in-bhajanlal-sharma-govt-123123000482_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> In May 2024, he was additionally assigned the Agriculture portfolio.<ref name="rajasthan.ndtv.in"/>

==Electoral record==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes (KK Vishnoi)
!%
!Opponent
!colspan=2|Opponent Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|[[Gudha Malani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gudha Malani]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|107,632
|48.85
|Sonaram Choudhary
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|92,415
|41.95
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="timesofindia"/>
|}

==External links==
* [https://x.com/kkvishnoibjp Krishan Kumar Vishnoi on X (formerly Twitter)]
* [https://www.facebook.com/kkvishnoibjp Krishan Kumar Vishnoi on Facebook]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@KKVishnoiBJP Krishan Kumar Vishnoi on YouTube]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnoi, Krishan Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ram Prasad Paul

2026-04-20T09:27:28Z

FredrickGreig: Started

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Prasad Paul
| cabinet =
| state = [[Tripura]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]
| citizenship =
| office1 = 14th [[List of deputy speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency|Suryamaninagar]]
| term_start1 = 28 March 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Biswa Bandhu Sen
| 1blankname1 = Speaker
| 1namedata1 = [[Biswa Bandhu Sen]] [[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
| 2blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata1 = Manik Saha
| office2 = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Tripura]]
| 1blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 1namedata2 = * Fire and Emergency Service
* Jail
* Welfare of Other Backward Classes
* Welfare of Minorities
| term_start2 = 2018
| term_end2 = 2023
| office3 = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency|Suryamaninagar]]
| term_start3 = 2018
| predecessor3 = Raj Kumar Chaudhuri
| education = Undergraduate
| 2blankname2 = Speaker
| 2namedata2 = [[Biswa Bandhu Sen]]
}}
'''Ram Prasad Paul'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Qualification of Tripura MLA's - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/educational-qualification-of-tripura-mlas/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> (born 1968) is an Indian Politician from Tripura. He is currently serving as 14th Deputy Speaker of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] since 2023.He was Minister of Fire and Emergency Service of Tripura in Government of Tripura under [[Biplab Kumar Deb ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Minister {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/councilminister |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-04-11 |title=Tripura State Minister Ram Prasad Paul Visits Tibetan Parliament |url=https://tibet.net/tripura-state-minister-ram-prasad-paul-visits-tibetan-parliament/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Central Tibetan Administration |language=en-US}}</ref> He became the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency|Suryamaninagar Constituency]] by defeating [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate Rajkumar Choudhury by a margin of 4,567 votes in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramprasad Paul(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SURYAMANINAGAR(WEST TRIPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5916 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In May 2022, Paul stirred nationwide controversy by wailing and hurling chair while screaming out loud “I will die, I will not (have anything to) do (with) such a party”, over new Chief Minister announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Tripura BJP MLA Smashes Chair Over New Chief Minister Announcement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/video-tripura-bjp-mla-ram-prasad-paul-smashes-chair-over-new-chief-minister-announcement-2976631 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH: Tripura Minister smashes chair, shouts in protest to Saha's appointment |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/watch-bjps-ram-prasad-paul-smashes-chair-shouts-in-protest-to-manik-sahas-appointment-as-cm-2463620.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Video: 'Main mar jaunga', says Tripura minister Ram Prasad Paul after Manik Saha elected as new CM |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/watch-video-main-mar-jaunga-says-tripura-minister-ram-prasad-paul-after-manik-saha-elected-as-new-cm |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Ram Prasad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Udaipurwati Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:14Z

FredrickGreig: creating new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Udaipurwati
| type = SLA
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-30-Udaipurwati.svg
| established = 2008
| district = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 30
| mla = [[Bhagawana Ram Saini]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Udaipurwati Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 constituencies of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="election2006">{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It covers all voters from [[Udaipurwati tehsil]], in [[Jhunjhunu district]] and is a part of the [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 2008
| [[Rajendra Singh Gudha]]<ref name="election2008-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 2013
| [[Shubhkaran Choudhary]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2018
| [[Rajendra Singh Gudha]]<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/udaipurwati-election-result-s20a030/|title=Udaipurwati Assembly constituency (Rajasthan): Full details, live and past results|website=News18}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Bhagawana Ram Saini]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Udaipurwati<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhagwana Ram Saini
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:68399}}
|percentage = 34.36
|change = +4.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shubhkaran Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:67983}}
|percentage = 34.15
|change = +3.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Rajendra Singh Gudha S/O Madho Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:57823}}
|percentage = 29.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1430}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:416}}
|percentage = 0.21
|change = -2.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199059}}
|percentage = 76.57
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Udaipurwati<ref name="election2018" name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra Singh Gudha
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:59362}}
|percentage = 34.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shubhkaran Choudhary
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:53828}}
|percentage = 30.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagwanaram Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:52633}}
|percentage = 30.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Moolchand
|votes = {{formatnum:1771}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sandeep
|votes = {{formatnum:1694}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1650}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5534}}
|percentage = 3.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173826}}
|percentage = 76.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jhunjhunu district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|27.73|75.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Guntur West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:05Z

FredrickGreig: added page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guntur West
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (94- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Guntur West Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Galla Madhavi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,78,320<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2024|title=AC Wise Number of Electors|date=2024|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| constituency_no = 94
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
}}

'''Guntur West''' is a constituency in [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Galla Madhavi]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 2,78,320 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors"/> The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Draft/AndhraPradesh/AP_Draft_Notification.pdf|title=DELIMITATION COMMISSION OF INDIA|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=15|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>{{Rp|15}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/19/stories/2005071915870300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141011060459/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/19/stories/2005071915870300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2014|title=Delimitation proposals: Guntur district to lose 2 Assembly seats|last1=Susarla|first1=Ramesh|date=19 July 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
It covers [[Guntur mandal]] (Part), [[Guntur]] ([[Municipal corporation|M.Corp]]) (Part) and [[Guntur]] ([[Municipal corporation|M.Corp]]) – Ward No.1 to 6 and 24 to 28.<ref>{{cite web|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=22}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Guntur mandal]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2 |Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Kanna Lakshmi Narayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Maddali Giridhar Rao]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Galla Madhavi]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Galla Madhavi]]|votes=1,16,067|percentage=61.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Vidadala Rajini|Rajini Vidadala]]|votes=64,917|percentage=34.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=John Babu Rachakonda|votes=3,719|percentage=1.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,055|percentage=0.56|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=51,150|percentage=27.14|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,88,475|percentage=67.71|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,78,320|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Maddali Giridhar Rao]]|votes=71,864|percentage=41.15%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Chandragiri Yesu Ratnam|votes=67,575|percentage=38.69%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Dr. Thota Chandra Shekhar|votes=27,869|percentage=15.96%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,289|percentage=2.46%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,74,645|percentage=65.84|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]|votes=78,837|percentage=46.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Lella Appi Reddy|votes=60,924|percentage=35.55|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,913|percentage=10.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,71,377|percentage=66.00|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]|votes=44,676|percentage=34.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chukkapalli Ramesh|votes=41,375|percentage=32.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Tulasi Rama Chandra Prabhu|votes=34,004|percentage=26.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,301|percentage=2.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,457|percentage=65.76|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Guntur-II Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|16.29|80.40|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Guntur]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sajid Khan Pathan

2026-04-16T06:21:04Z

FredrickGreig: creating new article.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Akola, State of Maharashtra
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children = Sohel Khan Sajid Khan,
Uzma Khan Sajid Khan
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| constituency1 = [[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]]
| spouse = Anjum Khan Sajid Khan
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Sajid Khan Mannan Khan (also Sajid Khan Pathan)''' (born 1975)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sajid Khan Pathan(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- AKOLA WEST(AKOLA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1225 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Akola West Assembly constituency]] in [[Akola district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Akola West election result 2024: INC's Sajid Khan Pathan emerges victorious against Agrawal Vijay Kamalkishor">{{cite news |title=Akola West election result 2024: INC's Sajid Khan Pathan emerges victorious against Agrawal Vijay Kamalkishor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/akola-west-election-result-2024-incs-sajid-khan-pathan-leading-against-agrawal-vijay-kamalkishor/articleshow/115594175.cms |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130165737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/akola-west-election-result-2024-incs-sajid-khan-pathan-leading-against-agrawal-vijay-kamalkishor/articleshow/115594175.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Akola West (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/akola-west-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684541/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pathan was born in [[Akola]], Maharashtra in a middle class family.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} He is the son of Mannan Khan Sujat Khan. He passed Class 8 at Mungilal Bajoriya School and later discontinued his studies in 1991 after failing to clear Class 10 examinations conducted by Akola Board, [[Amravati]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career==
Pathan entered politics in 2007 and was elected as a municipal corporator from a local ward in Akola which he served for three consecutive terms and about 20 years. He also served as chairman of the Standing Committee and leader of the opposition in Akola Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-30 |title=Pathan — Lone Muslim candidate fielded by parties in Vidarbha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/sajid-khan-pathan-only-muslim-candidate-in-vidarbha-elections/articleshow/114746222.cms |access-date=2025-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Pathan won from Akola West Assembly constituency representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 88,718 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Vijay Agrawal Kamalkishor of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 1,283 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Akola West, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Sajid Khan Pathan defeats BJP's Agrawal Vijay Kamalkishor with 1283 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/akola-west-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638131-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akola West Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sajid Khan Pathan of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/akola-west-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9129974.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lowest win margins in Maharashtra, one candidate won by just 162 votes2">{{cite news|last1=Hindustantimes|title=Lowest win margins in Maharashtra, one candidate won by just 162 votes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lowest-win-margins-in-maharashtra-elections-one-candidate-won-by-just-208-votes-101732374888233.html|access-date=28 November 2024|date=23 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128190435/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lowest-win-margins-in-maharashtra-elections-one-candidate-won-by-just-208-votes-101732374888233.html|archive-date=28 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akola West">{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akola West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1330.htm# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130164603/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1330.htm |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> During the post victory celebrations, a few of his supporters were arrested for allegedly assaulting policemen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-25 |title=Congress MLA Sajid Khan Pathan's Supporters Assault Policeman, 8 Arrested |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/mla-sajid-khan-pathans-supporters-assault-cop-in-akola-8-arrested/articleshow/115634799.cms |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Earlier, he lost the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathan, Sajid Khan}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Akola district]]

Unguturu Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:04Z

FredrickGreig: creating new stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Unguturu
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (63-Unguturu highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Unguturu Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1967
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 63
| mla = [[Patsamatla Dharmaraju]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 200,033
}}
'''Unguturu''' is a constituency in [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name="electors">{{cite web |date=25 May 2019 |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=20, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Patsamatla Dharmaraju]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Janasena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Unguturu Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/unguturu-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916799.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 200,033 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1967, as per ''Delimination Orders (1967)''.

== Mandals ==
The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Unguturu mandal, Eluru district|Unguturu]]
|-
| [[Bhimadole]]
|-
| [[Nidamarru]]
|-
| [[Ganapavaram, Eluru district|Ganapavaram]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 |C. S. C. V. M. Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kadiyala Satyanarayana
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |Katamani Srinivasarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Chava Ramakrushna Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |Kondreddy Viswanadham
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |Vatti Vasant Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Ganni Veeranjaneyulu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Puppala Srinivasa Rao (Vasu Babu)
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Patsamatla Dharmaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unguturu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vatti Vasant Kumar]]
|votes = 77.380
|percentage = 52.91
|change = +4.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Immani Rajeswari|votes=61,700|percentage=42.16|change=-8.37}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,791|percentage=10.75|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=146,243|percentage=82.21|change=+5.94}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unguturu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vatti Vasant Kumar]]
|votes = 52,973
|percentage = 35.13
|change = -17.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Ganni Lakshmi Kantam|votes=46,514|percentage=30.85|change=-11.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Kotagiri Vidyadhara Rao]]|votes=43,314|percentage=28.73|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=6,459|percentage=4.28|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=150,782|percentage=87.48|change=+5.27}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unguturu}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Ganni Veeranjaneyulu
|votes = 82,118
|percentage = 50.50
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Puppala Srinivasa Rao (Vasubabu)|votes=73,188|percentage=45.01|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,930|percentage=5.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=162,595|percentage=86.57|change=-0.91}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unguturu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Puppala Srinivasa Rao Vasubabu
|votes = 94621
|percentage = 54.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Ganni veeranjaneyulu|votes=61,468|percentage=35.36%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Nowdu Venkata Ramana (Ramana Babu)|votes=10,721|percentage=6.17%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=33153|percentage=19.07%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=173,841|percentage=86.9%|change=0.33%}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Unguturu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party= Janasena Party|candidate=[[Patsamatla Dharmaraju]]|votes=108894|percentage=59.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Puppala Srinivasa Rao Vasubabu|votes=63949|percentage=35.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pathapati Hari Kumara Raju|votes=3130|percentage=1.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=6650|percentage=1.15|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=44945|percentage=24.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=182623|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|16.82|81.42|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Eluru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Rewa Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:41Z

FredrickGreig: Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{About|the [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency|the [[Lok Sabha]] constituency|Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|other uses|Rewa (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rewa
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 74
| map_image = 74-Rewa.svg
| mla = [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Pushpraj Singh]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Shri Rajendra Shukla.jpg
}}

'''Rewa Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

==Overview==
Rewa is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Rewa district]]. This constituency covers the entire area of [[Rewa Municipal Corporation|Rewa Municipality]] and is part of the Huzur [[tehsil]] of the district.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Jagdish Chandra Joshi
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Joshi Jagdinsh Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Shatrughan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Muni Prasad Shukla
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Prem Lal Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Muni Prasad Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Prem Lal Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=3|[[Pushpraj Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan=5|[[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here">{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms|archivedate=13 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise">{{cite news|last1=Hindustan Times|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html|accessdate=13 December 2023|date=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html|archivedate=13 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewa<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77680}}
|percentage = 51.16
|change = +0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajendra Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:56341}}
|percentage = 37.11
|change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Madhumas Chandra Soni
|votes = {{formatnum:8524}}
|percentage = 5.61
|change = +0.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Eng. Deepak Singh Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:5034}}
|percentage = 3.32
|change = +2.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:893}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21339}}
|percentage = 14.05
|change = +0.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:151827}}
|percentage = 68.9
|change = +1.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rewa<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69806}}
|percentage = 51.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abhay Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:51717}}
|percentage = 37.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kasim Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:6427}}
|percentage = 4.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = Krishna Kumar Gupta (K.K.)
|votes = {{formatnum:1603}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:660}}
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18089}}
|percentage = 13.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:136778}}
|percentage = 66.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.54|81.30|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rewa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

The PSBB Millennium School, Chennai

2026-04-14T14:29:45Z

FredrickGreig: creating a entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{One source|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox school
| name = The PSBB Millennium School
| native_name =
| logo = PSBB Millennium School (Chennai) logo.png
| seal_image =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = "Indian Values Global Vision"
| motto_translation =
| location = [[Gerugambakkam]] and [[St. Thomas Mount]]
| address = Multi Nagar Main Road, Chennai GST Road, Chennai
| region = Gerugambakkam
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province = [[Chennai]]
| county =
| postal_code = 600087
| country = [[India]]
| country1 =
| coordinates =
| schooltype = CBSE
| founded = 2005
| founder = Mr.Shantanu Prakash
| authorizer =
| superintendent =
| trustee =
| president = Mr.Sharad Agarwal
| dean = Mrs Rajalakshmi
| administrator =
| principal1 = Mrs Bhavani Bhaskar
| viceprincipal1 =
| headmistress =
| headmaster =
| head_of_school =
| head =
| head_label =
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| employees =
| key_people =
| years = 15
| gender =
| age_range = 4–17 years
| enrollment =
| classes =
| avg_class_size = 30-35
| system =
| classes_offered = Pre KG – 12th
| language = English Tamil Hindi Sanskrit German
| hours_in_day = 24 hours
| classrooms = 10 per grade
| campuses = GST, Gerugambakkam and OMR
| campus =
| campus_size =
| area =
| houses = Emerald, topaz, sapphire, ruby {{Color box|#228B22|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#f0ff00|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|#fc1414|border=darkgray}}
| colours =
| slogan = Indian Values, Global Vision
| song = National Anthem
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| alumni =
| nobel_laureates =
| information =
| website = {{URL|www.psbbmillenniumschool.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''The PSBB Millennium School''',<ref>{{cite web |title=PSBB Millennium School, Chennai - Chennai {{!}} PSBB Millennium School, Chennai Reviews, Fee Admission Process |url=https://www.allschoolscolleges.com/school/psbb-millennium-school-chennai |website=allschoolscolleges.com |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> abbreviated as '''PSBBMS''', is a [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) affiliated school in [[Gerugambakkam]] and [[National Highway 45 (India, old numbering)|GST Road]], [[Chennai]], India. The school was founded by Shantanu Prakash. The PSBB Millennium School is a collaborative venture between the Bala Bhavan Educational Trust that runs the PSBB Group of Schools and the Learning Leadership Foundation.

==Branches==

===GST Road===
The GST Road Campus includes a nursery. The open space for playing is equipped with play material that helps in the development of their gross motor skills.. With Indian Music, Western Music, Dance and Role Play as part of the curriculum, the children acquire knowledge through play-way methodology.

===Gerugambakkam===
The State-of-the-art Campus in Gerugambakkam is spread over 5 acres of land. It includes ample space for play, large classrooms with ventilation, covered play area for younger children, and sports fields for football.

==Curriculum==
The school is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education. Till the grade of X, students can choose two languages. Hindi is compulsory as either Second or Third Language.

===Groups for class XI and XII===
Core English is Compulsory

* Biology, Maths, Physics, Chemistry
* Biology, Entrepreneurship, Physics, Chemistry
* Computer Science, Maths, Physics, Chemistry
* Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Entrepreneurship
* Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Maths

==Houses==
Students are sorted into four different houses
* {{Color box|#228B22|border=darkgray}} Emerald (Green)
* {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Sapphire (Blue)
* {{Color box|#fc1414|border=darkgray}} Ruby (Red)
* {{Color box|#f0ff00|border=darkgray}} Topaz (Yellow)
These houses are awarded points in various sport events, including the performances in Sports Day. The house with most points wins the House Trophy.

==Clubs==
The PSBB Millennium School has the following clubs in which the students take part. These clubs ensures that the students enhance their skills in the concerned activities conducted by the club.
* Debate Club: Club which enhances the speaking and debating skills. Aims to reduce stage fear and induces confidence
* Interact Club: Sponsored by the Rotary Club of Madras, the Interact Club was established for the enhancement and welfare of the society and surroundings
* School Band: Performs in reputed events across the city
*Disciplinary Committee: Formed in June 2012 in the Gerugambakkam Campus

==See also==
*[[Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:PSBB Millennium School, Chennai}}
[[Category:Private schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Rafeeq Saudagar

2026-04-11T20:22:11Z

FredrickGreig: Stub

{{short description|Indian Urdu Writer and Poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| language = [[Urdu]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ur|ڈاکٹر رفیق سوداگر}}
| image = Dr Rafeeq Saudagar (2022).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|28 March 1971}}
| birth_place = [[Kadechur]], [[Mysore State]], India
| spouse = Kahkashan Saudagar
| children = 3
| relatives =
| awards = Achievers Award (Karnataka Urdu Academy and Karnataka Centre Muslim Association).
| education = D. Pharma BUMS
| occupation = Poet, lyricist and doctor
| alma_mater = Tipu Sultan Unani Medical College Gulbarga, P.B College of Pharmacy Yadgir.
| genre = [[Ghazal]]
| parents = Abdul Razak Saudagar (Father)
Hafeeza Begum (Mother)
| notable_works = * Safar Kahkashan Ka (2007)
* Yaad e Maazi (06-04-2013)
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| name = Rafeeq Saudagar
| office = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu|Anjuman Muhibban-e-Urdu]]
| children =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| native_name = {{Lang|ur|ڈاکٹر رفیق سوداگر}}
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = present
| office1 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the All India Urdu Development Organization
| term_end1 = Present
| term_start1 = 2012
| 2blankname = Unit
| 2namedata = [[Yadgir]] Unit
| 2namedata1 = [[Yadgir]] Unit
| 2blankname1 = Unit
| image = Dr Rafeeq Saudagar and Bekal Utsahi.jpg
| caption = Saudagar (left) with [[Bekal Utsahi]] at National Integration Mushaira (2011) organised by Anjuman Muhibban-e-Urdu (A.P) at Public Garden, [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]] in [[Hyderabad]].
| birth_place =
| parents =
| occupation =
| awards =
| native_name_lang =
}}
}}
'''Rafeeq Saudagar''' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: رفیق سوداگر,<ref name="اردودنيا">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQJmAAAAMAAJ&q=%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1+%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1|title=اردودنيا|date=2002|publisher=قومى كونسل برائے فروغ اردو زبان|language=ur}}</ref> born 28 March 1971) is an Indian Urdu poet<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-27|title=Dr rafeeq saudagar » Ahl-e-Sunnats|url=https://ahlesunnats.com/dr-rafeeq-saudagar/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Ahl-e-Sunnats|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=انجمن ترقی اردو ہند کی جانب سے یاد گیر میں قومی یوم تعلیم کا انعقاد۔مولانا آزاد کی خدمات کو مقررین نے کیاسلام|url=https://harpalonline.com/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%82%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%88-%db%81%d9%86%d8%af-%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8-%d8%b3%db%92-%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af-%da%af%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85/|access-date=2021-12-24|website=ہرپل آن لائن|language=ur|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224155052/https://harpalonline.com/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8-%D8%B3%DB%92-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF-%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%85/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and doctor.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Rafeeq Saudagar Hospital - Yadgiri|url=http://wikimapia.org/17204739/Dr-Rafeeq-Saudagar-Hospital|access-date=2021-08-11|website=wikimapia.org|language=en}}</ref> He is the President of the Anjuman Muhibban-e-Urdu (Yadgir Unit).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Anjuman Muhibban-e-Urdu Yadgir remembers Padmashri Poet Bekal Utsahi on his 5th death anniversary.|url=https://deccandigest.com/anjuman-muhibban-urdu-yadgir-padmashri-poet-bekal-utsahi-death-anniversary/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[DeccanDigest]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He was awarded the "Achievers Award" by the Karnataka Urdu Academy and the Karnataka Centre Muslim Association in [[Raichur]] on 23 June 2019.<ref name=":6" /> He is from [[Yadgir district]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMNjAAAAMAAJ&q=%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1+%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1|title=كرناٹک كے اردو اديبوں، شائروں اور صحافيوں كى ڈائركٹرى|date=1998|publisher=مجلس ادب پبلى كيشنز،|language=ur}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8p0AAAAIAAJ&q=dr+rafeeq+saudagar|title=Karnatak ke Urdu adeebon, sha'iron aur sahafiyon ki directory|date=1998|publisher=Majlis-i Adab Pablīkeshanz|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="اردودنيا"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=اقبال راہی تماپوری ہمہ جہت شخصیت: '' ان سے ملئے '' سے مختلف اصحاب کا اظہار خیال|url=https://www.dailysalar.com/dailysalar.com/news/10276/p-13/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Daily Salar Urdu News|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810205745/https://www.dailysalar.com/dailysalar.com/news/10276/p-13/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=فضل افضل نے مشاہدہ فکر واحساس کو شاعرانہ رنگ وآہنگ سے ہم آ میز کیا ہے.کر نا ٹک اردو اکیڈمی کے پروگرام ''حاصل مطالعہ ''سے دانشوران کا اظہار خیال|url=https://harpalonline.com/%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d9%86%db%92-%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%a7%db%81%d8%af%db%81-%d9%81%da%a9%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3-%da%a9%d9%88-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=ہرپل آن لائن|language=ur|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810205755/https://harpalonline.com/%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D9%86%DB%92-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81-%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=یوم آزادی کے موقع پر آج سگر شریف میں اردو مشاعرہ|url=https://harpalonline.com/%db%8c%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a2%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%af%db%8c-%da%a9%db%92-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d9%be%d8%b1-%d8%a2%d8%ac-%d8%b3%da%af%d8%b1-%d8%b4%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%81-%d9%85%db%8c%da%ba-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=ہرپل آن لائن|language=ur|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810205748/https://harpalonline.com/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%BE%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%AC-%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Saudagar was born to Abdul Razak Saudagar and Hafeeza Begum on 28 March 1971 in [[Kadechur]], [[Yadgir district]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bio-bibliography.com - Authors|url=http://www.bio-bibliography.com/authors/view/6190|access-date=2021-08-05|website=www.bio-bibliography.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Saudagar completed his graduation in BUMS from Tipu Sultan Unani Medical College, Gulbarga, and his D. Pharma from P.B. College of Pharmacy, Yadgir.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8p0AAAAIAAJ&q=Dr+Rafeeq+Saudagar|title=Karnatak ke Urdu adeebon, sha'iron aur sahafiyon ki directory|date=1998|publisher=Majlis-i Adab Pablīkeshanz|language=ur}}</ref> He is a doctor<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Rafeeq Saudagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India - Book appointment now {{!}} Curofy|url=https://curofy.com/doctor/dr-rafeeq-saudagar-unani-medicine-drrafeeqsaudagar|access-date=2021-08-11|website=curofy.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> and an Urdu poet by profession.<ref>{{Cite web|title='ڈاکٹر رزاق اثر استاد شاعر تھے'|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/doctor-rafiq-saudagar-on-doctor-razzaq-asar-death/na20200721103302854|access-date=2021-08-05|website=ETV Bharat News|date=21 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

He began writing poetry at the age of 18 but published his first book in 2004. He is also a supporter of the [[Urdu language]] and the Urdu-speaking people of India.<ref name="Correspondent">{{Cite news|date=2015-11-12|title=World Urdu Day observed|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/world-urdu-day-observed/article7868574.ece|access-date=2021-08-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=یادگیر: اردو کے مشہور شعرا کی یاد میں پروگرام|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/program-organised-in-the-memory-of-famous-urdu-poets-in-yadgir/na20201109115139795|access-date=2021-08-05|website=ETV Bharat News|date=9 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=یادگیر: اساتذہ وطلبا کے لیے تہنیتی پروگرام|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/award-distribution-among-teachers-and-student-in-yadgir/na20201129174947671|access-date=2021-08-05|website=ETV Bharat News|date=29 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=یادگیر: جشن علامہ اقبال کا انعقاد|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/yadgir-celebration-of-allama-iqbal/na20201129214156974|access-date=2021-08-05|website=ETV Bharat News|date=29 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=یادگیر میں 26 جنوری کو مشاعرہ|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/mushira-will-held-on-the-occasion-of-26-jan-in-yadgir/na20210125190741879|access-date=2021-08-05|website=ETV Bharat News|date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Saudagar married Kahkashan Saudagar in 2004. The couple has three sons and lives in Millat Nagar, [[Yadgir]] city, [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":0" />

==Positions held==
* President - All India Urdu Development Organization - 2012–Present.<ref name="Correspondent"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=مندر میں بھگدڑ مچنے سے 10 افراد ہلاک, 15 زخمی|url=http://fikrokhabar.com/ur/content-details/12574/news/mandir-me-bhagdad-10-halak-15-zakhmi-news.html|access-date=2021-08-05|website=FikroKhabar|language=ur}}</ref>
* President - Anjuman Muhibban-e-Urdu (Yadgir Unit) - 2012–Present.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=by|title=دور حاضر میں مذہبی رواداری کی ضرورت|url=https://archive.urdu.siasat.com/news/%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b6%d8%b1-%d9%85%db%8c%da%ba-%d9%85%d8%b0%db%81%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%b6%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%aa-628064/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Siasat Urdu Archive|date=25 August 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=یادگیر: کنڑا یومِ صحافت پروگرام کا انعقاد|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/kannada-journalism-day-program-organized-in-yadgir/na20210719110747803|access-date=2021-08-05|website=ETV Bharat News|date=19 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=یادگیر میں اردو صحافیوں کو تہنیت|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/karnataka/congratulations-to-urdu-journalists-in-yadgir/na20200704183702612|access-date=2021-08-05|website=ETV Bharat News|date=4 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Awards==
* Achievers award - Karnataka Urdu Academy and Karnataka Centre Muslim Association.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-06-24|title=Three feted for contribution to Urdu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/three-feted-for-contribution-to-urdu/article28122059.ece|access-date=2021-08-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Safar Kahkashan Ka.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr Rafeeq Saudagar |url=http://archive.org/details/safar-kahkashan-ka-poetry-by-dr.-rafeeq-saudagar |title=Safar Kahkashan Ka, Poetry By Dr. Rafeeq Saudagar |date=2007}}</ref>
* ''Yaad e Maazi.''<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/yaad-e-mazi-dr-rafeeq-saudagar |title=YAAD E MAZI - Dr Rafeeq Saudagar |date=2013-04-06}}</ref>
[[File:Lafzon ki Mahek written by Dr Rafeeq Saudagar (Yadgir).jpg|thumb|264x264px|[[Raza Murad]] (Indian actor), [[Khaleel Mamoon]] (Urdu poet and a former IPS officer), and Dr Veer Basawanthreddy Mudnal (former MLA) launched "Lafzon ki Mahek" written by Dr Rafeeq Saudagar in Yadgir on Saturday, 27 March 2010, at All India Mushaira in [[Yadgir]].]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [[c:Category:Dr Rafeeq Saudagar|Dr Rafeeq Saudagar - WikiMedia]].
*[https://facebook.com/drrafeeqsaudagarofficial Rafeeq Saudagar official Facebook page]
{{Commons|Dr Rafeeq Saudagar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{People from Yadgir district|state=Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saudagar, Rafeeq}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:People from Yadgir district]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Urdu in India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

List of programmes broadcast by Discovery Kids (India)

2026-04-01T14:20:54Z

FredrickGreig:

{{About|the programmes broadcast by Discovery Kids|the channel itself|Discovery Kids (India)}}
{{short description|Warner Bros Discovery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
This is a list of [[television programs]] currently and formerly broadcast by [[Discovery Kids (India)|Discovery Kids]] in [[India]]. The channel was launched on 7 August 2012.

== Current programming ==
* ''Bunty Billa Aur Babban''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-13 |title=Discovery Kids launches animated series ‘Bunty Billa Aur Babban’ |work=Adgully |url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-launches-animated-series-bunty-billa-aur-babban-116431.html |access-date=2022-05-03}}</ref>
* ''Fukrey Boyzzz''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/26/fukrey-boyzzz-to-add-value-to-fukrey-franchise-2039499.html|title='Fukrey Boyzzz' to add value to 'Fukrey' franchise|date=26 September 2019|via=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy|Haddi Mera Buddy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/CtlUpo8M8ci/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* ''Kisna''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/discovery-kids-launches-animated-series-kisna-114101400836_1.html|title=Discovery Kids launches animated series 'Kisna'|date=14 October 2014|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
* ''[[Little Krishna]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iskconnews.org/krishna-indias-first-3-d-animated-tv-series,1224/|title=Krishna: India’s First 3-D Animated TV Series|date=16 May 2009|via=Iskcon News}}</ref>
* ''[[Larva (TV series)|Larva]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I53mxBEuVMA&list=PLKRxH8XztcuBElkfBakwFWos88YWyHkms&index=1 |title=Larva 🐛Season 3 {{!}} Atthanni Chawani Ki Nautanki! 😆{{!}} Sat-Sun 2:30 PM {{!}} Only on @DiscoveryKidsIN |date=2025-06-13 |last=Discovery Kids In |access-date=2025-06-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''[[Mr. Bean]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=New Show - Promo {{!}} Mr. Bean {{!}} starts 9th September {{!}} Discovery Kids India|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obbbzbs0PcA|language=en |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>
* ''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]]'' <ref>{{Citation |title=Promo - Mr Bean Animated Series {{!}} Starts 3rd April {{!}} 10:30 AM & 4:30 PM only on Discovery Kids India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKM_lcNNChc |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Roll No 21]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Promo {{!}} Kris Roll No 21 {{!}} Starts 13th November {{!}} 12:30 PM {{!}} Discovery Kids India|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJendeJjvoU|language=en |access-date=2021-11-10}}</ref>
*''[[Shaun the Sheep]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=New Show {{!}} Shaun The Sheep {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} Discovery Kids India {{!}} Promo {{!}} New Cartoon|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o0nZRCovJQ|language=en |access-date=2023-11-14}}</ref>
* ''Smaashhing Simmba''<ref>{{Citation |title=Smashing Simba coming soon on Discovery Kids |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9hv8f8b0Fc |access-date=2023-06-17 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[We Bare Bears]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Teen Bears Unlimited Masti!, Saturday and Sunday 04:30 PM on Discovery Kids|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=P8-YHTZDkGA?feature=shared|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch We Bare Bears Episode 18, Streaming on Discovery Kids Hindi on JioTV |url=https://www.jiotv.com/live-channel/discovery-kids-hindi/554/we-bare-bears/episode-18/260329554067 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260401141830/https://www.jiotv.com/live-channel/discovery-kids-hindi/554/we-bare-bears/episode-18/260329554067 |archive-date=2026-04-01 |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=www.jiotv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Former programming ==
* ''[[1001 Nights (TV series)|1001 Nights]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-presents-the-timeless-tales-in-its-series-1001-nights-60620.html|title=DISCOVERY KIDS PRESENTS THE TIMELESS TALES IN ITS SERIES 1001 NIGHTS |website=Adgully.com}}</ref>
* ''Adiboo Adventures''<ref name=kidz/>
* ''Adventure 8: Zoo Games''{{fact|date=December 2023}}
* ''[[The Adventures of Chuck and Friends]]''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-expands-it-s-playground-enters-sri-lanka-56969.html|title=Discovery Kids expands it's playground; enters Sri Lanka |website=Adgully.com}}</ref>
* ''[[The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)|The Adventures of Tintin]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2013/01/discovery-kids-to-take-kids-on-an-exciting-voyage-with-tintin/|title=Discovery Kids to take kids on an exciting voyage with Tintin|date=14 January 2013|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''Akbar and Birbal''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/discovery-kids-brings-amusing-and-wise-tales-of-akbar-birbal|title=Discovery Kids brings amusing and wise tales of ‘Akbar & Birbal’|date=5 March 2014|access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[The Amazing Spiez!]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-presents-the-amazing-spiez-59745.html |title=Discovery Kids presents The Amazing Spiez |website=Adgully.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Angry Birds Blues]]''<ref Name=ABI/>
* ''[[Angry Birds Stella (TV series)|Angry Birds Stella]]''<ref Name=ABI/>
* ''[[Angry Birds Toons]]''<ref Name=ABI>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-to-present-biggest-animation-franchise-in-india-70309.html|title=Discovery Kids to present biggest animation franchise in India |website=Adgully.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Animal Atlas]]''{{fact|date=December 2023}}
* ''[[Art Ninja]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQTYRkWeG8A |title=Art Ninja {{!}} Discovery Kids |date=2016-11-23 |last=Discovery Kids In |access-date=2024-05-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''[[Bablu Dablu]]''
* ''[[Bandbudh Aur Budbak]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/bandbudh-aur-budbak-helps-catapult-discovery-kids-ratings-by-112-180223|title=Bandbudh aur Budbak helps catapult Discovery Kids ratings by 112% |date=23 February 2018|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Batwheels]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=New Show - Promo {{!}} Secret Origins of the Batwheels {{!}} starts 15th July {{!}} Discovery Kids India
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuG99TSyhpo|language=en |access-date=2023-07-14}}</ref>
*''[[Bindi the Jungle Girl]]''<ref name=kidz/>
* ''[[Bump (British TV series)|Bump]]''{{fact|date=June 2024}}
* ''Bunty Billa Aur Babban''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Discovery Kids launches animated series ‘Bunty Billa Aur Babban’ |url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-launches-animated-series-bunty-billa-aur-babban-116431.html |date=2022-04-13 |access-date=2022-05-03 |work=Adgully}}</ref>
* ''[[Care Bears (TV series)|Care Bears]]''
* ''[[Chaplin & Co]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-premieres-new-adventurous-chaplin-69895.html |title=Discovery Kids Premieres New Adventurous 'Chaplin' |website=Adgully.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Chimpui]]''
*''Classmate Spell Bee''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/classmate-spell-bee-is-back-with-its-11th-season-119011500861_1.html|title=Classmate Spell Bee is back with its 11th season|date=15 January 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
* ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''
* ''[[Dex Hamilton: Alien Entomologist]]''
*''[[Dick and Dom|Dick 'N' Dom Go Wild]]''
*''[[Dino Dan]]''
* ''[[Dinofroz]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/july/julyrel65.php|title=ENTER A PREHISTORIC WORLD OF DRAGONS AND DINOSAURS WITH DISCOVERY KIDS' NEW SERIES 'DINOFROZ'|date=11 July 2013|access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
*''Discovery School Super League''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-discovery/mini-mathur-and-cyrus-sahukar-re-unite-after-4-years-to-host-discovery-school-super-league-dssl-powered-by|title=Mini Mathur and Cyrus Sahukar re-unite after 4 years to host Discovery SCHOOL SUPER LEAGUE (DSSL) POWERED BY BYJU’S- The Learning App|date=28 March 2019|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Doki (TV series)|Doki]]''
*''[[Finding Stuff Out]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/kids-genre-perks-up/1007785/|title=Kids genre perks up |date=26 September 2012|via=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref>
* ''[[G.I. Joe: Renegades]]''<ref name="auto1"/>
* ''[[Gadget Boy & Heather|Gadget Boy]]''
* ''[[Howzzattt]]''<ref name=kidz/>
* ''Kim''<ref name=kidz>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/34892_Discovery-Kids-tempts-children-with-three-India-centric-series|title=Discovery Kids tempts children with three India-centric series|date=1 August 2012|access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''Insectibles''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/discovery-kids-to-launch-new-series-insectibles-160128|title=Discovery Kids to launch new series 'Insectibles'|date=28 January 2016|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''Legend of Enyo''<ref name=kidz/>
* ''[[Little Singham]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Little Singham Coming Soon to Discovery Kids – Little Singham Teaser, Kids Cartoon @ Discovery Kids |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZqOSOVspVE |access-date=2023-06-17 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Luv Kushh''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/discovery-kids-to-roll-out-new-series-luv-kushh-151030|title=Discovery Kids to roll out new series ‘Luv Kushh’|date=30 October 2015|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Maya the Bee (TV series)|Maya the Bee]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-launches-the-curious-cult-series-maya-the-bee-53758.html|title=DISCOVERY KIDS launches the curious cult series 'MAYA THE BEE' |website=Adgully.com}}</ref>
*''[[Mister Maker]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-will-double-the-fun-this-summer-vacation-57483.html |title=Discovery kids will double the fun this summer vacation |website=Adgully.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Molly of Denali]]''
* ''[[The Monster Kid]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Discovery Kids to premiere classic Japanese Animation series ‘Monster Kid’ |url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-to-premiere-classic-japanese-animation-series-monster-kid-81887.html |date=2018-11-26 |access-date=2022-05-03 |work=Adgully}}</ref>
* ''[[The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog]]''
*''[[Mystery Hunters India]]''
* ''[[Nature Cat]]''
* ''[[The New Woody Woodpecker Show]]''
* ''Nils Holgersson''
* ''[[Oscar's Oasis]]''
* ''[[Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |title=Discovery Kids Presents The Iconic Franchise Pac-Man in India |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/discovery-kids-presents-the-iconic-franchise-pac-man-in-india/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Papyrus (comics)#Animated series|Papyrus]]''<ref name=kidz/>
* ''[[Piggy Tales]]''<ref Name=ABI/>
* ''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]''
* ''[[Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-kids-presents-the-robinhood-mischiefs-in-sherwood-60032.html|title=Discovery Kids presents the Robinhood: Mischiefs In Sherwood}}</ref>
* ''[[Sally Bollywood]]'' <ref name=kidz/>
* ''[[Shaktimaan: The Animated Series]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/discovery-kids-to-air-movies-every-weekend-throughout-2017|title=Discovery Kids to air movies every weekend throughout 2017|date=26 December 2016}}</ref>
* ''Sheik''
* ''Sheikh Chilli and Friendz''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=MN4U |date=2016-12-21 |title=Discovery Kids to premier its 2nd Indian series Sheikh Chilli & Friends by early 2017 |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/discovery-kids-premier-2nd-indian-series-sheikh-chilli-friends-early-2017/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Sunny Bunnies]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kidscreen.com/2017/11/15/sunny-bunnies-hops-to-discovery-kids-india/|title=Sunny Bunnies hops to Discovery Kids India|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>
* ''Tenali Raman''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/discovery-kids-launches-summer-programming-in-desi-dhamaal-150424|title=Discovery Kids launches summer programming in 'Desi Dhamaal'|date=24 April 2015 |website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]''
* [[The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series)|''The Tom and Jerry Show'' (2014)]]<ref>{{Citation |title=New Show - Promo {{!}} The Tom and Jerry Show {{!}} Mon-Fri {{!}} 10:30 AM {{!}} only on Discovery Kids India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z40AOYNUG2A|language=en |access-date=2023-06-07}}</ref>
* ''[[Tom and Jerry Tales]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/CskkuDfI_8J/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==|title=Kabhi Tom Jerry ke peeche toh kabhi Jerry Tom ke peeche... too much fun! {{!}} Dekhiye “The Tom and Jerry Show” every Mon-Fri at 10:30 AM, only on #DiscoveryKidsIndia|language=en |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>
* ''[[Transformers: Animated]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[Transformers: Armada]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[Transformers: Cybertron]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[Transformers: Cyberverse]]''
* ''[[Transformers: Energon]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[Transformers: Prime]]''<ref name="auto1"/>
* ''[[Transformers: Rescue Bots]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[Wild Kratts]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/india-is-tailor-made-for-discovery-kidsrahul-johri-47452.html|title=India is tailor-made for Discovery Kids: Rahul Johri - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref>
*''Wild Tales''<ref name=kidz/>
* ''[[The Woody Woodpecker Show]]''
* ''[[Zak Storm]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kidscreen.com/2017/03/02/zak-storm-makes-free-tv-strides-in-europe/|title=Zak Storm makes free-TV strides in Europe}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{programs}}
{{Discovery Kids}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Discovery Kids (India)]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Discovery Kids]]

Renaming of public places in Tamil Nadu (2020)

2026-03-26T06:44:38Z

FredrickGreig: Done

{{Orphan|date=March 2022}}

[[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu's]] Tamil Official Language and Tamil Culture Minister [[K. Pandiarajan|K Pandiarajan]] have announced that the anglicised names of around 3,000 places in the State would be changed into Tamil. The names of places in Tamil will be transliterated into English.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 13, 2018|first=Ram |last=Sundaram |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename towns, localities, streets by December|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-towns-localities-streets-by-december/articleshow/66598520.cms|access-date=2020-06-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=ஊர் பெயர்களை தமிழில் மாற்ற அரசாணை|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/2555497|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Dinamalar|language=ta}}</ref> The renaming of places has come into effect by a G.O. passed by Govt. of Tamil Nadu. The order follows an announcement in the assembly two years ago that anglicised names of the areas be changed closer to their original names in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-11|title=Cities and towns in Tamil Nadu to get new names|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cities-and-towns-in-tamil-nadu-get-new-names/article31799457.ece|access-date=2020-06-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The renaming of cities in India started in 1947 following the end of the British imperial period. The most notable are Indian English spelling-changes of Orissa to Odisha (March 2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 9, 2008|title=Did you say Orissa? It's Odisha now {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Did-you-say-Orissa-Its-Odisha-now/articleshow/3023274.cms|access-date=2020-06-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and the Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] (which includes the City of Pondicherry) to [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-05-26|title=Pondicherry to be named Puducherry|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pondicherry-to-be-named-puducherry/story-bbC7p9RUeRVxVGLr3v08CP.html|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushal|first=Ravi|date=2017-02-01|title=Cabinet approves Constitutional amendment to change name of the Pondicherry to Puducherry|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/cabinet-approves-constitutional-amendment-to-change-name-of-the-union-territory-from-pondicherry-to-puducherry-1801316/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Lists by District ==

=== Chennai ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Tondiyarpet (Part 1)
|Tandaiyaarpettai (Part 1)
|Thandaiyaarpettai
|-
|Tondiyarpet (Part 2)
|Tandaiyaarpettai (Part 2)
|Thandaiyaarpettai
|-
|Tondiyarpet (Part 3)
|Tandaiyaarpettai (Part 3)
|Thandaiyaarpettai
|-
|Tondiyarpet (Part 4)
|Tandaiyaarpettai (Part 4)
|Thandaiyaarpettai
|-
|Purasawalkam (Part 1)
|Purasaiwakkam (Part 1)
|Purasaivaakkam
|-
|Purasawalkam (Part 2)
|Purasaiwakkam (Part 2)
|Purasaivaakkam
|-
|Vepery
|Veppery
|Vepperi
|-
|V.O.C. Nagar
|Va.Vu.C. Nagar
|Va. Oo. Si. Nagar
|-
|Perambur (Part 1)
|Peramboor (Part 1)
|No Change
|-
|Perambur (Part 2)
|Peramboor (Part 2)
|No Change
|-
|Perambur (Part 3)
|Peramboor (Part 3)
|No Change
|-
|Selavoyal
|Selavaayal
|No Change
|-
|Kodungaiyur
|Kodungaiyur
|Kodungaiyoor
|-
|Erukkencheri
|Erukkenchery
|Erukkanjery
|-
|Peravallur
|Peravalloor
|No Change
|-
|Siruvallur
|Siruvalloor
|No Change
|-
|Ayanavaram (Part 1)
|Ayanpuram (Part 1)
|No Change
|-
|Ayanavaram (Part 2)
|Ayanpuram (Part 2)
|No Change
|-
|Konnur
|Konnoor
|No Change
|-
|Mallikaicheri
|Malligaichery
|Mallikaichcheri
|-
|Aminjikarai
|Amaindhakarai
|No Change
|-
|Periyakudal
|Periyakoodal
|No Change
|-
|[[Chinnakudal]]
|Chinnakoodal
|No Change
|-
|Koyembedu
|Koyambedu
|No Change
|-
|Sencheri
|Senchery
|Senjeri
|-
|Egmore (Part 1)
|Ezhumboor (Part 1)
|No Change
|-
|Egmore (Part 2)
|Ezhumboor (Part 2)
|No Change
|-
|Chintadripet
|Chintadaripettai
|Chinthadhari- Pettai
|-
|Triplicane (Part 1)
|Thiruvallikkeni (Part 1)
|No Change
|-
|Triplicane (Part 2)
|Thiruvallikkeni (Part 2)
|No Change
|-
|Mylapore (Part 1)
|Mayilappoor
|Mayilaappoor
|-
|Mylapore (Part 2)
|Mayilappoor
|Mayilaappoor
|-
|Pallipattu
|Pallippattu
|No Change
|-
|Kalikundram
|Kalikkundram
|No Change
|-
|Urur
|Ooroor
|No Change
|-
|Thiruvanmiyur
|Thiruvanmiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Mambalam
|Maambalam
|No Change
|-
|Saidapet
|Saidapettai
|Saithaappettai
|-
|Ekkattuthangal
|Ekkattutthangal
|Eekkattuththaangal
|-
|Alandur
|Aalandhoor
|No Change
|-
|Adayar (Part 1)
|Adaiyaaru (Part 1)
|No Change
|-
|Government Farm
|Arasuppannai
|No Change
|-
|Adayar (Part 2)
|Adaiyaaru (Part 2)
|No Change
|-
|Guindy Park
|Guindy Poonga
|Gindi Poongaa
|-
|Thiyagaraya Nagar
|Thiyaagaraaya Nagar
|No Change
|-
|Madipakkam
|Madippaakkam
|Madippakkam
|-
|Jaladampet
|Jalladiyaanpettai
|No Change
|-
|Pallikaranai
|Pallikkaranai
|No Change
|-
|Palavakkam
|Paalavaakkam
|No Change
|-
|Okkiam Thorapakkam
|Okkiyam Thuraipakkam
|No Change
|-
|Enjambakkam
|Eenjambaakkam
|No Change
|-
|Karapakkam
|Kaarappaakkam
|Kaarappakkam
|-
|Sholinganallur
|Chozhinganallur
|Solinganalloor
|-
|Uthandi
|Utthandi
|Uththandi
|-
|Semmanjeri
|Semmanchery
|Semmanjeri
|-
|Madanandapuram
|Madhanandhapuram
|Madhanandapuram
|-
|Mugalivakkam
|Mugalivaakkam
|No Change
|-
|Manappakkam
|Manappaakkam
|Manappaakkam
|-
|Nandambakkam
|Nandhambaakkam
|Nandambaakkam
|-
|Alandur
|Aalandhoor (Nagaram)
|No Change
|-
|Adambakkam
|Aadambaakkam (Aalandhoor Nagaram)
|Aadhambaakkam (Aalandhoor Nagaram)
|-
|Pazhavanthangal
|Pazhavanthaangal (Aalandhoor Nagaram)
|No Change
|-
|Nanganallur
|Nangainallur (Aalandhoor Nagaram)
|No Change
|-
|Thalakanancheri
|Thalakkanaanchery
|Thalakkanaanjeri
|-
|Meenambakkam
|Meenambaakkam
|No Change
|-
|Maduravoyal
|Madhuravaayal
|No Change
|-
|Valasaravalkam
|Valasaravaakkam
|No Change
|-
|Porur
|Poroor
|No Change
|-
|Nolambur
|Nolamboor
|No Change
|-
|Karampakkam
|Kaarambakkam
|No Change
|-
|Nerkundram
|Nerkundram
|No Change
|-
|Ramapuram
|Raamapuram
|No Change
|-
|Menambedu
|Menaambedu
|No Change
|-
|Patravakkam
|Pattaravaakkam
|No Change
|-
|Ambattur
|Ambatthoor
|Ambaththoor
|-
|Attipattu
|Atthippattu
|No Change
|-
|Mannurpet
|Mannoorpettai
|No Change
|-
|Korattur
|Korattoor
|No Change
|-
|Kakkapallam
|Kakkappallam
|Kakkaappallam
|-
|Mogapair
|Mugapperu
|No Change
|-
|Surapet
|Soorappattu
|No Change
|-
|Puthagaram
|Putthagaram
|Puththagaram
|-
|Madhavaram
|Maadhavaram
|No Change
|-
|Vadaperumbakkam
|Vadaperumbaakkam
|Vadaperumbaakkam
|-
|Villakupattu
|Vilakkuppaattu
|Vilakkuppattu
|-
|Mathur
|Maatthoor
|Maaththoor
|-
|Manchambakkam
|Manjambaakkam
|No Change
|-
|Kosapur
|Kosappoor
|No Change
|-
|Ariyalur
|Ariyaloor
|No Change
|-
|Elandanchery
|Elandhanchery
|Elandhanjery
|-
|Kadapakkam
|Kadappakkam
|No Change
|-
|Sadayankuppam
|Sadaiyankuppam
|Sadaiyanguppam
|-
|Kathivakkam
|Kaththivaakkam
|No Change
|-
|Thiruvottriyur
|Thiruvotriyur –Firka
|Thiruvotriyoor – Firka
|-
|Sathangadu
|Saaththangaadu
|Saaththangaadu
|-
|Edayanchavadi
|Idaiyanchavadi
|Idaiyanchaavadi
|}

=== Cuddalore ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Katthazhai
|Katthazhai
|Katthaazhai
|-
|Valaiyamadevi (Kilpadi)
|Valaiyamadevi (Keezhpathi)
|Valaiyammadevi (Keezh Paathi)
|-
|Viramudaiyanattam
|Veeramudaiyanattam
|Veeramudaiyanattham
|-
|Anaivari
|Anaivaari
|Aanaivaari
|-
|Settiya (Shatia)Tope
|Setthiyathoppu
|No Change
|-
|Vattarayantettu
|Vattharayan Tetthu
|No Change
|-
|Kilavadinattam
|Kilavadinattham
|No Change
|-
|Alisikudi
|Azhicikudi
|No Change
|-
|Siyappadi
|Seeyappadi
|No Change
|-
|Uluttur
|Ulutthur
|No Change
|-
|Talaikkulam (Ten)
|Talaikkulam (Then)
|Thalaikkulam (Therkku)
|-
|Nattamedu
|Natthamedu
|No Change
|-
|Krishnapuram (Ten)
|Krishnapuram (Therkku)
|No Change
|-
|Adivarahanattam
|Athivaraganattham
|Aathivaraganattham
|-
|Sattappadi
|Satthappadi
|No Change
|-
|Kil Manakkudi
|Keezh Manakkudi
|No Change
|-
|Adivarahanallur (Bhuvanagiri)
|Athivaraganallur (Bhuvanagiri)
|Athivaraganaloor (Bhuvanagiri)
|-
|Manjakkuli
|Manjakkuzhi
|No Change
|-
|Arumulidevan (Bhuvanagiri)
|Arumuzhidevan (Bhuvanagiri)
|Arumuzhithevan (Bhuvanagiri)
|-
|Palvattunnan
|Palvatthunnan
|Paalvatthunnaan
|-
|Parangipettai
|Parangippettai
|No Change
|-
|Budangudi
|Boothankudi
|Boothangkudi
|-
|Sattamangalam
|Satthamangalam
|No Change
|-
|Valaikkulam
|Vaazhaikkulam
|No Change
|-
|Kulappadi
|Koolappadi
|No Change
|-
|Terkuvirutangan
|Terkku Viruthangan
|No Change
|-
|Vakkur
|Vaakkur
|Vaakoor
|-
|Paradur
|Parathur
|Parathoor
|-
|Orattur
|Oratthur
|Oratthoor
|-
|Madurantakanallur
|Mathuranthakanallur
|Mathurantha- Kanalloor
|-
|Puntottam
|Poonthottam
|No Change
|-
|Perungalur
|Perungaalur
|Perungaaloor
|-
|Esanai
|Yesanai
|Esanai
|-
|Pungudi
|Poongudi
|No Change
|-
|Kil Nattam
|Keezh Nattham
|No Change
|-
|Tadanpettai
|Thathan Ppettai
|No Change
|-
|Tiruppaninattam
|Thiruppani Nattham
|No Change
|-
|Kirappalaiyam
|Keerappalaiyam
|No Change
|-
|Mel Mungiladi
|Mel Moongiladi
|No Change
|-
|Kil Mungiladi
|Keezh Moongiladi
|No Change
|}

=== Sivagangai ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Sivaganga
|Sivagangai
|No Change
|-
|Kallurani
|Kalloorani
|No Change
|-
|Tamarakki
|Thamaraakki
|No Change
|-
|Alagappa Nagar
|Alagappa Puram
|No Change
|-
|Kutturavuppatti
|Kootturavupatti
|No Change
|-
|Melapunkudi
|Melappoongudi
|No Change
|-
|Kallarathtinippatti
|Kallarathinippatti
|No Change
|-
|Tirumalai
|Thirumalai
|No Change
|-
|Alavakottai
|Alavaakkottai
|No Change
|-
|Madagupatti
|Madhagupatti
|Mathakupatti
|-
|Kilakottai
|Keezhakkottai
|No Change
|-
|Kattappattu
|Kaththappattu
|No Change
|-
|Kottapatti
|Kottaapatti
|No Change
|-
|Paganeri
|Paaganeri
|Paakaneri
|-
|Okkur
|Okkoor
|No Change
|-
|Kilapungudi
|Keezhappoongudi
|Keezhappoonggudi
|-
|Okkur Pudur
|Okkoor Pudhoor
|Okkoor Puthoor
|-
|Kilmangalam
|Keezhamangalam
|No Change
|-
|Surakkulam
|Soorakkulam
|No Change
|-
|Nalukottai
|Naalukottai
|No Change
|-
|Puduppatti
|Pudhuppatti
|Puthuppatti
|-
|Arasanur
|Arasanoor
|No Change
|-
|Mattur
|Maaththoor
|No Change
|-
|Padamattur
|Padamaaththoor
|No Change
|-
|Pillur
|Pilloor
|No Change
|-
|Panaiyur
|Panaiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Melvaniyangudi
|Mela Vaaniyangudi
|Mela Vaaniyanggudi
|-
|Alangulam
|Aalangulam
|Aalanggulam
|-
|Kadambankulam
|Kadambangulam
|No Change
|-
|Kilakandani
|Keezhakkandani
|No Change
|-
|Sundaranapu
|Sundharanadappu
|Suntharanadappu
|-
|Mangudi
|Maangudi
|Maanggudi
|-
|Valudani
|Vazhudhani
|Vazhuthani
|-
|Idaikkattur
|Idaikkattoor
|Idaikkaattoor
|-
|Kotagudi
|Kottakudi
|No Change
|-
|Paiyur Pillaivayal
|Paiyoor Pillaivayal
|No Change
|-
|Vembagudi
|Vembangudi
|No Change
|-
|Ilupakudi
|Iluppakkudi
|No Change
|-
|Karunkalakudi
|Karungkalakkudi
|No Change
|-
|Arasanimuthupatti
|Arasanimuththup- Patti
|No Change
|-
|Alagichipatti
|Azhagichchippatti
|No Change
|}

=== Dharmapuri ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Dharmapuri
|Dharumapuri
|Tharumapuri
|-
|Virupakshipuram
|Viruppatchipuram
|Viruppaatchipuram
|-
|Kadagattur
|Katakaththur
|Katakathoor
|-
|Hale Dharmapuri
|Pazhaya Tharumapuri
|Hale Tharumapuri
|-
|A. Reddihalli
|A. Reddippaatti
|A. Reddi Halli
|-
|K.Naduhalli
|K.Naduppatti
|K.Nadu Halli
|-
|Adagappadi
|Athakappadi
|Athakappaadi
|-
|Papinayakanahalli
|Pappinayakkan Patti
|Paappinayakkan Patti
|-
|Annasagaram
|Annasakaram
|Annasaakaram
|-
|Unguranahalli
|Ungkaran Patti
|Unguranahalli
|-
|Mukkalanaickenahalli
|Mukkalnayakkanpatti
|Mukkalnayakkanahalli
|-
|Mitta Noolahall
|Mitta Noola Alli
|Mitta Noola Halli
|-
|Settikarai
|Settikkarai
|No Change
|-
|Nallanahalli
|Nallan Patti
|Nallana Halli
|-
|Krishnapuram
|Krittinaapuram
|Krishnapuram
|-
|Puludikarai
|Puluthikkarai
|No Change
|-
|Andhihalli
|Aandippati
|Aandhi Halli
|-
|Konanginayakkan Ahalli
|Konaginayakkan Patti
|No Change
|-
|Akkamanahalli
|Akkamanappatti
|Akkamana Halli
|-
|Nayakkan Ahalli
|Nayakkan Patti
|Naayakkana Halli
|-
|Mookkanur
|Mookkanoor
|No Change
|-
|Thippireddihalli
|Thippireddip- Patti
|Thippireddi Halli
|-
|Kondaharahalli
|Kondakarap- Patti
|Kondahara Halli
|-
|Veppilaimuthampatty
|Veppilai- Muthampatti
|No Change
|-
|Koduhalli
|Koduppatti
|Koduppatti
|-
|Laligam
|Elaligam
|Lalikam
|-
|Mademangalam
|Maathevi- Mangalam
|Maatheman- Galam
|-
|Budanahalli
|Poothana Patti
|Poothana Halli
|-
|A.Jettihalli
|A.Jettipatti
|A.Jetti Halli
|-
|Tadangam
|Thadangam
|No Change
|-
|Adiyamankottai
|Athiyaman- Kottai
|No Change
|-
|Mittareddihalli
|Mittareddip- Patti
|Mittaareddi Halli
|-
|Mittathinnahalli
|Mittathinna- Patti
|Mittaa Thinna Halli
|-
|Pagalahalli
|Pakalpatti
|Paakala Patti
|-
|Bolanahallipalayam
|Bolanappattipalayam
|Bolanappattipalayam
|-
|Maniyathahalli
|Maaniyathaalli
|Maaniyatha Halli
|-
|Thoppurkanigarahalli
|Thoppurkani Karan Alli
|Thoppoorkani-Kaara Halli
|-
|Nathathahalli
|Naththap Patti
|Naththa Halli
|-
|Dalavoyhalli
|Thalavaaippatti
|Thalavaai Halli
|}

=== Tiruvallur ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Poonamallee
|Poovirundhavalli
|Poovirunthavalli
|-
|Pallavedu
|Palavedu
|Paalavedu
|-
|Pammadukulam
|Pammadhukulam
|Pammathukulam
|-
|Pothur
|Pothoor
|No Change
|-
|Thirumulaivoyal (1&2)
|Thirumullaivayal (1&2)
|Thirumullaivaayal (1&2)
|-
|Koilpathakai (1&2)
|Koilpadhagai (1&2)
|Koilpathaagai (1&2)
|-
|Thiruninravur (A&B)
|Thiruninravoor (A&B)
|No Change
|-
|Akraharam Mel
|Aghraharamel
|Akrahaaramel
|-
|Vilinjayambakkam
|Vilinjiyambakkam
|Vilinjiyampaakkam
|-
|Ayyappakkam
|Ayappakkam
|Ayappaakkam
|-
|Egumadurai
|Egumadhurai
|Ekumathurai
|-
|Sanaputhur
|Sanaputhoor
|Saanaputhoor
|-
|Edur
|Eadoor
|No Change
|-
|Eguvarpalayam (1&2)
|Eeguvarpalaiyam (1&2)
|Eekuvarpaalaiyam (1&2)
|-
|Maanallur
|Maanelloor
|No Change
|-
|Pondavakkam
|Pondhavakkam
|Ponthavaakkam
|-
|Chedulpakkam
|Sedhilpakkam
|Sethilpaakkam
|-
|Madarpakkam
|Madharpakkam
|Maatharpaakkam
|-
|Vaniamalli
|Vaniyamalli
|No Change
|-
|Sithurnatham
|Chithurnatham
|Chithoor Nattham
|-
|Amirthamangalam
|Amirdhamangalam
|Amirthamangalam
|-
|Periapuliyur
|Periyapuliyur
|Periyapuliyoor
|-
|Budur
|Budoor
|No Change
|-
|Dharkasthukandigai
|Dhargasthukandigai
|Dharkasthukandigai
|-
|Thervoykandigai
|Thervaikandigai
|Thervaaikandigai
|-
|Madavaram
|Madhavaram
|Maathavaram
|-
|Nelvoy
|Nelvai
|Nelvaai
|-
|Kollanur
|Kollanoor
|Kollaanoor
|-
|Erukkuvoy
|Erukkuvai
|Erukkuvaai
|-
|Venkuli
|Venkuzhi
|No Change
|-
|Palesewaram
|Paalesewaram
|Paa.Aleswaram
|-
|Annapanaicken-Kuppam
|Annapanayakan-Kuppam
|Annappanayakkan-Kuppam
|-
|Pudupalayam
|Pudhupalaiyam
|Puthupaalaiyam
|-
|Chintalakuppam
|Chinthalakuppam
|Chinthalakkuppam
|-
|Medipalayam
|Medhipalayam
|Methippalayam
|-
|Obasamudrum
|Obasamuthirum
|No Change
|-
|Melakkalani
|Melakkazhani
|No Change
|-
|Thurapallam
|Thurappallam
|No Change
|-
|Peddikuppam
|Pedhikuppam
|Pethikkuppam
|-
|Athupakkam
|Aathuppakkam
|Aathuppaakkam
|-
|Valuthalambedu
|Vazhathalambedu
|No Change
|}

=== Pudukottai ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Ammachathiram
|Ammachatthiram
|No Change
|-
|Kothamangalappatti
|Kotthamangalappatti
|No Change
|-
|Kothamangalappatti Vadakku
|Kotthamangalappatti Vadakku
|No Change
|-
|Ariyur
|Aariyur
|Aariyoor
|-
|Puthuvayal
|Pudhuvayal
|Puthuvayal
|-
|Athi Coloney
|Aadhi Kudiyiruppu
|Aathi Kudiyiruppu
|-
|Chokkampatty
|Sokkampatti
|No Change
|-
|Alathur
|Aalatthoor
|No Change
|-
|Ambalakarantheru
|Ambalakaratheru
|Ambalakkaratheru
|-
|Chinnakovattuppatti
|Chinnakuvaattupatti
|Chinnaakuvaattupatti
|-
|Pothayampatti
|Potthayampatti
|No Change
|-
|Vellankadu
|Vealangkadu
|No Change
|-
|Kurupartheru
|Kurumpattheru
|No Change
|-
|Kalampatti
|Kallampatti
|No Change
|-
|Koothinipatti
|Kootthinipatti
|No Change
|-
|Paravattivayal
|Paravettivayal
|No Change
|-
|Puthuppatti
|Pudhuppatti
|Puthuppatti
|-
|Sathampatti
|Saatthampatti
|No Change
|-
|Othakadai
|Otthakadai
|No Change
|-
|Kilakalam
|Kizhakalam
|No Change
|-
|Kuppathupatti
|Kuppatthupatti
|No Change
|-
|Pathikaranpannai
|Pasikaranpannai
|Paasikaaranpannai
|-
|Servarkalam
|Seruvarkalam
|Seruvaarkalam
|-
|Thithanpannai
|Thitthanpannai
|Thitthaanpannai
|-
|Kovindannaayakkanpatti
|Govindhannayak- Kanpatti
|Govinthannayakkan Patti
|-
|Keelaennai
|Keezhaennai
|No Change
|-
|Sanakovil
|Seanakovil
|Seanaakovil
|-
|Achanayakkanpatty
|Aachanayakkanpatti
|No Change
|-
|Alikadu
|Aalikadu
|No Change
|-
|Edayaartheru
|Edayartheru
|No Change
|-
|Nevaipatty
|Neivaipatti
|No Change
|-
|Soraiyampatty
|Soriyampatti
|No Change
|-
|Kudalur
|Koodaloor
|No Change
|-
|Keelapaluvanji
|Keezhappaluvanji
|No Change
|-
|Kunnakudippatti
|Kunnakkudippatti
|No Change
|-
|Senthamangalam
|Seanthamangalam
|No Change
|-
|Kayampatty
|Kaayampatti
|No Change
|-
|Keelakkurichi
|Keezhakkurichi
|No Change
|-
|Ichankudi
|Ichangudi
|No Change
|-
|Keelakothirapatti
|Keezhakotthirappatti
|No Change
|}

=== Krishnagiri ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Batimadugu
|Pathimadugu
|Pathimaduku
|-
|Idippalle
|Idipalli
|Idippalli
|-
|Oddapalle
|Ottapalli
|Ottappalli
|-
|Balanapalle
|Baalanapalli
|Balanappalli
|-
|Krishnappanayani-Podur
|Krishnappanaayakan-Podoor
|Krishnappanaayakkan-Podoor
|-
|Hale-Krishnapuram
|Hale Krishnaapuram
|No Change
|-
|Halekundani
|Halekunthaani
|No Change
|-
|Tirtam
|Theertham
|No Change
|-
|Karisagaramtalav
|Kariasaagaramthalaav
|No Change
|-
|Nallur
|Nalloor
|No Change
|-
|Nimmalavadi
|Nimmalvaadi
|No Change
|-
|Devarakundani
|Thevarkunthaani
|No Change
|-
|Tankadikuppam
|Thangadikuppam
|Thangaadikuppam
|-
|Ettipallitalav
|Ettipallithalaav
|Ettippallithalaav
|-
|Ettipalle
|Ettipalli
|Ettippalli
|-
|Ragimakanapalli
|Ragimaaganapalli
|Ragimaaganappalli
|-
|Chigaralapalli
|Sigaralapalli
|Sigaralappalli
|-
|Siranapalli
|Seeranapalli
|Seeranappalli
|-
|Manavaranapalli
|Manavaaranapalli
|Manavaaranappalli
|-
|Gangamadugu
|Kangamadugu
|Kangamaduku
|-
|Ebbari
|Yepperi
|Eppeeri
|-
|Konganeppalli
|Konganapalli
|No Change
|-
|Sigaramaganapalli
|Sigaramaagaanapalli
|No Change
|-
|Doddakanama
|Thottagaanamaa
|Thottakaanamaa
|-
|Undiganatham
|Undikaanaththam
|No Change
|-
|Budimutlu
|Boothimutlu
|No Change
|-
|Nachikuppam
|Naachikuppam
|Naachikkuppam
|-
|Kattiripalli
|Kaththiripalli
|Kaththiiripalli
|-
|Ederepalli
|Edayarapalli
|Edayarappalli
|-
|Avalanatham
|Aavalnaththam
|Aavalnaththam
|-
|Virupasandiram
|Viruppasanthiram
|No Change
|-
|Kondappanaayakkanapalli
|Kondappanaayakkanapalli
|No Change
|-
|Chinnakottur
|Chinnakoththoor
|No Change
|-
|Naduvanapalli
|Naaduvanapalli
|No Change
|-
|Talippalle
|Thalipalli
|No Change
|-
|Bommarasanapalle
|Bommarasanapalli
|No Change
|-
|Tatatara
|Thadathaarai
|No Change
|-
|Madepalli
|Maathepalli
|Maatheppalli
|-
|Sulamalai
|Soolamalai
|No Change
|-
|Ponnappagayunipalli
|Ponnappakavunipalli
|No Change
|}

=== Tiruppur ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Ponku Palayam
|Pongu Palayam
|Pongu Paalayam
|-
|North Avinasipalayam
|Vadakku Avinasi Palayam
|Vadakku Avinasi Paalayam
|-
|South Avinasipalayam
|Therku Avinasi Palayam
|Therku Avinasi Paalayam
|-
|Pudupalayam-N
|Pudhuppalayam Vadakku
|Puthuppaalayam Vadakku
|-
|Pudupalayam-S
|Pudhuppalayam Therku
|Therku Puthuppaalayam
|-
|Pazhamgarai
|Pazhangarai
|No Change
|-
|Merkupathy
|Merkkuppathi
|No Change
|-
|Vattalapathy
|Vattalappathi
|No Change
|-
|Chinnakoundanvalasu
|Chinne Kavundan Valasu
|No Change
|-
|Nallikavundan Palayam
|Nallikavundam Palayam
|Nallikavundam Paalayam
|-
|M.Pallagoundenpalayam
|Mukaasi Pallakavundam Palayam
|Mukaasi Pallakkavundam Paalayam
|-
|A.Pallagoundenpalayam
|Attavanai Pallakavundam Palayam
|Attavanai Pallakavundam Paalayam
|-
|Nadupatty
|Naduppatti
|No Change
|-
|S.Kangayampalayam
|Then Mugam Kangayampalayam
|Then Mugam Kaangayam Paalayam
|-
|N.Kangayampalayam
|Vada Mugam Kangayam Palayam
|Vada Mugam Kaangayam Paalayam
|-
|Panickampatty
|Panikkampatti
|No Change
|-
|Sitrambalam
|Chithambalam
|No Change
|-
|Annupatty
|Anuppatti
|No Change
|-
|A.Vadamalaipalyam
|Ve.Vadamalai Palayam
|Ve.Vadamalai Paalayam
|-
|V. Kallipalayam
|Ve. Kallippalayam
|No Change
|-
|Chitaravithanpalayam
|Chithravuthanpalayam
|Chithraavuthanpaalayam
|-
|Dharapuram North
|Dharapuram Vadakku
|Tharaapuram Vadakku
|-
|Kozhichivadi
|Kolinchivadi
|Kolinchivaadi
|-
|Tharapuram South
|Dharapuram Therkku
|Tharaapuram Therku
|-
|Utthappalayam
|Oothup Palayam
|Oothup Paalayam
|-
|Manakkadvu
|Manakkadavu
|No Change
|-
|Kongur
|Kongoor
|No Change
|-
|Pommanallur
|Bommanalloor
|No Change
|-
|Dhurampadi
|Thoorambadi
|No Change
|-
|Moolanur
|Moolanoor
|No Change
|-
|Senathipathypalayam
|Senapathi Palayam
|Senapathi Paalayam
|-
|Velamboondi
|Velam Poondi
|Velaam Poondi
|-
|Edakalpady
|Edakkalpadi
|Edakkalpaadi
|-
|Ericinampalayam
|Erasinampalayam
|Erasinampaalayam
|-
|Kannankovil
|Kannangkovil
|Kannaangkovil
|-
|Kolumanguli
|Kozhumanguli
|Kozhumangguli
|-
|Chirukinar
|Sirukinar
|No Change
|-
|Bonganduri
|Punganthurai
|No Change
|-
|Mampadi
|Mambadi
|Maambadi
|-
|Kangeyam
|Kangayam
|Kaangayam
|}

=== Tuticorin ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Tuticorin
|Thoothukkudi
|Thooththukkudi
|-
|Srivaikundam
|Thiruvaikundam
|No Change
|-
|Aandal Patchery
|Aandal Pacchery
|No Change
|-
|Mahilam Puram
|Mahizham Puram
|No Change
|-
|K.Sawyer Puram
|K. Sawyar Puram
|No Change
|-
|Keela Thattaparai
|Keezha Thattapparai
|No Change
|-
|Keela Kootudankadu
|Keezha Kootudankadu
|No Change
|-
|Keela Alagapuri
|Keezha Azhagapuri
|Keezha Azhagaapuri
|-
|Mela Alagapuri
|Mela Azhagapuri
|Mela Azhagaapuri
|-
|Vannarapettai
|Vannar Pettai
|No Change
|-
|Silon Colony
|Ceylon Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Kilpidagai Appan Kovil
|Keezh Pidagai Appan Kovil
|No Change
|-
|New Muniasamy Puram
|Pudhiya Muniasamy Puram
|Pudhiya Muniasaamy Puram
|-
|Kuravar Colony
|Kuravar Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Meenavar Colony
|Meenavar Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Aligudi
|Azhigudi
|Aazhigudi
|-
|Meyakan Palli
|Meeyakan Palli
|Meeyaakaan Palli
|-
|Keela Thoothukuli
|Keezha Thoothukuzhi
|No Change
|-
|Mela Thoothukuli
|Mela Thoothukuzhi
|No Change
|-
|Alagapuri
|Azhagapuri
|Azhagaapuri
|-
|Keela Sekkarakudi
|Keezha Sekkarakkudi
|Keezha Sekkaarakkudi
|-
|Keela Seriyandur
|Keezha Seriyanthur
|Keezha Seriyanthoor
|-
|V.Atichanallur
|V.Athichanallur
|V.Athichanalloor
|-
|Kilakku
|Kilakku
|Kizhakku
|-
|Alagappapuram
|Azhagappapuram
|Azhagappapuram
|-
|Kannativillai
|Kannandivillai
|Kannaandi Villai
|-
|Keelavoor
|Keezhavoor
|No Change
|-
|Kela Allwarthoppu
|Keezha Allwarthoppu
|Keezha Aazhwarthoppu
|-
|Puthiya Patcheri
|Puthiya Paccheri
|No Change
|-
|Keela Karungadal
|Keezha Karungadal
|No Change
|-
|Keela Panaikulam
|Keezha Panaikkulam
|No Change
|-
|Keela Colony
|Keezha Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Narayan Colony
|Narayan Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Sampadi Adi Colony
|Sampadi Adi Kudiyiruppu
|Sampadi Aadi Kudiyiruppu
|-
|Pungan Colony
|Pungan Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Arunthathiyar Colony
|Arunthathiyar Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Mottaimadan Colony
|Mottaimadan Kudiyiruppu
|Mottaimaadan Kudiyiruppu
|-
|Vembadi Colony
|Vembadi Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Palaya Kayal
|Pazhaya Kayal
|Pazhaya Kaayal
|-
|Parumbu Colony
|Parumbu Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Kaniyan Colony
|Kaniyan Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|}

=== Perambalur ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Ammapalayam
|Ammaapaalayam
|No Change
|-
|A. Kudikkadu
|A. Kudikkaadu
|No Change
|-
|Alambadi
|Aalambaadi
|No Change
|-
|Sokkanathapuram
|Sokkanaathapuram
|No Change
|-
|Alangili
|Alangizhi
|No Change
|-
|Papangarai
|Paapaangarai
|Paapanggarai
|-
|Anna Nagar
|Annaa Nagar
|No Change
|-
|Anjugam Colony
|Anjugam Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Indhira Nagar
|Indhiraa Nagar
|No Change
|-
|Mahathama Gandhi Nagar
|Mahaathmaa Gandhi Nagar
|No Change
|-
|Neduvasal
|Neduvaasal
|No Change
|-
|Kavulpalayam
|Kavulpaalayam
|No Change
|-
|Pudhuathur
|Pudhuaathur
|No Change
|-
|Ladapuram
|Laadapuram
|No Change
|-
|Navalur
|Naavalur
|Naavaloor
|-
|Selliyampalayam
|Selliyampaalayam
|No Change
|-
|Sathanur
|Saathanur
|Saathanoor
|-
|Vellanur
|Vellanoor
|No Change
|-
|Siruvachur
|Siruvaachur
|Siruvaachoor
|-
|Palambadi
|Paalaambaadi
|No Change
|-
|Iraddaimalaisandhu
|Irattaimalaisanthu
|No Change
|-
|Somandapudhur
|Somandaapudhur
|Somandaaputhoor
|-
|Manakkadu
|Manakkaadu
|No Change
|-
|Keelakanavai
|Keezhakanavaai
|No Change
|-
|Renganathapuram
|Renganaathapuram
|No Change
|-
|Thambiranpatti
|Thambiraanpatti
|No Change
|-
|Eechenkadu
|Eechankaadu
|No Change
|-
|Keelakarai
|Keezhakkarai
|No Change
|-
|Vadakumadavi
|Vadakkumaathavi
|No Change
|-
|Koneripalayam
|Konerippaalayam
|No Change
|-
|Aranarai
|Aranaarai
|No Change
|-
|Melapuliyur
|Melappuliyur
|Melappuliyoor
|-
|Kudikadu
|Kudikkaadu
|No Change
|-
|Pathangi
|Paathaangi
|No Change
|-
|Jayanthi Colony
|Jeyanthi Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Velluvadi
|Velluvaadi
|No Change
|-
|Kariyanur
|Kaariyaanur
|No Change
|-
|Kavundarpalayam
|Kavundarpaalayam
|No Change
|-
|Vettuvalmedu
|Vettuvaalmedu
|No Change
|-
|Sasthiripuram
|Saasthiripuram
|No Change
|}

=== Kancheepuram ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Chengalpet
|Chengalpattu
|No Change
|-
|Urapakkam
|Oorappakkam
|No Change
|-
|Nedugundram
|Nedungundram
|No Change
|-
|Unamancheri
|Oonamancheri
|Oonamanjeri
|-
|Kumili
|Kumizhi
|No Change
|-
|Hasthinapuram
|Athinapuram
|Athinaapuram
|-
|Appur
|Aappoor
|No Change
|-
|Athur
|Aathoor
|No Change
|-
|Thirukatchur
|Thirukkachoor
|No Change
|-
|Panagottur
|Panangottoor
|No Change
|-
|Virapuram
|Veerapuram
|No Change
|-
|Paranur
|Paranoor
|No Change
|-
|Kandalur
|Kaanthaloor
|No Change
|-
|Keelakkaranai
|Keezhakkaranai
|No Change
|-
|Gudalur
|Koodaloor
|No Change
|-
|Palaveli
|Pazhaveli
|No Change
|-
|Ozhalur
|Ozhaloor
|No Change
|-
|Hanumanthaputheri
|Anumanthaputheri
|No Change
|-
|Hanumanthai
|Anumanthai
|No Change
|-
|Kilmaruvathur
|Keezh Maruvathoor
|No Change
|-
|Maluvankaranai
|Mazhuvankaranai
|No Change
|-
|Gurumbirai
|Kurumbarai
|No Change
|-
|Ayakunnam
|Aayakkunnam
|No Change
|-
|Vayalur
|Vaayaloor
|No Change
|-
|Attupattukottai
|Aattupattukottai
|No Change
|-
|Isur
|Eesoor
|No Change
|-
|Andarakuppam
|Aandarkuppam
|No Change
|-
|Chunampet
|Choonampedu
|No Change
|-
|Vilangadu
|Vilaankadu
|Vilaankaadu
|-
|Thiruvadavur
|Thiruvathavoor
|No Change
|-
|Uludamangalam
|Uzhuthamangalam
|No Change
|-
|Sivadi
|Seevadi
|Seevaadi
|-
|Kilarkollai
|Keezhar Kollai
|No Change
|-
|Pavunjur
|Pavunchoor
|Pavunjoor
|-
|Atchivilagam
|Aatchivilagam
|Aatchivilaagam
|-
|Sevur
|Sevoor
|No Change
|-
|Damal
|Thaamal
|No Change
|-
|Kilar
|Kilaar
|No Change
|-
|Kuram
|Kooram
|No Change
|}

=== Coimbatore ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Coimbatore
|Koyamputhur
|Koyampuththoor
|-
|Naicken Palayam
|Nayakkanpalayam
|Nayakkanpaalayam
|-
|Gudalur
|Gudaloor
|Koodaloor
|-
|Perianaicken Palayam
|Periyanayakkan Palayam
|Periyanayakkan Paalayam
|-
|Narasimhanaicken Palayam
|Narasimma Nayakkan Palayam
|Narasimma Nayakkan Paalayam
|-
|Chinna Thadagam
|Sinna Thadaagam
|Chinna Thadaagam
|-
|Telugupalayam
|Thelungupalayam
|Thelungupaalayam
|-
|Sanganur
|Sanganoor
|No Change
|-
|Thudiyalur
|Thudiyaloor
|No Change
|-
|Chinnavadampatti
|Sinna Vaadampatti
|No Change
|-
|Vilankurichi
|Vilaankurichi
|No Change
|-
|Kalapatti
|Kaalapatti
|No Change
|-
|Souripalayam
|Sowripalayam
|Sowripaalayam
|-
|Mavuthampatti
|Maavuthampathi
|No Change
|-
|Pichanur
|Pichanoor
|No Change
|-
|Madukkarai
|Madhukkarai
|No Change
|-
|Palathorai Bit-1
|Paalathurai
|No Change
|-
|Valukkuparai
|Vazhukkupparai
|Vazhukkuppaarai
|-
|Vellalore
|Vellaloor
|No Change
|-
|Chettipalayam
|Settipalayam
|Settipaalayam
|-
|Sokkanur
|Sokkanoor
|No Change
|-
|Muthur
|Muthoor
|No Change
|-
|Sulakkal
|Soolakkal
|No Change
|-
|Govindapuram
|Govindhapuram
|Govinthapuram
|-
|Kaniyalampalayam
|Kaaniyaalam Palayam
|Kaaniyaalam Paalayam
|-
|Solanur
|Sozhanoor
|No Change
|-
|Varadanur
|Varathanoor
|No Change
|-
|Chettiakkapalayam
|Settiyakkapalayam
|Settiyakkapaalayam
|-
|Andipalayam
|Aandipalayam
|Aandipaalayam
|-
|Periakalandai
|Periya Kalandhai
|No Change
|-
|Kattampatti
|Kaattampatti
|No Change
|-
|Sirukkalandai Part-1
|Siru Kalandhai
|Sirukkalandhai
|-
|Jagir Naickenpalayam
|Zagir Nayakkanpalayam
|Zagar Nayakkanpaalayam
|-
|Thondamuthur
|Thondamuthoor
|No Change
|-
|Kalikkanaicken Palayam
|Kalikkanayakkan Palayam
|Kalikkanayakkan Paalayam
|-
|Thennamanallur
|Thennamanalloor
|No Change
|-
|Madvarayapuram
|Mathvarayapuram
|No Change
|-
|Alanthurai
|Aalanthurai
|No Change
|-
|Madampatti
|Maadhampatti
|No Change
|-
|Perur Chettipalayam
|Peroor Settipalayam
|Peroor Settipaalayam
|}

=== Tiruvannamalai ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Kattukanallur
|Kaattukaanalloor
|No Change
|-
|Kolathur
|Kolaththoor
|No Change
|-
|Vannankulam
|Vannaankulam
|No Change
|-
|5 Puthur
|5 Puththoor
|No Change
|-
|Kilnagar
|Keezhnagar
|No Change
|-
|Athimalaipattu
|Aththimalaippattu
|No Change
|-
|Poosimalaikuppam
|Poosimalaikkuppam
|No Change
|-
|12 Puthur
|12 Puththoor
|No Change
|-
|Morapanthangal
|Morappanthaangal
|No Change
|-
|Vettiyan Tholuvam
|Vettiyaan Thozhuvam
|No Change
|-
|Agrapalayam
|Agraapaalayam
|No Change
|-
|Ariyapadi
|Ariyappaadi
|No Change
|-
|Adayappalam
|Adaiyapalam
|No Change
|-
|Meyyur
|Meyyoor
|No Change
|-
|Mullandiram
|Mullandiram
|No Change
|-
|Kunnathur
|Kunnaththoor
|No Change
|-
|Palayam
|Paalaiyam
|Paalayam
|-
|Pungampadi
|Pungampaadi
|No Change
|-
|Pulavanpadi
|Pulavanpaadi
|No Change
|-
|Sennanandal
|Sennaanandal
|No Change
|-
|Arayalam
|Araiyaalam
|No Change
|-
|Rattinamangalam
|Raattinamangalam
|No Change
|-
|Vellari
|Velleri
|No Change
|-
|Adhanur
|Adhanoor
|Athanoor
|-
|Mattadhari
|Mattadhaari
|Mattathaari
|-
|Ranthamkoratur
|Raanthamkorattoor
|No Change
|-
|Panaiyur
|Panaiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Ogaiyur
|Ogaiyoor
|Okaiyoor
|-
|Agaram
|Aagaaram
|No Change
|-
|Paiyaur
|Paiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Velapadi
|Velappaadi
|No Change
|-
|Vadugasathu
|Vadugasaaththu
|No Change
|-
|Arni (East) Arni (West)
|Aarani (East) Aarani (West)
|Aarani (Kizhakku) Aarani (Merkku)
|-
|Meppathurai
|Meppaththurai
|No Change
|-
|Kilathur
|Keezhaaththoor
|No Change
|-
|Narthampoondi
|Naarththaampoondi
|No Change
|-
|C. Andapattu
|C.Aandaapattu
|No Change
|-
|Periyakilambadi
|Periyakilaambaadi
|No Change
|-
|Sirukilambadi
|Sirukkaambaadi
|Sirukilaambaadi
|-
|Mutharasampoondi
|Muththarasam Poondi
|No Change
|}

=== Nagapattinam ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Vedaranyam
|Vedharanyam
|VETHARANYAM
|-
|Sirkali
|Seerkaazhi
|No Change
|-
|Nagore
|Nagoor
|No Change
|-
|Koranadu
|Koorainadu
|Koorainaadu
|-
|Thiruvizhandhur
|Thiruvizhandhoor
|No Change
|-
|Thadalan Kovil
|Thadalan Koil
|No Change
|-
|Keelvelur
|Keezhveloor
|Keezveeloor
|-
|Thalanayar
|Thalaignayiru
|Thalaignaayiru
|-
|Thirupugalur
|Thirupugaloor
|Thiruppukaloor
|-
|Kongarayanallur
|Kongarayanalloor
|Kongaraayanalloor
|-
|Kayathur
|Kayathoor
|No Change
|-
|Aadhalayur
|Aadhalaiyoor
|Aathalaiyoor
|-
|Kottur
|Kottoor
|No Change
|-
|Keezhaboothanur
|Keezhaboothanoor
|No Change
|-
|Edayathangudi
|Edaiyathangudi
|Edaiyatthangudi
|-
|Aalathur
|Aalathoor
|No Change
|-
|Marungore
|Marungoor
|No Change
|-
|Kaaraiyur
|Kaaraiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Meelaboothanur
|Melaboothanoor
|No Change
|-
|Keezhathanjavur
|Keezhathanjavoor
|No Change
|-
|Thuraiyur
|Thuraiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Palaiyur
|Palaiyoor
|Paalaiyoor
|-
|Perungadambanore
|Perungadambanoor
|No Change
|-
|Elangadambanore
|Elangadambanoor
|No Change
|-
|Sirangudipuzhiur
|Sirangudipuliyoor
|No Change
|-
|Sellur
|Selloor
|No Change
|-
|Ivanallur
|Ivanalloor
|No Change
|-
|Vadakkupoikainallur
|Vadakkupoigainalloor
|No Change
|-
|Orathur
|Orathoor
|No Change
|-
|Agaraorathur
|Agaraorathoor
|Akaraorathoor
|-
|Puducherry
|Pudhucherry
|Puthucherry
|-
|Vadavur
|Vadavoor
|No Change
|-
|Therkuppoigainallur
|Therkkupoigainalloor
|No Change
|-
|Okkur
|Okkoor
|No Change
|-
|Agarakadambanore
|Agarakadambanoor
|No Change
|-
|Athipuliyur
|Athipuliyoor
|No Change
|-
|Kurukathi
|Kurukkathi
|No Change
|-
|Kilvelur
|Keezhveloor
|No Change
|-
|Koothur
|Koothoor
|No Change
|}

=== Virudhunagar ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Srivilliputtur
|Thiruvillipuththur
|No Change
|-
|North Srivilliputtur
|North Thiruvillipuththur
|Vadakku Thiruvillipuththur
|-
|Deivendri
|Deivendhiri
|Theivendhiri
|-
|Athikulam - Sengulam
|Aththikulam - Sengulam
|No Change
|-
|Pattakulam Sallipatti
|Paattakulam Sallipatti
|No Change
|-
|Villuppanur
|Vizhuppanur
|Vizhuppanoor
|-
|Poovani
|Poovaani
|No Change
|-
|Pillayarnatham
|Pillayaarnaththam
|No Change
|-
|Valaikulam
|Vaazhaikkulam
|No Change
|-
|Padikasuvaithan patti
|Padikkaasuvaiththaan patti
|No Change
|-
|Achanthavilthan
|Achanthavirththaan
|No Change
|-
|Ayan natchiyarkoil
|Ayan Nachchiyaarkovil
|No Change
|-
|Nalingaperi
|Nallingaperi
|No Change
|-
|Khansapuram
|Khaansaapuram
|No Change
|-
|Watrap
|Vaththiraayiruppu
|No Change
|-
|W.Puthupatti
|V.Puthuppatti
|Va.Puthuppatti
|-
|Maharajapuram
|Mahaaraajapuram
|No Change
|-
|Marikalamkathan
|Marikkalamkaaththaan
|No Change
|-
|Ayartharmam
|Aayartharmam
|No Change
|-
|Vellapottal
|Vellappottal
|No Change
|-
|Ruthrappanaickenpatti
|Ruththirappanaayakkanpatti
|No Change
|-
|Kalathur
|Kalaththur
|Kalathoor
|-
|Moovaraivendran
|Moovaraivenraan
|No Change
|-
|Nathampatti
|Naththampatti
|No Change
|-
|Kothankulam
|Koththankulam
|No Change
|-
|Arasiyarpatti
|Arasiyaarpatti
|No Change
|-
|Puthupalayam
|Puthuppalaiyam
|Puthuppaalayam
|-
|Samusigapuram
|Samusigaapuram
|Samusikaapuram
|-
|Malarajakularaman
|Melaraajakularaaman
|No Change
|-
|North Venganallur
|North Vengaanallur
|Vadakku Vengaanallur
|-
|Ayyankollankondan
|Ayankollangondaan
|No Change
|-
|Kollankondan
|kollangondaan
|No Change
|-
|Samthapuram
|Sammanthapuram
|No Change
|-
|Melapattakarisalkulam
|Melappaattam karisalkulam
|No Change
|-
|Sundararajapuram
|Sundararaajapuram
|No Change
|-
|Seithur
|Seththur
|Sethtoor
|-
|North Devathanam
|North Devathaanam
|Vadakku Tevathaanam
|-
|South Devathanam
|South Devathaanam
|Therkku Tevathaanam
|-
|Chokkanathanputhur
|Chokkanaathanpuththur
|No Change
|-
|Puthur
|Puththur
|Puththoor
|}

=== Karur ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Karur
|Karoor
|No Change
|-
|Renganathapuram North
|Renganathapuram vadakku
|No Change
|-
|Renganathapuram South
|Renganathapuram therkku
|No Change
|-
|Avuthipalayam
|Aavuthipalayam
|Aavuthipaalaayam
|-
|Kolanthanur
|Kolanthaanoor
|No Change
|-
|Kunnanur
|Kunnanoor
|No Change
|-
|Kilakku Mettupudhur
|Kizhakku Mettupudhur
|Kizhakku Mettuputhoor
|-
|Muthanur
|Muthanoor
|No Change
|-
|Sottaiyur
|Sottaiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Kuthanipalayam
|Kuthaanipalayam
|Kuthaanipaalayam
|-
|Maravapalayam
|Maravaapalayam
|Maravaapaalayam
|-
|Nadaiyanur
|Nadaiyanoor
|No Change
|-
|Pugalur
|Pugazhoor
|No Change
|-
|Nanniyur
|Nanniyoor
|No Change
|-
|Kiraiyur
|Kiraayoor
|No Change
|-
|Siviyampalayam
|Siviyaampalayam
|Siviyaampaalayam
|-
|Netaji Nagar
|Nethaji Nagar
|No Change
|-
|Nerur North part
|Nerur Vadapagam
|No Change
|-
|Othakadai North Part
|Othakadai Vadapagam
|No Change
|-
|Othaiyur
|Othaiyoor
|No Change
|-
|P.Kalipalayam
|Pa.Kaalipalayam
|Pa.Kaalipaalayam
|-
|Nagampalli
|Naagampalli
|No Change
|-
|Paraipatti
|Paaraipatti
|No Change
|-
|Malaiyur
|Malaiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Kothapalayam
|Koththapalayam
|Koththapaalayam
|-
|Keelathalaiyur
|Keezhathalaiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Nagalur
|Naagaloor
|No Change
|-
|Utharasapatti
|Utharaasappatti
|No Change
|-
|Kodandhur North Part
|Kodandhur vadabagam
|Kodanthoor vadabagam
|-
|Kaatur
|Kaatoor
|No Change
|-
|Kulathur
|Kulathoor
|No Change
|-
|Veralipatti
|Viraalippatti
|No Change
|-
|Paraiyur
|Paaraiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Kovilur
|Koviloor
|No Change
|-
|Jameen Athur
|Zamin Aathoor
|No Change
|-
|Athikaatur
|Aathikaatoor
|No Change
|-
|Avuthipalayam
|Aavuthipalayam
|Aavuthipaalayam
|-
|Palamapuram
|Pazhamapuram
|Pazhamaapuram
|-
|Dimmachipuram
|Thimmachipuram
|Thimmaachipuram
|-
|Kandiyur
|Kandiyoor
|No Change
|}

=== Villupuram ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Vilupuram
|Viluppuram
|Vizhuppuram
|-
|Ginjee
|Senji
|No Change
|-
|Tokavadi
|Thogaippadi
|Thokaippadi
|-
|Teli
|Theli
|No Change
|-
|Pedagam
|Pidagam
|Pidaagam
|-
|Chittani
|Chithani
|No Change
|-
|Marudur
|Maruthur
|Maruthoor
|-
|Tiruppachchanr
|Thiruppachanur
|Thiruppachanoor
|-
|Tindivanam
|Thindivanam
|No Change
|-
|Mailam
|Mayilam
|No Change
|-
|Neduntondi
|Nedunthondi
|No Change
|-
|Vilukkam
|Vizhukkam
|No Change
|-
|Tivanur
|Deevanur
|Theevanoor
|-
|Tengapakkam
|Thengappakkam
|No Change
|-
|Elay
|Eazhai
|No Change
|-
|Avaiyakuppam
|Avvaiyarkuppam
|No Change
|-
|Taluudali
|Thazuthali
|No Change
|-
|Vidurdam
|Veedurdam
|Veedur Anai
|-
|Tiruchitambalam
|Thiruchitrambalam
|No Change
|-
|Putturai
|Puthurai
|Pooththurai
|-
|Ottai
|Odai
|No Change
|-
|Talaiyanaikuppam
|Thalaiyanikuppam
|Thalaiyanaikuppam
|-
|Kuttappakkam (Kil)
|Kuthappakam (Kizh)
|Koothappaakkam (Kizh)
|-
|Vilvanattam
|Vilvanatham
|No Change
|-
|Kaluperumbakkam
|Kazhupperumppakam
|No Change
|-
|Koluvari
|Kozhuvari
|Kozhuvaari
|-
|Rayaottai
|Rayaodai
|Raayaodai
|-
|Rayapuduppakam
|Rayapputhuppakam
|Rayapputhuppaakkam
|-
|Pudukkupam
|Puthukkupam
|Pudhukkuppam
|-
|Avalurpet
|Avalurpettai
|Avaloorpettai
|-
|Chitteri
|Chiteri
|Chitteri
|-
|Tenpalai
|Thenpalai
|Thenpaalai
|-
|Kalattambattu
|Kalathampatu
|Kalathampattu
|-
|Sattapputtur
|Sathapputhur
|Saaththappuththoor
|-
|Pappantangal
|Pappanthangal
|Pappananthal
|-
|Puttirambattu
|Puthirampattu
|Puthiraampattu
|-
|Tandalai
|Thandalai
|No Change
|-
|Tyagarajapuram
|Thiyagarajapuram
|No Change
|-
|Attiyur
|Athiyur
|Athiyoor
|-
|Timmanandal
|Thimmananthal
|No Change
|-
|Chittal
|Chithal
|Chithaal
|}

=== Salem ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Tadanur
|Thathanoor
|No Change
|-
|Mukkanur
|Mookkanoor
|No Change
|-
|Achanguttaipatti Pudur
|Aachanguttaippatty Puthoor
|Aachanguttaippatti Puthoor
|-
|Kuppanur
|Kuppanoor
|No Change
|-
|Tailanur
|Thylaanoor
|No Change
|-
|Sandiyur
|Santhiyoor
|No Change
|-
|Maramangalattupatti
|Maaramangalaththuppatty
|No Change
|-
|Tirumalagiri
|Thirumalagiri
|No Change
|-
|Narasojipatti
|Narasothippatty
|No Change
|-
|Mallamuppan Patti
|Mallamooppan Patty
|No Change
|-
|Soudapuram
|Sowthapuram
|No Change
|-
|Ilampillai
|Elampillai
|No Change
|-
|Virapandi
|Veerapandi
|No Change
|-
|Silnayakkanpatti
|Seelanayakkanpatty
|No Change
|-
|Anaikkuttaipatti
|Aanaikkuttappatty
|No Change
|-
|Pettampatti
|Peththampatty
|No Change
|-
|Nagaiyampatti
|Naagaiyaampatty
|No Change
|-
|Valakkombai
|Vaazhakkombai
|No Change
|-
|Belur
|Peloor
|No Change
|-
|Kadambur
|Kadamboor
|No Change
|-
|Odiyattur
|Odhiyaththur
|Odhiyathoor
|-
|Anaiyampatti
|Aanaiyaampatty
|No Change
|-
|Tumbal
|Thumbal
|No Change
|-
|Chinnakalrayan Hills (Nor)
|Sinnakkalrayan Malai (Vadakku)
|No Change
|-
|Ettapur
|Yeththappoor
|Eethappoor
|-
|Chinnakrishnapuram
|Sinnakrishnaapuram
|Chinna Krishnaapuram
|-
|Puthirakavandanpalayam
|Puththirakkavundanpaalayam
|Puththirakavundanpaalayam
|-
|Peddanayakkanpalayam
|Peththanayakkanpaalayam
|No Change
|-
|Kunnur
|Kunnoor
|No Change
|-
|Appamma Samudram
|Appamma Samuthiram
|No Change
|-
|Alagapuram
|Azhagapuram
|No Change
|-
|Attur
|Aaththoor
|No Change
|-
|Veppanattam
|Veppanaththam
|No Change
|-
|Varagur
|Varagoor
|No Change
|-
|Talaivasal
|Thalaivasal
|No Change
|-
|Kirippatti
|Keerippatty
|Keerippatti
|-
|Kamakkapalayam
|Kaamakkaappaalayam
|No Change
|-
|Sittheri
|Siththeri
|No Change
|-
|Manattal
|Manaththal
|No Change
|-
|Bal Bakki
|Pal Baakki
|No Change
|}

=== Tiruchirappalli ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Trichirappalli
|Thiruchirappalli
|No Change
|-
|Crawford
|Kirappatti
|No Change
|-
|Golden Rock
|Ponmalai
|No Change
|-
|Uttama Seri
|Utthamarseeli
|No Change
|-
|Tiruttimalai
|Thirutthimalai
|No Change
|-
|Kuttappar
|Kootthaippar
|No Change
|-
|Torakkudi
|Thuraikkudi
|No Change
|-
|Srirangam
|Thiruvarangam
|No Change
|-
|Athavathur
|Adhavatthoor
|Athavatthoor
|-
|Alundur
|Azhundhoor
|No Change
|-
|Allur
|Alloor
|No Change
|-
|Anthanallur
|Andhanalloor
|Anthanalloor
|-
|Ariyavur
|Ariyaavoor
|No Change
|-
|Cholanganallur
|Sozhanga Nalloor
|No Change
|-
|Kalligudi
|Kallikkudi
|Kallikkudi
|-
|Kilikkudu
|Kilikkoodu
|No Change
|-
|Kolukkattaigudi
|Kolukkattaikkudi
|No Change
|-
|Kulattur
|Kulatthoor
|No Change
|-
|Kulumani
|Kuzhumani
|No Change
|-
|Kumaravayalur
|Kumaaravayaloor
|No Change
|-
|Malliyampattu
|Malliyampatthu
|No Change
|-
|Marudandakkurichi
|Marudhandakkurichi
|No Change
|-
|Mattur
|Maatthoor
|No Change
|-
|Mudikandam
|Mudikanndam
|No Change
|-
|Mullikkarumbur
|Mullikkarumboor
|Mullikkarumboor
|-
|Muttarasanallur
|Muttharasanalloor
|No Change
|-
|Seturapatti
|Sedhuraappatti
|Sethuraappatti
|-
|Tayanur
|Thayanoor
|No Change
|-
|Tiruchendurai
|Thiruchendhurai
|No Change
|-
|Tirumalaisamudram
|Thirumalaisamutthiram
|No Change
|-
|Tiruppiraiturai
|Thirupparaaithurai
|No Change
|-
|Ulkadi Ariyavur
|Ulkadai Ariyavoor
|No Change
|-
|Melur
|Meloor
|No Change
|-
|Timaraya Samudram
|Thimmarayasamutthiram
|No Change
|-
|Vellithirumutam
|Vellithirumuttham
|No Change
|-
|Jambukeswaram
|Jembugeswaram
|No Change
|-
|Tiruvalarsolai
|Thiruvalar Solai
|No Change
|-
|Kamparasampettai
|Kambarasampettai
|No Change
|-
|Kavalkarapaliyam
|Kavalkaarapalaiyam
|Kavalkaarapaalaiyam
|-
|Uyyakondan Thirumalai
|Uyyakkondaan Thirumalai
|No Change
|-
|Koppu (Vadaku)
|Koppu (Vadakku)
|No Change
|-
|Kadaiyakurichi
|Kadiyakkurichi
|No Change
|-
|Maykudi
|Mekkudi
|No Change
|-
|Kottapattu
|Kottappattu
|No Change
|-
|Periyanayagi Chathiram
|Periyanayagisatthiram
|No Change
|-
|Punganur
|Punganoor
|No Change
|-
|Panayapuram
|Panaiyapuram
|No Change
|-
|Ragavendrapuram
|Ragavendhirapuram
|No Change
|-
|Subramaniapuram
|Subramaniyapuram
|No Change
|-
|Mambalasalai
|Mambazhachalai
|No Change
|-
|Inam Kulathur
|Inam Kulatthoor
|Inaam Kulatthoor
|-
|Pettiavaytalai
|Pettavaitthalai
|Pettaivaaiththalai
|-
|Asur
|Asoor
|No Change
|-
|Cholamadevi
|Sozhamadevi
|No Change
|-
|Ilandaippatti
|Ilanthaippatti
|No Change
|-
|Kandalur
|Kaandhaloor
|No Change
|-
|Kilakalkandar Kottai
|Keezhakkalkandar Kottai
|No Change
|-
|Kilamullakkudi
|Keezhamullakkudi
|No Change
|-
|Kilakkurichi
|Keezhakkurichi
|No Change
|-
|Kiliyur
|Kiliyur
|Kiliyoor
|-
|Krishnasamudram
|Kirushna Samutthiram
|Krishna Samuththiram
|-
|Kumbagudi
|Kumbagudi
|Kumbagudi
|-
|Velayudangudi
|Velayuthangudi
|Velayuthanggudi
|-
|Kuvalagudi
|Kuvalakkudi
|No Change
|-
|Natarajapuram
|Nadarasapuram
|No Change
|-
|Palanganangudi
|Pazhanganangudi
|Pazhangananggudi
|-
|Panaiyakurichi
|Panaiyakkurichi
|No Change
|-
|Pattalapettai
|Patthalappettai
|Patthaalappettai
|-
|Pulangudi
|Poolangudi
|Poolanggudi
|-
|Suriyur
|Sooriyur
|No Change
|-
|Tenerippatti
|Thenerippatti
|No Change
|-
|Tirunedungulam
|Thirunedungulam
|No Change
|-
|Tiruverambur
|Thiruverumboor
|No Change
|-
|Tuvagudi
|Thuvakkudi
|No Change
|-
|Valavandankottai
|Vaazhavanthankottai
|No Change
|-
|Vengur
|Vengoor
|No Change
|-
|Kundur
|Gundoor
|No Change
|-
|Kattur
|Kaattoor
|No Change
|-
|Pappakurichi
|Pappakkurichi
|No Change
|-
|Ponmalaipatti
|Ponmalaippatti
|No Change
|-
|Bharth Heavy Electrical Limited
|Bharath Heavy Electrical Limited (Kailaasapuram)
|No Change
|-
|Barma Colony
|Barma Kudiyiruppu
|No Change
|-
|Manaparai
|Manapparai
|No Change
|-
|Adampatti
|Aadhampatti
|Aathampatti
|-
|Amayapuram
|Amaiyapuram
|No Change
|-
|Aniyapur
|Aniyappoor
|No Change
|-
|Chattrappatti
|Chatthirappatti
|No Change
|-
|Chettichattram
|Chettichatthiram
|No Change
|-
|Chittanattam
|Sitthanattham
|No Change
|-
|Dhavalavirampatti
|Thavalaveerampatti
|No Change
|-
|I.Idaiyappatti
|Inam Idaiyappatti
|No Change
|-
|F.Kezhiur
|Ef.Keezhaiyur
|Ef.Keezhaiyoor
|-
|Kumaravadi
|Kumaaravadi
|No Change
|-
|Madampatti
|Madhampatti
|Mathampatti
|-
|Mogavanur (North)
|Mogavanoor (North)
|Mokavanoor (Vadakku)
|-
|Mogavanur (South)
|Mogavanoor (South)
|Mokavanoor (Therku)
|-
|Mukkureddippatti
|Mookkureddippatti
|No Change
|-
|Nallampillai
|Nallaampillai
|No Change
|-
|Palaiyakottai
|Pazhaiyakottai
|No Change
|-
|V.Periyapatti
|Vee.Periyapatti
|No Change
|-
|Pudukkottai
|Pudhukkottai
|Puthukkottai
|-
|Pudur
|Pudhoor
|Puthoor
|-
|Puduvadi
|Pudhuvadi
|Puthuvaadi
|-
|Puttanattam
|Putthanattham
|Putthaanattham
|-
|Samudram
|Samutthiram
|No Change
|-
|Sampatti
|Saampatti
|No Change
|-
|Sevalur
|Sevaloor
|No Change
|-
|Siegampatti
|Seegampatti
|Seekampatti
|}

=== Theni ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Kattunaickenpatti
|Kattunayakkanpatti
|No Change
|-
|Kuppinaickenpatti
|Kuppinayakkanpatti
|No Change
|-
|Alagarnaickanpatti
|Azhakarnayakkanpatti
|No Change
|-
|E. Pudukottai
|E. Pudhukottai
|No Change
|-
|Gullapuram
|Kullappuram
|No Change
|-
|Vadapudupatti
|Vadapudhupatti
|Vadaputhupatti
|-
|Bomminaickanpatti
|Bomminayakkanpatti
|No Change
|-
|Saruthupatti
|Saruthuppatti
|No Change
|-
|Palacombai
|Palakombai
|No Change
|-
|Palayakottai
|Pazhayakottai
|Pazhayakkottai
|-
|Thimmarasanaickanur
|Thimmarasanayakkanur
|No Change
|-
|Alagapuri
|Azhagapuri
|No Change
|-
|Gokilapuram
|Kokilapuram
|No Change
|-
|Kutchanur
|Kuchanur
|No Change
|-
|Keelakudalur East
|Keezhakoodalur kizhakku
|No Change
|-
|Keelakudalur West
|Keezhakoodalur Merku
|No Change
|-
|Melakudalur North
|Melakoodalur Vadakku
|No Change
|-
|Melakudalur South
|Melakoodalur Therku
|No Change
|-
|Kombai East
|Kombai kizhakku
|No Change
|-
|Kombai West
|Kombai merku
|No Change
|-
|Uthamapalayam North
|Uthamapalayam vadakku
|Uthamapaalayam vadakku
|-
|Uthamapalayam South
|Uthamapalayam therku
|Uthamapaalayam therku
|-
|Narayanathevanpatti North
|Narayanathevanpatti vadakku
|No Change
|-
|Narayanathevanpatti South
|Narayanathevanpatti Therku
|No Change
|-
|Thevaram Hills
|Thevaram malai
|No Change
|-
|Thamminaickanpatty
|Thamminayakkanpatti
|No Change
|-
|Lakshminaickenpatti
|Lakshminayakkanpatti
|No Change
|-
|Erasai Hills
|Erasai Malai
|No Change
|-
|Ramasamynaickanpatty
|Ramasaminayakkanpatti
|No Change
|}

=== Kanyakumari ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Nagercoil
|Nagerkovil
|No Change
|-
|Suchindrum
|Suchindhiram
|No Change
|-
|Gnalam
|Gnaalam
|No Change
|-
|Thuckalay
|Thakkalai
|No Change
|-
|Colachel
|Kulachchal
|No Change
|-
|Surulacode
|Surulacodu
|No Change
|-
|Kumaracoil
|Kumarakovil
|Kumaarakovil
|-
|Keezhmidalam
|Keezhmidaalam
|No Change
|}

=== Vellore ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Vellore
|Veloor
|Veeloor
|-
|Anaicut
|Anaikkattu
|No Change
|-
|Ranipet
|Ranipettai
|No Change
|-
|Pernambut
|Peranampattu
|Peranaampattu
|-
|Arcot
|Aarkadu
|No Change
|-
|K.V.Kuppam
|Keezhvazhithunaiyan Kuppam
|No Change
|-
|Elagiri Hills
|Yelagiri Malai
|No Change
|}

=== Madurai ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Madurai
|Mathurai
|No Change
|-
|Melmadurai
|Melmathurai
|No Change
|-
|North madurai
|Vadakku mathurai
|No Change
|-
|Anaiyur
|Anaiyoor
|AAnaiyoor
|-
|Thenur
|Thenoor
|No Change
|-
|Arumbanur
|Arumbanoor
|No Change
|-
|G. Pappankulam Group
|Ka. Pappankulam
|No Change
|-
|Meenakshipuram
|Meenachipuram
|No Change
|-
|Kunnathur
|Kunnathoor
|No Change
|-
|Melur
|Meloor
|No Change
|-
|T. Kallupatti
|The. Kallupatti
|No Change
|-
|M. Sengulam Group
|Mo. Sengulam
|M. Sengulam
|-
|T. Kunnathur
|The. Kunnathoor
|No Change
|-
|Athanur
|Aathanoor
|Aathanoor
|-
|Lakshmipuram Group
|Latchumipuram
|Latchumipuram
|-
|Nilaiyur
|Nilaiyoor
|No Change
|-
|T. Andipatti
|Tha. Andipatti
|T. Aandippatti
|-
|Koviltenkarai
|Kovil Thenkarai
|No Change
|-
|Urappanur
|Urappanoor
|No Change
|-
|Mathippanur
|Mathippanoor
|No Change
|-
|T. Puthupatti Group
|Tha. Puthuppatti
|No Change
|-
|T. Andipatti Group
|Tha. Aandippatti
|T. Aandippatti
|-
|S. Puliankulam Group
|Sow. Puliankulam
|S. Puliankulam
|-
|NeduMadurai
|NeduMathurai
|No Change
|}

=== Dindigul ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Dindigul
|Thindukkal
|No Change
|-
|Attur
|Athoor
|AAthoor
|-
|Sendurai
|Senthurai
|No Change
|-
|Vadamadurai
|Vadamathurai
|No Change
|-
|Vedasandur
|Vedasanthoor
|No Change
|-
|Reddiyarchatram
|Rettiyarchathiram
|No Change
|-
|Devathur
|Devathoor
|Devathoor
|-
|Kallimandayam
|Kallimanthayam
|No Change
|-
|Ambadurai
|Ambathurai
|No Change
|-
|Vatalagundu
|Vaththalagundu
|Vaththalakundu
|-
|Balasamudram
|Balasamuthiram
|No Change
|-
|K. Pudukottai
|Ka. Puthukottai
|No Change
|-
|N. Panchampatti
|Ni. Panchampatti
|No Change
|-
|K. Keeranur
|Ko.Keeranoor
|No Change
|-
|R. Vellodu
|Era. Vellodu
|No Change
|-
|D. Kudalur
|Thi. Kudaloor
|No Change
|-
|A. Chittoor
|A. Chittoor
|No Change
|-
|A. Kombai
|Ay. Kombai
|A. Kombai
|-
|V. Pudukottai
|Ve. Puthukottai
|No Change
|-
|M. Vadipatti
|Mu. Vadipatti
|No Change
|-
|E. Vadipatti
|E. Vadipatti
|No Change
|-
|M. Athappampatti
|Ma. Athappampatti
|Aththappampatti
|-
|Silaipadi
|Seelappadi
|No Change
|}

=== Erode ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Erode
|Erodu
|No Change
|-
|V. Vellode
|Va.Vellodu
|Vadamugam Vellodu
|-
|T.Vellode
|The. Vellodu
|Thenmugam Vellodu
|-
|K.G.Valasu
|Ka.Ka.Valasu
|Kanthappa Kavundan Valasu
|-
|K.B.Malam
|Ka.Pa.Maalam
|Kaadu Pasuvan Maalam
|-
|P.K.Velampalayam
|Pu.Kaa.Velampalayam
|Punjai Kaalamangalam Velampaalayam
|-
|Oodadurai
|Oodaththurai
|No Change
|-
|Perode
|Perodu
|No Change
|-
|Anthiur
|Anthiyoor
|No Change
|-
|T.N.Palayam
|Thu.Naa,Paalayam
|No Change
|-
|P. Vellalappaalayam
|Paa.Vellalappaalayam
|No Change
|-
|P.Mettuppaalayam
|Pe.Mettuppaalayam
|No Change
|-
|P.Kallippatty
|Pa.Kallippatty
|No Change
|}

=== Tiruvarur ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Tiruvarur
|Thiruvarur
|Thiruvaroor
|-
|Muthupet
|Muthupettai
|Muthuppettai
|-
|Tiruthuraipundi
|Thiruthurai Poondi
|Thirutthurai Poondi
|-
|Kudavasal
|Kudavasal
|Kudavaasal
|-
|Ariyalur
|Aariyalur
|Aariyaloor
|-
|Avur
|Aavur
|Aavoor
|-
|Alathambadi
|Aalathambadi
|No Change
|-
|Lakshmangudi
|Letchumaangudi
|No Change
|-
|Nidamangalam
|Needamangalam
|Needaamangalam
|}

=== Thanajvur ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Orathanadu
|Orathanaadu
|Oratthanaadu
|-
|Ammapet
|Ammapettai
|No Change
|-
|Alakkudi
|Aalakkudi
|No Change
|-
|Kattur
|Kaattur
|Kaattoor
|-
|Mathur
|Maathur
|Maaththoor
|-
|Nagathi
|Naagathi
|Naagatthi
|-
|Vilar
|Vilaar
|No Change
|-
|Pachur
|Paachur
|Paachoor
|-
|Kudalur
|Koodalur
|Koodaloor
|-
|Mudalceri
|Muthalcheri
|No Change
|-
|Chitrakudi
|Chithrakudi
|Chithirakkudi
|-
|Karambakkadu
|Karambakkaadu
|No Change
|}

=== Namakkal ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Names in English
!Proposed by District Collectors
!Proposed by the Committee
|-
|Bail Nad
|Pail Nadu
|Pail Naadu
|-
|Valavanthi Nadu
|Vazhavanthi Nadu
|Vazhavanthi Naadu
|-
|Thiruppuli Nadu
|Tiruppuli Nadu
|Thiruppuli Naadu
|-
|Sellur Nadu
|Selur Nadu
|Seloor Naadu
|-
|Tipramahadevi
|M. Thipramahadevi
|M. Thipramahaadevi
|-
|Mettupatti
|M. Metupatti
|M. Mettuppatti
|-
|Sengapalli
|Sengapalli
|Sengapalli
|-
|Kumarapalayam
|Kumarapalayam
|Kumarapalayam
|-
|Sircar Valavandhi
|Sircar Valavandhi
|Sircar Valavandhi
|-
|Perumandapalayam
|Perumandapalayam
|Perumandapalayam
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2020 in India]]
[[Category:Geographical renaming]]

Brij Nagar

2026-03-24T04:12:34Z

FredrickGreig: added new article

[[File:BINR Railway Station Sign.jpg|thumb|485x485px]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Brij Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.42473|N|77.09946|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deeg district|Deeg]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]|
| governing_body = [[Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 304
| population_total = 25572
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Brij Bhasha]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 321205
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#RJ.E2.80.94Rajasthan|RJ-05]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Brij Nagar''' (previously known as '''Nagar''' or '''नगर''') is a [[town]] and the headquarters of 'Brij Nagar tehsil' in [[Deeg district]], in the [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It lies in the ''[[Braj]]–[[Mewat]] cultural transition zone'', roughly midway between [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], [[Alwar]] and [[Mathura]]. The town marks the meeting point of the ''[[Brij]]'' and ''[[Mewat]]'' cultural regions, it is locally referred to as ''"Brij aur Mewat ki sangam sthali"'' (“the confluence place of Braj and Mewat”). The town is noted for its large spiral sweet known as ''Jaleba'', a bigger version of [[Jalebi]], and for the [[Ram Navami]] fair held each spring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDTV Rajasthan |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/photos/this-jaleba-of-rajasthan-is-famous-in-the-country-and-abroad-photos-106509}}</ref>

==Geography==
Brij Nagar is located at 27°25'25.2"N 77°05'51.4"E in eastern Rajasthan, close to the border with Uttar Pradesh.The town stands at an elevation of about 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level and is situated on the plains between Bharatpur, Alwar and Mathura. Distance from Delhi is roughly around 165 km and from Jaipur it is 175 km.

Administratively, Brij Nagar forms the urban centre of Nagar tehsil in Deeg district, which includes one town and more than 170 surrounding villages.

== History and administration ==
The area around present-day Nagar historically formed part of '''[[Bharatpur State]]''', a Jat-ruled princely state centred on Bharatpur and Deeg during the 18th and 19th centuries.

After Indian independence the region was integrated into the state of Rajasthan and Nagar became a town in '''Bharatpur district'''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bharatpur {{!}} India, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bharatpur-historical-state-India |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250426221515/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bharatpur-historical-state-India |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

On 7 August 2023 the Government of Rajasthan created '''Deeg district''' by bifurcating Bharatpur; Nagar tehsil, with its headquarters at Brij Nagar, was included in the new district.

Nagar falls under the [[Nagar Assembly constituency]] (constituency number 71) of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. The seat is part of Bharatpur district and is linked to the Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency for national elections. As of the most recent 2023 election, the seat is held by Jawahar Singh Bedham of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

== Culture ==
Brij Nagar is known for its oversized '''jaleba''', a sweet similar to jalebi but prepared in much larger spirals. Media reports describe the jaleba made in the town’s sweet shops as being sold daily in large quantities and exported by customers to other parts of India and abroad.

The town also hosts a prominent '''Ram Navami fair''' each spring. During the festival a Ram Rath Yatra (chariot procession) passes through the main market to the town’s Ram temple, accompanied by cultural performances, nautanki theatre and ''kavi sammelan'' (poets’ gatherings) organised by the municipal authorities and local groups.

== Demographics ==
The Nagar city is divided into 20 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. As per the '''2011 Census of India''', Brij Nagar Municipality had a total population of '''25,572''', of which 13,582 were male and 11,990 were female.

Children aged 0–6 years numbered 3,826 (14.96% of the population). The '''female sex ratio''' was 883 females per 1,000 males, slightly below the Rajasthan state average of 928, and the '''child sex ratio''' was 824. The overall '''literacy rate''' of the town was 73.94%, higher than the state average of 66.11%; male literacy stood at 84.8% and female literacy at 61.78%.

The municipality administered 4,207 households and is responsible for providing basic civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage and local road maintenance within its jurisdiction.

Caste-wise, the rural part of Nagar is populated mainly by Pahlwan [[Gurjars]], [[Jatav]], [[Meo (ethnic group)|Mev]] and [[Jats]] and the urban part is dominated by [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], [[Jatav]], [[Jats]] and [[Vaishya]]. Here the [[Gurjar]] (Rajana,chaprana, Kanwar) are dominant.

== Economy ==
Nagar tehsil is predominantly rural, with around 89% of its population living in villages and about 11% in urban areas as of 2011.

Census data indicate that a majority of main workers in the tehsil are engaged in agriculture, either as cultivators or agricultural labourers, with smaller numbers employed in household industries and other sectors.

== Education ==
'''Government College, Nagar''' is a co-educational government degree college located on Deeg Road, about 0.5 km from the town bus stand. Established in 2018, it is recognised under sections 2(f) and 12(B) of the University Grants Commission Act and is affiliated to '''Maharaja Surajmal Brij University''', Bharatpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government College Nagar |url=https://hte.rajasthan.gov.in/college/gcnagar |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=hte.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

The college currently offers undergraduate programmes in arts.

== Transport ==
Brij Nagar is served by '''Brijnagar railway station ([[Brijnagar railway station|BINR]])''', located on the Alwar–Mathura railway line and operated by the North Central Railway. The station has two platforms and is served by passenger as well as some superfast trains.

By road, the town is linked to Bharatpur, Alwar, Deeg and Mathura by regional roads, and state-run buses of the Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation ([[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation|RSRTC]]) and private operators connect Nagar with larger cities such as '''[[Jaipur]]''', '''[[Delhi]]''', '''[[Aligarh]]''' and surrounding district centres. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar, Alwar, India - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and Why You Should Go |url=https://wanderlog.com/place/details/7649454/nagar |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Wanderlog |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Deeg district]]

{{Bharatpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Manika Vishwakarma

2026-03-14T20:12:03Z

FredrickGreig: Creating initial article w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant titleholder (born 2003)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Manika Vishwakarma
| photo = Manika Vishwakarma on GrandTV.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Vishwakarma in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 2003
| birth_place = [[Sri Ganganagar]], Rajasthan India
| education = [[University of Delhi]]
| height =
| occupation =
| eye_color =
| hair_color =
| title = {{ubl|[[Miss Universe India 2025]]}}
| competitions = {{Ubl|[[Miss Universe India 2024]]|(Top 20)|Miss Universe India 2025|(Winner)|[[Miss Universe 2025]]|(Top 30)}}}}

'''Manika Vishwakarma''' is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who won [[Miss Universe India 2025]] on 18 August 2025 in [[Jaipur]]. She represented India at [[Miss Universe 2025]], on 21 November 2025 in Thailand.

== Early life ==
Manika Vishwakarma is originally from [[Sri Ganganagar]], Rajasthan, and currently based in Delhi. She is in the final year of her undergraduate degree in Political Science and Economics from [[Mata Sundri College for Women]], University of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theindianawaaz.com/mata-sundri-college-rejoices-as-miss-universe-india-returns-to-her-roots/ | title=Mata Sundri College Felicitates Miss Universe India 2025 | publisher=The Indian Awaaz | date=24 September 2025 | accessdate=24 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/manika-vishwakarma-wins-miss-universe-india-2025-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-political-science-student-enn25081901213 | title=Manika Vishwakarma Wins Miss Universe India 2025: All You Need To Know About The Political Science Student | publisher=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-manika-vishwakarma-check-education-and-career-details-of-miss-universe-india-2025-1820001704-1 | title=Who is Manika Vishwakarma? Check Education and Career Details of Miss Universe India 2025 | publisher=Kirti Sharma | work=[[Jagran Josh]] | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=12 September 2025}}</ref>

She is a graduate of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]], a trained classical dancer, and a visual artist. Her art has been recognised by institutions including the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] and the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]. Vishwakarma is also the founder of ''Neuronova'', an initiative focused on redefining societal perceptions of neurodivergence and promoting awareness of conditions including [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/who-is-manika-vishwakarma-the-22-year-old-from-rajasthan-who-won-the-miss-universe-india-2025-title-9113130 | title=Who Is Manika Vishwakarma, The 22-Year-Old From Rajasthan Who Won The Miss Universe India 2025 Title? | publisher=[[NDTV]] | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/manika-vishwakarma-crowned-miss-universe-india-2025-and-yes-dubai-had-its-own-queen-in-the-mix-too-1.500238321 | title=Manika Vishwakarma crowned Miss Universe India 2025 — and yes, Dubai had its own queen in the mix too | publisher=[[Gulf News]] | work=Manjusha Radhakrishnan | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=20 August 2025}}</ref>

== Pageantry ==
=== Miss Universe India 2024 ===
In 2024, Vishwakarma won Miss Universe Rajasthan and went on to represent her state at [[Miss Universe India 2024]], held on 22 September in Jaipur.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/webstories/lifestyle/who-is-manika-suthar-young-girl-titled-miss-universe-rajasthan-2024-rkk-sk93em | title=Who is Manika Suthar? Young girl titled Miss Universe Rajasthan 2024 | publisher=[[Asianet News]] | date=22 September 2024 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref> She reached the top 20 and the top five for the "Best in Speech" award. As Miss Universe Rajasthan, she represented India at the BIMSTEC Sewocon, organised under the aegis of the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/who-is-manika-vishwakarma-miss-universe-india-2025-winner-2773285-2025-08-19 | title=Who is Manika Vishwakarma, Miss Universe India 2025 winner? | publisher=[[India Today]] | work=Smarica Pant | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Miss Universe India 2025 ===
On 20 June 2024, Vishwakarma was announced as a national finalist for [[Miss Universe India 2025]] as a wildcard entrant during the final audition event held in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://firstindia.co.in/epapers/city-first-jaipur/20062025?page=1 | title=Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions | work=Mitali Dusad | date=20 June 2025 | agency=First India | accessdate=20 June 2025 | location=Jaipur | pages=1}}</ref> She was crowned Miss Universe India 2025 on 18 August 2025 by her predecessor, [[Rhea Singha]]. During the competition, she received the Best in Personal Interview and Miss Beautiful Smile awards, and was also ranked among the top five in the Best in Speech category.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=22 August 2025 | url=https://internetzindagi.com/manika-vishwakarma-from-rajasthan-crowned-miss-universe-india-2025/ | title=राजस्थान की मणिका विश्वकर्मा बनीं मिस यूनिवर्स इंडिया 2025 | date=20 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/manika-vishwakarma-wins-miss-universe-india-2025-all-about-top-3-contestants-19655800.htm | title=Manika Vishwakarma wins Miss Universe India 2025: All about top 3 contestants | publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] | work=Sudarsanan Mani | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/miss-universe-india-2025-winner-is-manika-vishwakarma-from-rajasthan-5-things-to-know-about-her-101755569230184.html | title=Miss Universe India 2025 winner is Manika Vishwakarma from Rajasthan: 5 things to know about her | publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] | work=Krishna Pallavi Priya | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/manika-vishwakarma-crowned-miss-universe-india-2025-will-represent-india-in-thailand-2948219.html | title=Manika Vishwakarma Crowned 'Miss Universe India 2025', Will Represent India In Thailand | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Miss Universe 2025 ===
Vishwakarma represented India at [[Miss Universe 2025]], on 21 November 2025 at the [[Impact, Muang Thong Thani|Impact Challenger Hall]] in [[Pak Kret]], Nonthaburi, Thailand. She was one of the 30 semi-finalists, and maintained India's ongoing streak at the pageant since it began at [[Miss Universe 2019]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/miss-universe-india-2025-title-goes-to-rajasthans-manika-vishwakarma-19655718.htm | title=Miss Universe India 2025 title goes to Rajasthan's Manika Vishwakarma | publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/rajasthans-manika-vishwakarma-wins-miss-universe-india-2025-title/ | title=Rajasthan’s Manika Vishwakarma Beats 48 Contestants To Represent India At Miss Universe In Thailand | publisher=[[DD News]] | date=20 August 2025 | accessdate=22 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Miss India Manika Vishwakarma Honours Buddhism In Golden-Saffron National Costume At Miss Universe 2025 {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/miss-india-manika-vishwakarma-honours-buddhism-in-golden-saffron-national-costume-at-miss-universe-2025-watch |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=19 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Rhea Singha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss Universe India]]
|years=[[Miss Universe India 2025|2025]]}}
{{S-aft|after=Incumbent}}
{{S-end}}

{{Miss Universe 2025 delegates}}
{{Indian beauty pageant representatives}}

{{Portal bar|India|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwakarma, Manika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 2025 contestants]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2003 births]]

Robert Caldwell

2026-03-13T12:30:43Z

FredrickGreig: Done

{{Short description|British orientalist}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Robert Caldwell
| image = Robert Caldwell.jpg
| birth_date = 7 May 1814
| birth_place = [[Clady, County Tyrone|Clady]], [[County Tyrone]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1891|8|28|1814|05|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kodaikanal]], [[Madura District (Madras Presidency)|Madura District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| citizenship = [[British people|British]]
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage|Eliza mault|1844}} (D/o. Rev. Charles Mault)
| occupation = Missionary, Linguist
| known_for = Bishop in South India
| resting place = [[Idaiyangudi]], [[Tirunelveli District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]

}}
'''Robert Caldwell''' (7 May 1814 – 28 August 1891) was a British [[missionary]] and linguist.

A missionary for the [[London Missionary Society]], he arrived in [[Company Raj|British India]] at age 24, and studied the local language to spread the word of the Bible in a vernacular language, studies that led him to author a text on comparative grammar of the South Indian languages. In his book, Caldwell proposed that there are [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] words in the Hebrew of the [[Old Testament]], the archaic Greek language, and the places named by [[Ptolemy]].<ref>{{cite book| author=Robert Caldwell|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC|year=1856|publisher=Asian Educational Services (Reprint of 1913 3rd-edition revised by Reverend J.L. Wyatt and T Ramakrishna Pillai)|isbn=978-81-206-0117-8|pages=88–105}}</ref>

Caldwell married Eliza Mault, the daughter of another missionary Rev. Charles Mault posted in India. He served as assistant bishop of [[Tirunelveli]] from 1877.{{sfn|Carlyle|1901}}

The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] has created a memorial in his honor and a postage stamp has been issued in his name.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://hindu.com/2010/02/24/stories/2010022451370200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226001231/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/24/stories/2010022451370200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 February 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Minister visits Bishop Caldwell's house | date=24 February 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.stampsofindia.com/lists/brochures/2010brochure2123.jpg Robert Caldwell] Stamps of India Retrieved 8 November 2010</ref> A statue of Caldwell was erected in 1967 near to [[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]], as a gift of the [[Church of South India]].

==Early life==
Robert Caldwell was born at [[Clady, County Tyrone|Clady]], [[County Tyrone]], [[Northern Ireland]]. on 7 May 1814 to poor [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]] [[Presbyterian]] parents. The family moved to [[Glasgow]] and there he began work at the age of nine. Mostly self-taught, he returned to Ireland aged 15, living with an older brother in [[Dublin]] while studying art between 1829 and 1833. He then returned to Glasgow, probably as a consequence of a crisis of faith, and he became active in the [[Congregational church]].{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2004|p=|ps=}}

Caldwell won a scholarship to [[Balliol College, Oxford]] only to find it rescinded when the authorities discovered that he had been born in Ireland. He responded by joining the [[London Missionary Society]], who sent him to the [[University of Glasgow]] for training. There Caldwell came under the influence of [[Daniel Keyte Sandford]], a professor of [[Greek language|Greek]] and promoter of [[Anglicanism]] whose innovative research encouraged Caldwell's liking for comparative [[philology]] and also theology. Caldwell left university with a distinction and was [[ordain]]ed as a Congregationalist minister.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2004|p=|ps=}}

At 24, Caldwell arrived in Madras on 8 January 1838 as a missionary of the London Missionary Society and later joined the [[USPG|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Mission]] (SPG). To further his missionary objectives, Caldwell realized that he had to be proficient in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] to [[proselytism|proselytize]] "the masses?" and he began a systematic study of the language. He was consecrated Bishop of [[Tirunelveli]] in 1877. In 1844, Caldwell married Eliza Mault (1822–1899) in [[CSI Home Church, Nagercoil]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/faithandfamily/elizacaldwell.htm|title=Faith and Family: Robert Caldwell and his Missionary Dynasty}}</ref> with whom he had seven children. Eliza Mault, born in [[Nagercoil]], was the younger daughter of the veteran [[Travancore]] missionary, Rev. Charles Mault (1791–1858) of the London Missionary Society. For more than forty years, Eliza worked in [[Idaiyangudi]] and Tirunelveli proselytizing the people, especially Tamil-speaking women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/faithandfamily/elizacaldwell.htm|title=Faith and Family: Robert Caldwell and his Missionary Dynasty}}</ref>

[[File: Caldwell Church Infograph.JPG|thumb|Sign placed near the Trinity Church at Idayankudi, which was built by the missionary Robert Caldwell]]

==Caldwell's ''Comparative Grammar''==
[[File: MarinaBeach RobertCaldwell.jpg|thumb|Robert Caldwell's statue at Marina Beach, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.]]
Robert Caldwell wrote ''[[A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages]]''. He identified south Indian Brahmins with [[Indo-Europeans]], which was partly based on his belief that the Indo-Europeans had "higher mental gifts and higher capacity for civilisation".<ref>{{cite book |author=Suvira Jaiswal |author-link=Suvira Jaiswal |chapter=Studies in the Social Structure of the Early Tamils |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=Indian Society: Historical Probings in memory of D. D. Kosambi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI5hGgAACAAJ |year=1974 |orig-year=1958 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research / People's Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7007-176-1 |page=126 }}</ref> Caldwell asserted that the low-caste [[Nadar (caste)|Chanar]] were not merely [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers but an "indigenous Dravidian" people, distinct ethnically and, most critically for him, religiously, from their high-caste oppressors, whom he referred to as "Brahmanical Aryans" (in this case "Aryan" as an ethnic signifier for foreign and "Brahmanical" to signify the "Hinduism" of the high-caste).<ref name="Dyron-4-7">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242259474 |title=Hinduisms, Christian Missions, and the Tinnevelly Shanars: A Study of Colonial Missions in 19th Century India |author=Daughrity, Dyron B. |year=2005 |pages=4, 7 |publisher=University of Calgary |location=Alberta |access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref> These speculative claims, outside the scope of linguistics, were intended "to develop a history which asserted that the indigenous Dravidians had been subdued and colonized by the Brahmanical Aryans".<ref name="Dyron-4-7"/>

[[File:RCaldwellRemains.jpg|thumb|250px|Grave stone of Caldwell]]
[[File:RC memorial.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:RCMemorial2.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:RC HouseVeranda.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:RC familytree.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:RC Marriage.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:RC Letter.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:RC SideChapel.jpg|thumb]]

==Archaeological research==
While serving as Bishop of Tirunelveli (alongside Edward Sargent), Caldwell (who was not a trained archaeologist) did much original research on the history of Tirunelveli. He studied palm leaf manuscripts and [[Sangam literature]] in his search, and made several excavations, finding the foundations of ancient buildings, sepulchral urns and coins with the fish emblem of the [[Pandyan Kingdom]].{{sfnp|Kumaradoss|2007|p=157|ps=}} This work resulted in his book ''A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevely'' (1881), published by the Government of the [[Madras Presidency]].
[[File:Holy Trinity Church IdayanKudi.JPG|thumb|Holy Trinity Church built by missionary Robert Caldwell, situated in Idayankudi, Caldwell was a Bishop of Tirunelveli.]]

==Legacy==
Caldwell’s mission lasted more than fifty years. The publication of his research into both the languages and the history of the region, coupled with his position in both Indian and English society, gave stimulus to the revival of the [[Dravidian movement|Non-Brahmin movement]].{{sfnp|Kumaradoss|2007|p=280|ps=}}

Meanwhile, on difficult ground for evangelism, Caldwell achieved Christian conversion among the lower castes. He had adopted some of the methods of the Lutheran missionaries of earlier times, having learned German purely in order to study their practices.{{sfnp|Kumaradoss|2007|p=23|ps=}}

Caldwell the [[Tamil language]] scholar, Christian evangelist and champion of the native church,<ref>Kumaradoss, ''Robert Caldwell'', pp. 277-278.</ref> remains today an important figure in the modern history of South India. He is still remembered there, and his statue, erected eighty years after his death, stands near the Marina Beach at Chennai.{{sfnp|Kumaradoss|2007|p=281|ps=}} The Indian historian Dr M.S.S. Pandian, visiting fellow at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in Delhi, recently commented that Caldwell’s "contribution to both Christianity in South India and the cultural awakening of the region is unmatched during the last two hundred years".<ref>Dr M.S.S. Pandian, cited on back cover of Kumaradoss, ''Robert Caldwell''.</ref>

A commemorative postage stamp on him was issued on 7 May 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx|title=Stamps - 2010|publisher=Department of Posts, Government of India|access-date=2 August 2013|archive-date=14 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814101038/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Lectures on the Tinnevelly missions, descriptive of the field, the work, and the results: with an introductory lecture on the progress of Christianity in India.'' Bell and Daldy, 1857
* ''The best means of promoting an interest in missions among our congregations : being a speech delivered by ... Bishop Caldwell at the Diocesan Church Conference on Thursday 20 March 1879.'' 1880 (Madras : S.P.C.K. Press)
* ''Christianity and Hinduism. A lecture addressed to educated Hindus, etc.'' : S.P.C.K.: London, [1879.]
* ''A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages.'' Harrison: London, 1856. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXZFAAAAcAAJ|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South Indian Family of Languages.pdf|last1=Caldwell|first1=Robert|year=1856}}</ref>
* ''Evangelistic Work amongst the Higher Classes and Castes in Tinnevelly.'' Rev. Dr. Caldwell’s Third Journal. [1876.]
* ''The Inner Citadel of Religion.'' S.P.C.K.: London, [1879.]
* ''The March of the Unsaved.'' [A religious tract.] G. Stoneman: London, [1896.]
* ''Narkaruṇait tiyānamālai = A companion to the holy communion.'' Madras Diocesan Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1871.
* ''The Prince of Wales in Tinnevelly, and "From Delahay Street to Edeyengoody.".'' London : S.P.C.K., 1876.
* ''Observations on the Kudumi.'' J. J. Craen: [Madras?] 1867.
* ''Report of the Edeyenkoody District for the year ending 30 June 1845.'' London : Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 1847.
* ''On reserve in communicating religious instruction to non- Christians in mission schools in India'' : a letter to the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Madras. Madras : S.P.C.K. Press, 1879.
* ''The Relation of Christianity to Hinduism.'' R. Clay, Sons, & Taylor: London, [1885.]
* ''Records of the Early History of the Tinnevelly Mission, etc.'' Higginbotham & Co.: Madras, 1881.
* ''The Tinnevelly Shanars : a sketch of their religion and their moral condition and characteristics : with special reference to the facilities and hindrances to the progress of Christianity amongst them.'' London : Clay for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 1850.
* ''The Three Way-marks.'' Christian Vernacular Education Society: Madras, 1860.
* ''A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras, from the earliest period to its cession to the English Government in A.D. 1801.'' Madras : E. Keys, 1881.

==Notes==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|2}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Caldwell |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Caldwell |editor1-last=Wyatt |editor1-first=J. L. |title=Reminiscences Of Bishop Caldwell |date=1894 |publisher=Addison & Co |location=Madra |url=https://archive.org/details/ReminiscencesOfCaldwell}}
*{{Cite DNBSupp|last=Carlyle|first=Edward Irving|author-link=Edward Irving Carlyle|volume=1|no-icon=1|wstitle=Caldwell, Robert}}{{PD-notice}}
*{{cite ODNB |first=Robert Eric |last=Frykenberg |chapter=Caldwell, Robert (1814–1891) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/4386 |chapter-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4386}}
*{{citation |last=Kumaradoss |first=Y. Vincent |title=Robert Caldwell: A Scholar-Missionary in Colonial South India |location=Delhi |publisher=ISPCK |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7214-958-1}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Christudoss, DA, ''Caldwell Athiatcher'' (Tamil), Danishpet: Bethel Publications, 1980.
* Dirks, Nicholas B, 'Recasting Tamil Society: The Politics of Caste and Race in Contemporary Southern India', in [[Chris Fuller (academic)|C. J. Fuller]] (ed.), ''Caste Today'', New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
* O'Connor, Daniel (ed.), ''Three Centuries of Mission – The USPG'', London and New York: Continuum, 2000.
* Ravindran, Vaitheespara, 'The Unanticipated Legacy of Robert Caldwell and the Dravidian Movement', ''South Indian Studies'', 1, January–June 1996.
*{{cite book |first=Ulrike |last=Schröder |chapter=No religion, but ritual? Robert Caldwell and the Tinnevelly Shanars |title=Ritual, Caste and Religion in Colonial South India |editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last=Bergunder |editor2-first=Heiko |editor2-last=Frese |editor3-first=Ulrike |editor3-last=Schröder |publisher=Primus Books |year=2011 |isbn=9789380607214 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&pg=PA131}}
* Sivaram D.P ''On Tamil Militarism: Chapter 6, Bishop Caldwell & the Tamil Dravidians'', sangam.org, 1992
* Sivathamby, K, 'The Politics of a Literary Style', ''Social Scientist'', 6.8, March 1978.
* Trautmann, Thomas R, 'Inventing the History of South India', in Daud Ali (ed.), ''Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia'', New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002.

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caldwell, Robert}}
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:British orientalists]]
[[Category:Congregationalist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Dravidologists]]
[[Category:Scottish Congregationalist missionaries]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Linguists of Tamil]]
[[Category:British social reformers]]
[[Category:British male writers]]
[[Category:British missionary linguists]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Anand Vihar metro station

2026-03-13T10:12:15Z

FredrickGreig: adjusted structure after review and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Anand Vihar
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Pink}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Anand Vihar metro station - Main entrance.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Main entrance of Anand Vihar metro station
| address = Isbt Anand Vihar, Anand Vihar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110092
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =  {{ric|RapidX}} {{stl|RapidX|Anand Vihar}}  {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} {{rint|bus|1}} [[Anand Vihar ISBT]]
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{font color|blue|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|Vaishali}} {{font color|blue|Platform-2}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 21}} {{font color|pink|Platform-3}} → Anticlockwise {{font color|pink|Platform-4}} → Clockwise
| tracks = 4
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{ubl|{{start date and age|df=yes|2010|Jan|6}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}|{{start date and age|df=yes|2018|10|31}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{rint|wheelchair|1}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers = {{Infobox
| data1 = {{Rail pass box
| passengers = 58,518<ref name = "New Interchange Stations - Taking Load off DM Hubs">{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Priyangi |date=1 December 2023 |title=How new interchange stations are taking load off Delhi Metro hubs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/how-new-interchange-stations-are-taking-load-off-delhi-metro-hubs/articleshow/105640678.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>
| pass_year = October 2019
| pass_percent =
}}
| data2 = {{Rail pass box
| passengers = 73,361<ref name = "New Interchange Stations - Taking Load off DM Hubs" />
| pass_year = October 2023
| pass_percent = 25.37
}}
}}
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line1=Blue|type1=branch|left1=Karkarduma|right1=Kaushambi
|line2=Pink|left2=IP Extension|to-left2=Maujpur - Babarpur|right2=Karkarduma|to-right2=Maujpur - Babarpur}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Anand Vihar''' is an interchange metro station located on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue]] and [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink]] lines of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anand Vihar served as the terminus of the Blue line until July 13, 2011. The station is situated in the locality of [[East Delhi district|Anand Vihar]], near the interstate border between [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], and functions as a major connectivity hub for [[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]. It is seamlessly integrated with the [[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Anand Vihar ISBT]] and the [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]] of [[Indian Railways]]. The [[RapidX]] [[Anand Vihar RRTS station|station]] at Anand Vihar will further enhance connectivity, providing faster transit options to neighbouring cities and boosting intermodal transportation links in the region.

==Station==
=== Station layout ===
{{Rail color box|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} '''Station layout'''
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| rowspan="4" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="100" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Kaushambi}} (Delhi-UP border)
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Karkarduma}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}''
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Concourse
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, token vending and automatic vending machines, crossover
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-top:solid 1px;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="100" valign="top" |Street Level
| style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" valign="top" |Gates
|}
{{Rail color box|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} '''Station layout'''
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| rowspan="4" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="100" |'''Platform 3''' '''Anticlockwise'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Anticlockwise Direction Via: [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]], [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]], [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]], [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]], [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]], [[Dhaula Kuan metro station|Dhaula Kuan]] '''''Change at the Next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}''
|-
|'''Platform 4''' '''Northwest bound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|IP Extension}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Concourse
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, token vending and automatic vending machines, crossover
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="100" valign="top" |Street Level
| style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" valign="top" |Gates
|}

*

==Exits==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}};"| Anand Vihar station entry/exits<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/station/AVIT#gates |title=Anand Vihar I.S.B.T |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date= 15 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3
|-
| Towards [[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Anand Vihar ISBT]] || In front of Anand Vihar ISBT Near MCD Toll (Delhi-UP) || Between Anand Vihar ISBT and [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Railway station]]
|-
|}

==Connections==
===Bus===

*'''[[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] buses''':
**The station is located close to [[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Anand Vihar ISBT]], which provides convenient transit to different regions. DTC and cluster buses of [[Delhi]] along with buses to [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] are available from here.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dtidc.co.in/Home/vivekanandisbt |title=Swami Vivekanand ISBT Anand Vihar Delhi-110092 |website=dtidc.co.in |publisher=Delhi Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited |access-date= 15 April 2022}}</ref>
**DTC bus routes number 0GL-23, 0OMS(+), 33, 33A, 33EXT, 33C, 33LINKSTL, 33LNKSTL, 33LSTL, 39A, 73, 73LNKSTL, 85, 85AEXT, 85EXT, 88A, 143, 165, 165A, 202, 212, 221, 0236, 236, 236EXT, 243A, 243B, 311A, 333, 341, 357A, 396, 469, 534, 534A, 534C, 542, 543A, 0534A, 543, 543STL, 623A, 623ACL, 624A, 624ACL, 624BLNKSTL, 723, 740, 740A, 740B, 740EXT, 857, 939, 943, 971, 971A, AC-534, AC-971A, AC-Anand Vihar ISBT Terminal - Gurugram Bus Stand, AC-GL-23, Anand Vihar ISBT Terminal - Gurugram Bus Stand, GL-22, GL-23, GL23, OMS(+), OMS(-), OMS(+) AC, YMS(-) and YMS(+) serve the station from nearby Maharajpur Check Post bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Maharajpur+Check+Post/@28.6433378,77.3167679,17.64z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x390cfb30a2e7e4e7:0xc4759251ce1774af!8m2!3d28.643305!4d77.316676 |title=Maharajpur Check Post |website= google.com |publisher= businfo.dimts.in |access-date= 15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025080536/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dtc/DTC/Home/ |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |title=Search Bus Stop - Bus Information |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814201040/http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:DMRC Electric Feeder Bus - Front view - Wide.jpg|thumb|left|A Delhi Metro electric feeder bus at the Anand Vihar metro station]]

*'''[[Delhi Metro]] feeder buses''':
**Electric AC Feeder bus service ''MC-719'' starts from Anand Vihar metro station and passes through the following bus stops: Yojana Vihar, Yamuna Krida Sthan, Ram Vihar, Anand Vihar, Delhi Heart Hospital, Jagriti Enclave, Saini Enclave, [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkardooma Metro station]], Arya Nagar, Village Dayanand Vihar, DSSSB, Hargobind Enclave, Hasanpur Depot, Hasanpur Village and Gazipur, before coming back to the station. It runs in a loop.
**Feeder bus service ''ML-53'' starts from Dilshad Garden metro station and ends at Mayur Vihar Ph-III. It passes through the following bus stops: Surya Nagar (Indian Oil Petrol Pump), Ram Prastha Xing, Anand Vihar ISBT, Gazi Pur Depot, Gazi Pur Village, Trilok Puri Mod, Dallu Pura Mod, Mayur Vihar Phase-III Xing, Bharti Public School and CRPF camp.<ref name="Delhi Metro: Feeder buses">{{cite web |url=http://old.delhimetrorail.com/feederbus.aspx |title=Delhi Metro: Feeder buses |website=old.delhimetrorail.com |publisher= Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date= 14 April 2022}}</ref>
**Feeder bus service ''ML-53A'' starts from Seemapuri and ends at Mayur Vihar Ph-III. It passes through the following bus stops: Seemapuri Terminal, Dilshad Garden MS, Surya Nagar(Indian Oil Petrol Pump), Ram Prastha Xing, Anand Vihar ISBT, Gazi Pur Depot, Gazi Pur Village, Trilok Puri Mod, Dallu Pura Mod, Mayur Vihar Phase-III Xing, Bharti Public School and CRPF camp.<ref name="Delhi Metro: Feeder buses"/>
**Feeder bus service ''MC-341'' starts from Mayur Vihar Ph-III and ends at Harsh Vihar. It passes through the following bus stops: CRPF Camp, Mayur Vihar III A-1, Bharti Public School, New Kondli A-1, Mayur Vihar Phase-3 Mor, Mayur Vihar Phase-3 X-ing, Ganpati Mandir, Fire Station Dallupura, Dallupura, Kondli, Kalyanpuri Mor, Gazipur Dairy, Gazipur X-ing NH-24, Gazipur Village, Tata Telco, Gazipur Depot, Anand Vihar metro station, Anand Vihar ISBT, Ram Prastha X-ing, Ram Prastha Mandir, Surya Nagar, Dilshad Garden metro station, Shahdara Border, Shahdara Border, Dilshad Garden J&K Block, Old Seemapuri, Seemapuri Depot, Dlf X-ing, Radha Krishna Mandir, Anand Gram, Tahirpur, Mata Mandir and Sunder Nagri/ Gagan Cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/search/feeder%20bus |title=Delhi Metro: Feeder buses |website=delhimetrorail.com |publisher= Delhi Metro Rail Corporation |access-date= 14 April 2022 | quote= Metro Feeder Buses - Routes}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]] of [[Indian Railways]] is situated nearby.

===RRTS===
The station is connected to the [[Anand Vihar RRTS station|Delhi-Meerut RRTS' Anand Vihar station]], which will be one of four underground stations of the RRTS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ncrtc.in/delhi-meerut-corridor/ |title=NCRTC: Delhi – Meerut Corridor |website=ncrtc.in |publisher=NCRTC |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524002507/https://ncrtc.in/delhi-meerut-corridor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Anand Vihar metro station - Anand Vihar Railway Terminal entrance.JPG|Anand Vihar metro station - [[Anand Vihar Railway Terminal]] entrance
File:Anand Vihar metro station - platform board.JPG|Anand Vihar metro station - platform board
File:Anand Vihar metro station - board.JPG|Anand Vihar metro station - board
File:Anand Vihar Metro Station.jpg|A train leaving the platform
File:A Rooftop Solar System of Delhi Metro at the Anand Vihar metro station.jpg|A [[Rooftop solar power|rooftop solar power system]] at the station
</gallery>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Trains}}}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[East Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Anand Vihar RRTS station]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy }}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Anand+Vihar+ISBT/@28.6468636,77.3139404,549m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390cfb3a333e2cf3:0xf2f8fc3623c06b48!8m2!3d28.6468589!4d77.3161291|title= Anand Vihar metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Delhi district]]

108 (emergency telephone number)

2026-03-12T08:50:54Z

FredrickGreig: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Emergency free telephone number in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File:108 emergency.JPG|thumb|108 is a free-to-call [[emergency telephone number]] in India]]
'''One-zero-eight''' is a free-to-call [[telephone]] number for [[emergency]] services in [[India]]. It is implemented by the respective state and union territory governments, mostly under [[Public–private partnership]] with funding from the [[National Health Mission]] of [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]].

It was first introduced in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 2005 as a part of [[GVK EMRI|Emergency Medicine, and Research Institute]] (EMRI). It is currently operational in 35 [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]]. The services initially provided [[ambulance]]s to the required and was later re-modeled to integrate health, [[police]], [[firefighting]] and other [[disaster management]] services through a single platform. The services are provided free of cost to the beneficiaries.

== Background and history ==
In the early 2000s, it was estimated that inadequate and/ or lack of timely medical response resulted in the deaths of at least four million Indians every year. About ten percent of the people who face emergencies do not know who needs to be called.<ref name="Harvard">{{cite report|url=https://hbr.org/2010/07/innovations-holy-grail|title=Innovation’s Holy Grail|author1=[[C. K. Prahalad]]|author2=[[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]]|publisher=[[Harvard Business Review]]|date=July-August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="EMRI">{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/187773/gvk-emri-108-ambulance-emergency-healthcare-service-india/|title=Calling 108: How One Institution Pioneered Emergency Medical Services in India|work=Better India|date=4 July 2019|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2004, [[GVK EMRI|Emergency Medicine, and Research Institute]] (EMRI) was established in [[Andhra Pradesh]] as a [[not-for-profit]] organization aimed at providing emergency medical services based on the idea conceived by A. P. Ranga Rao.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://medicalreportertoday.com/dr-ap-ranga-rao-the-man-who-gave-108-ambulance-services-passed-away|title=Dr. AP Ranga Rao – the man who gave 108 ambulance services passed away|work=Medical Reporter Today|date=16 April 2018|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819101014/https://medicalreportertoday.com/dr-ap-ranga-rao-the-man-who-gave-108-ambulance-services-passed-away/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/dr-ap-ranga-rao-dead/article23550409.ece|title=Dr. A.P. Ranga Rao dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 April 2018|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819161807/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/dr-ap-ranga-rao-dead/article23550409.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, it was funded by [[Ramalinga Raju]] of [[Satyam Computer Services]] with the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] being a non-funding partner and was later taken over by [[GVK Industries]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jishnu|first=Latha|date=8 August 2009|title=The 108 business plan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-108-business-plan-109080800006_1.html|access-date=12 April 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412142215/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-108-business-plan-109080800006_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The services were launched in August 2005 with a fleet of 30 ambulances. In August 2007, the government signed an agreement to expand the project and provided 95% of the funding.<ref name="EMRI"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohan|first1=B. Krishna Mohan|last2=Kanth|first2=K. Rajani|date=18 January 2009|title=Govt may take over EMRI's Dial 108 ambulance services|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-may-take-over-emri-s-dial-108-ambulance-services-109011801012_1.html|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419071710/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-may-take-over-emri-s-dial-108-ambulance-services-109011801012_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, [[National Rural Health Mission]] was launched by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] of [[Government of India]], which aimed to provide ambulance services to rural areas.<ref name="NHM">{{cite web|url=https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=1217&lid=189|title=ERS of National Health Mission|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The emergency response services were later expanded and were implemented by the respective state and union territory governments, mostly under [[Public–private partnership]] with funding from the [[National Health Mission]] of Government of India.<ref name="Report">{{cite report|url=https://www.rrcnes.gov.in/PHP&E_division_report/EvaluationOf108&102AmbulanceServicesNHM_Sikkim.pdf|title=Evaluation of NHM Ambulance Services|publisher=[[Government of Sikkim]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=3}}</ref>

== Scope ==
It is currently operational in 35 [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]].<ref name="NHM"/> The services initially provided [[ambulance]]s to the required and was later re-modeled to integrate health, [[police]], [[firefighting]] and other [[disaster management]] services through a single platform. The services are provided free of cost to the beneficiaries.<ref name="Report"/> Once the call is received from a user requesting for services, it is directed to provide appropriate services as per the analysis of the circumstances and the details. In case of medical emergency, it is passed on to the relevant ambulance operator and hospitals while other requests are forwarded to the respective departments.<ref name="EMRI"/>

== Financials ==
The services are operated with private assistance wherein as of 2024, three private companies handle services in all the existent territories. Government of India provides funding for the set-up on infrastructure including call centers, ambulances, software and other hardware. The operational cost is borne by the state governments with subsidies from the central government. It is subsidized up to 60% in the first year of operations and reduces progressively. The infrastructure costs less than US$0.5 per person served compared to US$50 for the similar [[911 (emergency telephone number)|911]] service in the [[United States]] and the per person service costs range up to US$15 in India compared to US$800 in the U.S.<ref name="EPW"/>

== Infrastructure and operations ==
[[File:The_108_Ambulance.jpg|thumb|A emergency response ambulance operated by the service]]
The Government provides funding and oversees the operations, but the entire operations and maintenance of infrastructure is contracted to the private entities. As of 2024, there are only three private operators providing emergency services: [[GVK EMRI|GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute]] (GVK EMRI), Ziqitza Healthcare Limited (ZHL), and Bharat Vikas Group India-UK Specialist Ambulance Services (BVG-UKSAS).<ref name="EPW"/>

The dedicated Emergency Response Centers received calls dialed on the number and the telephone operators collect the basic information on the emergency. The information is passed onto Emergency Relief Operators, who follow an established process to determine the type of emergency. Once this is ascertained, for non-medical emergencies, it is passed onto the respective departments to address the same. In case of a medical emergency, the operator ascertains the location and the details of the issue. Based on the same, the nearest ambulance and health care center are identified with the details passed onto the stakeholders. While the ambulance is en-route, the operator connects back to the caller for providing assurance and confirmation, while providing relevant details to the [[Emergency medical technician]] (EMT). When the ambulance reaches the location, the EMT provides required support and the patient is carried to the nearest health center prescribed. On reaching the health center, the patient is handed over with the appropriate information provided.<ref name="EMRI"/><ref name="Harvard"/>

[[File:108_Ambulance.jpg|thumb|left|The ambulances prominently display the dial-to-number 108]]

As of 2024, there are 10,993 ambulances in service.<ref name="NHM"/> The ambulances are classified into two types: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS).

The guidelines for equipping the ambulances are laid down by the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] in 2013. The ambulances are accompanied by trained drivers and appropriate medical personnel, who are trained as a part of the project by the operator.<ref name="Report"/> Apart from standard road ambulances, [[boat ambulance]] are also used in appropriate locations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/108-boat-ambulance-service-launched-in-gujarat-to-treat-fishermen-at-high-sea-1856614|title='108' boat ambulance service launched to treat fishermen at high sea|work=[[NDTV]]|date=24 May 2018|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821035642/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/108-boat-ambulance-service-launched-in-gujarat-to-treat-fishermen-at-high-sea-1856614|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emri.in/boat-ambulance-3|title=Boat Ambulance|website=www.EMRI.in|publisher=[[GVK EMRI|GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute]] (GVK EMRI)|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126123525/https://www.emri.in/boat-ambulance-3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Odisha-first-state-to-have-boat-ambulances-for-remote-areas/articleshow/49347344.cms|title=Odisha first state to have boat ambulances for remote areas|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 October 2015|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106031300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Odisha-first-state-to-have-boat-ambulances-for-remote-areas/articleshow/49347344.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, there are states which operate [[102 (ambulance service)]], which provided only ambulance services and specific maternity ambulances in conjunction with the service.<ref name="NHM"/><ref name="Report"/>

As per the data available with EMRI, which operates the services in fourteen states, as of 2010, the service employed more than 11,000 people and handled up to 80,000 calls a day and catered to more than 7,000 emergencies with a fleet of 2,600 ambulances. The operators determine and execute the emergency response decisions in 80 to 90 seconds on average.<ref name="Harvard"/> In 2019, it employed over 47,000 people attending to 22,000 emergencies per day.<ref name="EMRI"/> The average response time was 14 minutes in cities and 31 minutes in rural areas.<ref name="Harvard"/>

The challenges in the emergency response system in India include:
** communication barriers due to the existence of large number of languages and dialects,
** optimizing the route taken to reach the person in distress and back to the health care center due to poor data on the available routes in rural areas and
** the condition of roads.<ref name="Harvard"/>
The data collected from the emergency services are used to optimize the operations progressively in order to improve response times, reduce time delays, optimize and customize first line treatment according to existing conditions.<ref name="Harvard"/> Though hailed as an emergency service, there have been issues such as poor oversight by the provincial governments, concerns on training and staff welfare in the system.<ref name="EPW">{{cite journal|url=https://epw.in/engage/article/108-services-are-plagued-complacency-and|title=108 in crisis: complacency and compromise undermine emergency services' potential|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|publisher=Economic and Political Weekly|date=23 June 2018|pages=7–8|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819100949/https://www.epw.in/engage/article/108-services-are-plagued-complacency-and|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Other emergency numbers ==
Following is the list of other emergency helpline numbers in India.<ref>{{cite web|orig-date=26 February 2019|date=25 March 2019|title=List of emergency numbers in India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/list-of-emergency-numbers-in-india-1464566-2019-02-26|access-date=27 November 2020|work=India Today|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204233928/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/list-of-emergency-numbers-in-india-1464566-2019-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Police: 100
* Fire: 101
* Ambulance: 102
* Women Helpline: 1091
* Women Helpline for Domestic Abuse: 181
* Missing Child And Women: 1094
* Children In Difficult Situation: 1098
* Senior Citizen Helpline: 1091 or 1291
* Road Accident Emergency Service: 1073
* Road Accident Emergency Service on National Highways: 1033
* Railway Accident Emergency Service: 1072
* Disaster Management: 1078
* Relief Commissioner For Natural Calamities: 1070
* Tourist Helpline: 1363
* LPG Leak Helpline: 1906
* AIDS Helpline: 1097
* Central Vigilance Commission: 1964

==See also==
*[[102 (ambulance service)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Emergency telephone numbers|state=expanded}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{Portal bar|India|Telecommunication|Law|Medicine}}

[[Category:Emergency telephone numbers]]
[[Category:Emergency medical services in India]]
[[Category:Three-digit telephone numbers]]

Bathudi Tribe

2026-03-11T00:19:23Z

FredrickGreig:

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Bathudi'''
| image = Bathudi House 01.jpg
| image_caption = House of Bathudi tribes at Adivasi Mela, Bhubaneswar
| total = 220,859 (2011)
| total_ref = <ref name="census 2011">{{cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=23 October 2017}}</ref>
| region1 = Odisha
| pop1 = 217,395
| ref1 = <ref name="census 2011" />
| region2 = Jharkhand
| pop2 = 3461
| ref2 = <ref name="census 2011" />
| languages = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Regional languages]] (Hindi, Bengali, Kurmali, Ho)
| religions = [[File:Aum Om black.svg|16px]] [[Hinduism]]
| related =
}}

The '''Bathudi''' or '''Bathuri''' is a community found mainly in north-western [[Odisha]] in India. Some Bathudis, however migrated to neighbouring states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.<ref name="Minz Hansda 2010 p. 37">
{{cite book
| last1=Minz
| first1=D.
| last2=Hansda
| first2=D.M.
| title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand
| publisher=Kalpaz Publications
| year=2010
| isbn=978-81-7835-121-6
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA37
| access-date=2019-07-14
| page=37}}
</ref> The 2011 census showed their population to be around 220,859. They are classified as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] by the Indian government.<ref name="census 2011"/>

==History==
The Bathudis' origin is uncertain. However they could be traced back the Panchpaidh (Panchpir) plateau of [[Mayurbhanj District]] and Simlipal forest range. They migrated to neighbouring areas over time.<ref name="Minz Hansda 2010 p. 37"/>

== Culture ==
The Bathudis believe that they are originated from arms of [[Brahma]].<ref name="Tribes of Orissa 1990 p.36-37 ">{{cite book | title=Tribes of Orissa | publisher=Harijan and Tribal Welfare Department, Government Of Orissa | year=1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yStuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-07-14 | pages=36–37}}</ref> A section of Bathudi society have embraced Hinduism and worship Hindu gods and goddesses. While they observe some of the Hindu festivals and rituals, they have kept their animist beliefs.
<ref name="Pati Dash 2002 p. 62">{{cite book | last1=Pati | first1=R.N. | last2=Dash | first2=J. | title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects | publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-7648-322-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA62 | access-date=2019-07-14 | page=62}}</ref>

They are an endogamous society with separate exogamous sections.<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India 1998 p.150 ">{{cite book | author=Anthropological Survey of India | title=Anthropology of small populations | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India | year=1998 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUKBAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-07-14 | page=150| isbn=9788185579467 }}</ref> Each exogamous section is called a {{Transliteration|or|khilli}}. More than 50 such sections have been recorded. Marriage within the same {{Transliteration|or|khilli}} is proscribed. [[Cousin marriage]] both from the paternal or maternal side is also taboo. [[Sororate marriage]] is practised but not strictly sanctioned by the society. Wedding ceremony takes place either in the house of the groom or the bride. Similar to a Hindu wedding, a Brahmin priest usually officiates in the ceremony. ''Marriage by service''<ref name="Dash 2004 p. 66">{{cite book | last=Dash | first=K.N. | title=Invitation to Social and Cultural Anthropology | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-269-0323-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szt48jbyr9EC&pg=PA66 | access-date=2019-07-14 | page=66}}</ref> and the system of [[Gharjamai|Gharjuain]] is prevalent among them.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

''Karna Guru'' is an important figure in a Bathudi society. A ''Karna guru'' is a [[Vaishnavism|Baishnab]] Guru who initiates them with specific chants both before the start of important events such as education and weddings.

Birth pollution<ref name="Kaphle Hancock Newman 2013 pp. 1173–1181">{{cite journal | last1=Kaphle | first1=Sabitra | last2=Hancock | first2=Heather | last3=Newman | first3=Lareen A. | title=Childbirth traditions and cultural perceptions of safety in Nepal: Critical spaces to ensure the survival of mothers and newborns in remote mountain villages | journal=Midwifery | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=29 | issue=10 | year=2013 | issn=0266-6138 | doi=10.1016/j.midw.2013.06.002 | pmid=23845450 | pages=1173–1181| hdl=2328/27074 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> is practised for nine days. But the mother is not allowed to enter the kitchen and touch the cooking pots for twenty one days. Naming ceremony of the child can happen on the ninth day or on twenty-first-day. The mother is prohibited from eating fish, sweets and ripe jackfruit for about two years after birth of child. She is, however, allowed to eat meat and leafy vegetables.<ref name="Keonjhar Census Data">{{cite web | title=Kendujhar district census data | date=2019-07-14 | url=https://kendujhar.nic.in/document/keonjhar-district-census-data/ | archive-url=https://archive.today/20190714130101/https://kendujhar.nic.in/document/keonjhar-district-census-data/ | access-date=2019-07-14 | archive-date=2019-07-14 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Tradition of both burial and cremation are practised.

Most of the Bathudis speak a dialect of [[Odia language|Odia]]; a few have taken to [[Ho language]] as their mother tongue. Bathudis of Jharkhand speak a dialect of Hindi and use Devnagari script. Some of them also speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kudmali]].<ref name="Minz Hansda 2010 p. 37"/>

There houses are mainly made of mud walls and thatched roofs. Frequently decoration of multi-coloured floral designs are found on their walls. Typical household holds goods like stringed ''Charpoys''; aluminium, bell metal and earthen utensils; bow and arrow, fishing tools, mats, etc. Male attire include cotton [[dhoti]] and the women wear sari. Women and girls use coloured ribbons, fresh flowers, paper/plastic flowers to style their hair. For ornaments they prefer silver to gold. Tattooing known as ''Khada'' among them, is popular with the women. Bathudi girls tattoo one or two floral designs on their forehead or arm before marriage.<ref name="Keonjhar Census Data"/>

[[File:Bathudi House 01.jpg|thumb|right|A model of a Bathudi house|225px]]

The main source of income in the society is farming or related work. They mostly work as farm labourers. Women weave mats out of date palm leaves and prepare leaf cups and plates both for domestic use and sale. Making and selling rice products such as ''[[flattened rice|Chuda]]'' and ''[[Puffed Rice|Mudi]]'' is also another occupation for lean months.<ref name="Keonjhar Census Data"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last=Ota |first=A.B. |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73877/1/SCST_2019_handbook_0065.pdf |title=Bathudi |publisher=[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute|Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research & Training Institute (SCSTRTI)]] |year=2019 |isbn=9789380705675 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606123157/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73877/1/SCST_2019_handbook_0065.pdf |archive-date=6 Jun 2022 |url-status=live}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Bathudi people}}

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Scheduled tribes in Odisha}}
{{Reservation in India}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]

Rohilla dynasty

2026-03-08T02:18:28Z

FredrickGreig: Started

{{Short description|Prominent dynasty in North India (1721–1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Royal house|surname=Rohilla dynasty|estate=|coat of arms=[[File:Rampur State Coat of Arms.png|250px]]|country={{plainlist|class=nowrap|
*[[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
*[[Rampur State]]
}}|titles={{plainlist|
*Nawab of Rohilkhand
*Nawab of Badaun
*Nawab of Moradabad
*Nawab of Rampur
*Nawab of Aonla
*Nawab of Tandah
*Nawab of Bareilly
*Nawab of Shikohabad
*Chief of the Rohilla }}|founder=[[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Bahadur Rohilla]]|current head=|founding year=1721|dissolution=|deposition=1947 (in [[Rampur State]])|ethnicity=|cadet branches=*House of Badaun
*House of Rampur
*House of Moradabad
*House of Bareilly
*}}

The '''Rohilla dynasty''' was a [[dynasty]] that ruled over much of northwestern [[Uttar Pradesh]], initially as the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]] and later as the [[Rampur State|Princely State of Rampur]]. At the height of their power, the dynasty ruled over [[Rohilkhand]], and launched invasions into the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Kumaon|Kumaon]] and [[Kingdom of Garhwal|Garhwal]].<ref name="History of Uttaranchal">{{cite book |last1=Hāṇḍā |first1=Omacanda |title=History of Uttaranchal |pages=91–92}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=and Gunjan Sharma |first1=Himanshu Kifaltia |title=A Comprehensive Study of UTTARAKHAND}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abel |first1=W.C. |title=Gazetteer of Rampur |journal=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1911 |page=81}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/akhbar-us-sanadeed-volume-001-mohammad-najmul-gani-khan-ebooks|title=Akhbar-us-Sanadeed, vol. 1|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Najm-ul-Ghani|publisher=Munshi Nawal Kishore|year=1918|location=Lucknow}}</ref>

The [[Nawabs of Rampur]] played a vital role in eliminating [[communal violence]] during their reign, even as widespread ethnic cleansing of Muslim subjects occurred in the [[Punjab States Agency|Sikh States]], [[Alwar State|Alwar]], and [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] during the [[Partition riots|Partition Riots]], which were widely believed to have been ordered by their rulers. In contrast, the [[Nawab]] forbade his nobles from carrying out reprisal attacks against non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=Naresh Chandra |title=What Ails the IAS and Why It Fails to Deliver: An Insider's View |pages=Chapter 7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brennan |first1=Lance |title=A Case of Attempted Segmental Modernization: Rampur State, 1930–1939 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=3 June 2009 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=350–381 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500013414|s2cid=144043634 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Copland |first1=I |title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900-1950 |page=140}}</ref>

==Origin==
The [[Rohillas]] were [[Pashtuns]] who migrated to [[North India]] in the 17th and 18th centuries. However, the founder of the Rohilla dynasty was [[Ali Mohammed Khan]], originally named Prem Singh Nain,<ref>Khoja, Neelam. 2018. [https://dash.harvard.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/726de724-b17a-4c33-ab36-19509894d45e/content Sovereignty, Space, and Identity: The Politics of Power in Eighteenth Century Punjab]. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society Volume 42 |date=1994 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |page=24 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Pakistan_Historical_Socie/w_htAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=jat+boy+by+the+name+of+prem+singh+nano&dq=jat+boy+by+the+name+of+prem+singh+nano&printsec=frontcover |quote= Among the captives was one handsome Jat boy by the name of Prem Singh Nano. Da'ud Khan was so attracted towards him that he adopted him as his son, initiated him into the Islamic belief, and named him Ali Muhammad Nano. Later, when the boy reached adulthood, Daud Khan declared him as his successor. Thus began the pedigree of the Nawwabs of Rampur.}}</ref> a [[Jat]] who was adopted and converted by Daud Khan [[Barech]].<ref name="Irvine 1971 p.118">{{cite book |last=Irvine |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC |title=Later Mughal |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |year=1971 |page=118 |quote=Once Daud was sent against the village of Bankauli, in pargana Chaumahla, with which his employer was at feud. Along with the plunder taken on this occasion Daud obtained possession of a Jat boy seven or eight years of age, whom he caused to be circumcised and then adopted under the name of Ali Muhammad Khan. |access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Ḥusain |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo-GvHjoH-cC |title=A History of the Freedom Movement: 1707-1831 |author2=Pakistan Historical Society |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |year=1957 |series=A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947 |page=304 |quote=Amongst other prisoners he obtained a young Jat boy of eight years . Daud took a fancy to him and adopted him as his son and named him ' Ali Muhammad Khan. |access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L. |author-link=Jos Gommans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC&dq=most+of+the+contemporary+sources+call+him+a+jat+or+ahir&pg=PA120 |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780 |date=1995 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10109-8 |page=120 |language=en |quote="Most of the contemporary sources, however, call him a Jat or an Ahir."}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Strachey |first=Sir John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Q5AQAAIAAJ&dq=This+remarkable+chief+was+not+Afghan+by+birth+but+a+Hindu&pg=PA11 |title=Hastings and the Rohilla War |date=1892 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=11 |language=en |quote="...this remarkable chief was not an Afghan by birth, but a Hindu, a Jat by caste."}}</ref> Due to Ali's pivotal role in the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]], he gained full recognition as a Rohilla chief, despite not being Pashtun by birth.<ref name=":1"/><ref>Khan, Iqbal Ghani (2002). "Technology and the Question of Elite Intervention in Eighteenth-Century North India". In Barnett, Richard B. (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_jJuAAAAMAAJ Rethinking Early Modern India]. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 271. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-308-6}}. ''"Thus we witness the Ruhelas accepting an exceptionally talented non-Afghan, an adopted Jat boy, as their nawab, purely on the basis of his military leadership..."''</ref>

Ali's son, [[Faizullah Khan]], continued the line as the [[Nawab]] of [[Rampur State|Rampur]].<ref>[[Hari Ram Gupta|Gupta, Hari Ram]] (1999) [1980]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=82wwAQAAIAAJ History of the Sikhs]. Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire (1764–1803) (2nd rev. ed.). [[Munshiram Manoharlal]]. p. 11. {{ISBN|978-81-215-0213-9}}. {{OCLC|165428303}}. ''"The real founder of the Rohilla power was Ali Muhammad, from whom sprang the present line of the Nawabs of Rampur."''</ref> In the 19th century, the Nawabs began using the title of [[Sayyid]], claiming descent from the [[Barha dynasty|Barha Sayyids]]. They hired a prominent [[maulvi]], Najmul Ghani, to construct a [[genealogy]] tracing their lineage back to [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. However, they failed to produce any reliable [[pedigree chart|pedigree]] or evidence to support these claims.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The First Two Nawabs of Oudh |year=1954 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Co. Ltd. |oclc=678892685 |page=103 |edition=2nd rev. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUQeAAAAIAAJ |quote=''Contemporary Persian authorities say that Ali Muhammad Khan was of Jat parents. See Gulistan. 7; Abdulkarim, 88b, Ashob, 424; Siyar. II 480, A partisan attempt has, however, been made in modern times to prove that he was a Sayyid. Najmul Ghanl of Rampur has invented a false pedigree of the Khan, tracing it to Muhammad. The Maulvi’s discussion is altogether unconvincing and ridiculous. His object seems to be to prove that the present ruler of Rampur is a Sayyid.''}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Nawab Sayyid Sir Muhammad Raza 'Ali Khan with Sayyid Abdullah Khan and Sayyid Mumtaz Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|Nawab Sayyid Sir Muhammad Raza 'Ali Khan of Rampur with Khan Bahadur Sayyid Abdullah Khan of Jansath and Sayyid Mumtaz Ali Khan|left]]
The dynasty rose to prominence with the first [[Nawab]] of Rohilkhand, [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Ali Mohammad Khan]].

=== Formation ===
Ali Mohammed Khan attracted many [[Afghans|Afghan]] adventurers by virtue of his great reputation and became the most powerful man in Katehir. Conscious of his own power and the failing state of the Mughal Empire, he neglected imperial mandates and irregularly paid tax to the central government. Using the income from his lands to raise troops, purchase artillery and military stores and curry favour with political persons of interest, he used the same tactic to gain favour with the lower rungs of society. By his invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739 he strengthened his position, with many Afghans joining him. By 1740 he was officially recognised by the Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] as governor. For the subsequent five years, his authority was unchallenged.

In 1745 a quarrel arose between Ali Mohammed and Safdar Jang, the [[subedar]] of [[Oudh State|Oudh]]. Ali's retainers seized the property of servants belonging to Safdar. Safdar was already jealous at Ali's growing power. He went to Emperor Muhammad Shah, and through him ordered the return of the confiscated property as well as the arrest of the Rohillas in charge of the confiscation. After Ali's refusal, Safdar led an imperial expedition together with the emperor. Ali's men deserted and he was captured and taken to Delhi.

He was treated respectfully by the emperor, in large part due to his influence among his many adherents. Ali was propitiated by an appointment as Governor of Sirhind (the area between Jummuna and [[Sutlej]]).

In 1748 an invasion by Ahmed Shah Abidali allowed Ali the opportunity to return to Katehir and re-establish his rule. Upon his return, he was rejoined by most of his men and became virtually independent in his control of Rohilkhand. To ensure loyalty almost all positions of power were given to Afghan and several including [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ad-daula]] received land grants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strachey |first1=Sir John |title=Hastings and the Rohilla War |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33013 |date=1892 |publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford University |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33013/page/n40 10]–14}}</ref>

=== Second generation ===
On his deathbed, Ali Mohammad anointed his foster uncle Rehmat Khan as "Hafiz" (protector) of Rohilkhand and Dundi Khan as Chief of Army. He had already planned the division of his realm among his sons and received Rehmat Khan and Dundi Khan's solemn oaths that they would execute his will and protect the interests of his children. A council was created of the Rohilla chiefs in part to keep a check on Rehmat Khan and Dundi Khan and to provide a government that would safeguard Rohilkhand from invasion. All carried out solemn promises to carry out their duty, but they all reneged and sought to establish their own autonomy. This led to a confederation-like structure of government with the nawab of Rohilkhand at its head and the Rohilla chiefs in charge of individual Rohilla states answering to him, especially in regards to military engagements.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Charles |title=An Historical Relation of the origin, progress and final dissolution of the Rohilla Afghans in the northern provinces of Hindostan |pages=90–92}}</ref>

Ali's realm was divided in such a way so as to create discord. Nawab Abdullah Khan and Nawab Murtaza Khan were given shared rule over Badaun. Nawab Alah Yar Khan and Nawab Saadullah Khan were given shared rule over Moradabad, Nawab Faizullah Khan was given rule over Rampur and Nawab Muhammad Yar Khan was given rule over Barielly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Charles |title=An Historical Relation of the rise and fall of the Rohilla Afghan in the Northern Provinces of India |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Strachey |first1=Sir John |title=Warren Hastings and the Rohillas |date=1892 |page=19}}</ref> In 1754 Hafiz Rehmat Khan orchestrated an argument within the royal family and used it as a pretext to usurp the power and wealth of the orphans. Disgusted, Muhammad Yar Khan along with his older brother Abdullah Khan and younger brother Allah Yar Khan left for Oojanee.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Charles |title=An Historical Relation of the rise and fall of the Rohilla Afghan in the Northern Provinces of India |page=93}}</ref> Nawab Alah Yar Khan died of consumption, and Nawab Murtaza Khan left for Secunderabad, where he died. Nawab Saadullah Khan was appointed nawab of Rohilkhand. Later, Nawab Abdullah Khan and Nawab Muhammad Yar Khan were granted land again. Nawab Muhammad Yar Khan was given rule over Aonla, and his court at Tandah was famed for poets such as Qaim and Mushafi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/qayem-chaandpuri/profile|title=Qayem Chaandpuri - Profile & Biography|website=Rekhta}}</ref>

== Relations with the British ==
The dynasty was highly regarded by the [[British Empire|British]] for their "determined bravery". The [[Rohilla Wars]] were the most costly for the British against any Indian kingdom. The ensuing guerrilla war forced the British to grant the Rohillas a princely state wheresoever they willed, leading to the creation of [[Rampur State|Rampur]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Alok |title=The Rohilla 'revolution' of 1794 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2011 |volume=72 |pages=663–669 |issn=2249-1937|jstor=44146759 }}</ref> Their bravery, tolerance and progressive rule gained them admiration. They were called upon by the British for aid in the [[Anglo-French Wars]]. [[Edmund Burke|Burke]] described the Rohillas as "the bravest, the most honourable and generous" and the [[nawab of Rampur]] became the first Indian [[sovereign]] to meet [[Queen Victoria]] along with several other European monarchs.<ref>{{cite web |title=How a Nawab humiliated his proud Begum on Nauroz in Rampur |url=https://www.dailyo.in/voices/nauroz-new-year-equinox-persian-new-year-moharram/story/1/23036.html |website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref>

===Dynastic relations ===
It is probably a branch of the influential [[Barha dynasty]] best known as ''[[de facto]]'' ruling [[Mughal Empire]] during the early 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Robert |title=The Golden Handbook |page=455}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kazim |first1=Syed |title=A critical study of the role and achievements of Sayyid brothers |journal=Shodhganga |page=22 |hdl=10603/52425 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Reaz Ahmed |title=Afghans and Shaikhzadas in the nobility of Shah Jahan |journal=Shodhganga |page=15}}</ref> In the 19th century, descendants of Ali Mohammed Khan, specifically the [[Nawabs of Rampur]], made disputed claims that he was a [[Barha dynasty|Barha Sayyid]] and began the usage the title of Sayyid. However, they could not present any [[pedigree chart|pedigree]] or valid historical proof in the support of this claim.<ref name=":2"/> The Nawabs even sought service of a prominent religious leader of Rampur, Najmul Ghani for establishing ancestry from [[Ali]], which was widely rejected.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.81116/2015.81116.The-First-Two-Nawabs-Of-Oudh_djvu.txt&ved=2ahUKEwiWle26ns78AhW7QaQEHZw3DsoQFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw01vuR-nUCSSqDiBQ5VLkVH |access-date=2023-01-17 |title=The First Two Nawabs Of Oudh|page=103|quote="Contemporary Persian authorities say that Ali Muhammad Khan was of Jat parents . See Gulistan . 7; Abdulkarim . 88b; Ashob . 424; Siyar II . 480. A partisan attempt has, however, been made in morden times to prove that he was a Sayyid. Najmul Ghani of Rampur has invented a false pedigree of the Khan, tracing it to Muhammad. The Maulvi's discussion is altogether unconvincing and thoroughly ridiculous. His object is to prove that the present ruler of Rampur is a Sayyid."}}</ref>

==List of rulers==
===Kingdom of Rohilkhand===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Nawab
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Relation with previous Nawab
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Rule
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| ''Formation of [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]''
|-
|align="center"| [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Mohammed Khan]] 
|align="center"| Founder 
|align="center"| 1721–1748
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"| [[Abdullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Nawab Abdullah Khan]] 
|align="center"| Son
|align="center"|1748–1754
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"|[[Saadullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Nawab Saadullah Khan]] 
|align="center"| Brother
|align="center"|1754–1764
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"|[[Faizullah Khan|Nawab Faizullah Khan]] 
|align="center"| Brother
|align="center"|1764–1774
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| ''Conquest by Oudh. Green row signifies the regency of [[Hafiz Rahmat Ali Khan]]''.
|}

===Rampur State===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Nawab
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Reign began
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Reign ended
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| ''Formation of [[Rampur State]] after the [[First Rohilla War]] ''
|-
| [[Faizullah Khan]]
| 15 September 1774
| 24 July 1793
|-
| [[Muhammad Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| 24 July 1793
| 11 August 1793
|-
| [[Ghulam Muhammad Khan Bahadur]]
| 11 August 1793
| 24 October 1794
|-
| [[Ahmad Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| 24 October 1794
| 5 July 1840
|-
| Nasrullah Khan – ''Regent''
| 24 October 1794
| 1811
|-
| [[Muhammad Said Khan Bahadur]]
| 5 July 1840
| 1 April 1855
|-
| [[Yusef Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| 1 April 1855
| 21 April 1865
|-
| [[Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| 21 April 1865
| 23 March 1887
|-
| [[Muhammad Mushtaq Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| 23 March 1887
| 25 February 1889
|-
| [[Hamid Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| 25 February 1889
| 20 June 1930
|-
| ''Regency''
| 25 February 1889
| 4 April 1894
|-
| [[Raza Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| 20 June 1930
| 6 March 1966
|-
| [[Murtaza Ali Khan Bahadur]] – Titular
| 6 March 1966
| 8 February 1982
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| ''Independence and accession to Indian Union''
|}

==See also==
*[[Rohillas]]
*[[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
*[[Rampur State]]
*[[Jat Muslim]]
*[[Pashtunization]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:Rohilkhand]]
[[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]
[[Category:Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties of India]]

Kick (2009 film)

2026-03-07T16:18:30Z

FredrickGreig:

{{Short description|2009 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film by Surender Reddy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kick
| image = Kick poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Surender Reddy]]
| story = [[Vakkantham Vamsi]] '''Dialogues''': [[Abburi Ravi]]
| producer = [[R. R. Venkat]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Surender Reddy
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Ileana D'Cruz|Ileana]] [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| cinematography = [[Rasool Ellore]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[R. R. Movie Makers]]
| distributor = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|5|8}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|30 [[crore]]|link=yes}} [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref name="news18">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-08|title=రవితేజ కిక్‌కు 11 ఏళ్లు.. రిజెక్ట్ చేసిన ఆ ఇద్దరు స్టార్స్..|trans-title=11 years for Ravi Tejs's ''Kick''..then rejected by two stars|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/ravi-teja-blockbuster-movie-kick-completed-11-years-and-here-some-unknown-facts-pk-512182.html|access-date=2020-07-31|website=News18 Telugu|language=te}}</ref>
}}
'''''Kick'''''{{Efn|Spelt as ''Kik'' on the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] certificate.}} is a 2009 [[India]]n [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[vigilante film| vigilante action comedy film]] directed by [[Surender Reddy]] from a story by [[Vakkantham Vamsi]]. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]], [[Ileana D'Cruz|Ileana]], and [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] (in his Telugu debut) while [[Brahmanandam]] plays a supporting role. The film has music composed by [[Thaman S]]. Released on 8 May 2009, the film was a commercial success.<ref name="news18" />

The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' (2010) with Shaam reprising his role, and in [[Hindi]] under ''[[Kick (2014 film)|the same title]]'' (2014) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Super Ranga]]'' (2014). A sequel, ''[[Kick 2]]'' also starring Teja and directed by Reddy was released in 2015.

==Plot==
Kalyan is a happy-go-lucky man who excels in every field but always does strange and dangerous things to obtain a certain "kick" – a thrill or excitement that he craves. One such activity is secretly double-crossing his childhood friend Azam while helping him to elope. At this point, he meets Naina, who is shocked at his recklessness and writes him off as crazy. Kalyan sets his sights on Naina and woos her in a very unorthodox way; he begs her ''not'' to fall in love with him. After a host of comical situations, she accepts his love. However, she sets a condition: he must stay in a well-paid job (as he had resigned from other jobs due to the lack of "kick"), and only then she will agree to marry him. Kalyan accepts, but soon resigns again for the same reason and tries to hide it from her. When she finds out, she breaks up with him and leaves him for good.

Some months later, Naina's parents arrange for her to meet a prospective suitor in [[Malaysia]]. Though reluctant, she meets the suitor, Kalyan Krishna, a tough but honest policeman. She narrates the story of her affair with Kalyan, and Kalyan Krishna reveals that he is tracking a dangerous thief who has stolen large amounts of money from wealthy, mostly corrupt, politicians. In Malaysia, Nisha, her sister and Kalyan Krishna's brother-in-law Prakash Raj run into Kalyan again, but learn that he has lost his memory and cannot remember his past life. Naina sees this as an opportunity to start their relationship again from the scratch. However, it is revealed that he has faked his condition by convincing an [[amnesia]]c that he is a doctor, and tricked him into diagnosing his condition falsely. Naina is upset but realizes that it was done because of his love for her, and she has hidden her own feelings from him. They reconcile.

Meanwhile, it is revealed that the thief whom Kalyan Krishna has been tracking is Kalyan. His motives are simple; he steals ill-gotten money from politicians to pay for operations for children suffering from cancer. After manipulating various people, such as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], and stealing from them, he is finally caught in the act by Kalyan Krishna. Kalyan is still unfazed, celebrating his failure at a street party. He dares Kalyan Krishna to catch him in his final crime: stealing money worth {{INRConvert|500|c}} from the [[Political party funding|party fund]]. After many harrowing chases, Kalyan pulls it off successfully. Kalyan Krishna is demoted from his job and is shocked to learn that his replacement is Kalyan, who promises to "guard" the minister's remaining money. Knowing what is in store for the politicians, Kalyan Krishna leaves with a new respect for his foe after learning his true motives of helping the children.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Kalyan
* [[Ileana D'Cruz]] as Naina (Voice dubbed by Haritha)
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as IPS Kalyan Krishna (Voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Halwa Raj / Prakash Raj a.k.a. ''[[Parugu]]'' Prakash Raj
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as J. P. Reddy IPS
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Dr. Baali
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Gurajada Krishnamurthy alias GK, Kalyan's father
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Azam
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as the chief minister
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as Vasundhara, Kalyan's mother
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Kancha Kanakaratnam, Naina's friend's mother
* [[Raghu Babu]] as [[Pathan]], a local don
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Don's gang member
* Sairabanu as Azam's wife
* [[Nadhiya]] as Prabhavati, Naina's aunt
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Sivaji, Naina's uncle
* [[Sindhu Tolani]] as Swapna
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as the orphanage manager
* Sravan as Adithya
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Subramanyam, Kalyan's friend
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Janaki, Kalyan Krishna's mother
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Krishnam Raju, Kalyan Krishna's father
* [[Prudhvi Raj (Telugu actor)|Prudhvi Raj]] as the minister
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as the minister's binami
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Banerjee, Naina's father
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as a minister
* Aasheekaa Bathija as Naina's sister
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as Kalyan's former manager
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as a priest
* [[Hazel Crowney]] in an [[item number]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was financed by [[R. R. Venkat]] under his banner, [[R. R. Movie Makers]]. It is the second collaboration between [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] after ''[[Khatarnak (2006 film)|Khatarnak]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=11 Years for Kick: A look back at the film that cemented Ravi Teja's superstardom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/11-years-for-kick-a-look-back-at-the-film-that-cemented-ravi-tejas-superstardom/photostory/75629117.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705175045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/11-years-for-kick-a-look-back-at-the-film-that-cemented-ravi-tejas-superstardom/photostory/75629117.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=5 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The cinematographer was [[Rasool Ellore]] and the editor was Gautham Raju, in his fourth collaboration with the director after ''[[Athanokkade]]'', ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]'' and ''[[Athidhi]]''. In 2009, before the release of the film ''[[Agam Puram]]'' (2010), [[Surender Reddy]] chose the Tamil actor [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] to play a policeman in ''Kick'' after looking at stills from that film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shaam-makes-telugu-debut/20090506.htm|title=Shaam gets tough!|website=Rediff}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kick
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 May 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:43
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Sindhanai Sei]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Moscowin Kavery]]
| next_year = 2009
}}
The audio was launched on 19 April 2009 at a function in Taj Deccan. The prelude of "Dil Kalaase" was based on "[[Conteo]]" by [[Don Omar]] from the album ''[[King of Kings (Don Omar album)|King of Kings]]''. The song "Gore Gore" was reused from the delayed film ''[[Moscowin Kavery]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/thamans-first-film-as-composer-was-moscowin-kavery/articleshow/43810351.cms|title=Thaman's first film as composer was Moscowin Kavery|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 September 2014}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 26:43
| all_music = [[Thaman S]]
| all_lyrics = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| title1 = Dil Kalaase
| extra1 = [[Anushka Manchanda]] & Chorus
| length1 = 03:49
| title2 = I Dont Want Love
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & Chorus
| length2 = 05:19
| title3 = Dhim Thana (Atu Chudoddhannana)
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. Thaman]] (Chorus) & [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]] (Chorus)
| length3 = 05:03
| title4 = Gore Gore
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]] & [[S. Thaman]] (Chorus)
| length4 = 05:09
| title5 = Manase Thadisela
| extra5 = Vardhani Thaman
| length5 = 02:19
| title6 = Bossuu Manaki Memory Lossuu
| extra6 = [[Ravi Teja]] (Vocals), [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] (Vocals), [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], Naveen Madhav
| length6 = 05:02
}}

==Reception==
''Kick'' received widely positive reviews. A critic from ''Sify'' gave a review writing, "The film has been made well but it could have better scenes. Overall, since there are no other movies in sight now, ''Kick'' being a paisa vasool movie will definitely have a good run at the box office."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kick-review-telugu-14886664.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315053623/http://www.sify.com/movies/kick-review-telugu-14886664.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-15|title=Movie Review - Kick|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kick.html|title=Kick review -Telugu cinema|work=Idlebrain}}</ref>

Shaam, a Tamil actor, got his breakthrough in the Telugu film industry through this film and, as a result, he earned the name "Kick Shaam".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-they-call-me-kick-shaam/20110518.htm|title='They call me Kick Shaam!'|website=Rediff}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Thillalangadi]]'', in [[Hindi]] under ''[[Kick (2014 film)|the same title]]'' (2014) with [[Salman Khan]] and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Super Ranga]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Telugu films remade in Bollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/telugu-films-remade-in-bollywood/photostory/48371125.cms|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{main|Kick 2}}
A sequel was announced, titled ''[[Kick 2]]'', with the same lead actor Ravi Teja and director Surender Reddy. Music was again composed by S. Thaman. It was produced by the actor [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]. It was launched on 10 August 2014 and was released on 21 August 2015.<ref> {{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-NTR-launch-Ravi-Tejas-Kick-2/articleshow/40504054.cms|title=Allu Arjun, NTR launch Ravi Teja's Kick 2 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017 }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1579592}}

{{Surender Reddy}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Surender Reddy]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2009 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:2009 comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s heist films]]

Raghav Chadha

2026-03-04T22:36:30Z

FredrickGreig: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1988)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Raghav Chadha.jpg
| caption = Chadha in 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]
| termstart = 2 May 2022
| predecessor = [[Naresh Gujral]]
| constituency2 = [[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajinder Nagar]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 12 February 2020
| term_end2 = 24 March 2022
| predecessor2 = [[Vijender Garg Vijay]]
| successor2 = [[Durgesh Pathak]]
| office1 = [[Delhi Jal Board#Vice Chairman|Vice Chairman of the Delhi Jal Board]]
| term_start1 = 2 March
2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/aap-mla-raghav-chadha-appointed-delhi-jal-board-vice-chairman-2522837.html|title=AAP MLA Raghav Chadha Appointed Delhi Jal Board Vice Chairman|date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhijalboard.nic.in/sites/default/files/All-PDF/PR_RC_03.03.2020_E_0.pdf|title=PRESS RELEASE DELHI JAL BOARD|website=www.delhijalboard.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215134238/http://www.delhijalboard.nic.in/sites/default/files/All-PDF/PR_RC_03.03.2020_E_0.pdf|archive-date=2022-02-15}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 22 March 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Dinesh Mohaniya]]
| successor1 = [[Saurabh Bharadwaj]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] [[London School of Economics]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=LSE confirming completion of Raghav Chadha's studies at LSE | url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2015/03/30/aap-has-been-written-off-many-times-but-every-time-we-bounce-back-and-we-emerge-stronger-and-this-time-we-will-also-come-out-strong-raghav-chadha/ | access-date=2024-08-16|website=South Asia@LSE | date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Parineeti Chopra]]|2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parineeti Chopra and Raghav Chadha Wedding|url=https://digitalkmedia.in/entertainment/parineeti-chopra-and-raghav-chadha-wedding/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website= Digi Talk Media|date=25 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official Spokespersons|url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/official-spokespersons|publisher=Aam Aadmi Party|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Raghav Chadha, AAP ka cute quotient|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Meet-Raghav-Chadha-AAP-ka-cute-quotient/articleshow/46296450.cms|work=The Times of India|date=19 February 2015}}</ref>
| children = 1
| profession = Chartered accountant
| occupation = Politician
| residence = {{ubl|AB-5, Pandara Road, [[New Delhi|Delhi]]}}
}}

'''Raghav Chadha''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], who is serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Indian parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/raghav-chadha-officially-elected-to-rajya-sabha-as-mp-2843447|title=Raghav Chadha Officially Elected to Rajya Sabha as MP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raghav Chadha, the youngest MP in Rajya Sabha, is now finance panel member|date=6 October 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raghav-chadha-youngest-mp-in-rajya-sabha-now-finance-panel-member-2008764-2022-10-05}}</ref> He was elected to the Rajya Sabha by the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghav Chadha Officially Elected To Rajya Sabha As MP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/raghav-chadha-officially-elected-to-rajya-sabha-as-mp-2843447 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He served as the former vice chairman of the [[Delhi Jal Board]] and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the]] [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajinder Nagar constituency]] from 2020 till 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi's water supply situation to improve soon: Jal Board VC Raghav Chadha |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhis-water-supply-situation-to-improve-soon-jal-board-vc-raghav-chadha-11626358626993.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]] |date=15 July 2021}}</ref> He is also a working [[Chartered accountant#India|chartered accountant]].<ref name='bs'>{{cite news |title=Who is Raghav Chadha |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-raghav-chadha |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born on 11 November 1988 in New Delhi, Chadha received his school education from [[Modern School (New Delhi)]] and graduated from [[Delhi University|University of Delhi (DU)]]. He then pursued [[Chartered Accountancy Course (India)|Chartered Accountancy]] from the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]. In his early career he worked with accountancy firms including [[Deloitte]] and [[Grant Thornton]].<ref name='bs'/>

==Political career==
Chadha has been a part of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] since its inception.<ref>{{cite web |title=School debate champ, AAP spokesperson & now Rajya Sabha MP: Tracing the rise of Raghav Chadha |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=26 March 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/school-debate-champ-aap-spokesperson-now-rajya-sabha-mp-tracing-the-rise-of-raghav-chadha/888109/}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]] encouraged him in drafting the Delhi Lokpal Bill in 2012, which was also his first political task.<ref>{{cite web |title=AAP's Raghav Chadha made Punjab unit's co-incharge |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aaps-raghav-chadha-made-punjab-units-co-incharge-187096}}</ref> He established himself as the AAP's TV face and also became the youngest national spokesperson of the AAP and one of the youngest across parties.<ref>{{cite web |title=AAP's Raghav Chadha made Punjab unit's co-incharge |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aaps-raghav-chadha-made-punjab-units-co-incharge-187096}}</ref>

When AAP won the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] with a majority, Chadha, at the age of 26 was appointed AAP's national treasurer. In April 2018, the then Union Minister of Home Affairs, [[Rajnath Singh]], terminated his appointment as an advisor to [[Manish Sisodia]] along with 9 other advisors.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 April 2018|title=Sacked AAP adviser Raghav Chadha refunds Rs 2.5 salary to home ministry|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/sacked-aap-adviser-raghav-chadha-refunds-rs-2-5-salary-to-home-ministry-118041800900_1.html|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

===Lok Sabha Election===
In 2019, Chadha contested from the [[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] for the [[2019 Indian General election|2019 Lok Sabha elections]]. He lost in the elections to the [[BJP]] candidate, [[Ramesh Bidhuri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha Election result: In South Delhi, BJP candidate Ramesh Bidhuri marches ahead, and Raghav Chadha distant second |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/lok-sabha-election-result-in-south-delhi-bjp-marches-ahead-aaps-raghav-chadha-distant-second-6690321.html}}</ref><ref name="Express 24 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Raghav Chadha's decade in politics: From volunteer at anti-corruption movement to youngest Rajya Sabha member |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/raghav-chadhas-anti-corruption-movement-aap-rajya-sabha-punjab-7833878/ |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Since the 1980s, [[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]] has been a BJP stronghold and represented by stalwarts like [[Madan Lal Khurana]], [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]], [[Sushma Swaraj]] and [[Ramesh Bidhuri]] as well as [[Balraj Madhok]] of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], the ideological and political predecessor of BJP.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Delhi: Congress, Aam Aadmi Party all guns blazing in BJP's den |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 May 2019 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/south-delhi-congress-aam-aadmi-party-all-guns-blazing-in-bjp-s-den-119051000068_1.html|last1=Dutta |first1=Arnab }}</ref>

In 2020, as a leader of AAP, Chadha was appointed [[Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab|AAP Punjab]] co-in-charge for the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] in 2022, playing a crucial role in the party's eventual [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|landslide victory]], where AAP won 92 out of 117 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/punjab-assembly-polls-2022/story/ruckus-during-aap-leader-raghav-chadha-s-press-conference-in-jalandhar-over-ticket-distribution-1897414-2022-01-07|title=Ruckus in AAP leader Raghav Chadha's press conference in Jalandhar over ticket distribution|date=7 January 2022|website=India Today|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/unhappy-over-ticket-distribution-raghav-chadha-shown-black-flags-7712388/|title=Punjab: Unhappy over ticket distribution, Raghav Chadha shown black flags|date=8 January 2022|website=India Today|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>

===MLA in Delhi Vidhan Sabha===
In February 2020, Chadha contested from [[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajinder Nagar]] in the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] and won against BJP's candidate RP Singh with a margin of 20,058 votes. He polled a massive 57.06% of the total votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=AAP's Raghav Chadha wins from Rajinder Nagar with a margin of 20,085 votes |date=11 February 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-s-raghav-chadha-wins-from-rajinder-nagar-with-a-margin-of-20-085-votes/story-V5NcjPHUHXEUrZd8wVM1CO.html}}</ref> Following the elections, he was appointed vice-chairman of the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) and where he focused on providing clean, 24x7 piped water supply and cleaning the Yamuna River, significantly improving Delhi's water management systems.

===MP in Rajya Sabha===
On 21 March 2022, it was announced that Chadha along with four others were nominated by AAP for the post of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Rajya Sabha members from Punjab]] for a six-year term starting 2022.<ref name="Rajya Sabha 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=AAP's Rajya Sabha List: Ex Cricketer, IIT Professor, Raghav Chadha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-nominates-ex-cricketer-harbhajan-singh-raghav-chadha-ashok-kumar-mittal-sandeep-pathak-for-rajya-sabha-from-punjab-2833521 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 March 2022}}</ref> No opposition candidate opposed their election.<ref name="AAP RS 24 March 2022">{{cite news |title=All five nominees of AAP from Punjab elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=All-five-nominees-of-AAP-from-Punjab-elected-unopposed-to-Rajya-Sabha&id=437831 |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=newsonair.gov.in |date=24 March 2022}}</ref> This made him the youngest Indian Rajya Sabha MP ever at the age of 33. He was also appointed as a member of the Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance in [[Rajya Sabha]]. The committee oversees the laws and policies drafted by three union ministries and the [[NITI Aayog]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AAP's Raghav Chadha, Youngest In Rajya Sabha, Now Part Of Finance Panel |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-raghav-chadha-youngest-in-rajya-sabha-now-part-of-finance-panel-3405305}}</ref>

In April 2022, Chadha said that [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatya Janata Party]] (BJP) settled [[Bangladeshi people]] and [[Rohingyas]] in [[Delhi]] and uses them to cause [[riots]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-21 |title='Bangladeshis & Rohingyas': AAP and BJP find common ground to target each other |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/bangladeshis-rohingyas-aap-and-bjpfind-common-ground-to-target-each-other-475106 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

Credited with the party's success in Punjab, on 18 September 2022, Chadha was appointed co-in-charge for the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Gujarat co-incharge">{{cite news |title=Raghav Chadha appointed AAP's Gujarat co-incharge for Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/raghav-chadha-appointed-aaps-gujarat-co-incharge-for-assembly-election/article65906031.ece |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=18 September 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
He is appointed as a leader of Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) in Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-raghav-chadha-appointed-party-leader-in-rajya-sabha-in-place-of-sanjay-singh-4685083 | title=Raghav Chadha New AAP Rajya Sabha Leader, Replaces Jailed Sanjay Singh }}</ref>

In the wake of [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]], the floor leader of the AAP in the Rajya Sabha, being unable to discharge his responsibilities while in judicial custody, the party leader and [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Delhi CM]] Kejriwal, had requested the [[Jagdeep Dhankhar|chairman]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] to appoint Chadha as AAP's interim leader of the House in early December 2023. However, the request was turned down, as the request reportedly was not in conformity with the applicable legal regime governed by ''The Leaders and Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act, 1998'' and the Rules made thereunder.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Rajya Sabha chairman declines AAP's request to appoint Raghav Chadha as party's interim leader in House |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rajya-sabha-chairman-declines-aaps-request-to-appoint-raghav-chadha-as-partys-interim-leader-in-house/cid/1990168 |work=The Telegraph Online |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2023-12-31|ref=none}}</ref>

===Advisor to the Chief Minister of Punjab===
After AAP's victory in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Bhagwant Mann]] appointed Chadha as the chairman of an advisory panel. A plea challenging his appointment was struck down by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab: Why Raghav Chadha's Appointment as Advisor by AAP Govt Is Drawing Flak |url=https://thewire.in/government/punjab-why-raghav-chadhas-appointment-as-advisor-by-aap-govt-is-drawing-flak}}</ref>

==Position Held==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Positions Held
! Duration !! Position<ref>https://sansad.in/rs/members</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | Feb. 2020 – March 2022
| Member, Delhi Legislative Assembly ([[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency]])
|-
| Chairman, Committee on Petitions Delhi Legislative Assembly
|-
| Chairman, Committee on Peace and Harmony Delhi Legislative Assembly
|-
| Vice Chairman Delhi Jal Board
|-
| Member, Business Advisory Committee Delhi Legislative Assembly
|-
| Member, Committee on Ethics Delhi Legislative Assembly
|-
| Member, Committee on Salary and Other Allowances of Members of Delhi Legislative Assembly
|-
| April 2022
| Elected to Rajya Sabha
|-
| Sept. 2022 – June 2024
| Member, Committee on Finance
|-
| Nov. 2022 – Oct. 2024
| Member, Committee on Subordinate Legislation
|-
| Sept. 2024 – Sept. 2025
| Member, Committee on Housing and Urban Affairs
|-
| rowspan="3" | Oct. 2024 onwards
| Member, Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme
|-
| Member, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table
|-
| Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Defence
|-
| Sept. 2025 onwards
| Member, Committee on External Affairs
|}
==Personal life==
Chadha got engaged to actress [[Parineeti Chopra]], on 13 May 2023 at [[Kapurthala House]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2023 |title=Parineeti Chopra gets engaged to Raghav Chadha, shares first pics: 'Everything I prayed for' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/parineeti-chopra-raghav-chadha-engagement-photos-videos-8605619/lite/ |access-date=13 May 2023 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> They were married on 24 September 2023 at [[The Leela|The Leela Palace]], [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] in a traditional [[Hindu marriage|Hindu wedding]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Parineeti Chopra and Raghav Chadha wedding live updates: Raagrina done with pheras, are now married |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/parineeti-chopra-raghav-chadha-wedding-live-updates-udaipur-pictures-videos-guests-101695526408661-amp.html |access-date=24 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Parineeti Chopra and Raghav Chadha are now married! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/parineeti-chopra-and-raghav-chadha-are-now-married/articleshow/103908105.cms |access-date=24 September 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The couple welcomed their first child, a boy, on 19 October 2025,<ref name="It's a boy! Parineeti Chopra and Raghav Chadha welcome their first child together">{{cite news |title=It's a boy! Parineeti Chopra and Raghav Chadha welcome their first child together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/parineeti-chopra-and-raghav-chadha-welcome-their-first-child-together/articleshow/124684148.cms |access-date=19 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=19 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251019163017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/parineeti-chopra-and-raghav-chadha-welcome-their-first-child-together/articleshow/124684148.cms |archive-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> and named their son as 'Neer'.<ref name="Parineeti Chopra and Raghav Chadha reveal the name of their baby boy, share first pics">{{cite news |date=19 November 2025 |title=Parineeti Chopra and Raghav Chadha reveal the name of their baby boy, share first pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/parineeti-chopra-and-raghav-chadha-reveal-the-name-of-their-baby-boy-share-first-pictures-of-baby-boy-neer-101763532750075.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119142312/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/parineeti-chopra-and-raghav-chadha-reveal-the-name-of-their-baby-boy-share-first-pictures-of-baby-boy-neer-101763532750075.html |archive-date=19 November 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Chadha went to [[London]] to undergo a [[vitrectomy]] surgery. When asked about his long absence, his party colleague [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]] claimed that he could have lost [[Visual perception|eyesight]] if not for timely operation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=AAP leader on Raghav Chadha: 'Could have lost eyesight, had surgery in UK' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raghav-chadha-surgery-uk-blindness-missing-lok-sabha-election-aap-saurabh-bhardwaj-2533383-2024-04-30 |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==

On 8 August 2023, five MPs claimed that their names were mentioned on the proposal to send the Delhi NCR Amendment Bill to the Select Committee without their consent, by a motion moved by Raghav Chadha. They accused Chadha of [[forgery]] and [[breach of privilege]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI News |date=2023-08-08 |title="May have forged..." 5 Rajya Sabha MPs demand Privilege Motion against AAP MP Raghav Chadha |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/may-have-forged-5-rajya-sabha-mps-demand-privilege-motion-against-aap-mp-raghav-chadha20230808001049 |website=ANI News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=On Amit Shah's Fraud Claim Against AAP Motion, Raghav Chadha Said |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-amit-shahs-fraud-claim-against-aap-motion-raghav-chadha-said-4278066}}</ref> On 11 August, Chadha was suspended from the Rajya Sabha, for "Gross Violation Of Rules".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghav Chadha Suspended From Rajya Sabha Over "Gross Violation Of Rules" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-raghav-chadha-suspended-from-rajya-sabha-over-forgery-allegations-4289255 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In April 2024, [[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]], an Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from [[Amritsar North Assembly constituency|Amritsar North]] and former [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, made serious allegations against his party's senior leader, Rajya Sabha MP Raghav Chadha. During a rally in Amritsar, Singh accused Chadha of having close associations with at least two Punjab Police officers allegedly involved in supporting the drug trade in the city, describing them as Chadha's '''blue-eyed boys'''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Chitleen K. |title=Cops linked to Raghav Chadha 'supporting drug trade' — AAP MLA's accusations spark firestorm in Punjab |url=https://theprint.in/politics/cops-linked-to-raghav-chadha-supporting-drug-trade-aap-mlas-accusations-spark-firestorm-in-punjab/2049059/ |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=ThePrint |date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

These explosive claims have ignited a political firestorm in Punjab, with opposition parties demanding a thorough investigation. Punjab BJP president [[Sunil Jakhar]] termed the revelations as "incriminating and damning," urging the Election Commission to take cognizance and initiate a probe into Chadha's alleged role in patronizing the drug mafia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Probe Raghav Chadha's role in patronising drug mafia: Punjab BJP chief - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/probe-raghav-chadhas-role-in-patronising-drug-mafia-punjab-bjp-chief/ |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=Lokmat Times |date=18 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In response to the controversy, the AAP suspended Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh from the party for five years, citing anti-party activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP suspends Punjab MLA Kunwar Vijay for 5 years after he opposes arrest of SAD leader Bikram Singh Majithia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-suspends-punjab-mla-kunwar-vijay-sad-majithia-10095512/ |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==

{{transcluded section|source=South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{#section:South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|General Election 2019}}
{{transcluded section|source=Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2020}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |title=Raghav Chadha's decade in politics: From volunteer at anti-corruption movement to youngest Rajya Sabha member |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/raghav-chadhas-anti-corruption-movement-aap-rajya-sabha-punjab-7833878/ |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 March 2022 |language=en}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
{{s-start}}
{{S-par|in-rs}}
{{Rajya Sabha succession box
| state= Punjab
| before= [[2022 Indian Rajya Sabha elections#Punjab|List]]
| after=
| years= 2022– }}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= Delhi
| constituency= Rajinder Nagar
| before= [[Vijender Garg Vijay]] ([[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]])
| after=
| years= [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]–2022 }}
{{s-ppo-aap}}
{{s-bef|before=''Office established''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Co in-charge for [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] |years= – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title= Member of [[Aam Aadmi Party#National Executive Committee|National Executive Committee]] [[Aam Aadmi Party]] |years =– present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Spokesperson]] [[Aam Aadmi Party]] |years =– present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before=''Office established''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Co in-charge for [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]|years= September 2022 – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Rajya Sabha members from Punjab}}
{{Rajya Sabha}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadha, Raghav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Aam Aadmi Party]]
[[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]

Keke Moirang

2026-02-26T21:56:43Z

FredrickGreig: Put up new info v1.

{{Hist-stub}}{{Short description|Early kingdom in the southern Manipur}}
[[File:Khamba_and_Thoibi_(The_Dance_before_the_King).jpg|thumb|[[Khuman Khamba]] and [[Thoibi|Moirang Thoibi]] performing a devotional dance before the pantheon of Lord [[Ebudhou Thangjing Temple]].]]
'''''Keke Moirang''''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keke Moirang And Ngangoi Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 4 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Keke_Moirang_And_Ngangoi_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_4 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> was an in independent kingdom in the southern [[plain]]s of the present day [[Manipur]], [[India]] from {{c|52}} BCE to 1432 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ |title=The History of Manipur: An early period |publisher=Manipur Commercial Company |year=1986 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=S.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-AGCwb72zsC&pg=PA906 |title=Ethnic Composition and Crisis in South Asia |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-87746-71-3 |page=906}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sattar |first=Abdus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0kiAAAAMAAJ |title=In the Sylvan Shadows |publisher=Saquib Bros. |year=1971 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA10 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Moirang Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 5 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.History_of_Moirang_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_5 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The Keke Kangla served as the capital city of the kingdom since time immemorial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keke Kangla Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 3 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Keke_Kangla_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_3 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The major body of accounts related to the history, literature, mythology of the kingdom are collectively called [[Moirang Kangleirol]].

== Government and Economy ==

=== Administration and Commerce ===
Moirang was ruled by an absolute monarch, the {{langx|omp|Iwang Puriklai|label=none}}. The kingdom was divided into wards or sectors ({{langx|mni|leikheis}}) and included nine organized marketplaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight Leikais And Nine Market Places Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 7 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Eight_Leikais_And_Nine_Market_Places_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_7 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Religion ===
The people of Moirang worshipped Lord [[Thangching]], the deity regarded as the progenitor of the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebuthou Thangjing Moirang Kangleirol Part 2 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Ebuthou_Thangjing_Moirang_Kangleirol_Part_2 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_1 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rulers of Moirang]]
* [[Moirang]]
* [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla|Iputhou Pakhangba Laishang]]
* [[Kangleipak]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|1}}

[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Keke Moirang| ]]

Peravurani Assembly constituency

2026-02-26T03:04:45Z

FredrickGreig:

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Peravurani
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| constituency_no = 177
| map_image = Constitution-Peravurani.svg
| established = 1967
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar|N. Ashok Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 2,20,162<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055557/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC177.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC177.pdf|access-date= 14 Feb 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''Peravurani''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Peravurani Assembly constituency was created in 1967 by the delimitation of [[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency]]. It elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years. Since the 1967 elections, [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] has won the assembly seat three times (in 1984, 2006, 2016 state elections), [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] has also won the assembly seat three times (in 1967, 1977 and 1980, 2021), [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] has won two times in the 1996 and 2001 elections and [[Indian National Congress]] has won the seat two times (in 1989 and 1991) and [[Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam]] won the seat in 2011 election. The current member of legislative assembly N. Ashok Kumar from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

==Notable candidatures ==
Seruvai. Pa. Malaiyappan, who belongs to AIADMK Party, has led the party in Peravurani in its early stages; he led the party front as union secretary (AIADMK), He had won as Union Chairman when votes were elected directly by people and become district council member twice. When he was all set to become MLA candidate, he died due to cardiac arrest in 2002.
* Kuzha. Chellaiya is an Indian politician and a Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu]] who was born and brought up in Mudhukadu Village of [[Peravurani taluk]]; who worked in both major political parties of Tamil Nadu, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in different times. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an independent candidate from Peravurani Assembly constituency in the 1971 state assembly elections. He is the only Independent candidate, elected as a [[Member of legislative assembly]] from Peravurani Assembly constituency.

==Elected members==
The first election in Peravurani Assembly constituency was conducted in the year of 1967. The First [[Member of legislative assembly]] from [[Peravurani]] constituency was M. K. Krishnamoorthy from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. Krishnamoorthi
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Kuzha. Chellaiya
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[M. R. Govindan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| M. R. Govindan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| M. R. Govindan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[R. Singaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| R. Singaram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| M. V. R. Veera Kabilan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Arun Pandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[M. Govindarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar|N. Ashok Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|36.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|54.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|58.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|36.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.40}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Bhuvana |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =212826 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web|title=Peravurani Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a177|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,130 |percentage=52.40% |change=+7.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,627 |percentage=38.59% |change=-7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Delipan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,154 |percentage=7.15% |change=+6.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,623 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,503 |percentage=13.82% |change= 13.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=170,080 |percentage=77.25% |change= -1.58% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=46|percentage=0.03% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,162 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Govindarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,908 |percentage=45.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,913 |percentage=45.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Thamayanthi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,816 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elango |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,612 |percentage=2.85% |change=+0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Baladhandayutham |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,602 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,294 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=995 |percentage=0.61% |change= -4.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=161,897 |percentage=78.83% |change= -1.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,368 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= 9.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arun Pandian]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=51,010 |percentage=36.42% |change=+21.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mahendran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,816 |percentage=31.29% |change=-7.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=25,137 |percentage=17.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subramaniyan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,470 |percentage=5.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thangamuthu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=4,453 |percentage=3.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elango |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,691 |percentage=1.92% |change=-0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Balasubramaniyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,465 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Mayalagu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,432 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Kalemuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,430 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Muthukumaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,140 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,194 |percentage=5.14% |change= 2.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=140,044 |percentage=80.81% |change= 3.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,298 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. R. Veerakapilan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,183 |percentage=41.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,577 |percentage=38.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. K. Palanivel |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=19,627 |percentage=15.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Thiyagarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,998 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sathiya Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,320 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anthonyraja |party=Independent politician |votes=1,076 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,606 |percentage=2.78% |change= -21.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=129,781 |percentage=76.99% |change= 7.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,565 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -12.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=64,076 |percentage=54.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuzha Chellaiah |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,417 |percentage=30.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Singaram |party=Independent politician |votes=14,453 |percentage=12.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Murugaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,191 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,659 |percentage=24.47% |change= -8.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=117,137 |percentage=69.69% |change= -8.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,212 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -3.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=70,112 |percentage=58.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sakthivel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,472 |percentage=25.50% |change=-42.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Lenin |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,151 |percentage=13.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Ramasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,475 |percentage=1.23% |change=-1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=944 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,640 |percentage=33.18% |change= -5.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,484 |percentage=78.24% |change= 2.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,336 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Singaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=77,504 |percentage=67.56% |change=+37.97 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Govindan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,962 |percentage=28.73% |change=-0.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Samiyappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,996 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,542 |percentage=38.83% |change= 38.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,717 |percentage=76.00% |change= -8.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,246 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 37.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Singaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,467 |percentage=29.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishna Moorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,716 |percentage=28.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chellaiah Kuzha |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,646 |percentage=24.45% |change=-31.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Govindan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,762 |percentage=16.59% |change=-38.87 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=751 |percentage=0.66% |change= -28.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,093 |percentage=84.02% |change= -0.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,856 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -25.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Govindan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,690 |percentage=55.46% |change=-3.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Gopu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,423 |percentage=26.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuzha Chellaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=12,183 |percentage=12.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gunasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=3,685 |percentage=3.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,267 |percentage=28.70% |change= 11.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,998 |percentage=84.03% |change= -0.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,151 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Govindan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,010 |percentage=58.56% |change=+19.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Palanivel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,633 |percentage=41.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,377 |percentage=17.12% |change= 7.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,643 |percentage=84.26% |change= 7.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,008 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 19.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Govindan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,625 |percentage=38.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Masilamani |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,675 |percentage=29.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vedachalam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,901 |percentage=26.04% |change=-8.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Nagarathinam |party=Janata Party |votes=4,894 |percentage=5.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,950 |percentage=9.45% |change= 7.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,095 |percentage=77.17% |change= -8.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,000 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Kuzha. Chelliah |party=Independent politician |votes=32,025 |percentage=36.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnamoorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,005 |percentage=34.16% |change=-11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Palanivelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,850 |percentage=24.88% |change=-8.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chellaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=3,729 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,020 |percentage=2.30% |change= -9.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,832 |percentage=85.78% |change= -1.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,265 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnamurthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,505 |percentage=45.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Servai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,387 |percentage=33.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Masilamani |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,792 |percentage=20.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Arukandu |party=Independent politician |votes=515 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,118 |percentage=11.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,199 |percentage=87.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,341 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|10.4212322|79.1651449|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]

Vasuki Vaibhav

2026-02-19T18:13:41Z

FredrickGreig: creating new info

{{short description|Indian composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vasuki Vaibhav
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|07}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer|lyricist|actor}}
| instrument =
| years_active = 2016–present
| spouse = Brunda (2023)
| website = 
}}

'''Vasuki Vaibhav''' is an Indian composer and singer, music director, and actor known for his work in [[Kannada]]-language films. Vaibhav gained recognition after appearing in ''[[Rama Rama Re]]'' (2016). He was the second runner-up of ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 7)|Big Boss Kannada Season 7]]''.

==Career==
Vasuki started as a theatre artist and started to sing, compose, write lyrics, act and has even produced plays.<ref name="toi">{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/meet-the-voice-behind-kaagadada-doniyalli/articleshow/58625935.cms|title=Meet the voice behind Kaagadada Doniyalli|date=2017-05-12|work=Times of India}}</ref> His breakthrough in Kannada cinema was in the 2016 film ''[[Rama Rama Re]]''.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/121016/a-rustic-vasuki-vaibhav.html|title=A rustic Vasuki Vaibhav|date=2016-10-26|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> His work in [[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai|Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale Kasaragodu Koduge: Ramanna Rai]] was praised by both audience and critics.<ref>{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/music-composer-vasuki-vaibhav-talks-about-dadda-song/articleshow/64781020.cms|title=Music composer Vasuki Vaibhav talks about Dadda song|date=2018-06-28|work= Times of India}}</ref>

==Discography==

===As composer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Rama Rama Re]]'' || Composed and Sang three songs
|-
| rowspan="4"|2018 ||''[[Aatagadharaa Siva]]''|| Telugu remake of ''Rama Rama Re''; Songs only
|-
|''[[Churikatte]]''||
|-
| ''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 ||''Bhinna''|| Title montage only
|-
| ''[[Mundina Nildana]]''|| "Innunu Bekagide" song
|-
| [[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|''Katha Sangama'']] || One of seven music directors
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Law (film)|Law]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[French Biriyani]]'' || Also lyricist
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Badava Rascal]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 ||''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man on the Match]]'' ||
|-
|| ''[[Harikathe Alla Girikathe]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 ||''[[Dooradarshana]]''||
|-
|''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]'' || Also lyricist
|-
| ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''|| Also Actor
|-
|2024
|''[[Kotee]]''
|Songs and Lyricist
|-

|}

==As actor==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 2016 || [[Urvi (film)|''Urvi'']] ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Allama (film)|''Allama'']] ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Shuddhi (2017 film)|''Shuddhi'']] ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]'' ||Himself
|-
|2022 || ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' || Balakrishna
|-
|2023 || ''[[Tagaru Palya]]'' || groom
|-
|2024 || ''[[Mafia (2024 film)|Mafia]]'' || Santhosh
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Honeymoon (Indian TV series)|Honeymoon]]'' || Wedding Photographer
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 7)|Bigg Boss Kannada 7]]'' || Second Runner Up ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Movie
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]''
|[[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|website=Filmfare |date=13 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Music Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms | title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees | newspaper=The Times of India | date=19 July 2019 | accessdate=21 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|''[[French Biriyani]]''
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards#2020 winners and nominees|9th SIIMA Awards 2020]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Music Director]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Badava Rascal]]''
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="FF winners">{{cite web | title = Filmfare Awards 2022 Kannada Winners | url = https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/winners | website = Filmfare | access-date = 9 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173254/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations | archive-date = 9 October 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Music Director
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|''[[Ninna Sanihake]]''
|Best Lyricist ("Ninna Sanihake")
|{{won}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaibhav, Vasuki}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri

2026-02-17T06:02:47Z

FredrickGreig: further enhanced intro further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian philologist and scholar of Sanskrit literature and Vedas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri
| image = File:Pattabhi Rama Sastri.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = A photo of Sanskrit scholar P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Scholar Educationist Academic
| yearsactive =
| known for = Studies of [[Vedas]] and [[Sanskrit literature]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Pudukkottai Nattar Pattabhirama Sastri''' was an Indian [[philologist]] and scholar of [[Sanskrit literature]] and [[Vedas]], known for his works on Sanskrit Philology and [[Mīmāṃsā]] or the [[hermenutics]] of the Vedas.<ref name="Classical philology is dead in India">{{cite web | url=https://www.christopherculver.com/languages/classical-philology-is-dead-in-india.html | title=Classical philology is dead in India | publisher=Christopherculver.com | date=15 October 2011 | access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Oral Tradition in Indian Civilization">{{cite web | url=http://education.sulekha.com/oral-tradition-in-indian-civilization_607114_blog | title=Oral Tradition in Indian Civilization | publisher=Sulekha Education | date=2016 | access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> He was the founder vice chancellor of the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]], a [[deemed university]] dedicated to Sanskrit studies.<ref name="Profile of the Vidyapeetha">{{cite web | url=http://rsvidyapeetha.ac.in/profile.htm | title=Profile of the Vidyapeetha | publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha | date=2016 | access-date=July 22, 2016 | archive-date=29 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329014748/http://rsvidyapeetha.ac.in/profile.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also the founder of a [[non governmental organization]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] for the promotion of arts, culture and education, which is now known as ''Shri Pattabhirama Shastri Veda Mimansa Anusandhan Kendra''.<ref name="Shri Pattabhirama Shastri Veda Mimansa Anusandhan Kendra">{{cite web | url=http://www.searchdonation.com/shri-pattabhiram-shastri-veda-mimansa-anusandhan-kendra/ | title=Shri Pattabhirama Shastri Veda Mimansa Anusandhan Kendra | publisher=Search Donation | date=2016 | access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Indian NGOs">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianngos.org/ngo_detail.aspx?nprof=3582721114 | title=Indian NGOs | publisher=Indian NGOs | date=2016 | access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> ''Vaidikaśikṣādarśanabindhuḥ'',<ref name="Sastri1980">{{cite book|author=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Vaidikaśikṣādarśanabindhuḥ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYocAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Sampūrṇānda-Saṃskr̥ta-Viśvavidyālayaḥ}}</ref> ''Āpastambaśrautasūtra Dhūrtasvāmibhāsya'',<ref name="ĀpastambaCinnasvāmiśāstrī1955">{{cite book|author1=Āpastamba|author2=A. Cinnasvāmiśāstrī|author3=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Āpastambaśrautasūtra Dhūrtasvāmibhāsya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yuh3ie-EOa8C|year=1955|publisher=Oriental Institute}}</ref> ''Mīmāṃsāśāstramālā'',<ref name="KamalākarabhaṭṭaSastri1986">{{cite book|author1=Kamalākarabhaṭṭa|author2=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Mīmāṃsāśāstramālā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dEMAAAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Veda-Mīmāṃsānusandhānakendram}}</ref> ''Tautātitamatatilaka''<ref name="BhavadevaCinnasvāmiśāstrī1999">{{cite book|author1=Bhavadeva|author2=A. Cinnasvāmiśāstrī|author3=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Tautātitamatatilaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NXWAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Sampūrṇānanda Saṃskr̥ta Viśvavidyālaye}}</ref> and ''Śāstradīpikā, prabhāsahitā''<ref name="PārthasārathimiśraVaidyanātha1981">{{cite book|author1=Pārthasārathimiśra|author2=Vaidyanātha|author3=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Śāstradīpikā, prabhāsahitā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6RbAAAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Śrī Lālabhāduraśāstrikendriyasaṃskr̥tavidyāpīṭham}}</ref> are some of his notable works. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1982, for his contributions to literature and education.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=January 3, 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha honored its founder vice chancellor by naming its central library as ''Mahamahopadhyaya Sri Pattabhirama Sastri Library''.<ref name="Mahamahopadhyaya Sri Pattabhirama Sastri Library">{{cite web | url=http://rsvidyapeetha.ac.in/library.htm | title=Mahamahopadhyaya Sri Pattabhirama Sastri Library | publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha | date=2016 | access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> The 8th volume of ''Kendriya-Saṃskṛtavidyāpīṭham anuvādagranthamālā'' has been republished as ''Mahamahopadhyaya Padmabhushana Sri P.N. Pattabhirama Sastri commemoration volume'' in his honor.<ref name="ŚāstrīMahādevaśarmā1993">{{cite book|author1=P. N. Paṭṭābhirāma Śāstrī|author2=Rā Mahādevaśarmā|title=Mahamahopadhyaya Padmabhushana Sri P.N. Pattabhirama Sastri commemoration volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFLtUOeOrz4C|year=1993|publisher=Rāṣṭrīyasaṃskr̥tavidyāpīṭham}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author1=Āpastamba|author2=A. Cinnasvāmiśāstrī|author3=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Āpastambaśrautasūtra Dhūrtasvāmibhāsya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yuh3ie-EOa8C|year=1955|publisher=Oriental Institute}}
* {{cite book|author=P. N.Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Vyasa Siksha: Along with Vedataijas commentary of Sri Surya Narain Suravadhani & Sarva Lakshanmanjari Sangraha of Sri Raja Ghanpathi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_m-ZPQAACAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan}}
* {{cite book|author=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Vaidikaśikṣādarśanabindhuḥ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYocAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Sampūrṇānda-Saṃskr̥ta-Viśvavidyālayaḥ}}
* {{cite book|author1=Pārthasārathimiśra|author2=Vaidyanātha|author3=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Śāstradīpikā, prabhāsahitā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6RbAAAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Śrī Lālabhāduraśāstrikendriyasaṃskr̥tavidyāpīṭham}}
* {{cite book|author1=Karka|author2=Maṇḍana Miśra|author3=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Kātyāyanaśrautasūtraṃ: Karkabhāṣyasahitam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZQcAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Śrīlālabahāduraśāstrikendriyasaṃskr̥tavidyāp̄īṭham}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kamalākarabhaṭṭa|author2=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Mīmāṃsāśāstramālā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dEMAAAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Veda-Mīmāṃsānusandhānakendram}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kamalākarabhaṭṭa|author2=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Kamalākarabhaṭṭaviracitaṃ Mīmāṃsākutūhalam: prakaraṇagranthaḥ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L98MAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Prakāśanādhikārī, Sampūrṇānandasaṃskr̥taviśvavidyālayasya}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sāyana|author2=A. Cinnasvāmiśāstrī|author3=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Sāmavedīyatāṇḍyamahābrāhmaṇam: Sāyaṇācāryaviracitabhāṣyasahitam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gl8cAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Caukhambhā Saṃskr̥ta Saṃsthāna}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. Cinnasvāmiśāstrī|author2=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Yajñatattvaprakāśaḥ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5LXAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Motīlāla Banārasīdāsa| isbn=9788120827011 }}
* {{cite book|author1=Bhavadeva|author2=A. Cinnasvāmiśāstrī|author3=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Tautātitamatatilaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NXWAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Sampūrṇānanda Saṃskr̥ta Viśvavidyālaye}}
* {{cite book|author1=Mādhava|author2=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri|title=Jaiminīyanyāyamālāyāh ̣t{u0072}tīyādhyāyānto bhāgah ̣|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOUHogEACAAJ|publisher=Caukhambhā Saṃsk{u0072}ta Saṃsthāna|year=1991}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sanskrit literature]]
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Mīmāṃsā]]
* [[hermenutics]]
* [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature|Education}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal | doi=10.1017/S0041977X00101193| title=A. Chinnaswāmī Śāstrī and P. N. Pattābhirāma Śāstrī (Ed.): Āpastambaśrautasūtra - Dhūrtaswāmibhāsya. Vol. II. (Gaekwad's Oriental Series, No. 142.) [vi], 162 pp. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1963. Rs. 12| journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| volume=27| pages=229| year=1964| last1=Wright| first1=J. C.| s2cid=163058971}}
* {{cite book | url=http://philpapers.org/rec/KAMKMP | title=Kamalakarabhattaviracitam Mimamsakutuhalam Prakaranagranthah | publisher=Sampurnanandasamskrtavi Svavidyalayasya Praptisthanam, Vikraya-Vibhagah | author=P. N. Kamalakarabhatta, Pattabhirama Sastri | year=1987}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/srimedia/ref1/Vyasa%20Siksha.pdf | title=Vyasa Sisksha | publisher=Veda Mimamsa Research Institute | editor=P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri | year=1976}}

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|{{Authority control}}
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{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastri, P. N. Pattabhirama}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Indian philologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Uttamchand K. Sheth

2026-02-12T03:18:40Z

FredrickGreig: creating new post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Uttamchand Khimchand Sheth
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1920|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|7|29|1920|10|29}}
| death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Clinical pharmacology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | Topiwala National Medical College| [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Pharmacological studies and medical education
| awards = {{ublist|1968 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1971 Amrit Mody Award | 1978 [[B. C. Roy Award]] }}
}}
'''Uttamchand Khimchand Sheth''' (1920–2000) was an Indian clinical pharmacologist and the director of [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]].<ref name="Professor Uttamchand Khimchand Sheth (1920-2000)">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.nmji.in/archives/Volume-13/issue-6/obituaties-2.pdf |title=Professor Uttamchand Khimchand Sheth (1920-2000) |date=2017 |publisher=National Medical Journal of India}}</ref>

==Life==
Sheth was born on 29 October 1920 in Mumbai in [[Maharastra]], he was known for his pharmacological studies and contributions in promoting medical education in pharmacology.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref>

Sheth, [[Bimal Kumar Bachhawat]] and [[Nilima Arun Kshirsagar]] are credited with creating with creating the research and academic structure for teaching pharmacology in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patil|first=Popat N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqmEQIxqEs0C&dq=nilima+Kshirsagar&pg=PA733|title=Discoveries in Pharmacological Sciences|page=733|date=2012|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4355-07-0|language=en}}</ref>

He was the author of a book on pharmacology, ''Selected Topics in Experimental Pharmacology''.<ref name="Sheth1972">{{cite book|author=U. K. Sheth|title=Selected Topics in Experimental Pharmacology: By U.K. Sheth, N.K. Dadkar and Usha G. Kamat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHjxygAACAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Kothari Book Depot}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1967.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He was also a recipient of Amrut Mody Award (1971) and [[B. C. Roy Award]], the highest Indian medical award, which he received in 1978.<ref name="Professor Uttamchand Khimchand Sheth (1920-2000)" /> An elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="NAMS Deceased Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/obit.pdf |title=NAMS Deceased Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> he died on 29 July 2000, at the age of 79.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=278 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref>

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author=JUCKER|title=Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFX2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA327|date=8 March 2013|publisher=Birkhäuser|isbn=978-3-0348-7111-2|pages=327–}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheth, Uttamchand K.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian pharmacologists]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Clinical pharmacologists]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Pillars of Ashoka

2026-02-05T01:40:55Z

FredrickGreig: rework formatting additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Series of monolithic columns on the Indian subcontinent}}
{{redirect|Ashoka Pillar|the pillar in Delhi also known as Ashoka pillar|Iron pillar of Delhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = [[File:Ashoka pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India.jpg|350px]]
|name = Pillars of Ashoka
|image_caption = One of the Pillars of Ashoka, in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
|material = Polished [[sandstone]]
|size =
|
|created =
|period = 3rd century BC
|place =
|discovered_coords =
|location =
| map =
{{Location map+
|India
|float = center
|width =350
|caption = Known locations of the Pillars of Ashoka<ref name="BA"/>
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|border=none
|places =
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.38|N |long=83.02|E |label=[[Sarnath]]|position=bottom |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.48|N |long=77.73|E |label=[[Sanchi]] |position=left |label_size=75 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=27.27|N |long=84.50|E |label=[[Rampurva]]|position=right |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.99|N |long=85.13|E |label=[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]|position=right |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=27.33|N |long=79.30|E |label=[[Sankissa]]|position=right |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=27|N |long=84.40|E |label=[[Lauria Nandangarh|Nandangarh]]|position=left |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.99|N |long=77.70|E |label=[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Delhi-Meerut pillar|Meerut]]|position=left |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=30.12|N |long=77.16|E |label=[[Topra Kalan]]|position=left |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.84|N |long=84.68|E |label=[[Lauriya Araraj|Araraj]]|position=top |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.40|N |long=81.8|E |label=[[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad]]|position=left |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=27.48|N |long=83.28|E |label=[[Rummindei]]|position=top |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=27.62|N |long=83.11|E |label=[[Nigali Sagar|Nigali]]|position=left |label_size=75}}
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The '''pillars of Ashoka''' are a series of [[monolith]]ic columns dispersed throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], erected—or at least inscribed with [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]]—by the 3rd [[Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka the Great]], who reigned from {{circa|268}} to 232 BC.<ref name="HR">{{cite journal |author1-last=Bisschop |author1-first=Peter C. |author2-last=Cecil |author2-first=Elizabeth A. |date=May 2019 |title=Columns in Context: Venerable Monuments and Landscapes of Memory in Early India |editor1-last=Copp |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Wedemeyer |editor2-first=Christian K. |editor2-link=Christian K. Wedemeyer |journal=[[History of Religions (journal)|History of Religions]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] for the [[University of Chicago Divinity School]] |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=355–403 |doi=10.1086/702256 |doi-access=free |issn=0018-2710 |jstor=00182710 |lccn=64001081 |oclc=299661763|hdl=1887/73606 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Ashoka used the expression ''Dhaṃma thaṃbhā'' ([[Dharma]] [[stambha]]), i.e. "pillars of the [[Dharma]]" to describe his own pillars.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n292 132], Edict No 7 line 23 |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |language=sa}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Skilling |first1=Peter |title=Mahasutras |date=1998 |publisher=Pali Text Society |isbn=9780860133209 |page=453 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pIkAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> These pillars constitute important monuments of the [[architecture of India]], most of them exhibiting the characteristic [[Mauryan polish]]. Twenty of the pillars erected by Ashoka still survive, including those with inscriptions of his edicts. Only a few with animal capitals survive of which seven complete specimens are known.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|title=The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation|page=123|publisher=Routledge|author=Himanshu Prabha Ray|isbn=9781317560067|date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Two pillars were relocated by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] to [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]].<ref>India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200, Burjor Avari Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 p. 139]</ref> Several pillars were relocated later by [[Mughal Empire]] rulers, the animal capitals being removed.<ref name="auto1">Krishnaswamy, 697-698</ref> Averaging between {{convert|12|and|15|m|abbr=on|-1}} in height, and weighing up to 50 tons each, the pillars were dragged, sometimes hundreds of miles, to where they were erected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|title=KING ASHOKA: His Edicts and His Times|website=www.cs.colostate.edu|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>

The pillars of Ashoka are among the earliest known stone sculptural remains from India. Only another pillar fragment, the [[Pataliputra capital]], is possibly from a slightly earlier date. It is thought that before the 3rd century BC, wood rather than stone was used as the main material for Indian architectural constructions, and that stone may have been adopted following interaction with the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] and the [[Hellenistic world|Greeks]].<ref>''India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200'', Burjor Avari, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=XziTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 p. 149]</ref> A graphic representation of the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] from the column there was adopted as the official [[State Emblem of India]] in 1950.<ref>[http://www.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=9 State Emblem], Know India india.gov.in</ref>

All the pillars of Ashoka were built at Buddhist monasteries, many important sites from the life of the [[Buddha]] and places of pilgrimage. Some of the columns carry inscriptions addressed to the monks and nuns.<ref>Companion, 430</ref> Some were erected to commemorate visits by Ashoka. Major pillars are present in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|State]]s of [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and some parts of [[Haryana]].

==Ashoka and Buddhism==
[[File:Sarnath Ashoka Lions with Dharma Wheel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] from [[Sarnath]], with Wheel of the Moral Law (reconstitution). 3rd century BC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lion Capital of Ashoka At Sarnath Archaeological Museum Near Varanasi India | website=[[YouTube]] | date=27 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6v3YtLOP6M&ab_channel=JerometRyan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Studies In Indian Art |date=1965 |page=67 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107632/page/n89/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Remains of the topmost wheel in the Sarnath Archaeological Museum |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/len_pix/48149253647/in/album-72157709306595236/ |date=17 February 2019}}</ref>]]
Ashoka ascended to the throne in 269 BC inheriting the [[Mauryan Empire]] founded by his grandfather [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. Ashoka was reputedly a tyrant at the outset of his reign. Eight years after his accession he [[Kalinga War|campaigned in Kalinga]] where in his own words, "a hundred and fifty thousand people were deported, a hundred thousand were killed and as many as that perished..." As he explains in his edicts, after this event Ashoka converted to [[Buddhism]] in remorse for the loss of life. Buddhism became a state religion and with Ashoka's support it spread rapidly. The inscriptions on the pillars set out edicts about morality based on Buddhist tenets.<ref name="Ancient India 1994 p. 84-85">Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ancient India: Land Of Mystery (1994) p. 84-85,94-97</ref><ref name="Oliphant p. 156-7">Oliphant, Margaret "The Atlas Of The Ancient World" 1992 p. 156-7</ref>
They were added in the 3rd century BC.

==Construction==
{{see also|Mauryan polish}}
The traditional idea that all were originally quarried at [[Chunar]], just south of [[Varanasi]] and taken to their sites, before or after carving, "can no longer be confidently asserted",<ref>Harle, 22</ref> and instead it seems that the columns were carved in two types of stone. Some were of the spotted red and white [[sandstone]] from the region of Mathura, the others of buff-colored fine grained [[Chunar stone|hard sandstone]] usually with small black spots quarried in the Chunar near Varanasi. The uniformity of style in the pillar capitals suggests that they were all sculpted by craftsmen from the same region. It would therefore seem that stone was transported from Mathura and Chunar to the various sites where the pillars have been found, and there was cut and carved by craftsmen.<ref name=Thapar>Thapar, Romila (2001). ''{{IAST|Aśoka}} and the Decline of the Mauryan'', New Delhi: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-564445-X}}, pp.267-70</ref>

The pillars have four component parts in two pieces: the three sections of the capitals are made in a single piece, often of a different stone to that of the [[monolith]]ic shaft to which they are attached by a large metal [[dowel]]. The shafts are always plain and smooth, circular in cross-section, slightly tapering upwards and always chiselled out of a single piece of stone. There is no distinct base at the bottom of the shaft. The lower parts of the capitals have the shape and appearance of a gently arched bell formed of lotus petals. The abaci are of two types: square and plain and circular and decorated and these are of different proportions. The crowning animals are masterpieces of [[Mauryan art]], shown either seated or standing, always in the round and chiselled as a single piece with the abaci.<ref name="mahajan"/><ref>Companion,</ref> Presumably all or most of the other columns that now lack them once had capitals and animals. They are also used to commemorate the events of the Buddha's life.

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| header_align = left/right/center
| header = Lion designs
| footer = '''Left image''': [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] lion of Ashoka. '''Right image''': [[Assyrian sculpture|Assyrian relief]] of a lion at [[Nineveh]] (c. 640 BC). Many stylistic elements (design of the whiskers, the eyes, the fur etc...) point to similarities.<ref name="BA44">Buddhist Architecture, by Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA44 p.44]</ref>
| footer_align = left
| image1 = Vaishali lion detail.jpg
| width1 = 117
| caption1 =
| image2 = Nineveh lion.jpg
| width2 = 200
| caption2 =
| total_width =
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}}
Currently seven animal sculptures from Ashoka pillars survive.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book|title=A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture|pages=423–429|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|author=Rebecca M. Brown, Deborah S. Hutton}}</ref> These form "the first important group of Indian stone sculpture", though it is thought they derive from an existing tradition of wooden columns topped by animal sculptures in [[copper]], none of which have survived. It is also possible that some of the stone pillars predate Ashoka's reign.<ref name="Boardman 1998, 15">Boardman (1998), 15</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header_align = left/right/center
| header = Floral designs
| footer = '''Top image''': Abacus of the [[Allahabad pillar]], with [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotuses]] alternating with [[palmette|"flame palmettes"]] over a [[bead and reel]] pattern. '''Bottom image''': A quite similar [[frieze]] from [[Delphi]], 525 BC.
| footer_align = left
| image1 = Frieze of capital of Lat at Allahabad.jpg
| width1 = 250
| caption1 =
| image2 = Siphnians Treasure frieze 525 BCE detail.jpg
| width2 = 250
| caption2 =
}}

=== Origin ===

==== Western origin ====
There has been much discussion of the extent of influence from [[Achaemenid Persia]],<ref>Boardman (1998), 13</ref> where the column capitals supporting the roofs at [[Persepolis]] have similarities, and the "rather cold, hieratic style" of the Sarnath [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] especially shows "obvious Achaemenid and [[Sargon II|Sargonid]] influence".<ref>Harle, 22, 24, quoted in turn</ref> India and the Achaemenid Empire had been in close contact since the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]], from c. 500 to 330 BC.

[[Hellenistic influence on Indian art|Hellenistic influence]] has also been suggested.<ref>A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA87 p.87]</ref> In particular the [[abacus (architecture)|abaci]] of some of the pillars (especially the [[Rampurva|Rampurva bull]], the [[Sankissa|Sankissa elephant]] and the [[Allahabad pillar|Allahabad pillar capital]]) use bands of motifs, like the [[bead and reel]] pattern, the [[ovolo]], the [[flame palmette]]s, [[Lotus flower|lotus]]es, which likely originated from Greek and Near-Eastern arts.<ref name="BA44"/> Such examples can also be seen in the remains of the Mauryan capital city of [[Pataliputra]].

It has also been suggested that 6th century Greek columns such as the [[Sphinx of Naxos]], a 12.5m Ionic column crowned by an animal in the religious centre of [[Delphi]], may have been an inspiration for the pillars of Ashoka.<ref name="GI">{{cite book |last1=Arora |first1=Udai Prakash |author-link=Udai Prakash Arora |title=Graeco-Indica, India's Cultural Contacts with the Greek World: In Memory of Demetrius Galanos (1760-1833), a Greek Sanskritist of Benares |date=1991 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-85205-53-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfBtAAAAMAAJ |language=en |page=5 |quote= It can also be suggested that Lāțs topped by animal figures also have an ancestor in the sphinx - topped pillars of Greece of the Middle Archaic period (c.580-40 B.C), Delphi Museum at Delphi, Greece, has an elegant winged sphinx figure sitting on an Ionic capital with side volutes. It was the Naxian sphinx pillar datable to about 575-560 BC. Many more sphinx-pillars have been found from different parts of Greece like Sparta, Athens and Spata (Attica). Rowland traces western Asiatic inspirations in the addorsed animal capitals of Aśokas Lāțs. But the inspiration for the single animal figure Lāțs, should be traced in the sphinx pillars of Greece. Asoka's direct link with his contemporaneous Greek states of Western Asia, Africa and Greece itself can result in the conception of single animal topped Lățs, from the Delphi type sphinx pillars. Such a possibility should not be ruled out in Mauryan Age.}}</ref> Many similar columns crowned by sphinxes were discovered in ancient Greece, as in [[Sparta]], [[Athens]] or [[Spata]], and some [[:File:Marble stele (grave marker) of a youth and a little girl 530 BCE Greece.jpg|were used as funerary steles]].<ref name="GI"/> The Greek [[sphinx]], a lion with the face of a human female, was considered as having ferocious strength, and was thought of as a guardian, often flanking the entrances to temples or royal tombs.<ref>Stewart, Desmond. Pyramids and the Sphinx. [S.l.]: Newsweek, U.S., 72. Print.</ref>{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Heliodorus pillar.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Heliodorus pillar]] in Vidisha, India, 2nd Century BC
| image2 = Sunga horseman Bharhut.jpg
| caption2 = [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] horseman carrying portable garuda standard, [[Bharhut]] 2nd Century BC
| header = Pillar as Dhvaja, military standard
}}
<ref name="Pal2006">{{cite journal | last=Pal | first=Ranajit | title=An altar of Alexander now standing near Delhi | journal=Scholia| volume=15 | issue=1 | date=2006 | hdl=10520/EJC100294 | pages=78–101 | url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC100294 | access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>

==== Indian origin ====

Some scholars such as [[John Irwin (academic)|John Irwin]] emphasized a reassessment from popular belief of Persian or Greek origin of Ashokan pillars. He makes the argument that Ashokan pillars represent [[Dhvaja]] or standard which Indian soldiers carried with them during battle and it was believed that the destruction of the enemy's dhvaja brought misfortune to their opponents. A relief of Bharhut stupa railing portrays a queenly personage on horseback carrying a ''Garudadhvaja.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Irwin|first=John|date=1974|title='Aśokan' Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence-II: Structure|journal=The Burlington Magazine|volume=116|issue=861|pages=712–727|issn=0007-6287|jstor=877843}}</ref> [[Heliodorus pillar]] has been called Garudadhvaja, literally Garuda-standard, the pillar dated to 2nd century BC is perhaps the earliest recorded stone pillar which has been declared a dhvaja.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108207|title=Gupta Art Vol.ii|last=Agrawala|first=Vasudeva S.|date=1977}}</ref>

Ashokan edicts themselves state that his words should be carved on any stone slab or pillars available indicating that the tradition of carving stone pillars was present the period of Ashoka.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Irwin|first=John|date=1983|title=The Ancient Pillar-Cult at Prayāga (Allahabad): Its Aśokan Origins|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25211537|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=115|issue=2|pages=253–280|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00137487|jstor=25211537|s2cid=162953368 |issn=0035-869X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>[[File:Silaa Thabe inscription.jpg|thumb|Ashoka called his own pillars ''Silā Thabhe'' (𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀣𑀪𑁂, Stone [[Stambha]], i.e. stone pillars). [[Lumbini]] inscription, [[Brahmi script]].|alt=]]

==== Stylistic argument ====
Though influence from the west is generally accepted, especially the [[Persian column]]s of Achaemenid Persia, there are a number of differences between these and the pillars. Persian columns are built in segments whereas Ashokan pillars are [[monolith]]s, like some much later Roman columns. Most of the Persian pillars have a fluted shaft while the Mauryan pillars are smooth, and Persian pillars serve as supporting structures whereas Ashokan pillars are individual free-standing monuments. There are also other differences in the decoration.<ref>Boardman (1998), 13-19</ref> Indian historian [[Upinder Singh]] comments on some of the differences and similarities, writing that "If the Ashokan pillars cannot in their entirety be attributed to Persian influence, they must have had an undocumented prehistory within the subcontinent, perhaps a tradition of wooden carving. But the transition from stone to wood was made in one magnificent leap, no doubt spurred by the imperial tastes and ambitions of the Maurya emperors."<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=Ashoka+Persian|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131711200|page=361|language=en|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref>

Whatever the cultural and artistic borrowings from the west, the pillars of Ashoka, together with much of [[Mauryan art]] and architectural prowesses such as the city of [[Pataliputra]] or the [[Barabar Caves]], remain outstanding in their achievements, and often compare favourably with the rest of the world at that time. Commenting on Mauryan sculpture, [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] once wrote about the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on Athenian buildings".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA165 The Early History of India by Vincent A. Smith]</ref><ref>Annual report 1906-07 [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.55105/55105#page/n147/mode/2up p.89]</ref>

==Complete list of the pillars==
Five of the pillars of Ashoka, two at [[Rampurva]], one each at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Lauriya Araraj]] and [[Lauria Nandangarh]] possibly marked the course of the ancient Royal highway from [[Pataliputra]] to [[Nepal]]. Several pillars were relocated by later [[Mughal Empire]] rulers, the animal capitals being removed.<ref name="auto1"/>

The two Chinese medieval pilgrim accounts record sightings of several columns that have now vanished: [[Faxian]] records six and [[Xuanzang]] fifteen, of which only five at most can be identified with surviving pillars.<ref>Ashoka, 2</ref> All surviving pillars, listed with any crowning animal sculptures and the edicts inscribed, are as follows:<ref name=mahajan>Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). ''Ancient India'', S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0887-6}}, pp.350-3</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|pages=358}}</ref>

===Complete standing pillars, or pillars with Ashokan inscriptions===
[[File:Geographical spread of known Ashoka Capitals in India.jpg|thumb|Geographical spread of known pillar capitals.]]
*[[Delhi-Topra pillar]], in the fortress of [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], Delhi (Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII); moved in AD 1356 from [[Topra Kalan]] in [[Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]] to Delhi by [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]].<ref name="BA">''Buddhist Architecture'', Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA36 p.36-40]</ref>
*[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Delhi-Meerut pillar|Delhi-Meerut]], [[Delhi ridge]], [[Delhi]] (Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI); moved from [[Meerut]] to [[Delhi]] by [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] in 1356.<ref name="BA"/>
*[[Nigali Sagar]] (or Nigliva, Nigalihawa), near [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]]. Pillar missing capital, one Ashoka edict. Erected in the 20th regnal year of Ashoka ({{circa|249 BC}}).<ref name="BA"/>
*[[Rupandehi]], near [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]]. Also erected in the 20th regnal year of Ashoka ({{circa|249 BC}}), to commemorate Ashoka's pilgrimage to [[Lumbini]]. Capital missing, but was apparently a horse.<ref name="BA"/>
*[[Allahabad pillar]], Uttar Pradesh (originally located at [[Kausambi]] and probably moved to Allahabad by [[Jahangir]]; Pillar Edicts I-VI, Queen's Edict, Schism Edict).<ref name="BA"/>
*[[Rampurva]], [[Champaran]], [[Bihar]]. Two columns: a lion with Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI; a bull without inscriptions. The [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]] of the bull capital features [[honeysuckle]] and [[palmette]] designs derived from Greek designs.<ref name="BA"/>
*[[Sanchi]], near [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh, four lions, Schism Edict.<ref name="BA"/>
*[[Sarnath]], near [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], four lions, Pillar Inscription, Schism Edict.<ref name="BA"/> This is the famous "[[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]" used in the national emblem of [[India]].
*[[Lauria Nandangarh|Lauriya-Nandangarth]], Champaran, Bihar, single lion, Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI.<ref name="BA"/>
*[[Lauriya Araraj]], Champaran, Bihar (Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI).<ref name="BA"/>
*[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Bihar]], single lion, with no inscription.<ref name="BA"/>

The [[Amaravati]] Pillar fragment is rather problematic. It consists of only six lines in [[Brahmi]] which are hardly decipherable. Only the word ''vijaya'' (victory) can be made out, arguably a word also used by Ashoka.<ref>Buddhist Architecture, Le Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p. 169</ref> [[Dineshchandra Sircar|Sircar]], who provides a detailed study, considers it as probably belonging to an Ashokan pillar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |pages=118–122 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n129/mode/2up}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|align=center colspan=2 style="background:#C0C0C0; font-size: 100%;"| '''Complete standing pillars, or pillars with Ashokan inscriptions'''
|-
|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Vaishali pillar of Ashoka.jpg|[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
File:Lauria Nandangarh pillar of Ashoka side view.jpg|[[Lauria Nandangarh|Lauriya-Nandangarh]]
File:Ashoka pillar, Lauriya-Araraj.jpg|[[Lauriya-Araraj]]
File:Asokan Pillar.JPG|[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Delhi-Meerut pillar|Delhi-Meerut]] (originally from [[Meerut]], broken in pieces during transportation).
File:Delhi-Topra Ashoka pillar.jpg|[[Delhi-Topra pillar|Delhi-Topra]] (originally from [[Topra Kalan]]).
File:Ashoka Pillar in Allahabad.jpg|[[Allahabad]] (originally from [[Kosambi]])
File:Ashokanpillar.jpg|[[Lumbini, Nepal]] (broken in half). Capped for protection in the 20th century.
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140px">
File:Ashoka Pillar, Sarnath.jpg|[[Sarnath]]
File:Ashokan Pillar - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4361.JPG|[[Sanchi]]
File:Rampurva pillars.jpg|[[Rampurva]]
File:Nigali Sagar pillar full view.jpg|[[Nigali Sagar]]
File:Amaravati Major Pillar Edict inscription.jpg|Fragment of pillar with inscription, [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |page=118 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n129/mode/2up}}</ref>
</gallery>
|}

===Pillars without Ashokan inscriptions===
There are also several known fragments of Ashokan pillars, without recovered Ashokan inscriptions, such as the pillars in [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Kausambi]], [[Gotihawa]], [[Prahladpur]] (now in the [[Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi]]<ref>[http://mapio.net/pic/p-47131642/ Mapio]</ref>), [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]], [[Bhopal]], [[Sadagarli]], [[Udayagiri Caves|Udaigiri-Vidisha]], [[Kushinagar]], [[Arrah]] ([[Masarh]]), [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]], [[Bhikana Pahari]], [[Bulandi Bagh]] ([[Pataliputra]]), [[Sandalpu]] and a few others, as well as a broken pillar in [[Bhairon, Varanasi|Bhairon]] ("[[Lat Bhairo]]" in [[Benares]])<ref>Asoka by Radhakumud Mookerji [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA85 p.85]</ref> which was destroyed to a stump during riots in 1809.<ref name="BA40">Buddhist Architecture, Le Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p. 40</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Visuvalingam |first1=Sunthar |title=Violence and the Other in Hinduism and Islam: 1809 Lat Bhairon Riots of Banaras |date=2016 |work=Perspectives on Violence and Othering in India |pages=85–127 |editor-last=Tripathi |editor-first=R.C. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2613-0_6 |access-date=2024-07-21 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Springer India |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-81-322-2613-0_6 |isbn=978-81-322-2613-0 |last2=Chalier-Visuvalingam |first2=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=Purnima|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Chinese monks [[Fa-Hsien]] and [[Hsuantsang]] also reported pillars in [[Kushinagar]], the [[Jetavana]] monastery in [[Sravasti]], [[Rajagriha]] and [[Mahasala]], which have not been recovered to this day.<ref name="BA40"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|align=center colspan=2 style="background:#C0C0C0; font-size: 100%;"| '''Fragments of Pillars of Ashoka, without Ashokan inscriptions'''
|-
|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px">
File:Pillar at Kausambi.jpg|[[Kausambi]]
File:Ashoka Pillar in Lumbini Nepal.jpg|[[Gotihawa|Gotihawa, Nepal]], possible base of the [[Nigali Sagar]] pillar
File:Ashoka pillar Bodh Gaya.jpg|[[Bodh Gaya]] (originally near [[Sujata Stupa]], brought from [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] in 1956).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geary |first1=David |title=The Rebirth of Bodh Gaya: Buddhism and the Making of a World Heritage Site |date=2017 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295742380 |page=209 Note 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meA5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Portion of Asokan pillar, found in Pataliputra, Modern Bihar - 3 A.D..JPG|Portion of an Ashokan pillar, found in [[Pataliputra]].
File:Ashoka Pillar Bhawanipur Rupandehi.jpg|[[Devdaha|Bhawanipur Rupandehi, Nepal]].
</gallery>
|}

==Capitals==
[[File:Frieze_of_capital_of_Lat_at_Allahabad.jpg|thumb|Abacus of the [[Allahabad Pillar]] of Ashoka, the only remaining portion of the capital of the Allahabad Pillar.]]
There are altogether seven remaining complete capitals, five with lions, one with an elephant and one with a [[zebu]] bull. One of them, the four lions of [[Sarnath]], has become the [[State Emblem of India]]. The animal capitals are composed of a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotiform]] base, with an [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]] decorated with floral, symbolic or animal designs, topped by the realistic depiction of an animal, thought to each represent a traditional directions in India.

[[File:Sarnath Ashoka Capital Horse motif.jpg|thumb|left|The horse motif on the [[Sarnath]] [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], is often described as an example of Hellenistic realism.<ref name="Danielou">A Brief History of India, [[Alain Daniélou]], Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, 2003, p. 89-91 [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/89]</ref>]]
Various foreign influences have been described in the design of these capitals.<ref>The pillars "owe something to the pervasive influence of Achaemenid architecture and sculpture, with no little Greek architectural ornament and sculptural style as well. Notice the florals on the bull capital from Rampurva, and the style of the horse of the Sarnath capital, now the emblem of the Republic of India." "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity" by John Boardman, Princeton University Press, 1993, p. 110</ref> The animal on top of a lotiform capital reminds of [[Achaemenid]] column shapes. The abacus also often seems to display some [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art|influence of Greek art]]: in the case of the [[Rampurva]] bull or the [[Sankassa]] elephant, it is composed of [[honeysuckles]] alternated with stylized [[palmette]]s and small [[rosette (design)|rosettes]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA40|title=Buddhist Architecture|first=Huu Phuoc|last=Le|date=29 October 2017|publisher=Grafikol|access-date=29 October 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780984404308}}</ref> A similar kind of design can be seen in the frieze of the lost capital of the [[Allahabad Pillar]]. These designs likely originated in Greek and Near-Eastern arts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA44|title=Buddhist Architecture|first=Huu Phuoc|last=Le|date=29 October 2017|publisher=Grafikol|access-date=29 October 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780984404308}}</ref> They would probably have come from the neighboring [[Seleucid Empire]], and specifically from a Hellenistic city such as [[Ai-Khanoum]], located at the doorstep of [[India]].<ref name="Boardman 1998, 15"/> Most of these designs and motifs can also be seen in the [[Pataliputra capital]].

The [[Diamond throne]] of [[Bodh Gaya]] is another example of Ashokan architecture circa 260 BC, and displays a band of carvings with [[palmette]]s and [[geese]], similar to those found on several of the Pillars of Ashoka.<ref name="Huu Phuoc">Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA240 p.240]</ref>

;Chronological order
Based on stylistic and technical analysis, it is possible to establish a tentative chronological orders for the pillars. The earliest one seems to be the [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] pillar, with its stout and short column, the rigid lion and the undecorated square abacus. Next would follow the [[Sankissa]] elephant and the [[Rampurva]] bull, also not yet benefiting from [[Mauryan polish]], and using a Hellenistic abacus of lotus and [[palmette]]s for decoration. The abacus would then adopt the [[Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa]] goose as an animal decorative symbol, in [[Lauria Nandangarh]] and the [[Rampurva]] lion. [[Sanchi]] and [[Sarnath]] would mark the culmination with four animals back-to-back instead of just one, and a new and sophisticated animal and symbolic abacus (the elephant, the bull, the lion, the horse alternating with the [[Dharma wheel]]) for the Sarnath lion.<ref name="Huu Phuoc p.42">Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, p. 42</ref>

Other chronological orders have also been proposed, for example based on the style of the Ashokan inscriptions on the pillars, since the stylistically most sophisticated pillars actually have the engravings of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] of the worst quality, namely, very poorly engraved [[Commons:Category:Schism Edict of Ashoka|Schism Edicts]] on the [[Sanchi]] and [[Sarnath]] pillars, their only inscriptions. This approach offers an almost reverse chronological order to the preceding one.<ref name="Irwin1983">The True Chronology of Aśokan Pillars, John Irwin, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1983), pp. 247-265 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249612?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents]</ref> According to Irwin, the [[Sankissa]] elephant and [[Rampurva]] bull pillars with their Hellenistic abacus are pre-Ashokan. Ashoka would then have commissioned the Sarnath pillar with its famous [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] to be built under the tutelage of craftsmen from the former [[Achaemenid Empire]], trained in Perso-Hellenistic statuary, whereas the Brahmi engraving on the very same pillar (and on pillars of the same period such as [[Sanchi]] and Kosambi-Allahabad) was made by inexperienced Indian engravers at a time when stone engraving was still new in India.<ref name=Irwin1983/> After Ashoka sent back the foreign artists, style degraded over a short period of time, down to the time when the [[Major Pillar Edicts]] were engraved at the end of Ashoka's reign, which now displayed very good inscriptional craftsmanship but a much more solemn and less elegant style for the associated lion capitals, as for the [[Lauria Nandangarh]] lion and the [[Rampurva]] lion.<ref name=Irwin1983/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan=1 cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|align="center" colspan=1 style="background:#F4A460; font-size: 100%;"| '''Known capitals of the pillars of Ashoka''' Ordered chronologically based on stylistic and technical analysis.<ref name="Huu Phuoc p.42"/>
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Ashoka pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India 2007-01-29.jpg|[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] lion
File:Elephant capital Sankasya.jpg|[[Sankissa]] elephant.
File:Rampurva bull in Presidential Palace high closeup.jpg|[[Rampurva]] [[zebu]] bull original (now in [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]]).
File:Lauria Nandangarh lion.jpg|[[Lauria Nandangarh]] lion.
File:Lion Capital - Chunar Sandstone - Circa 3rd Century BCE - Rampurva - ACCN 6298-6299 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2014-04-04 4432.JPG|[[Rampurva]] lion.
File:Sanchi capital right side view.jpg|Four lions, once possibly crowned by a wheel, from [[Sanchi]].
File:Sarnath capital.jpg|The "[[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]", from [[Sarnath]].
</gallery>
|}

Of the [[Allahabad Pillar]], only the abacus remains, the bottom bulb and the crowning animal having been lost. The remains are now located in the [[Allahabad Museum]].

[[File:Mahabodhi pillar of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The elephant-crowned pillar of Ashoka at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. [[Bharhut]] relief, 100 BC.]]
A few more possibly Ashokan capitals were also found without their pillars:
*[[Kesariya]] (capital). Only the capital was found in the [[Kesaria stupa]]. It was discovered by Markham Kittoe in 1862, and said to be similar to the lion of the [[Lauriya Nandangarh]] pillar, except for the hind legs of the lion, which did not protrude beyond the abacus.<ref name="BA"/> This capital is now lost.
*[[Udayagiri Caves|Udaigiri-Vidisha]] (capital only at the [[Udayagiri Caves]], visible [[:File:Udayagiri lion capital.jpg|here]]).<ref name="BA"/> Attribution to Ashoka however is disputed (ranging from the 2nd century BC [[Sunga]] period,<ref name="auto2">Story of the Delhi Iron Pillar, R. Balasubramaniam [https://books.google.com/books?id=FruHOlKlbJAC&pg=PA19 p. 19]</ref> to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period.<ref name="auto3">The Past Before Us, Romila Thapar [https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA361 p.361]</ref>).

It is also known from various ancient sculptures (reliefs from [[Bharhut]], 100 BC), and later narrative account by Chinese pilgrims (5-6th century AD), that there was a pillar of Ashoka at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] founded by Ashoka, that it was crowned by an elephant.<ref name="BA238">Buddhist Architecture, Le Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp 238-248</ref>

The same Chinese pilgrims have reported that the capital of the [[Lumbini]] pillar was a horse (now lost), which, by their time had already fallen to the ground.<ref name="BA238"/>

==Inscriptions==
{{Main|Edicts of Ashoka}}
[[File:Dhamma thambaa inscription.jpg|thumb|Ashoka also called his pillars "Dhaṃma thaṃbhā" (𑀥𑀁𑀫𑀣𑀁𑀪𑀸, [[Dharma]] [[stambha]]), i.e. "pillars of the Dharma". 7th [[Major Pillar Edict]]. [[Brahmi script]].<ref name="archive.org"/>]]
The inscriptions on the columns include a fairly standard text. The inscriptions on the columns join other, more numerous, Ashokan inscriptions on natural rock faces to form the body of texts known as the Edicts of Ashoka. These inscriptions were dispersed throughout the areas of modern-day [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], Afghanistan and [[Pakistan]] and represent the first tangible evidence of Buddhism. The edicts describe in detail [[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma]], an earnest attempt to solve some of problems that a complex society faced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-ashokan-rock-edicts-are-a-marvel-of-history/20170808.htm?sc_cid=twshare|title=The Ashokan rock edicts are a marvel of history}}</ref> In these inscriptions, Ashoka refers to himself as "Beloved servant of the Gods" (''Devanampiyadasi''). The inscriptions revolve around a few recurring themes: Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism, the description of his efforts to spread Buddhism, his moral and religious precepts, and his social and [[animal welfare]] program. The edicts were based on Ashoka's ideas on administration and behaviour of people towards one another and religion.

[[Alexander Cunningham]], one of the first to study the inscriptions on the pillars, remarks that they are written in eastern, middle and western [[Prakrit]]s which he calls "the Punjabi or north-western dialect, the Ujjeni or middle dialect, and the Magadhi or eastern dialect."<ref>''Inscriptions of Ashoka'' by Alexander Cunningham, Eugen Hultzsch. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Calcutta: 1877</ref> They are written in the [[Brahmi script]].

===Minor Pillar Edicts===
{{Main|Minor Pillar Edicts}}
These contain inscriptions recording their dedication, as well as the Schism Edicts and the Queen's Edict. They were inscribed around the 13th year of Ashoka's reign.
* [[Sanchi]] pillar (Schism Edict)
* [[Sarnath]] pillar (Schism Edict)
* [[Allahabad]] Pillar (Schism Edict, Queen Edict, and also Major Pillar Edicts)
* [[Lumbini]] (Rummindei), [[Nepal]] (the upper part broke off when struck by lightning; the original horse capital mentioned by [[Xuanzang]] is missing) was erected by Ashoka where Buddha was born.
* [[Nigali Sagar]] (or Nigliva), near Lumbini, Rupandehi district, Nepal (originally near the Buddha Konakarnana stupa)
<gallery>
File:Allahabad Kausambi Edict.jpg|Kosambi-Allahabad Schism Edict.
File:Sanchi pillar Ashokan inscription.jpg|Sanchi Schism Edict.
File:Sarnath pillar inscription.jpg|Sarnath Schism Edit.
File:Lumbini - Pillar Edict in Brahmi Script, Lumbini (9241396121).jpg|Rummindei, in [[Lumbini]].
File:Nigali Sagar Ashokan inscription.jpg|[[Nigali Sagar]].
</gallery>

=== Major Pillar Edicts ===
[[File:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG|thumb|Fragment of the 6th Major Pillar Edict, from the Delhi-Meerut Pillar of Ashoka, [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/p/pillar_of_emperor_ashoka.aspx|title=British Museum Highlights|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Major Pillar Edicts}}
Asoka's 6 Major Pillar Edicts have been found at Kausambhi (Allahabad), Topra (now Delhi), Meerut (now Delhi), Lauriya-Araraj, Lauriya-Nandangarh, Rampurva (Champaran), and a 7th one on the Delhi-Topra pillar.

These pillar edicts include:<ref>[https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html#PILLAR Full texts], An English rendering by Ven. S. Dhammika, 1993</ref>
*I Asoka's principle of protection to people
*II Defines dhamma as minimum of sins, many virtues, compassion, liberality, truthfulness and purity
*III Abolishes sins of harshness, cruelty, anger, pride etc.
*IV Deals with duties of government officials
*V List of animals and birds which should not be killed on some days and another list of animals which cannot be killed on any occasion. Describes release of 25 prisoners by Asoka.
*VI Works done by Asoka for Dhamma Policy. He says that all sects desire both self-control and purity of mind.
*VII Testimental edict.
<gallery>
File:Delhi-Topra I II III.jpg|Major Pillar Edicts I, II, III (Delhi-Topra)
File:Delhi-Topra IV.jpg|Major Pillar Edicts IV (Delhi-Topra)
File:Delhi-Topra VI-VII.jpg|Major Pillar Edicts V-VII (Delhi-Topra)
File:Delhi-Topra VII (second part).jpg|Major Pillar Edicts VII, second part (Delhi-Topra)
</gallery>

==Description of the pillars==
[[File:Ashoka pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India 2007-01-29.jpg|thumb|Front view of the single lion capital in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]].]]

===Pillars retaining their animals===
{{Main|Lion Capital of Ashoka}}

The most celebrated capital is the four-lion one at [[Sarnath]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]), erected by Emperor Ashoka circa 250 BC. Four lions are seated back to back. At present the column remains in the same place whereas the Lion Capital is at the Sarnath Museum. This Lion Capital of Ashoka from Sarnath has been adopted as the [[National Emblem of India]] and the wheel "Ashoka Chakra" from its base was placed onto the centre of the [[flag of India]].

The lions probably originally supported a [[Dharma Chakra]] wheel with 24 spokes, such as is preserved in the 13th century replica erected at [[Wat Umong]] near [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] by Thai king [[Mangrai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thailandsworld.com/index.cfm?p=286 |title=Wat Umong Chiang Mai |website=Thailand's World |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012806/http://www.thailandsworld.com/index.cfm?p=286 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka Sanchi Stupa 3 South Gateway Right pillar top panel.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Depiction of the four lions capital surmounted by a [[Wheel of Law]] at Sanchi, [[Satavahana]] period, South gateway of [[stupa]] 3.]]

The pillar at Sanchi also has a similar but damaged four-lion capital. There are two pillars at Rampurva, one crowned with a bull and the other with a lion. [[Sankissa]] has only a damaged elephant capital, which is mainly unpolished, though the abacus is at least partly so. No pillar shaft has been found, and perhaps this was never erected at the site.<ref>Companion, 428-429</ref>

The [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] pillar has a single lion capital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Destinations:: Vaishali|url=http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Vaishali.htm|access-date=25 December 2006|archive-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044101/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Vaishali.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The location of this pillar is contiguous to the site where a Buddhist monastery and a sacred coronation tank stood. Several stupas suggesting a far-flung campus for the monastery have been discovered. The lion faces north, the direction Buddha took on his last voyage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Vaishali.htm|title=Destinations:: Vaishali::Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation|website=bstdc.bih.nic.in|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044101/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Vaishali.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Identification of the site for excavation in 1969 was aided by the fact that this pillar still jutted out of the soil. More such pillars exist in this greater area but they are all devoid of the capital.

===Pillar at Prayagraj===
{{main|Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad Stone Pillar Inscription of Samudra Gupta}}
In [[Prayagraj]] there is a pillar with inscriptions from [[Ashoka]] and later inscriptions attributed to [[Samudragupta]] and [[Jehangir]]. It is clear from the inscription that the pillar was first erected at [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]], an ancient town some 30 kilometres west of Allahabad that was the capital of the [[Koshala]] kingdom, and moved to Allahabad, presumably under Muslim rule.<ref>Krishnaswamy, 697-700</ref>

The pillar is now located inside the [[Allahabad Fort]], also the royal palace, built during the 16th century by [[Akbar]] at the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers. As the fort is occupied by the [[Indian Army]] it is essentially closed to the public and special permission is required to see the pillar. The Ashokan inscription is in [[Brahmi]] and is dated around 232 BC. A later inscription attributed to the second king of the [[Gupta empire]], [[Samudragupta]], is in the more refined [[Gupta script]], a later version of Brahmi, and is dated to around 375 AD. This inscription lists the extent of the empire that Samudragupta built during his long reign. He had already been king for forty years at that time and would rule for another five. A still later inscription in [[Persian language|Persian]] is from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]]. The Akbar Fort also houses the [[Akshay Vat]], an [[Sacred fig|Indian fig tree]] of great antiquity. The [[Ramayana]] refers to this tree under which Lord [[Rama]] is supposed to have prayed while on exile.

===Pillars at Lauriya-Areraj and Lauriya-Nandangarh===
The column at [[Lauriya-Nandangarh]], 23 km from [[Bettiah]] in [[West Champaran district]], [[Bihar]] has single lion capital. The hump and the hind legs of the lion project beyond the abacus.<ref name="mahajan"/> The pillar at Lauriya-Areraj in [[East Champaran district]], [[Bihar]] is presently devoid of any capital.

===Erecting the Pillars===
The Pillars of Ashoka may have been erected using the same methods that were used to erect the ancient [[obelisk]]s. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehrner conducted several [[Obelisks#Obelisk erecting experiments|obelisk erecting experiments]] including a successful attempt to erect a 25ton obelisk in 1999. This followed two experiments to erect smaller obelisks and two failed attempts to erect a 25-ton obelisk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990827.html|title=NOVA Online - Mysteries of the Nile - August 27, 1999: The Third Attempt|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref>Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993)p. 56-57</ref>

==Rediscoveries==
[[File:Buddha in Sarnath.jpg|thumb|Rediscovery of the Ashoka pillar in [[Sarnath]], 1905.]]
A number of the pillars were thrown down by either natural causes or iconoclasts, and gradually rediscovered. One was noticed in the 16th century by the English traveller [[Thomas Coryat]] in the ruins of [[Old Delhi]]. Initially he assumed that from the way it glowed that it was made of brass, but on closer examination he realized it was made of highly polished sandstone with upright script that resembled a form of Greek. In the 1830s [[James Prinsep]] began to decipher them with the help of Captain Edward Smith and [[George Turnour]]. They determined that the script referred to King Piyadasi which was also the epithet of an Indian ruler known as Ashoka who came to the throne 218 years after Buddha's enlightenment. Scholars have since found 150 of Ashoka's inscriptions, carved into the face of rocks or on stone pillars marking out a domain that stretched across northern India and south below the central plateau of the Deccan. These pillars were placed in strategic sites near border cities and trade routes.

The [[Sanchi]] pillar was found by F.O. Oertelin in 1851 in excavations led by Sir [[Alexander Cunningham]], first head of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. There were no surviving traces above ground of the Sarnath pillar, mentioned in the accounts of medieval Chinese pilgrims, when the Indian Civil Service engineer [[F.O. Oertel]], with no real experience in archaeology, was allowed to excavate there in the winter of 1904–05. He first uncovered the remains of a [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] shrine west of the main [[stupa]], overlying an Ashokan structure. To the west of that he found the lowest section of the pillar, upright but broken off near ground level. Most of the rest of the pillar was found in three sections nearby, and then, since the Sanchi capital had been excavated in 1851, the search for an equivalent was continued, and the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], the most famous of the group, was found close by. It was both finer in execution and in much better condition than that at Sanchi. The pillar appeared to have been deliberately destroyed at some point. The finds were recognised as so important that the first onsite museum in India (and one of the few then in the world) was set up to house them.<ref>Allen, Chapter 15</ref>

==Other Ashokan structures==
{{multiple image
| align = right
|direction=horizontal
| total_width =500
|title=The Buddha's Diamond Throne and the Pillars of Ashoka
| image1 = Diamond_throne_discovery.jpg
| width1 = 325
| caption1 = Discovery of Ashoka's [[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|Diamond throne]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], near the spot of the Buddha's illumination and the [[Boddhi tree]].
| image2 =Decorative bands of the Diamond Throne (top) and the Sanchi pillar capital (bottom).jpg
| width2=150
| caption2 = Side decorative bands of the Diamond Throne (top) and the [[Sanchi]] pillar capital (bottom), both featuring geese and [[flame palmette]]s.
| image3=Decorative friezes of the Diamond Throne (top) and the Sankissal pillar capital (bottom).jpg
| width3=150
| caption3=Front decorative friezes of the Diamond Throne (top) and the [[Sankissa]] pillar capital (bottom), both alternating flame palmettes, [[Rosette (design)|rosette]]s and lotuses.
}}
;Stupas
According to legend, Ashoka built 84,000 [[stupa]]s commemorating the events and relics of Buddha's life. Some of these stupas contained networks of walls containing the hub, spokes and rim of a wheel, while others contained interior walls in a [[swastika]] (卐) shape. The wheel represents the sun, time, and Buddhist law (the wheel of law, or dharmachakra), while the swastika stands for the cosmic dance around a fixed centre and guards against evil.<ref name="Ancient India 1994 p. 84-85"/><ref name="Oliphant p. 156-7"/>

;"Diamond throne" in Bodh Gaya
{{main|Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya}}
Ashoka also built the [[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|Diamond Throne]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], at the location where the [[Buddha]] had reached enlightenment some 200 years earlier.<ref name="Ching">A Global History of Architecture, Francis D. K. Ching, Mark M. Jarzombek, Vikramaditya Prakash, John Wiley & Sons, 2017 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT570 p.570ff]</ref><ref name="BA240">Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA240 p.240]</ref> This purely Buddhist monument to the Buddha is a thick slab of polished grey [[sandstone]] with [[Mauryan polish]]<ref name="AC9">Alexander Cunningham, Mahâbodhi, or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924008747788 p. 19] Public Domain text</ref>

The sculpted decorations on the Diamond Throne clearly echo the decorations found on the Pillars of Ashoka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor |date=2012 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=9781408703885 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT133 |language=en}}</ref> The Diamond Throne has a decorative band made of [[honeysuckle]]s and [[geese]], which can also be found on several of the Pillars of Ashoka,<ref name="Huu Phuoc"/> such as the [[Rampurva capitals]] or the [[Sanchi]] capital.<ref name="AC9"/> The geese ([[Hamsa (bird)|hamsa]]) in particular are a very recurrent symbol on the pillars of Ashoka, and may refer to the devotees flocking to the faith.<ref name="BA240"/> The same throne is also illustrated in later reliefs from [[Bharhut]], dated to circa 100 BC.<ref name="C4">Mahâbodhi, Cunningham [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924008747788 p.4ff] Public Domain text</ref>

==See also==
Related topics
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Major Rock Edicts]]
* [[Minor Rock Edicts]]
* [[Dhar iron pillar]]
* [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]
* [[List of Edicts of Ashoka]]
* [[Kumhrar|Hall of 80 pillars]]
* [[Ashoka's Hell]]
* [[Barabar Caves]]

{{col div end}}
Other similar topics

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
* [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
* [[Lak Mueang]]
* [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
* [[Outline of ancient India]]
* [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
* [[Tagundaing]]
* [[Stambha]]
* [[Huabiao]]
* [[Code of Hammurabi]]
{{col div end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Ashoka, Emperor, ''Edicts of Ashoka'', eds. N. A. Nikam, Richard P. McKeon, 1978, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|0226586111}}, 9780226586113, [https://books.google.com/books?id=02_uHimEXwQC google books]
*[[John Boardman (art historian)|Boardman, John]] (1998), "Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", ''Bulletin of the Asia Institute'', pp. 15–19, 1998, New Series, Vol. 12, (''Alexander's Legacy in the East: Studies in Honor of Paul Bernard''), p. 13-22, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089 JSTOR]
*"Companion": Brown, Rebecca M., Hutton, Deborah S., eds., ''A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture'', Volume 3 of Blackwell companions to art history, 2011, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, {{ISBN|1444396323}}, 9781444396324, [https://books.google.com/books?id=B0zSeyK8afYC&pg=PA429 google books]
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Krishnaswamy, C.S., Sahib, Rao, and Ghosh, Amalananda, "A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka", ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', No. 4 (Oct., 1935), pp. 697–706, [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25201233 JSTOR]
*Falk, H. ''Asokan Sites and Artefacts: a A Source-book with Bibliography'', 2006, ''Volume 18 of Monographien zur indischen Archäologie, Kunst und Philologie'', Von Zabern, ISSN 0170-8864

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|chapter=Chapter 7: Power and Piety: The Maurya Empire, c. 324-187 BCE|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA320}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ashoka pillars}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155409/http://asi.nic.in/ Archaeological Survey of India]
* [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=182353&partid=1&searchText=Asoka&fromADBC=ad&toADBC=ad&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&currentPage=2 British Museum, collections online]
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_299_200/ashoka/lioncapital/lioncapital.html Columbia University, New York] - See "lioncapital" for pictures of the original "Lion Capital of Ashoka" preserved at the [[Sarnath Museum]] which has been adopted as the "National Emblem of India" and the Ashoka Chakra (Wheel) from which has been placed in the centre of the "National Flag of India".

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillars Of Ashoka}}
[[Category:Monumental columns in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist architecture]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Bihar]]
[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian sculpture]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]

List of people from Coimbatore

2026-02-04T21:10:31Z

FredrickGreig: slightly updated structure to improve readability further and added references

{{short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
The following is a list of notable people who were either born in, are current residents of, or are otherwise closely associated with or from the city of [[Coimbatore]], [[India]].

{{dynamic list|date=November 2023}}
{{compact TOC|side=yes}}



==A==
{{div col}}
* [[Aathmika]] (born 1993) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sundar|first=Mrinalini|title=Your second film is more important than your first, says Aathmika |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/your-second-film-is-more-important-than-your-first-says-aathmika/articleshow/60302771.cms|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002202758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/your-second-film-is-more-important-than-your-first-says-aathmika/articleshow/60302771.cms|archive-date=2 October 2018|access-date=23 February 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 August 2017}}</ref>
* [[Athulya Ravi]] (born 1994) - actor
* [[Amman K. Arjunan|Arjunan, K.]] (born 1957) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|title=Amman K Arjunan {{!}} Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/amman-k-arjunan-coimbatore-north-candidate-s22a118c001/|access-date=23 May 2021|newspaper=News18}}</ref>
* [[Balu Anand|Anand, Balu]] (1954{{ndash}}2006) {{ndash}} director<ref>{{cite news|title=Director Balu Anand dies of heart attack|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Actor-director-Balu-Anand-dies-of-heart-attack/articleshow/52568656.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=26 June 2016|date=3 June 2016}}</ref>
* [[Vijay Anand (politician)|Anand, Vijay]] (born 1969) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news| title=Techie in poll fray to fight corruption |last=Valsan|first=Binoy|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Techie-in-poll-fray-to-fight-corruption-/articleshow/7759211.cms|date=22 March 2011|access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[Mylswamy Annadurai|Annadurai, Mylswamy]] (born 1958) {{ndash}} scientist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mylswamy-Annadurai|title=Mylswamy Annadurai, biography|publisher=Britannica|access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>
* [[Semmalar Annam| Annam, Semmalar]] (born 1990) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-right-angle/article4478529.ece|title=The right angle|first=Parshathy J.|last=Nath|date=5 March 2013|publisher=|access-date=8 November 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[P. R. G. Arunkumar|Arunkumar, P. R. G.]] (born 1992) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=3 May 2021|title=Kavundampalayam Tamil Nadu Election 2021 Final Results|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kavundampalayam-tamil-nadu-election-2021-results-live-updates-constituency-number-117-kavundampalayam-tn-election-2021-vote-counting-results-leading-trailing-bjp-dmk-aiadmk-1456117|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[T. S. Avinashilingam|Avinashilingam, T. S.]] (1903{{ndash}}1991) {{ndash}} educationist and politician<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi memorial to open on Oct 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/gandhi-memorial-to-open-on-oct-2/articleshow/94467170.cms|date=27 September 2002|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

*[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] (1991) {{ndash}} actor <ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi memorial to open on Oct 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/gandhi-memorial-to-open-on-oct-2/articleshow/94467170.cms|date=27 September 2002|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}
</ref>
{{div col end}}

==B==
{{div col}}
* [[G. Bakthavathsalam|Bakthavathsalam, G.]] (born 1942) {{ndash}} doctor<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/canvas/2004/01/17/stories/2004011700020100.htm|title=Blending business with service|date=17 January 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[K. Baladhandayutham|Baladhandayutham, K.]] (1918{{ndash}}1973) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2030.htm|title=Members Bioprofile|publisher=Lok Sabha|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Sriram Balaji|Balaji, Sriram]] (born 1990) {{ndash}} tennis player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/n.sriram-balaji/n558/overview|title=Sriram Balaji, profile|publisher=ATP|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Jayanthasri Balakrishnan|Balakrishnan, Jayanthasri]] (born 1957) {{ndash}} public speaker<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mythreyid.academia.edu/JayanthasriBalakrishnan/CurriculumVitae|title=Jayanthasri Balakrishnan, Curriculum Vitae|publisher=Mythrey|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==C==
{{div col}}
* [[Subramanyan Chenna Keshu|Chenna Keshu, Subramanyan]] (1925{{ndash}}2023) {{ndash}} armed forces<ref>{{cite web|title=Service Record for Group Captain Subramanyan Chenna Keshu|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/3495|access-date=16 December 2022|publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>
* [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar|Chinnappa Thevar, M. M. A.]] (1915{{ndash}}1978) {{ndash}} film producer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mma-chinnappa-devar-coimbatore-dream-merchant-who-turned-out-nearly-60-films/article67415529.ece|title=Chinnappa Devar: Coimbatore’s dream merchant, who turned out nearly 60 films|date=23 October 2023|access-date=1 November 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==D==
{{div col}}
* [[G R Damodaran|Damodaran, G. R.]] (1914{{ndash}}1986) {{ndash}} educationist<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/seeds-of-change/article6891229.ece|title=Seeds of Change|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023|date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Guru Dhanapal|Dhanapal, Guru]] (1959{{ndash}}2014) {{ndash}} director<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140418/entertainment-kollywood/article/tamil-film-director-guru-dhanapal-passes-away|title=Tamil Film Director Guru Dhanapal Passes Away|date=19 April 2014|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Dhina|Dinakaran, Padma]] (born 1966) {{ndash}} music director<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhina, Profile|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/dhina/9508|publisher=Bookmyshow|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[R. Doraisamy|Doraisamy, R.]] {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/101_150.html|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>
* [[Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu|Doraiswamy, Gopalswamy]] (1893{{ndash}}1974) {{ndash}} inventor and engineer<ref>{{Cite book|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|title=India's New Capitalists|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2008|pages = 148|isbn=978-81-7824-258-3 }}</ref>
* [[Nandha Durairaj|Durairaj, Nandha]] (born 1977) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2014|access-date=5 April 2023|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/coimbatores-celluloid-connection/article6044541.ece|title=Coimbatore’s celluloid connection|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Thennavan (actor)|Duraisamy, Thennavan]] (born 1966) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/thennavan-duraisamy/1087215|title=Thennavan Duraisamy, profile|publisher=Bookmyshow|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==G==
{{div col}}
* [[Ghibran]] (born 1980) {{ndash}} music director<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-was-emotionally-very-disturbing-says-ghibran/articleshow/20694820.cms|title=It was emotionally very disturbing, says Ghibran|date=15 January 2017|access-date=6 February 2022|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Kovai Gnani|Gnani]] (1935{{ndash}}2020) {{ndash}} writer<ref>{{cite news|date=22 July 2020|first=Vishnu|last=Swaroop|title=Tamil writer Kovai Gnani dies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/tamil-writer-kovai-gnani-dies/articleshow/77105382.cms|access-date=6 February 2022|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
* [[K. Gopalan|Gopalan, Kasturi]] (1890{{ndash}}1974) {{ndash}} journalist<ref name="KR">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/specials/the-hindu-experience-from-our-archive/article67326275.ece|title=The Hindu experience: From our archive|date=20 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[Goundamani]] (born 1939) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite news|title=Birthday special: 12 rare photos of Tamil comedian Goundamani|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/may/25/birthday-special-12-rare-photos-of-tamil-comedian-goundamani-102302.html|work=[[Times of India]]|date=25 May 2019|access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[Mirudhubashini Govindarajan|Govindarajan, Mirudhubashini]] (born 1947) {{ndash}} doctor<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/country-must-focus-on-reducing-maternal-mortality-kalam/article6205827.ece|title=Country must focus on reducing maternal mortality: Kalam|date=22 April 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[P.S. Govindasamy|Govindasamy, P.S.]] (1856{{ndash}}1918) {{ndash}} educator and philanthropist<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2011/jul/11/pinnacle-of-excellence-270430.html|title=Pinnacle of Excellence|date=11 July 2011|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Dharmaveera K. Govindaswamy Naidu|Govindaswamy, K.]] (1907{{ndash}}1995) {{ndash}} industrialist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://psgsonscharities.org/pages/aboutus.php|title=PSG Sons Charities|publisher=PSG|access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==H==
{{div col}}
*[[H. V. Hande|Hande, H. V.]] (born 1927) {{ndash}} doctor and politician<ref>{{cite news|title=Off the record - A Mangalorean in Chennai|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/291538/off-record.html|access-date=4 July 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
*[[Githa Hariharan|Hariharan, Githa]] (born 1954) {{ndash}} author<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlH3D1SfhuIC&q=Githa+Hariharan| title=In Times of Siege|publisher=Pantheon Books|year= 2003|isbn=978-0-375-42239-3}}</ref>
*[[Andrew Harvey (religious writer)|Harvey, Andrew]] (born 1952) {{ndash}} author, religious speaker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/catalog/author.htm?authorID=990|title=Andrew Harvey|publisher=Random House|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==J==
{{div col}}
* [[Narayan Jagadeesan|Jagadeesan, Narayan]] (born 1995) {{ndash}} cricketer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/narayan-jagadeesan-1048813|title=Profile of Narayan Jagadeesan|publisher=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>
* [[Susheela Jayapal|Jayapal, Susheela]] (born 1962) {{ndash}} American politician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theimmigrantstory.org/there-is-more-than-one-way |title=There Is More Than One Way|author=Salazar, Monica|publisher=The Immigrant Story |date=21 June 2019 |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120135439/https://theimmigrantstory.org/there-is-more-than-one-way/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[K. R. Jayaram|Jayaram, K.R.]] {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|date=2 May 2021|title=Singanallur Tamil Nadu Election 2021 Final Results:AIADMK Candidate Jayaram K.R wins from Singanallur|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/singanallur-tamil-nadu-election-2021-results-live-updates-constituency-number-121-singanallur-tn-election-2021-vote-counting-results-leading-trailing-bjp-dmk-aiadmk-1455995|access-date=10 May 2021|newspaper=ABP|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vishnu Jejjala|Jejjala, Vishnu]] (born 1975) {{ndash}} physicist
{{div col end}}

==K==
{{div col}}
* [[Lokesh Kanagaraj|Kanagaraj, Lokesh]] (born 1986) {{ndash}} director and screenwriter<ref>{{cite interview|last=Kanagaraj |first=Lokesh |interviewer=Subha J Rao |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj Interview: Kaithi Is About A Father's Love And That Rare Bond Between Strangers |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interview-lokesh-kanagaraj-kaithi-karthi-narain-vijay-bigil-deepavali-release/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106100644/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interview-lokesh-kanagaraj-kaithi-karthi-narain-vijay-bigil-deepavali-release/|archive-date=6 November 2022|url-status=live |work=Silverscreen India |date=22 October 2019}}</ref>
* [[V. P. Kandasamy|Kandasamy, V.P.]] {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kandasamy V.P. : Constituency- Sulur - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=165|access-date=10 May 2021|publisher=Myneta}}</ref>
* [[K. V. Kandaswamy|Kandaswamy, K.V.]] (1926{{ndash}}2008) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf|title=1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Sundaram Karivaradhan|Karivaradhan, Sundaram]] (1954{{ndash}}1995) {{ndash}} autoracer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Sundaram Karivardhan|url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/opinions/remembering-sundaram-karivardhan/|access-date=12 August 2023|website=Overdrive|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arun Karthick|Karthick, Arun]] (born 1992) {{ndash}} director<ref>{{cite web|title=Arun Karthick|work=IFFR|access-date=13 January 2020|url=https://iffr.com/nl/personen/arun-karthick}}</ref>
* [[Sabari Karthik|Karthik, Sabari]] (born 1990) {{ndash}} karate player<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sabari-karthik-does-coimbatore-proud/article2765606.ece/|title=Sabari Karthik does Coimbatore proud|access-date=23 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Narain Karthikeyan|Karthikeyan, Narain]] (born 1977) {{ndash}} autoracer<ref>{{cite news|last=Unnikrishnan|first=MS|date=12 March 2005|title=Race apart|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050312/saturday/main1.htm|access-date=23 March 2023|newspaper=Tribune India}}</ref>
* [[S. R. Kathir|Kathir, S. R.]] (born 1978) {{ndash}} cinematographer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/may/01/cinematographer-sr-kathir-interview-31204.html|title=Cinematographer SR Kathir: KRK is a decidedly colourful film|date=1 May 2022|access-date=10 October 2023|publisher=Cinema Express}}</ref>
* [[Jagatheesan Kousik|Kousik, Jagatheesan]] (born 1995) {{ndash}} cricketer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/923869.html|title=Jagatheesan Kousik|access-date=10 October 2015|publisher=[[ESPNCricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[Parvathi Krishnan|Krishnan, Parvati]] (1919{{ndash}}2015) {{ndash}} politician]<ref>{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OBFAQAAIAAJ|access-date=19 March 2021|year=1977|publisher=Parliament Secretariat|page=297}}</ref>
* [[Anupama Kumar|Kumar, Anupama]] (born 1974) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3612256/|title=Anupama Kumar, profile|publisher=[[IMDB]]|access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh Kumar (writer)|Kumar, Rajesh]] (born 1947) {{ndash}} writer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/DouhBrEC92MzywjXnjMeFP/Meet-Rajesh-Kumar-author-of-1500-novels.html|title=Meet Rajesh Kumar|newspaper=Live Mint|date=8 September 2008|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>
* [[Sounthirajan Kumaraswamy|Kumaraswamy, Sounthirajan]] {{ndash}} inventor<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/tamil-nadu-engineer-invents-engine-runs-on-distilled-water-launched-by-japan-govt-1523001-2019-05-12|title=Tamil Nadu engineer invents engine that runs on distilled water, to be launched by Japan govt after India ignores|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=12 May 2012|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[G. Kuppuswami Naidu|Kuppuswami Naidu, G.]] (1884{{ndash}}1942) {{ndash}} entrepreneur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gknmhospital.org/our-growth-story/|title=Our Growth story|publisher=GKNM Hospital|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[C. K. Kuppuswamy|Kuppuswamy, C. K.]] (born 1932) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kuppusamy-joins-pmk/article25062917.ece|title=Kuppusamy joins PMK|date=28 September 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==L==
{{div col}}
* [[V. K. Lakshmanan|Lakshmanan, V.K.]] (1932{{ndash}}2012) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite report|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Election Results|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[C. S. Lakshmi|Lakshmi, C.S.]] (born 1944) {{ndash}} writer<ref>{{cite book|first1=Susie J.|last1=Tharu|first2=Ke.|last2=Lalitha|year= 1993|title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century|publisher=Feminist Press|isbn=978-1-55861-029-3|pages=487–8|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&pg=PA488}}</ref>
* [[Pavithra Lakshmi|Lakshmi, Pavithra]] (born 1994) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11915524/|title=Pavithra Lakshmi, biography|publisher=[[IMDB]]|access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan|Lakshmikanthan, Ashwin Kumar]] (born 1991) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite news|date=11 June 2015 |title=It is not a typical love story: Ashwin Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/It-is-not-a-typical-love-story-Ashwin-Kumar/articleshow/48018141.cms|access-date=15 March 2020 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[K. G. Lakshminarayan|Lakshminarayan, K.G.]] (born 1953) {{ndash}} former cricket player and umpire<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30867.html|title=K. G. Lakshminarayan, profile|access-date=25 May 2014|work=[[ESPNCricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[N. Leelakrishnan|Leelakrishnan N.]] (born 1964) {{ndash}} autoracer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.turbocharged.in/viewfeaturestories/50/heros-of-turbocharged:-narayanaswamy-leelakrishnan|title=Heros of Turbocharged: Narayanaswamy Leelakrishnan|first=Benjamin|last=Gracias|publisher=Supercharged Publishing|date=30 August 2021|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Cottalango Leon|Leon, Cottalango]] (born 1971) {{ndash}} technician<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Tamilian-Wins-Oscar-for-Science-and-Technology/2016/02/01/article3254799.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202093744/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Tamilian-Wins-Oscar-for-Science-and-Technology/2016/02/01/article3254799.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2016|date=1 February 2016|title=Tamilian Wins Oscar for Science and Technology|first=Anushree|last=Madhavan|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==M==
{{div col}}
* [[N. Mahalingam|Mahalingam, N.]] (1923{{ndash}}2014) {{ndash}} industrialist<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/veteran-industrialist-pollachi-mahalingam-passes-away/article6468429.ece|title = Pollachi N Mahalingam dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 October 2014|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[Jaya Mahesh|Mahesh, Jaya]] (born 1969) {{ndash}} model<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Citys-fitness-therapist-crowned-Mrs-India-Earth/articleshow/54666469.cms|title=City's fitness therapist crowned 'Mrs India Earth'|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[T. Malaravan|Malaravan, T.]] {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/the-danger-posed-by-mounds-of-sand/article8379186.ece|title=The danger posed by mounds of sand|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 March 2016|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>
* [[Manivannan|Manivannan, S.S.]] (1954{{ndash}}2013) {{ndash}} actor and director<ref>{{cite news|author=Karthik Subramanian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/master-of-character-roles-manivannan-passes-away/article4817104.ece |title=Master of character roles Manivannan passes away |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date= 15 June 2013|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>
* [[Charles McCarthy (cricketer)|McCarthy, Charles]] (1899{{ndash}}1977) {{ndash}} cricketer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14059/all_teams.html|title=Teams Charles McCarthy played for|publisher=Cricket Archive|access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref>
* [[Pithukuli Murugadas|Murugadas, Pithukuli]] (1920{{ndash}}2015) {{ndash}} singer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/singer-pithukuli-murugadas-passes-away/article7886850.ece|title=Pithukuli Murugadas passses away|date=17 November 2015|access-date=30 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Arunachalam Muruganantham|Muruganantham, Arunachalam]] (born 1961) {{ndash}} entrepreneur<ref>{{cite news|title=How padman Muruganantham Arunachalam scripted a hygiene revolution|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blchangemakers/period-story-how-padman-muruganantham-arunachalam-scripted-a-hygiene-revolution/article62222233.ece|date=8 May 2023|access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[T. Muthuraj|Muthuraj, T.]] (born 1969) {{ndash}} production designer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/muthuraj.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001019145135/http://chennaionline.com/interviews/muthuraj.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2000|title='Direction does not mean extravagance' - Muthuraj|date=15 August 2004|publisher=Chennai Online|access-date=15 August 2004}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==N==
{{div col}}
* [[P. Nagarajan|Nagarajan, P]] (born 1963) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election 2014|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2220.htm?ac=20|publisher=ECI|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
* [[P. R. Natarajan|Natarajan, P.R.]] (born 1950) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|title=P.R. Natarajan{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/pr-natarajan|access-date=9 May 2023|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Priyamvada Natarajan|Natarajan, Priyamvada]] (born 1985) {{ndash}} scientist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lsc.org/gala/priyamvada-natarajan|title=Priyamvada Natarajan|publisher=Liberty Science Center|access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[V. Nanammal|Nanammal, V.]] (1920{{ndash}}2019) {{ndash}} yoga teacher<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/nanammal-the-yoga-grandma-wins-padma-shri/articleshow/62657160.cms|title=Nanammal, the yoga grandma, wins Padma Shri|date=26 January 2018|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/nanammal-the-yoga-grandma-wins-padma-shri/articleshow/62657160.cms|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu|Narasimhalu, S. P.]] (1854{{ndash}}1922) {{ndash}} entrepreneur and politician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/narasimhalu-naidu-an-insightful-visionary-far-ahead-of-his-time/article66035549.ece|title=Narasimhalu Naidu: an insightful visionary far ahead of his time|date=20 October 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[C. R. Narayan Rao|Narayan Rao, C. R.]] (1882{{ndash}}1960) {{ndash}} scientist<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Current Science|author=Seshachar, B.R.|title=Obituary. Professor C.R. Narayan Rao|page=173|year=1960|volume=29|issue=5|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_029_05_0173_0173_0.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Karthick Naren|Naren, Karthick]] (born 1994) {{ndash}} film director<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/I-made-my-dad-proud-by-making-Dhuruvangal-Pathinaaru-Karthick-Naren/article17233543.ece |title=I made my dad proud by making'Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru': Karthick Naren D|date=7 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[V. R. Naren Kumar|Naren Kumar, V.R.]] (born 1974) {{ndash}} autoracer<ref>{{cite news|title=Down memory lane: VR Naren Kumar, India's most successful rally driver, talks about good old days of sport in India|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/down-memory-lane-vr-naren-kumar-indias-most-successful-rally-driver-talks-about-good-old-days-of-sport-in-india-6059841.html|publisher=First Post|date=18 April 2021|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==O==
{{div col}}
* [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]] (born 1978) {{ndash}} cinematographer<ref>{{cite news|title=Colour-coded |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2482299.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 September 2011|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==P==
{{div col}}
* [[V. C. Palanisami Gounder|Palanisami, V.C.]] (died 1965) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|title=The Madras Legislative Assembly - Third Assembly|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/03assly/03_07_1.pdf|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Pongalur N. Palanisamy|Palanisamy, N.]] (born 1948) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=152|title=Pongalur Palanisamy profile|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Rajshree Pathy|Pathy, Rajshree]] (born 1956) {{ndash}} businesswoman<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/02/24204127/The-business-of-design.html|title=The business of design|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=24 February 2012|access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>
* [[Leo Prabhu|Prabhu, Leo]] (born 1933) {{ndash}} author<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kalaikoodam.org/kalaimamani-leo-prabhu.html|title=Kalaimamani Leo Prabhu|publisher=Kalaikoodam|access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[C. K. Prahalad|Prahalad, C.K.]] (1941{{ndash}}2010) {{ndash}} economist<ref>{{cite news|title=Management Guru CK Prahalad Passes Away|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/web-special/management-guru-ck-prahalad-passes-away/12332/1|access-date=16 January 2022|newspaper=Forbes India|date=17 April 2010}}</ref>
* [[Uma Preman|Preman, Uma]] (born 1970) {{ndash}} social worker<ref>{{cite news|date=22 April 2015|title=Destiny, don't meddle with Uma! |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/women/english-news-1.193853 |access-date=11 July 2023|newspaper=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
* [[Pulamaipithan]] (1935{{ndash}}2021) {{ndash}} author<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-film-lyricist-pulamaipithan-passes-away/|title=Tamil film lyricist Pulamaipithan passes away|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=8 September 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==R==
{{div col}}
* [[C. P. Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan, C. P.]] (born 1957) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news |last=KV|first=Prasad |title=BJP will have to start from scratch |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bjp-will-have-to-start-from-scratch/article3128814.ece|access-date=28 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 May 2006|location=Coimbatore}}</ref>
* [[Harish Raghavendra|Raghavendra, Harish]] (born 1976) {{ndash}} playback singer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/harish-raghavendra/IEIN021746|title=Harish Raghavendra|publisher=Bookmyshow|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[P. L. Raj|Raj, P.L.]] (1934{{ndash}}2002) {{ndash}} choreographer<ref>{{cite news|title=Famous Bollywood dance director P L Raj dies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/famous-bollywood-dance-director-p-l-raj-dies/articleshow/15596492.cms|date=10 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 June 2013 }}</ref>
* [[T. A. Ramalingam|Ramalingam, T.A.]] (1881{{ndash}}1952) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-a-mission-to-serve/article7923580.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=On a mission|date=27 November 2015|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[M. Ramanathan|Ramanathan, M.]] (1934{{ndash}}2019) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ex-dmk-mp-ramanathan-passes-away/article27101171.ece|title=Ex DMK MP Ramanathan passes away|date=10 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[R.V. Ramani|Ramani, R.V.]] (born 1947) {{ndash}} doctor<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-magic-of-social-enterprise/article2487684.ece|title=The magic of social enterprise|date=26 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Nithya Ramraj|Ramraj, Nithya]] (born 1988) {{ndash}} athlete<ref name="RR">{{cite news|date=10 September 2023|title=Twin Sisters Vithya and Nithya Ramraj Eye Asian Games Glory|url=https://www.news18.com/sports/twin-sisters-vithya-and-nithya-ramraj-eye-asian-games-glory-8572170.html|access-date=29 October 2023|newspaper=News18}}</ref>
* [[Vithya Ramraj|Ramraj, Vithya]] (born 1988) {{ndash}} athlete<ref name="RR"/>
* [[C. S. Ratnasabhapathy Mudaliar|Ratnasabhapathy, C.S.]] (1886{{ndash}}1956) {{ndash}} industrialist<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/siruvani-water-supply-stopped-for-first-time-in-coimbatore/articleshow/56615495.cms|title=Siruvani water supply stopped for first time in Coimbatore|date=17 January 2015|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[C. T. Rajakantham|Rajakantham, C.T.]] (1917{{ndash}}2002) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite news|title=The Rathnam brand of comedy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/in-lighter-vein-column-kali-n-ratnam-ct-rajakantham/article6860504.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Randor|last=Guy|author-link=Randor Guy|date=5 February 2015|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[K V Ramachandran|Ramachandran, K.V.]] (1917{{ndash}}2002) {{ndash}} music critic<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/th125/stories/2003091301111500.htm|title=Correcting Churchill|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 September 2003|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023104100/http://www.hinduonnet.com/th125/stories/2003091301111500.htm|archive-date=23 October 2007}}</ref>
* [[K. Ramani|Ramani, K.]] (1916{{ndash}}2006) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news |title=CPI(M) veteran leader Ramani passes away |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/31/stories/2006053121940300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205204848/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/31/stories/2006053121940300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 May 2006 |access-date=12 December 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Athulya Ravi|Ravi, Athulya]] (born 1994) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9048134/bio/|title=Athulya Ravi, biography|publisher=[[IMDB]]|access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar|Renga Iyengar, Kasturi]] (1859{{ndash}}1923) {{ndash}} journalist and politician<ref name="KR" />
{{div col end}}

==S==
{{div col}}
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam|Sahasranamam, S.V.]] (1913{{ndash}}1988) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford companion to Indian theatre|author=Ananda Lal |year=2004|page=403}}</ref>
* [[Sai Pallavi]] (born 1992) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite news|title=Sai Pallavi: The name of new age cinema|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/sai-pallavi-the-name-of-new-age-cinema-1503179335.html|newspaper=Statesman|access-date=20 June 2023|date=9 May 2023}}</ref>
* [[Mohammed Saleem|Saleem, Mohammed]] {{ndash}} environmental activist<ref>{{cite news|date=19 July 2023|title=City activists outraged over illegal felling of tree|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/city-activists-outraged-over-illegal-felling-of-tree-rdo-promises-to-take-action-against-tneb-contractors/articleshow/9287664.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr|access-date=23 July 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Kovai Sarala|Sarala]] (born 1962) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=7 January 2012|access-date=1 January 2023|title=Comedy comes naturally |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/comedy-comes-naturally/article2782975.ece}}</ref>
* [[Saran (director)|Saravanan, K.V.]] (born 1966) {{ndash}} director<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/saran/13269/filmography|title=Saran, profile|publisher=Bookmyshow|access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref>
* [[Sathyaraj]] (born 1954) {{ndash}} actor and director<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Sunil|first=K. P.|date=29 November 1987|title=The Anti-Hero |url=https://ibb.co/426dJsW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303083322/https://ibb.co/426dJsW|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 March 2023|magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|volume=108 |pages=40–41|access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[U. K. Senthil Kumar|Senthil Kumar, U. K]] (born 1972) {{ndash}} cinematographer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/the-hand-behind-modis-magic/article5951545.ece|title = The hand behind Modi's magic|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date = 27 April 2014|last1 = Kolappan|first1 = B.|access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[M Shanmugavel|Shanmugavel, M.]] (1927{{ndash}}2007) {{ndash}} journalist<ref>{{cite news|title=Makkal Kural Editor Shanmugavel passes away|newspaper=OneIndia|date=12 December 2007|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/12/11/makkal-kural-editor-shanmugavel-passes-away-1197370638.html|access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty|Shanmukham, R. K.]] (1892{{ndash}}1953) {{ndash}} industrialist and politician<ref>{{cite news|title=Who was RK Shanmukham Chetty, the man who presented first budget of independent India in 1947?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-rk-shanmukham-chetty-who-presented-first-budget-of-independent-india-in-1947-3020466|date=31 January 2023|work=DNA India|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
* [[Adam Sinclair (field hockey)|Sinclair, Adam]] (born 1984) {{ndash}} hockey player<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/article3260970.ece|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=S.|last=Thyagarajan|title=Chennai Cheetahs conjures up a super win|date=30 March 2012|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[Sivakumar]] (born 1941) {{ndash}} actor and public speaker<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/03/04215713/Cinema-history-sivakumar.html|title=Cinema history, Sivakumar|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Kasturiswami Sreenivasan|Sreenivasan, Kasturiswami]] (1917{{ndash}}1991) {{ndash}} scientist<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/remembering-an-institutional-builder-of-great-repute/article19333493.ece|title=Remembering an institutional builder of great repute|date=22 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
* [[D. Sreeram Kumar|Sreeram Kumar, D.]] (born 1971) {{ndash}} armed forces<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Memorable-reunion-for-senior-officers-at-Sainik-School/article16271032.ece|title=Memorable reunion for senior officers at Sainik School|date=10 June 2010|access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Aushik Srinivas|Srinivas, Aushik]] (born 1993) {{ndash}} cricketer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/423815.html|title=Aushik Srinivas - Cricinfo profile|publisher=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Vanathi Srinivasan|Srinivasan, Vanathi]] (born 1970) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|title=Vanathi Srinivasan: Age, Biography, Education, Husband, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/vanathi-srinivasan-201.html|access-date=22 June 2023|publisher=One India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu|Sriramulu, S.M.]] (1910{{ndash}}1976) {{ndash}} film producer<ref>{{cite news|title=The movie moghul from Coimbatore|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 November 2015|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-story-about-pakshiraja-studios/article7872870.ece|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[K. Subbarayan|Subbarayan, K.]] (born 1952) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Zee News|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/cpi-to-field-subbarayan-appadurai-for-ls-polls_146497.html|title=CPI to field Subbarayan, Appadurai for LS polls|date=17 February 2004|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref>
* [[K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyar|Subrahmanya Aiyar, K. V.]] (1875{{ndash}}1969) {{ndash}} historian<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaina treasure trove in Mankulam village|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 January 2009|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article365626.ece|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Sashikumar Subramani|Subramani, Sashikumar]] (born 1982) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/sashikumar_subramani-profile-12060-17.htm|title=Sashikumar Subramani, profile|publisher=Veethi|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[V. A. Sundaram|Sundaram, V.A.]] (1896{{ndash}}1967) {{ndash}} independence activist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?8639|title=Unsung heroes|publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==T==
{{div col}}
* [[Thamarai]] (born 1965) {{ndash}} lyricist<ref>{{cite web|title=Kollywood Lyricist Thamarai Biography, News, Photos, Videos|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/lyricist/thamarai|access-date=14 December 2020|website=Nettv4u|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Michael Thangadurai|Thangadurai, Michael]] (born 1983) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://paytm.com/movies/celebrity/michael-thangadurai-147181|title=Michael Thangadurai, about|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Jaya Thyagarajan|Thyagarajan, Jaya]] (born 1956) {{ndash}} artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trulytribal.in/post/women-in-indian-art-world|title=Women in Art World|publisher=Truly Tribal|access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==U==
{{div col}}
* [[K. P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan, K. P.]] (born 1936) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite news|title=KP Unnikrishnan on Indira to Modi: Predicts Modi may be voted out|date=21 April 2019|url=https://kochipost.com/2019/04/21/kp-unnikrishnan-on-indira-to-modi-predicts-modi-may-be-voted-out/|access-date=14 November 2023|newspaper=Kochi Post}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==V==
{{div col}}
* [[Nirupama Vaidyanathan|Vaidyanathan, Nirupama]] (born 1976) {{ndash}} tennis player<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/nirupama-sanjeev-tennis-journey-m-balachandran-father-ramanathan-krishnan-fed-cup/article31437674.ece|title='Love the sport' - Nirupama Sanjeev recalls lessons from her tennis journey|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 April 2020|access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[G. R. Vaishnav|Vaishnav, G.R.]] (born 1990) {{ndash}} volleyball player<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/asian-games-2014-india-win-in-mens-volleyball-women-lose/|title=Asian Games 2014: India win in men's volleyball, women lose|date=2 October 2014|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[SAC Vasanth|Vasanth, SAC]] (born 1974) {{ndash}} magician<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/tricks-up-his-sleeve/article6012296.ece|title=Tricks up his sleeve|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 May 2014|access-date=22 January 2015|author=Jeshi, K.}}</ref>
* [[Sadhguru|Vasudev, Jaggi]] (born 1957) {{ndash}} spiritual guru<ref>{{cite news |date=16 March 2022|title=Isha hails government's announcement on rejuvenation of 13 rivers|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/isha-hails-governments-announcement-on-rejuvenation-of-13-rivers/article65230418.ece|access-date=25 July 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Mini Vasudevan|Vasudevan, Mini]] (born 1965) {{ndash}} activist<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/coimbatore-based-animal-rights-activist-mini-vasudevan-selected-for-nari-shakti-puraskar/articleshow/68187722.cms|title=Coimbatore-based animal rights activist Mini Vasudevan selected for Nari Shakti Puraskar|date=27 February 2019|first=Pratiksha|last=Ramkumar|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[S. P. Velumani|Velumani, S.P.]] (born 1969) {{ndash}} politician<ref>{{cite web|title=S.P. Velumani: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/s-p-velumani-252.html|access-date=24 May 2021|publisher=OneIndia}}</ref>
* [[Hiphop Tamizha|Venkatapathy, Adhithya]] (born 1990) {{ndash}} musician and actor<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiphop Tamizha|url=https://www.companyvakil.com/trademarksearch/HIPHOP-TAMIZHA/566511|date=4 September 2023|website=Company Vakil|access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Siddharth Venugopal|Venugopal, Siddharth]] (born 1985) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050100400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413162926/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050100400.htm|url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2009|title=Cinema Plus / Cinema : New kid on the block|date=10 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>
* [[Pa. Vijay|Vijay, Pa]] (born 1974) {{ndash}} lyricist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/pa-vijay/tamil-cinema-movie-interview-lyricist-pa-vijay.html|title=Tamil Movie Interview : Lyricist Pa Vijay|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Swamikannu Vincent|Vincent, Swamikannu]] (1883{{ndash}}1942) {{ndash}} cinema producer and pioneer<ref>{{cite news|date=30 April 2010|title=He brought cinema to South|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/He-brought-cinema-to-South/article16373561.ece|access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ranjeet Virali-Murugesan|Virali-Murugesan, Ranjeet]] (born 1985) {{ndash}} tennis player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/-/V502/overview|title=Ranjeet Virali-Murugesan, profile|publisher=ATP|access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Vichu Vishwanath|Vishwanath, Vichu]] (born 1960) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/vichu-viswanath/1072799|title=Vichu Viswanath - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|publisher=BookMyShow|access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==W==
{{div col}}
* [[Shanthi Williams|Williams, Shanthi]] (born 1958) {{ndash}} actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/shanthi_williams-profile-7025-14.htm|title=Shanthi Williams, profile|publisher=Veethi|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Y==
{{div col}}
* [[M. Yoganathan|Yoganathan, M.]] (born 1969) {{ndash}} activist<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Eco-volunteers-on-a-mission-to-make-Coimbatore-trees-nail-free/articleshow/37489390.cms|title=Eco-volunteers on a mission to make Coimbatore trees 'nail-free'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Coimbatore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coimbatore}}
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Coimbatore-related lists|P01]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coimbatore]]

Bhajan

2026-01-10T05:51:28Z

FredrickGreig:

{{short description|Singing of poems or hymns in Indian traditions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Navaratri Bajan.jpg|thumb|''Bhajan'' in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], during [[Navratri]] [[Golu (festive)|Golu]].]]
{{Indian music}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Bhajan''' is an Indian term for any devotional song with a religious theme or spiritual ideas, specifically among [[Dharmic religions]], in any language.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p97">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|author=James G. Lochtefeld|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=97}}</ref> The term '''bhajanam''' ([[Sanskrit]]: भजनम्) means ''reverence'' and originates from the root word ''bhaj'' (Sanskrit: भज्), which means ''to revere'', as in 'Bhaja Govindam' (''Revere Govinda'')''. ''The term '''bhajana''' also means ''sharing''.

The term bhajan is also commonly used to refer to a group event, with one or more lead singers, accompanied with music, and sometimes dancing.<ref name="kaminskylong484">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-37463-0|pages=484–485}}</ref> Normally, bhajans are accompanied by percussion instruments such as ''[[tabla]]'', [[dholak]] or a [[tambourine]]. Handheld small [[cymbal]]s (''kartals'') are also commonly used to maintain the beat. A bhajan may be sung in a [[temple]], in a home, under a tree in the open, near a river bank or a place of historic significance.<ref name=":0">Anna King, John Brockington, ''The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions'', Orient Longman 2005, p 179.</ref> A group of bhajan performers may be known as a ''maṇḍalī''.<ref>Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter. "LITERACY AND THE CHANGING CONCEPT OF TEXT: Women's Ramayana Maṇḍalī in Central India." In Boundaries of the Text: Epic Performances in South and Southeast Asia, edited by Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger and Laurie J. Sears, 43–60. University of Michigan Press, 1991. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.19503.8.</ref>

Having no prescribed form, or set rules, bhajans are normally lyrical and based on melodic [[raga]]s.<ref name="CushRobinson2012p87">{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18979-2 |pages=87–88 }}</ref> It belongs to a genre of music and arts that developed during the [[Bhakti movement]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p97"/> It is found in the various traditions of [[Hinduism]] as well as [[Jainism]]. Within Hinduism, bhajans are particularly prevalent in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p97"/>

Ideas from scriptures, legendary epics, the teachings of saints and loving devotion to a [[deity]] are typical subjects in bhajans.<ref name="CushRobinson2012p87"/>

Bhajans have been widely composed anonymously and shared as a musical and arts tradition. Genres such as Nirguni, Gorakhanathi, Vallabhapanthi, Ashtachhap, Madhura-bhakti and the traditional South Indian form Sampradya Bhajan each have their own repertoire and methods of singing.<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA430|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=430–431}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Sanskrit word ''bhajan'' or ''bhajana'' is derived from the root {{transliteration|sa|bhaj}}, which means "divide, share, partake, participate, to belong to".<ref name="Cutler">{{cite book|last=Cutler|first=Norman|title=Songs of Experience|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1987|pages=1|isbn=978-0-253-35334-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref name="Prentiss">{{cite book|last=Pechilis Prentiss|first=Karen|title=The Embodiment of Bhakti|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=US|year=1999|page=24|isbn=978-0-19-512813-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC&pg=PA24}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book|last=Werner|first=Karel|title=Love Divine: studies in bhakti and devotional mysticism|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|pages=168|isbn=978-0-7007-0235-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYahlaJCLnYC&pg=PA168}}</ref> The word also connotes "attachment, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to something as a spiritual, religious principle or means of salvation".<ref>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ |year=1872|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=695 }}</ref>

==Hinduism==

===Historical roots===
In Hinduism, ''Bhajan'' and its Bhakti term, ''[[Kirtan]]'', have roots in the ancient metrical and musical traditions of the Vedic era, particularly the [[Samaveda]]. The Samaveda [[Samhita]] is not meant to be ''read'' as a text, but sung as it is like a musical score sheet that must be ''heard''.<ref name=staal107>Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143099864}}, pages 107-112</ref>

Other late Vedic texts mention the two scholars ''Shilalin'' ([[IAST]]: Śilālin) and ''Krishashva'' (IAST: Kṛśaśva), credited to be pioneers in the studies of ancient drama, singing and dance.<ref name="Lidova1994p111a">{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 |pages=111–114}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|pp=xxiv, xxxi–xxxii, 17}} The art schools of Shilalin and Krishashva may have been associated with the performance of Vedic rituals, which involved storytelling with embedded ethical values.<ref name="Lidova1994p111a"/> The Vedic traditions integrated rituals with performance arts, such as a dramatic play, where not only praises to gods were recited or sung, but the dialogues were part of a dramatic representation and discussion of spiritual themes.<ref name=varadpande45>ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172789}}, pages 45–47</ref>{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|2008|pp=181–182}}

{{Quote box | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
|quote= '''A lyric from a Hindu Bhajan'''
<poem>
This body is but a guest of four days,
a house made of dirt.
On this earth your mark is made,
a symbol of your good work.
</poem>
|source =— Translated by David N. Lorenzen<ref>{{cite book|author=David N. Lorenzen|title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC |year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6|page=242}}</ref>}}
The Vedas and Upanishads celebrate ''Nada-Brahman'', where certain sounds are considered elemental, triggering emotional feelings without necessarily having a literal meaning, and this is deemed a sacred, liminal experience of the primeval ultimate reality and supreme truth.<ref name="NettlStone1998p246">{{cite book|author=Guy Beck|editor=Bruno Nettl|display-editors=et al|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia, the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=246–247}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke |author2=Oliver Moebus |title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-024003-0 |pages=886–898 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Breck Reid|title=Psalms and Practice: Worship, Virtue, and Authority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyGqWnBY4KIC |year=2001|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5080-6 |pages=10 }}</ref> This supreme truth is considered as full of bliss and ''rasa'' (emotional taste) in the Hindu thought, and melodic sound is considered a part of human spiritual experience.<ref name="NettlStone1998p246"/> Devotional music genres such as ''bhajan'' are part of a tradition that emerged from these roots.<ref name="NettlStone1998p246"/>

However, bhajans rose to prominence as a way of expressing fervent devotion to the divine, breaking down barriers of caste and society, during the Bhakti and Sant movements of medieval India (about the 6th to the 17th centuries).

By writing verses in a variety of regional languages, saints and poets like Kabir, Mirabai, Tulsidas, and Surdas played a crucial part in popularizing bhajans and making them understandable to a larger audience. Their Bhajan lyrics emphasized the universality of divine love while praising the intimate connection between the believer and the deity.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Hindu Bhajans===
A ''Bhajan'' in Hindu traditions is an informal, loosely structured devotional song with music in a regional language.<ref name="NettlStone1998p254">{{cite book|author=Guy Beck|editor=Bruno Nettl|display-editors=et al|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia, the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=251–254}}</ref> They are found all over India and Nepal, but are particularly popular among the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] traditions such as those driven by devotion to avatars of [[Vishnu]] such as [[Krishna]], [[Rama]], [[Vitthal]] and [[Narayana]] (often with their consorts).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p97"/><ref name="NettlStone1998p254"/> In Southern India, Bhajanais follow a tradition (Sampradaya) called the ''Dakshina Bharatha Sampradaya Bhajanai''. This involves a tradition that has been followed for the last several centuries and includes Songs/Krithis/Lyrics from great composers all over India encompassing many Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuppuswamy |first=Gowri |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.10217#:~:text=Bhajana%20connotes%20worship%20of%20Gods,Gods%20through%20songs,%20dance%20etc. |title=Bhajana tradition in South India |last2=Hariharan |first2=M. |date=1982 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi}}</ref>

A ''Bhajan'' may be sung individually, but more commonly together as a choral event wherein the lyrics include religious or spiritual themes in the local language.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p97"/><ref name="CushRobinson2012p87"/> Bhajans often describe loving devotion to a deity, legends from the Epics or the Puranas, compositions of [[Bhakti movement]] saints, or spiritual themes from Hindu scriptures.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke |author2=Oliver Moebus |title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-024003-0 |pages=2–3, 33–37}}</ref> The Bhajans in many Hindu traditions are a form of congregational singing and bonding, that gives the individual an opportunity to share in the music-driven spiritual and liturgical experience as well as the community a shared sense of identity, wherein people share food, meet and reconnect.<ref name="NettlStone1998p255"/> ''Bhajans'' have played a significant role in community organization in 19th and 20th century colonial era, when Indian workers were brought to distant lands such as [[Trinidad]], [[Fiji]] and [[South Africa]] as cheap labor on plantations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Movindri Reddy|title=Social Movements and the Indian Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAUBCwAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47897-3 |pages=164 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Helen Myers|title=Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora|url=https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer |url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-55453-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer/page/88 88], 128 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=O'Callaghan | first=Marion | title=Hinduism in the Indian Diaspora in Trinidad | journal=Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies | volume=11 | issue=1 | year=1998 | doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1178 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some ''Bhajans'' are centuries old, popular on a pan-regional basis, passed down as a community tradition, while others are newly composed. Everyone in the Hindu tradition are free to compose a ''Bhajan'' with whatever ideas or in praise of any deity of their wish. But since they are sung, they typically follow meters of classical Indian music, the raga and the tala to go with the musical instruments.<ref name="NettlStone1998p247">{{cite book|author=Guy Beck|editor=Bruno Nettl|display-editors=et al|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia, the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=247–253}}</ref> They are sung in open air, inside temples such as those of Swaminarayan movement, in Vaishnava monasteries, during festivals or special events, and at pilgrimage sites.<ref name="NettlStone1998p255">{{cite book|author=Guy Beck|editor=Bruno Nettl|display-editors=et al|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia, the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=254–255}}</ref>

===Bhajan versus Kirtan in the Hindu traditions===
A ''Bhajan'' is closely related to ''Kirtan'', with both sharing common aims, subjects, musical themes and being devotional performance arts. A ''Bhajan'' is more free in form, and can be singular melody that is performed by a single singer with or without one and more musical instruments. ''Kirtan'', in contrast, differs in being a more structured team performance, typically with a [[Call and response (music)|call and response]] musical structure, similar to an intimate conversation or gentle sharing of ideas, and it includes two or more musical instruments,<ref name=lavezzoli371>{{cite book|author=Peter Lavezzoli|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC |year=2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9 |pages=371–372 }}</ref><ref name=Brown>{{cite journal | author=Sara Black Brown | title=Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival | journal=Ethnomusicology | publisher=University of Illinois Press | volume=58 | issue=3 | year=2014 | pages=454–480 | doi=10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454 }}</ref> with roots in the [[Sanskrit prosody|prosody]] principles of the Vedic era.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alanna Kaivalya|title=Sacred Sound: Discovering the Myth and Meaning of Mantra and Kirtan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PkhAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=New World |isbn=978-1-60868-244-7 |pages=117–122 }}</ref>

Many ''Kirtan'' are structured for more audience participation, where the singer calls a spiritual chant, a hymn, a mantra or a theme, the audience then responds back by repeating the chant or by chanting back a reply of their shared beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alanna Kaivalya|title=Sacred Sound: Discovering the Myth and Meaning of Mantra and Kirtan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PkhAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=New World|isbn=978-1-60868-244-7|pages=3–17, 34–35}}</ref><ref>Sara Brown (2012), ''Every Word Is a Song, Every Step Is a Dance'', PhD Thesis, Florida State University (Advisor: Michael Bakan), pages 25-26, 87-88, 277</ref> A ''Bhajan'', in contrast, is either experienced in silence or a "sing along".<ref name=lavezzoli371/><ref>{{cite book|author=Malory Nye |title=A Place for Our Gods: The Construction of an Edinburgh Hindu Temple Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QF5cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78504-7 |pages=113 }}</ref>

==Jainism==
''Stavan'' is a form of popular and historically pervasive genre of devotional music in [[Jainism]].<ref name="Kelting2001p28"/> The subject of a ''Stavan'' varies, ranging from praise of Jina, Jain religious ideas and its philosophy, in a manner similar to [[Bhakti]] Bhajans.<ref name="Kelting2001p28">{{cite book|author=M. Whitney Kelting|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803211-3|pages=28–29, 84}}</ref>

Jainism rejects any Creator god, but accepts protector deities and rebirth of souls as heavenly beings, and its devotional singing traditions integrate these beliefs. ''Stavan'' may include dancing and worship rituals. Known as ''Bhajan'' in north and west Indian regional languages, a ''Stavan'' is typically sung as folk melodies by groups of Jain women, and are a formal part of ceremonies and celebrations within Jainism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA302 |year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=302 }}</ref>

== Buddhism ==
{{Main|Buddhist music}}
[[File:Asan_gyanmala.jpg|thumb|Members of the Nepalese Buddhist [[Gyanmala Bhajan Khala|Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala]] singing hymns at [[Asan, Kathmandu]].]]
Numerous Buddhist traditions use vocal music with instrumental accompaniment as part of their rituals and devotional practices.<ref>Van Khê, Trân. “Buddhist Music in Eastern Asia.” ''The World of Music'', vol. 26, no. 3, 1984, pp. 22–32. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|43561005}}. Accessed 18 Dec. 2023.</ref><ref>Mabbett, Ian W. “Buddhism and Music.” ''Asian Music'', vol. 25, no. 1/2, 1993, pp. 9–28. ''JSTOR'', {{doi|10.2307/834188}}. Accessed 18 Dec. 2023.</ref> Buddhist vocal music and chanting is often part of Buddhist [[Ritual|rituals]] and [[List of Buddhist festivals|festivals]] in which they may be seen as offerings to the Buddha.<ref name=":2">Arnold et al (1998). ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent,'' p. 247. Taylor & Francis.</ref>

In [[South Asia]], there are still several traditions of Buddhist bhajan singing. One is the [[Newar Buddhism|Newari Buddhist]] [[Gunla Bajan|Gunlā Bājan]] tradition, which has a long history.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Bengali Barua Buddhists also have a tradition of singing songs in the vernacular, which they call ''Buddha-samkirtan'' or ''Buddha kirtan.''<ref>{{cite book |author=Sukomal Chaudhuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVoEAAAAYAAJ |title=Contemporary Buddhism in Bangladesh |publisher=Atisha Memorial |year=1982 |pages=81}}</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Aparna (2022). ''The Barua Buddhists: Lineage and Cultural Interface,'' pp. 91-92. Shhalaj Publishing House.</ref>

==Sikhism==
The Sikh tradition places major emphasis on devotional worship to one formless God, and ''Bhajans'' are a part of this worship.<ref>{{cite book|author1=J. Gordon Melton |author2=Martin Baumann |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C |year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 |pages=1397 }}</ref> A more common form of community singing is called ''[[Sikh music|Shabad Kirtan]]'' in Sikhism.<ref name="CushRobinson2012p87"/><ref name=kaminskylong484/> A ''Shabad Kirtan'' is performed by professional religious musicians, wherein ''bani'' ('word', or 'hymns') from the Sikh scripture are sung to a certain raga and tala.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |year=2009|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2 |pages=60–61}}</ref>

==Modern composers and singers of Bhajans==
[[File:Local musicians singing bhajan at kamakhya temple, Guwahati, Assam, India.webm|thumb|Local musicians singing bhajan at [[Kamakhya temple]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India]]
A modern Bhajan has no fixed form: it may be as simple as a [[mantra]] or [[kirtan]] or as sophisticated as the [[dhrupad]], ''[[thumri]]'' or ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]'' with music based on [[Indian classical music|classical]] [[raga]]s and [[Tala (music)|talas]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Courtney |first=David |title=Bhajan |url=https://chandrakantha.com/music-and-dance/film-and-pop/bhajan/ |website=Chandrakantha.com |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

[[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar|V. D. Paluskar]] and [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande|V. N. Bhatkhande]] have combined [[Indian classical music]] with bhajan. [[Pandit Kumar Gandharva]] made famous the Nirguni Bhajans of [[Sant Kabir]] and Malwa Region. The dancer [[Mallika Sarabhai]] has produced performances based on bhajans. Abhinaya Chakravathi Sri JS Eswara Prasad Rao of Hyderabad, who is the disciple of AL Krishnamurthy Bhagavathar, Pudukkottai system, has produced performances based on Sampradaya bhajans under the title "Nitrya Sankeerthnam".{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Bhajans of [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]] traditions, Vedic mantras and Yoga chants have been composed, published in Western musical sheet format or recorded by western singers such as [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]], [[Deva Premal]], [[Andy Desmond|Miten]], and by various West Indies singers influenced by East Indian heritage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Isabel Laack|title=Religion und Musik in Glastonbury: Eine Fallstudie zu gegenwärtigen Formen religiöser Identitätsdiskurse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TW_al8WEHfQC&pg=PA297|year=2011|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-647-54011-5 |pages=298–306, 582 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Helen Myers|title=Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora|url=https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer|url-access=registration| year=1998|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-55453-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer/page/294 294]–339, 111–150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke |author2=Oliver Moebus |title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-024003-0 |pages=285, 477–484, 790–801 }}</ref>

The ''Stavan'' compositions and literature of the Jainism tradition are extensive, with a historic overview provided by ''Sri Sudhara Stavan Sangrah'', traditionally preserved in "puja box" by Jain families.<ref name=kelting215/> It is vectored text with Jain lyrics and is canonically inspired.<ref name=kelting215>{{cite book|author=Mary Whitney Kelting|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqXmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514011-8 |pages=69, 215 with footnotes 13–14 }}</ref>

[[Kripalu Maharaj]] is one of the modern era bhakti leaders and bhajan-kirtan composers.<ref>Hutton, F. 2008. ''Rose lore: essays in cultural history and semiotics''. [[Lexington Books]].</ref> He has composed eleven thousand one hundred and eleven ''doha'' (couplets) on the ''[[Lila (Hinduism)|leela]]'' of [[Radha Krishna|Radha and Krishna]], and the [[bhakti|devotional]] philosophy called ''Radha Govind Geet''; 1008 ''pad'' (songs) called ''Prem Ras Madira''; hundreds of ''kirtan'' in the form of ''Yugal Shatak'' and ''Yugal Ras'' and twelve ''pad'' which fully describe the beauty and the decorations of Krishna, and thirteen ''pad'' which describe the beauty and the decorations of Radha called ''Shree Krishn Dwadashi'' and ''Shree Radha Trayodashi''.<ref>Saraswati, S. 2001. ''The true history and the relfigion of India: a concise encyclopedia of authentic hinduism''. [[Motilal Banarsidass]]</ref> Renditions of Shree Maharaji's ''bhajans'' and ''kirtans'' have been recorded by well-known singers in India such as [[Manna Dey]],<ref>Kinnear, M. 1985. ''A discography of Hindustani and Karnatic music''. [[Greenwood Press]].</ref> [[Ajnish]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and [[Anup Jalota]].<ref>''[http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=4372 Rang De with Anup Jalota at Radha Madhav Dham, Austin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405031155/http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=4372 |date=5 April 2016 }}''. 20 October 2011. Indo-American News. Retrieved 15 December 2011.</ref><ref>''[https://carnatic-circle.com/sampradaya-bhajanai/ Sampradaya Bhajanai, Birmingham, UK]''. 14 July 2017. How to perform Dakshina Bharatha Sampradaya Bhajanai with English Lyrics.</ref>

In the olden days, [[sant (religion)|Sant]]s such as [[Mirabai]], [[Surdas]], and [[Narsinh Mehta]] composed several bhajans that are universally sung even today.

==See also==
* [[Filmi devotional songs]]
* [[Gurunath]]
* [[Salabega]]
* [[Stotra]]
* [[Kirtan]]
* [[Raga]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|author=Tarla Mehta |title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC |year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0 }}
*{{cite book| author=Adya Rangacharya |title=Introduction to Bharata's Nāṭyaśāstra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5rjAAAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |ref=none|isbn=978-81-215-0829-2 }}
*{{cite book |author =Maurice Winternitz |author-link= Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981) |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-8120800564 }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2015}}
* [https://hanumanchalisalyrics.co.in/ Bhajan - Kirtan - Arati (collection of Hindi bhajan lyrics, audios and videos)]
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}
{{Religious music}}

[[Category:Hindu prayer and meditation]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Puja (Hinduism)]]
[[Category:Kirtan]]
[[Category:Bhajan]]
[[Category:Hindu mantras]]
[[Category:Chants]]

Gautam Bhan

2025-12-29T17:13:24Z

FredrickGreig: added new details

{{Short description|Urbanist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Gautam Bhan''' is an urbanist, writer and activist affiliated with the [[Indian Institute for Human Settlements|Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iihs.co.in/iihs-people/team/gautam-bhan/|title=Indian Institute for Human Settlements {{!}} Gautam Bhan|website=iihs.co.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref> His works focuses on urban inequality, [[social protection]], [[housing]], [[Community mobilization|community mobilisation]], [[decent work]], and urban and planning theory. He is a frequent columnist and is actively involved in the sexuality rights movements in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/a-conversation-with-lawyer-and-activist-gautam-bhan/|title = A Conversation with: Lawyer and Activist Gautam Bhan|date = 11 December 2013}}</ref>

== Education ==
Bhan completed his undergraduate degree in Political Economy and Development Studies from [[Amherst College]] in 2002, followed by a master's degree in Urban Sociology from the [[University of Chicago]] in 2006 and PhD in City and Regional Planning from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iihs.co.in/about/people/gautam-bhan/#tab-id-5|title=Gautam Bhan – Indian Institute for Human Settlements|website=iihs.co.in|access-date=2016-10-18|archive-date=2016-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221650/http://iihs.co.in/about/people/gautam-bhan/#tab-id-5|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhan is currently Associate Dean of the IIHS School of Human Development, and is also Associate Professor at IIHS (Institution Deemed to be) University.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Gautam Bhan |url=https://www.iihs.ac.in/people/gautam-bhan/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=IIHS University}}</ref> He is also the co-founder of New Text,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newtext.in/the-team/#|title=The Team – newtext.in|website=newtext.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a print and electronic publishing house committed to expanding equitable, open and affordable access to knowledge and books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newtext.in/the-model/|title=The Model – newtext.in|website=newtext.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219230032/http://www.newtext.in/the-model/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He appeared on [[TED Talks India Nayi Soch|TED Talks]] India in 2017, where he spoke about his "bold plan to house 100 million people".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/gautam_bhan|title=Gautam Bhan {{!}} Speaker {{!}} TED|last=Bhan|first=Gautam|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en}}</ref>

He writes frequently for various magazines and dailies including [[The Caravan]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[India Today]], [[Tehelka]], [[The Indian Express]] and [[The Times of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GAUTAM BHAN |url=https://unequalcities.org/gautam-bhan/ |website=Housing Justice in Unequal Cities Network |access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref> He is an active proponent of [[LGBT rights in India]] and one of the petitioners in the legal battle to [[Decriminalization of homosexuality|decriminalize]] [[homosexuality in India]].

== Honours and awards ==
Bhan was previously Fellow, [[Social Science Research Council]], 2009–10 and Berkeley Fellow, 2007–12; and has received the Award for Distinguished Academic Achievement, [[College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley]], 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iihs.co.in/about/people/gautam-bhan/#tab-id-3|title=Gautam Bhan – Indian Institute for Human Settlements|website=iihs.co.in|access-date=2016-10-18|archive-date=2016-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221650/http://iihs.co.in/about/people/gautam-bhan/#tab-id-3|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* Bhan, G., Keith, M., Parnell, S., & Pieterse, E. (2025). ''Cities rethought: A new urban disposition''. Polity.
* Surie, A., Goswami, A., Arakali, A., Revi, A., Ravindranath, D., Bhan, G., Anand, G., Balakrishnan, K., Kapoor, N., Sami, N., Vasanth, P., Anand, S., Smitha, M. B., Viswanath, S., Baberwal, S., Sudeshna Mitra, S., Batikar, T., & John, V. (2023). ''Towards a new urban practice: The'' ''Urban Fellows Programme 2016–2022''. Indian Institute for Human Settlements.
* Bhan, G., Srinivas, S., and Watson, V. (2017) ''Routledge companion to planning in the Global South''. London: Routledge.
* Deb, A., & Bhan, G. (2016). Indispensable yet inaccessible: The paradoxes of adequate housing in urban India. In ''India social development report 2016''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
* Bhan, G. (2016). ''In the public’s interest: evictions, citizenship and inequality in contemporary Delhi''. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
* Revi, A., Jana, A., Malladi, T., Anand, G., Anand, S., Bazaz, A., . . . Shah, S. (2015). ''Urban India 2015: Evidence''. Bangalore: Indian Institute for Human Settlements.
* Bhan, G., & Jana, A. (2015). Reading spatial inequality in urban India. ''Economic & Political Weekly, 50''(22), 49–54.
* Bhan, G., Goswami, A., & Revi, A. (2014). The intent to reside: spatial illegality, inclusive planning and urban social security. In O. Mathur (Ed.), ''Inclusive urban planning: state of the urban poor report 2013'' (pp. 83–94). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
* Bhan, G. (2014). Continuity amidst change: learning from Rajiv awas yojana. ''Yojana, 58'', 64 – 67.
* Bhan, G. (2014). Moving from giving back’ to engagement. ''Journal of Research Practice, 10''(2), 1–4.
* Bhan, G. (2014). The impoverishment of poverty: reflections on urban citizenship and inequality in contemporary Delhi. ''Environment and Urbanization, 26''(2), 547–560.
* Bhan, G. (2014). The real lives of urban fantasies. ''Environment & Urbanization, 26''(1), 232–235.
* Bhan, G., Narain, A. (2005) ''Because I Have a Voice''. Delhi: [[Yoda Press]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=ch4x1yUAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Gautam Bhan – Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.co.in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhan, Gautam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Amherst College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:Urban theorists]]

Residencies of British India

2025-12-13T08:40:33Z

FredrickGreig:

{{Short description|Diplomatic offices in British India which dealt with native rulers of the princely states}}
The '''Residencies of British India''' were political offices, each managed by a [[Resident (title)|Resident]], who dealt with the relations between the British Government of India and one (or a territorial set) of [[princely state]]s.
[[File:The British Residency at Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency at Hyderabad]]]]

== History ==
The Residency system has its origins in the system of [[subsidiary alliance]]s devised by the British after the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, to secure [[Bengal]] from attack by deploying [[East India Company]] troops of the [[Bengal Army]] within friendly Native States.<ref>[[Spear, Percival]], ''India: A Modern History'' (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan, 1961); Spear, Percival, ''The Oxford History of Modern India : 1740–1947'' (London: Oxford University Press, 1965)</ref> Through this system, the Indian Princes of these Native States were assured of protection from internal or external aggression, through deployment of company troops. In return they had to pay for the maintenance of those troops and also accept a British Resident in their court. The Resident was a senior British official posted in the capital of these Princely States, technically a diplomat but also responsible for keeping the ruler to his alliance.<ref name="Metcalf">Metcalf, Barbara D., and Thomas R. Metcalf, ''A Concise History of India'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)</ref> This was seen as a system of [[indirect rule]] that was carefully controlled by the British Resident. His role (and all were men) included advising in governance, intervening in succession disputes, and ensuring that the States did not maintain military forces other than for internal policing or else form diplomatic alliances with other States.<ref name="Metcalf"/><ref name="King">King, Anthony D., ''Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment'' (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976)</ref> The Residents attempted to modernize these Native States through promotion of European notions of progressive government.<ref name="Metcalf"/>

The first Native States to enter such subsidiary alliances included [[Arcot State|Arcot]], [[Oudh]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].<ref name="Metcalf"/> Before the [[Indian Mutiny|Rebellion of 1857]], the role of the British Resident in Delhi was more important than that of other Residents, because of the tension that existed between the declining [[Mughal Empire]] and the emerging power of the [[East India Company]].<ref>Gupta, Narayani, ''Delhi Between Two Empires 1803–1931: Society, Government and Urban Growth'' (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981)</ref> After the establishment of Crown rule of British India in 1858, the indigenous States ruled by the Indian princes retained their internal autonomy in terms of political and administrative control, while their external relations and defence became the responsibility of the Crown. An area over two-fifths of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was administered by native princes,<ref name="Davies">Davies, Philip, ''Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India, 1660–1947'' (New York: Penguin Books, 1987</ref> although nothing like such a high proportion in terms of population.
[[File:British Residency in Kollam city, Mar 2017.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.0|[[British Residency]] in [[Kollam]] city, built by [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Col. John Munro]]]]

The continuation of Princely rule allowed the British to concentrate their resources on the more economically significant [[British India|areas under their direct control]] and also obscured the effective loss of independence of these States in their external relations.<ref name="Metcalf"/>

The Resident was a permanent reminder of the subsidiary relationship between the indigenous ruler and the European power.<ref name="King"/> The physical manifestation of this was the Residency itself, which was a complex of buildings and land modified according to the aesthetic values of the [[suzerainty|suzerain power]] (Britain). The Residency was a symbol of power because of its size and position within the prince's capital.<ref>Nilsson, Sten, ''European Architecture in India 1750–1850'' (New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1969)</ref> In many instances, the local prince even paid for the erection of these Residencies, as a gesture of his support for and allegiance to the British. The Nawab of [[Oudh]], one of the richest native princes, paid for and erected a splendid Residency in [[Lucknow residency|Lucknow]] as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements.<ref name="Davies"/>

==List of Residencies==
{{Princely states topics}}
'''North India'''

* Kashmir Residency

'''Part of Central India Agency'''
* [[Indore Residency]]

'''Part of Rajputana Agency'''
* [[Jaipur Residency]]
* [[Mewar Residency]] at Udaipur
* Western Rajputana States Residency

'''Other Residencies'''
* [[Mysore Residency]]
* [[Gwalior Residency]]
* [[British Residency, Hyderabad|Hyderabad Residency]]
* [[Persian Gulf Residency]], for the British protectorates – [[Trucial States]] (1892–1971), [[Bahrain]] (1892–1971), [[Muscat and Oman]], [[Kuwait]] (1914–1961) and [[Qatar]] (1916–1971)
* [[Bolghatty Palace Residency]], Kochi, Kerala – In 1909, the King of Kochi leased the palace to the British, who used it as the British Residency of Cochin during the British Raj

'''Former Residencies'''
* [[Baroda Residency]] merged into Baroda and Gujarat States Agency in 1937
* [[Kolhapur Residency]] merged into [[Deccan States Agency]] in 1933
* [[Aden Residency]] (1859–1873), British territory in [[Yemen]], placed under the [[Bombay Presidency]] till 1932, then directly as a [[Chief Commissioner's Province]] of India until 1937

== See also ==
* [[Agencies of British India]]
* [[List of British residents or political agents in Delhi, 1803–57]]
* [[Siege of Lucknow]] - the prolonged defence of the Residency within the city of [[Lucknow]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cassellsillustra02gran/cassellsillustra02gran_djvu.txt Cassell's illustrated history of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Residencies of British India| ]]

Jal Mahal

2025-12-11T14:17:34Z

FredrickGreig:

{{Short description|Palace in Jaipur, Rajasthan}}
{{for|the 1980 film|Jal Mahal (film)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= July 2022}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Jal Mahal
| image = Jaipur 03-2016 39 Jal Mahal - Water Palace.jpg
| alt = View of the Jal Mahal palace within Man Sagar lake
| image_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Jaipur##Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Jaipur
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Jaipur]]
| coords = {{Coord|26.9537|N|75.8463|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| type = Freshwater – Recreational
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment = {{convert|23.5|km2|mi2}}
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|300|acre|ha}}
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|4.5|m|ft}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities = [[Jaipur]]
| agency = KGK Group of Companies JAIPUR
}}

[[File: Jal Mahal-Jaipur-India0002.JPG|thumb|Jal Mahal at night.]]
'''Jal Mahal''' (meaning "Water Palace") is a palace in the middle of the [[Man Sagar Lake]] in [[Jaipur]] city, the capital of the state of Rajasthan, India. The palace was originally constructed around 1699; the building and the lake around it were later [[Renovation|renovated]] and enlarged in the early 18th century by Maharaja [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Amer, India|Amber]].

==The palace==
[[File: Floating palace Jaipur India.jpg|right|thumb|Jal Mahal Palace after renovation]]
[[File:The Jal Mahal in Jaipur on January 10th 2025.jpg|thumb|The Jal Mahal in 2025]]

The Jal Mahal Palace is an architectural showcase of the [[Rajput]] style of architecture (common in Rajasthan) on a grand scale. The building has a picturesque view of [[Man Sagar Lake]], but owing to its seclusion from land is equally the focus of a viewpoint from the Man Sagar Dam on the eastern side of the lake in front of the backdrop of the surrounding Nahargarh ("tiger-abode") hills. The palace, built with local [[sandstone]], is a five-storied building, with the third floor only existing on the eastern side of the palace. The eastern side is not visible from the roadside public promenade, which is the Western side of the palace. The additional lower levels of the eastern side remain underwater when the lake is full. The Jal Mahal has a terrace floor with a garden, and the garden has four Tibaris facing north, south, east and west. The Tibaris are designed in the [[Bengal roofs|Bengal roof style]] architecture while the four octagonal [[Chhatri]] on the roof mark the corners of the monument. The palace had suffered subsidence in the past and also partial seepage (plaster work and wall damage equivalent to [[Damp (structural)|rising damp]]) because of water logging, which has been repaired under a restoration project of the Government of Rajasthan.<ref name=Brown>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Lindsay|author2=Amelia Thomas |title= Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra|page=160|access-date=2009-09-13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&q=Jal+Mahal+place+details+Jaipur&pg=PA160|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-690-8 }}</ref>

The hills surrounding the lake area, towards the north east of Jaipur, have quartzite rock formations (with a thin layer of soil cover), which is part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli hills range]]. Rock exposures on the surface in some parts of the project area have also been used for constructing buildings. From the northeast, the Kanak Vrindavan valley, where a [[temple]] complex sits, the hills slope gently towards the lake edge. Within the lake area, the ground area is made up of a thick mantle of soil, blown sand, and alluvium. Forest denudation, particularly in the hilly areas, has caused [[soil erosion]], compounded by wind and water action. As a result, silt built up in the lake incrementally raises the lake bed.<ref name=Joshi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aars-acrs.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2008/Papers/TS%2010.1.pdf|title=Impact of Urbanization on Urban Lake Using High Resolution Satellite Data and GIS(A Case Study of Man Sagar Lake of Jaipur, Rajasthan)|access-date=21 September 2009|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041403/http://www.aars-acrs.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2008/Papers/TS%2010.1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On the terrace of the palace, a garden was built with arched passages. At each corner of this palace semi-octagonal towers were built with an elegant [[cupola]].<ref name=Matane>{{cite book|last=Matane|first=Paulias|author2=M. L. Ahuja|title= India: a splendour in cultural diversity|page=55|access-date=2009-09-13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aIyc7_Q8JYC&q=Jal+Mahal+place+details+Jaipur&pg=PA55|publisher= Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year= 2004|isbn=81-261-1837-7 }}</ref>

The restoration works of the early 2000s were not satisfactory and an expert in the field of similar architectural restoration works of Rajasthan palaces examined the designs that could decipher the originally existing designs on the walls, after removing the recent plasterwork. Based on this finding, restoration works were re-done with traditional materials for plastering – the plaster consists of partly organic material: a mortar mix of lime, sand and ''surkhi'' mixed with [[jaggery]], [[guggal]] and [[methi]] powder. It was also noticed that there was hardly any water seepage, except for a little dampness, on the floors below the water level. But the original garden, which existed on the terrace had been lost. Now, a new terrace is being created based on a similar roof garden of the Amer Palace.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |title=Jal Mahal gets a Rs1000 cr facelift |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/sep/29spec1.htm |access-date=2009-09-12 |work=rediff.com}}</ref> The building is located near the shoreline of a lake with a maximum depth of 15 ft. As the four stories of the building are built under the water, this means it would be structured on the bottom of the lake.

===The royal family chhatris and cenotaphs===
At Gaitore opposite the lake are [[chhatris]] and [[cenotaphs]] erected over cremation platforms of some of the [[Kachwaha]] rulers of Jaipur. They were built by Jai Singh II within landscaped gardens.<ref name = Bradnock>{{Cite book|last=Bradnock|first=Roma|title= Footprint Indiapages=1407|work=Jalmahal|page=341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=Jalmahal&pg=PA341|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2004|isbn=1-904777-00-7 }}</ref> The cenotaphs are in honor of Pratap Singh, Madho Singh II and Jai Singh II among others. Jai Singh II's cenotaph is made of marble and has impressive intricate carvings. It has a dome with 20 carved pillars.<ref name="Brown"/>

==Restoration works==
In 2004, the Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation signed an agreement with Jal Mahal Resorts, granting it a 99-year lease to develop 100 acres along the Man Sagar Lake (in the middle of which Jal Mahal stands) and the palace.<ref name="Outlook India">{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|title=A Jewel Finds its Water|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?272097|access-date=30 August 2011|newspaper=Outlook India|date=13 June 2011}}</ref> The 99-year lease was given out to Jal Mahal Resorts Pvt Ltd a SPV created under the terms of the PPP project. From 2005 onwards the company has worked on the cleaning of the lake, reviving the ecology of the area and restoring the palace. For the future, Jal Mahal Resorts Pvt Ltd plans to build a tourism destination around the Jal Mahal and make it a landmark tourist destination for all visitors to the city of Jaipur.

===Joint sector project===
[[File: Jalmahal Restored.jpeg|thumb|Jal Mahal palace in 2011, after restoration.]]
The Lake restoration project of the Man Sagar Lake area with an estimated investment of ₹1.5 billion, equivalent to approximately $18 million (considered one of the largest and unique such projects in India) has evolved a plan that has diverse project components.<ref name=ilfs>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilfsindia.com/downloads/bus_rep/jalmahal_tourism_rep.pdf|title=Innovation Report: Jal Mahal Tourism Project|access-date=2009-09-11|publisher=IL&FS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103135940/http://www.ilfsindia.com/downloads/bus_rep/jalmahal_tourism_rep.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Consequently, there are many project stakeholders and beneficiaries. The project stake holders are: the Government of Rajasthan and their subordinate organizations such as the Public Works Department (PWD), Rajasthan Urban Development Authority (RUIDP), the [[Jaipur Development Authority]] (JDA – the nodal agency for implementation of all aspects of the project), the Department of Tourism, Rajasthan Project Development Fund (RPDF) and the [[Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation]] (RTDC) and an Empowered Committee on Infrastructure Development (ECID); the Central Government organizations associated for planning and financing are the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOE&F) through its National River Conservation Program (NRCP) and ILFS.<ref name=ilfs/>

The Private Sector Developer (PSD) appointed was M/s KGK Consortium. Under the public-private sector partnership model approved by the EICD, PDCOR had prepared the Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the restoration of Man Sagar Lake, Jal Mahal restoration and lake precincts development. The total project area for restoration and development approved by ECID was {{convert|432|acre|ha}} comprising the lake with {{convert|300|acre|ha}} water spread, the lake precincts area of {{convert|100|acre|ha}}, which subsumed {{convert|15|acre|ha}} of submerged land) for tourism development under joint sector cooperation and {{convert|32|acre|ha}} for lake promenade and tertiary treatment facility and related works.<ref name=minutes>{{Cite web|url=http://ppp.rajasthan.gov.in/ECID/ECIDVIII.pdf|title=Minutes of the 8th meeting of the Empowered Committee on Infrastructure Development (ECID) held on April 05, 2005|access-date=2009-09-12|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161549/http://ppp.rajasthan.gov.in/ECID/ECIDVIII.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The studies indicated two approaches to tackle the [[environmental degradation]] that had occurred in the lake, namely, dealing with natural catchment area and concurrently addressing the serious problem of municipal sewerage emerging from large scale urbanization or human settlement. Keeping this broad planning approach in view, under the lake restoration project, the works undertaken involved were: the re-alignment of city drains, de-silting of the lake, construction of artery road from Amber to Man Sagar Dam (about {{convert|2.7|km|mi}}), construction of check dam in a {{convert|100|m|ft}} length with silt removed from the lake, creation of three nesting islands for migratory birds, lakefront promenade in{{convert|1|km|mi}}), afforestation and treatment of forest area portion of lake catchment, plantation to stabilise the slopes of bank formation. Afforestation envisaged the plantation of local plant species such as ''[[Acacia arabica]]'' (desi babool) and
''[[Tamarix|Tamarix indica]]'' (planting close to the water edge where they can grow well), ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' (Arjun) poplar, [[neem]] and all species of ''[[Ficus]]'', which would provide diversity in vegetation and also better habitat diversity for feeding by birds and wildlife.<ref name=Joshi/><ref name="Jaipur">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=94|title=The Ecological Restoration Project of Mansagar Lake|publisher=Jaipur Development Authority, Government of Rajasthan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726201454/http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=94|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref>

In addition, to remove eutrophication of the lake water and improve its water quality, in-situ [[Bioremediation]] process with 140 diffusers & 5 air compressors to aerate and create an inversion of the lake bed and stored water was also envisaged. The city sewage, which supplied 7.0 MLD of untreated sewage was treated with Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) and then led to the lake to maintain its water level, after due removal of nutrients through tertiary treatment. This process involved diversion of the Brahampuri Nala into the Nagtalai Nala by a lined channel to its south. This was then led through a treatment plant on site to generate secondary level effluent, which was then discharged into an artificial wetland through a hyacinth channel. For this purpose, a Physico Chemical Treatment Plant was also envisaged and the effluent from this plant was taken through artificially created wetlands in an area of {{convert|4|ha|acre}}) (not only to treat the water but also to serve as natural habitat for birds) and through this process the entire eco-system is being re-generated. Vegetation generated in this process is disposed of in a compost pit near the lake.<ref name=Joshi/>

It is also reported that about 500,000 cubic metres of silt was removed from the lake. This silt was then put to use for a strengthening of embankment and building of islands as wintering grounds for migratory birds.<ref name=Lake>{{Cite web|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00001612/01/INEFWP2005.pdf|title=Mine Spoil Restoration: A strategy combining rainwater harvesting and adaptation|access-date=2009-09-20|work=Man Sagar Lake|page=15|publisher=International Network on Ethnoforestry|location=Jaipur|year=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610135159/http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00001612/01/INEFWP2005.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the above initial restoration works of the lake and its feeder system were mostly completed by the JDA, during 2003, private sector developers were invited to develop identified tourism components on the land adjoining the lake. After following the due process, a joint sector undertaking called the PDCOR was formed between the JDA of the Rajasthan Government and the consortia of private developers with the lead provided by M/s. KGK Enterprises. The project for tourism development was entrusted to this joint group. The tourism project entailed the development of Convention Centre and Art Gallery, Multiplex and Entertainment Centre, Craft Bazaar, Arts and Craft Village, Resort Hotels, restaurants, and food courts, public park and gardens including responsibility for restoration and maintenance of the Jal Mahal.<ref name=ilfs/>

The interior of the Jal Mahal Palace is not open to visitors.

==See also==
*[[List of lakes in India]]
*[[Lake Palace]]
*{{Commons category-inline|Jal Mahal}}
{{Portal bar|Asia|India|Architecture}}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:India - Jaipur2 - 027 - The Summer Palace sits in a cooling lake.jpg|The palace amidst the lake, as seen in November 2007
File:JalMahal20080213-1.jpg|Jal Mahal under restoration, as seen in February 2008
File:Water palace 07.jpg|Jal Mahal after restoration, as seen in March 2008
File:Jal Mahal in Man Sagar Lake.jpg|Jal Mahal during the day time
File:JalMahalJaipur.jpg|Jal Mahal in August 2014
A close look to Jal Mahal.jpg|Jal Mahal close-up
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Palaces in Jaipur]]

All India Yadav Mahasabha

2025-12-10T10:26:12Z

FredrickGreig: Stub

{{Short description|Caste-based organisation in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = All India Yadav Mahasabha
| image = Poornima jpg.jpg
| caption = AIYM Convection Meeting in Cuttack
| formation = {{Start date and age|1924|04|17|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}
| key_people = [[Uday Pratap Singh]] (President)<ref name=Yadavsite/> Satya Prakash Singh Yadav
| headquarters = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://www.yadavsmovement.in}}
}}

The '''All India Yadav Mahasabha''' is a [[caste system in India|caste]]-based community organisation established on 17 April 1924 to serve a broad body of Indian social groups collectively known as the [[Yadav]] caste.<ref name=Yadavsite>{{cite web|title=All India Yadav Mahasabha|url=https://www.yadavsmovement.in/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yadunewsnation.in/heritage/12350/?fbclid=IwAR0mfdqpXBe_NCJg1-kOWwfIB3uXaNxkKl14g7V8J5kTUhKfyS4aK9p8o1c|title= 98th foundation day in Cuttack|accessdate=17 April 2022}}</ref>

The educated elite among the Yadavs instigated the formation of the All-India Yadav Mahasabha (AIYM) in 1924 in [[Allahabad]], [[British India]]. It immediately engaged itself in two issues, appealing to its members in all regions to add ''Yadav'' to their names and at the same time launching a major programme to effect social reform.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}<ref>[http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/(docid)/0879F8EFAD3A0BE3652569410032A35C]{{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref>

In the mid-20th century, the AIYM pressed the [[Government of India]] to form a Yadav regiment in the [[Indian Army]],<ref>{{cite web|title=देश के सबसे साहसिक युद्ध रेजांग ला के शहीदों की याद में बने अहीर रेजिमेंट|date=7 April 2019|url=https://hindi.theprint.in/opinion/ahir-regiment-would-be-the-memory-of-the-rezang-la-martyrs-which-announced-by-akhilesh/54495/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army - भारतीय सेना में अहीर रेजिमेंट गठन की उठी मांग|date=25 January 2021|url=https://www.patrika.com/bagru-1/demand-for-formation-of-ahir-regiment-6650921/}}</ref> following the performance of some caste members in the [[1962 Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian War]] at [[Rezang La]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 18 November 1962.<ref>{{cite book |title=Society in India |volume=2 |first=David Goodman |last=Mandelbaum |authorlink=David Goodman Mandelbaum |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 |page=444 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/mewat-campaign-to-make-ahir-regiment-will-start-from-rejangla-shaurya-diwas-22044704.html|title=अहीर रेजिमेंट के लिए रेजांगला शौर्य दिवस से चलेगी मुहिम|accessdate=22 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/HAR-OTH-MAT-latest-ateli-news-020503-2880485-NOR.html/|title=अहीर रेजिमेंट हमारा हक है, हम लेकर रहेंगे : नवीन|accessdate=10 September 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{slink|Yadav|All-India Yadav Mahasabha}}
*[[Sankritisation]]
*''[[The Divine Heritage of the Yadavas]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=M. S. A.|author-link1=M. S. A. Rao|year=1979|title= Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ |location=Delhi |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333902554}} [https://archive.org/details/socialmovementss0000raom Alt URL]

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://yadavsmovement.in/}}

[[Category:Indian caste movements]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ahir]]

Agra–Lucknow Expressway

2025-12-09T06:59:37Z

FredrickGreig: slightly added content as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Longest expressway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Agra–Lucknow Expressway
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=7|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id= Q16058235|title=Agra Lucknow Expressway}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Agra Lucknow Expressway in red
| image = Approaching-Yamuna01 Agra Lucknow Expressway (33198644271).jpg
| image_notes = A section of Agra-Lucknow Expressway
| length_km = 302.22
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = Hingot Kheria village, [[Agra district]]
| junction =
| terminus_b = Sarosa Bharosa village, [[Lucknow district]]
| formed = 21 November 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/agra-lucknow-expressway-inauguration-see-touchdown-8-iaf-combat-jets-703819|title=Agra-Lucknow expressway inauguration to see touchdown of 8 IAF combat jets|first=Aditya|last=Bhat|date=14 November 2016|access-date=6 June 2018|work=International Business Times}}</ref>
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| maint = [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority|UPEIDA]]
| districts = {{plainlist|
*[[Agra district|Agra]]
*[[Firozabad]]
*[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
*[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
*[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
*[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
*[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
}}
}}

The '''Agra–Lucknow Expressway''' is a 302 km long, 6-[[lane]] wide (extendable to 8-lanes) [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled expressway]] constructed by the [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority]] (UPEIDA)<ref>{{cite web|title=Agra to Lucknow Access Controlled Expressway (Green Field) Project|url=http://www.upeida.in/project_8.htm|website=UPEIDA|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712131932/http://www.upeida.in/project_8.htm|archive-date=12 July 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> to reduce traffic in already congested roads and to reduce [[pollution]] and [[carbon footprint]].<ref name="TOI IAF">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/8-IAF-fighter-jets-to-touch-down-Agra-Lucknow-Expressway/Taj-Expressway-on-Nov-21/articleshow/55402700.cms|title=8 IAF fighter jets to touch down Agra-Lucknow Expressway/ Taj Expressway on Nov 21|first=Arvind|last=Chauhan|date=13 November 2016|access-date=6 June 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The expressway reduced the distance between the cities of [[Agra]] and [[Lucknow]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is presently one of the India's longest operational expressways.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-03 |title=Agra Lucknow Expressway Route Map, Toll Charges, and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/agra-lucknow-expressway/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

It was completed and inaugurated on 21 November 2016 by then [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/driving-through-fast-lane-of-progress/story-FBjHqJjiAzJkKmM62d3psN.html |title=Driving through fast lane of progress |work=The Hindustan Times |date=3 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/211116/iaf-jets-touch-down-for-opening-of-agra-lucknow-expressway.html|title=IAF jets touch down for opening of Agra-Lucknow Expressway|work=Deccan Chronicle|agency=Press Trust of India|date=21 November 2016|access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> It is widely seen as his dream project and the flagship model of development in the state, being the first of its kind to be completed in the shortest span of time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Eight-fighter-jets-to-land-on-Agra-Lucknow-expressway/articleshow/55412366.cms|title=Eight fighter jets to land on Agra-Lucknow expressway/ Taj Expressway|work=Business Insider|agency=Times News Network|date=14 November 2016|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/8-fighter-jets-at-opening-of-agra-lucknow-expressway-indias-longest-1627999|title=6 Jets Touch Down For Opening Of Agra-Lucknow Expressway, India's Longest|first=Vishnu|last=Som|date=21 November 2016|work=NDTV|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

==Overview==
The cost of project was expected to be {{INRConvert|15000|c|lk=on|year=2016}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Agra-Lucknow Expressway to be operational by Oct 2016|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/agra-lucknow-expressway-to-be-operational-by-oct-2016-115052000998_1.html|access-date=2 February 2016|work=Business Standard|date=20 May 2015|first=Virendra Singh|last=Rawat}}</ref> but was completed in {{INRConvert|13200|c|year=2016}} and in record time of 22 months.<ref name="TOI IAF" /> It would cut travel time between Lucknow and Agra from 6 hours to 3:30 hours. The expressway is 6-lane wide (expandable to 8-lane in future) although the structures (major, minor bridges and underpasses) on the expressway are already being constructed as 8-laned to be in tune with the expanded width of the expressway in future.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-Agra-e-way-structures-to-be-expanded-up-to-eight-lanes/articleshow/47349878.cms|title=Lucknow-Agra e-way structures to be expanded up to eight lanes|work=The Times of India|date=20 May 2015 |access-date=1 July 2015|agency=Times News Network}}</ref> It is proposed on minimum distance and minimal agricultural land formula and will be financed by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=UP government plans to develop industrial zones at 43 stations of eastern dedicated freight corridor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UP-government-plans-to-develop-industrial-zones-at-43-stations-of-eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor/articleshow/38992096.cms|work=The Times of India|date=25 June 2014|access-date=28 July 2015|first=Priyanka|last=Singh|agency=Times News Network}}</ref> The Expressway will carry all public amenities via underpasses, service roads, provision for green belt, rest houses, petrol pumps, service centres, restaurants and four agricultural mandis for dairy, potatoes, grains, fruits and vegetables.

===Route & Exits===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No !! Station !! Inter-station distance in km !! [[Chainage]] in km from Agra
|-
|1||[[Agra]]||0.000||0.000
|-
|2||[[Firozabad]]||24||24
|-
|3||[[Shikohabad]]||45||70
|-
|4||[[Etawah]]||17||87
|-
|5||[[Kannauj]]||80||165
|-
|6||[[Bangarmau ]]||83||238
|-
|7||[[Lucknow]]||40||302
|-
|}

This expressway is connected to [[Yamuna Expressway]] through the Agra Ring Road, and thus providing an [[expressways in India|express link]] between [[Greater Noida]], [[National Capital Region|NCR]] to Lucknow via Agra. It connects [[Agra]] and [[Lucknow]] via [[Shikohabad]], [[Firozabad]], [[Mainpuri]], [[Etawah]], [[Auraiya]], [[Kanpur]], [[Kannauj]], [[Bangarmau]] and [[Lucknow]]. The expressway will start at village Etmadpur Madra near Agra and will end at village Sarosa Bharosa near Mohan Road, Lucknow

Agra Lucknow Expressway will reduce the distance from [[Meerut]] to [[Lucknow]] by about 130 km. [[Ganga Expressway]] will connect to Agra Lucknow Expressway at [[Bangarmau]]. Through the Dimond interchange there, [[vehicles]] coming from [[Meerut]] will be able to go to Agra Lucknow Expressway. The distance from [[Kharkhoda]] Interchange to [[Bangarmau]] Interchange will be around 300 km

And from [[Bangarmau]] [[Interchange (road)|Interchange]], where [[Agra Lucknow Expressway]] and [[Ganga Expressway]] will connect, the distance from Mohan Road Buddheshwar [[Lucknow]] is only 60 km.

Agra Lucknow Expressway will also reduce the distance from [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Delhi]] to [[Lucknow]] [[Prayagraj]] And [[Purvanchal]] and other North East States Vehicles coming from [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Delhi]] will be able to go towards [[Lucknow]] and [[Prayagraj]] and Purvanchal from the [[Ganga Expressway]] interchange to be built on [[NH 24]] in [[Hapur]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to rope in Spanish co for Lko-Agra expressway|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Govt-to-rope-in-Spanish-co-for-Lko-Agra-expressway/articleshow/46047730.cms|work=The Times of India|date=29 January 2015|access-date=28 July 2015|agency=Times News Network}}</ref>

=== Rest Areas ===
These are given below in direction of travel, as notably different from non-expressway custom, services on one side of the road are only meant for travelers for that side of the direction of travel, so only services created on left of the road are available to you but not the same available while traveling in other direction, usually, a similar set of service is created on other side of road at same spot or within few km. of other side facility.

* Eastbound ([[Agra]] to [[Lucknow]]) - There are two rest areas while going east:

1) About 100 km from Agra Toll Entrance

2) At 219 km from Agra Toll Entrance

* Westbound ([[Lucknow]] to [[Agra]]) - These rest areas are available while going west:

1) At 105 km milestone from Lucknow toll entrance.

2) At 205 km milestone from Lucknow toll entrance.

===Toll rates===
The toll rates applicable for the Agra Lucknow Expressway (as on December 2025) is given in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Vehicle Type (Agra to Lucknow)

!Rate
(in ₹)
|-
|Car, jeep, van or light motor vehicles
|655
|-
|Light commercial vehicle or mini bus
|1,055
|-
|Bus and truck
|2,075
|-
|Heavy construction work machine and multi-axle vehicle (3 to 6)
|3,185
|-
|Over-sized vehicle (7 and above axles)
|4,095
|-
|Motorcycles (2-wheeler)
|330
|}

==Construction==
[[File:Approaching-Yamuna02Agra Lucknow Expressway (33171254712).jpg|thumb|Agra Lucknow Expressway]]
The construction work of 302 km long Agra–Lucknow Expressway was divided into 5 packages. The list of contractors is as follows:<ref>{{cite news|title=Decks cleared for Agra-Lucknow expressway|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/decks-cleared-for-agralucknow-expressway/article6316544.ece|work=The Hindu|date=14 August 2014|access-date=28 July 2015|first=Atiq|last=Khan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-agra-lucknow-expressway-project-mou-signed-with-five-company-lucknow-4789547-PHO.html |title=Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed with 5 contractors for Agra-Lucknow Expressway|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date= }}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
!Sr. No
!Package
!Length ([[km]])
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| [[Agra]]–Firozabad
| 56
| PNC Infratech
|-
| 2.
| Firozabad–Etawah
| 62
| [[Afcons Infrastructure]]
|-
| 3.
| Etawah–Kannauj
| 57
| [http://ncclimited.com/ Nagarjuna Construction Company]
|-
| 4.
| Kannauj–Unnao
| 64
| Afcons Infrastructure
|-
| 5.
| Unnao–[[Lucknow]]
| 63
| [[Larsen and Toubro]]
|}

==Greenfield Project==
The Agra–Lucknow Expressway is considered to be a Greenfield project as there were no work constraints of existing buildings or infrastructure. [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority]] (UPEIDA) purchased almost 3,127 hectares of land without a murmur of dissent and decided to pay four times the circle rates (CR) to the land owners in rural areas and twice the CR in urban parts, as purchase cost. The rest of land was acquired through land acquisition method<ref>{{cite news|title=Land acquisition: Modi to learn a lesson from Akhilesh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/uttar-pradesh/Land-acquisition-Modi-to-learn-a-lesson-from-Akhilesh/articleshow/47452485.cms|access-date=2 February 2016|first=Swati|last=Mathur|date=28 May 2015|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network}}</ref>

==Emergency Airstrip==
[[Bangarmau Airstrip|Bangarmau Emergency Airstrip]] (Unnao district) {{Coord|26.919334|N|80.253053|E|type:airport}}
* A group of six fighter jets of the [[Indian Air Force]], comprising [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] and [[Dassault Mirage 2000]], touched down to perform test runs on Agra-Lucknow expressway on the day of its inauguration.<ref name="TOI IAF" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/agra-lucknow-expressway-india-longest-greenfield-highway-10-facts-features-highlights-akhilesh-yadav-up-government/451101/|title=Agra-Lucknow Expressway: India's longest greenfield expressway reduces travel time between Delhi-Lucknow to 6 hours; 10 facts to know|date=21 November 2016|work=Financial Express|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>
* According to [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority|UPEIDA]], "''A dedicated 3 km stretch has been built for war-like emergencies on expressway''."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Eight-fighter-jets-to-land-on-Agra-Lucknow-expressway/articleshow/55412366.cms|title=Eight fighter jets to land on Agra-Lucknow expressway|date=14 November 2016|work=Business Insider|agency=Times News Network|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>
* In May 2015, as a first military aviation in the country, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] successfully landed a [[Dassault Mirage 2000|French Dassault Mirage-2000]] fighter jet on the [[Yamuna Expressway]] near Raya village, [[Mathura]], as a part of elaborate trials to see how many other highways can be used for war-like emergencies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chauhan |first=Arvind |date=22 May 2015 |title=IAF successfully test-lands Mirage on Yamuna e-way |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAF-successfully-test-lands-Mirage-on-Yamuna-e-way/articleshow/47378100.cms|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>
* In Oct 2017, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] conducted a dedicated exercise and successfully landed/touched down [[Dassault Mirage 2000|French Dassault Mirage-2000]], [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], [[Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules]] fighter jets.

==Controversy==
It was alleged that some of the 3,500 hectare of land that was purchased for the route were artificially inflated in price by officials who then received kickbacks from the landowners. Lands that were in fact farmland were listed as residential, which gave them a higher value.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lucknow-Agra Expressway project under Yogi Adityanath govt's scanner |agency=Press Trust of India |date=21 April 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lucknow-agra-expressway-project-under-yogi-adityanath-govts-scanner/articleshow/58297691.cms|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

==Status updates==
[[File:RoB-Badan01Agra Lucknow Expressway (33171173742).jpg|thumb|As of early March 2017, one side of the rail over bridge at [[Bhadan]] is still under construction]]
* '''Nov 2013:''' No developers bid for this ₹9,000 crore project on a "build, own, operate and transfer" basis.<ref>{{cite news|title=No bidders for Akhilesh 's Lucknow-Agra expressway project|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lucknow/no-bidders-for-akhilesh-s-lucknow-agra-expressway-project/article1-1150537.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2013|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113071123/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lucknow/no-bidders-for-akhilesh-s-lucknow-agra-expressway-project/article1-1150537.aspx|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> Exclusion of provision for free land parcels across the expressway to developer was the main concern among participating developer companies for keeping them away from project.
* '''Jun 2014:''' [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] decided to execute this project through state government financing, rather than private vendor financed basis, without provision for free land parcels across the expressway to developer companies. The Government of Uttar Pradesh invited bids in 5 packages for the Agra–Lucknow Expressway. Following this, 24 companies submitted their applications for 5 different patches of the expressway.
* '''Aug 2014:''' Through the bidding process developers are finalized who will be executing each of five sections simultaneously.
* '''Sep 2014:''' 50% of the land required for the project is already acquired.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt reduces Lucknow-Agra Expressway deadline by 6 months|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/govt-reduces-lucknow-agra-expressway-deadline-by-6-months/|work=The Indian Express|date=12 September 2014|access-date=28 July 2015|first=Maulshree|last=Seth}}</ref>
* '''Nov 2014:''' [[Foundation stone]] of Agra–Lucknow Expressway laid on 23 November 2014 by [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] at an event in Hingot Kheria, [[Agra district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/mulayam-singh-yadav-lays-foundation-stone-of-agra-lucknow-expressway_1503662.html |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav laid the foundation stone of Agra-Lucknow Expressway |work=Zee News |date=23 November 2014 }}</ref> Around 7,000 acres acquired for this 15,000 Crores project. The target for the completion of the project is set to 22 months.<ref>{{cite news|title=Agra-Lucknow expressway's foundation laid, to be done in 22 months|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/agra-lucknow-expressway-s-foundation-laid-to-be-done-in-22-months-114112300710_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=23 November 2014|access-date=28 July 2015|agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>
* '''May 2015:''' Work on two major bridges on [[Yamuna]] and [[Ganges|Ganga]] river started.<ref>{{cite news|title=Independent body to monitor UP projects|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Independent-body-to-monitor-UP-projects/articleshow/47364508.cms|work=The Times of India|date=21 May 2015|access-date=28 July 2015|first=Subhash|last=Mishra}}</ref> UP Chief Secretary, [[Alok Ranjan]] said that the expressway would be operational by the end of October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Agra-Lucknow Expressway to be operational by Oct 2016|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/agra-lucknow-expressway-to-be-operational-by-oct-2016-115052000998_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=20 May 2015|access-date=28 July 2015|first=Virendra Singh|last=Rawat}}</ref>
* '''Nov 2016:''' The expressway was inaugurated on 21 November 2016 by [[Chief Minister]] [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Som |first=Vishnu |date=21 November 2016 |title=6 Jets Touch Down For Opening Of Agra-Lucknow Expressway, India's Longest |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/8-fighter-jets-at-opening-of-agra-lucknow-expressway-indias-longest-1627999 |work=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121051411/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/8-fighter-jets-at-opening-of-agra-lucknow-expressway-indias-longest-1627999 |archive-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>
* '''Dec 2016:''' The expressway was partially opened to public from Lucknow till [[Shikohabad]]. As of 23 December 2016, only light vehicles were allowed to pass the stretch.<ref>{{cite news|title=AGRA-LUCKNOW EXPRESSWAY THROWN OPEN TOR PUBLIC|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/agra-lucknow-expressway-thrown-open-tor-public.html|work=The Pioneer|date=24 December 2016|access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>
* '''Feb 2017:''' The expressway is opened to the public from Lucknow till Agra on 23 February 2017, but still road construction is happening at some places.
* '''Jan 2018:''' Toll collection starts by authorities wef 19 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/up-govt-fixes-toll-rates-for-agra-lucknow-expressway-1800884|title=UP Government Fixes Toll Rates For Agra-Lucknow Expressway|work=NDTV|date=16 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2018|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
* '''Aug 2018:''' A 20 metre deep road caved-in at Wazidpur village near Dauki in [[Agra district]]. It's contractor PNC Infratech Ltd. blamed poor maintenance for this accident.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/agra-lucknow-expressway-road-cave-in-firm-behind-its-construction-was-given-bonus-for-beating-deadline-1832641.html |title=Agra-Lucknow Expressway road cave-in, firm behind its construction was given bonus for beating deadline |work=News 18 |date=1 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/agra-news/suv-hangs-precariously-off-up-agra-lucknow-expressway-4-friends-survive-the-fall-1893331 |title=SUV falls into Ditch, then rescue botch-up. Watch |work=NDTV |date=1 August 2018 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Expressway (India)|Expressways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[Purvanchal Expressway]]
* '''[[Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway|Awadh Expressway]]'''
* '''[[Outer Ring Road, Kanpur|Udyog Path]]'''
* '''[[Lucknow Outer Ring Road (NH 230)|Kisan Path]]'''
* '''[[Ganga Expressway]]'''
* [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]]
* [[Western Peripheral Expressway]]
* [[Yamuna Expressway]] ([[Greater Noida]] to [[Agra]])
* [[Highway strip]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Attached KML}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925100429/http://www.upeida.in/agra_lko_expressway_feasibility_report.pdf REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) (VOLUME - IV) FEASIBILITY REPORT]

{{Highways in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agra - Lucknow Expressway}}
[[Category:Expressways in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Agra]]
[[Category:Transport in Saifai]]
[[Category:Transport in Lucknow]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Football/India task force

2025-12-08T09:01:27Z

FredrickGreig: creating new article.

{{Shortcut|WP:IFTF}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/India task force/Navigation}}

Welcome to the India task force of WikiProject Football. This task force is dedicated to improving all aspects of Wikipedia's articles related to [[Association football]] in [[India]].

== Goals ==
* To improve the [[India national football team]] page so that it may one day get '''Featured Article''' status.
* To improve the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) and all its clubs with new information and updated stats.
* To improve the [[I-League]] and all its clubs with new information and updated stats.
* To improve the [[I-League 2]] and all its clubs with new information and updated stats.
* To improve the [[I-League 3]] and all its clubs with new information and updated stats.
* To improve the Regional [[Indian State Leagues|State Leagues]] in India.
* To improve the pages of the [[India national under-23 football team|U23]], [[India national under-19 football team|U19]], and [[India national under-16 football team|U16]] national pages.
* To improve the articles pertaining to Women's football in India.

== Scope ==
* National Teams
** [[India national football team]]
** [[India national under-23 football team]]
** [[India national under-20 football team]]
** [[India national under-17 football team]]
** [[India women's national football team]]
** [[India women's national under-19 football team]]
** [[India women's national under-17 football team]]
** [[India national futsal team]]
** [[India women's national futsal team]]
** [[India national beach soccer team]]

* Domestic Tournaments
** [[Indian Super League]]
** [[I-League]]
** [[I-League 2]]
** [[I-League 3]]
** [[Durand Cup]]
** [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
** [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
** [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
** [[Indian Women's League]]
** [[Indian Women's League 2|IWL 2nd Division]]
** [[Santosh Trophy]]

* [[Indian State Leagues|State Leagues]] (Selected)
** [[Assam State Premier League]]
** [[Delhi Senior Division]]
** [[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]]
** [[Bangalore Super Division]]
** [[Manipur State League]]
** [[Nagaland Premier League]]
** [[Calcutta Football League]]

=== Navigation template ===
These navigation templates include all the important topic related to Indian football. Any user who is wondering where to start, what new to improve, can navigate through the topics mentioned in the templates. User can add these templates in their user page for ease of navigation through the articles.
{{Football in India}}
{{India national football team}}

== Guidelines ==
=== Tagging and assessment ===
Any articles that are within the scope of this project should be tagged with <nowiki>{{Football}}</nowiki>. You should add <code>India = yes</code> as this will automatically put the page in the appropriate categories.

The script at [[User_talk:Outriggr/metadatatest.js]] may be useful in tagging and assessing articles.

==== Task force banner ====
*{{tlx|WikiProject Football|India{{=}}yes}}
{{WikiProject Football|India=yes|category=no}}
{{Clear}}

=== Categories ===



====Userbox template====

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/India task force/userbox}}

== Assessment ==
{{Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Football in India articles by quality statistics}}

The proportion of all articles with an assessed project banner is:
{{Progress bar
|{{#expr:(100-(({{PAGESINCAT:Unassessed football in India articles|R}})/{{PAGESINCAT:Football in India task force articles|R}})*100)}}
|text = assessed (estimate: some more article talk pages may still need a banner)
}}
The proportion of all articles with known importance is:
{{Progress bar
|{{#expr:(100-(({{PAGESINCAT:Unknown-importance football in India articles|R}})/{{PAGESINCAT:Football in India task force articles|R}})*100)}}
|text = known importance (Note that articles inherit importance from the main football project by default, though this can be changed to a task force-specific rating)
}}

See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Football/Assessment]] for further information.

== Popular pages ==
{{Main|Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/India task force/Popular pages}}

== Featured and Good articles ==

Following are the lead of the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Football#Featured and Good articles|main page]]s, here is a list of the articles that have reached [[WP:FA|featured article]] or [[WP:FL|featured list]] status (FA and FL, respectively), meaning they are amongst the very best content in Wikipedia. Also included here are articles that have achieved [[WP:GA|good article]] (GA) status, the next-highest level of quality.

=== Nominations ===
# Nil
=== Articles and lists ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Article
!Status
![[WP:PR|Peer Review]]
![[WP:FAC|FAC]]/[[WP:FLC|FLC]]
![[WP:DYK|DYK]]/[[WP:TFA|TFA]]/[[WP:TFL|TFL]]
!Nominator
|- style="background-color: #FFFFCC"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"|'''Featured Lists/Articles'''
|- style="background-color: #FFCCFF"
|colspan="6"|'''National Team''' (Team articles, records)
|- style="background-color: #FFFFCC"
|[[File:Cscr-featured.svg|14px]] [[List of India national football team hat-tricks]]
|Featured List
|
|
|[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|14px]] [[Wikipedia:Today's featured list/August 14, 2020|TFL]]
|Drat8sub
|- style="background-color: #FFCCFF"
|colspan="6"|'''Player''' (bio, career, records, awards, honours)
|- style="background-color: #FFFFCC"
|[[File:Cscr-featured.svg|14px]] [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards]]
|Featured List
|
|
|[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|14px]] [[Wikipedia:Today's featured list/October 17, 2025|TFL]]
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|- style="background-color: #FFFFCC"
|[[File:Cscr-featured.svg|14px]] [[List of international goals scored by Sunil Chhetri]]
|Featured List
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|
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|Drat8sub
|- style="background-color: #CCFFCC"
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Thapliyal

2025-12-01T18:08:01Z

FredrickGreig: creating new post

{{Short description|Brahmin surname in Uttarakhand}}

'''Thapliyal''' is a [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Sarola Brahmin]] toponymic surname from Thapli, a village in the [[Chamoli District]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Thapli Village in Karnaprayag Block, Chamoli, Uttarakhand - Population, Literacy, Sex Ratio, Census 2011 |url=https://myroots.euttaranchal.com/village-thapli-chamoli-41467.html |website=myroots.euttaranchal.com |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sati |first1=Vishwambhar Prasad |title=Natural and Cultural Diversity in the Himalaya |date=9 August 2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-39363-1 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFrQEAAAQBAJ&dq=Thapliiyal&pg=PA69}}"Over time, the other Brahmins of Garhwal such as Dobhal, Dangwal, Nautiyal, Khanduri, Budhana, Missar, Uniyal, Khugsal, Dabral, '''Thapliyal''', and Baluni have made Bhaat and Beti relationships with the Devprayagi Pandas."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakkanatt |first1=John |title=Public Action and Religious Praxis: A Socio-religious Inquiry Into Two Cases of Public Action in the Garhwal Region and Their Implications for the Self-understanding and Praxis of the Church |date=2002 |publisher=Intercultural Publications, University of Michigan |isbn=978-81-85574-55-4 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-fZAAAAMAAJ&q=Thapliyal++thapli |access-date=12 May 2024 |language=en|quote= For example,..., Thapliyal from Thapli}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ramila Bisht |title=Environmental Health in Garhwal Himalaya: A Study of Pauri Garhwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-6-UzljIAoC&pg=PA50 |year=2002 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7387-132-0 |page=50 }}"The Brahmins are mainly Sarolas (original residents of village Nauti, Gairol, '''Thapli''' and Ratura) or Gangaris (living originally in Ganga valley)" </ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Saklani, Atul|year=1987|title=The History of a Himalayan Princely State: Change, Conflicts, and Awakening: an Interpretative History of Princely State of Tehri Garhwal, U.P., A.D. 1815 to 1949 A.D.|publisher=Durga Publications|pages=not specified|oclc=17918157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOItAAAAMAAJ&q=semwal}}</ref> In around 980 CE, people of Thapliyal Sarola [[Gaur Brahmin|Gaur]] Brahmin caste settled in a village named Thapli in Chandpur.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reporter |first1=D. B. S. |title=गढ़वाल की 75 ब्राह्मण जातियों का इतिहास, यहाँ पढ़ें |url=https://devbhoomisamvad.com/uttarakhand/garhwali-brahmin-history-of-brahmin-castes-in-garhwal/ |website=Devbhoomisamvad.com |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=8 February 2022}}"संवत 980 में थपलियाल सरोला गौड़ ब्राह्मण जाति के लोग चांदपुर के थापली नामक गांव में आकर बस गए"</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Samvedna |first1=Gadh |title=#गढ़वाल में #ब्राह्मण #जातियों का #इतिहास |url=https://gadhsamvedna.com/history-of-brahmin-castes-in-garhwal-of-uttarakhand/ |website=गढ़ संवेदना |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=10 January 2024}}</ref> Their [[Kuladevata|Kuladevi]] is [[Jwalpa Devi Temple (Uttarakhand)|Jwalpa Devi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rawat |first1=Alok |title=पौड़ी: सुयोग्य वर की कामना लेकर मां ज्वालपा देवी के दरबार पहुंचती हैं अविवाहित कन्याएं |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-pauri-maa-jwalpa-devi-temple-on-navratri-know-mythological-story-ann-2225533 |website=www.abplive.com |access-date=10 May 2024 |language=hi |date=27 September 2022}}"दरअसल ज्वाल्पा थपलियाल और बिष्ट जाति के लोगों की कुलदेवी है."</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Samvedna |first1=Gadh |title=#गढ़वाल में #ब्राह्मण #जातियों का #इतिहास |url=https://gadhsamvedna.com/history-of-brahmin-castes-in-garhwal-of-uttarakhand/ |website=गढ़ संवेदना |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=10 January 2024}}"गढ़वाली ब्राह्मणों की बेहद खास जाती जिनकी आराध्य माँ ज्वाल्पा है।"</ref>

==Notable people==
Notable people with this surname include:


*[[Abhilash Thapliyal]], Indian film actor, radio jockey and TV host
*[[Gyaneshwar Prasad Thapliyal]] (born 1938), Indian Cricketer

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Toponymic surnames]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Garhwali-language surnames]]

Nicolau Menezes

2025-11-29T08:33:57Z

FredrickGreig:

{{Short description|Indian independence activist and teacher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nicolau Menezes
| image = Nicolau Menezes in the 1950s.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Portrait of a man wearing spectacles
| caption = Menezes in the 1950s
| birth_name = Nicolau Joao Menezes
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| relatives = [[Armando Menezes]] (brother)
| spouse = Alda
| other_names =
| occupation = Teacher
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Voice of Freedom (radio station)|Voice of Freedom]]
| movement = [[Goa Liberation Movement]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Nicolau Menezes''' was an Indian independence activist and teacher from [[Goa]]. Along with [[Vaman Sardesai]] and [[Libia Lobo]], he ran an [[underground radio]] station, [[Voice of Freedom (radio station)|Voice of Freedom]], that transmitted across [[Portuguese Goa]] from 1955 to 1961, advocating the cause of the [[Goan independence movement]].

==Early life==
Nicolau Joao Menezes<ref name="MenezesHeraldLiberdade24">{{Cite web |first=Vivek |last=Menezes |date=28 Apr 2024 |title=LIBBY DE LIBERDADE |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/By-invitation/LIBBY-DE-LIBERDADE-/220727 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> was from Divar and was the brother of [[Armando Menezes]]. Both brothers were teachers.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=25, 81, 358, 369 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> He was married to Alda.<ref name="MenezesHeraldLiberdade24" />

==Goa liberation movement==
Menezes lived in Bombay in hiding during the 1950s.<ref name="ChadhaIEMural24">{{Cite web |first=Pavneet |last=Singh Chadha|date=2024-05-18 |title=As a mural comes up in Panaji, the muse, a 99-year-old Goan freedom fighter, looks on from her balcony |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/panaji-mural-muse-99-year-old-goan-freedom-fighter-9337556/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524165536/https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/panaji-mural-muse-99-year-old-goan-freedom-fighter-9337556/ |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=The Indian Express |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 1954, the Goa Liberation Council was formed in Bombay, with Nicolau Menezes and his brother Armando Menezes as members. They published a fortnightly journal, ''Goan Tribune'', with the intention of highlighting the atrocities of the Portuguese in Goa. This was then distributed by them to political leaders from both India and of western countries.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

In June 1957, Menezes was part of a delegation of 11 Goans chosen for consultation by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Others included his brother Armando Menezes, along with Luis Gracias, [[J. N. Heredia]], [[Peter Alvares]], [[Evágrio Jorge]], [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Rama Hegde]], [[Gerald Pereira]], [[Pundalik Gaitonde]] and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]].<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /><ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Delhi |title=Goan Nationals Allowed To Send Money Home |date=1957-06-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-nationals-allowed-to-send-money-home |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref>

Menezes was a member of the [[T. B. Cunha]] Memorial Committee.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

===Voice of Freedom===
{{Main|Voice of Freedom (radio station)}}
In 1954–55, the Portuguese attacked and killed several [[Satyagraha|Satyagrahis]] who had forcefully but peacefully crossed the Goan borders, demanding the end of colonial rule in Goa. India then closed its borders with Goa and imposed an economic blockade, thus reducing free movement and trade. Nicolau Menezes, along with his wife Alda, came together with [[Libia Lobo]] and [[Vaman Sardesai]] to form a team. Using two wireless radio sets, which were confiscated the Portuguese, were converted into a radio transmitter. This became the [[Voice of Freedom (radio station)|Voice of Freedom radio station]], through which they would transmit news and important information to Goans.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vivek |last=Menezes |date=24 Dec 2022 |title=Libia Lobo Sardesai's Voice of Freedom |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Libia-Lobo-Sardesai%E2%80%99s-Voice-of-Freedom/198571 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=[[oHeraldo]] |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710091944/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Libia-Lobo-Sardesai%E2%80%99s-Voice-of-Freedom/198571 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ChadhaIEMural24" />

They initially lived in the jungles of [[Amboli Ghat]], {{Approx.|{{Convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}}} from Goa, transmitting an hour-long programme. Living in these conditions was stressful, and Menezes and his wife eventually left. Sardesai and Lobo continued running the station until the [[liberation of Goa]] on 19 December 1961.<ref name="ChadhaIEMural24" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menezes |first=Vivek |date=2023-05-05 |title=Salute to Vaman Sardesai |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/salute-to-vaman-sardesai/204660 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=[[oHeraldo]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Nicolau}}
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Kalaiyur

2025-11-25T06:23:26Z

FredrickGreig: slightly added details after review and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalaiyur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.7294|N|79.6650|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Cuddalore taluk|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Revenue block|Block]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Cuddalore block|Cuddalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 607402
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#TN.E2.80.94Tamil_Nadu|TN]]-31
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kalaiyur''' is a [[revenue village]] in [[Cuddalore district]], [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php?dc=18&tlkname=Cuddalore&region=0002&lvl=taluk&size=1200 |title=Cuddalore taluk Map, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216105151/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php?dc=18&tlkname=Cuddalore&region=0002&lvl=taluk&size=1200 |archivedate=16 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/vill.php?dcode=18&centcode=0002&tlkname=Cuddalore |title=List of revenue villages in Cuddalore taluk, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216105139/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/vill.php?dcode=18&centcode=0002&tlkname=Cuddalore |archivedate=16 December 2014 }}</ref>

Kalaiyur is known as the Village of Cooks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pillai|first1=Ajith|title=What's cooking?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19941231-for-the-men-of-this-tiny-village-near-pondicherry-dishing-out-a-feast-is-a-tradition-810108-1994-12-30|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=31 December 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=यह गांव है रसोईयों का, 500 सालों से हर पुरुष संभाल रहा है किचन|url=http://www.inkhabar.com/khabar-jara-hatkar/29025-all-mens-are-cooks-village-they-are-following-traditions-last-500-years|publisher=InKhabar|date=21 November 2016}}</ref> The village was featured in [[History TV18]]'s show OMG! Yeh Mera India - Season 2, hosted by [[Krishna Abhishek]].<ref>{{cite news|title=VILLAGE OF COOKS - OMG! Yeh Mera India - Season 2 - HISTORY TV18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8I6DL0WR_OY|publisher=[[History TV18]]|date=2 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Every male member in this village is cook|url=https://lifeandtrendz.com/meet-the-village-of-cooks/|publisher=Lifeandtrendz|date=8 November 2016|archive-date=17 December 2018|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110857/https://lifeandtrendz.com/meet-the-village-of-cooks/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060201235923/http://www.cuddalore.tn.nic.in/ Official website of Cuddalore District]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Tamil Nadu]
* [http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in Government of Tamil Nadu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820081817/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/ |date=20 August 2013 }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cuddalore Taluk}}

{{Cuddalore District}}

[[Category:Villages in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Cities and villages in Cuddalore taluk]]

{{Cuddalore-geo-stub}}

Tripuri cuisine

2025-11-22T10:10:29Z

FredrickGreig:

{{Short description|Culinary traditions of Tripuri people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Indian cuisine}}

[[File:A women serving Tripuri traditional dishes.jpg|thumb|Tripuri traditional dishes at a food festival in Aguli (Agartala)]]

[[File: Tripuri Thali served in Agartala restaurant.jpg|thumb|Tripuri Mairang (Thali) at a restaurant]]

'''Tripuri cuisine''' is the type of traditional foods of the Tripuri people served in the northeastern region of [[India]] (mainly [[Tripura]]) and Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dev |date=2023-11-10 |title=Exploring the Culinary Delights of Tripura Food |url=https://specialplacesofindia.com/tripura-food-culinary-delights/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Special Places Of India}}</ref> The Tripuri cuisine reflect the organic lifestyle and evolving cultural trend with times from its natural [[Shifting cultivation|Jhum (Huk)]] to now settled farming.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debbarma |first=Narendra |title=Chahmung Borok (The Dishes of the Borok people) |publisher=Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission}}</ref>

==History==

{{Empty section|date=October 2024}}

==Dishes==

===Mui Borok===

===Soups and stews===

Tripuri cuisine include a fermented fish called berma<ref>{{Cite web |last=dev |date=2022-06-08 |title=Of Shutki, Ngari and Karuvadu: The Ubiquity and Invisibility of ‘Poor Man’s Fish’ in India |url=https://www.goya.in/blog/the-ubiquity-and-invisibility-of-poor-mans-fish-in-india |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Goya}}</ref> which combined with various vegetables forms the stew dish Berma Bwtwi.

===Mosdeng===
[[Mosdeng]] is a popular side-dish of a Tripuri meal. It is prepared with chilli, herbs, onion, and any kind of seasonal vegetable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosdeng Serma To Gudok: Tried These Dishes Of Tripura? |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/mosdeng-serma-to-gudok-tried-these-dishes-of-tripura-1674472396010 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Slurrp |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Debbarma |first=Hamari |title=Food Journeys: Stories from the Heart |publisher=[[Zubaan]] |year=2023 |isbn=9789390514427 |editor-last=Kikon |editor-first=Dolly |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=55-63 |language=en |chapter='Does the artist eat gourd, brother?' On Denouncing Pork and Discovering it |editor-last2=Rodrigues |editor-first2=Joel}}</ref>

== Beverages ==
[[Chuak]]: a traditional Tripuri rice-beer

==See also==
* [[Tripuri culture]]
* [[Tripuri people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripuri Cuisine}}
[[Category:Tripuri cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by culture]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by state or union territory]]

Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century

2025-11-22T05:58:25Z

FredrickGreig: Done

{{about||the period of relative peace in South Asia|Mughal Empire|classical period of peace in South Asia|Pax Gupta|other uses|Pax (disambiguation)}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century
| author = [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| country = [[India]]
| subject = [[Foreign relations of India]]
| pub_date = 3 July 2012
| media_type = eBook
| image = PaxIndicaBook.jpg
| publisher = Penguin Books India
| pages = 455
| isbn = 978-8-184-75693-7
}}

'''''Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century''''' is a 2012 [[non-fiction book]] written by [[Shashi Tharoor]] that discusses [[Foreign relations of India|India's foreign policy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sukumar|first1=Arun Mohan|title=When interests and principles collide|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/when-interests-and-principles-collide/article3646283.ece|accessdate=6 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Calamur|first1=Harini|title=Book review: 'Pax Indica'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-pax-indica-1735605|accessdate=6 June 2016|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=2 September 2012}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Tharoor emphasizes the significance and impact of [[globalization]] for India's society, and states that the primary objective of India's foreign policy must be to protect the process of domestic, social and economic transformation, by working for a benign environment that will ensure India's security and bring in global support for efforts to build and change the country for the better.

In the first seven chapters, he analyzes the geopolitical situation of various regions of the world, including [[Pakistan]], [[South Asia]], [[China]], [[Middle East|the Middle East]], [[Western world|the West]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]]. The bulk of it consists of a brief history of India's relationship with that country, and numerous conflicts, disputes, and solutions are discussed.

In the last four chapters, he gives his recommendations. The concepts of '[[soft power]]' and '[[hard power]]' are talked about, and he weighs in the pros and cons of these two ways of influencing foreign policy and diplomacy. A fan of soft power, he believes that India should use a combination of soft power and public diplomacy in this multi aligned world to achieve her objectives.

== Reception ==
In a review of the book, Aditya Menon stated in the weekly Indian [[English language|English-language]] news magazine ''[[India Today]]'' magazine that "...''Pax Indica'' promises to be a seminal work on Indian diplomacy" and that "Tharoor covers almost every possible aspect of the foreign policy challenges before the country in the 21st century", providing insights on "India's relations with the US, Pakistan, the UN". However, he does not treat India's relations with Iran and China in depth.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Aditya Menon |website=India Today |date=July 8, 2012 |title=Shashi Tharoor skims past key countries in his hurry to include all |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/shashi-tharoor-pax-indica-indian-diplomacy-mea-108456-2012-07-08}}</ref> In this lively and informative work, Shashi Tharoor demonstrates how Indian diplomacy has become active and where it needs to focus in the world of the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goodreads |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15750844-pax-indica}}</ref>

''People Matters'' stated "Pax Indica, makes an earnest attempt to take foreign policy thinking to the masses instead of leaving it to bureaucrats or strategic elites."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2012 |title=Book Review: Pax Indica - India and the world of 21st Century |url=https://www.peoplematters.in/article/c-suite/book-review-pax-indica-2162 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=People Matters}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2012 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Indian books]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]
[[Category:Allen Lane (imprint) books]]
[[Category:Books by Shashi Tharoor]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Prathamesh Fuge

2025-11-20T07:06:58Z

FredrickGreig: Stub

{{Short description|Indian compound archer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Prathamesh Fuge
| fullname = Prathamesh Bhalchandra Fuge
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pimpri]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| sport = [[Archery]]
| event = [[Compound bow|Compound]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Compound bow|compound archery]]}} [[File:Archery pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Archery Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Archery Championships|2025 Gwangju]]|[[2025 World Archery Championships – Men's team compound|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Archery Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Asian Archery Championships|2025 Dhaka]]|[[2025 Asian Archery Championships#Compound|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Asian Archery Championships|2023 Bangkok]]|[[2023 Asian Archery Championships#Compound|Team]]}}
}}
'''Prathamesh Bhalchandra Fuge''' (born 28 December 2002) is an Indian [[Compound bow|compound archer]]. He won gold medal in the [[2025 World Archery Championships – Men's team compound|men's compound team]] event at the [[2025 World Archery Championships]].

==Career==
In November 2023, Fuge competed at the [[2023 Asian Archery Championships]] and won a bronze medal in the men's team event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-archery-championships-2023-india-team-bronze-medals |title=Asian Archery Championships 2023: Indian women’s recurve and men’s compound teams win bronze medals |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref> In September 2025, he competed at the [[2025 World Archery Championships]] and won a gold medal in the [[2025 World Archery Championships – Men's team compound|men's team]] event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/indian-mens-compound-team-wins-historic-first-ever-gold-at-archery-world-championships-ws-l-9555007.html |title=Indian Men's Compound Team Wins Historic First-Ever Gold At Archery World Championships |website=news18.com |date=7 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref> This was India's first gold medal in compound archery at the [[World Archery Championships]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/india-wins-first-compound-archery-gold-at-world-championship-meet-athletes-rishabh-aman-and-prathamesh/3969679/ |title=India wins first compound archery gold at World Championship – Meet athletes Rishabh, Aman and Prathamesh |website=financialexpress.com |date=7 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref> He also competed in the [[2025 World Archery Championships – Men's individual compound|individual]] event and advanced to the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/archery/archery-world-championships-results-indian-individual-qualifies-for-quarterfinals/article70024792.ece |title=Archery World C’ships: Indians bow out in Individual quarterfinals after historic team gold |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |date=9 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{World Archery|32455/prathamesh-bhalchandra-fuge}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fuge, Prathamesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:World Archery Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-archery-bio-stub}}

Menon (title)

2025-10-22T18:27:20Z

FredrickGreig: Creating first entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian honorific aristocratic hereditary title}}
{{other uses|Menon (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
| caption =
| group = Menon
| pop =
| popplace = [[Kerala]], mostly in the [[South Malabar]], [[Thrissur]], [[Cochin]] and [[Palakkad]] regions
| languages = [[Malayalam]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related =
}}

'''Menon''' (Malayalam: [[Help:IPA/Malayalam|[meːnoːn]]]) is an [[Aristocracy|aristocratic]] hereditary title of the [[Nair]] community bestowed by various kings of [[Kerala]], most saliently the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] and the [[Maharaja of Cochin]], upon eminent Nairs. The recipient of the title held it lifelong, and the male members of the family held it in perpetuity in the matrilineal line. Historically, the Menons were [[Jenmi|Jenmimar]] (feudal chieftains), with some of them being [[Naduvazhi]]s (ruling elites). They were often engaged in various administrative and political duties, such as being ministers, accountants and advisors to the kings of Kerala.

Many members of the Menon subcaste are related to the Cochin royal family, the Zamorin of Calicut, the [[Paliath Achan|Paliam royal family]], and the [[Kodungallur Kovilakam|Kodungallur royal family]], since the members of royal families in central Kerala were often married to aristocratic Nair families. Thus, the children of such [[Raja|Rajahs]] and [[Maharajah]]s held the 'Menon' title and passed it on to subsequent generations [[Matrilineality|matrilineally]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-story-of-a-statue/article7333585.ece|title=The story of a statue|first=K.|last=Pradeep|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 June 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/The-life-and-times-of-Vathakad-Raghava-Menon/article17366657.ece|title=The dynamics of VRM's genius|first=K.|last=Pradeep|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 February 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=4&flg=0|title=Cochin Royal Family Historical Society | Family History|date=14 January 2009|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111206/http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=4&flg=0|archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref> The [[Paliath Achan|Paliath Achans]] and the Shekhari Varmas also share the title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-21 |title=The Paliath Achans of Cochin |url=https://manuspillai.com/the-paliath-achans-of-cochin/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Manu S Pillai |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=2020-04-30 |title=Inscriptions talk of fascinating Kongu connection |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/inscriptions-talk-of-fascinating-kongu-connection/article31470952.ece |access-date=2023-01-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


==Etymology==
The title Menon meaning a superior person comes from the words ''Mel'', meaning above and ''avan'', meaning he. "Mel-avan" soon became "Menavan" finally being contracted into the current form of usage of the title, that is, Menon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qUJAAAAIAAJ&q=census+of+india+1901+malabar |title=Census of India, 1901: India (4 v.) |date=1903 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin Kingdom]], as [[Francis Day]] explains, when the Rajah intends to confer this honour, he salutes the person to whom he means to give it, by the title of Menon prefixed to his name, and should two other persons present, immediately address him in the same terms, the title is confirmed, if not he does not receive it. After becoming a Menon, he is called a Thampuran.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Day |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VYOAAAAQAAJ |title=The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present |date=1863 |publisher=Gantz Bros., at the Adelphi Press |language=en}}</ref> As soon as a person was made a Menon, he was presented with an Ola(palmyra leaf) as a writing sheet and an iron style, as symbolic of the office he was expected to fill, i.e. of an accountant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qUJAAAAIAAJ&q=census+of+india+1901+malabar |title=Census of India, 1901: India (4 v.) |date=1903 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref> The role of a Menon was connected to supervisory positions or that of a scribe and accountant in Palace or temple, preparing Grantha palm leaf manuscripts. Compared to the foot soldier Nair, these personnel were better educated, was closer in proximity to the ruler and were ordained or titled, with the title passing on through generations, in a matrilineal fashion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fawcett |first=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF-pMrcqw5UC&q=Menon |title=Nâyars of Malabar |date=2004-02-01 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0171-0 |pages=217 |language=en}}</ref>


== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon}}
[[Category:Nair]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

Garalbari

2025-10-10T06:25:47Z

FredrickGreig: added a data

'''Garalbari''' is a [[gram panchayat]] area located in the Jalpaiguri district of West-Bengal, India. Geographically, Garalbari is located in the latitude of 26.448391N and longitude of 88.6434308E. Garalbari is a panchayat village in Jalpaiguri Block of [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri District]] of West Bengal State, India. It is located 13 km away towards the South from the district headquarters Jalpaiguri and 12 km away from [[Jalpaiguri]] city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=village in India |first1=soki.in |title=Garalbari village information |url=https://soki.in/garalbari-jalpaiguri-jalpaiguri |website=soki.in |accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref> The postal index number of Garalbari is 735132.<ref>{{cite web |last1=net.in |first1=pincode. |title=Details of post office Garalbari |url=https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/JALPAIGURI/G/GARALBARI |website=pincode.net.in |accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref>

==Etymology==
It was heard that the word 'Garal bari' (গড়াল বাড়ি) comes from the word ‘Garh’ trees. Garh tree belongs to the bush or Copsewood family. In the 1900s A.D.the undivided Jalpaiguri district has a big area. At that time the Panchagarh part([[Rangpur district]]) of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) lies within the Western Duars District. To facilitate the better collection of revenue of the Western Duars district, there was a landmark of widespread Garh trees. There was a lonely seclude resident behind the Garh bushes which was supposed to be the bottom part of this Sadar subdivision. This secluded home behind the Garh trees giving birth to the name of Garal bari ('Garer aral bari' to Garalbari).<ref>{{cite web |last1=.net |first1=Researchgate |title=Socio Economic Condition of Oraon Tribe in Garal Bari Gram Panchayat of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332424233 |website=Researchgate.net |publisher=IJRAR.com |accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
Garalbari is located in the southern part of the district has sharing international borders with [[Bangladesh]] in the south, Kharia gram panchayat in the north, [[Berubari, West Bengal|Berubari]] gram panchayat in the east and Bahadur gram panchayat in the west respectively. The native language of Garalbari is Bengali, English, Hindi, and Urdu. Most of the villagers speak Bengali, and Hindi for communication. The total geographical area of the Panchayet village is 4521.02 hectares. The Net Area Sown of Garalbari is 2706 hectares under different types of land use, out of this 290 hectares are the total irrigated land area, 2415 hectares are the Un-irrigated land area, 145 hectares are the Canals irrigated area, 108 hectares are the Tubewell irrigated area and 35 are the Tank or lakes irrigated area.<ref>{{cite web |last1=gov.in |first1=Censusindia. |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1902_PART_B_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |website=Censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> Garalbari is well known for potato cultivation, tea plantation and rubber plantation (Rubber Bagan).

==Climate==
Garalbari is part of the monsoon climate zone of South-Eastern Asia. The temperature lies within the range of 10 °C to 36 °C and usually January is the coldest month, July is the wettest and December is the driest month of the year.

==Topography==
The entire topography of Garalbari is equipped with three small rivers (namely Panga river, Jamuna river, and Dagaichand river) and a good number of big ponds (Harirbari dighi, kalayani dighi, suvachani dighi, hatpukuri dighi, jhaljhali dighi etc.).

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census, Garalbari has a total population of 28,791 peoples. There are about 6,435 households in Garalbari Panchayat village. Female Population of Garalbari village is 49.0%. The village literacy rate is 61.7% and the Female Literacy rate is 27.6%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=gov.in |first1=Censusindia. |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1902_PART_B_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |website=Censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
There are 25 primary schools, 5 secondary schools, and 1 higher secondary school ([[Garal Bari High School]]) in Garalbari. There is no degree college, medical college and engineering college at Garalbari. There are 2 primary health sub-center and 12 Non-formal Training Centre (NFTC) in Garalbari.<ref>{{cite web |last1=gov.in |first1=Censusindia. |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1902_PART_B_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |website=Censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref>

==Transport & Communication==
Garalbari is well connected to the district's main city, [[Jalpaiguri]] which is 11 km away from Garalbari.<ref>{{cite web |last1=.org |first1=wikiedit |title=Garalbari |url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Garalbari/110039/ |website=wikiedir.org |publisher=wikiedit |accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref> A good number of buses and auto are daily run on this Garalbari-Jalpaiguri route.

==Services==
Garalbari has a large number of internet cafes, sports fields, Common Services Centre (CSC) and one Public library (Garalbari gram panchayat library). The whole region is well benefited by tap water provided by Public Health Engeeenier (PHE), [[Jalpaiguri division]]. There are also bank facilities of [[State Bank of India]] Customer Service Point (CSP) and Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank (UBKGB). Sovarhat and Kamperhat are the two big local rural market which is satisfying to the day-to-day needs of the people of Garalbari.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in West Bengal]]